AN IMPROVEMENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CAST STEEL
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Robert Mushet, of Coleford, in the County of
Gloucester, Metallurgist, for the Invention of "AN IMPROVEMENT OR
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CAST STEEL."
Sealed the 23rd April 1861, and dated the 23rd February 1861.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Robert Mushet, at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
23rd February 1861.
J, ROBERT MUSHET, of Coleford, in the County of Gloucester, Metallurgist,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVEMENT
OR IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CAST STEEL," to be as follows:-
When cast steel is alloyed with titanium, whether the said titanium be
added to the said cast steel during the operation of melting the said cast steel,
or after the said cast steel has been melted, the quality of the cast steel
obtained is superior to that of cast steel obtained by a like process of mann-
facture without the use or addition of titanium, and this is found to be the
case in whatever manner the said cast steel is prepared, whether by melting
steel, or by melting mixtures of materials, which, when melted together,
produce cast steel.

page_text: Cast steel may be manufactured by a great variety of processes, of which the
following are the principal or typical methods, that is to say:-Cast steel may
be manufactured by melting in melting pots or crucibles, placed and heated in
suitable melting furnaces, either blister steel, bar steel, puddled steel, scrap
steel, or cast steel of any description cut or broken up, or granulated, to
prepare it for remelting; or spring steel, or mixtures of these varieties of
steel with each other, with or without the addition of carbonaceous matter and
oxide of manganese.
Or cast steel may be produced by melting deoxidized
iron ores or oxides of iron in mixture with carbonaceous matter and oxide of
manganese, or in mixture with pig iron, cast iron, or refined iron.
Or cast
steel may be produced by melting mixtures of granular pig iron, cast iron, or
refined iron with pulverised iron ores or oxides of iron, or with deoxidised irou
ores or oxides of iron. Or cast steel may be produced by melting pig iron or cast
iron, and forcing air through the said melted pig iron or cast iron until the
carbon contained in the said melted pig iron or cast iron is sufficiently burned
away. Or cast steel may be produced by remelting steel or refined cast iron.
which said steel or refined cast iron has been obtained from melted cast iron
by the use of the pneumatic process, which said process consists in decarbo-
nising cast iron whilst in a melted state, by forcing air through the said melted
cast iron.
Steel or refined cast iron thus prepared by the pneumatic process
from cast iron may be broken up or granulated, and remelted in melting
pots, either alone or in mixture with other steel-producing materials, with or
without the addition of carbonaceous matter and oxide of manganese. By
whatever method or process, or from whatever variety of steel, or mixture of
steel-producing materials cast steel is manufactured, titanium may be added to
and alloyed with the said cast steel, in order to improve the quality of the said
cast steel, and the titanium may be thus added and alloyed in various ways
and by several methods:-1st, by adding a mixture of pulverised titanium ore
or titanic acid, or oxide of titanium and carbonaceous matter to the steel or
steel-producing materials, and melting the said compound and the said steel or
steel-producing materials together. 2ndly, by adding a metallic compound of
titanium and iron, or of titanium and iron containing also carbon to the steel,
or to the steel-producing materials, and melting either of the said metallic
compounds and the said steel or steel-producing materials together. 3rdly, by
adding to steel or to steel-producing materials when melted in melting pots or
crucibles a melted liquid metallic compound of titanium and iron, containing
also carbon or by adding to steel produced by forcing air through melted
pig iron or cast iron whilst the said steel is in a melted state a melted or solid

