IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR RAISING A NAP ON CLOTH."
Year: 1881

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Alexander Melville Clark, of 53, Chancery Lane, in the
County of Middlesex, Patent Agent, for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MACHINERY FOR RAISING A NAP ON CLOTH." A communication from abroad
by Ernst Gessner, of Aue, in the Kingdom of Saxony.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Alexander Melville Clark
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 26th April 1881.
ALEXANDER MELVILLE CLARK, of 53, Chancery Lane, in the County of
Middlesex, Patent Agent. "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR RAISING A NAP
ON CLOTH." [A communication from abroad by Ernst Gessner, of Aue, in the
Kingdom of Saxony.]
The Invention has for its object, 1st, to drive the different moving parts of a gig
mill or raising machine by one main shaft.
Figures 1, 2, and 3, 4, show in elevation and plan, the opposite sides of a double
cylinder gig, in which the different moving parts are driven by one main shaft.
The machine consists of the frame A, in which the cylinders B', B2, the main
shaft C, and the brushes P have their bearings. The geared draught rollers Z, the
guide rollers L', L2, and conducting rollers o are mounted in the upper part of the
frame. The cylinder B2 is covered with teasel slats, and the cylinder B₁ with
rotary teasels. On the main shaft Care the fast and loose pulley S, S, the
pulleys S1, S2, which drive the two cylinders, the pulley S3 driving the stretching
roller Z, and the pulleys S₁ by which the brushes P are driven. In Figures 1, 5,
6, 9, 11, 12, all moving parts are driven by one main shaft C. Figures 1 and 3
show by dotted lines the main sliaft C mounted on the upper part of the frame
which is suitably modified to receive it. The main shaft C can be attached to any
other raising machines or gigs, and can as well be placed inside or outside the
frame on the floor or overhead.
The Invention relates, secondly, to an arrangement for throwing one or both of
the cylinders in or out of gear without interrupting the continuous run of the cloth
The employment of a main shaft C particularly adapts the raising machine to
D

page_text: receive an arrangement for throwing one or both of the cylinders in or out of gear,
so as to be able to change or clean the teasels or cards of one cylinder without
stopping the continuous run or contact of the cloth with the other cylinder. For
this purpose the pulley S2 in Figures 3, 4, is loose on the cylinder shaft B², and is
geared therewith by a friction clutch m, which by means of a segmental rack on
the lever arm operated by an endless screw on a spindle can be brought up
against the pulley to drive the cylinder at will. Instead of a friction clutch, cach
cylinder may be provided with fast and loose pulleys, so that a cylinder could be
stopped while the other parts of the machine are in motion.
In Figures 3, 4, the cylinder B' runs continuously, but a similar friction clutch
could be applied to both cylinders. It can also be applied to any system of double
cylinder gig without using the main shaft C, for example, to gigs most generally
in use where the main pulley is fixed on one cylinder shaft, the other cylinder being
driven from the first.
Figures 7 and 7b shows an arrangement in which one cylinder drives the other
cylinder.
The main pulley S¹ is loose on the cylinder shaft B³, and is combined with a
spur wheel R¹, which is constructed to form a friction clutch with a coned disc M
fixed on the cylinder shaft, and to be pressed into gear therewith by a screw u,
thus causing the cylinder B2 to revolve. The spur wheel R' is in gear with R²,
which is similarly constructed to form a friction clutch with a coned disc M, against
which it is pressed in the same way, thereby driving the cylinder B at will.
Instead of the wheels R1, R2, pulleys could be used.
The engaging and disengaging motions as herein shown can also be applied to an
arrangement of three or more cylinders (see Figure 8), so that three or more
cylinders would be thrown in or out of gear at will without stopping the continuous
run of the cloth.
The Invention relates, thirdly, to an arrangement whereby the speed of the cloth
may be altered while raising. In Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, the run of the cloth is driven
by a pulley S on the main shaft C. In Figure 7 draught roller Z is driven by the
friction wheel or pulley on the cylinder B. For goods which do not require much
raising, it is of advantage to alter or regulate the speed of the cloth by cone pulley J,
see Figures 9 and 12.
The Invention relates, fourthly, to imparting a reciprocating endwise motion to
the cylinders. The teasels on a cylinder not being uniform as to form, size, or
resistance of their teeth, the cloth is liable to become striped in the nap; it will
therefore be of great advantage to impart to and fro end wise movement, the
cylinders while revolving thus raising a more even and better nap upon the cloth.
Figure 9 shows a well known motion for reciprocating the cylinders while revolving.
By an endless screw S on the cylinder shaft, the worm wheel with a crank
pin c is revolved, and by a link Z fixed to the frame A and to the crank pin c, the
cylinder is caused to move endwise to and fro. The apparatus for imparting this
reciprocating motion to the cylinder can be made in different ways.
The Invention relates, fifthly, to the use of a new cleaning brush for the teasels
or cards placed under the cylinders, so that the broken cards and flocks of wool
cannot fall on the cloth, but fall down on the floor. Much saving of time and
labor is effected by having a brush on the cylinders for cleaning the cards or
teasels while raising. The brush should be placed underneath the cylinders or
otherwise, so that no flocks of wool or bits of broken teasels can fall on the cloth
(see Figures 1, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 12). I use a new cleaning brush made of wire or
pins set or fixed in suitable material on a roller. Figure 29 shows a section of a
brushing cylinder in which several kinds of pins are shown, viz.:-Pins with heads
and bent wire pins for fixing in the material. The wire pins may be single or
double pins, with knees or elbows, and they are fixed on the roller so that their
knees are tangential to the cylinder, so that the pins have more resistance in their
tangential direction than sideways, and therefore are particularly suitable for
cleaning teasels or cards. The cleaning brush P is driven by the mainshaft C, in

page_text: Figures 1, 3, 5, 6, 9, and in Figures 7 and 10 it is revolved by wheels on the
cylinder shaft. It can be driven in different ways.
