Improvements in Looms for Weaving, and an Improved Method of Weaving the Cloths or Woven Fabrics known as "Terries" or "Pile Woven Fabrics," and other Analogous Woven Fabrics.
Year: 1889

page_text: Date of Application, 24th June, 1889
Complete Specification Left, 1st Feb., 1890-Accepted, 17th May, 1890
66
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
"
Improvements in Looms for Weaving, and an Improved Method of
Weaving the Cloths or Woven Fabrics known as "Terries"
or "Pile Woven Fabrics," and other Analogous Woven Fabrics.
We JOHN FARRAN of 17 Trafalgar Square, Brooks' Bar, Manchester in the County
of Lancaster, Mechanician and FREDERICK CHARLES CRAWFORD of 70 New Lane
Barton-upon-Irwell in the County of Lancaster, Fustian Cutter do hereby declare the
nature of this invention to be as follows:-
Our invention consists firstly in improvements in looms for weaving and relates in
the first instance to the "picking motions."
According to the first part of our invention we mount upon the "tappet shaft,"
"crank shaft" or other convenient shaft of the loom a bowl or tappet which while
revolving arrives in contact with a lever capable of being turned upon a stud secured
to the framework of the loom. The said lever is caused by its weight or by a spring
or weight to at times rest against a roller stud or arm mounted upon the "picking
stick."
When the loom is "running" in the direction for weaving the bowl or tappet
before mentioned acting upon the lever before referred to will cause it to be
turned upon the stud previously mentioned and thereby cause such lever to act
upon the "picking stick" so as to cause it to move for "picking" the shuttle.
If the loom is "turned back" the bowl or tappet before mentioned will by turning
the lever in the direction opposite to that previously mentioned cause such lever
to be moved away from the roller or stud upon the "picking stick" and the
"picking stick" will not be moved.
"
"
66
When this part of our invention is applied to looms provided with "rising and
falling or rotating shuttle-boxes. We connect the lever before mentioned to a
"Jacquard apparatus or pattern-chain so that such lever is turned clear of the
bowl or tappet when no pick" is to take place. In some cases we so connect the
"swell" by means of rods and levers to the lever previously mentioned that when
the "swell" is not held outwards by a shuttle the lever above mentioned or a
part jointed thereon will be turned so as to be clear of the tappet or bowl and
the "picking stick" will remain stationary. When a shuttle is in the box the
"swell" will be pressed outward and move the rods or levers before referred to
so as to allow the lever to be acted upon by the bowl or tappet so that a "pick
will take place. This part of our invention is particularly applicable to what are
called "pick and pick "looms.
"
A further part of our invention relates to the brake or "let off" used in con-
junction with the warp-beams or rollers of looms for weaving and consists in
arrangements by means of which we can more efficiently govern the "letting off" of
the warp and by which the attendant is enabled to readily "turn back" the warp-
beam or roller when required.
According to this part of our invention we mount fast upon the axle of the
warp-beam a wheel which gears into a wheel mounted upon a stud or axle
Fast with the wheel
secured to or carried by one of the end-frames of the loom.
upon the stud or axle above mentioned is a pulley around which a chain, band or strap
is passed once or twice or three or more times as may be desired. The ends of the
chain, band or strap are secured to springs secured to a lever capable of being turned
upon a stud secured to one of the end-frames of the loom. When the lever above
mentioned is turned so as to tighten the chain, band or strap the chain, band or strap
will act as a brake and tend to prevent the warp-beam from rotating.
We provide a catch by means of which the lever above mentioned may be
retained in position to keep tight the chain, band or strap.

page_text: When it is desired to turn the warp-beam by hand the lever before mentioned is
freed from the catch so that the chain, band or strap is slackened whereupon the
warp-beam may be readily turned. In some cases particularly in the case of heavy
warps we dispense with one or both of the springs above mentioned and connect one
or both of the ends of the chain, band or strap directly to the lever.
