IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO THE MANUFACTURE OF PIPES OR TUBES AND THEIR CONNECTIONS WITH A VITREOUS OR OTHER LINING
Year: 1878

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Robert Lake, of the Firm of Haseltine, Lake,
& Co., Patent Agents, Southampton Buildings, London, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO THE MANUFACTURE OF PIPES OR TUBES
AND THEIR CONNECTIONS WITH A VITREOUS OR OTHER LINING." A communi-
cation from abroad by William Radde, of the City and State of New York,
United States of America.
Sealed the 18th April 1879, and dated the 5th November 1878.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION filed by the said William Robert Lake at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 5th November 1878.
WILLIAM ROBERT LAKE, of the Firm of Haseltine, Lake, & Co., Patent Agents,
Southampton Buildings, London. " IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO THE
MANUFACTURE OF PIPES OR TUBES AND THEIR CONNECTIONS WITH A VITREOUS OR
OTHER LINING." [A communication from abroad by William Radde, of the City
and State of New York, United States of America.]
According to these improvements I form a continuous interior coating or lining
of any suitable substance within tubes or pipes and their connections, and fill the
spaces formed between the exterior of an enclosed vitreous pipe or tube, and vitreous
fittings or connections, and the interior of an enclosing pipe and fittings, when the
spaces between the said interior and exterior pipes and fittings are of sufficient
capacity to admit of a substance for filling the same.
In carrying the said Invention into practice the pipe or tube to be lined may be
placed in a vertical or horizontal position or at any angle between such positions,
either above or below a horizontal line. When to be lined in a vertical position the
lower end of the pipe or tube is placed in a block and base purposely prepared to
receive it, after which from two to three fifths of the length of the pipe or tube is
filled with the required substance. A plunger or rod of suitable material and of a
diameter equal to the interior of the pipe when lined and provided with a conical
end is now inserted and forced to the bottom of the pipe, this action causing a

page_text: displacement of the lining substance which now rises to the top of the pipe or tube
and forms an interior coating thereto; the core or rod can now be withdrawn if the
lining is not too plastic, but if too plastic for this to be effected at once the pipe or
tube can be laid aside until it is in a suitable condition for removing the rod.
Pipes or tubes placed in a horizontal position can be lined by partially filling the
same with plastic material, and forcing the rod into the said material, which is caused
to flow out between.said.rod.and-the-pipe-or-tube, when filled from beneath a hori-
zontal line the pipe or tube should be suspended and the plunger inserted at the
lower end and forced-upward-while the lining material is being poured in at its
upper end; to prevent any escape-of the material around the rod at the lower end a
close joint is formed about the rod and pipe or tube.
A pipe or tube can be used in place of the solid rod, and this would be desirable
in case dry heat or cold water or steam should be required in calcining, vitrifying,
retaining, or securing the lining.
The material employed in this case need not be plastic for a pipe or tube can be
lined with a powdered or granular substance which may be solidified by heat or
chemical substances prior to the removal of the pipe or rod.
The fittings or connections can be lined with corresponding material and in a
similar manner or by means of special cores around which the lining is formed.
When the pipe or tube is to be lined with vitreous pipe or tube a block and base
is provided as in the former instance. The outer pipe or tube is placed vertically
in the block, and filled to a required height with a plastic substance, after which a
conical stopper is put into one end of the vitreous pipe, and then inserted with the
conical end downward into the outer pipe or tube and forced through the plastic
substance, the said substance rising and filling the space formed between the
exterior and interior pipes or tubes; the filling material is now allowed to harden
and becomes ready for use; the vitreous lining is equal in length to the pipe or tube
to be lined, but the filling material should be about one eighth of an inch less at
cach end, thus forming an annular space between the external and internal pipes or
tubes, the said space being for the purpose of filling with a substance which shall
be impervious to whatever liquids or substance may come in contact therewith; if
used for electrical purposes an insulated joint must be provided.
In order to obtain the annular recesses a corresponding annular lip or projection
is formed in the block by making an annular groove for the outer pipe or tube to
rest in while the top of the interior pipe is provided with a plug cap which has an
annular groove and projection, the said projection when the interior pipe is forced
down fitting within and forming the annular recess on the top of the pipe or tube
while the bottom is formed at the same time.
