IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINES FOR SHAPING OR SHARPENING THE TEETH OF SAWS BY MEANS OF ROTARY FILES
Year: 1884

page_text: I, SAMUEL PEARCE WILDING, of the firm of Fell and Wilding, of 23 Rood
Lanc, Fonchurch Street, in the City of London Patent Agents, do hereby declaro
the nature of the said Invention for " IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINES FOR SHAPING
OR SHARPENING THE TEETH OF SAWS BY MEANS OF ROTARY FILES," a com-
munication to me from abroad by William Tucker, Superintendent Machinist, and
Henry Mendel Tower, Machine Manufacturer, both of East Brookfield, in the State
of Massachusetts, United States of North America, to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to improvements in Machines for shaping or sharpening
the teeth of Saws (known as "Saw Filing Machines" and hereinafter so termed)
and that class of Saw filing Machines, in particular, in which rotary Files
are used.
The present Improvements have been embodied in an improved Saw filing
Machine for shaping or sharpening the teeth of Circular Saws, but may in part
be used or embodied in other Saw filing Machines, in which rotary files are or may
be employed.
The principal object of this Invention is to provide for shaping or sharpening
the teeth of Saws in such a way as to obtain the advantages derivable from having
the teeth as perfectly "in truth" and alike as it is possible to make thein by
machinery. To facilitate accomplishing this result, it was deemed advisable to
confine the bevel or "flem," which is common to the teeth of all "cutting off"
Saws, to the front of each tooth. It was discovered that by producing a suitable
bevel or "flem "
on the front of the tooth, and filing the back square across, the
Saw was improved in its cutting, rather than impaired, while the form of tooth-
point thus produced is adapted to preserve its shape much better than the double
bevelled points of the teeth of cutting-off Saws as heretofore shaped. The object
of filing Saw teeth bevelled or "fleining," as is well known, is to form points for
cutting across the fibres of the wood by a shearing cut, and the front of each tooth
alone is effective in this operation. The harsh sound, commonly made in filing Saw
FD 77

page_text: teeth obliquely, as in filing them "fleming," is caused by the teeth of the file
"stubbing" against the salient angles on the one side: On the opposite side, the
angle being obtuse does not catch the file teeth, and the file makes a "wiping"
cut. Said harsh sound, or "chattering" as it is sometimes termed, is not only
disagreeable to hear, but the inharmony of the sound denotes a want of adaptation
in the process, and the file is in fact rapidly destroyed in its production, while the
surface of the work is not as smooth where this stubbing takes place as where the
file has a wiping cut. By means of the present improvements, said improved
Machine is adapted to file saw-teeth "fleming" with a "wiping" cut at all times,
and to space the teeth as truly as in gear-cutting; while the length and shape of the
teeth may be varied, by casily made adjustments of the Machine, so as to suit
different classes of work and the tastes of different users of Saws.
Provision is also made for so clamping circular Saws in the Machine, as to insure
centering each Saw perfectly, so that the circle in which the teeth are formed shall
be absolutely concentric with the "eye" of the Saw; also for centering and trueing
rotary files on their shafts or arbors with the utmost nicety, and at the same time
for giving each file a "solid" bearing, and precluding torsional displacement thereof,
so that the files may be readily set and caused to continue to run in "absolute
truth."
The means, constituting the said Improvements, whereby the results above
named and other ancillary results are accomplished, consist, in brief, First. In
the combination, in a Saw filing Machine, of a vertical spindle furnished with a
Saw-clamp, devices by means of which the operator may raise and lower said
spindle, and rotary files having horizontal axes and located with reference to the
path of the Saw as carried by said spindle, so that the Saw shall be moved sidewise
against the file, instead of edgewise. Secondly, In the combination, in a Saw
filing Machine, of a vertical spindle furnished with a Saw-clamp, devices by means
of which the operator may raise and lower said spindle, a pair of rotary files
having horizontal axes and arranged one above the other so as to act alternately
on a Saw held in said clamp, and a device for supporting the Saw by means of said
spindle, between and out of contact with the files, to afford opportunity for bringing
a fresh interdental notch or pair of teeth in position after each filing operation.
