IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRO-TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS
Year: 1856

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Giuseppe Antonio Tremeschini, of Vicence (Lom-
bardo-Venetian), Mechanician, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
ELECTRO-TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS."
Sealed the 11th July 1856, and dated the 18th January 1856.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Giuseppe Antonio Tre-
meschini at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 18th January 1856.
I, GIUSEPPE ANTONIO TREMESCHINI, of
of Vicence (Lombardo-Venitian)
Mechanician, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
PROVEMENTS IN ELECTRO-TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS," to be as follows:-
These improvements relate to, 1", the receiver, or apparatus for receiving the
electric dispatches; 2, the manipulator, or apparatus for sending them off;
3, a moveable key for transmitting secret dispatches; and 4, an arrange-
ment for the metallic circuit over the line. The receiver is furnished with the
requisites of Morse's printing and of the ordinary dial apparatus, and receives
and impresses in a durable manner on the paper the dispatches received by
any manipulator of these two systems. The same resembles an ordinary dial
apparatus, but which, instead of being actuated by a spring, is kept constantly
ready for motion by the friction of the strip of paper for the dispatches, which
paper is moved by a clockwork, and by a grooved cylinder is kept compressed
against the axis on which is fixed the dial hand, which axis is also furnished
opposite the grooves of the said cylinder with a small principal impression
[Price 8d.]

page_text: wheel, the number of blunt teeth of which is only one-half of the number of
letters on the dial plate; where as a second or third wheel, fixed on the same
axis, and furnished with one or two teeth only, serve for controlling. The
strip of paper progresses in a uniform manner, whereas the impression wheels
turn according to the will of the attendant who sends the dispatch, because
of the armature of the scapement being acted upon by his opening and closing
the electric circuit in such manner that the length of time left between each
opening and closing of the circuit will give rise to the impression either of
a point or a line or of a more or less great blank space at the exact place of
the letter which is wished to be transmitted, and which will have been indi-
cated also by the hand on the dial. For the reason above mentioned, the
points and lines of Morse's alphabet may also be transmitted by means of the
small electric force required for the dial system.
Another part of my Invention consists in an improved manipulator for
transmitting electric dispatches according to Morsc's system. This manipula-
tor is furnished with a sort of circular key-board, the keys of which act
vertically, and have each of them a metallic letter type in relief fixed to their
lower extremity, and a small detent by which they are kept in their depressed
position after the finger has left them, and till they become liberated by the
action of a lever arm, when they rise again in their normal position.
.On
depressing the key the type fixed to the same comes in metallic contact with
one of the extremities of the communicating wire of the line. In the middle
of the key-board circle an axis kept constantly in rotation by any suitable
means, and to which is fixed the above mentioned lever arm, situated under
the types, and furnished at its end with a small wheel and a moderator and
one tooth; none of these parts come in contact with the types, with the
exception of the small wheel, which, during the rapid rotation of the lever arm.
comes to strike in succession against each of those types of which the keys are
depressed, and by which and the moderator the lever arm is delayed in its
motion, while in the same moment the metallic contact taking place with the
types, the electric current is transmitted by the axis to the end of the com-
munication wire.
The moveable key for transmitting secret electric dispatches consists of
a table divided in an undeterminated number of lines, cach of which is sub-
divided in as many compartments as there are letters in the alphabet to he
employed, and to which is annexed a compartment for the intervals between
the words. On the first line the alphabet is inscribed in a regular, whereas
on each of the others in a different, irregular manner. In order to form or
to decipher a dispatch, it will be required for finding the letter in the lines

