Improvements in Tool-Handles and in the Formation of Tools for Insertion into Handles
Year: 1897

page_text: Date of Application, 26th July, 1897
Complete Specification Left, 26th Apr., 1898-Accepted, 14th May, 1898
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Tool-Handles and in the Formation of Tools for
Insertion into Handles.
1, JULIUS EDWARD Vos, of 49, George Street, Manchester, in the County of
Lancaster, Merchant, do hereby declare the naturo of this invention to be as.
follows:-
This invention which has been communicated to me from abroad by Alfred
Weed of Anderson, Indiana, one of the United States of America, Engineer, con-
sists in improvements in tool-handles and in the formation of tools for insertion
into handles. The improvements in which this invention consists are applicable
to various tools, but are especially designed for application to files
and rasps and handles therefor. The objects of this invention are to pro
vide handles which shall be simple, cheap and effective and can be readily applied
to files, rasps and other tools and will hold the tools inserted into them in proper
position during operation and be capable of being readily removed from the tools
used with them as may be desirable from time to time so that they may be used
with other tools or for other purposes and to simplify and cheapen the formation.
of files and rasps and other tools to be inserted into handles.
In the construction of a tool-handle according to the first part of this invention
there is provided a handle of any desirable shape and formed of any suitable
material and preferably of wood and provided with a hand-receiving portion by
means of which it may be held by a person using it and with a reduced end which
is adapted to receive a ferrule and is formed with a central opening
and with a shoulder or enlargement formed upon its exterior at ak
distance from its end. A ferrule is mounted upon the said reduced
end of the handle and has the edge of its open end sharpened and driven
into the shoulder or enlargement aforesaid to penetrate the handle and hold
the ferrule firmly against longitudinal movement and against turning upon the
handle. The end of this ferrule is formed relatively thick and it is provided
with a central opening which when the said ferrule is mounted upon the reduced
end of the handle is in alignment with the central opening of such handle. The
central opening in the end of the ferrule may be round or of rectangular or other
shape to correspond with the cross section of the shank or tang of the tool to be
inserted into it. The shank or tang of the tool to be inserted into the said ferrule
is formed slightly taper so that it may be inserted into and made to fit tightly in
such ferrule, but the said shank or tang is not formed with any sharp point like
those which it has hitherto been customary to form upon files, rasps and other
tools.
By the ferrule being formed with a thickened end it is made capable of being
driven upon the reduced end of the handle with which it is employed so that the
sharpened edge of such ferrule may be caused to penetrate and embed itself in
the handle by the said thickened end enabling the force or blows requisite to so
drive the ferrule upon the said handle to be applied to such ferrule without dent-

page_text: ing or otherwise injuring or distorting it. When the edge of the ferrule is
embedded in the handle the employment of additional means for holding the
ferrule against turning upon the reduced end of the handle is unnecessary although
such means such for instance as a transverse pin may be employed if it be considered
desirable. In consequence of the ferrule being formed with a thickened end, the
walls of the central opening of such ferrule form a broad bearing for the tang
or shank of a tool inserted therein and relieve the wood which partially encloses
the said tang or shank from all strain placed upon the tool while in use and so
prevents the handle from being split.
Different tools may be quickly attached to and firmly held in a handle formed
according to this part of this invention and also readily detached therefrom and
thus a single handle may be employed in connection with several tools.
In a modification of this part of this invention the shoulder or enlargement
upon the handle and the sharpened edge upon the ferrule are dispensed with and
the ferrule is mounted upon the reduced end of the handle and secured thereon
by means of a transverse pin or transverse pins or by being formed with internal
screw-threads and screwed thereon or by any other suitable means.
Hitherto it has been customary to provide tool-handles with reduced ends
having ferrules with openings in their ends but in these handles the ferrules are
made of very thin metal of uniform thickness and the walls of the openings in
such ferrules do not constitute bearings for the tool-shanks, on the contrary all
strain placed upon the tool inserted in a handle of the construction hitherto
customary is borne by the wood of the handle which surrounds the tool-shank
and the handle is extremely liable to split and owing to the comparative softness
of the wood the opening which receives the tool-shank soon becomes enlarged
and the tool drops out. By the use of this part of the present invention however
all these objections are overcome, all strain placed upon the tool inserted in a
handle constructed in accordance with this part of the present invention being
borne by the broad metal bearing afforded by the walls of the central opening of
the ferrule employed in accordance with this part of the present invention.