Thirdly. In the combination, in a Saw filing Machine, of a vertical spindle furnished
with a clamp for Circular Saws, and with an index-gear, a horizontal shaft, carrying
at its inner end a worm meshing with said index-gear, and furnished at its outer
end with a hand wheel having stop notches in its periphery, and a spring detent
coacting with said notches, for intermittently rotating the Saw to bring successive
interdental notches or pairs of teeth in position, and for holding the Saw during
the filing operations. Fourthly, In mounting said worm-shaft in a laterally
swinging casting, so as to provide for moving it out of the way when a'finished
Saw is to be removed or a fresh one applied, and in providing a screw-clamp at
the worin end of said casting for keeping the worm uniformly in mesh with said
worm gear while the Machine is working. Fifthly, In the combination, in a Saw
filing Machine, of a pair of rotary files having beveled cutting peripheries and
carried by parallel arbors, means for moving a Circular Saw sidewise, into contact
with the respective files alternately, and means for turning the Saw in its plane of
rotation between its successive contacts with the files, for filing the teeth of
Circular-Saws "fleming," as hereinbefore explained, with the flem confined to the
fronts of the teeth, and formed on opposite sides of alternate teeth.-Sixthly.-In
the combination, in a saw-filing machine, of a pair of rotary files having beveled
cutting peripheries and carried by parallel arbors driven in opposite directions,
means for moving a circular-saw sidewise into contact with the respective files
alternately, and means for turning the saw in its plane of rotation between its
successive contacts with the files, for filing the teeth of circular-saws "fleming,"
without " stubbing as herein before explained.-Seventhly.-In the combination,
in a saw-filing machine, of a vertical spindle carrying the saw-clamp, devices by
means of which the operator may raise and lower said spindle, a pair of rotary

page_text: files carried by horizontal arbors above and below the normal plane of the saw,
and stop-gages which limit the movements of the saw away from said normal
plane, for determining the angle of the front of each saw-tooth relative to the
sides of the saw-Eighthly-In stop-gages for said purposes constructed in the
form of vertical screws having "right" and "left threads respectively, and
angular longitudinal holes to receive a key rod, and arranged in line with each
other so as to be turned by said key-rod simultaneously, for preserving uniformity
of distance from the axes of the respective files.-Ninthly. In a holder for said
stop-gages, attached to the head-frame of the machine by a clamping-screw passing
through a horizontal slot, and united therewith further by a horizontal guide-rib
occupying a matching groove, to render said stop-gages adjustable together
horizontally for saws of different diameters or having teeth of greater or less
length. Tenthly. In the combination, in a saw filing machine, of a horizontal
pedestal-top having a longitudinal slot, and a horizontal plate, supported thereon
and adjustable by means of a vertical pivot and a clamping-screw occupying said
slot, as provision for shifting or adjusting the file-mechanism bodily to suit saws of
different diameters Eleventhly. In the combination in a saw-filing machine of
the said horizontal pedestal-top having a longitudinal slot, the said horizontal plate,
supported thereon and adjustable by means of a vertical pivot and a clamping-
scrow occupying said slot, said plate having a curved slot and a depression in its
upper surface concentric with said pivot, and a sliding nut within said depression
to receive said clamping screw, as means for varying the depth of cut or
the length of the saw teeth, and the angle of cut or shape of the saw teeth, either
or both. Twelfthly.-In the combination, with the said horizontal pedestal-top
and the said horizontal plate adjustable thereon for. depth and angle of cut, of a
screw hole in the upper surface of said plate. and a rib and lug upon the same, a
head frame having a grooved sole fitted to said plate and provided with a lug and
slot, a vertical clamping screw, and a horizontal gage screw, for completing the
simultaneous adjustment of the files as to depth of cut, with the requisite nicety.―
Thirteenthly. In the combination, in a saw filing machine, of a pair of rotary
files carried by horizontal arbors, and arranged one above the other, and means for
adjusting one of said arbors longitudinally to render the cutting points of the
respective files in absolute line with each other in a vertical plane.-Fourteenthly.―
In rotary files and holders for the same of novel construction, each file being in
the form of an annulus of suitable shape in cross-section to form cutting surfaces
which are appropriately toothed or roughened or centrally recessed, or hollow face
and a back provided, with machine-cut radial teeth of vee-shape, the corresponding
holder having its face provided with counterpart radial teeth, and the file and
holder united solidly by a central screw the head of which is sunk within said
hollow face of the file, to facilitate and insure so attaching each file to its shaft or
arbor that the file shall run truly and steadily, and to preclude its torsional
displacement as aforesaid.
FELL & WILDING,
Agents for the Applicant.

page_text: 66
I, SAMUEL PEARCE WILDING, of the firm of Fell and Wilding, formerly of
23 Rood Lane, Fenchurch St., now of 1 Queen Victoria Street, in the City of
London, Patent Agents, do hereby declare the nature of the said invention for
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINES FOR SHAPING OR SHARPENING THE TEETH OF
SAWS BY MEANS OF ROTARY FILES," a communication to me from abroad by
William Tucker, Superintendent Machinist, and Henry Mendel Tower, Machine
Manufacturer, both of East Brookfield, in the State of Massachusetts, United States
of North America, and in what manner the same is to be performed to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement:―
This Invention relates to improvements in machines for shaping or sharpening
the teeth of saws, (known in America as "saw-Filing Machines," and hereinafter so
termed,) and that class of saw-filing machines, in particular, in which rotary files
are used.
The present improvements have been embodied in an improved saw-filing
machine for shaping or sharpening the teeth of circular saws, but may in part be
used or embodied in other saw-filing machines in which rotary files are or may be
employed.
The principal object of this invention is to provide for shaping or sharpening the
teeth of saws in such a way as to obtain the advantages derivable from having the
teeth as perfectly "in truth" and alike as it is possible to make them by machinery.