page_text: and compartments of the key, to follow the rule which has been agreed upon,
previously observing that each line has to furnish only one letter at the time.
Another part of the Invention consists in a peculiar arrangement for the
metallic contact over the line, resembling the system closed circuit, but with
this difference, that the circuit is not permanently closed, but only during
certain determined intervals or pulsations, by means of a mechanical arrange-
ment with which the receiving apparatus of each station is furnished, and
which is put in action by the attendant of the station who has sent off the
last dispatch, and which apparatus may be stopped in the moment of its
pulsation by the attendant of each station who wishes to transmit a dispatch
by opening the metallic contact on its own manipulator during a determined
length of time.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Giuseppe Antonio Tremeschini in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 18th July 1856.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, GIUSEPPE
ANTONIO TREMESCHINI, of Vicence (Lombardo-Venetian), Mechanician, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Eighteenth day of January, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six, in the nineteenth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Ifer heirs and successors. give and grant unto me, the said
Giuseppe Antonio Tremeschini, Her special licence that I, the said Giuseppe
Antonio Tremeschini, my executors. administrators, and assigns, or such others
as I, the said Giuseppe Antonio Tremeschini, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time
and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and law-
fully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Inven-
tion for IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRO-TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS, upon the
condition (amongst others) that I, the said Giuseppe Antonio Tremeschini,
my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or
their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascer-
tain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Giuseppe Antonio Tremeschini, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention. and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the fol-
lowing statement:-
This Invention relates to certain improvements in the receiving and
manipulating instruments, a new key or secret alphabet for dispatches to be
transmitted, and, finally, a new arrangement of the electro-telegraphic circuit
and apparatus to be annexed thereto. My improved receiving apparatus
unites the advantages of Morse's writing and Wheatstone's and Breguet's dial
telegraphs.
In the annexed Drawing, Fig. 1 represents a front view of my improved
receiving apparatus; Fig. 2 shows a side view of some parts of the same;
Figs. 3, 4, 5, and 6 show several separate parts of the apparatus, corresponding
parts being indicated by the same letters of reference in all these Figures.
The apparatus consists, 1, of some parts similar to those made use of in
Morse's telegraph, viz., a clockwork, by which the paper K for the dispatches
is caused to advance with a uniform motion, a brass cylinder E with rough
surface, the axis of which cylinder is provided with a toothed wheel receiving
motion from the said clockwork; 2%, of several parts similar to those employed
in Wheatstone's or Breguet's dial telegraphs, viz., a driving axis b, scape-
ment wheel a', dial plate with hand, and an electro-magnet with arimature;
and, 3, of an arrangement by which a combination of Morses' and Wheat-
stone's principles, besides of other advantages, are obtained.
'
It would be superfluous to describe the two first parts, as they are suffi-
ciently known from Morse's, Wheatstone's, and Breguet's telegraphs, and 1
will therefore describe at once the third part, viz., the mechanical arrange-
ment by which the combining of Morse's and Wheatstone's or Breguet's
apparatuses is obtained. To one extremity b' of the axes b, turning in two
standards N and R, is fixed the dial hand, similar to those made use of in
the ordinary dial apparatusses; to this axis is soldered a brass cylinder a,
whereas a steel cog wheel of the form of a ratchet wheel is fixed against
a on the same axis b; against this wheel i bears another brass piece m, of a
truncated cone form, against this comes a second steel cog-wheel h, having
only one tooth: against this latter a cylindrical piece of brass g, and these
several parts are kept close together and against the picce a by means of
a set screw 1. The standard N must be very rigid, whereas the standard R,
on the contrary, is elastic, and has its position regulated by a set screw g.
D is a small cage gliding in two vertical grooves made in the plate of the
clockwork; in this cage a small frame Q is suspended by means of two pivots