page_text: compound of titanium and iron containing also carbon. 4thly, by adding to
steel, or to steel-producing materials, a mixture of granular pig iron, cast iron,
or refined iron and pulverised titanium ore, titanic acid, or oxide of titanium.
and melting the said sieel or steel-producing materials, and the said mixture
of granular iron and pulverised titanium ore, acid, or oxide together.
Cast steel when manufactured, alloyed with titanium, may be produced
from cheaper materials than can be conveniently used when titanium is not
employed in the manufacture, such, for instance, as mixtures of puddled bar
iron or puddled steel manufactured from coke pig iron, and granulated coke
pig iron with the addition of oxide of manganese, or mixtures of granulated
coke pig iron and pulverised hematite iron ore, or other pulverised iron ores
with the addition of oxide of manganese.
It frequently happens, however, that ingots of cast steel manufactured with
an alloy of titanium, as I have herein-before described, and especially. when
produced from melting cheap steel, or cheap steel-producing materials, are apt
to crack when heated and subjected to the action of hammers or rollers, in
order to extend the said ingots, into bars, rods, plates, or sheets. It also
frequently happens that the said bars, rods, plates, or sheets of steel when
heated and subjected to the operation of punching are apt to split or crack
round the edges of the opening made by the punch, cast steel having these
defects is termed red short. In order to remedy these defects, partially or
wholly, in cast steel manufactured from steel or steel-producing materials, and
alloyed with titanium, I add to the steel, or to the mixture of steel-producing
materials with compounds of titanium intended to be melted into cast steel,
and which said cast steel for the sake of brevity I shall herein-after term
titanium cast steel, a quantity of "spiegel eisen," which is a metallic compound.
of iron and manganese containing also carbon, and I heat the said titanium steel.
and the said spiegel eisen together in a melting pot or crucible placed in a
suitable melting furnace, until the said titanium steel, and the said "spiegel
eisen," are melted and combined. I then withdraw the melting pot from the
furnace and ponr the cast steel produced into an ingot mould, or into any
other suitable mould.
<<
"Spiegel eisen" or "looking-glass iron" is a species of pig iron manu-
factured in Rhenish Prussia by smelting spathose iron ores. or sparry car-
bonates of iron, in a blast furnace with charcoal fuel. Spiegel eisen" is a
white crystalline metallic compound, and its analysis has shewn it. to contain
from two to eight per-centum of metallic manganese, and from two to five and
a half, per-centum of carbon, the residue consisting essentially of iron. Though

page_text: I find "spiegel eisen," being abundant and obtainable at a moderate cost, is
well suited for my process, nevertheless a similar compound of iron and man-
ganese, containing also carbon, otherwise manufactured, may be employed.
such, for example, as may be produced by smelting red hematite or other
hematite ores of iron and oxides of manganese in a blast furnace, with either
coal, coke, or charcoal fuel, or by smelting hematite iron ores containing.
besides. oxide of iron, from ten to thirty per-centum of oxide of manganese;
**
but I find that the spiegel eisen" of Rhenish Prussia when employed for
my process affords excellent results.
The quantity of "spiegel eisen" which I prefer to add to titanium cast
steel is from one pound to five pounds for every forty pounds of the titanium
cast steel operated upon but I do not limit myself to these proportions.
which may be varied without departing from the nature of my Invention,
but I have found that the proportions herein set down produce very good
results.
I add the spiegel eisen to the particular mixture of steel-producing
materials which it is intended to melt into titanium cast steel, either by intro-
ducing the said spiegel eisen into the melting pot along with the said
mixture of materials which is to be melted into titanium cast steel; or I first
introduce the said mixture of materials into the melting pot, and I add the
requisite quantity of spiegel eisen at any subsequent stage of the melting
operation or I introduce into the melting pot a portion of the requisite
quantity of spiegel eisen, together with the mixture of materials which it is
intended to melt into titanium cast steel, and I add the remainder of the
requisite quantity of spiegel eisen to the said mixture of materials at any
subsequent stage of the melting operation. When the spiegel eisen is intro-
duced into the melting pot containing the mixture of materials which it is
intended to melt into titanium cast steel, after the said mixture of materials
is heated or partially melted, or wholly melted, the said spiegel eisen may be
introduced into the melting pot either in a cold state, in a heated state, or in
a melted state, but in practice I find that it answers very well to introduce
the said spiegel eisen in a cold state broken into small lumps or pieces, from
two to four ounces each in weight, though I do not limit myself to employ
lumps of spiegel eisen of this size, for they may be larger or smaller without
affecting the success of my process. The spiegel eisen may be introduced into
the melting pot or crucible containing the mixture of materials which it is
intended to melt into titanium cast steel at any stage of the melting operation,
whenever the lids of the melting pots are uncovered by the burning away of