To facilitate accomplishing this result, it was deemed advisable to confine the bevel
or "flem," which is common to the teeth of all "cutting-off" saws, to the front of
each tooth. It was discovered that by producing, a suitable bevel or flem on the
front of the tooth, and filing the back square across, the saw was improved in its
cutting, rather than impaired, while the form of tooth-point thus produced is
adapted to preserve its shape much better than the double-beveled points of the
teeth of cutting-off saws as heretofore shaped. The object of filing saw-teeth
beveled or "fleming," as is well known, is to form points for cutting across the
fibers of the wood by a shearing cut, and the front of each tooth alone is effective in
this operation. The harsh sound commonly made in filing saw-teeth obliquely, as
in filing them fleming, is caused by the teeth of the file "stubbing" against the
salient angles on the one side. Ou the opposite side, the angle being obtuse does
not catch the file-teeth, and the file makes a "wiping" cut. Said harsh sound, or
'chattering" as it is sometimes termed, is not only disagreeable to hear, but the
inharmony of the sound denotes a want of adaptation in the process, and the file is
in fact rapidly destroyed in its production, while the surface of the work is not as
smooth where this stubbing takes place as where the file has a wiping cut. By
means of the present improvements, said improved machine is adapted to file saw-
teeth "Beming" with a "wiping" cut at all times, and to space the teeth as truly
as in gear-cutting; while the length and shape of the teeth may be varied, by easily
made adjustments of the machine, so as to suit different classes of work and the
tastes of different users of saws.
25
Provision is also made for so clamping circular-saws in the machine as to insure
centering each saw perfectly, so that the circle in which the teeth are formed shall
be absolutely concentric with the "eye" of the saw; also for centering and trueing
rotary files on their shafts or arbors with the utmost nicety, and at the same time
giving each file a "solid" bearing, and precluding torsional displacement thereof,
so that the files may be readily set and caused to continue to run in “absolute
truth,"

page_text: The means, constituting the said improvements, whereby the results above-named
and other ancillary results are accomplished, consists, in brief, First-In the
combination, in a saw-filing machine, of a vertical spindle furnished with a saw-
clamp, devices by means of which the operator may raise and lower said spindle,
and rotary files having horizontal axes and located with reference to the path of
the saw as carried by said spindle, so that the saw shall be moved sidewise against
the file, instead of edgewise. Secondly-In the combination, in a saw-filing
machine, of a vertical spindle furnished with a saw-clamp, devices by means of
which the operator may raise and lower said spindle, a pair of rotary files having
horizontal axes and arranged one above the other so as to act alternately on a saw
held in said clamp, and a device for supporting the saw by means of said spindle
between and out of contact with the files, to afford opportunity for bringing a fresh
interdental notch or pair of teeth in position after each filing operation. Thirdly-
In the combination, in a saw-filing machine, of a vertical spindle furnished with a
clamp for circular saws, and with an index-gear, a horizontal shaft carrying at its
inner end a worm meshing with said index-gear, and furnished at its outer end
with a hand-wheel having stop-notches in its periphery, and a spring-detent
coacting with said notches, for intermittently rotating the saw to bring successivo
interdental notches or pairs of teeth in position, and for holding the saw during the
filing operations. Fourthly-In mounting said worm-shaft in a laterally swinging
casting, so as to provide for moving it out of the way when a finished saw is to be
removed or a fresh one applied, and in providing a screw-clamp at the worm end
of said casting for keeping the worm uniformly in mesh with said worm-gear while
the machine is working. Fifthly-In the combination, in a saw-filing machine, of
a pair of rotary files having beveled cutting peripheries and carried by parallel
arbors, means for moving a circular-saw sidewise into contact with the respective
files alternately, and means for turning the saw in its plane of rotation between its
successive contacts with the files, for filing the teeth of circular-saws "fleming," as
hereinbefore explained, with the flem confined to the fronts of the teeth, and formed
on opposite sides of alternate teeth. Sixthly-In the combination, in a saw-filing
machine, of a pair of rotary files having beveled cutting peripherics and carried by
parallel arbors driven in opposite directions, means for moving a circular-saw
sidewise into contact with the respective files alternately, and means for turning
the saw in its plane of rotation between its successive contacts with the files, for
filing the teeth of circular-saws "fleming," without "stubbing," as herein before
explained. Seventhly-In the combination, in a saw-filing machine, of a vertical
spindle carrying the saw clamp, devices by means of which the operator may raise
and lower said spindle, a pair of rotary files carried by horizontal arbors above and
below the normal plane of the saw, and stop-gages which limit the movement of
the saw away from said normal plane, for determining the angle of the front of each
saw-tooth relative to the sides of the saw. Eighthly-In stop-gages for said
purpose constructed in the form of vertical screws having "right" and "left"
threads respectively, and angular longitudinal holes to receive a key-rod, and
arranged in line with each other so as to be turned by said key-rod simultaneously,
for preserving uniformity of distance from the axes of the respective files.