page_text: c. This frame is provided with two steel rollers and t, and bears also the
guide U for the strip of paper K on which the dispatches are to be printed.
The roller has two grooves, each of which is exactly opposite the two
toothed wheels h and i, the roller being parallel to the axis b and the cylinder
E. These grooves are sufficiently wide for allowing the points of the
teeth of these wheels to enter at a suitable depth into them by the pressing
action of the elastic standard R. The brass cylinder E revolves on its axis
by means of the clockwork, whereas the roller r, by means of the frame Q,
may oscillate, and by the elastic tension of the standard R. and by the contact
of the piece m, is pushed towards the cylinder E. The teeth of the wheel i
must not project further beyond the largest periphery of the conical piece m
as is exactly required for imprinting only spots on the strip of paper without
perforating this latter, and for this purpose the extremities of these teeth are
rounded off and made smooth. The number of teeth of this wheel must be
exactly one-half of the number of characters on the dial plate.
The paper
K is laid over the roller r, unwinding itself from a large spool, as in Morses'
telegraph, and being brought forward by the guide U, passes between the
parts a, i, m, h, g, and the roller r. over one-half of the periphery of which
latter the strip of paper is wound. and from there goes to the cylinder E,
which latter has a rough surface, in order to better draw the paper forward,
the end of which becomes free. While the apparatus is at rest, the movement
of the clockwork is arrested by the stop, the armature of the electro-magnet
not being attracted, and consequently the scapement wheel is in contact with
the upper tooth of the fork; the dial hand is at the sign of rest, the axis b
with its corresponding parts being in such position in respect to the cylinder
that none of the teeth of the wheel i touches the paper: this latter, when no
dispatch is sent, presenting itself opposite the open space left between any
iwo teeth; but the single tooth, with which the other wheel is furnished,
comes to rest against the paper, which is kept close against the largest part
of the conical piece m.
I now will describe the mode of working of the apparatus. At the first
signal transmitted by the attendant of the transmitting station, the attendant
of the receiving station throws out the stop. and thus sets the clockwork at
liberty, which once begins its motion, and causing the cylinder E to revolve,
draws the paper K from the spool in the direction of the arrows, the paper
rubs against the largest portion of the conical piece m; the tooth of the wheel
h is maintained against the paper till the attendant of the transmitting station
begins to transmit signals. If, then, the transmitting attendant completes the
electric circuit by means of a manipulator, of whatever system, the armature is

page_text: attracted against the electro-magnet, the upper tooth of the scapement wheel
is set free from the tooth of the forked lever or stop, the cone m. against which
the paper rubs, follows the motion, and revolves till one tooth of the scapement
wheel comes in contact at the under side with the tooth of the forked lever,
and stops it, and whilst this takes place the tooth of the wheel has passed,
and is no more in contact with the paper; whereas the wheel i, on the contrary
revolving, impresses with one of its points on the paper, which latter will
receive this impression during the entire length of time the transmitting station
keeps the circuit closed, and thus a line of a certain length is formed on the
paper. As soon, however, as the circuit is again opened, the same series of
operations will be repeated, that is to say, the axis b. the scapement wheel a',
the wheel i will advance one step, and this latter does not present any more
one of its teeth to the paper, but on the contary, the open space is left between
two teeth, and the paper consequently will not receive an impression. The
same action of closing and opening the circuit may be repeated a great many
times and with great rapidity, and at each time the paper will receive con-
sequently as many impressions of the teeth as the attendant will have repeated
the same operation, and at each time the attendant will have thought proper to
make a stop. This latter will be found indicated on the paper by a prolonga-
tion of the dot, forming consequently a line, as has been said already, when
the stop will have taken place with a closed circuit; whereas when the stop hast
occurred with a broken circuit the same will be indicated on the paper by a
blank space of larger size as the ordinary blanks; and it will thus be evident
how by this contrivance, while acting as a dial telegraph, impressions are given
at the same time on a strip of paper by means of dots, lines, and blank spaces
as by a printing telegraph, while when dispatches are transmitted according to
Morse's system, the regular re-appearing of the only tooth of the wheel h, with
which the dispatch has constantly to commence and also to finish, gives the
control for perceiving whether any error in the transmitting has taken place,
in which it is well to be understood that the receiving apparatus of the trans-
mitting attendant has to act in conjunction with his manipulator. Should the
receiving station desire to make his own apparatus act (as, for instance, when
receiving a dispatch by the manipulator with alphabetical dial.) without the
aid of the tracing paper, but by the indication only of the dial hand d, then
the attendant will only have to lift the frame D till the roller v has replaced
the action excerted before by the upper roller r, which latter hereby does
no more comes in contact with m and E, and then consequently the roller v
serves instead of the roller 7 for the transmission of the motion given by the
clockwork to the axis b, the paper will remain at rest, whereas the dial hand

