Improvements in Deep Boring and Rock Drilling Apparatus.
Year: 1892

page_text: Date of Application, 3rd May, 1892-Accented, 18th June; 1892
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
[Communicated from abroad by MILAN CONSTANT BULLOCK, of 1187, Washington
Boulevard, Chicago, Cook County, Illinois, United States of America, Mining
Engineer.]
Improvements in Deep Boring and Rock Drilling Apparatus.
I, HENRY HARRIS LAKE of the firm of Haseltine, Lake & Co., Patent
Agents, 45 Southampton Buildings in the County of Middlesex do hereby
declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:-
This invention relates to improvements in the art of rock core-drilling and more
especially to the method of withdrawing the core from a hole drilled or being
drilled.
Heretofore the employment of hollow drills for cutting the hole and leaving a
core, to withdraw the core, the drill tube has been lifted entirely out of the hole,
bringing the core with it. This is an operation which involves the expenditure of
a large amount of time when the hole has reached a considerable depth and adds.
greatly to the cost of this mode of drilling. A main feature of my invention
embraces an improved method of drilling, which consists in removing or with-
drawing the core upwardly through a hollow drill-tube, while the drill tube itself
is allowed to remain in the hole, either at work or at rest. In addition to this
novel method, the invention includes certain improvements in rock drilling
apparatus adapted for carrying out said method, as hereinafter fully pointed out.
Numerous forms of apparatus may be employed for carrying my improved method.
into effect, a number of which are herein illustrated.
Figure 1 is a central, vertical, section of the lower end of a tubular drill-rod,
terminating in one of many possible forms of tubular cutter-head, and also a corre-
sponding section of a tubular core-lifter together with devices for returning the
core-lifter to its place at the bottom of the drill tube.
Figure 2 shows, in its lower part, a tube connected with the locking and releasing.
devices of Figure 1, together with a harpoon adapted to be lowered into the tube
for seizing the core barrel by its connection, and, first releasing and then lifting it
with the core through the drill tube.
Figures 3, 4 and 5 illustrate another construction of the cutting devices in which
part of the cutter is upon the drill rod and part upon the removable core-barrel.
These figures show incidentally a construction of the two-part cutter by which the
core barrel is made to rotate with the drill-tube. Figure 3 is a central vertical
section of the outer part of the cutter which is attached to the drill rod; Figure 4
a side view of the cutter head upon the core barrel, and Figure 5 a vertical section
of the two parts united in working position.
Figure illustrates a modification of the dogs which hold the core-lifter in
place.
Figure 7 shows the lower end of a drill-tube in position in a hole being drilled in
rock, a rock core standing in the drill tube, and a core lifter which is being
let down into the drill tube and around the core preparatory to lifting out the
latter.
Figure 8 shows in central, vertical section the upper and lower ends of a tubular.
drill rod adapted for the forcing of a current of water downwardly without and
upwardly within said drill rod.
Figure 9 is a sectional view on line 9-9 of Figure 8.
Figures 10, 11 and 12 show in three parts or sections, a central, vertical,

page_text: sectional view of the lower end of a casing tube, a cutting head, and parts connecting
the same.
Figures 13 and 14 are views in cross-section taken respectively on the lines 13-13
and 14-14 of Figures 11 and 12.
Figure 15 is a detail, central, vertical, sectional view of the lower end of the
casing tube.
Figure 16 is a detail view in side elevation of the adjacent portion of the part
of the coupling device by which the core barrel is connected with the casing
tube.
Figure 17 is a central, vertical, sectional view of a modified form of construction
embodying my invention.
Figure 18 is a view in cross-section taken on the line 18-18 of Figure 17.
Figure 19 is a central, vertical, sectional view illustrating another modification
of the parts shown in Figure 17.
Figures 20, 21 and 22 are sectional views taken respectively on the lines 20-20,
21-21 and 22-22 of Figure 19.
Figure 23 is a view of a drilling apparatus embodying my invention, showing
a machine for actuating the casing tube; part of said tube being in section.
Figures 24 and 25 show in two parts or sections and in central vertical section,
the lower end of the casing tube, the upper end of a core barrel and parts adjacent
thereto.
Figures 26 and 27 are views in cross-section taken respectively on the lines 26-26
and 27-27 of Figure 24.
Figures 28 and 29 are views in cross-section taken respectively on the line 28-28
and the indirect line 29-29 of Figure 25.
Figure 30 is a central, vertical, sectional view of a section of a core drilling
apparatus provided with a surrounding casing and reaming cutters, the latter being
shown as expanded and in side elevation.
Figure 31 is a similar view, with the several parts shown in different position,
and with the reaming cutters contracted.
Figure 32 is a central, vertical sectional view of an upper section of the devices
illustrated in Figures 30 and 31.
Figures 33 and 34 are horizontal sectional views on the line 33-33 of
Figure 30.
Figures 35 and 36 are horizontal sectional views on the lines 35-35 and 36-36
respectively of Figure 31.
First describing fully the mechanism shown in Figures 1 and 2:
AA is a tubular drill-rod, composed of sections of tubing connected by suitable
couplings, A', A. B is any suitable form of annular drill or cutter-head, which is
shown in Figures 1 and 3 as a single piece attached to the lower end of the drill-
rod A, but which may be otherwise constructed. By the rotation of the drill-rod
and the cutter-head an annular cut will be made in a rock, leaving a central core
standing within the drill-tube A. The cutter head B is commonly armed with
diamonds, but for general purposes of my invention it may be constructed in any
suitable manner to cut away the rock so as to leave a core. C is a core-lifter or 4
core barrel, located within the tubular drill-rod A, and adapted in size to be raised
and lowered therein. It occupies the lower part of the drill-rod and is of any
desired length, being commonly from sixteen to thirty feet long, or of sufficient
length to accommodate the longest section of core which it may be desired to take
out at one time. Interiorly the core barrel is of about the same diameter as the
central passage through the cutter head or it may be slightly larger than said
passage. The core-barrel when to be retained in the drill-tube, as stated, will be
commonly supported upon an annular shoulder projecting from the inner surface of
the drill-rod. In the present instance such a shoulder is shown as being formed by
the upper end of the coupling A¹ of the drill-rod, seen at the lower end of Figure 1, 5
and the core-barrel structure is seen to be supported from this shoulder by the
loose steel ring, d. The lower end of the core barrel is shown in the same figure
b

page_text: as also resting upon a loose ring, 6, which is in turn supported by an annular
shoulder, &, on the inner surface of the cutter head B.