When this lined pipe or tube is employed for conducting water the annular space
should be filled with hydraulic cement, although india-rubber packing rings may be
used, which rings should deep enough to fill (and allow for compression) a corre-
sponding recess within the fitting or connection to which the pipe or tube is
screwed; compressible rings of other material can be used in special cases.
The pipe or tube can be lined while in a horizontal position, either by forcing the
interior pipe in and forcing the filling material out, or by putting the interior pipe
in position prior to forcing the plastic substance in, which can be done by a suitable
connection and the use of a plunger or pump, and also an air pump may be applied
at the opposite end from where the filling material enters the air thus exhausted
causing the plastic material to be brought forward and so fill the space between the
two pipes or tubes.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said William Robert Lake in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 5th May
1879.
WILLIAM ROBERT LAKE, of the Firm of Haseltine, Lake, & Co., Patents Agents,
Southampton Buildings, London. "IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO THE
MANUFACTURE OF PIPES OR TUBES AND THEIR CONNECTIONS WITH A VITREOUS OR
OTHER LINING." A communication from abroad by William Radde, of the City and.
State of New York, United States of America.
These improvements consist in forming an interior coating or lining of any
suitable substance within pipes and pipe-connections, and in filling spaces formed
between the exterior of said coating or lining and the interior of said pipes and
connections, as hereinafter set forth.
In the accompanying Drawings,—
Figure 1 represents a vertical section of a pipe with a plunger or rod inserted
therein, and resting upon a substance for filling the space between said rod and
pipe, said substance forming the lining to the pipe when the rod is withdrawn.
Figure 2 is a vertical section of a pipe representing the rod or plunger after
being forced down to the lower end of the pipe, whereby the lining material is
forced upward, thus forming the interior coating or lining to a pipe.
Figure 3 represents a vertical section of a pipe or tube after the rod is withdrawn
and ready for use.
Figure 4 represents a vertical section of a pipe in position to be lined by a
tube or pipe, said tube or pipe being composed of vitreous substances or other
material.
Figure 5 is a sectional view showing the pipe or tube lining in position, and also
the space formed by and between the exterior and interior pipes as being filled by
an elastic, plastic, granulated, or powdered material or substance.
Figure represents a vertical section of a pipe lined with a pipe or tube of
suitable material, said lining being embedded within said pipe with suitable
material.
Figure 7 represents a plunger-stopper to be inserted in the end of the tubular
or pipe lining when said lining is to be forced downward through a plastic
embedding substance.
Figure & represents a cross section of Figure 3.
Figure 9 is a similar section of Figure 6.
Figure 10 is a vertical section showing how a pipe can be lined or coated with a
suitable material by forcing a rod upward while the lining material is descending.
Figure 11 represents the pipe as being lined and ready for removal.
Figure 12 is a vertical section showing how a pipe lining can be substituted in
lieu of a rod.
Figure 13 represents a base block, upon which the pipe rests, and through which
the rod or pipe lining passes, the said block being also provided with a lip or pro-
jection for forming an annular recess at the lower end of the pipe.
Figure 14 shews an elastic ring for forming a tight joint around the rod or tube
lining as it is being forced upward through a pipe.
Figure 15 shews a flange or disc for holding the elastic packing to its place.
Figure 16 is a vertical longitudinal section of a device representing a method of
lining pipes while in a horizontal position; or nearly so.
Figure 17 is a detached sectional view of a device for forming an annular recess
at the end of the pipe after the rod and cap are removed.
Figure 18 is a vertical longitudinal section of a device illustrating a method for

page_text: filling a space between an interior vitreous tubular lining and the outer casing or
pipe while in a horizontal position.
Figures-10-and-20-show portions-of-Figure 18 detached.
Figure 21 is a longitudinal section of an air pump in connection with a portion
-of-pipe-filling and lining.
--Figure 22 is a section of an elbow connection and vitreous lining showing the
space between the elbow lining and exterior elbow as being unfilled.
Figure 23 represents a tee connection in section with an interior vitreous tee
lining, which is supported in position by proper means while the space between the
outer and inner tee is being filled.