According to the second part of this invention which although applicable to
various tools and handles therefor relates especially to flat, half-round and hand
files and rasps and handles therefor the formation of tangs upon tools to be
inserted into handles is dispensed with and handles to firmly hold the tools with-
out tangs are provided.
According to one form of this part of this invention, a tool is formed with a
part in which a groove increasing in width or depth or width and depth from one
end to the other is formed and the handle to be used with such tool is provided
with jaws between which the grooved part of the tool may be placed. One of the
said jaws is provided with a wedge or key which may be formed on or inserted
or secured in or upon the jaw on which it is to be provided and is adapted to
engage with the groove formed in the tool to be inserted in the space between the
said jaws. The said wedge or key is so shaped that it shall present an edge or face
or edges or faces inclined to the direction of the axis of the handle on which the
said jaws are provided and that when the tool to be mounted in the said handle
is inserted between the said jaws and the groove in such tool is placed upon the
said wedge or key and the tool and handle are pressed together the wedge or key
shall bear upon such tool and cause it to bear firmly against the jaw opposite to
such wedge or key so that being held by such jaw and wedge or key the tool shall
be firmly secured in the said handle. The space between the said jaws may be
formed with parallel sides or with sides inclined to each other and the faces of
the part of the tool to be inserted between such jaws may be parallel or inclined
to each other. The jaws provided upon a handle for a tool in accordance with
this part of this invention are formed upon a socket or collar which is made to
surround a part of or surround part of and enter the wood or other portion of the
handle and is employed in conjunction with a taper pin or key forced or driven
or inserted into the handle. The taper pin employed in conjunction with the said

page_text: socket or collar may be formed in one therewith or be simply forced into the
wooden or other part of the handle as the said socket or collar is applied thereto
or be forced into the wooden or other part of the handle when the said socket or
collar has been placed thereon.
In modifications of this part of this invention a wedge similar to that herein-
before described may be formed or provided upon or in each of the jaws provided
upon a handle for a tool in accordance with this part of this invention or two or more
wedges similar to that hereinbefore described may be provided or formed in or
upon either one or each of the jaws provided upon a handle for a tool in accordance
with this part of this invention and in any such case the tool to be inserted in, a
handle is formed with one groove or two or more grooves as may be requisite to
correspond or fit in a suitable manner upon and be held by the key or wedge or
one or' more or each of the keys or wedges provided in or upon
both of the jaws provided upon the said handle.
When keys
or wedges are provided in both of the jaws provided upon a handle in
accordance with this part of this invention the tool to be inserted between such
jaws may bear only upon such keys or wedges or both upon such keys or wedges
and upon a part or parts of either or each of the said jaws.
one or
In further modifications of this part of this invention instead of a groove or
grooves being formed in a tool to be inserted in a handle and a key or wedge or
keys or wedges being formed or provided upon or in one or both of the jaws provided
upon the handle to be applied to such tool in the manner herein before described
the key or wedge or keys or wedges employed according to this part of this inven-
tion may be formed or secured upon or in the tool to be provided with a handle
and one or both of the jaws provided upon the handle to be applied to such tool
may be formed with a groove or grooves to receive and hold the key or wedge or
one or more or all of the keys or wedges formed or provided upon or in the said
tool when such tool is inserted in the said handle in a manner similar to that
hereinbefore described.
In further modifications of this part of this invention the taper pin hereinbefore
described may be dispensed with and the socket or collar on which the jaws pro-
vided upon a handle for a tool in accordance with this part of this invention may
be made to surround a part of or surround part of and enter the wood or other
portion of the handle or to surround a part of or surround and
enter the wood or other portion of the handle and be further secured
thereto by means of a transverse pin or transverse pins or by being formed with
internal screw-threads and screwed upon the said wooden or other portion of the
handle or by any other suitable means.
In a further modification of this part of this invention the jaws to be provided
upon a handle for a tool in accordance with this part of this invention may be
formed upon a block or part provided with a tang or shank to be inserted in any
suitable manner in a handle of any suitable form either of the kind herein before
described in reference to the first part of this invention or any other kind.