The core barrel C is provided near its lower end with a conical enlargement, C',
of its interior space, having its greatest diameter at the top, and within this conical
enlargement or recess is located a contractible metal ring, C2, for the purpose of
gripping and thereby breaking and upholding the core when the core-barrel is
raised. The ring C is open at one side to permit its spreading and contracting
and it is also desirably cut part way through vertically from the interior at several
points, as shown, so as to be flexible. The gripping ring C is of such normal
diameter as to drop to or near the lower part of the conical recess C¹ and in this
position its interior diameter is less than that of the core which will be left by the
drill. On the other hand when expanded in the upper part of the conical recess C¹
the ring C will have an interior diameter large enough to permit the core to pass
through it. The ring will be forced upward and expanded by the core as the latter
is formed and the core barrel descends, and when the core-barrel is lifted, the ring,
which embraces it closely, will be moved into a lower narrower part of the conical
recess. This causes the ring to bite or grip the core, and through this gripping
action of the ring the core will be broken off and brought upward with the
core barrel. A core breaker thus constructed has been heretofore used for similar
purposes.
water.
To the upper end of the core barrel C is secured a tubular head, C³, presenting
an interior shoulder, c, at its lower end and having lateral passages, c³, for the
Above the head C* of the core barrel is located a short tube, D, having at
its lower end an axially recessed head, D', and at its upper end a longitudinally
pierced head, D³, secured thereto by screw-threads as shown, or otherwise in any
suitable manner. The head D' is connected with the head C³ by means of a swivel
pin, D³, which is provided at its lower end with a head or enlargement, d, extending
beneath the shoulder on the head C, and at its upper end is screwed or otherwise
fastened to the lower end of the head D'. This swivel pin thus forms a connection
between the head D' and the head C³ which permits their relative rotation and
through which the core barrel may be raised by force applied to the head. The
central passage d' through the pin D communicates with the recess, d, in the
head D and from the latter extend radial openings, ³, to afford passage for water.
either from the interior of the core barrel to the interior of the drill rod or in the
opposite direction, in accordance with the mode adopted of introducing water
the cutter. Between the heads D₁ and C are desirably placed steel friction
rings, d, and between the shoulders and the head d are placed corresponding
rings, d.
ends
In the walls of the tube D, between the heads D' and D' are cut a series of
vertical slots, d', in which are fitted dogs, E, mounted between their ends on
pivots, e, and having their outer faces, e', e', respectively above and below the pivots,
arranged at an obtuse angle with each other, as shown, so that when the
upper
of the dogs are thrown outward through the slots into bearing against the drill-
tube A the lower ends stand inward, and vice versa. The dogs E are so placed that
when the core-barrel rests upon its supporting shoulder, as described, they may be
expanded to project beneath the lower end of an adjacent coupling A' in the drill
tube, which coupling forms a shoulder, a, having its face directed downwardly. The
dogs E, therefore, retain the core barrel in its proper position against any tendency
on the part of the core or of water pressure within the drill-rod to raise it.
For the purpose of expanding and retracting the upper ends of the dogs E a
spool, F, is provided consisting of two cones, F1, F, connected with their smaller
ends towards each other by a spindle, f. The spool F has a vertical movement
between the heads D' and Ď, and, in a downward movement of said spool to the
position shown in Figure 1, its upper cone F¹ descends between the upper ends of
the dogs E and forces them outward, while an upward movement of the spool
brings the lower cone F' between the lower ends of the dogs and, spreading these,
contracts the upper end of said dogs so as to release them from engagement with

page_text: the shoulder a or to enable them to clear said shoulder. When the dogs E are
thus retracted the core barrel and its immediate connections may be all lifted out
of the drill-rod, and, in such upward movement of the core barrel, the core is
gripped firmly by the ring C² and broken off, allowing the core which occupies the
core-barrel C to be withdrawn with said core barrel.
The lifting of the core barrel and its adjuncts described, is accomplished through
the medium of a short rod, F³, which is connected with the upper end of the
spool F, and, passing through the axial aperture in the head D2, is attached at its
upper end to a part adapted to he engaged by a grapple. Such part as here
illustrated consists of a tube G, having near its upper end an inner, annular, under-
-cut shoulder, 9, and at its lower end a head G¹, provided in its upper end with a
recess G. This head G¹ is fastened to the rod F which rod is enough larger than
the head D2 through which it passes to allow of the desired vertical movement of
the spool F, between the heads D' and D'.
H (Figure 2) is a harpoon or grapple consisting of a rod, H', having at its upper
end an eye, H', for the attachment of a rope. The lower end of the rod H is
contracted desirably to a conical form, as shown at h, and through the rod is a
slot, h. Within this slot are pivoted at their upper ends two expanding dogs, H³
held normally apart at their lower ends by a spring, h. The dogs are provided
each with a shoulder, 3, on its outer face and near its lower end, adapted in form
to engage with the correspondingly shaped annular shoulder g on the inside of the
tube G. A shoulder, i, is provided at a higher point on one of each of said dogs.
I is a sleeve which loosely surrounds the rod H' and which, when raised, rises
above the shoulder or shoulders on the dog or dogs and is supported thereby.