The Invention relates, sixthly, to a continuously running grinding roller for the
cards when cards are used for napping. I provide a continuous running grinding
roller to keep the cards in proper sharpness (see Figure 10), in which the grinding
roller W is driven from the cleaning brush P by a band.
The Invention relates, seventhly, to a new arrangement to give more or less
contact of the cloth with the cylinders. A new and advantageous arrangement for
adjusting the guide rollers so as to bring the cloth more or less into contact with
the cylinders while keeping the cloth in proper tension, consists in arranging the
guide rollers in two sets mounted in two different semicircular frames q (see
Figures 1 and 3), independently movable on the cylinder shaft, adjusted by being
each provided with a toothed segment, of which one R is outside, and the other Ri
is inside toothed, and the two gear with a pinion e between them, turned by
endless screw gear on a hand wheel spindle. By turning the wheel to the right or
left the frames q are moved in opposite directions, thereby bringing the two sets
of guide rollers close together, as shown in Figure 3, or separating them as in
Figure 1. In all the different positions of the guide rollers the cloth keeps the
same length and tension in the machine. This arrangement can be modified by
making one set of guide rollers stationary and the other set adjustable, or instead
of rollers rails could be used. In certain cases, where very little napping is
required, the guide rollers instead of being adjusted by being moved circularly
around the cylinder, as shown in Figures 1 and 3, may be adjustable radially to
the cylinder, as shown in Figure 8, in which the cloth touches each cylinder at
three points. Figures 6, 10, and 11 show only two touching points for each
cylinder. By adjusting the guide rollers circularly around the cylinder the cloth
keeps always the same length and tension in the machine, whether the guide rollers
are brought close together or separated. The same result is obtained by an
arrangement shown in Figure 6, in which there are two points of contact with
each cylinder. This arrangement consists of two toothed segments n fast on the
frame, two pivoted levers h combined respectively with two segments m, which
both gear with the same pinion r. On the other end of each lever h a toothed
segment i is pivoted, and in gear with the corresponding fixed segment n. By
revolving the pinion the levers are moved and the segments i are rolled on the
fixed segments n. One of the guide rollers is mounted on one end of the levers h,
and another guide roller is mounted on the segment i. By rolling the segments i
on the segment n the guide roller is moved in an epicycloidal curve. The cloth
is lead over the guide rollers, as shown by dot and dash lines. In all positions of
the guide rollers the cloth keeps the same length in the machine, and the guide
rollers can be adjusted without interfering with the proper tension of the cloth.
In Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, the cloth runs as indicated by the arrows from the guide
roller L, and the geared stretching or draught roller Z around the cylinder B¹
over the guide rollers, thence over other geared draught rollers Z around the
cylinder B2, over the guide rollers to the draught roller Y. The geared roller L¹
delivers the cloth to the plaiting or cuttling down motion F, by which it is deposited
on the transport rollers o. A lattice apron can be substituted for the rollers o.
The geared draught roller Y is driven by a strap from the pulley S³; the other
draught or stretching rollers Z are driven by a chain from the roller Y, as shown
in Figure 1. Instead of laying the cloth on the top of the machine it can be
placed underneath, in the front, behind, or between the cylinders.
For very light goods it will be of advantage to put a stretching roller or a
geared expanding roller Z between the four points of contact, shown by dotted
lines in Figure 5; there are two cleaning brushes P under the cylinders. The
cloth is led over a roller L, and conducted over an apparatus for raising with
rotary teasel plates; it then goes over roller Z to the cylinders, thence it passes.
over a brush E for laying the nap to the upper part of the machine over the.
draught roller Z, and is plaited or cuttled down on the bottom. The apparatus

page_text: with rotary teasel plates, as described in Figure 26, can be attached to any other
raising machine, and made in different ways. Figure 6 shows a similar machine
with two points of contact for each cylinder; the guide or stretching rollers are.
adjustable by means of segmental racks, as before described. The cloth is shown
to be led off the cylinder B and against the cylinder B². Two cleaning brushes P
are put under the cylinders, and two brushes E for laying the nap on the face and
the back of the cloth are mounted on the upper part of the machine. The cloth
falls into a trough or guideboard T.
Figures 7 and 7b show two cylinders, one above the other, with three adjustable
points of contact for each cylinder and two cleaning brushes; the cloth falls into
boxes or troughs; Figure 8 shows the machine with three cylinders for raising the
face and the back of the piece, with three points of contact for each cylinder, the
guide rollers being adjustable radially to the cylinders; Figure 9a shows a front
view and Figure 9b a side view of a machine with one cylinder and four points of
contact, the guide rollers being adjustable circularly around the cylinder. It has a 1
cleaning brush P and a brush E for laying the nap, which can be replaced by a
teasel cylinder. For altering the speed of the cloth the draught rollers are driven
by a cone pulley. The other moving parts are driven from the main shaft C and
the cylinder receives to and fro longitudinal motion, as before described, but the
main shaft C may be dispensed with and likewise the reciprocating motion of the
cylinders.