A further part of our invention consists in arrangements by means of which we
are enabled to prevent the shuttle from being thrown out of the loom. In order
to accomplish this part of our invention we secure to the bar or rail to which the
upper edge of the reed" is secured brackets to each of which is jointed an arm
which is prevented from turning in one direction beyond a certain distance by a
projecting part. Secured to and extending between the arms above mentioned is or
are a wire or wires or rod or rods or plate or plates the said wire or wires or rod or
rods or plate or plates being placed lengthwise of the slay above the path of the
shuttle between the shuttle boxes. To one or both of the arms before mentioned
is or are jointed an arm or arms which when the loon is "knocked off" or
stopped will by arriving against or being acted upon by the "stop rod" stop
handle "
от "spring lever or a part secured thereto cause the wire or wires or
rod or rods or plate or plates to be moved so as not to incommode or be in the way of
the attendant in manipulating the shuttle or "piecing" broken warp-threads.
When the loom is again "set on **
ог started the wire or wires or rod or
rods or plate or plates above mentioned will be again turned into position over the
path of the shuttle.
35
"
"
<<
"
A further part of our invention relates to forming, making or weaving the "cloths
or woven fabrics known as "terries
or pile woven fabrics" and other analagous
woven fabrics and consists in a method of forming, making or weaving such "cloths"
or woven fabrics.
ני
In making "terry" cloth or "pile woven fabrics "according to our invention
we weave all the "back" warp threads in a "plain "cloth back, a matting or plush
back or "
three shaft twill or four, five or six shaft satin or twill" back. In order
to make a " fast "
pile on three "picks" we depress the "face threads" twice, the
"back threads being raised or depressed in the order requisite for producing a "plain"
cloth matting or plush back a "three shaft twill" or four five or six shaft satin or
"twill" back. In order to make a "fast" pile on five "picks we depress the
"face" threads" three times. In order to make a "fast" pile on seven picks" we
depress the "face threads" four times.
"
"
<i
In order to distribute the "terry" evenly across the "face" of the "cloth". being
woven we cause portions of the "terry loops" to be brought up between each pick
and thus cause each "pick" to be covered by a portion of the "terry loops."
Dated this Twenty-second day of June 1889
W. T. CHEETHAM,
Manchester, Agent to the Applicants.
"
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Looms for Weaving, and an Improved Method of
Weaving the "Cloths" or Woven Fabrics known as "Terries"
or Pile Woven Fabrics," and other Analogous Woven Fabrics.
We, JOHN FARRAN of 17 Trafalgar Square, Brooks' Bar, Manchester in the
county of Lancaster, Mechanician and FREDERICK CHARLES CRAWFORD of 70 New
Lane, Barton-upon-Irwell in the county of Lancaster, Fustian Cutter, do hereby
declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:
Our invention consists firstly in improvements in looms for weaving and relates,
in the first instance, to the "picking motions."
According to the first part of our invention we mount upon the "tappet shaft,"
"crank shaft or other convenient shaft of the loom, a bowl or tappet which. while
"
1

page_text: revolving arrives in contact with a lever capable of being turned upon a stud secured
to the framework of the loom. The said lever is caused by its weight or by a spring
or weight to, at times, rest against a roller, stud or arm mounted upon the "picking
stick." When the loom is "running" in the direction for weaving, the bowl or
tappet before mentioned acting upon the lever before referred to, will cause it to be
turned upon the stud previously mentioned, and thereby cause such lever to act upon
the "picking stick" so as to cause it to move for "picking" the shuttle. If the
loom is
"turned back" the bowl or tappet before mentioned, will, by turning the
lever in the direction opposite to that previously mentioned, cause such lever to be
moved away from the roller or stud upon the "picking stick" and the "picking
"stick" will not be moved. When this part of our invention is applied to looms
provided with rising and falling” or rotating' shuttle boxes we connect the
lever before mentioned to a Jacquard apparatus or pattern chain so that such lever
is turned clear of the bowl or tappet when no pick is to take place. In some
cases we so connect the "swell" by means of rods and levers to the lever previously
mentioned, that when the "swell" is not held outwards by a shuttle, the lever above
mentioned, will be turned so as to be clear of the tappet or bowl and the "picking
stick" will remain stationary. When a shuttle is in the box the "swell" will be
pressed outward and move the rods or levers before referred to so as to allow the
lever to be acted upon by the bowl or tappet so that a "pick" will take place. This
part of our invention is particularly applicable to what are called "pick and pick "
looms.