page_text: only will continue marking on the dial plate. This system offers the advantages
that the force of the electric current required to make the electro-magnet net
may be less, as in Morses' telegraph, and if the apparatus is well constructed
the relays or local batteries may be dispensed with, and particularly when
adding to the apparatus one pinion more, as is shown in Figs. 11 and 12, in
which instead of the scapement wheel is substituted an ordinary toothed wheel
with a pinion s, to the axis of which is fixed a number of blades s', acted upon
by the fork t, and forming thereby the scapement. By my system the dial
telegraph will leave a visible mark or trace on a strip of paper just as well as
is obtained by any printing telegraph. In the dial apparatus, the revolving
motion of the axis of the hand and the scapement wheel, acted upon by the
motion of the armature of the electro-magnet, is obtained by means of a weight
and a cord or string wound round a pulley fixed to this axis. In my system,
instead of this weight and string, the revolving motions is obtained by the
friction of the paper against the piece m, fixed to the axis of the dial,
and this paper will thus indicate the stops formed by the transmitting station-
either by more or less large intervals or blanks between the dots, or by more
or less long lines, and at the same time the hand will turn in a corresponding
manner on the dial plate, so that by this means a double result is obtained,
viz., the simplicity, facility, economy, and exactness of the dial apparatusses and
the great advantage of the printing apparatusses. The arrangement indicated
in front view in Fig 9, and in side view in Fig 10, dispenses with a clockwork,
and makes that the attendant at the reception of a dispatch has not to lift out
the stop for giving motion to the paper. The axis b. which in Fig. 2 carries
the scapement wheel a' and the hand d, besides the toothed wheel i, is provided
all round its periphery with curved levers B with pointed ends, whereas by the
tapered and elastic extremities e they are fixed to the axis b by a ring c. which
keeps them united together. The part d, d. of these levers is formed by a
small tube having a longitudinal slit, the opening being about one-third part
of its periphery, and turned towards the axis b. In the interior of this tube
moves a steel ball, which may be stopped at any given point on the said slit.
When at rest, the points a of these levers are kept at a distance from the axis b
by the effect of their elastic part, and the corresponding point projects
consequently as much beyond the periphery of the two axes f. 1. as the points
of the wheel i. The number of these levers must correspond with the number
of characters on the dial plate, and they must be placed one-half on the right,
and the other half on the left hand side of the wheel i, and also one-half
opposite the blank spaces left between these teeth. In order to do away with the
second controlling wheel of Fig. 2, it will suffice that in the arrangement' of

page_text: the wheel i, one tooth advances in one of the blank spaces. The steel cylinder
or roller has three grooves, corresponding with the three rows of points of the
wheel, fixed in the middle of the axis b, and those a of the two series of levers
B. Instead of the points, the wheel à may be furnished at its periphery with
alphabetical types in relief, and those letters only which on the paper will be
imprinted, accompanied by a point, will be those for marking the dispatch. The
inking of these types may take place by any suitable mechanical arrangement,
and instead of fixing these types to the wheel i they may be fixed to the points
a of the lever B. The prolongation m of the two upper ends of the standards
w project at a certain height above the exterior part of the levers B, as shown
in the Figs. 9 and 10.
Admitting that the arrangement of the points of the wheel i be proportional
to the size of the dial hand and scapement wheel, as has been explained, and in
such manner that the open space between two points, but not one of the points,
be directed towards the cylinder, we will examine in what manner the different
parts are connected together when the apparatus is at rest, and also what
alterations in their reciprocal positions occur when the apparatus is acting.
The paper n, Fig. 10, unwinds itself from a large bobbin, and coming from o
passes under the cylinder 1, round which it makes one half turn, after which
it ascends towards the cylinder p, round which the paper makes a half turn.
beginning at o¹, and leaving the same at o" goes on to the weighted pulley q.
and in o introduces itself under a glass v. In this way the paper is pushed
against the points a of the lever arms B and the teeth i of the wheel 1, which
will leave their impression on the paper. On the surface of the glass y (under
which passes the paper and glides in suitable grooves) the characters of the
alphabets to be employed for the dispatches are indicated in suitable order and
different times and at the same distance as that existing between the marks
on the paper. All the balls finding themselves above the axis b, will by their
own weight descend along the incline formed by the tube d, seen in section in
Fig. 9, and these balls will collect in the centre, and at the greatest distance
from the wheel i, whereas the balls of those levers which are in immediate
contact with the two standards m, m, will find themselves in the same position.
because these latter have carried them towards the axis b and against the
conical tube i, which latter has a trumpet form and serves as a stop. Between
the extremitys of the standard m and the cylinder I exist an open space, equa
in width to the thickness of one of the levers B, in such manner, that wher
one of these levers will find itself in this open space it will be obliged to
resume its normal position, and deviate from the axis b, and its ball will rol
along the incline towards the wheel i, in order to come in the position indicated