Figure 10 shows a machine with two cylinders covered with cards and each
having two points of contact; there are two cleaning brushes geared with the
wheels.
There are two continuously working grinding rollers W, each driven by a strap
from the adjacent cleaning brush, but which can also be driven in different ways.
After leaving the cylinders the cloth is conducted over an apparatus for raising
from selvedge to selvedge, consisting of a strap with cards driven by bevelled
wheels.
Figure 11 shows a gigging machine with two cylinders, which has been in use
* before. Each cylinder has a cleaning brush above and two points of contact
underneath. This machine is provided with improvements, each cylinder having
a loose and a fast pulley and being driven from an over-head main shaft C.
The draught rollers Z are driven from the main shaft C by the pulley J and the
wheels R, R2, R3, R. The adjustable guide rollers are arranged and operated as a
slrown in Figure 6.
Figure 12 shows a well known system of double-cylinder-gig with certain
improvements. All the moving parts are driven by a main shaft C, and the
draught rollers are driven by a cone pulley J. Each cylinder has a brush
underneath.
The Invention relates, eighthly, 'to an arrangement of two or more cylinders to
raise the nap upon the face and the back of the cloth at one time. Gessner's
double cylinder gig most generally in use could not be used very advantageously
for goods which require but little raising on both sides of the cloth. Single
cylinder gigs being more useful for those goods, the double cylinder gigs are
therefore altered in such a way that one of the cylinders raises the nap on the one
side of the cloth, while the other cylinder raises the nap on the other side, so that
the face and the back of the cloth is raised at the same time.
Figure 8 shows a three cylinder machine. The back of the cloth is applied to
the cylinder B' and the face to the cylinder B2. By placing the two points of
contact of the cylinder B' underneath only one side of the cloth is raised by the
three cylinders. By omitting the cylinder B³ it is converted into a double
cylinder gig, the cylinder B₁ of which raises the back and B2 the face of the
cloth.
More than two or three cylinders would be mounted in the frame in different
positions and the adjustable guide rollers can be arranged differently.
The Invention relates, 9thly, to modes of arranging and mounting rotary teasels

page_text: on the cylinders. Rotary teasels have been in use for some years, but they have
been attended by several disadvantages. In the following description I show some
improvements in rotary teasels, whereby these disadvantages are avoided.
Figures 13, 14, represent the circumference of a cylinder developed upon a plane
surface showing different positions of rotary teasels and of their bearings. See a, b,
c, d, e, f, g, h, i, k, l. Each teasel is put obliquely on the cylinder; the teasel
bearings of alternate rows of teasels are arranged in helical lines around the
circumference of the cylinder, and the rows, of teasels are in lines which are either
parallel or oblique to the cylinder axes; a, c, show the teasel bearings in lines
oblique to the cylinder axes; a, h, show the teasel axes inclined to the right and
to the left, so that each line is inclined in the opposite direction to the next
following line. This system of arranging the teasels on the cylinder has a
drawback, as the cloth, not being distended, is liable to become striped in the nap;
b, g, shows the direction of the teasel axes reversed at the middle of the cylinder,
so that one half of the teasels is inclined to the left and the other half to the
right. The teasels thus arranged distend the cloth if in contact with the cylinder.
This is an advantage, but is attended with the objection that the nap of one half
of the cloth is raised in opposite direction to the other half. In order to remove
this objection, both arrangements are combined or alternated, as shown in a and b ;
the cloth is retained and distended while the nap is raised evenly on both halves of
the cloth. In the arrangement shown at c there are three rows, one row with one
half the teasels inclined to the right and the other to the left, as at b, being
placed between two rows of teasels all inclined in the same direction in each row,
but the one row inclined in the opposite direction to the other row, as at a. In
the arrangement shown at d there are three rows as at a, and one row as at b. In
the arrangement shown at e there are seven rows, six rows arranged as at a and
one row as at b. In the arrangement shown at there are four rows, two rows
arranged as at a being alterna ed with two rows arranged as at b. In the
arrangement shown at i there are four rows, as at f, except that in i the direction
of the second and fourth rows is the reverse of that of the same rows in f. In the
arrangement shown at k there are six rows, four arranged as at a and two as at b.
In the arrangement shown at 7 there are five rows, two arranged as at a alternated
with three arranged as at b. The teasel axes are placed at different angles on the
cylinder according to the quality of the cloth to be raised; at g and h they are
shown more obliquely. Instead of a helical line the bearings can be placed in the
form of an elliptic ring round the cylinder.
. Figures 15 to 22 show the bearings and the mode of mounting rotary teasels.
Figure 15 shows teasel bearings half size; the teasels are placed on pins S or on'
sockets or bushes h, which are movable on the pins. The pins or the bushes have
a half round cap on one side in order to hold or keep the teasels without injuring
the head of the teasels. In order to prevent dust or flocks of wool adhering to the
ends of the pins or bushes, I cover both ends of the pins with short bushes e, i,
which rest in the bearings and reach close to the bush h or teasel in the middle, so
that no part of the pins is exposed.
Figure 16 shows full size two teasels on a bush; they are tied together by a
thread which is fastened through small holes in the cap. The short bush h² extends
close to the bush h where a cap is; at the other end a bush m rests in the bearing
and is enlarged to enclose the end of the middle bush h, thus preventing in a still
better way the entry of dust. The pin S is flat at one end and rests in a slot,
thus being fast in the bearing. Figure 16b shows the flat end of the pin fastened
in another way. Figure 15b shows two teasels on two bushes, each bush having a
cap, and the two teasels being tied together by a thread.