The sleeve I is in diameter less than the mouth of, the tube G. The dogs at the
lower shoulder may be sprung inward a distance equal to the length of said
shoulders without releasing the sleeve from the upper shoulder or shoulders, but a
further and sufficient retraction of the lower ends of the dogs will let the sleeve I
fall. The dogs H³ are so proportioned and constructed that when the sleeve I is
in its upper position, as shown in Figure 1, they may expand beneath the shoulderg
on the tube G, but when the dogs are forced inward so that their shoulders h³ only
project beyond the diameter of the rod H', the tube I will drop down over them
and against the shoulder thereon and thereby retain the dogs in their retracted
position. In this retracted position of the dogs they may manifestly pass out of
the tube G without engaging with the shoulder g. Below the shoulder 3 the
dogs are tapered to their ends so that their lower extremities present no shoulders
projecting beyond the diameter of the rod H', but on the other hand, form a
continuation of the taper or incline of the point of said rod. If the grapple be
lowered with the dogs extended, therefore, it enters the tube G by a partial
retraction of the dogs in passing the shoulder g, while if the grapple be still further
lowered until it rests in the recess G its dogs will be found fully retracted and its
sleeve I will fall until it rests on the lower shoulder 3. Accordingly, when it is
desired to grapple the core-barrel, as when the core is to be withdrawn, the harpoon
is lowered only far enough to catch on the shoulder g; but when it is desired to
release the harpoon from the core barrel, as when the latter is returned to its place,
the harpoon is let down within said tube G until it enters and rests with its weight
in the recess G³, and, the dogs H³ being thus retracted, the loose sleeve I drops
down over them, after which the harpoon may be raised past the shoulder g and
out of the drill tube.
In lowering the core-barrel and its connections into the drill-tube the entire
structure from the head D' downward is manifestly suspended by the rod F³ and
spool F, and the upper cone F¹ is in bearing against the lower surface of said
head D. The spool is therefore held in its elevated position and the dogs E held
retracted by the weight of the suspended structure. As soon, however, as the
core-barrel strikes its top or support the spool F will descend into contact with the
head D' by its own weight and that of the tube G and head G. In such descent
of the spool the lower cone thereof F2 is removed from between the lower ends of

page_text: the dogs E and the upper spool F enters between the upper ends of said dogs
and forces them outward, retaining them thus expanded until the spool is again
raised.
To facilitate the litting of the spool F the upper end of the recessed head D¹ is
provided with one or more passages, de, for air or water for the equalization of
pressure on opposite surfaces of the spool.
Water may be supplied to the cutter at the lower end of the tubular drill-rod
either by the long familiar mode of sending it downward through the rod and
allowing it to rise outside of the rod to the surface of the ground or rock, or by
sending the water downward through the hole externally to the drill tube and
upwardly through the latter. To facilitate the passage of water from the exterior
of the drill rod to the space between the drill-rod and the core barrel, either of
several constructions may be employed. Figure 1 shows the cutter head provided
with external, vertical, grooves, transverse grooves in the lower face of the cutter,
and vertical holes through the inner projecting part of the cutter, said holes
opening at the ledge. If the friction ring 3 be present it may be provided with
an annular groove, b', in its lower face and with vertical holes 68, leading from this
annular groove to the space between the drill-tube and the core barrel. A
sufficient quantity of water will usually pass beneath the face of the cutter
(between the diamond points or other cutting projections thereon) from outside the
drill-rod into the core barrel around the core, or vice versa, to carry up the detritus
so that the transverse grooves indicated may be omitted. The ring ³ may be
omitted.
The lower end of the swivel pin Ds is shown in Figure 1 as being provided with
projections, , having spaces between them. The projections prevent
interruption of the proper movement of water to the surface should the core be
allowed to reach the extreme upper end of the core barrel.
It will be understood that the swiveled connection of the core-barrel proper,
shown in Figure 1, is one that allows the tube D to rotate with the drill tube
through the bearing contact of the dogs E with the shoulder a or other contact,
while the core barrel C may stand still with the core or may rotate only slightly
from contact with both the rotating drill-tube and the core. Such slight rotation
of the core-barrel is not sufficient to destroy or seriously wear away the core itself,
although the latter be quite soft.
Referring to the construction shown in Figures 3, 4 and 5, the cutter head B is
shown as being constructed of two parts, to wit: An outer part B' which is attached
to the lower end of the drill tube and an inner part B which is attached to the
lower end of the core barrel. The lower or working faces of these parts B₁ B' are
flush with each other when the core barrel rests upon its support and each is armed
with diamonds or other form of cutters. A special advantage of this two-part
construction of the cutter head resides in the fact that when the core barrel is
removed for the withdrawal of a core the condition of the diamonds or cutters on
the core barrel may be inspected and from their condition that of the diamonds or
cutters on the drill rod may be with reasonable certainty inferred.
In said Figures 3, 4 and 5 is also shown another feature of construction by which
the two parts B' and B' of the cutter head are locked together so as to rotate in
unison. For this purpose the part B2 is provided with vertical ribs, 68, the lower
ends of which are narrowed or pointed, and the inner surface of the outer part B¹
of the cutter is provided with corresponding recesses, 6,10, the ribs between
which () are pointed at their upper ends. This pointed construction of the
interlocking ribs obviously permits them to readily engage when the core barrel is
lowered to its place. By placing diamonds on the ends of the ribs be and 6" a
proper distribution of the diamonds can be made to cover the entire field.
The core barrel is shown to be non-rotatably attached to the part 132 of this two-
part cutter shown in Figures 3, 4 and 5, but manifestly it may be rotatably
connected therewith, if desired, by familiar mechanical devices.
Figure 6 shows the dogs E E of Figure 1, as arranged to engage recesses in the

page_text: coupling A of the drill tube, instead of engaging the shoulder formed by the lower
end of said coupling.