Ninthly In a holder for said stop-gages, attached to the head-frame of the
machine by a clamping-screw passing through a horizontal slot, and united
therewith further by a horizontal guide-rib occupying a matching groove, to render
said stop-gages adjustable together horizontally for saws of different diameters or
having teeth of greater or less length. Tenthly-In the combination, in a saw-
filing machine, of a horizontal pedestal-top having a longitudinal slot, and a
horizontal plate, supported thereon and adjustable by means of a vertical pivot and
a clamping-screw occupying said slot, as provision for shifting or adjusting the file-
mechanism bodily to suit saws of different diameters. Eleventhly-In the combi-
nation, in a saw-filing machine, of the said horizontal pedestal-top having a
longitudinal slot, the said horizontal plate supported thereon and adjustable by
means of a vertical pivot and a clamping-screw occupying said slot, said plate
"

page_text: having a curved slot and a depression in its upper surface concentric with said
pivot, and a sliding nut within said depression to receive said clamping-screw, as
means for varying the depth of cut, or the length of the saw-teeth, and the angle of
cut, or shape of the saw-teeth, either or both. Twelfthly-In the combination,
with the said horizontal pedestal-top and the said horizontal plate adjustable
thereon for depth and angle of cut, of a screw-hole in the upper surface of said
plate and a rib and lug upon the same, a head-frame having a grooved sole fitted
to said plate and provided with a lug and slot, a vertical clamping-screw, and a
horizontal gage-screw, for completing the simultaneous adjustment of the files as
to depth of cut with the requisite nicety. Thirteenthly-In the combination, in a
saw-filing machine, of a pair of rotary files carried by horizontal arbors, and arranged
one above the other, and means for adjusting one of said arbors longitudinally to
render the cutting points of the respective files in absolute line with each other
in a vertical plane. Fourteenthly-In rotary files and holders for the same of
novel construction, each file being in the form of an annulus of suitable shape in
cross-section to form cutting surfaces which are appropriately toothed or roughened,
a centrally recessed or hollow face and a back provided with machine-cut radial
teeth of vee-shape, the corresponding holder having its face provided with counter-
part radial teeth and the file and holder united solidly by a central screw the head
of which is sunk within said hollow face of the file, to facilitate and insure so
attaching each file to its shaft or arbor that the file shall run truly and steadily,
and to preclude its torsional displacement, as aforesaid.
Two Sheets of Drawings accompany this Specification as part thereof.
Figure 1 of these Drawings (Sheet 1) is a front view of the aforesaid Saw-Filing
Machine, and Figs. 1ª and 1b are cross-sections on the lines a-a b-b Fig. 1;
Fig. 2, (Sheet 2,) is another side view of the machine from a different standpoint,
with a part removed, Fig. 2a is a perspective view of this part, and Fig. 2b is a
fragmentary vertical section in a parallel plane; Fig. 3, (Sheet 1,) is a top view of
the machine as seen in Fig. 1, Figs. 3a and 3b are respectively a vertical section
and a top view of a part detached, and Fig. 3° is a plan view of the top of the
pedestal of the machine; Fig. 4, (Sheet 2,) is a sectional top view of the machine
as seen in Fig. 2, Fig. 4a is a fragmentary section in a parallel plane, and Fig. 4*
is a diagrammatic top view of the files and a fragment of the saw in full and
dotted lines on a larger scale, illustrating the adjustments of the files, or the effects
of their several adjustments; Fig. 5, (Sheet 1,) is a back view of the head of the
machine, illustrating another feature of its operation, Fig. 5a is a view of a
portion of the same showing its right-hand edge as viewed in Fig. 5, with a gage-
adjusting key-rod in place, Fig. 5b is a separate top view of the gage attachment
detached, Fig. 5* is a diagrammatic back view of the files with sections of the
saw in dotted lines, on the same scale as Fig. 4, illustrating said feature more
fully, and Fig. 5 is a face view on this scale of a fragment of a finished saw,
showing the form of teeth produced by providing the front edge only of each tooth
with a bevel or flem and reversing this on alternate teeth as aforesaid; Fig. 6,
(Sheet 2,) is an edge view of one of the files and its holder half in dection, on a
still larger scale, and Figs. 6 and 6b are face views of the file and its holder,
respectively, on the same scale as Fig. 6.
Like letters of reference indicate corresponding parts in all the figures.
The moving parts of the machine are supported by a pedestal, A, of cast-iron.
This is cast hollow, with walls of sufficient thickness to give it the required solidity
and strength, and has a tubular column extending to a convenient height, and a
circular base of considerable area to give it steadiness upon the floor. A wing, A²,
cast on one side of the pedestal A, at its upper end, has a vertical bore, which
receives a tubular slide, B, within which a spindle, C, is free to rotate. A horizontal
sleeve-bearing, A³, tangential to said vertical slide, supports a horizontal rock-
shaft, D, having at its respective ends a hand-lever, D', and a pinion, D³, the latter
meshing with a rack, B', formed in the back of said slide, as seen in Fig. 1b.
Provision is thus made for raising and lowering said spindle C without interfering

page_text: '
with its rotation. An adjustable spline, a, with set-screws a¹ a¹ acting thereon, as
seen in Figs. 1 and 1a, provides at once for preventing any rotation of the slide B
and limiting its reciprocation, and also for tightening the slide so as to adapt the
same, with its load, and that of said spindle C, to remain in different positions to
which they are moved. To counter-balance the weight of said hand-lever D¹ in
its different positions, an adjustable weight, D³, is mounted on an arm projecting
from the hub of the hand-lever D¹, as seen in Figs. 1 and 3, being provided with a
set-screw, b', for fastening it. A collar, c, on the lower end of the spindle C,
secures it within the slide B.