The teasel bearings, Figures 15ª, 15b, 17, are double-bearings; they may be
single, or two or more double-bearings may be cast together. The bearings and
the fastening of the pins by a spring on the back of the bearings as hitherto have
been imperfect. I alter the fastening of the pins by fixing the spring on the side
of the bearing instead of the back, thus getting a longer bearing for the pins at the

page_text: same time. In Figure 17 the spring fis fixed on the side of the bearing; it has a
finger i, enclosing both ends of the bearing and holding the end of the pin. By
enclosing both sides the finger i closes the bearings very safe and tight. In
Figure 18 the bearing is open on one side, and the pin is held or shut in the
bearing by the finger i on the spring f, which presses sideways against the
bearing.
Figure 19 shows the spring fixed in other positions.
Figure 20 shows a spring, by which the pin is kept fast in the bearing; the
bearing and the pin have a slot in which the spring rests. The teasels are put on
bushes movable on the pins. Instead of bearings, as before described, the teasels
can rest in slots, as shown in Figures 21, 22; Figure 21 shows a frame made of
hollow iron, having pins screwed in on which the teasels with their bushes are
movable; Figure 22 shows slats made of half round and flat iron; on the top of
the slats, that is, on the halfround iron, bearings are fixed for the pins. There are
two flat iron slats at bottom, one of them having half or open bearings in which
the ends of the pins rest, the bearings being closed by the other being fixed upon
the first, and being removable in order to change. the teasels.
The Invention relates, 10thly, to the construction of metallic rotary teasels.
Figure 23 shows an artificial teasel composed of a core of wood or other material
covered with card teeth, and fixed on a bush movable on a pin. The core can be
fixed on the pin.
The Invention relates, 11thly, to the employment of rotary teasels for circular
and cross raising, whereby quite a new effect is obtained on the nap of the cloth.
Figures 24, 24b, show rotary teasels mounted on endless chains, the bearings
of the teasels being movable on the cross pins of the chain. Instead of a chain
an endless cloth or strap would be used for fixing the bearings of the teasels.
Figures 25ª, 25b, show rotary teasels mounted in a frame receiving reciprocating
motion from an eccentric or lever while the cloth is passing over it. Instead of a
frame a suitable slat would be used for fixing the bearings of the teasels.
Figures 26, 26b, show wheels with rotary teasels used on "apparatus for raising
with rotary teasel plates," the rotary teasels being mounted between the spokes so.
that the teasels are free or exposed on both sides of the wheels. On one side of
the wheel the cloth is led over the teasels by the conducting and guide-rollers S, L,
while the other side of the teasel is cleaned by a brush P. The teasels can be
placed in different positions between the spokes. The wheels or plates are driven
by bevelled wheels on a shaft v.
Figure 27 shows a plate with rotary teasels arranged in a spiral line thereon.
The teasels can also be arranged in rings or otherwise.
Figure 28 shows teasel bearings fixed in different positions on a plato.
The improvements herein described can also be applied to any gig or raising
machine in use. The mainshaft C can be very easily connected with any old
machine in use, as shown in Figure 12, thus making it suitable for altering or
adding any improvements.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Alexander Melville Clark in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
26th October 1881.
ALEXANDER MELVILLE CLARK; of 53, Chancery Lane, in the County_of
Middlesex, Patent Agent. "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR RAISING A NAP
ON CLOTH." A communication from abroad by Ernst Gessner, of Aue, in the
Kingdom of Saxony.
The Invention relates to gig mills having one or more cylinders with teasel
holders, rotary teasels, or cards, and it has for its object, 1st., to drive the different
moving parts of a gig mill or raising machine by one main shaft.
Figures 1, 2, and 3, 4, show in elevation and plan the opposite sides of a double
cylinder gig, in which the different moving parts are driven by one main shaft.
The machine consists of the frame A in which the cylinders B1, B2, the main
shaft C, and the brushes P, have their bearings. The geared draught rollers Z, the
guide rollers L', L2, and conducting rollers o, are mounted in the upper part of the
frame. The cylinder B2 is covered with teasel holders, and the cylinder B' with
rotary teasels. On the main shaft C are the fast and loose pulleys S, S, the pulleys
S', S2, which drive the two cylinders, the pulley S³ driving the draught roller Z,
and the pulley St by which the brushes P are driven. In Figures 1, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12,
all moving parts are driven by one main shaft C. Figures 1 and 3 show the main
shaft C mounted at the upper part of the frame, but it can as well be placed at the
lower part of the frame or overhead if preferred.
The Invention relates, secondly, to an arrangement for throwing one or both of
the cylinders in or out of gear without interrupting the continuous run of the
cloth. The employment of a main shaft C particularly adapts the raising machine
to receive an arrangement for throwing one or both of the cylinders in or out of
gear, so as to be able to change or clean the teasels or cards of one cylinder
without stopping the continuous run or contact of the cloth with the other cylinder.
For this purpose the pulley S2*, in Figures 3, 4, is loose on the cylinder shaft B²,
and is geared therewith by a friction clutch m, which by means of a segmental
rack on the lever arm operated by an endless screw on a spindle can be
brought up against the pulley to drive the cylinder at will. Instead of a friction
clutch each cylinder may be provided with fast and loose pulleys, so that a
cylinder could be stopped while the other parts of the machine are in motion.