page_text: the fuel employed for melting the steel, so that the said lids or covers may
be taken off in order to introduce the spiegel eisen. In practice, however,
I find it convenient to introduce the said spiegel eisen in the cold state into
the melting pot containing the mixture of materials which it is intended to
melt into titanium cast steel whenever the third fire of coke fuel required for
the fusion of the said mixture has so far burned away that the steel melier
can take off the lid or cover of the melting pot or crucible; I then remove the
said lid or cover, and drop the requisite quantity of spiegel eisen into the
melting poi. If the mixture of titanium cast steel-producing materials is at
this stage of the melting process in an unmelted or partially melted state, the,
spiegel eisen will become heated and melted along with the said mixture of
materials in the course of the melting operation: but if the said mixture is
wholly melted when the spiegel eisen is introduced into the melting pot, then
the said spiegel eisen will speedily become heated, and will melt and dissolve
in the melted titanium cast steel.
The manner in which I carry my process into effect will be best illustrated
by examples, which I now proceed to set down. It must be observed, that in
the examples I subjoin, the mixtures of materials set down in each example
are introduced into melting pots or crucibles placed in suitable melting
furnaces, and the said mixtures of materials are heated in the said melting pots
until the said mixtures are melted. After the addition or introduction of the
spiegel eisen, the melting process is completed in the ordinary manner, and the
melting pots are withdrawn from the melting furnaces, and the titanium casi
steel produced is poured into ingot moulds or into any other suitable moulds.
The melting pots I employ, and the melting furnaces in which they are placed
and heated, are such as are ordinarily employed by steel manufacturers.

page_text: Puddled steel, medium hardness, manufactured from English
coke pig iron-
Titanic pig metal, being a compound of titanium and iron,
containing also carbon
Charcoal
-
47 lbs.
2 lbs.
6 oz.
Manganese oxide
2 oz.
Spiegel cisen dropped into the melting pot at third fire -
2 lbs.
EXAMPLE No. 7.
-
Good titanium cast steel of hard quality suited for files and mill chisels.
Good charcoal or coke bar iron
Titanic pig metal, being a metallic compound of titanium
and iron, containing also carbon
Spiegel eisen dropped into the melting pot at third fire -
-
-
33 lbs.
11 lbs.
4 lbs.
EXAMPLE No. 8.
Melted steel or malleable iron which has been produced by decarbonising
melted pig iron or cast iron by forcing air through the said pig or cast
iron whilst the said pig or cast iron was in a melted state, and which
said melted steel or malleable iron has been alloyed with titanium by
the addition of a melted or a solid compound of titanium and iron
containing also carbon. so as to constitute with the said metallic
compound titanium cast steel. To every forty pounds of such melted
titanium cast steel add from one to five pounds of melted spiegel
eisen, and pour the mixture obtained into an ingot mould or othe
suitable mould; or, in place of adding the spiegel eisen in a melted
state to the said titanium cast steel, sometimes add the spiegel eisen
to the said melted titanium cast steel by dropping lumps of spiegel
eisen, the said lumps being either in the cold state, or heated to a tem
perature short of their melting point into the said melted titanium
cast steel, wherein the said lumps of spiegel eisen are speedily melted
and dissolved.

page_text: I wish it to be observed that I do not limit myself to the exact relative
proportions of the various materials expressed in the Examples herein set
down, for these proportions may be varied as circumstances may require,
without departing from the nature of my Invention; neither do I confine
myself to the addition of the spiegel eisen to the titanium cast steel-producing
materials contained in the melting pot or crucible at the particular stage of
the melting process named in my said Examples, for the spiegel eisen may be
introduced at first into the melting pot together with the said titanium cast
steel-producing materials, or the spiegel eisen may be in part introduced into
the melting pot together with the said materials, and the remainder of the
But I
said spiegel eisen may be subsequently added to the said materials.
wish it to be understood that my object is to add spiegel eisen to materials
which, when melted, produce titanium cast steel, so that the said spiegel eisen
may be melted, dissolved, and mixed with the said titanium cast steel in order
to remedy or partially to remedy the defects of red shortness which are some-
times found to exist in titanium cast steel, and to render the ingots cast from
the said steel, and the bars, rods, or plates forged or rolled from the said
ingots malleable, ductile, and tough when subjected in a heated state to the
operations of hammering, rolling, or punching. I wish it also to be clearly
understood, that I do not claim the addition of spiegel eisen to any variety of
cast steel which is not manufactured with an alloy of titanium, that is to say,
I claim only the addition of spiegel eisen to titanium cast steel in order to
improve the quality of the said titanium cast steel.
I might multiply examples of various mixtures of materials which when
melted produce titanium cast steel, and examples of the addition of spiegel
eisen to the said mixtures when about to be melted, or to the said mixtures
when actually melted into titanium cast steel, but I have given as many
examples as will suffice to point out the manner in which I carry my process
into effect.
Having thus described my Invention, and the methods by which I carry the
said Invention into practice, I declare that the essence of my Invention
consists in the addition of "spiegel eisen," or a similar metallic compound of
iron and manganese, containing also carbon to any material or mixture of
materials which when melted produces cast steel alloyed with titanium, and
which term "titanium cast steels," which said titanium cast steels are
obtained by melting steel or mixtures of materials, which when melted produce
cast steel, togetlier with metallic compounds of titanium and iron such as
deoxidised compound ores of iron and titanium, or together with metallic
compounds of titanium and iron containing also carbon such as titanic pig