page_text: in Fig. 9. When the electric circuit is established for the first time, the
paper, which is kept stretched by the weight q, will cause the axis b to advance
one step, by means of the scapement wheel having been liberated by one of
the teeth of the armature. The rolling down of the ball z prevents the point
of the lever B, (which was in the open space between s and the cylinder I,) to
receede towards the axis b, although being pushed in that direction by the
paper o, rolled round the cylinder I), with which it has now come in contact;
this point consequently leaves its impression on the paper at the side of the
corresponding tooth of the wheel i During this moment another lever is
liberated from the contact with m, and the breaking of the electric circuit
taking place by the transmitting station, another point will be marked on the
paper by the same reason, but no more on the same line with the first one, but
on the opposite of the wheel i, and corresponding exactly with the open space
between two teeth of this wheel. Supposing now that the attendant of the
transmitting station, instead of making a stop after each closing and opening
of the circuit, passes rapidly from one to the other over the teeth, then the
balls liberated in 8, not having sufficient time for descending in their respective
tubes, will no more offer any impediment to the points a of the levers for
receding as soon as they are arrived in contact with the paper, and won't leave
any impression on this latter. It will thus be evident that the transmitting
station keeps full scope for varying at pleasure the stops, and continue the
entire transmission of a dispatch while working with the dial, and the dispatch
will thus not only be indicated by the hand on the dial, but also by the im-
pressions left on the paper by the points of the levers B at each side of the
wheel i, which impressions will appear under the glass y, where they may be
read with great facility.
It may sometimes occur that the transmitting attendant instead of trans-
mitting by means of the dial manipulator employs Morse's manipulator; in
that case the reading of the dispatch at the receiving station must take place
by dots and lines, according to Morse's system, taking care, however, that
instead of the lines of that system, two points will be found at the same time
at each stop, between each letter a point opposite the open space; for the
remainder of the ordinary signals no special arrangements are to be made.
My new arrangement of manipulating apparatus is represented in partial
views in the Figs. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18, in which corresponding parts
are indicated by the same letters of reference. A is a key-board. seen from
above in Fig. 14, and from below in Fig. 13, the keys B of which are repre-
sented in side view in Fig. 16, in front view in Fig. 18, and in perspective
view in Fig. 17. These keys may be lowered by the finger of the attendant,