In Figures 3, 4, the cylinder B' runs continuously, but a similar friction clutch
could be applied to both cylinders. It can also be applied to any system of double
cylinder gig without using the main shaft C; for example, to gigs most generally
in use where the main pulley is fixed on one cylinder shaft, the other cylinder
being driven from the first.
Figures 7 and 7b show an arrangement in which one cylinder drives the other
cylinder. The main pulley S' is loose on the cylinder shaft B2, and is combined with
a spur wheel R¹ which is constructed to form a friction clutch with a coned disc M
fixed on the cylinder shaft, and to be pressed into gear therewith by a screw u,
thus causing the cylinder B2 to revolve. The spur wheel R' is in gear with R2,
which is similarly constructed to form a friction clutch with a coned disc M against
which it is pressed in the same way, thereby driving the cylinder B¹ at will.
Instead of the wheels R', R², pulleys could be used.
The engaging and disengaging motions, as herein shown, can also be applied to
an arrangement of three or more cylinders (see Figure 8), so that three or more
cylinders would be thrown in or out of gear at will without stopping the continuous
run of the cloth.

page_text: L
The Invention relates, thirdly, to an arrangement whereby the speed of the
cloth may be altered while the machine is running. In Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, the run
or continuous motion of the cloth is obtained from a pulley S on the main shaft C
which drives pulley S on the draught roller Z, and in Figure 7 the draught
roller Z is driven by belt from the pulley on the friction wheel of cylinder B' (see
Figure 7b). In these Figures no variation of speed is provided for, but for goods
which do not require much raising it is of advantage to alter or regulate the speed
of the cloth by cone pulleys J, see Figures 9 and 12.
The Invention relates, fourthly, to imparting a reciprocating endwise motion to
the cylinders. The teasels on a cylinder not being uniform as to form, size, or
.resistance of their teeth the cloth is liable to become striped in the nap; it will
therefore be of great advantage to impart to and fro endwise movement to the
cylinders while revolving, thus raising a more even and better nap upon the cloth.
Figure 9 shows a well known motion for reciprocating the cylinders while revolving.
By an endless screws on the cylinder shaft the worm wheel r with a crank pin c
is revolved, and by a link g fixed to the frame A and to the crank pin c the
cylinder is caused to move end wise to and fro. The apparatus for imparting this
reciprocating motion to the cylinder can be made in different ways.
The Invention relates, fifthly, to the use of a new cleaning brush for the teascls
or cards placed under the cylinders, so that the broken cards and flocks of wool
cannot fall on the cloth but fall down on the floor. Much saving of time and
labor is effected by having a brush for cleaning the cards or teasels while raising.
The brushes should be placed underneath the cylinders or otherwise, so that no
flocks of wool or bits of broken teasels can fall on the cloth (see P, Figures 1, 3, 5,
6, 9, 10, and 12). I use a new cleaning brush made of wire or pins set or fixed
in suitable material on a roller. In Figures 1, 3, 5, 6, 9, the cleaning brush P is
driven by the main shaft C; and in Figures 7 and 10 it is driven by wheels on the
cylinder shaft. It can be driven in different ways.
Figure 29 shows a section of a brushing cylinder in which several kinds of pins
are shown, viz. -Pins with heads and bent wire pins for fixing in the covering
material of the roller, which is preferably leather. The wire pins may be single
or double pins with knees or elbows, and they are fixed on the roller so that their
knees are tangential to the cylinder, so that the pins have more resistance in their
tangential direction than sideways, and therefore are particularly suitable for
cleaning teasels or cards.
The Invention relates, sixthly, to a continuously running grinding roller for the
cards when cards are used for napping. I provide a continuous running grinding
roller to keep the cards in proper sharpness (see Figure 10), in which the grinding
roller W is driven from the cleaning brush P by a belt.
The Invention relates, seventhly, to a new arrangement to give more or less
contact of the cloth with the cylinders. A new and advantageous arrangement for
adjusting the guide rollers, so as to bring the cloth more or less into contact with
the cylinders while keeping the cloth in proper tension, consists in arranging the
guide rollers of each cylinder in two sets, mounted in two different semicircular
frames q, q', (see Figures 1 and 3), independently movable on the cylinder shaft,
and adjusted by being each provided with a toothed segment, of which one R¹ is
outside- and the other R is inside-toothed, and the two gear with a pinion e between
them, turned by endless screw gear on a hand wheel spindle E. By turning the
wheel to the right or left the frames q, q', are moved in opposite directions, thereby
bringing the two sets of guide rollers close together, as shown in Figure 3, or
separating them, as in Figure 1. In all the different positions of the guide rollers
the length of the cloth in the machine and its tension remain the same.
arrangement can be modified by making one set of guide rollers stationary, and the
other set adjustable, or instead of rollers rails could be used. In certain cases,
where very little napping is required, the guide rollers instead of being adjusted by
being moved circularly around the cylinder, as shown in Figures 1 and 3, may be
adjustable radially to the cylinder, as shown in Figure S, in which the cloth
This

page_text: touches each cylinder at three points. Figures 6, 10, and 11 show only two
touching points for each cylinder. By adjusting the guide rollers circularly around
the cylinders, the length of the cloth in the machine and its tension remain always
the same, whether the guide rollers are brought close together or separated. The same
result is obtained by an arrangement shown in Figure 6, in which there are two
points of contact with each cylinder. This arrangement consists of two toothed
segments n fast on the frame, two pivoted levers h combined respectively with
two segments m, which both gear with the same pinion 2. On the other end of
each lever a toothed segment i is pivoted, and in gear with the corresponding fixed.
segment n. By revolving the pinion the levers h are moved, and the segments i
are rolled on the fixed segments n, One of the guide rollers is mounted on one
end of the levers h, and another guide roller is mounted on the segment i. By
rolling the segments i on the segments n the guide roller is moved in an
epicycloidal curve. The cloth is led over the guide rollers, as shown by dot and
dash lines. In all positions of the guide rollers the cloth keeps the same length in
the machine, and the guide rollers can be adjusted without interfering with the
proper tension of the cloth.
