IMPROVEMENTS IN SETTING AND ADJUSTING CARBON POINTS OR CUTTING TOOLS
Year: 1872

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Alfred Vincent Newton, of the Office for Patents,
66, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Mechanical
Draughtsman, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN SETTING AND
ADJUSTING CARBON POINTS OR CUTTING TOOLS."-A communication from
abroad by Thomas Walter Baxter, of Chicago, in the State of
Illinois, United States of America.
Sealed the 11th March 1873, and dated the 10th December 1872.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Alfred Vincent Newton
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition
on the 10th December 1872.
I, ALFRED VINCENT NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery
Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Mechanical Draughtsman, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SETTING
AND ADJUSTING CARBON POINTS OR CUTTING TOOLS," to be as follows:-
Heretofore in using the material variously known as carbon, boart,
diamond, or black diamond, great difficulty has been experienced in so .
setting or bedding, or otherwise securing the stones in the holders or

page_text: stocks in which they are held as to prevent their working loose and
coming out.
Now the object of this Invention is to provide, first, a means for
setting or embedding the carbon or other equivalent tools or points that
will leave them entirely uninjured by the process of setting, and hold 5
them so securely that there will be no reasonable probability of their
being loosened or thrown out from the holders while at work.
Second. Simple, cheap, and effective means for adjusting the said
points when two or more are used in the same stock, so that the
individual cuts of the several stones may be made to adjoin or overlap 1
each other, or be made to assume any other position with relation to
each other that may be desired, while at the same time they may be
made to cut to a greater or less relative depth in the material operated
upon, by means of a separate and independent adjustment.
Third. Suitable means whereby the cutting point may, without. 1
changing its position with relation to other points in the same stock, be
turned on its own axis, so as to bring either of its faces to operate on the
material to be cut.
The Invention relates to the bedding or setting the carbon or equiva-
lent point or tool by the pressure of a plug into a seat made for it in a 2
tubular metallic holder (which holder it is preferred to make of steel
well annealed), and grinding or turning down the metal at the end of the
holder to expose the carbon point.
It consists further in setting the carbon point excentric to a circular
opening in the stock, in which opening the holder is so placed as to permit 2
of the cutting point being adjusted with relation to its lateral position
in the aggregate cut of all the stones in the stock..
It consists further in the combination with the holder and stock of an
independent sleeve or bushing set in the opening in the stock, and
having an excentric circular opening through it in which the holder is 3
placed, whereby the diamond point may be adjusted laterally by turning
the said sleeve in the stock, and at the same time present either side of
the cutting point of the carbon to the material to be operated upon, by
turning the holder in the eccentric sleeve.
'In setting or embedding the carbon or other point by the method 3
herein set forth, it is preferred to harden the steel immediately around