page_text: metal obtained by smelting and reducing compound ores of titanium and iron
in a blast furnace, or together with compounds of pulverised titanium ores,
titanic acid, or oxide of titanium and carbonaceous matter, or together with
a mixture consisting of pulverised titanium, ore, such as ilmenite or titanic
acid, or oxide of titanium and granular, pig, cast, or refined iron. The said
spiegel eisen may be added to the said titanium cast steel in any convenient
manner so as to become melted, dissolved, and mixed with the said titanium
cast steel in order thereby to improve the quality of the said titanium cast
steel, and render it more malleable, ductile, and tough when heated and sub-
jected to the operations of rolling, hammering, or punching.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Robert Mushet in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
25th July '1861.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ROBERT
MUSHET, of Coleford, in the County of Gloucester, Metallurgist, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-third day of February, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, in the twenty-fourth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Robert Mushet, Her special licence that I, the said Robert
Mushet, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said Robert Mushet, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times there-
after during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "AN
IMPROVEMENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CAST STEEL,"
the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Robert Mushet, my executors
or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of
their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature.
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
upon

page_text: NOW KNOW. YE, that I, the said Robert Mushet, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, that is to say:
When cast steel is alloyed with titanium, whether the said titanium be added
to the said cast steel during the operation of melting the said cast, steel,, or
after the said cast steel has been melted, the quality of the cast steel obtained is
in general superior to that of cast steel obtained by a like process of manufac
ture without the use or addition of titanium, and this is found to be the case.in
whatever manner the said cast steel is prepared, whether by melting steel or by
melting mixtures of materials, which when melted together produce cast steel.
Cast steel may be manufactured by a great variety of processes, of which the
following are the principal or typical methods, that is to say-Cast steel may
be manufactured by melting in melting pots or crucibles, placed and heated in
melting furnaces, either blister steel, bar steel, puddled, steel, scrap steel, or
cast steel of any description, cut, or broken up or granulated to prepare it for
remelting, or spring steel or mixtures of these varieties of steel with each
other, with or without the addition of carbonaceous matter and oxide of man-
ganese. Or cast steel may be produced by melting deoxidized iron ores, or
oxides of iron in mixture with carbonaceous matter and oxide of manganese,.
or in mixture with pig iron, cast iron, or refined iron. Or cast steel may be
produced by melting mixtures of granular pig iron, cast iron, or refined, iron.
with pulverised iron ores or oxides of iron, or with deoxidised iron ores or
oxides of iron. Or cast steel may be produced by melting pig iron or cast
iron, and forcing air through the said melted pig iron or cast iron until the.
carbon contained in the said melted pig iron or cast iron is sufficiently burned.
away. Or cast steel may be produced by remelting steel, or by melting
refined cast iron in mixture with malleable iron, which said steel or refined.
cast iron has been obtained from melted cast iron by subjecting the said cast
iron in the melted state to the action of the pneumatic process, which.
said process consists in decarbonizing cast iron, whilst in a melted state
by forcing air through the said melted cast iron. Steel or refined., cast.
iron thus prepared by the pneumatic process from cast iron may be broken
up or granulated, and afterwards remelted in melting pots, either alone.
or in mixture with other steel-producing materials, with or without the
addition of carbonaceous matter and oxide of manganese, as circumstances may
require. By whatever method or process, or from whatever variety of steel.
or mixture of steel-producing materials cast steel is manufactured, titanium