In Figures 1, 2, 3, 4 the cloth runs, as indicated by the arrows, from the guide
roller L, and the geared draught roller Z around the cylinder B' over the guide
rollers; thence over other geared draught rollers Z around the cylinder B2, over
the guide rollers to the draught roller Y. The geared roller L' delivers the cloth
to the plaiting or cuttling-down motion F, by which it is deposited on the transport
rollers o.
A lattice apron can be substituted for the rollers o. The geared draught
roller Y is driven from the pulley S3 by a strap running on S³, S**; the other
draught or stretching rollers Z are driven by a chain from the roller Y, as shown.
in Figure 1. Instead of laying the cloth on the top of the machine it can be placed
underneath, in the front, behind, or between the cylinders.
For very light goods it will be of advantage to put a stretching roller or a geared
expanding roller Z between the four points of contact, shown by dotted lines in
Figure 5. There are two cleaning brushes P under the cylinders. The cloth is led
over a roller L, and conducted over an apparatus X. for raising the uap by means of
rotary teasel holders hereafter described; it then goes over roller Z to the cylinders,
and from these it passes over a brush E for laying the nap to the upper part of the
machine over the draught roller Z, and is plaited or cuttled down on the bottom.
The apparatus, with rotary teasel holders, as described and shown in Figure 26,
can be attached to any other raising machine, and made in different ways; Figure 6
shows a similar machine with two points of contact for each cylinder. The guide
or stretching rollers are adjustable by means of segmental racks, as before described.
The cloth is shown to be led off the cylinder B₁ and against the cylinder B2. Two
cleaning brushes P are put under the cylinders, and two brushes E for laying the
nap on the face and the back of the cloth are mounted on the upper part of the
machine. The cloth falls into a trough or guide board T.
Figure 9 shows a front view, and Figure 9b a side view of a machine with one
cylinder and four points of contact, the guide rollers being adjustable circularly
around the cylinder. It has a cleaning brush P and a brush E for laying the nap,
which can be replaced by a teasel cylinder. For altering the speed of the cloth the
draught rollers are driven by a cone pulley. The other moving parts are driven
from the main shaft C, and the cylinder receives to and fro longitudinal motion, as
before described, but the main shaft C may be dispensed with, and likewise the
reciprocating motion of the cylinders.
Figure 10 shows a machine with two cylinders B1, B2, covered with cards, and
each having two points of contact, the cloth being conducted by adjustable guide
rollers and draught rollers Z. There are two cleaning brushes P fixed below the
cylinders driven by wheels 1, 2, 3, 4. A grinding roller W is applied to each
cylinder, driven by a strap from a pulley fixed on the shaft of the cleaning
brushes P The cloth is conducted over a cross raising apparatus, consisting of an
endless band q set with cards, and driven by bevel gear or otherwise. Several

page_text: .
cylinders B with one or more points of contact may be placed round one cleaning
brush P. Figure 10° shows two teaseling cylinders B and B arranged over the
cleaning brushes P1, P2. In Figure 10 four teaseling cylinders B are placed round
each cleaning brush P. In Figures 10 and 10" the cleaning brushes have segments
of grinding substance W in their periphery for grinding the cards as well as cleaning
them. The brushes P receive the motion from the driving shaft and transmit it to
the teaseling cylinders and to the guide and draught rollers 1, Z. In Figures 10,
10ª, 10, the cylinders and brushes revolve in contrary directions, so as to raise the
nap in opposite directions at one operation. In Figure 10 there are two con-
tinuously working grinding rollers W, each driven by a strap from the adjacent
cleaning brush, but which can also be driven in different ways. After leaving the
cylinders the cloth is conducted over an apparatus q for raising from selvedge to
selvedge, consisting of a strap with cards driven by bevelled wheels.
Figure 11 shows a gigging machine with two cylinders, each having a cleaning
brush above and two points of contact underneath. This machine is of ordinary
construction, but provided with improvements; each cylinder have a loose and a fast
pulley, and being driven from an overhead main shaft C. The draught rollers Z
are driven from the main shaft C by the pulley J and the wheels R1, R2, R³, R*.
The adjustable guide rollers are arranged and operated as shown in Figure 6.
Figure 12 shows a well know system of double-cylinder-gig with certain improve-
ments. All the moving parts are driven by a main shaft C, and the draught
rollers are driven by a cone pulley J. Each cylinder has a brush underneath.
The Invention relates, eighthly, to an arrangement of two or more cylinders to
raise the nap upon the face and the back of the cloth at one time. Gessner's double
cylinder gig most generally in use could not be used very advantageously for goods
-which require but little raising on both sides of the cloth. Single cylinder gigs being
more useful for those goods, the double cylinder gigs are therefore altered in such
a way that one of the cylinders raises the nap on the one side of the cloth, while
the other cylinder raises the nap on the other side, so that the face and the back of
the cloth is raised at the same time. Figure 8 shows a three cylinder machine.
The back of the cloth is applied to the cylinder B, and the face to the cylinder B².