The upper end of said spindle C is provided in a customary way with a circular-
saw clamp, E, E², and in addition thereto is provided above the clamp with an
index-worm-gear, F, and with a hand-wheel nut, G, above the latter, for tightening
the saw-clamp upon the saw-plate, and uniting said index-gear therewith, so that
the saw may be rotated through the medium of said index-gear. A steady-pin
connecting the index-gear with the subjacent collar or part of the saw-clamp E E³,
may be used as an additional safeguard when large saws are to be filed; but the
friction between the tightened parts is ample for ordinary work, and the omission
of steady-pins greatly facilitates adjusting the saws preparatory to the filing
operations. Within the saw-clamp E E³, as shown in Fig. 2b, a trueing-cone, t,
slides on the spindle C; having a cylindrical bore fitted to the latter, and a screw-
neck, t, at its lower end which works in a counterpart internal screw, u', in the
bottom of the lower clamp-disc E2, so that it may be screwed down within the
"eye" e of the "saw" or saw-blank, S, to center the saw, so that the circle of saw-
teeth shall be absolutely concentric with said eye. Changeable washers, w¹, w³,
Figs. 1, 2, 2b, above and below the saw-clamp, compensate for differences in the
thicknesses of different saws.
"
The index-gear F has one tooth for every two teeth of the saw-pattern corre-
sponding therewith, and is meshed by a worm, F, adapted to turn said index-
gear the distance of one tooth for each revolution of the worm.
This worm is
carried by the inner end of a horizontal shaft, H, Fig. 4, which is mounted in a
laterally-swinging support, formed by a casting, and comprising a hollow arm, I,
which incloses the shaft, and a vertical pivot, I', near its outer end. By turning said
support on the axis of said pivot the worm may be swung clear of the index-gear
and saw, as indicated by dotted lines in Fig. 4. Provision is thus made for intro-
ducing and removing the saw, and also for applying if required, a larger or smaller
index-gear suited to a different pattern of saw. Said pivot I', or a circumferential
groove therein, is engaged by a set-screw, c', tappe 1 into the side of the vertical
socket that holds said pivot, as seen in Fig. 1 and 2, which socket is formed at the
outer end of a horizontal arm, B2, projecting from the slide B at its upper end. To
provide for securely locking the worm F¹ in mesh with the index-gear F after a
saw is introduced, said casting has another arm, I, beneath said hollow arm I,
terminating in a fork, f, below said worm F¹; a short neck, n¹, is formed on said
arm B concentric with the spindle C, and a stay-rod, J, is pivotally coupled to
said neck by a ring at one end thereof, and its other extremity, is screw-threaded and
provided with a knob-nut, k, to engage with said fork fas best seen in Fig. 4º.
By turning back said knob-nut, the loosened stay-rod can be swung to one side to
release the swinging support, and when re-engaged with the fork, and retightened,
the screw-clamp so formed keeps the worm-gearing properly intermeshed.
A hand-wheel, H³, applied to the outer end of said shaft H, provides for rotating
the latter, and therethrough said worm F, and is constructed with a pair of
notches, nn, in its periphery to engage with a spring-detent, d, in the form of a
vertical pin having a double beveled upper end to engage with said notches, and
projected by a spiral spring beneath its lower end, (See Fig. 1.) This detent and
its spring are accommodated within and supported by a projection cast on sail vertical
pivot I, so that its position with reference to said sleeve I, which supports said
shaft H, is the same at all times; or, in other words, is not disturbed by swinging
‘the worm F¹ out of mesh, or by the use of index-gears of different diameters. Said
-

page_text: detent & serves to check the rotation of the hand-wheel H sufficiently to facilitate
stopping it at every half turn, and the saw may thus be moved the distance of one
tooth, and held steadily at this point while the corresponding interdental notch is
being filed, and so on around until the filing is completed.
Immediately above said wing A² the column of the pedestal A terminates in a
horizontal flat wing, A*, forming its top, which is seen fully exposed in Fig. 3c.
This top has a vertical longitudinal slot, 8, extending in the form of a deep groove
across the top of said column, which slot receives a screw, d', inserted from below
upward into a nut, n², Figs. 3ª, 3b, in a pivotal horizontal plate, K, said nut
occupying a curved depression, d², in the top of said plate, coinciding with a curved
slot, 82, through which said screw d¹ passes. A pivotal stud-pin, p, projects from
one corner of said plate into said slots of the pedestal-top A4, and coacts with said
screw d to prevent lateral displacement of the plate, while by means of said screw
the plate is readily clamped upon the pedestal-top in different positions.
A guide-rib, 7, and a drilled and tapped lug, l, on the top of said plate K, and a
screw-hole, h, therein, as seen in Figs. 30, 3b, provide for supporting and adjusting
there-upon a superposed head-frame or stock, L, of L-shape in vertical cross-
section. The upright portion of this head-frame is provided with bearings for a
pair of horizontal spindles or arbors, M M², and these arbors carry at one end of the
head the files N 'N³, while at the other end of the head they are united by
gearing M³, consisting of a pair of spur-wheels of equal diameter, and the upper
arbor is elongated and provided with a grooved pulley, M', which receives a
driving-band from a convenient line-shaft. The files N N³, are thus rotated in
opposite directions with uniform speed.
A screw, e¹, passes downward through a slot, 83, in the horizontal portion of said
head-frame L into said screw-hole h in the plate K; and a horizontal screw f¹
passing through said lug l, parallel with said guide-rib r on said plate K, impinges
à lug, %, on said horizontal portion of the head-frame L, and provides for moving
the latter in line with said guide-rib, which is embraced by a groove in the sole of
the head-frame, to vary the depth of cut, or, in other words, to adjust the files N N°
for cutting more or less deeply into the saw-plate.