page_text: may be added to and alloyed with the said cast steel in order to improve the
quality of the said cast steel, and the titanium may be thus added and alloyed
in various ways and by several methods:-1st, by adding a mixture of pul-
verised titanium ore, or titanic acid, or oxide of titanium and carbonaceous
matter to the steel, or steel-producing materials, and melting the said mixture
or compound, and the said steel or steel-producing materials together. 2nd,
by adding a metallic compound of titanium and iron, or of titanium and iron
containing also carbon to the steel or to the steel-producing materials which
it is intended to melt into cast steel, and melting either of the said metallic
compounds and the said steel or steel-producing materials together. 3rdly, by
adding to steel, or to steel-producing materials, when melted in melting pots or
crucibles, a melted liquid metallic compound of titanium and iron, containing
also carbon, or by adding to steel produced by forcing air through melted pig
iron or cast iron, whilst the said steel is in a melted state, a melted or solid
compound of titanium and iron containing also carbon. 4thly. by adding to
steel or to steel-producing materials a mixture of granular pig iron, cast iron, or
refined iron and pulverised titanium ore, titanic acid, or oxide of titanium, and
melting the said steel, or steel-producing materials, and the said mixture of
granular iron and pulverised titanium ore, acid, or oxide together.
Cast steel when manufactured alloyed with titanium, may be produced from
cheaper materials than can be conveniently used when titanium is not
employed in the manufacture of the said cast steel, such, for instance, as mix-
tures of puddled bar iron or puddled steel manufactured from coke pig iron
and granulated coke pig iron, with the addition of oxide of manganese or
mixtures of granulated coke pig iron and pulverised hematite iron ore, or
other pulverised iron ores with the addition of oxide of manganese.
It frequently happens, however, that ingots of cast steel manufactured with
an alloy of titanium, as I have herein-before described, and especially when
produced from melting cheap steel, or cheap steel-producing materials are apt
to crack more or less when heated, and subjected to the action of hammers or
rolls, in order to extend the said ingots into bars, rods, plates, or sheets. It
also frequently happens that the said bars, rods, plates, or sheets of steel when
heated and subjected to the operation of punching are apt to split or crack
round the edges of the opening made by the punch. Cast steel having these
defects is termed red short. In order to remedy these defects, partially or
wholly, in cast steel manufactured from steel, or steel-producing materials and
alloyed with titanium; I add to the steel or to the mixture of steel-producing
materials with compounds of titanium intended to be melted into cast steel;

page_text: 66
and which said cast steel, for the sake of brevity, I shall herein-after term
." titanium cast steel;" a quantity of "spiegel eisen," which is a metallic com-
pound of iron and manganese containing also carbon, and I heat the said
titanium steel" and the said "spiegel eisen" together in a melting pot or
crucible placed in a suitable melting furnace until the said "titanium steel"
and the said "spiegel eisen" are melted and combined. I then withdraw the
melting pot from the furnace and pour the cast steel produced into an ingot
mould, or into any other suitable mould. Spiegel eisen" or "looking glass
iron" is a species of pig iron, manufactured in Rhenish Prussia by smelting
spathose iron ores or sparry carbonates of iron in a blast furnace with charcoal
fuel. "Spiegel eisen" is a white crystalline metallic compound, and its
analysis has shown it to contain from two to eight per-centum of metallic
manganese, and from two to five and a half per-centum of carbon, the residue
consisting essentially of iron. The fracture of "spiegel eisen" exhibits usually
a texture wholly white and crystalline, but sometimes the fracture shews a
mixture of white crystalline facets and grey granules, and sometimes the frac-
ture appears wholly grey. In each instance, however, whether white, mottled,
or grey, spiegel eisen is essentially a triple compound, consisting essentially
of iron, manganese, and carbon. Occasionally the same lump of "spiegel
eisen" is white and crystalline in one part, and grey and granular in its
structure in another part. Though I find "spiegel eisen" being abundant
and obtainable at a moderate cost is well suited for my process, nevertheless a
similar compound of iron and manganese containing also carbon, otherwise
manufactured, may be employed, such, for example, as may be produced by
smelting red hematite or other hematite iron ores, and oxides of manganese in a
blast furnace with either coal, coke, or charcoal fuel, or by smelting hematite
iron ores, containing besides oxide of iron from ten to thirty per-centum of
oxide of manganese.
But I find that the "spiegel eisen" of Rhenish Prussia
when employed for my process affords excellent results.
The quantity of "spiegel eisen" which I prefer to add to "titanium cast
steel" is from one pound to five pounds for every forty pounds of the "titanium
cast steel" operated upon, but I do not limit myself to these proportions,
which may be varied without departing from the nature of my Invention; but
I have found that the proportions herein set down produce very good results.
I add the "spiegel eisen" to the particular mixture of steel-producing mate-
rials which it is intended to melt into "titanium cast steel" either by intro-
ducing the said "spiegel eisen" into the melting pot along with the said
mixture of materials which is to be melted into "titanium cast steel," or I first