By placing the two points of contact of the cylinder B' underneath only one side of
the cloth is raised by the three cylinders. By omitting the cylinder B it is
converted into a double cylinder gig, the cylinder B' of which raises the back
and B the face of the cloth. More than two or three cylinders could be mounted
in the frame in different positions, and the adjustable guide rollers can be arranged
differently.
The Invention relates, ninthly, to modes of arranging and mounting rotary
teasels on the cylinders. Figures 13 and 14 represent the circumference of a
cylinder developed upon a plain surface, showing different positions of rotary teasels,
and of their bearings, see a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, le, l. Each teasel is put obliquely on
the cylinder. The teasel bearings of alternate rows of teasels are arranged in
helical lines around the circumference of the cylinder, and the rows of teasels are
in lines, which are either parallel or oblique to the cylinder axis;. a, c, show the
teasel bearings in lines oblique to the cylinder axis; a, h, show the teasel axes
inclined to the right and to the left, so that each line is inclined in the opposite
direction to the next following line. This system of arranging the teasels on the
cylinder has a draw back, as the cloth not being distended is liable to become
striped in the nap. b, g, shows the direction of the teasel axes reversed at the
middle of the cylinder, so that one half of the teasels is inclined to the left, and
the other half to the right. The teasels thus arranged distend the cloth if in
contact with the cylinder. This is an advantage, but is attended with the objection
that the nap of one half of the cloth is raised in opposite direction to the other
half. In order to remove this objection both arrangements are combined or
alternated, as shown by a and b collectively; the cloth is retained and distended
while the nap is raised evenly on both halves of the cloth. In the arrangement
shown at c there are three rows, one row with one half of the teasels inclined to the

page_text: right, and the other to the left, as at 6, being placed between two rows of teasels all
inclined in the same direction in each row, but the one row inclined in the opposite
direction to the other row as at a. In the arrangement shown at d there are three
rows, as at a, and one row as at b.
In the arrangement shown at e there are seven rows, six rows arranged as at a
and one row as at b. In the arrangement shown at f there are four rows, two
rows arranged as at a being alternated with two rows arranged as at b. In the
arrangement shown at i there are four rows as at f, except that in i the direction
of the second and fourth rows is the reverse of that of the same rows in f. In the
arrangement shown at l there are six rows, four arranged as at a, and two as at b.
In the arrangement shown at there are five rows, two arranged as at a, alternated
with three arranged as at b. The teasel axes are placed at different angles on the
cylinder, according to the quality of the cloth to be raised; at g and h they are
shown more obliquely; instead of a helical line the bearings can be placed in the
form of an elliptic ring round the cylinder.
Figures 15 to 22 show the bearings and the mode of mounting the rotary
teasels.
Figures 150, 15b, show teasel bearings 6 half size. The teasels may be placed on
rotary pins or spindles S, but preferably they are placed on sockets or bushes h,
which are movable on the pins, the latter being in that case fixed dead. The pins
or the bushes have a half round cap X on one side in order to hold or keep the
teasels without injuring the end of it. In order to prevent dust or flocks of wool
adhering to the ends of the pins or bushes I cover both ends of the pins with short
bushes (see Figure 16a), which rest in the bearings band reach close to the
bush in the middle, or to the teasel if there is no bush h, so that no part of the
pin is exposed. Figure 16 shows full size two teasels on a bush; they are tied
together by a thread, which is fastened through small holes in the cap. The short
bush ² extends close to the bush where a cap is; at the other end a bush m
rests in the bearing, and is enlarged to enclose the end of the middle bush h, thus
preventing in a still better way the entry of dust. The pin S is flat at one end
and rests in a slot, thus being fast in the bearing. Figure 16 shows the flat end
of the pin fastened in another way; Figure 15 shows two teasels on two bushes,
each bush having a cap, and the two teasels being tied together by a thread.
The teasel bearings, Figures 15ª, 15³, 17, are double bearings; they may be single,
or two or more double bearings niay be cast together. The pin S is retained in the
bearings by means of a spring clip on one or both of thein, according as the pin
is a dead or live spindle. In Figure 17 the spring f is fixed on the side of the
bearing; it has a finger i enclosing both ends of the bearing and holding the end
of the pin. By enclosing both sides the finger i closes the bearings very safe and
tight. In Figure 18 the bearing is open on one side, and the pin is held or shut
in the bearing by the finger on the spring f, which presses sideways against the
bearing; Figure 19 shows the spring fixed in other positions; Figure 20 shows a
spring by which the pin is kept fast in the bearing; the bearing and the pin have
a slot in which the spring rests.
Instead of bearings, as before described, the teasels can rest in bars or holders,
as shown in Figures 21, 22. Figure 21 shows a frame made of two parallel iron
tubes, in which the ends of pins are screwed, the pins upon which the teasels with
their bushes are movable being arranged obliquely; Figure 22 shows holders made
of half round and flat iron; on the top of the holders, that is, on the half round
iron, bearings are fixed for the pins. There are two flat iron bars at bottom, one of
them having half or open bearings in which the ends of the pins rest, the bearings
being closed by the other or covering bar being fixed upon the first and being
removable in order to change the teasels.
The Invention relates, tenthly, to the construction of metallic rotary teasels.
Figure 23 shows an artificial teasel composed of a core of wood or other material
covered with card teeth, and fixed on a brush h rotating on a fixed pins. The

page_text: a
core can be fixed on the pin without the bush, the pin in that case rotating in its
bearings.