Dated this Twenty-fourth day of July 1807
Improvements in Tool Handles and in the Formation of Tools for
Insertion into Handles.
1. JULIUS EDWARD Vos, of 58, Portland Street, Manchester, in the County of
Lancaster, formerly of 49, George Street, Manchester, in the County of Lancaster,

page_text: Merchant, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement:-
This invention which has been communicated to me from abroad by Alfred
Weed, of Anderson, Indiana, one of the United States of America, Engineer, con-
sists in improvements in tool-handles and in the formation of tools for insertion
into handles. The improvements in which this invention consists are applicable
to various tools, but are especially designed for application to files
and rasps and handles therefor. The objects of this invention are to pro-
vide handles which shall be simple, cheap and effective and can be readily applied
to files, rasps and other tools and will hold the tools inserted into them in proper
position during operation and be capable of being readily removed from the tools
used with them as may be desirable from time to time so that they may be used
with other tools or for other purposes and to simplify and cheapen the formation
of files and rasps and other tools to be inserted into handles.
In the construction of a tool-handle according to the first part of this invention
there is provided a handle of any desirable shape and formed of any suitable
material and preferably of wood and provided with a hand-receiving, portion by
means of which it may be held by a person using it and with a reduced end which
is adapted to receive a ferrule and is formed with a central opening
and with a shoulder or enlargement formed upon its exterior at a
distance from its end. A ferrule is mounted upon the said reduced
end of the handle and has the edge of its open end sharpened and
driven into the shoulder or enlargement aforesaid to penetrate the handle and hold
the ferrule firmly against longitudinal movement and against turning upon the
handle. The end of this ferrule is formed relatively thick and it is provided
with a central opening which when the said ferrule is mounted upon the reduced
end of the handle is in alignment with the central opening of such handle. The
central opening in the end of the ferrule may be round or of rectangular or other
shape to correspond with the cross section of the shank or tang of the tool to be
inserted into it. The shank or tang of the tool to be inserted into the said ferrule
is formed slightly taper so that it may be inserted into and made to fit tightly in
such ferrule, but the said shank or tang is not formed with any sharp point like
those which it has hitherto been customary to form upon files, rasps and other
tools.
This part of the said invention is illustrated by Figs. 1 and 2 of the accompany-
ing drawings in all the figures of which the same letters of reference are employed
to indicate corresponding parts. Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a handle made
according to this part of the said invention with a file mounted therein, and Fig. 2
is a longitudinal section through the handle and a side elevation of a file inserted
therein.
The handle (A) illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2 is provided with a hand-receiving
portion (1) and a reduced end (2) for the reception of the ferrule (B), and the
reduced end (2) thereof is provided with a central opening (3) and upon its exterior
at a distance from its end with an annular shoulder or enlargement (4).
The ferrule (B) is mounted upon the reduced end (2) of the handle and has the
edge of its open end sharpened and driven into the shoulder (4) to penetrate the
handle and hold the ferrule more firmly against longitudinal movement and against
being turned upon the handle. The end (9) of the ferrule (B) is formed relatively
thick and is provided with a central opening (6) which is formed in the said
ferrule (B) when the said ferrule (B) has been forced upon the reduced end (2)
of the handle (A), and by the same operation the central opening of the handle (A)
is formed so that the central opening (6) in the ferrule (B) is in alignment with
the central opening (3) of such handle (A). The shank or tang (7) of the file
inserted into the handle illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2 is round and slightly taper and
the opening (6) is made round to correspond with it, but the opening (6) may

page_text: obviously be made of any shape suitable to receive the shank or tang of the tool
to be mounted in it.
By the ferrule being formed with a thickened end it is made capable of being
driven upon the reduced end of the handle with which it is employed so that the
sharpened edge of such ferrule may be caused to penetrate and embed itself in
the handle by the said thickened end enabling the force or blows requisite to so
drive the ferrule upon the said handle to be applied to such ferrule without dent-
ing or otherwise injuring or distorting it. When the edge of the ferrule is
embedded in the handle the employment of additional means for holding the
ferrule against turning upon the reduced end of the handle is unnecessary although
means for the said purpose such for instance as a transverse pin may be employed
if it be considered desirable. In consequence of the ferrule being formed with a
thickened end, the walls of the central opening of such ferrule form a broad
bearing for the tang or shank of a tool inserted therein and relieve the wood which
partially encloses the said tang or shank from all strain placed upon the tool while
in use and so prevent the handle from being split.