In Figure 7 the core lifter consists of the tube C provided near its lower end
with the upwardly widened, conical recess C' and the expanding ring C³ in said
recess, together with a head C at its upper end in which is swiveled an eye H¹ for
the attachment of a rope H by which the core lifter may be lowered into the
drill tube A and withdrawn upwardly therefrom. The core lifter of Figure 7 will
be raised by an upward pull upon the rope H which results in gripping, breaking
and lifting the core. The drill tube A may not only be kept at the bottom of the
hole but may even be kept in operation while the core is being withdrawn, unless
such rotation of the drill tube is thought to imperil the integrity of the core being
lifted.
Still other devices may manifestly be used for seizing and withdrawing the core
without lifting out the drill tube and thus securing the advantages peculiar to the
novel method herein set forth, and furthermore, the core may be removed upwardly
through the drill tube without the use of a core lifter or other mechanical lifting
device, as for instance, the core after detachment may be carried or forced upwardly
through the drill tube by an abundant and forcible flow of water forced downwardly
exterior to the tube and upwardly within the same. Commonly the rock is so
stratified or fissured that the core becomes detached in sections or pieces of suitable
length and no special device is required for breaking the core, but in case it
becomes necessary to break the core any well known or preferable means may be
employed for this purpose, the breaking of the core being a separate operation
from that of removing it from the hole. As for instance, the core may be broken
into suitable lengths by any well known form of clamp device located within the
tube near its lower end such as has heretofore been employed for lifting out the
core sections with the drill rod.
An apparatus adapted for carrying out my novel method in the manner last
referred to is shown in Figures 8 and 9. In this instance A is a tubular drill-rod
composed of sections of tubing and connected by suitable couplings, as shown
at A¹. B is an annular drill or cutter head, provided with external grooves, b b for
the passage of water. B¹ is a contractible gripping ring held within a conical
recess B
At its upper end the drill-tube A is shown as passing through a
secondary tube J, which forms a tight joint with the surrounding walls of the hole
by means of packing; and is provided with a gland or packing ring through
which the drill-rod passes. A water supply pipe, J', communicates with the tube J.
The construction described enables the drill rod to be rotated and advanced while
water is forced downwardly in the drill hole outside of the said rod.
In this case
the drill rod operates in the usual manner and after a section of core is broken off,
water is forced downwardly outside of the drill tube and entering the drill tube
beneath the detached section of core lifts the same upwardly through the drill rod;
the core practically filling the drill rod so as to form a piston against the lower end
of which the water acts to lift the same.
When the drill head is provided with a gripping ring B¹ the core will be broken
by lifting the drill-rod preparatory to forcing the water downwardly within the
drill hole to lift the core. The lifting of the core above the bottom of the hole in
the manner shown in Figure 8 preparatory to forcing the water downwardly
through the drill hole is of advantage inasmuch as it enables the water to act with
full force in the first instance against the inner or lower surface of the detached
section of core.
It will be seen that when the boring is horizontal or inclined upwardly the core
may be removed through the drill tube by a less forcible current of water than is
necessary for lifting the core in vertical and downward boring.
As shown in Figures 10 to 16 of said drawings, A is an outer casing tube or
tubular drill-rod. B is a tubular part smaller than the casing tube and consisting
of a core barrel B' having an annular cutting head B' and an upper tubular part
extending into the casing tube and provided with devices by which it may be

page_text: connected with said tube. The cutting head and core barrel extend beyond the
end of the casing tube, are smaller in diameter than said casing tube and are
removable upwardly through the same. Said tubular part B is provided above the
core barrel with a series of reamers which operate to enlarge the hole made by the
cutting head sufficiently to receive said casing tube, as hereinafter more fully
described.
The cutting head, core barrel and the reamers which enlarge the hole to receive
the casing tube, are driven or rotated from the casing tube by means of suitable
connections between the same, and said casing tube A protrudes above the surface
of the ground and is driven or rotated by a suitable machine, so that said
casing tube A serves the purpose of a drill rod as well as that of a casing for
the hole.
Near its lower end said casing tube A is provided with sections A' A¹ connected
by screw-threaded couplings A and A, and the core barrel is provided with a core
lifter B' of familiar construction. Above the core barrel the tube B is made in
two parts or sections b and b¹. The section is connected with the core barrel by
means of a tubular screw-threaded coupling, 62, and a screw-threaded coupling
connects its upper end with the lower end of the section b¹. A ring,, preferably
of steel, secured between the section b and coupling 63, forms a downwardly facing
shoulder 6. The said section b¹ has screw-threaded connection at its upper end
with a tubular sleeve .
The devices by which the casing A and the tube B are detachably connected are
made as follows: In the tubular part or section 61 are vertical slots, 61, 6, and
pivots, c, c, supporting radially moving locking dogs, C, C. Said dogs have their
outer faces c¹³ above and below their pivots arranged at an obtuse angle with each
other, so that when the upper ends of the dogs are thrown outward through the
slots their lower ends stand within the tube 61, and vice versa. The casing tube is
provided with an internal upwardly facing shoulder a near its lower end, adapted to
engage with the shoulder of the tube B formed by the ring band to thereby sustain
the core barrel and connected parts when the casing tube is being lowered into the
hole and to prevent disengagement of the parts under other circumstances. The
shoulder a is herein shown as formed at the upper end of the lowermost section or
shoe A' of the casing tube. The dogs C C are so placed that when the shoulder b
of the ring 6° rests upon the upwardly facing shoulder a they may be expanded to
project beneath a downwardly facing shoulder a¹ formed, preferably, by the lower
end of the coupling A³ of the said tube, thereby retaining the tube B and core
barrel in their proper positions with relation to the casing tube.