":
6
•
"
"
This part of our invention is shown by Figs. 1 and 2 of the accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1. is an end elevation and Fig. 2. a side view showing so much of a loom as is
requisite to illustrate this part of our invention.
Upon an arm 79" fast upon the tappet shaft 79, the crank shaft, or other con-
venient shaft of the loom, we mount a tappet 80, which, while revolving, arrives in
contact with a lever 81 capable of being turned upon a stud 82ª secured to one end-
frame of the loom. The lever 81 is caused by its weight, or by a spring or weight,
to at times rest against a roller, stud, or arm 82 mounted upon a bracket 83, to which
the "picking stick" 84 is secured. When the loom is running in the direction for
weaving, the tappet 80 will be rotated in the direction indicated by the arrow K, and
by acting upon the end 81ª of the lever 81 will, by turning the lever 81 in the
direction indicated by the arrow L, cause the end 815 of the lever 81 to cause the
'picking stick" 84 to move for "picking" the shuttle. If at any time the loom is
"turned back" the tappet 80 will act upon the lever 81 so as to turn the said
lever 81 in a direction opposite to that indicated by the arrow L, and cause the
end 81 of the lever 81 to be moved away from the roller, or stud, or arm 82, and
the "picking stick" 84 will not be moved. Instead of employing a "tappet" 80 we
in some cases employ a bowl or roller.
66
In some cases we so connect the "swell" by means of rods and levers to the
lever 81 previously mentioned that when the "swell" is not held outwards by a
shuttle, the lever 81 above mentioned, or a part jointed thereon, will be turned so as
to be clear of the tappet or bowl 80, and the "picking stick" 84 will remain
stationary.
When a shuttle is in the box the "swell" will be pressed outwards, and move the
rods or levers before referred to so as to allow the lever 81 to be acted upon by the
bowl or tappet 80 so that a "pick" will take place. This part of our invention is
particularly applicable to what are called "pick and pick" looms.
"
When applying this part of our invention to "pick and pick" looms, it is necessary
to employ such number of tappets 80 as will cause a "pick to take place from
the required side of the loom during each revolution of the crank shaft of the
loom.
A further part of our invention relates to the brake or "let-off” used in conjunc-
tion with the warp beams or rollers of looms for weaving, and consists in arrange-
ments by means of which we can more efficiently govern the "letting off" of the

page_text: warp, and by which the attendant is enabled to readily "turn back" the warp beam
or roller when required.
According to this part of our invention we mount fast upon the axle of the warp-
beam a wheel which gears into a wheel mounted upon a stud or axle secured to or
carried by one of the end-frames of the loom. Fast with the wheel upon the stud or
axle above mentioned is a pulley around which a chain, band, or strap is passed once
or twice, or three or more times, as may be desired. The ends of the chain, band, or
strap are secured to springs secured to a lever capable of being turned upon a stud
secured to one of the "end-frames" of the loom. When the lever above mentioned
is turned so as to tighten the chain, band, or strap, the chain, band, or strap will act
as a brake, and tend to prevent the warp-beam from rotating. We provide a catch
by means of which the lever above mentioned may he retained in position to keep
tight the chain, band, or strap. When it is desired to turn the warp-beam by hand.
the lever before mentioned is freed from the catch, so that the chain, band, or strap
is slackened, whereupon the warp-beam may be readily turned. In some cases,
particularly in the case of heavy warps, we dispense with one or both of the springs
above mentioned, and connect one or both of the ends of the chain, band, or strap
directly to the lever.
This part of our invention is illustrated by Figs. 3. 4. 5. and 6 of the accom-
panying drawings, Fig. 3 being a front view, Fig. 4 an end view, Fig. 5 a view of a
portion detached and Fig. 6 a cross section. We mount fast upon the axle of the
warp-beam 85 a wheel 86, which gears into a wheel 87 mounted upon a short axle 88,
carried by and capable of being rotated in a bearing formed in one of the end-
framings of the loom. Fast upon the axle 88 is a pulley 89, around which a chain,
hand, or strap 90 is passed once, or two or three, or more times, as may be desired.