The cutting-points of the respective files N N are located in one and the same
vertical line, and substantially in line with said pivot-pin p, upon which the base-
plate K swings when the curved slot 83 therein is utilized for adjusting the files to
vary the shape of cut which they will produce, or, in other words, to provide for
producing saw-teeth of different shapes, or more or less "hooking," as required. It
is absolutely necessary that the cutting-points of the files should be in line, as above
stated, to render the respective sides of tho filed saws alike. In order to bring
them into line by adjustment, in case there should be any difference in original
thickness or wear in the two files, or any imperfection in adjustment in any of the
parts which would disarrange the files with reference to their alignment, as afore-
said, one of said arbors, M M2-the lower arbor, M³, in the example-is made
adjustable. The means by which this is accomplished are best shown in Figs. 2,
2, and 4. The bearings on the face of the head-frame L, in which the arbors M M³
are held, as aforesaid, are formed in part by caps, O O2, attached by screws, and
provided with Babbitt-metal linings. Now, said lower arbor, M2, is constructed
with a circumferential groove g³, within its bearing, formed in part by said cap O,
and the Babbitt-metal lining of said cap O, being cast around said arbor, is pro-
vided with a corresponding rib, 2, Fig. 2, which rib, when the cap O is in place,
occupies said groove g³. A slot, s', in the cap O, to receive its attaching-screw g²,
provides for adjusting the cap longitudinally with reference to the length of the
arbors, and by so shifting it said lower arbor, M2, and therewith the lower, file, N³,
are adjusted with reference to the upper arbor and file, MN, as may be required,
to render the cutting-points of the two files absolutely in line with each other.
+46
The files N N are preferably made from drop-forgings of steel, with a flat
outer face and a single-beveled periphery on each. These surfaces are file-cut,
“right” and “left" on the respective files, and together form salient cutting-edges,

page_text: and are adapted to cut interdental notches with sides at an angle of sixty degrees
more or less. The back of each filo, N N³, as illustrated by Figs. 6 6, is furnished
with machine-cut radial teeth of V-shape, and a "holder," N', having its face pro-
vided with counterpart teeth, as shown in Figs. 6 6b, is formed on, or it may be
attached to, the outer end of its arbor M or M2, and the file is clamped thereto by
a strong axial screw, m¹, Fig. 6, accommodated by a screw-tapped bore in the
holder, a central hole in the file, and a head-inclosing recess in the face of the
latter, as clearly shown in said Figs. 6 6 6. The object as aforesaid, is to center
each file perfectly on its arbor, and at the same time to render its. face absolutely
at right-angles to the axis of the arbor, and the fastening tight or solid, so that
the file shall run truly and steadily, and its torsional displacement be prevented.
A pair of stop-gages, P, P, determine the vertical movement of the saw-blank
or saw S in the saw-filing operations, and thus determine its contacts with the
respective files, and the resultant transverse angles of the fronts or cutting-edges
of the saw-teeth or their angles relative to the sides of the saw, as illustrated by
Figs. 5 5. Said stop-gages as shown are in the form of vertical screws, having
right and left threads respectively, fitted to corresponding internal screws, v
Fig. 5b, in line with each other in a holder, Q, and have angular longitudinal
holes, k, Fig. 5, to receive a key-rod, K¹, Fig. 5*, for adjusting both gages toward
or away from each other simultaneously and equally, so as to preserve uniformity
of distance from the axes of the respective files as aforesaid, in adjusting the
stop-gages for different lengths of vertical movement of the saw, as illustrated by
arrows vv Fig. 5. This is accomplished moreover by these means with the greatest
nicety. Should there be any variation in the files or in tho saw-clamps or any of
their appurtenances, rendering independent vertical adjustment of either of the
stop-gages desirable, this can obviously be easily accomplished, but ordinarily the
desideratum is to adjust both equally. The gage-attachment composed of said
stop-gages and holder, shown detached in Fig. 5b, is attached to the back of the
head-frame L, as clearly shown in Figs. 5, 5", by a clamping-crew, h¹, accommodated
by a longitudinal slot s³, Fig. 5, in the holder, and a coinciding planed projection
on its outer side; while a longitudinal guide-rib, rl, Figs. 5 5b, on the back of the
holder, and a counterpart groove, l', in the back of the head-frame co-operato
therewith to limit the longitudinal movement permitted by said slot 8' to a per-
fectly horizontal path. By these means the pair of stop-gages are adjusted
simultaneously and equally in a horizontal direction, as illustrated by arrows u
Fig. 5, when this is required to accommodate them to saws of different diameters
or different lengths of saw-teeth, as aforesaid.
The operation of the machine as a whole may be stated as follows: The hand-
wheel nut G having been unscrewed from the upper end of the spindle C, and the
index-gear F with the upper half of the saw-clamp E E removed from the spindle,
a saw-blank or "saw," S, is adjusted upon the lower disc of said saw-clamp by
means of the truing cone t, Fig. 2b, the upper clamp-disc with said index-gear is
replaced, and said hand-wheel nut is applied and tightened so as to render all
these parts frictionally united for rotation together. The worm F¹ is now. swung
from the position indicated by the dotted line 1º in Fig. 4 into mesh with the
index-gear F, and held in mesh by interlocking the knob-nut k of the stay-rod J
with the fork of the lower arm I' of the swinging support of said worn, as shown
in Fig. 4, and the spindle C is moved vertically, if necessary, by means of the
hand-lever D', through the pinion D³, rack B¹, and slide B, to bring the saw to its
central or normal position, wherein it is sustained by the counter-weight D³,
adjusted if necessary, by means of the set-screw b¹, and by the frictional device a a¹.