For connecting the casing tube and core barrel so that said parts will rotate
together and the core barrel and cutting head will be positively driven from or by
the casing tube, the section bis provided with vertical ribs 677, and the inner
surface of the lower end section or shoe A* of the casing A with corresponding
recesses and with intermediate ribs 6° 6° adapted to fit between the ribs b
of the coupling b. The lower ends of the ribs are pointed, thereby enabling
them to be easily engaged with each other when the core barrel is lowered through
the casing tube to its place. In the section of the tubular part B below the
casing tube are formed vertical slots 610 610, in which are pivoted by means of
pivots dd, reamers or cutters D D for enlarging the hole to receive the casing tube.
Said reamers are provided on their outer faces above their pivots with inclined
faces d' d' provided with cutting points or diamonds. Below their pivots the said
reamers are provided with actuating arms ď ď which engage devices hereinafter
described by which the reamers are retracted.
For expanding and contracting the reamers and the locking dogs are employed
hollow and longitudinally movable spools C and D'. The spool C consists of two
cones C² and connected by a spindle c³; and provided on its ends with cylindric
portions cc adapted to fit and slide within the tube section b¹.
The spool D consists of two cones D2 and D' connected by a spindle & and
provided on its outer ends with cylindric parts d' d' adapted to fit and slide within.

page_text: the section b.
The said spools C₁ and D¹ are limited in their upward movement by
the hollow nut and coupling 63. The downward movement of said spools is
limited by couplings 63 and 62, which couplings project inwardly beyond the inner
surfaces of the said sections. The said spools are provided at each end with screw
threaded extensions d d and c c³, and are connected together by means of a
coupling tube D* which is connected with the extensions on the adjacent ends
thereof preferably by screw-threaded joints. To the upper extension of the
spool C is attached a coupling tube C, which is connected at its upper end with
the lower screw-threaded head f of a recessed head F.
At the lower end of the spool D' is a cylindric extension d³ which slides in the
cylindric bore of the coupling 63, said extension being preferably provided with a
packing which serves to make a tight joint at this point to prevent the passage
of water between the exterior of the casing tube and the interior of the core
barrel, through the slots 610 610. The lower cone or head of the spool D¹ and
cylindric extension d are preferably made integral with each other and separate
from the upper part of the spool, and the stem d³ is extended through the lower
head and provided at its lower end with a nut d' which holds the said head on the
stem, and between which and the lower end of the extension d', the packing dis
placed. In the drawings the spools are shown as located at the lower limit of their
movement and the dogs and reamers expanded. When in this position the dogs
will engage the shoulder a¹ of the casing tube and the reamers will be in position
to cut or ream out the walls of the hole. When the spool C' is lifted the spool D
also rises and the lower cone sections C³ and D³ respectively, enter between the
lower ends of the dogs and reamers thereby expanding said lower ends, while their
upper ends swing inwardly. When the spools are thus moved, the tubular
section B is freed from its engagement with the outer casing and can be drawn
upwardly through the same.
The head F is recessed in its upper portion, as shown at f, and connected at its
upper end with a short tubular section F by a screw-threaded joint. F indicates
a head provided with a hollow depending spindle F adapted to pass through the
tubular section F' and provided below said section with a screw thread upon which
is placed a nut to connect said spindle with the section F¹. The said spindle is
capable of a sliding motion within the section F¹. F³ is an upwardly extending
sheath or tube provided at its upper end with an internal downwardly projecting
flange. Said sheath or tube is adapted to receive a detachable lifting device
called 66
a harpoon," such as shown in Figure 2 of the drawings. A conical recess
is formed in the upper end of the head F to receive the lower end of the harpoon
and said head is provided with a series of horizontal water passages f* and
inclined water passages which lead from within the recess to the sides of said
head, to allow the escape of water and sediment. Water passages f lead from
the upper end of the passage in the spindle F to the outside of the head.
G indicates a tube or packing of rubber, or other flexible material, attached
at its upper and lower ends to the head and the tubular section F. The
ends of the tube G are shown as secured by rings f' f' in annular grooves in said
parts.
The weight of the head F and sheath Facts to expand the tubular packing G
against the casing A, unless the sheath is lifted, when said packing is contracted.
Said packing G forms a close joint between the inner tubular parts and the casing
tube, at the time the parts are in operative position, to insure passage through the
core barrel and around the cutting head of water forced downwardly either inside
or outside of the casing tube.
Small openings a a² in the outer casing A adjacent to the tubular packing serve
to secure a flow of water at the outer surface of the packing when said packing is
released from the tube, to remove any sediment deposited in contact therewith when
the packing was expanded.
The coupling & which connects the section 6 with the core barrel is provided on
its lower end with depending projections 61 61, to prevent the upper end of the

page_text: core from closing the coupling and thus stopping the now of
through.
Water
An upward flow of water through the drill rod is preferred, and when it is
employed an upwardly opening check valve is desirably located at the upper end
of the core or spool D' consisting of a ball D³ and an annular seat d³ formed in
the upper end of the extension 77. Cross-pieces within the coupling D*
prevent the ball D' being lifted against and closing the water passage through the
spool C¹.
To remove a detached piece of the core, as is necessary when the core fills the
core barrel, a harpoon is lowered through the casing tube until it enters and engages
the sheath F. The harpoon then drawn upwardly thereby lifting the spools C¹
and D' and contracting the dogs C C and the reamers D D, whereupon the entire
inner casing B and the core can be withdrawn upwardly through the casing
tube.
The ball check valve D' prevents water within the casing from flowing down-
wardly upon and forcing the core from the core barrel.
To re-insert the casing B the harpoon is connected with the sheath F' and
lowered through the casing A until the vertical ribs 767 of the section b enter
between the vertical ribs of the casing shoe and the ring strikes the shoulder a,
when, the harpoon being lowered still further, the spools act to expand the
dogs C C into engagement with the downwardly facing shoulder a', and to also
expand the reamers. The apparatus is then in position for operation.
In Figures 17 and 18 is shown a modified construction of the reamers and the
actuating spool therefor, intended to afford a more ample flow of water at this point.