The ends of the chain, band, or strap 90 are respectively secured to springs 90°, 90",
secured to a lever 91 carried by and capable of being turned upon a stud 92 secured
to the end-framing of the loom. When the lever 91 is turned in the direction
indicated by the arrow M so as to tighten the chain, band or strap 90 such chain,
band or strap 90 will act as a brake, and tend to prevent the warp-beam 85 from
being turned. Secured to the end-frame of the loom is a stud or catch 93. After
the end 91 of the lever 91 is depressed in the direction indicated by the arrow M,
the said end 91 of the lever 91 may be passed beneath the stud 93, and so keep
tight the chain, band, or strap 90. When it is desired to turn the warp-beam or
roller 85 by hand the lever 91 is freed from the stud or catch 93, so that the chain,
band, or strap 90 will be slackened, whereupon the warp-beam or roller 85 may be
readily turned. In the case of heavy warps, we dispense with one or both of the
springs 90, 90, and connect one or both of the ends of the chain, band, or strap 90
directly to the lever 91. Fast upon the axle of the warp-beam or roller 85 is a boss
or socket 94, provided with a rib 94", shown more clearly in Fig. 6, which shows the
boss or socket 94 detached. The warp-beam or roller 85 is provided at its end 85°
with a spindle 85, which passes into a socket 95 carried by one end-framing of the
loom. The rib 94 passes into a groove 85* formed in the warp-beam 85, so as to
couple the warp-beam 85 and boss or socket 94 together. When it is desired to
remove the warp-beam 85 from the loom, the socket 95 is withdrawn from the spindle
85, after which the warp-beam 85 is withdrawn from the socket 94. When a fresh
warp-beam 85 is being placed in the loom, the grooved end of such warp-beam 85 is
inserted into the boss or socket 94, and the socket 95 is caused to support the spindle 85.
A further part of our invention consists in arrangements by means of which we are
enabled to prevent the shutle from being thrown out of the loom. In order to
accomplish the object of this part of our invention, we secure to the bar or rail to
which the upper edge of the "reed" is secured, brackets, to each of which is jointed
an arm, which is prevented from turning in one direction beyond a certain distance by
a projecting part. Secured to and extending between the arms above mentioned is or
are a wire or wires, or rod or rods, or plate or plates, the said wire, or wires, or rod
or rods, or plate or plates being placed lengthwise of the "slay" above the path of

page_text: .
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"
*
the shuttle between the shuttle-boxes. To one or both of the arms before mentioned is
or are jointed an arm or arms, which, when the loom is "knocked off" or stopped,
will, by arriving against or being acted upon by the "stop rod" or a part secured
thereto, cause the wire or wires, or rod or rods, or plate or plates to be moved so as
not to incommode or be in the way of the attendant in manipulating the shuttle or
piecing broken warp threads. When the loom is again "set on or started," the
wire, or wires, or rod or rods, or plate or plates above mentioned will be again turned
into position over the path of the shuttle. This part of our invention is illustrated by
Figs. 7 and 8 of the accompanying drawings, Fig 7 being a front elevation and Fig. 8
an end view of that which is shown in Fig. 7. Figs. 7 and 8 show so much of a
loom as is requisite to illustrate this portion of our invention. We secure to the bar,
"reed-cap or "hand-rail" 96, to which the "reed" 97 is secured brackets 98, one
only of such brackets 98 being shown. To each of the brackets 98 is jointed an
arm 99, which it is capable of being turned upon the bracket upon which it is mounted.
Secured to and extending between the arms 99 are wires or rods 100, 100", such
wires or rods 100, 100, being placed lengthwise of the "slay" above the path of
the shuttle and between the shutile-boxes. To one or to each of the arms 99 is
secured an arm 99*, to which is jointed one end of a rod 101, the other end of which
is jointed to one end 102 of a lever 102, mounted fast upon a shaft 103, carried by
and capable of being turned in bearings carried by the "swing-rail" of the "slay."