The Invention relates, eleventhly, to. the employment of rotary teasels for
circular and cross raising, whereby quite a new effect is obtained on the nap of the
cloth. Figures 24%, 24b, show rotary teasels mounted on endless chains, the
bearings of the teasels being movable on the cross pins of the chain. Instead of a
chain an endless cloth or strap would be used for fixing the bearings of the teasels.
Figures 25ª, 25b, show rotary teasels mounted in a frame receiving recipro-
cating motion from an eccentric or lever while the cloth is passing over it.
Figures 26, 26b, show wheels with rotary teasels mounted between the spokes of
the wheels, so that the teasels are free or exposed on both faces of the wheels, so
that they may operate on one side whilst they are being cleaned on the other.
one side of the wheels the cloth is led over the teasels by the conducting and
guide rollers S, L, while the other side of the teasel is cleaned by a brush P. The
teasels can be placed in different positions between the spokes. The wheels or
plates are driven by bevel gear from a shaft v. Figure 27 shows a plate with
rotary teasels arranged in a spiral line thereon. The teasels can also be arranged
in rings or otherwise. Figure 28 shows teasel bearings fixed in different positions
on a plate.
On
The improvements herein described can also be applied to any gig or raising
machine in use; the main shaft C can be very easily connected with any old
machine in use, as shown in Figure 12, thus making it suitable for altering or
adding any improvements.
Having described the nature of the said Invention, and the manner of performing
the same, I declare that what I claim as the Invention to be protected by the
hereinbefore in part recited Letters Patent is,―
1st. The respective combinations and arrangements of parts of gig mills for
driving the different moving parts from one main shaft, substantially as shown in
Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, and 12.
2nd. In a gig mill the arrangement for throwing one or both cylinders in or out
of gear without stopping the cloth, substantially as described and shown in
Figure 4.
3rd. In a gig mill the construction, arrangement, and combination of friction
gear for throwing either of two (or more) cylinders in or out of gear without
stopping the other (or others) when one cylinder is driven from the shaft of the
other cylinder, substantially as described and shown in Figures 7a, 7b.
4th. In a gig mill the combination with the main shaft and the cloth driving
roller of a set of cone pulleys, substantially as and for the purpose described and
shown in Figures 9 and 12.
5th. In a gig mill the imparting end wise to and fro movement to the teaseling
cylinder or cylinders whilst they are revolving, as and for the purpose herein
described.
6th. In a gig mill the employment of a cleaning brush for the teasels or cards,
arranged in such position that the broken teasels or cards and flocks of wool
cannot fall upon the cylinders or cloth, as described and shown in the various
Figures.
7th. The particular construction of cleaning brush, substantially as described and
shown in Figure 29.
Sth. The combination with the cylinder of a gig mill furnished with cards of a
continuously running grinding roller, substantially as described and shown in
Figure 10.
9th. The regulating the contact of the cloth with the teaseling cylinder without
altering its tension, by the employment of two alternating sets of guide rollers, of
which one or both sets is made movable circularly round the cylinder, as shown
and described.
10th. Mounting one or both sets of guide rollers in frames movable about the

page_text: cylinder shaft, and provided with adjusting mechanism, substantially as shown and
described in Figures 1 and 3 for the purpose specified.
11th. The mechanism for regulating the contact of the cloth with the tenseling
cylinders without altering its tension, combined, arranged, and operating sub-
stantially as described and shown in Figures 6 and 11.
12th. The arrangement of the machine in which the cloth is passed in such a
way round two or more cylinders that its nap will be raised on both sides of the
cloth at once, substantially as described and shown in Figure 8.
13th. The employment in teaseling machines in which card cylinders are used
of continuously running grinding rollers, substantially as described and shown in
Figure 10.
14th. The combined grinding and brushing rollers applied to the card cylinders
of a teaseling machine, substantially as described in Figures 10ª, 10b.
15th. The combination with a single brushing or brushing and grinding cylinder,
as described in Figures 10ª, 10b, of a number of teaseling cylinders arranged
circularly around the brush so as all to be cleaned or cleaned and ground thereby,
as described and shown in Figures 10%, 10b.
16th. The employment of rotary teasels mounted on the periphery of the
teaseling drum, the teasels and their bearings being arranged substantially in any
of the various modes described and shown in Figures 13 and 14.
17th. Mounting rotary teasels upon spindles and brushes, substantially as
described and shown in Figures 15ª, 15b, 16a. 16b.
18th. The various arrangements of spring clips for fastening the spindles of
rotary teasels in their bearings, substantially as described and shown in Figures 17,
18, 19, and 20.
19th. The mounting rotary teasels in holders, substantially as shown in
Figures 21 and 22.
20th. The construction of the holders with bearings for rotary teasels, sub-
stantially as described and shown in Figure 22.
21st. The construction of artificial rotary teasels by means of card teeth, sub-
stantially as described and shown in Figure 23.
22nd. The employment and application of rotary teasels for cross teaseling
whereby a new effect is obtained, substantially as described and shown in
Figures 24ª, 24b.
23rd. The combination of rotary teasels with an endless chain, cloth, or strap,
substantially as described and shown in Figure 24".
24th. The combination of rotary teasels with rotating wheels or discs, sub-
stantially as described and shown in Figures 26a, 20, 27, and 28, for the purpose
specified.
25th. The application and employment of the various improvements herein
specified in gig mills now in use.
In witness whereof, I, the said Alexander Melville Clark, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Twenty sixth day of October, A.D. 1881.