In this instance the section of the inner casing consists of an upper part Gand
a lower part G, which are of the same diameter except that the lower portion of
the upper part G' is reduced or contracted at g to fit within the upper end of the
lower part G, with which it is connected by a screw joint, and between the said
parts G and G2 is held a bearing ring G³.
H H indicate reamers located within vertical slots 610 610 in the parts G¹ and G²,
and notched on their outer sides at hh to receive the bearing ring G³, which
affords pivotal connection between the reamers and the section b. The reamers
are provided above their pivots with overbanging heads or projections h¹h, having
diamonds or cutting points in the outer or lower faces thereof, and below their
pivots with actuating arms 2 h³.
The
H' indicates an actuating spool consisting of two cones h³ and h* connected by a
stem, and provided with cylindric parts he fitting within the section b. The
said reamers are held in engagement with the bearing ring by contact with the
stem of the spool and are actuated by the latter in an obvious manner.
said spool is provided with a central longitudinal water passage or opening H
which may be made of ample size because the bearing ring affords pivots for the
reamers near the outer surface of the tube, so that the space that would otherwise
be occupied by the pivots is utilized for enlarging the spool and the passage for
water therethrough.
In Figures 19, 20, 21 and 22 another construction is shown, which also relates to
the reamers and actuating spool. In said figures the casing section b, coupling b
and core barrel B' are like the corresponding parts shown in Figure 12. The
reamers II in this instance each have a head or projection i in which the diamonds
or cutting points are located, a downwardly projecting actuating arm, and a
recess or notch adapted to receive a bearing ring 1' secured within the casing
The said bearing
section b, and affording pivotal support for the said reamers.
ring I¹ is clamped between the upper end of the coupling and a plurality of lugs
or projections formed upon the interior surface of said casing section b. A
small screw passing through the casing section b and entering the bearing ring
serves to prevent the same from turning. The cutting heads ii of the reamers
project through slots in the casing, which slots are shaped to conform to the
reamers, so that when said reamers are expanded said slots will be entirely closed
B

page_text: by the said reamers. Each reamer is provided at its top with a lug in position
to strike against the section b and thereby limit the outward movement of said
reamer when expanded.
K indicates an actuating spool provided with an upwardly extending spindle K¹,
which is connected with an actuating tube or sheath. The said spool is provided
with conical enlargements and connected by a stem and at its upper end
with a head which fits and slides in the casing section b. The enlarged
portions k¹² are provided with V-shaped, equidistant grooves or recesses k*k*,
thus forming arms which bear against the rear faces of the reamers, and the
reamers are held in engagement with the bearing ring by said stem k³.
In this construction, the cutting heads of the reamers by filling the slots in the
casing section prevent detritus or sediment entering therethrough. The passages
formed by the V-shaped grooves in the enlarged portions of said spool are of ample
Bize for the passage of water in sufficient quantity for carrying off detritus from the
cutting head.
The forms of devices above described in actuating the expanding reamers can
obviously be applied for actuating the expanding dogs employed for connecting the
inner and outer casings.
In said Figures 10 to 22 a form of apparatus is shown and described which is
adapted for use only in connection with a downward flow of water outside of the
drill rod and upwardly within the same, but it is obvious that by dispensing with
the upwardly opening check valve, a downward flow of water through the drill rod
could be used if desired.
Figure 23 illustrates the form of casing tube shown in Figures 10 to 16 in
connection with a drilling machine adapted to rotate and advance the same in the
operation of drilling.
As shown in Figures 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 and 29, A is an outer casing tube or
tubular drill rod and B is a core barrel having an upper tubular part extending
into the casing tube and provided with devices for connecting the core barrel with
said tube, and with reamers C C which operate to enlarge the hole made by the
cutting head sufficiently to receive said casing tube; these parts being generally
similar to the corresponding parts hereinbefore described.
The casing tube A is provided with a casing shoe A' having an internal diameter
smaller than that of the casing tube and is contracted in its lower part to form a
shoulder a¹, the contracted portion a being provided with a plurality of vertical
ribs a² a² having pointed upper ends. The lower end of said shoe is provided with
a plurality of notches or open slots a³ ³, which are engaged by the reamers CC
when the latter are expanded.
Near its upper end the tubular part B is provided with an exterior enlargement B
which fits closely within the upper portion of the shoe A¹ and forms a downwardly
facing shoulder b, adapted to engage the shoulder on the casing shoe. Below
the said shoulder b the tube B is provided with a series of vertical ribs, having
pointed lower ends, and adapted to fit between the ribs a' on the shoe A', both
series of ribs acting as guides to bring the reamers opposite the notches or slots a³
in the lower end of the shoe.
The tubular part B is provided below and adjacent to the end of the casing tube
with vertical slots in which are located reainers C C. Said reamers are
pivoted to the tube B by means of notches or recesses c c in their outer faces, with
which notches a bearing ring C, located within the said tube, is engaged. The
said bearing ring is secured within the tube B between a downwardly facing
shoulder formed by a contracted portion 3 of the tube, and the upper end of a
coupling section B which connects said tube B with the core barrel B. The
reamers are provided above their pivots with overhanging heads or projections el c
having diamonds or cutting points in the outer or lower faces thereof. Below
their pivots said reamers are provided with downwardly extending actuating
arms c² c².
The devices for retracting and expanding said reamers consist of an actuating

page_text: spool D, comprising two cones d d', connected by a cylindric stem d³, and
operating in the same manner as herein before described, to expand and retract the
reamers.
The upper cone d has on its upper end an annular bearing surface d' and is
provided with V-shaped notches or recesses d³ d' (Fig. 25) forming four intermediate
arms which bear against the rear faces of the reamers above their pivots and
which operate to expand the same as the spool moves downwardly. The tube B
is provided interiorly adjacent to the cone d with a plurality of vertical grooves
or recesses in which the arms fit and slide. The main purpose of the
spaces d d between the said arms d d is to form passages for water.