page_text: "
introduce the said mixture of materials into the melting pot, and I add the
requisite quantity of "spiegel eisen" at any subsequent stage of the melting
operation or I introduce into the melting pot a portion of the requisite
quantity of "spiegel eisen" together with the mixture of materials which it is
intended to melt into "titanium cast steel," and I add the remainder of the
requisite quantity of "spiegel eisen" to the said mixture of materials at any
subsequent stage of the melting operation. When the "spiegel eisen is
introduced into the melting pot containing the mixture of materials which it is
intended to melt into "titanium cast steel" after the said mixture is heated
or partially melted, or wholly melted, the said "spiegel eisen"
may be intro-
duced into the melting pot either in a cold state, in a heated state, or in a
melted state. But in practice I find that it answers very well to introduce
the said "spiegel eisen" in the cold state or moderately heated, broken into
small lumps or pieces from two to four ounces each in weight, though I do
not limit myself to employ lumps of "spiegel eisen" of these specific sizes, for
they may be larger or smaller without affecting the success of my process.
The spiegel eisen " may be introduced into the melting pot or crucible con-
taining the mixture of materials which it is intended to melt into "titanium
cast steel" at any stage of the melting operation whenever the lids of the
melting pots are uncovered by the burning away of the fuel employed for
melting the steel, so that the. said lids or covers may be taken off in order to
introduce the " spiegel. eisen." In practice, however. I find it convenient to
introduce the said "spiegel eisen" in the cold state or when moderately heated,
into the melting pot containing the mixture of materials which it is intended
to melt into "titanium cast steel" whenever the third fire of coke fuel required
for the fusion of the said mixture has so far burned away that the steel melter
can take off the lid or cover of the melting pot or crucible. I then remove the
said lid or cover and drop the requisite quantity of "spiegel eisen" into the
melting pot. If the mixture of "titanium cast steel" producing materials is
at this stage of the melting process, in an unmelted or partially melted state,
the "spiegel eisen" will become heated and melted along with the said
mixture of materials in the course of the melting operation; but if the said
mixture is wholly melted when the "spiegel eisen" is introduced into the
melting pot, then the said "spiegel eisen" will speedily become heated, and
will melt and dissolve in the "titanium cast steel." The manner in which I
carry my process into effect will be best illustrated by examples, which I now
proceed to set down.
It must be observed, that in the examples I subjoin, the mixtures of. mate-

page_text: rials set down in each example are introduced into melting pots or crucibles
placed in melting furnaces, and the said mixtures of materials are heated in
the said melting pots until the said mixtures are melted. After the addition
or introduction of the "spiegel eisen" the melting process is completed in the
ordinary manner, and the melting pots are withdrawn from the melting
furnaces, and the "titanium cast steel" produced is poured into ingot moulds
or into any other suitable moulds. The melting pots I employ, and the melting
furnaces in which they are placed and heated, as well as the ingot or other
moulds into which the cast steel is poured, are such as are ordinarily employed
by steel manufacturers.

page_text: Good common Swedish: bar iron -
Ilmenite or titanium ore deoxidized, so as to be metallic -
-
Charcoal
Manganese oxide
50 lbs.
-
2-lbs.
from 10 oz. to 11 oz.
2 oz. to 4 oz.
"Spiegel eisen "
1 lb. to-3. lbs.
The spiegel eisen may either be introduced into the melting pot along with
the other materials, or it may be dropped in at the third fire as in the pre-
ceding examples.
The melting operation is then completed as in Example No. 1.