page_text: it, first taking care to exclude the air from the stone when the steel is
heated for hardening, though, the hardening of the steel may be omitted,
and it is after hardening that that portion of the holder which covers the
cutting point or end of the stone is ground away. The greater part of
the stone thus remains bedded in, and entirely surrounded by a compact
mass of hardened steel touching or clasping the whole surface of the
embedded portion, and giving the greatest possible amount of bearing
surface to resist the loosening of the stone in its bed.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Alfred Vincent Newton in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 10th June 1873.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ALFRED
VINCENT NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lanc, in the
County of Middlesex, Mechanical Draughtsman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Tenth day of December, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, in the
thirty-sixth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Alfred Vincent Newton, Her special
licence that I, the said Alfred Vincent Newton, my executors, admi-
nistrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Alfred Vincent
Newton, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times there-
after during the term therein expressed, should and. lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Inven-
tion for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SETTING AND ADJUSTING CARBON POINTS OR CUTTING
TOOLS," being a communication to me from abroad by Thomas Walker
Baxter, of Chicago, in the State of Illinois, United States of America,
upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Alfred Vincent
Newton, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should par-
ticularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and
in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same
to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Alfred Vincent Newton, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement, reference being had to the Drawing herc-
unto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is
to say) :-
Heretofore in using the material variously known as carbon, boart,
diamond, or black diamond, great difficulty has been experienced in so
setting or bedding or otherwise securing the stones in the holders or
stocks in which they are held as to prevent their working loose and
coming out. In the means generally employed for that purpose the
diamond is liable to injury cither from being heated in presence of the
air, as when it is brazed in, or from being cracked or broken by the
hammer, as when a cavity is made in the holder, and the metal "peaned "
down around the stone. When the stones are brazed in or bedded in
hard solder in a molten condition, though a close contact may be
obtained, yet this material is so soft that the stone readily forces it aside
and thus becomes loose; while the bedding formed by carving out a
cavity in steel and then peaning down the steel around the stone is
imperfect, because it is not practicable to ensure complete contact by
this means.
The prominent parts only of the stone will be embedded,
and as those are usually sharp points they soon cut their way into the
sides of the bed and loosen the stone; thus, from the imperfect manner
in which they are generally secured, many stones are loosened, lost out,
and frequently broken by being struck by the other stones remaining in
the stock, whence results considerable loss not only of the stones them-
selves, but also from stoppage of the machines or tools in which they
are employed.
When two or more carbon points are used in the same stock, and no
means are provided for the adjustment of the position of the cutting
points with relation to each other, and with relation to the cut made by
all the stones in the stock taken together, it has been very difficult, if
not impossible, to so set or bed the said carbon points that each will do
its share of the work, and all together shall produce the desired surface
or profile on the stone or other material operated upon. Another defect
in the devices heretofore used for holding and for adjusting the said
cutting points is found in the absence of any means whereby the stone
may be turned on its own axis without materially changing its position

page_text: with relation to other stones in the same stock. The object of such an
adjustment is to bring that face or profile of the cutting point which will
perform the greatest amount of work, or which is best suited to produce
the quality of work desired, in a position at right angles to the line of
motion, so that such desired face or profile shall act as the cutting edge
or face of the cutter.
The object of this Invention is to remedy these defects, and to
provide,―
First. A means or method for setting or embedding the carbon or
equivalent tools or points that will leave them entirely uninjured by the
process of setting, and hold them so securely that there will be no
reasonable probability of their being loosened or thrown out from the
holders while at work.
Second. Simple, cheap, and effective means for adjusting the said
points when two or more are used in the same stock, so that the
individual cuts of the several stones may be made to adjoin or overlap
each other, or be made to assume any other position with relation to
cach other that may be desired, while at the same time they may be
made to cut to a greater or less relative depth in the material operated
upon by means of a separate and independent adjustment.
Third. Suitable means whereby the cutting point may, without
changing its position with relation to other points in the same stock,
be turned on its own axis, so as to bring either of its faces to operate on
the material to be cut.
The Invention consists in bedding or setting the carbon or equivalent
point or tool by the pressure of a plug into a seat made for it in a tubular
metallic holder (which holder it is preferred to make of steel well
annealed) and grinding or turning down the metal at the end of the
holder to expose the carbon point.
It consists further in setting the carbon point excentric to a circular
opening in the stock, in which opening the holder is placed by suitable
mechanical means or devices, whereby the cutting point may be adjusted
with relation to its lateral position in the aggregate cut of all the stones
in the stock.
It consists, further, in the combination with the holder and stock
of an independent sleeve or bushing set in the opening in the stock