The lower cone d¹ is provided on its lower end with a cylindric bearing surface d'
which fits and slides within guide ribs 600 forming grooves or passages for water
past said cone d¹.
'
Devices for actuating said spools are shown as follows: D¹ indicates an actuating
rod connected with the upper end of the spool D. The said rod D¹ extends above
the tube B and passes through a guide aperture 6 in a plug which is secured in
the upper end of said tube and is provided with vertical water passages 6° 6³.
Above the nut & the rod D¹ is provided with a hollow head D² to which is attached
a sheath D³, having at its upper end an internal, downwardly projecting or hooked
flange d, for engagement with a "harpoon," such as has been heretofore described.
The head D' is also provided with drainage passages a¹0 10.
The coupling B³ which connects the tube B with the core barrel B' is provided
with a semi-spherical cap B having perforations 66 66 therein, and serving to
prevent the core from closing the water passage through said coupling.
In inserting the core barrel said core barrel and the tubular part B', with the
reamers retracted are lowered through the casing until the ribs 67 on said part B¹
enter between the ribs a² of the casing and the shoulder b in said part B strikes
the shoulder a¹ of the casing, the pointed ends of said ribs acting to bring the
reamers C opposite the slots a³. When the tubular part reaches the position
described, the spool falls and expands the reamers until their heads c' enter the
said slots a³. When power is applied to the casing tube to drive and rotate the
the sides of the slots a² acting against the reamers turn the same and also
the cutting head, while the downward pressure of the casing on the reamers serves
to force the latter downwardly.
same,
When is is desired to remove or take out a section of the core a harpoon is
lowered through the casing tube until it enters and engages the sheath D³ and is
then drawn upwardly, thereby lifting the spool D and retracting the reamers C,
whereupon the entire tubular part B and the core therein can be withdrawn
upwardly through the casing tube.
In this construction, the reamers are driven by direct engagement with the casing
tube, and a part of the torsional strain due to the action of the cutting head on
the lower end of the core barrel is taken by said reamers, and a portion thereof by
the interlocking guide ribs upon the casing tube and core barrel. In this con-
struction therefore, the said interlocking ribs need not be made of great thickness
because the twisting strain due to the action of both the cutting head and reamers
is taken largely by said reamers.
In Figures 30 to 36 is shown a novel construction in a drill or reamer which
is intended to be employed when it is desired to enlarge a previously drilled hole
to insert a casing which is larger than the drilling tool originally used.
As shown in the said drawings, Figures 30 to 36, A is an outer casing intended
to be inserted in a drill hole which has been reamed out or enlarged therefor, and B
is an inner casing or tubular drill-rod, adapted to pass through the casing A, and
provided with vertical slots bb, in which are located reamers B₁ B' mounted on
transverse pins 262; said reamers being provided above their pivots with inclined
cutting faces and below their pivots with actuating arms 6464. The casing B
is provided on its lower end, not shown, with the usual annular cutting head and
core barrel.

page_text: The pins are herein shown as secured in lugs 6161 formed on the coupling B
nserted between sections B B of the drill tube B; the section B³ being connected
with the coupling B' by means of a short pipe coupling B'.
C is short tube, secured by screw threads within the lower part of the
coupling B, and C a cylindric plug which is located within the upper part of said
coupling and extends above the upper ends of said reamers where it is provided
with a hollow nut C³ secured in the screw threaded part of the plug and having
a head cof the same diameter as said plug. Vertical slots c* c* in the upper end of
the tube C register with the slots bb of the coupling B. The plug C¹ is provided
with radial slots c c³, arranged to register with the slots bb.
D is a vertically movable actuating core or spool attached to a spindle D¹ which
is connected above the nut C2 with a head D. Said head is connected with an
upwardly extending locking sheath D³ which is provided interiorly near its upper
end with an annular downwardly projecting flange D, for engagement with a
"harpoon" or other tool for operating the spool. A longitudinal water passage d
extends through the spool spindle and head D2, said passage being enlarged at the
top of the head to form a conical recess d', the utility of which will hereinafter
appear. Lateral recesses d³ dare formed in the head D2 for engagement with a
wrench.
The spool consists of a central part d³ provided at each end with enlarged
portions dd, the lower one d³ having a cylindric surface which slides within the
tube C. The upper portion d of the spool is provided with V-shaped, vertical
notches dd, forming arms d d which slide within the slots c c³ of the plug C' and
engage the inner surfaces of the reamers B¹ B'.
E is a second locking sheath interposed between the casing B and plug Cand
extending upwardly between the said casing B and sheath D³ to a point
considerably above the latter. Said locking sheath is normally sustained by
resting at its lower edge upon the upper end of the reamers B¹ B¹, inside of
shoulders formed thereon, and is provided with an annular, inwardly
projecting flange E' for engagement with an actuating implement.
The parts are illustrated in Figure 30 in position for operation; the spool being
at the lower limit of its movement and the reamers expanded. The reamers are
retracted by lifting the spool so as to carry its upper end above the reamers and
to bring its lower end between the reamer arms, , as shown in Figure 31.
The endwise up and down movement of the spool is accomplished by the aid
of a harpoon constructed and operated as herein before described. Such harpoon
is dropped through the casing tube until it enters the sheath D3 and by the
expansion of its jaws engages with the flange D. As said harpoon is drawn
upwardly the spool will be lifted, thereby retracting the reamers. The inward
movement of the reamers will bring the shoulders & upon the upper ends thereof
to a point within the locking sheath E whereupon said locking sheath will fall by
gravity and engage the said shoulders thereby locking the reamers in their
retracted position. The core barrel can then be removed upwardly through the
casing tube.