page_text: whereas a spring c brings them up in their former position. The under end
of each of these keys has a metallic type or mark & in relief; a small detent
or catch d acting on a protruding portion c of the key keeps the same when
required in the depressed position, till the same is liberated by the arm of a
metallic hand g, revolving under the key-board round a fulcrum h, and moved
by a clockwork a helical spring i, or any other suitable contrivance. This
hand g is furnished with a roller k, fixed to an axis 1, having a worm wheel m
acting on a worm n, to the axis of which are affixed a number of blades o for
regulating the movement of the worm n, the wheel m, and the roller k, which
latter rubs against the protruding part p of the keys and the extremity of a
small metal spring q, fixed in r in an isolated manner to the hand g, and rubs
over the protruding parts s of the keys, which parts are so combineil and
arranged as to represent the different characters to be transmitted; the spring
q is in metallic contact with the extremity of the line wire 1, carried by the
hand g. The mode of working of this apparatus is as follows:-The hand g is
kept in a continuous rapid revolving motion round its fulcrum ; if, now, the
attendant by putting his finger on a key depresses this latter, the same will
cause the part p to come against the roller k, which latter rubbing against it,
and by the action of the moderator o, retards the motion of the hand; at the
same time the corresponding mark s comes in metallic contact with the spring
q, and consequently with the extremity of the line wire, and the other wire
being in contact with the board A, closes the electric circuit. According to
the arrangement of each of these marks (differing for each key), the different
impulses given to the spring q will be transmitted during the time the spring q
touches the key; this latter is kept in the depressed position by the detent or
catch d. The length of the arin is so combined, that in the moment the spring
leaves the key the arm acts against the detent; the key becoming free, rises
by the action of the spring c, Fig. 18.
Another part of my Invention consists of a new key or alphabeth for trans-
mitting dispatches which are wished to be kept secret, that is to say, to be
deciphered only by those who know the key made use of. This alphabet is
represented in Fig. 19, and consists of a tablet b', on which a rule a' may glide
up and down between two grooves c', c'; the tablet b' is divided in a number
of regular squares by means of vertical and horizontal lines, as shown in
Figs. 19 and 20; (Fig. 20 being a transverse cut of the apparatus along the
horizontal lines d', d) in which squares are inscribed the letters of the alpha-
beth or any other characters. The rule a' is also provided with the letters of
the alphabeth employed in Lelegraphic dispatches, and the squares of the rule
are equal in size to those of the tablet, in such manner, that on lowering the

page_text: rule line by line over the tablet there come always letters just opposite a
horizontal line of squares of the tablet. The mode of working of this
apparatus is very simple. Supposing several tablets (the letters of which
do not correspond) be had, each of them having a particular number or
other sign for recognizing the same: in order then to transmit a dispatch,
he who transmits requires only to indicate to the receiving part that he
intends to transmit with the tablet, marked, for instance, No. 17, of
which, consequently, the receiver has to make use for deciphering the dis-
patch. If then it be wished to transmit, for instance, the word PARIS,
the transmitter carries down the rule a' over the tablet b' to the first bori-
zontal line of squares, and sees what letter or sign corresponds in this line of
squares with the letter (P) of the rule; in the Fig. 10 this would be the
letter e.
The rule is then carried down one horizontal line farther, and on
looking what letter in that line corresponds with the second letter (A) of the
dispatch the letter g is found; the rule is again lowered one row further, and
seen what letter corresponds in this third row of squares with the third letter
(R) of the dispatch, and so on, till the entire dispatch is deciphered, which will
be found to consist of the letters e, g, l, g. and 1, which letters are consequently
to be dispatched. The party who receives this dispatch, consisting of the
letters e, g, 1, g, 1. in order to decipher the same has to follow the same
principle as that on which the dispatch was formed, but in the contrary way;
thus, the first letter transmitted being e, he searches for this letter in the first
horizontal row of squares, and finding the same to correspond with the letter P
of the rule, he knows that this letter P forms the first letter of the dispatch;
he then lowers the rule to the second horizontal row of squares, looks for the
second letter transmitted, which is g, and sees the same correspond with the
letter A of the rule, which letter A is consequently the second letter of
the dispatch, and continuing in the same manner, he successively finds the
letters PARI and S. It will be readily understood that in the same manner
every dispatch may be transmitted, and also that the rule having arrived at
the lower extremity of the tablet, the same may be carried up again to the first
row, and continued in the same manner; also, that instead of commencing
with the uppermost line of squares, one may begin with any other line agreed
on beforehand.
I will now describe my improvements in the electro-telegraphic circuit.
When only a single wire is made use of for the interval between two stations
which are at a great distance from each other, one is enabled to transmit
without loss of time from the one to the other station, but the intermediate
stations being out of line cannot attach themselves thereto. If the wire