Different tools may be quickly attached to and firmly held in a handle formed
according to this part of this invention and also readily detached therefrom and
thus a single handle may be employed in connection with several tools.
In a modification of this part of this invention the shoulder or enlargement
upon the handle and the sharpened edge upon the ferrule are dispensed with and
the ferrule is mounted upon the reduced end of the handle and secured thereon
by means of a transverse pin or transverse pins or by being formed with internal
screw-threads and screwed thereon or by any other suitable means.
This modification of the said first part of this invention is illustrated by Figs. 3,
4 and 5 of the accompanying drawings, Fig. 3 being a perspective view of a handle
and a file intended to be inserted therein, Fig. 4 being a longitudinal section of
the said handle and a side elevation of a file inserted therein, and Fig. 5 being a
longitudinal section of a modified form of the handle illustrated by Figs. 3 and 4.
The handle (A) illustrated in Figs. 3 and 4 is provided with a hand-receiving
portion (1) and a reduced end (2) for receiving a ferrule (B) and provided with a
central opening (3). The ferrule (B) illustrated in Figs. 3 and 4 is mounted upon
the reduced end (2) of the handle (A) and may be secured thereon by being forced
thereon or by means of a transverse pin or by any other suitable means. Although
the handle (A) illustrated in Figs. 3 and 4 is provided with an annular shoulder or
enlargement the ferrule (B) illustrated in such figures is not driven into such
shoulder or enlargement but is passed into an annular groove formed within such
shoulder or enlargement and is not provided with a sharp edge such as is provided
upon the ferrule (13) illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2. Except in so far as it has been
herein described the handle illustrated in Figs. 3 and 4 is similar to the handle
illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2.
In the modification illustrated by Fig. 5 the ferrule (13) is provided with internal
screw-threads and is screwed upon the reduced end (2) of the handle (A) but in
other respects the handle (A) and ferrule (B) illustrated in Fig. 5 are similar to
those illustrated in Figs. 3 and 4.
Hitherto it has been customary to provide tool-handles with reduced ends
having ferrules with openings in their ends but in these handles the ferrules are
made of very thin metal of uniform thickness and the walls of the openings in
such ferrules do not constitute bearings for the tool-shanks, on the contrary all
strain placed upon the tool inserted in a handle of the construction hitherto
customary is borne by the wood of the handle which surrounds the tool-shank
and the handle is extremely liable to split and owing to the comparative softness
of the wood the opening which receives the tool shank soon becomes enlarged
and the tool drops out. By the use of this part of the present invention however;
all these objections are overcome, all strain placed upon the tool inserted in a
handle constructed in accordance with this part of the present invention being
•

page_text: borne by the broad metal bearing afforded by the walls of the central opening of
the ferrule employed in accordance with this part of the present invention.
According to the second part of this invention which although applicable to
various tools and handles therefor relates especially to flat, half-round and hand
files and rasps and handles therefor the formation of tangs upon tools to be
inserted into handles is dispensed with and handles to firmly hold the tools with-
out tangs are provided.
According to one form of this part of this invention, a tool is formed with a
part in which a groove increasing in width or depth or width and depth from one
end to the other is formed and the handle to be used with such tool is provided
with jaws between which the grooved part of the tool may be placed. One of the
said jaws is provided with a wedge or key which may be formed on or inserted
or secured in or upon the jaw on which it is to be provided and is adapted to
engage with the groove formed in the tool to be inserted in the space between the
said jaws. The said wedge or key is so shaped that it shall present an edge or face
or edges or faces inclined to the direction of the axis of the handle on which the
said jaws are provided and that when the tool to be mounted in the said handle
is inserted between the said jaws and the groove in such tool is placed upon the
said wedge or key and the tool and handle are pressed together the wedge or key
shall bear upon such tool and cause it to bear firmly against the jaw opposite to
such wedge or key so that being held by such jaw and wedge or key the tool shall
be firmly secured in the said handle. The space between the said jaws may be
formed with parallel sides or with sides inclined to each other and the faces of
the part of the tool to be inserted between such jaws may be parallel or inclined
to each other. The jaws provided upon a handle for a tool in accordance with
this part of this invention are formed upon a socket or collar which is made to
surround a part of or surround part of and enter the wood or other portion of the
handle and is employed in conjunction with a taper pin or key forced or driven
or inserted into the handle. The taper pin employed in conjunction with the said
socket or collar may be formed in one therewith or be simply forced into the
wooden or other part of the handle as the said socket or collar is applied thereto
or if there be a hole in the said socket or collar for it to be passed through may
be forced into the wooden or other part of the handle when the said socket or collar
has been placed thereon.