Figure 24 illustrates a-sectional view of a cross connection and an interior
vitreous cross lining composed of two parts, which are held in position while the
space formed between the interior and exterior cross is being filled.
Figure 25 represents a section of an elbow after being filled or lined and ready
for use.
Figure 26 is a sectional view of a vitreous lined tee-piece ready for use.
Figure 27 is a sectional view of a vitreous lined cross ready for use.
Figures 28, 29, and 30 are sectional views of a vitreous lined elbow tee piece
and cross piece, which are connected to a vitreous lined pipe, as shown.
Like letters indicate similar parts throughout the Drawings.
In Figures 1 and 2 D represents a base or support, which can be provided with
legs, or otherwise fixed to a proper height for the purpose of operating the movable
parts beneath. C represents two base blocks provided with suitable apertures for
receiving the pipe A.
These base blocks are kept in position by means of the dowels a, which are
fixed within the base D. The aperture for receiving the pipe in the base block C
extends but about one half the distance through the block, but may be varied to
suit varying requirements.
At the seat where the end of the pipe rests a lip or projection c¹ is formed, and
is made annular by continuation of the aperture at a reduced diameter, said
reduction of the aperture being the internal diameter of the pipe A after being
lined; this reduction determines the thickness of the lining E, which in this case
forms the interior of the pipe. The annular lip e' is for the purpose of forming an
annular space at the end of the pipe, which is afterwards filled with a suitable
packing when the said pipe is to be brought into use.
Qrepresents a lining material, which should be first introduced into the pipe in
sufficient quantity to form the lining; then the plunger-rod B, provided with a
conical end, should be inserted and forced downward, thus causing the plastic
material to rise around the sides of said plunger and fill the space between the
plunger and pipe, thus causing an interior pipe lining to be formed when the
plunger is withdrawn.
-The conical end of the plunger is forced down into the reduced aperture, thus
causing a displacement of the material until the diameter of the rod and aperture
coincide.
When said coincidence occurs an annular projection c at the top of the rod
should be inserted within the space between the plunger and pipe at the top of said
pipe, thus forming an annular recess corresponding with the one at the bottom,
said recess being shewn in the act of forming, in Figure 2, and as formed in vertical
section, Figure 3, at d.
After the plunger is inserted it should be allowed to remain in position until the
material becomes set or fixed in position, after which the rod can be removed,
while the pipe remains in the base block, or after the pipe is removed from said
block.
Stoppers bare held in position by a button G, and are for the purpose of allowing
a surplus of the lining material to escape when necessary.

page_text: I do not confine or limit myself to any particular material for lining pipe, as
various materials can be used to suit varying circumstances.
But whenever the plunger is forced downward the liquid must be in a plastic or
semi liquid state, made so by heat, liquids, or otherwise.
In Figures 4 and 5 the base D and base block C correspond with those in
Figures 1 and 2, and the operation of filling is similar to that described in con-
nection with the former Figures.
The difference existing between the two is, that instead of using the plunger-
rod B, a vitreous or other tube is employed, and said tube constitutes the interior
lining of the pipe when forced to the bottom, and is fixed in position by the filling
material.
Annular recesses are formed in a similar manner to those designated in the fore-
going Figures.
In lieu of the conical end and fixed cap on the plunger-rod B an adjustable
cap F and conical stopper H are employed in connection with the tube lining A¹.
When the tube-lining is of a vitreous character the cap F and conical stopper
should be made of some elastic or yielding substance.
In Figure 6 A is the external pipe lined with the internal pipe A¹. E is the
filling material, and e the annular recesses for receiving a cement or other packing
for forming a liquid tight or insulated joint.
Figure 9 shews a vitreous lined pipe, A being the external pipe; A', the lining;
E, a substance filling the space between the two.
The substance best suited for the purpose of filling the space between the external
and internal lining is calcined plaster, which is mixed with water until a proper
consistency is obtained, after which the pipe to be lined is filled from two to three
fifths full, this being the amount to properly fill the space formed between the outer
and inner pipes or tubes.
The tube-lining is then inserted and forced down, thus causing the plastic plaster
to rise, whereby a compact filling is obtained, and one which cannot be obtained by
the process or means heretofore adopted, said process being to fix the tube in posi-
tion, and then pour the filling material into the space, in which case air holes are
found within the descending material, thus causing an imperfect filling.