page_text: and having an excentric circular opening through it in which the holder
is placed, whereby the diamond point may be adjusted laterally by
turning the said sleeve in the stock, and at the same time present either
side of the cutting point of the carbon to the material to be operated
upon, by turning the holder in the excentric sleeve.
In setting or embedding the carbon or other point by the method
herein set forth, it is preferred to harden the steel immediately around it,
first taking care to exclude the air from the stone when the steel is heated
for hardening, though the hardening of the steel may be omitted, and it
is after the hardening that that portion of the holder which covers the
cutting point or end of the stone is ground away. The greater part of
the stone thus remains bedded in and entirely surrounded by a compact
mass of hardened steel touching or clasping the whole surface of the
embedded portion, and giving the greatest possible amount of bearing
surface to resist the loosening of the stone in its bed. Great care should
bc exercised to avoid giving the stone or the enclosing steel a blow or
shock, such for instance as that produced by a hammer, as thereby the
stone may
be easily fractured. The pressure applied should be steady,
but gradually increasing until the desired result is obtained.
It may be remarked that while the use of steel for the holder is pre-
ferred, yet soft tough iron, brass, or bronze, may be employed, and very
good results will be thereby obtained; and that after embedding the
stone in iron, the iron may be case-hardened around it. The body of
the holder may be of one metal, as steel for example, and the backing or
plug behind the stone may be of a different kind of metal, as soft brass
or other composition.
The form of the holder in which the carbon is embedded will of course
depend on the use to which the tool is to be applied, and the machine or
apparatus in which it is to be used.
The accompanying Drawings illustrate the improved mode or method
of setting or embedding the carbon point or tool, and the improved
means for obtaining lateral adjustment and the adjustment of the point
as to the side of it, which is to do the cutting, as well as the adjust-
ment of the relative depth cut by each point, in a holder which is of
about the proper form for use in the stone dressing machine patented by
T. W. Baxter, October, Twenty-first, One thousand eight hundred and
seventy-one. As the whole substance of the Invention is embodied in

page_text: forms which will readily suggest themselves to those who use carbon
or equivalent cutters for mechanical purpo se
In the accompanying Drawing Fig 1 represents in section through its
axis the body or principal part of the holder prepared to receive the
diamond or carbon.
Fig. 2 represents the stone itself.
Fig. 3 is a longitudinal section through its axis of a soft steel plug
which is inserted in the holder in rear of the diamond, and which forms
part of its bed; Fig. 4 is a similar section of the holder after the stone
has been embedded by means of pressure; Fig. 5 is a side elevation of
the holder after the steel around the carbon has been hardened and the
end of the holder ground away so as to expose the working or cutting
end of the stone.
Fig. 6 is a side elevation of a holder furnished with adjusting nuts to
regulate the depth of the cut of the point, and having the said point set
excentric to the axis on which the holder turns, so that by turning the
latter around the lateral position of the cut made by the point with
relation to the cuts made by the other points in the stock is effected. A
portion of the stock is also shewn in section on a plane which passes
through the axis of the holder.
Fig. 7 is a similar view of a modified form of the same, in which the
carbon is set concentric with the main body of the holder, which latter
has a short excentric portion formed on it which fits the opening in the
stock. The length of this excentric portion is considerably less than the
thickness of that portion of the stock through which the holder passes,
so as to allow the motion necessary for adjustment in line with the axis
of the holder.
Fig. 8 is a similar view of another modification of the same, in
which the excentric portion projects through the plate of the stock each
way far enough to receive the adjusting nuts and allow the necessary
adjustment. The object in carrying out the portion o in which the
carbon point is set, is to facilitate its setting by the method herein
set forth.
Fig. 9 is a similar view of a holder with an independent adjusting
contri sot in a circular opening in the stock through which antria
.

page_text: the said holder passes, thereby providing not only for an adjustment of
the point as to the relative depth it is to cut and for a lateral adjustment
as well, but also for an adjustment of the point by turning it around on
its own axis so as to bring either of its faces, as may be desired, to a
position at right angles to the line of motion, so that such face shall act 5
as the cutting edge of the said point or tool.
Fig. 10 is a top view of Fig. 6; Fig. 11 is a similar view of
Fig. 7; Fig. 12 is a similar view of Fig. 8; Fig. 13 is a similar view
of Fig. 9.
Figures 14 and 15 are respectively side and end views of the excentric 1
sleeve or plug shewn in Figures 9 and 13.
It will be observed that it has a hexagonal head for convenience in
turning it to adjust the cutting point laterally.
Fig. 16 is a side elevation, and Fig. 17 a face view of a rotating
stock in which the circular openings for receiving the excentric portions 1
of the holders are shewn. In this form the operation of the cutters is
similar to that of the cutters in a Woodworth wood planing machine.
Figures 18 and 19 are similar views of a rotating stock shewing the
openings for the holders, the carbon points of which act when taken
together in a similar manner to that of the cutters in a Daniel's 20
wood planer.
In Figures 1 to 5 inclusive the principal part A of the holder has a
central hole a made nearly through it, large enough in diameter to freely
admit the stone which it is intended to bed. The inner end of this hole
is made conical in form, as shewn at b, to facilitate the setting of the 28
stone. A small hole c is provided for the escape of the air as the steel
closes around the diamond, and a conical depression d is made in the
piece A to allow the steel to give way slightly as the stone is pressed in,
which facilitates the formation of the bed. The part B has a conical
depression e in the end of it which comes against the stone of less depth 30
than b, but for a similar purpose, and a hole ƒ for the escape of the air.
The stone being placed in the bottom of the hole a with that portion
of it which it is desired shall be the working point or part against the
hole c, and the plug or part B placed over it, with the conical cavity e
next to the diamond, a hard steel punch is inserted in the hole a and 35
pressed down by any suitable device, as for example, a powerful screw
.