This form of this part of the said invention is illustrated by Figs. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
and 11 of the accompanying drawings. Fig. 6 is a perspective view showing a file
and a handle made according to the said form of this part of the said invention,
the file and handle being illustrated as detached from each other, Fig. 7 is a side
elevation partly in section and upon a somewhat larger scale than Fig. 6 and
showing the file and handle secured together, Fig. 8 is an end view of the handle,
Fig. 9 is a perspective view of the socket or collar or ferrule of the said handle,
Fig. 10 is a perspective view of a part of the said file and Fig. 11 is a perspective
view of a part of a file showing a slightly different manner in which the groove
formed in a tool according to this part of my invention may be shaped.
The file (D) illustrated in Figs. 6, 7, and 10 is formed with a recess (D¹) having
inclined sides (d) and gradually tapering from the one end of the file to a point
where it merges into the surface of the file, so that it forms a tapering recess having
inclined tapering sides.
The handle (A) illustrated in Figs. 6, 7 and 8 comprises the hand-receiving
portion (1) and the socket or collar or ferrule (B) which is formed of metal. The
socket or collar or ferrule (B) is secured upon the hand-receiving portion (1) by
being provided with a taper pin (10) and forced upon the said hand-receiving
portion (1) which is provided with a hole into which the taper pin (10) may be
driven. The socket or collar (B) is formed with a slot (B) in its end so that jaws (11)
are formed upon it. One of the said jaws (11) is provided with a wedge key or
rib (C) inserted into a dovetailed groove (6) in such jaw. The wedge, key or rib (C)
is provided with inclined sides (c) and tapers so as to increase in height towards

page_text: the rear of the handle (A). Preferably the inclined edges (c) are made to coincide
with the face of the jaw in which the wedge, key or rib is inserted at the extremity
thereof, and to project more from the said face in the parts nearer the base of the
slot (B). The wedge key or rib thus forms a kind of doublo wedge having
inclined sides and increasing in thickness from its outer end towards its rear end.
In the file (D) illustrated in Fig. 11 the base of the tapering groove (D¹) is
flattened so as to furnish a larger bearing surface to the rib (C) of the handle with
which it is to be used but in other respects the groove (14) illustrated in Fig. 11;
is similar to that illustrated in Figs. 6, 7, 8 and 10.
When a file such as is illustrated in Figs. 6, 7, and 10 or Fig. 11 is to be inserted in
the socket illustrated in Figs. 6, 7, 8 and 9 it is only necessary to bring the
file and handle together so that the wedge, key or rib of the handle will fit in the
groove (D) of the file and then as the file is used the wedge, key or rib (C) will be
pressed more into the said groove (D) and the file will be held tightly in position.
It will be observed that owing to the inclined tapering form of the wedge key or
rib having the inclined edges which engage the corresponding inclined tapering
groove, a positive and substantial bearing is obtained between the file and handle
which tends to hold them rigidly in position as long as they are in engagement
and there is a relatively large bearing or wearing surface between the surface of
the rib and the walls of the groove. When it is desired to detach the file from
the handle this can be readily done by a slight blow and another tool or file may
be substituted for the one already in use.