page_text: happens to become broken in any point, it is moreover extremely difficult to
ascertain the exact point where the interruption took place, and the restoring
becomes excessively difficult and slow. When, on the contrary, a fractional wire
is employed (that is to say one running from station to station) along a long
line, if it is required to put the two end stations in communication with cach
other, one is obliged either to give notice to the several intermediate stations
to form the continuous circuit. or make use of relays, which offers the great
inconvenience of the great multiplicity of the points of metallic contacts giving
rise to an increase in the chances of interruption. My arrangement does away
with both these evils, and requires only a small apparatus, which I call
pulsator, or intermittent contact, of which I now will describe the construction
and mode of working.
The pulsator consists of a wheel R. Fig. 21, receiving a steady continuous
motion from any suitable prime mover; this wheel carries at its periphery a
small tooth or cog D, which by passing, louches one arm of the small bell
crank lever C, the extremity of which arm is in metallic contact with the
prolongation of the line wire F, fixed in an insulated manner in the base plate
of the pulsator. The other arm C' of the lever communicates by a wire to the
coil of an electro-magnet E, the other end of which communicates with the
other end of the line wire. Above the electro-magnet. E is situated a small
contact piece a, of soft iron, fixed to the under side of the lever L. turning on
a fulcrum d, the other arm of which lever is forced upwards by a spring bin
such manner that the free extremity of L may come to bear against the inner
side of the cog D, and thus stop the motion of the wheel R. The mode of
acting of this apparatus will be readily understood. Supposing the electric
circuit be interrupted only at the pulsator, then, as soon as the cog D on
passing over the lever C will have lowered this latter, its extremity coming
in contact with the line wire end K closes the circuit, and the electric
current coming from F passes through K, from there to C and C' to the coil
of the electro-magnet, and from thence to the other line wire end F', but
during this passing of the current the electro-magnet will have attracted the
contact piece a, and consequently lowered the lever arm L, the extremity of
which in this depressed position interfering no more with the cog D of the
wheel R, permits this latter to revolve. Had the circuit been interrupted in
any other point of the line, the current not being allowed any more to act on
the electro-magnet E, the lever L instead of being depressed remains in its
elevated position, and thus prevents the cog D and consequently the wheel R
of revolving till the attendant of the station liberates the same. The form of
this tooth must be so as to prevent the lever arm from descending by itself or

page_text: by the action of the electro-magnet after the end of the same has griped in
the said cog D: this latter, and the wheel R, being stopped, if the circuit be
now closed again, the wire would no more offer any interruption of continuity,
and the electro-magnet E would be again put into action, though for no use
relatively to the lever arm L, as this latter would be prevented from being
attracted.
I now will describe the mode of employing this instrument on a telegraphic
line, for which I will refer to Fig. 22, representing a line provided with this
instrument. Let it be supposed the attendant who has transmitted the last
dispatch has, by means of the commutator, Fig. 23, introduced his own pulsator
in the electric circuit: the result will be, that whether a single battery capable
for working the line be situated at the very end of this latter, or whether
several small batteries be divided all over the line, that is to say, placed at
each of the stations, the current will pass through the entire length of the
line wire at each time the cog D of the pulsator brings the lever C in contact
with the wire K, and that, on the contrary, the circuit will be interrupted
during the time the cog D, making a full turn, resumes its primitive position;
the consequence of which will be, that if the revolving of the wheel R has been
regulated in such manner as to make, for instance, one turn per minute, and
that the passing of the cog D over the lever arm C lasts only one second, the
circuit will be closed every minute, and kept closed during one second.
will be understood that any other suitable interval of time may be made use
of, when the apparatus has to be regulated accordingly. If, thus. Fig. 22
represents a part of a line furnished with my pulsators, Fig. 23 showing the
bolt commulator, with which every station is provided, as well as with the
pulsator. (the commutator permits of establishing at pleasure the communi-
cation with one or both of the neighbouring stations,) let b represent the battery
or the part of the battery for the station.
It
We now will more particularly consider m and r, being respectively- the
manipulator, or transmitting and the receiving apparatusses, which may be of
any desired system. i is the pulsator, and c the commutator: t, the earth wire
communicating with the metal plate imbedded in the earth. In this Figure;
the stations A, B, C, D, E, are represented cach of them to be provided with
two manipulators and receiving apparatusses, in order to show that if 'wished
any station may at the same time receive a dispatch from one side and
send off another the opposite direction. The whole being thus arranged, a
continuous circuit or partial circuits may be established at pleasure in the
following manner: The commutator, which each attendant may work at
pleasure, is provided with different metallic contacts, the position of which
.=

