HARDENING AND STIFFENING COPPER, AND REDUCING THE SAME FROM A LARGE MASS TO ANY DIAMETER NOT EXCEEDING FIVE INCHES NOR LESS THAN HALF AN INCH, EITHER IN ROUND, ANGULAR, INDENTED, OR OVAL FORMS, BY THE USE OF GROOVED OR INDENTED ROLLERS; AND ALSO FOR HARDENING AND STIPPENING BRASS, IRON, STEEL, MIXED AND COMPOUND METALS, WHICH IS OR ARE OF A TEXTURE THAT WILL BEAR DRAWING OR BEATING OUT BY FORGE, TILT, OR HAMMER,EITHER IN HOT, WARM, OR COLD STATE BY THE SAME MEANS
Year: 1783

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
WESTWOOD, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Manufacturer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS His present Majesty King George the Third, by His Royal
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at West-
minster, the Fourteenth day of November now last past, in the twenty-fourth
year of His reign, did give and grant unto me, the said John Westwood, His
special licence that I, the said John Westwood, during the term of years
therein expressed, should and might make use of, exercise, and vend,
within that part of His Kingdom of Great Britain called England, His
Dominion of Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of
"HARDENING AND STIFFENING COPPER, AND REDUCING THE SAME FROM A LARGE MASS
TO ANY DIAMETER NOT EXCEEDING FIVE INCHES NOR LESS THAN HALF AN INCH,
EITHER IN ROUND, ANGULAR, INDENTED, OR OVAL FORMS, BY THE USE OF GROOVED
OR INDENTED ROLLERS; AND ALSO FOR HARDENING AND STIPPENING BRASS, IRON,
STEEL, MIXED AND COMPOUND METALS, WHICH IS OR ARE OF A TEXTURE THAT
WILL BEAR DRAWING OR BEATING OUT BY FORGE, TILT, OR HAMMER, EITHER IN
HOT, WARM, OR COLD STATE BY THE SAME MEANS;" in which .said Letters
Patent there is contained a proviso, obliging me, the said John Westwood,
under my hand and seal, to cause a particular description of the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
inrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery within four calender
months after. the date of the said recited Letters Patent, as in and by the
şanie, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
John Westwood, do hereby declare that my said new invented method of
hardening and stiffening of copper, and reducing the same from a large mass
to any diameter not exceeding five inches nor less than half an inch, either in
round, angular, indented, or oval forms, by the use of grooved or indented
rollers; and also for hardening and stiffening brass, iron, steel,-mixed and
compounded mettals, which is or are of a texture that will bear drawing or
beating out by forge, tilt, or hammer, either in a hot, warm, or cold state by
the same means, is performed in the manner following; (that is to say):-
The bolts or barrs are made of the purest copper, cast in as large ingots
as they can be worked; they are then reduced by the common method
to square, octangular, or other angular or round forms of suitable sizes,
according to the diameter of the bolts or bars intended to be hardned
and stiffened; they are then to be annealed or softned and made perfectly
clean, and by this method they are prepared to receive the following
mechanical process, which is performed in the following manner :-Let
such rollers as are commonly used for flattening or rolling metals be turned
with circular or angular grooves, properly graduated from large to small;
sizes, or grooved, in order to receive the copper bolts or bars in succession,
which grooves, when the rollers are fixed for work, must be exactly opposite
to each other, and when close form nearly a perfect circle or angle, as may
be most suitable to the nature of the work to be performed by them; the
edges of the grooves must be taken off to admit the copper bolts or bars
without spreading upon the spaces between the grooves; the rollers being pre-
pared and fixed as above specified, the bars or bolts of copper are applied
cold to those grooves which are nearest to its own size. The rollers at the
beginning of the operation should be a little distance from each other, in order
to give the copper bolts or bars a free admission into the grooves; after the
bolts or bars have run through the grooves once, the rollers must be screwed a
little closer, and the same repeated every time the bolts or bars are run
through the grooves, care being taken that bolts or barrs present a fresh side
to the grooves, in order to make the pressure equal, and produce by degrees a
regular form. This is the method of using one pair of grooves, and the same
operation and care is to be observed in every groove till the copper has
received the extension, hardness, and stiffness required. At the beginning of
the cold rolling, the copper bolts or bars must be of a size so large that they
will, by the time they are run into the finishing grooves, have received as much
extension, hardness, and stiffness as the copper will bear, which I have found
in general to be about double its original length. To prevent the heat

page_text: occasioned by the friction of the rollers (which becomes very considerable in
working) affecting or in any degree softening the copper, it is frequently
necessary to have a stream of cold water running upon them and the bolts or
bars during the operation; but it may be done without. By this method bolts
or bars of brass, iron, steel, mixed and compound metals, are hardned and
stiffened, but in a greater and less degree, in proportion to the hardness or
softness of the materials worked upon. To reduce a large mass or body of
metal with grooved rollers that will bear hammering, in a hot state, observe to
heat such metal to as great a degree of heat as it will bear without damaging,
and the directing screws of the rollers to be unscrewed to such a distance
that the large grooves will nearly admit the piece you intend to reduce hot;
then apply it when in the hot state to the grooves of the rollers, using
them the same as in cold rolling, untill it is reduced to the form and size
wanted.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Westwood, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, the Eleventh day of March, in the twenty-fourth year of
the reign of our Sovereign Lord George the Third, by the grace of
God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the
Faith, &c., and in the year of our Lord One thousand seven hundred
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twelfth day of March, in the
year above written, the aforesaid John Westwood came before our said Lord
the King in His Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification aforesaid, and
all and every thing therein contained and specified, in the form above written.
And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of
the Statute in that case made and provided.
T

page_text: materials grooved for hurdening stiffening and improving Copper Bolts and other
Metals for different uses to be ficed and worked in Frames and by the same
means as practised in comma Rolling or flatting Mills. Different formed Greaves
und Angular circular or intended forms may be turned on the Rollers according to the
formy of the Work required