Figure 10 represents a method of lining a pipe while in a vertical position by
passing a rod upward through the descending material; D is the base on which the
base block J¹ rests; the said block is provided with an annular projecting ring c¹
formed around the aperture in the block through which the rod B passes in its
ascent through the lining material E.
The said ring el projects within the pipe A about one eighth of an inch, so as to
form an annular recess in the lining for purposes hereinbefore described.
An aperture is formed in the base D, which corresponds with one in the base
block above. On the under side of the supporting base D a recess is made to receive
an elastic packing ring g, said ring being kept to its place by a metallic disc I. The
said disc is provided with an aperture through which the rod B passes.
The aperture through the elastic ring g is made somewhat less than the diameter
of the rod, for the purpose of insuring a tight joint around said rod.
The bar D is for the purpose of receiving the cap block J and keeping the pipe
A in position while being lined; the said block is provided with an annular projec-
tion c within the pipe A for the purpose of forming an annular recess in the lining
at the top of the pipe. K represents the lining material descending, while the
rod B should be passing upward, although it is not necessary that the two operations
should be performed at the same time, as the material may be first poured in to the
requisite amount, and the rod forced upward to its place subsequently.
A pipe or tube can be employed in lieu of the rod; said pipe would be desirable
in case dry heat, steam, or cold water should be required in calcining, vitrifying,
heating, or retaining the material used for lining, which in this instance need not

page_text: be plastic, as the pipe can be lined with a powdered or granular substance, which
may be volatilized by heat or chemicals prior to the removal of the pipe or rod.
In the vertical sectional view, Figure 11.the-rod-B-is shown as forced up the
entire height of the pipe, and the space between the rod and pipe, as filled with a
suitable substance, which will constitute a lining for the pipe A after the rod is
removed.
The rod should not be removed until the filling material has set sufficiently to
retain its position after the removal of said rod.
When the pipe is-to-be-lined with a glass or vitreous tube, said tube is used in
lieu of the aforementioned rod.
The tube is forced upward until in a proper position, and left to remain in that
|--position for subsequent use.
The filling material can be poured in at the top while the tube is ascending, or
the tube can at first be inserted at the bottom until it passes through the block J',
and there allowed to rest until a requisite quantity of material for filling the space
is poured in, after which said tube can be forced to its proper position.
The base-block J' is represented in Figure 13, c¹ being the annular lip or projection.
The packing ring g, Figure 14, should be made of some clastic material for the
purpose of forming a close joint about the rod or tube.
In Figure 16 B' is the base of the apparatus; M represents a box or hopper for
holding the lining material Q¹; O is a slide rest secured to the base; s is a clamp,
and a screw for clamping the rest at any required point; h is a clamp and set
screw for holding the pipe A in position while being lined.
S represents a guide way for keeping the block B, into which the pipe A is
screwed, in position while the pipe is being lined.
The said block is provided with an annular lip projecting into the pipe, as shewn,
and for the purpose hereinbefore mentioned. An aperture is made in said block,
which corresponds to the diameter of the lining of the pipe; said aperture commu-
nicates with the box or hopper M, so as to allow the lining material to flow into the
pipe A. while the plunger or rod is being forced therein.
This rod is made conical on its end for the purpose of casily dividing the lining
material, and also that the end of the rod may enter and fill the aperture in the
block R, thus cutting off communication with the hopper M.
A gate, not shown, should be employed for closing the aperture in the box M,
corresponding with the aperture in the block R, for the purpose of retaining the
surplus material within said hopper when the lined pipe is removed. c is an annular
projection on the rod B for forming an annular recess in the lining within the end of
the pipe, and also it keeps the rod in a central position within the pipe, thus causing
an even thickness of lining in said pipe.
After the plunger is forced into position the pipe can be freed and taken out with
the block R thereon, and laid aside until the lining is fixed or set, after which the
rod may be withdrawn.and-the block-screwed over the end.
By providing a number of the blocks R and rods B, the lining process can be
continued indefinitely.
Figure 17 represents a modification of the plunger or rod, as seen in Figure 16.