In this position of the saw S, represented in Figs. 1 and 2 and by full lines in
Fig. 5, it is out of contact with both of the files N N'.
The files are now adjusted, if necessary, with reference to the diameter of the
saw and the desired shape of saw-teeth, as indicated, respectively, by arrows z
and y, Fig. 4, by loosening the screw di from beneath the pedestal-top A* and
shifting the base-plato K, and therewith the head-frame L, carrying, the files and

page_text: file-gear toward the saw, said movement being permitted by said slot s, Fig. 3º,
and then adjusting the head-frame L, and therewith the files N N³, after loosening
said screw e¹, and by the aid of said pivot p and slot s², Figs. 3, 3b, so that the
files shall stand at the proper angle to produce such shape of teeth, as illustrated by
full and dotted lines at the right in Fig. 4*, after which said screw d' is re-tightened.
The head-frame L, and therewith the files N N³, may now be adjusted so as to
obtain with all requisite nicety the exact depth of cut for the length of saw-teeth
desired, as illustrated by full and dotted lines at the left in said Fig. 4, and by
arrows in Fig. 4. This adjustment, it will be seen, is in line with the faces of
the files, so that it does not vary the shape of teeth produced by the latter, and
is effected by sliding the head-frame L upon said guide-rib r with the aid of the
gage-screw f¹. The clamp-screw e¹ may now be tightened. If the respective files
appear to be out of line with each other vertically to the least extent, said screw gl
is loosened, and the lower file, N³, is adjusted, as aforesaid, by means of said slotted
and internally-ribbed cap, O, and the grooved arbor M2, as indicated by arrows w
in Fig. 4. The stop-gages P P may next be adjusted by means of the key-rod K',
Fig. 5, so as to set the gages the proper distance apart, as indicated by arrows vv
Fig. 5, with or without adjusting them horizontally by means of the screw h¹ and
slotted and ribbed holder Q, Figs. 5 5* 5b, as illustrated by arrows u, Fig. 5, so
as to locate them properly for the diameter of the saw and the length of its teeth.
The adjustment of the stop-gages by said key-rod limits more or less the vertical
movement of the saw S, and thus determines the degree of bevel or flem given to
the saw-teeth, or permits them to be filed with a square front if a rip-saw" is
being filed, as illustrated by Fig. 5*. Referring to this figure, it will be seen that
if the movement of the saw be limited, as indicated by arrows 1 in this figure, so
that its edge comes in contact with the files near the inner points of their circum-
ferences, a flat bevel or flem will be produced. If the movement of the saw be
greater, as indicated by arrows 2; the bevel will be more obtuse or blunt: and if
the movement be that represented by arrows 3, so that the saw reaches the mid-line
of each file, the teeth will be filed square in front, as well as upon their backs.
The back of each saw-tooth is square in all cases, as aforesaid, being formed by the
entering edges of the files, as seen in Fig. 4, the front edge of each file, which
forms or supports said cutting-edge, being vertical and parallel with said vertical
slide B, which carries said spindle C, and therewith the saw-clamp and saw.
The operator now stands with his left hand on the handle of the hand-wheel H¹,
and with his right hand grasps the upper end of the hand-lever D'. With the
latter, through the medium of the said rock-shaft D, pinion D, and rack B', he
elevates or lowers the vertical slide B, and therewith the saw-clamp E E* and
saw S, bringing the latter into contact with one of the files N N³,
Bay the upper
file, N. The latter enters an interdental space of the saw-edge, and by means of its
outer edge cuts into the saw-plate for the desired depth of tooth, and by its
peripheral cutting-surface, forms the front of the succeeding tooth, with the desired
flem or square as may be desired. This operation is properly limited by the stop-
gage P. The hand-lever D' is now brought again into vertical position, and while
it is held there the operator gives the hand-wheel H a half-turn with the aid of its
stop-notches n n and the spring-detent d, and, through the medium of the shaft H,
worm F1, index-gear F, and clamp E E², rotates the saw S, said spindle C turning
freely therewith. The saw is thus moved the space of one tooth, and is now
ready to be brought into contact with the other file, N2, and is moved in this
direction until its motion is arrested by the stop-gage P. Supposing that the
hand-wheel His turned to the right as indicated by the arrow thereon in Fig. 1,
the, saw S is turned in the direction of the arrow thereon in Fig. 4, and at the
second operation above stated, the back of another tooth is formed by means of the
outer edge of said file N', while the periphery of the file shapes the front of that
tooth the back of which was formed at the preceding operation.
The hand-wheel may in practice be turned either way as may be most
.convenient for the operator, and it is only necessary to turn the saw a complete

page_text: revolution, giving it a rest each time the detent d enters a stop-notch, n, and
bringing the saw S into contact with the continuously-driven files N N' alternately
at or during the respective rests of the saw, in order to furnish the saw with a
complete set of mechanically-true teeth, of uniform depth and shape, with square
backs, and with their bevel or flein, if the saw be a cutting-off.saw, reversed on
alternate teeth, so as to render the saw perfectly balanced as to lateral strain, as
shown in Fig. 5³.