page_text: to which a slow and steady motion is imparted. This operation causes
the parts to assume the form shewn in Fig. 4, but the part B is so snugly
swaged or swelled out and embedded in the part A as to appear to form
but one continuous piece with it. The stone being thus embedded or
set in the steel the holder is put in a chuck and the steel turned away
to the dotted lines x, x, Fig. 4, and the hole c stopped up air-tight with
a steel or copper plug, after which the end of the holder containing the
diamond is hardened, and the part surrounding and covering the working
or cutting end of the diamond is then ground away as seen in Fig. 5.
Previous to hardening the holder it may be furnished with adjusting
threads and nuts or otherwise prepared for the position it is to occupy, as
may be desired.
In Figures 6 and 10 the diamond C is set excentric to that portion of
the holder A immediately adjacent to its bed as well as to that portion
which fits in the plate of the stock. This formation is unfavourable to
the use of the improved method of setting the carbon herein described..
In Figures 7, 8, 11, and 12 however a special excentric portion D is
formed on the holder A, thus allowing the diamond C to occupy a central
position in the metal immediately adjacent to it. In all these Figures
however the lateral adjustment is obtained by turning the holder A, and
with it the diamond C, by means of a wrench applied at m, which is
made square or hexagonal for that purpose.
In Figures 9, 13, 14, and 15 the construction shewn permits of the
adjustment of the cutting point with respect to the side profile or face
to be presented to the material to be operated upon by turning the
holder A on its own axis by a wrench applied at m¹; as to its lateral
position by turning the excentric D' with a wrench applied at 7; and as
to the relative depth it is to cut by the nuts g and h. The latter adjust-
ment is common to all the forms shewn in each case, the nuts being
fitted upon the holder A, and having washers i and j interposed between
them and the plate N of the stock, except where the hexagonal head
of the excentric D¹ takes the place of the washer j.
It is evident that either of the four forms of adjustment by means of
excentrics may be employed by inserting the holders with the excentrics
in the openings p in the plates N of the stocks, and securing them in
place by the nuts g and h.
Having thus fully described the Invention of "Improvements in
Setting and Adjusting Carbon Points or Cutting Tools," as communicated

page_text: to me by my foreign correspondent, and explained the manner of carrying
the same into effect, I wish it to be understood that under the above in
part recited Letters Patent I claim,—
First. The mode or method of setting or embedding carbon, boart,
black diamond, or equivalent points or tools in holders for mechanical
purposes, substantially as herein above set forth.
Second. The carbon, boart, black diamond, or equivalent point set
excentric to that part of the stock in which the holder is secured, sub-
stantially as described, so that by turning the said holder in the said
stock the position of the cutting point with relation to other cutting:
points in the same stock may be varied, substantially as set forth.
Third. In combination with the stock and the holder in which the
black diamond, boart, carbon, or other equivalent tool or point is
embedded or held an excentric sleeve or equivalent therefor, substantially
.as described, so that the holder may be rotated independently of the said
sleeve for the purpose of adjusting the said tool or point to bring either
one of its sides or faces to operate on the material to be cut without
changing its position with relation to the other points in the same stock,
while at the same time by turning the said sleeve the point may be
adjusted laterally if so desired, substantially as described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Alfred Vincent Newton, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, the Tenth day of June, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
three.