page_text: I wish it to be particularly observed, that in all the examples herein-before
set down, and in each of them wherein granular pig iron and pulverized iron
ore, ilmenite, and oxide of manganese are employed, these substances are to
be thoroughly and intimately mixed before they are introduced into the
melting pot, because the more uniformly the said substances are thus pre-
viously mixed, the more readily will they be, when heated, reduced into
titanium cast steel of uniform quality. I wish it also to be observed, that
I do not limit myself to the exact relative proportions of the various materials
expressed in the examples herein set down, for these proportions may be
varied as circumstances may require without departing from the nature of my
Invention. Neither do I confine myself to the addition of "spiegel eisen" to
the titanium cast steel" producing materials contained in the melting pot or
crucible at the particular stage of the melting process named in my said
examples, for the spiegel eisen" may be introduced at first into the melting
pot together with the said titanium cast steel-producing materials, or the
spiegel eisen may be in part introduced into the melting pot together with
the said materials, and the remainder of the said "spiegel eisen" may be
subsequently added to the said materials. Nevertheless, I find in practice
that it is very convenient to drop the "spiegel eisen into the melting pot at
that stage of the melting operation when the third fire required for the fusion
of the steel has so far burned away that the workman or steel melter can
remove the lid or cover of the melting pot. There is also the advantage
gained by the additional weight of metal thus introduced into each melting
pot after the materials with which the said melting pot was at first completely
filled have partially or wholly melted and sunk down in the said melting pot.
But I wish it to be understood that my object is to add "spiegel eisen" to
materials which, when melted, produce titanium cast steel, so that the said
spiegel eisen"
may be melted, dissolved, and mixed with the said "titanium
cast steel, in order to remedy, or partially to remedy the defects of red
shortness which are sometimes found to exist in titanium cast steel," and to
render the ingots cast from the said steel, and the bars, rods, or plates forged
or rolled from the said ingots malleable, ductile, and tough when subjected in
a heated state to the operations of hammering, rolling, or punching.
I wish
it also to be clearly understood that I do not claim the addition of "spiegel
cisen" to any variety of cast steel which is not manufactured with an alloy of
titanium, that is to say, 1 claim only the addition of " spiegel eisen" to
titanium cast steel, in order to improve the quality of the said "titanium
cast steel." I might multiply examples of various mixtures of materials which,
when melted, produce titanium cast steel," and examples of the addition of

page_text: spiegel eisen" to the said mixtures when about to be melted, or to the said
mixtures when partially or wholly melted into "titanium cast steel," but f
have given as many examples as will suffice to point out the manner in which
I carry my process into effect.
Having thus described my Invention, and the methods by which I carry the
said Invention into practice, I declare that the essence of my Invention
consists in the addition of "spiegel eisen," or a similar metallic compound of
iron and manganese containing also carbon, to any materials, or mixture of
materials, which, when melted, produce cast steels alloyed with titanium, and
which I term "titanium cast steels," which said "titanium cast steels
obtained by melting steel, or mixtures of materials, which; when melted,
produce cast steel, together with metallic compounds of titanium and iron,
such as deoxidized compound ores of iron and titanium, or together with
metallic compounds of titanium and iron containing also carbon, such as
titanic pig metal," obtained by smelting and reducing compound ores of
titanium and iron in a blast furnace, or together with compounds of pulverized
titanium ores, titanic acid, or oxide of titanium and carbonaceous matter, br
together with a mixture consisting of pulverized titanium ore, such as ilmenite
or titanic acid, or oxide of titanium and granular pig, cast, or refined iron.
The said spiegel eisen" may be added to the said titanium cast steel in
any convenient manner, so as to become melted, dissolved, and mixed with the
said "titanium cast steel" in order thereby to improve the quality of the said
titanium cast steel," and render it more malleable, ductile, and tough when
heated and subjected to the operations of rolling, hammering, or punching.
In witness whereof, I, the said Robert Mushet, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-third day of July, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one.
Witnesses,
EDwD. M. MUSHET,
Coleford, Gloucestershire,
BROOKLYN MUSHET,
Coleford, Gloucestershire.
ROBT. MUSHET. (L.S.)