Fast upon the shaft 103 is an arm 104, to one end of which is jointed the lower end
of a rod 105, jointed at its upper end to one end of a lever 106, carried by ard
capable of being turned upon a stud 107, in which lever 106 is formed an inclined
slot 108, into which slot 108 passes, a stud 109 projecting from the "spring setting on
handle 110. The position of the parts as shown in Figs. 7 and 8 is that which they
occupy when weaving is taking place, the wires or rods 100, 100, being above the path of
the shuttle when travelling between the shuttle-boxes situate at opposite sides of the
loom. When the loom is "knocked off" or stopped, the stud 109, travelling along the
slot 108 in the direction indicated by the arrow N, will cause the end 106 of the
lever 106 to be raised, thus raising the rod 105, which, by means of the arm 104
shaft 103, lever 102, and rod 101, will cause the arm 99" and arm 99 to be turned in
the direction indicated by the arrow O so as to enable the attendant to readily remove
a shuttle from the "slay or shuttle-box, or place a shuttle upon the "slay" or in
the shuttle-box, and also to permit the attendant to have free access to the "reed"
and the threads of the warp.
"
A further part of our invention relates to forming, making, or weaving the
"cloths " or woven fabrics known as terries" or "pile woven fabrics" or other
analogous woven fabrics, and consists in a method of forming, making, or weaving
such "cloths" or woven fabrics.
33
In making
terry" cloth or "pile woven fabrics "according to our invention, we
weave all the "back" warp-threads in a "plain" cloth back, a "matting" or plush
back, or "three-shaft twill," or "four, five, or six shaft satin .or "twill" back. In
order to make a fast "pile" on three "picks," we depress the "face threads" twice,
the "back threads" being raised or depressed in the order requisite for pro lucing a
" plain" cloth, matting or plush back, a three-shaft twill," or "four, five, or six
shaft satin," or "twill" back. In order to make a fast pile on five "picks," we
depress the "face threads" three times. In order to make a fast pile on seven "picks"
we depress the "face threads" four times.
In order to distribute the "terry" evenly across the "face" of the "cloth" being
woven, we cause portions of the terry loops to be brought up between each "pick
and thus cause each "pick" to be covered by a portion of the "terry loops.'
23
In order that this part of our invention may be understood, we have in Figs. 9.
10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. and 27 of the accom-
panying drawings, set out drafts illustrating the mode of weaving various fabrics or
"cloths" according to this part of our invention.
Figs. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. and 18 are "drafts" illustrating the mode

page_text: of weaving the "backs" of various "terry
this part of our invention.
"
""
or pile woven fabrics" according to
matting back."
three-shaft twill back."
" four-shaft. twill back."
" four-shaft satin back."
Fig. 9 shows the method of weaving a "plain cloth back."
Fig. 10 shows the method of weaving a
Fig. 11 shows the method of weaving a
Fig. 12 shows the method of weaving a
Fig. 13 shows the method of weaving a
Fig. 14 shows the method of weaving a "four-shaft twill back."
Fig. 15 shows the method of weaving a "five-shaft satin twill back."
Fig. 16 shows the method of weaving a "five-shaft satin back."
Fig. 17 shows the method of weaving a "six-shalt satin twill back."
Fig. 18 shows the method of weaving a "six-shaft satin back."
Figs. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. and 24 are "drafts" illustrating the mode of weaving the
"face" ፡፡
or pile" or "terry surface" of various "terry" or "pile" woven fabrics,
according to this part of our invention.
"
Fig. 19 shows the mode of weaving a "fast" pile on two face healds.
Fig. 20 shows the method of weaving a three-pick pile" on four healds.
Fig. 21 shows the method of weaving a five-pick pile on four healds.
Fig. 22 shows the method of weaving a "seven-pick pile" on four healds.
Fig. 23 shows another method of weaving a "seven-pick pile" on four healds.
Fig. 24 shows the method of weaving a five-pick pile" on six "pile" healds.
Each of the "backs" the formation of which is illustrated by Figs. 9. 10. 11. 12.
13. 14. 15. 16. 17. and 18 may be used in combination with any of the "faces" or
"terry
or "pile" surfaces, the formation of which is illustrated in Figs. 19. 20. 21.
22. 23. and 24. Examples of the manner of making the combination of
"back
with a "face" or "terry or "pile" surface, are given in the drafts Figs. 25. 26.
and 27.
23
a
"
The portion above the double line Q. Q. in each of the drafts shown in
Figs. 25. 26 and 27 shows the formation of the back of the fabric or "cloth" and the
portion below the double line Q. Q. shows the formation of the "face" of the fabric
"cloth."
or
Fig. 2 shows a "four-shaft satin back" combined with a "five-pick pile" on four
healds.