This construction is exceedingly simple to make and has proved to be efficient
in practice and it will be readily observed that the formation of a tang upon the
file or other tool is dispensed with saving considerable metal and that the groove in
the file or tool occupying a position in the end of the file or tool does not in any
practical way interfere with the proper use of such file or tool.
in
a
In modifications of this part of this invention a wedge similar to that herein-
before described may as is indicated by dotted lines in Fig. 7 be formed or pro-
vided
upon
each of the jaws provided upon a
handle for
tool in accordance with this part of this invention 01° two or more
wedges similar to that hereinbefore described may be provided or formed in or
upon either one or each of the jaws provided upon a handle for a tool
in accordance with this part of this invention and in any such case
the tool to be inserted in al handle is formed with one groove or
two or more grooves as may be requisite to correspond or fit in a suitable manner
upon and be held by the key or wedge or one or more or each of the keys or wedges
provided in or upon one or both of the jaws provided upon the said handle. When
keye or wedges are provided in both of the jaws provided upon a handle in accor-
dance with this part of this invention the tool to be inserted between such jaws
may bear only upon such keys or wedges or both upon such keys or wedges and
upon a part or parts of either or each of the said jaws,
In further modifications of this part of this invention instead of a groove or
grooves being formed in a tool to be inserted in a handle and a key or wedge or
Keys or wedges being formed or provided upon or in one or both of the jaws pro-
vided upon the handle to be applied to such tool in the manner hereinbefore
described the key or wedge or keys or wedges employed according to this part of
this invention may be formed or secured upon or in the tool to be provided with
a handle and one or both of the jaws provided upon the handle to be applied to
such tool may be formed with a groove or grooves to receive and hold the key or
wedge or one or more or all of the keys or wedges formed or provided upon or in
the said tool when such tool is inserted in the said handle in a manner similar to
that herein before described.
In further modifications of this part of this invention the taper pin hereinbefore
described may be dispensed with and the socket or collar on which the jaws pro-
vided upon a handle for a tool in accordance with this part of this invention may
be made to surround a part of or surround part of and enter the wood or other

page_text: portion of the handle or to surround a part of or surround and enter the wood
or other portion of the handle and be further secured thereto by means of a trans-
verse pin or transverse pins or by being formed with internal screw-threads and
screwed upon the said wooden or other portion of the handle or by any other suit-
able means.
i
In a further modification of this part of this invention the jaws to be provided
upon a handle for a tool in accordance with this part of this invention may be
formed upon a block or part provided with a tang or shank to be inserted in any
suitable manner in a handle of any suitable form either of the kind hereinbefore
described in reference to the first part of this invention or any other kind.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is :--
1. A tool-handle comprising a hand-receiving portion having a reduced end and
à ferrule upon the reduced end formed with a relatively thick perforated end, the
walls of the perforation constituting bearings for the tang of a tool substantially
as described.
2. The combination of a tool-handle comprising a hand-receiving portion, and
á ferrule mounted upon one end of the hand-receiving portion formed with a
relatively thick end with an opening to receive a tool and a tool provided with a
tapered tang adapted to be received into and fit closely the perforation of the
ferrule substantially as described.
3. The combination of a tool-handle having a reduced end provided with an
opening to receive the tang of a tool and a ferrule surrounding the said end and
having a sharpened edge embedded in an annular recess of the handle, sub-
stantially as described.
4. A ferrule for a tool-handle formed with a relatively thick perforated end and
with a sharpened edge, substantially as described.
5. A tool-handle provided with jaws between which is a transverse slot and
having extending into the slot a tapering wedge key or rib having inclined sides
substantially as described.
6. A tool-handle comprising a ferrule having a transverse slot and having
extending into the slot a tapering rib having inclined sides, the said rib being
dovetailed into the ferrule substantially as described.
7. The combination with a tool-handle provided with jaws between which is a
transverse slot and having a tapering rib with inclined sides of a tool provided
with a tapering groove with inclined tapering sides substantially as described.
8. A tool-handle provided with two jaws each of which is provided with a taper-
ing rib with inclined sides projecting into a groove in a tool provided with a
tapering recess with inclined tapering sides to act in conjunction therewith sub-
stantially as described.
9. A tool-handle provided with two jaws either or each of which is provided
with two tapering wedges keys or ribs each with inclined sides and projecting
into a groove in a tool provided with a corresponding number of grooves with
inclined tapering sides to act in conjunction with the said wedges keys or ribs
substantially as described.
10. The combination of a tool-handle provided with two jaws either or each of
which is provided with a groove or grooves with inclined sides and a tool with a
wedge key or rib or wedges keys or ribs with inclined sides to act in conjunction
with the said groove or grooves substantially as described.
Dated this Twenty-fifth day of A 1000
HOWARD
CHEETHAM,
Manchester, Agent to the Applicant.