AN IMPROVED COMPOSITION APPLICABLE TO THE MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS, ARTIFICIAL STONE, AND VARIOUS ARTICLES CAPABLE OF BEING MOULDED OR PRESSED INTO FORM
Year: 1868

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Oliver Cromwell Setchell, of Commercial Road,
in the County of Surrey, Gentleman, for the Invention of "AN
IMPROVED COMPOSITION APPLICABLE TO THE MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS,
ARTIFICIAL STONE, AND VARIOUS ARTICLES CAPABLE OF BEING MOULDED OR
PRESSED INTO FORM."
Sealed the 16th February 1869, and dated the 24th August 1868.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Oliver Cromwell Setchell
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 24th August 1868.
I, OLIVER CROMWELL SETCHELL, of Commercial Road, in the County
of Surrey, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "AN IMPROVED COMPOSITION APPLICABLE TO THE MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS,
ARTIFICIAL STONE, AND VARIOUS ARTICLES CAPABLE OF BEING MOULDED OR PRESSED
INTO FORM," to be as follows:-
The improved composition which forms the subject of my Invention,
and which is applicable to the manufacture of bricks, artificial stone,
and various articles which are capable of being moulded or pressed into
form may have for its base or principal ingredient any hard substance,

page_text: such as gravel, broken stone, burnt clay, broken bricks, tiles or pottery,
the debris of slate and stone quarries, slag, scoria, cinders, or other hard
and indestructible substance.
The object of the Invention is to cause the broken and disintegrated
fragments of these substances to firmly adhere together and form a hard
conglomerate, which may be used for the manufacture of various articles,
principally bricks or blocks, which may be used in building.
In order to cause the materials to adhere together I add to the broken
hard substance which is to form the base of the concrete mass about
one twenty-fourth part by measure of Portland cement, to which may
be added about one half the quantity of iron filings or turnings, or the
crushed slag or cinder from ironworks. These ingredients are wetted and
mixed with a weak solution of muriatic acid. When the ingredients
are well mixed they may be moulded in the ordinary manner with the
addition of pressure to consolidate them.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Oliver Cromwell Setchell in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 24th February 1869.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, OLIVER
CROMWELL SETCHELL, of Commercial Road, in the County of Surrey,
Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-fourth day of August, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, in the thirty-
second year of Her reign, did, for- Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Oliver Cromwell Setchell, Her special
licence that I, the said Oliver Cromwell Setchell, my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Oliver Cromwell Setchell,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel, Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "Ax
IMPROVED COMPOSITION APPLICABLE TO THE MANUFACTURE OF BRICES, ARTIFICIAL

page_text: STONE, AND VARIOUS ARTICLES CAPABLE OF BEING MOULDED OR PRESSED INTO
FORM," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Oliver
Cromwell Setchell, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in
writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should par-
ticularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and
in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be
filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Oliver Cromwell Setchell, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement (that is to say) :-
The improved composition which forms the subject of my Invention,
and which is applicable to the manufacture of bricks, artificial stone,
and various articles which are capable of being moulded or pressed into
form may have for its base or principal ingredient any hard substance,
such as gravel, broken stone, burnt clay, broken bricks, tiles or pottery,
the debris of slate and stone quarries, slag, scoria, cinders, or other hard
and indestructible substances.
The object of the Invention is to cause the broken and disintegrated
fragments of these substances to firmly adhere together and form a hard
conglomerate, which may be used for the manufacture of various articles,
principally bricks or blocks of any suitable form or pattern, and which
may be used for building purposes..
In order to cause the materials to adhere together I add to the broken
hard substance which is to form the base of the concrete mass about one
twenty-fourth part by measure of Portland cement, to which may be
added about one half the quantity of iron filings or turnings, or the
crushed slag or cinder from ironworks.
In carrying out my Invention I prefer to use the following propor-
tions for the several ingredients:-Burnt clay, one cubic yard; of slag,
scoria, or cinders from ironworks (with which may be mixed iron filings
or turnings if there be not enough metal already contained in the
slag) I take one cubic foot; I grind up these ingredients together and
add thereto one bushel of Portland cement or two bushels of hydraulic
lime if the Portland cement cannot be conveniently obtained. When
the cement or lime has been perfectly mixed and incorporated with the
other ingredients the mass must be wetted with a solution of hydrochloric

page_text: acid of the strength of one quart of acid to one gallon of water.
When
the mass has been thoroughly damped with the acid solution the ingre-
dients may be moulded into any desired form in metal or other strong
moulds, in which the compound is to be subjected to very heavy pressure
in order to consolidate the ingredients. To effect the desired object I
find it necessary to use a pressure of from one to two tons on the square
inch, and not merely a pressure sufficient to force the ingredients into
the mould to produce the desired form. This heavy pressure will
consolidate the compound, and in a day or two the articles will be found
as hard as real stone and quite as indestructible, whereas, if a heavy
pressure be not used the articles, although moulded into form, will not
be sufficiently strong and coherent to resist rough usage. It will
hardly be necessary to observe that when gravel, broken stone, or sand
is used as the basis of the compound it will not require so much wetting
as burnt clay or pulverized bricks, as these latter materials are more
porous and absorbent than gravel.
Having now described my Invention of "An Improved Composition
applicable to the Manufacture of Bricks, Artificial Stone, and various
Articles capable of being Moulded or Pressed into Form," and having
explained the manner of carrying the same into effect, I claim as the
Invention secured to me by the herein-before in part recited Letters
Patent, forming bricks, artificial stone, and other analogous articles of
a compound consisting of any suitable hard substance, such as those
above mentioned, as a base combined with Portland cement or other
suitable binding material, slag, scoria, or cinder from ironworks, or
iron turnings or filings mixed with a solution of hydrochloric acid, and
subjected in suitable moulds to very heavy pressure, as and for the
purpose herein set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Oliver Cromwell Setchell, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, the Twenty-fourth day of
February, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred
and sixty-nine.
OLIVER CROMWELL SETCHELL. (L.S.)