Modifications are proposed as follows: The hand-wheel H₁ may have any
preferred number of stop-notches n, or indents of other forms, the index-gears F
and detent & being correspondingly modified, and equivalents of other parts and
details may be used, or some of the described improvements may be omitted
in machines embodying the remainder, without departing from the spirit of tho
Invention.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is:
In a saw-filing machine :-
1. The combination, substantially as hereinbefore specified, of a vertical spindle
furnished with a saw-clamp, devices by means of which the operator may raise and
lower said spindle, and rotary files having horizontal axes and located with reference
to the path of the saw-plate as carried by said spindle so that the saw shall be
moved sidowise against the edges of the files.
2. The combination with the parts named in Claim 1 of the within described
friction-device and counter-balance or their mechanical equivalents, for supporting
the saw by means of the spindle between a pair of rotary files arranged ono above
the other, to provide for feeding the saw after each filing operation.
3. The within described combination, with a vertical spindle furnished with a
clamp for circular saws and with an index-gear, of a horizontal shaft carrying a
worm and hand-wheel, the latter provided with stop-notches, and a spring detent
coacting with said stop-notches, for intermittently rotating the saw to bring
successivo interdental notches or pairs of teeth into position, and for holding the
saw during the filing operations.
4. A laterally swinging support for said worm-shaft, to provide for moving it out
of the way when a saw is to be applied or removed, in combination with a screw-
clamp for releasing said support and refastening it, substantially as hereinbefore
specified, with reference to Figs. 1 2 2b 4 and 4.
5. The combination, substantially as hereinbefore specified, of a pair of rotary
files having beveled cutting peripheries, and carried by parallel arbors, means for
moving a circular-saw sidewise into contact with the respective files alternately,
and means for turning the saw in its plane of rotation between its successive
contacts with the files, for filing the teeth of circular-saws "fleming," with the flem
or bevel confined to the fronts of the teeth and formed on opposite sides of alternato
teeth, as illustrated by Figs. 5* 5*,
6. The combination of parts claimed in Claim 5, with the respective files driven
in opposite directions, whereby the teeth of circular-saws may be filed fleming as
aforesaid, without "stubbing," as herein before explained.
7. In combination with the parts named in Claim 5, a pair of stop-gages which
limit the vertical movements of the saw, or its contacts with the respective files, for
determining the transverse angles of the front of each saw-tooth as fiereinbefore set
forth with reference to Figs. 5 5* 5².
8. The within described stop-gages in the form of vertical screws having right
and left threads respectively, and angular longitudinal holes, in line with each
other, to receive a key-rod, by turning which they may consequently be adjusted
as to distance apart simultaneously and equally, substantially as hereinbefore set
forth with reference to Figs. 5 5b and arrows vv Fig. 5.
9. In combination with said stop-gages in the form of vertical screws, the
within described holder therefor attached to the head-frame of the machine by

page_text: a clamping-scrow passing through a horizontal slot, and united therewith further
by a horizontal guide-rib occupying a matching groove, to render said stop-gages
adjustable horizontally for saws of different diameters or having teeth of greater or
less length, substantially as herein before described with reference to Figs. 5 5ª 5b
and arrows u Fig. 5.
10. The combination, substantially as hereinbefore specified, of a horizontal
pedestal-top having a longitudinal slot, and a horizontal plate supported there
on and adjustable by means of a vertical pivot and a clamping-screw occupying
said slot, as provision for shifting or adjusting the file mechanism bodily, as
illustrated by arrows z Fig. 4, to suit saws of different diameters.
11. The combination of parts named in Claim 10, said plate having a curved slot
and a depression in its upper surface concentric with said pivot, with a sliding nut
within said depression to receive said clamping-screw, as means for varying the
depth of cut or the length of the saw-teeth, and the angle of cut or shape of the
saw-teeth, either or both, as hereinbefore set forth with reference to Figs. 4 4* and
arrowszy Fig. 4.
:
12. In combination with the parts named in Claims 10 and 11, said plate having
furthermore a screw-hole in its upper surface and a guide-rib and lug upon the
same, a head-frame having a grooved sole fitted to said plate, and provided with a
lug and slot, a vertical clamping-screw, and a horizontal gage-screw, for completing
the simultaneous adjustment of the files as to depth of cut with the requisite nicety,
as herein before set forth with reference to Figs. 4 4x and arrows a Fig. 4.
13. A pair of rotary files carried by horizontal arbors and arranged one above
the other, with means for adjusting one of said arbors longitudinally to render the
cutting points of the respective files in absolute line with each other in a vertical
plane, as herein before set forth with reference to Figs. 2 2 4 and arrows w Fig. 4.
14. The combination of peculiarly constructed rotary files and holders for the
same, and axial clamping-screws, substantially as hereinbefore specified with
reference to Figs. 6 6 Gb, to facilitate and insure so attaching each file to its
arbor or shaft that the file shall run truly and steadily, and to preclude its
torsional displacement, as aforesaid.
Dated this 10th day of December 1884