Fig. 26 shows a "plain back" combined with a "five-pick pile" on six healds.
Fig. 27 shows a "five-shaft sateen back" combined with a "five-pick pile" on four
healds.
In the drafts above mentioned, the mark (X) may represent the raising or
depression of a warp thread.
"
2)
In order to better explain the mode in which the loops of the "terry or "pile
surface of the fabric or "cloth" are formed, we would point out the mode of weaving
illustrated in Fig. 25.
"
In the draft Fig. 25 it is shown that the first "pile heald" depresses the thread of
the warp which is to form the loop, and the first "pick" of weft is by the reduced
movement of the "reed" placed at some distance from the "fell" of the "cloth" such
distance being the length of "terry warp" which is to form the terry loop or pile.
The second pick" and first "pick" bind the warp thread between them, and when
the "reed" is beating up the weft to the "fell" of the "cloth," the warp thread to
form the loop or pile is slackened, so that when the two "picks" are "beaten up
to the "fell" a portion of the warp thread will be forced forward and form the
loop. The third, fourth, and fifth picks" are merely binding "picks" to secure
the "pile thread" in the fabric or "cloth."
وو
The second heald is depressed on the "pick "marked 5, and on such pick the weft
is not beaten up to the "fell" of the "cloth" but is by the reduced movement of the
reed left at some distance from the "fell." After the sixth " pick" the weft is driven
up to the "fell." The seventh, eighth and first picks serve merely to bind the pile
thread to the "cloth or fabric. On the third "heald "the "pick" which commences
"

page_text: the series of "picks" for forming and securing the pile loop is the third, and on the
completion of the fourth "pick" the weft is driven up to the "fell." The fifth, sixth,
and seventh picks serve merely to bind the pile thread to the "cloth
" or fabric. On
the fourth heald the first "pick" of the series for forming and securing the loop is the
seventh, the eighth being that on which the weft is driven up to the "fell" and
the first, second, and third "picks" serve merely to bind the pile thread in the fabric
or "cloth."
The "cloths" or fabrics woven according to this part of our invention will, when
woven or cut" have a * velvet face."
"
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said inven-
tion and in what manner the.s same is to be performed we declare that what we
claim is :-
1. In the "picking motion" of a loom a lever such as 81, and roller or stud or
arm 82 arranged, employed, and operating substantially as herein before described
in reference to and indicated in and by Figs. 1 and 2 of the accompanying drawings,
and for the purpose of causing the picking motion" to be operative or inoperative
as may be required.
2. To control the "letting off" of warp from the warp-beam or roller of a loom,
the arrangement of brake hereinbefore described in reference to and indicated in and
by Figs. 3 and 4 of the accompanying drawings, which arrangement consists in
the wheels 86, 87, pulley 89, chain, band, or strap 90, lever 91, and stud 93,
all arrange and operating for the purposes and substantially as hereinbefore
described.
3. For preventing the shuttle from being thrown out of a loom, the arrangement
of apparatus herein before described in reference to and illustrated in and by Figs. 7
and 8 of the accompanying drawings which arrangement of apparatus consists in arms
such as 99, supporting a wire or wires, a rod or rods, or plate or plates, such
as 100, 100, arm such as 99ª, rod such as 101, lever such as 102, shaft such as 103,
arm such as 104, rod such as 105, lever such as 106, inclined slot such as 108, stud
such as 109, and "spring setting on handle" such as 110, all arranged, employed,
and operating for the purposes and substantially as herein before described.
4. " Terry or
"pile woven fabrics the "backs" "bodies
ог
of which are
formed in any or in any mere modification of any of the methods hereinbefore
described in reference to and illustrated in Figs. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
and 18 of the accompanying drawings, and the "faces ог pile surfaces" of which
are formed in any or in any mere modification of any of the methods hereinbefore
described in reference to and illustrated in Figs. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23 and 24 of the
accompanying drawings.
Dated this Thirty-first day of January 1900
"
"
""
JOHN FARRAN.
FREDERICK CHARLES CRAWFORD.
W. T. Cheetham,
Manchester, Agent to the Applicants.