The casing tube is lowered into the hole to continue the boring and reaming
operation with the reamers retracted, and to expand the same the harpoon is again
dropped through the casing tube until it enters the locking sheath E, and is then
drawn upwardly to first engage the flange E' and then lift said sheath out of
engagement with the shoulders of the reamers, whereupon the spool will fall
and thereby expand the reamers as before described. This device is designed
more particularly for reaming out a hole that has been previously drilled, reamed
and a casing inserted therein, when it is desired to insert an additional and larger
casing to protect the first casing. As for instance in the use of the devices shown
in said Figures 10 to 29 a hole is bored somewhat in advance of the revolving
casing, and the reamers enlarge said liole to receive the casing. In boring in this
manner, if the casing passes through gravel or other loose material; the latter
may pack about the casing, and a second casing may be necessary to surround the

page_text: first casing and allow the latter to be advanced. To accomplish the insertion of
such a second casing it will be necessary to ream out or enlarge the previously
reamed hole. This is done by removing the casing and placing therein, at a suitable
point, a reaming section, made as last described, Figures 30 to 36. The work is
then continued, the second or larger casing being driven down as the hole is
enlarged. After the said larger casing has reached a point to protect the
inner casing, the said reaming section can be removed and the work continued as
before.
The principal advantage of a removable core barrel results from the great saving
effected in the time required to remove the core.
In the use of a core barrel
which cannot be lifted through the drill rod it is, of course, necessary to lift the
drill rod out of the hole in removing each section of core. After reaching a
considerable depth this operation consumes a long time. Thus, in the case of a
hole two thousand feet deep, ten hours hard work by several men will be a short
time in which to raise the rod, remove the core and return the rod to the bottom of
the hole ready to resume boring. By the use of a removable core barrel the same
work may be accomplished with fewer men in twenty or thirty minutes. The value
of this saving is augmented by reason of the great cost of the plant employed and
the expensive nature of the work.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, as communicated to me by
my foreign correspondent I declare that what I claim is :-
1.The improvement in the art of rock core drilling which consists in forming
a cylindric rock-core by means of a drill having a tubular drill rod and removing
detached sections of the said cylindric rock-core upwardly through the tubular
drill rod while allowing the latter to remain within the drill hole, substantially as
described.
2: A tubular drill rod provided with an annular cutting head at its lower end,
said drill rod having an external diameter not less than the smallest diameter of the
drill head throughout its entire length above the drill head, thereby allowing the
upward passage of a rock core through the drill rod, substantially as described.
3: A tubular drill rod provided with an interior core lifter which is removable
upwardly through the drill rod whereby a core may be removed from a hole without
withdrawing the drill rod.
4: The combination with a tubular drill rod, of an interior core lifter which is
removable upwardly through the drill rod and is provided with a clamp for
gripping a rock core and a detachable fastening for holding the core-lifter from
rising within the drill rod while the core is being formed and advanced therein.
5 The combination, with a tubular drill rod of an interior core lifter provided
at its lower end with a shouldered part or extension for engagement with a suitable
harpoon or grapple to be let down into the drill rod for the purpose of seizing and
lifting it out of the drill rod.
6-A drilling apparatus comprising a rotary casing tube, means for actuating
the same, a core-barrel provided with a cutting head adapted to extend below the
casing tube, said core barrel and cutting head being smaller in diameter than and
adapted to pass through the casing tube, and means for detachably securing the
upper end of the core barrel to the lower part of the casing tube, whereby the core
barrel is driven by the casing tube and may be removed upwardly through the
same, substantially as described.
7-
-A drilling apparatus comprising a rotary casing tube, means for actuating
the same, a core-barrel provided with a cutting head adapted to extend below the
casing tube, said core barrel being smaller in diameter than and adapted to pass
through the casing tube, stops or shoulders on the casing tube and core barrel to
limit the downward movement of the core barrel relatively to the casing tube, and
means for detachably securing the core barrel to the casing tube, substantially as
described.

page_text: 8-A drilling apparatus comprising a rotary casing tube, means for actuating
the same, a core barrel provided with a cutting head extending below the casing
tube, said core barrel and cutting head being made smaller than and adapted to
pass through the casing tube, means for detachably securing the core barrel to the
lower part of the casing tube, and expansible reamers connected with the core
barrel, said expansible reamers being adapted to enlarge a hole cut by the cutting
head for the reception of said casing tube, substantially as described.
9: The combination with a tube and reamers or similar movable parts, of
means for pivotally connecting the same with the tube, consisting of notches in
the outer faces or edges of said reamers, and a ring upon the tube engaging said
notches, substantially as described.
10 The combination with a tube formed of two connected sections, and
reamers or similar movable parts, of means for pivotally connecting the same with
the tube, consisting of notches in the outer faces or eiges of said reamers,
and a bearing located in the joint which unites the said sections, substantially as
described.
11-A drilling apparatus, comprising a rotating casing tube, a core barrel
smaller than and adapted to pass through the casing tube and project below the
same, and provided with an annular cutting head and means for detachably
connecting said core barrel with the casing tube, comprising stops or shoulders on
the tube and core barrel for limiting the downward movement of the latter, and
expansible reamers upon the core barrel adapted to engage the lower end of the
casing tube, substantially as described.
12-A drilling apparatus comprising a casing tube having an internal-upwardly
facing shoulder near its lower end, a core barrel extending below the same, a
tubular part attached to said core barrel and extending upwardly within the
casing tube, and means for detachably connecting said tubular part with the casing
tube, comprising a downwardly facing shoulder upon said tubular part adapted to
engage said shoulder in the casing tube, and expansible reamers connected with
the tubular part and adapted to engage the lower end of said casing tube,
substantially as described.
13: The combination of a casing tube or drill rod, and expansible reamers
pivoted to the same, an actuating core or spool located within said casing tube
adjacent to said reamers and adapted to hold the same normally expanded, and a
locking sheath adapted to engage the reamers when they are at the inward limit
of their movement, substantially as described.
Dated this 2nd de- of Man 1000
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London, Agents for the Applicant.