page_text: determines the direction the electric current has to follow. Two of these
contacts, to which are attached (Fig. 23) the ends of two conducting or line
wires, communicate with the pulsator, and bring this latter alternately into the
circuit or out of the same, according to what is required; the communications
between any two stations and the earth is only established when the attendant
has to transmit to the neighbouring stations. In the normal state, when the
line forms an uninterrupted circuit, the intermediate stations are not in com-
munication with the earth, and it is in this position the commutator is repre-
sented in Fig. 23. Observing now the different positions it may take, the
manner of working of the commutator for transmitting to the right or to the
left hand side will be readily understood. It will be seen, that during the time
one station is transmitting or receives, for instance. a dispatch from the right-
hand side, the pulsator works on the portion of the line extending to the
left-hand side, and reciprocally.
It would be entirely superfluous to enter in any further explanations on this
subject, the simple inspection of the tracing will make the mode of working
readily understood. The advantages of this new system are, that when on a tele-
graphic line where two wires are used, viz., one continuous and one fractional,
then by my apparatuses the continuous wire may be replaced by another frac-
tional one, which for ordinary purposes fully answers the functions of a continuous
wire, and without discontinuity in the circuit, and offers besides the advantage
that the automatic and periodical closing and opening of the circuit permits of
doing away with one of the two batteries at the ends of the line. The inter-
ruption in any portion of the line wire will be at once detected by the two stations
between which the accidents took place, and makes consequently the repairing
very easy; besides, the two portions of the broken wire may be at once attached
to the fractional wire of the line, and consequently no delay take place in the
transmitting. The multiplied contacts required in the present moment by the
system of relays causes a great loss of electric force, and consequently increases
the chances of accidental interruptions of contact and irregularities in the
transmission, whereas by my arrangement the continuity of the line wire is
always established. On a line arranged according to my system alarums may
be worked in one or other of the stations without interfering with the other
stations; and the same offers besides the advantage of preventing the transmis-
sion of dispatches between any two secondary or intermediate stations, as it
will only be required to suppress in the stations the communication with the
earth, in which case any signal transmitted by any one of the stations
continues all over the line.
Having now described the nature of my Invention, and the manner of

page_text: performing the same. I wish it to be understood that I do not confine myself
to the shape or form of the apparatusses, as they may be varied, according to
circumstances, or to the precise details herein described, so long as the peculiar
character of either part of the Invention be retained; but what I claim is,-
Firstly, the construction of the improved receiving apparatus, combining the
advantages of a printing and of a dial apparatus. giving the control for the acci-
dental errors which may occur in the transmission, by the regular re-appearing
of the controlling signal at equidistant intervals, offering, moreover, the saving
of the relays or local batteries. this improved receiving apparatus requiring
only the small electric force wanted for working a common dial telegraph.
Secondly, the arrangement of the improved manipulating apparatus,
offering great simplicity, facility, & quickness in working, the attendant not
being obliged to keep the key in the depressed position till the signal is
transmitted.
Thirdly, the peculiar combination and arrangement of the key for trans-
mitting secret dispatches.
Fourthly, the construction and application of my improved commutator and
pulsator, by which the chances of interruption are lessened, time is gained,
and in case of one continuous line one of the end batteries is dispensed with
a line provided with these apparatuses offering a continuous electric circuit,
without partaking of the inconveniences of this latter.
In witness whereof, I. the said Giuseppe Antonio Tremeschini, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Sixteenth day of July, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six.
Witness,
A. G. BRADE.
NGANO MODDALA THM
GIUSEPPE
(...)

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