In lieu of the annular ring c on rod B, a cap block with an annular recess is
employed, said block being screwed to the end of the pipe, and containing an aperture
through which the rod is forced.
After the lining material has set the cap can be removed and applied to other
pipes to be lined.
In Figure 18 B' represents the base of the apparatus; to this base a hopper M
and piston or plunger are attached. O is a sliding rest which supports one end of
the pipe to be lined, A' being the lining, and E a substance for filling the space
between said outer pipe A and lining A¹.
r, s, and h are clamps and screws for holding the rest and pipe in place while the

page_text: operation of lining said pipe is being conducted. o is a coupling or socket screwed
on to or otherwise attached to the pipe A. is an elastic plug provided with' an
annular recess for receiving the end of the pipe or tube lining, and an annular pro-
jecting ring, which fills the space between said pipe lining and exterior pipe A.
The purpose of said annular ring is to form an annular recess between the pipe
lining and exterior pipe, said recess being afterward filled with a suitable packing,
which may be impervious to fluids, such as hydraulic cement, or an elastic substance
like rubber, and also when a lined pipe is employed for electrical purposes, a sub-
stance must be used to form an insulated joint.
I is a plug for forcing the elastic plug i to its place whenever the socket o cannot
be turned on to pipe A sufficiently to bring the annular recess into the space between
the pipe and lining.
n is an orifice in the socket o for the purpose of allowing the air to escape when
the filling material is being forced in.
R is a socket resting between ways or guides S; to this socket one end of the
pipe A is screwed by means of screwing said pipe into said socket, as shown.
Said socket is provided with four apertures t around a central aperture, as shown in
Figure 19.
represents a corresponding aperture in the hopper M. The filling material is
forced through these apertures p and into the space between the lining and
pipe.
N' is a plug or rod screwed into the hopper, and extending through said hopper and
socket R for the purpose of receiving and supporting the end of the pipe lining A¹;
when the pipe and pipe lining are adjusted, the filling material Q₁ is poured into
the hopper and then forced into the space to be filled by plunger P.
Figure 21 is a modification of Figure 18, showing how an air pump W can be applied
to the end of a pipe as shown, and by exhausting the air by said pump the filling
material will be forced into the filling space by atmospheric pressure.
With regard
to the pipe connections shewn in Figures 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, and 27. In Figure 22
T is an elbow, U is a vitreous elbow lining. E' represents a space between said
lining and exterior elbow.
Y is a plug fitting into elbow T for the purpose of supporting lining u, and
forming a depression in the filling. Y₁ is a plug inserted into and through the
plug Y, said plug being the diameter of the bore of the lining u.
The said interior plug serves to keep the lining in place while the space E¹ is
being filled, and should be of an elastic or yielding material.
Z is a plug cap fitting to the end of elbow T, and extending down to form a
connection with a vitreous lining U.
zare apertures in plug Z through which the filling is introduced.
In Figure 23 U represents the tee connection, and the vitreous tee lining
therein, said vitreous lining, being held in position by clastic plugs m, m, said plugs
fitting into recess within the screw plugs X E represents the space to be
filled.
Figure 20 represents the space as being filled by a substance E.
In Figure 24 the cross connection V has three of its openings closed by plugs X.
These plugs are represented as being solid with the necessary annular recesses and
projections formed therein, as shewn.
The inner ends of these plugs support the vitreous lining y, y', said lining being
made in two parts.
The party is provided with a flange, into which the part y' fits loosely, thus
forming a space between the two parts for the purpose of making a packed joint
with hydraulic cement, or for the purpose of making an insulated joint; L is a cap
and stopper for both, forming an annular recess in the filling material about the
vitreous lining, and preventing said filling from entering the lining. E is the
space to be filled, and is represented as being filled at E, Figure 27, and ready
for use.

page_text: In Figures 28, 29, and 30, the elbow T, the tee piece U, and the cross piece V
are attached to the pipe A; q is the packing for securing a tight or insulated joint
between the pipe.and.its.connections.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Robert Lake, have hereunto set
my hand and scal, this Fifth day of May, in the year of our Lord One
- thousand eight hundred and seventy ninc.
TAD