AN IMPROVED PYROMETER
Year: 1878

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Fernand Adrien Jean Baptiste, Comte de Saintignon, of
Longwy (France), for the Invention of " AN IMPROVED PYROMETER.”
Sealed the 20th November 1878 and dated the 17th June 1878.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Fernand Adrien Jean
Baptiste at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 17th June
1878.
FERNAND ADRIEN JEAN BAPTISTE, Comte de Saintignon, of Longwy (France).
"AN IMPROVED PYROMETER."
Thermometers and pyrometers as usually constructed depend for their action on
the expansion and contraction of fluids and solids, and are subject to the defect
that high temperatures are beyond the range of many such instruments, and that
the accuracy of those which are capable of bearing great heat, including electric
pyrometers, is affected by changes produced in the molecular constitution of the
thermal body.
My Invention relates to a construction of instrument to measure high tempe-
ratures by ascertaining the elevation of temperature which a liquid, such as water,
undergoes by its circulation in certain quantity through a vessel exposed to the
heat which has to be measured. For this purpose I place in the furnace or other
chamber in which the heat is to be measured a vessel, which, when the temperatures
are very high, should be of refractory material, such as porcelain. I cause water or
other liquid to flow from a cistern into the lower part of this vessel, and to flow
out at its upper part. In the pipes leading to and from the vessel I place thermo-
meters, arranging them side by side, so that the temperatures of the supply and
discharge can be easily read and compared. The elevation of temperature which
the liquid undergoes in passing through the vessel, multiplied by a constant
number, depending on the nature of the liquid and the quantity passed through
the vessel in a given time, will then give the actual excess of the temperature of
the furnace or hot chamber above that of the liquid supply.

page_text: In employing this instrument care is taken that the supply of liquid should bo
so large and its circulation so rapid that it cannot itself be greatly heated so as to
be vaporised, and that this supply should be in known and regulated quantity.
For this purpose it should flow from a cistern at a known height through an orifice
in a thin plate, or through a pipe or mouth-piece of suitable size and shape. It
should also be passed through a sieve or screen to prevent solid impurities from
being carried with it, and it should be discharged into a graduated receptacle, so
that the quantity passing in a given time can be readily ascertained.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Fernand Adrien Jean Baptiste in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
16th December 1878,
FERNAND ADRIEN JEAN BAPTISTE, Comte de Saintignon, of Longwy (France).
"AN IMPROVED PYROMETER."
Thermometers and pyrometers as usually constructed depend for their action on
the expansion and contraction of fluids and solids, and are subject to the defect
that high temperatures are beyond the range of many such instruments, and that
the accuracy of those which are capable of bearing great heat, including electric
pyrometers, is affected by changes produced in the molecular constitution of the
thermal body.
My Invention relates to a construction of instrument to measure high tempe-
ratures by ascertaining the elevation of temperature which a liquid, such as water,
undergoes by its circulation in certain quantity through a vessel exposed to the
heat which has to be measured. For this purpose I place in the furnace or other
chamber in which the heat is to be measured a vessel, which, when the temperatures
are very high, should be of refractory material, such as porcelain. I cause water or
other liquid to flow from a cistern into the lower part of this vessel, and to flow out
at its upper part. In the pipes leading to and from the vessel I place thermo-
meters, arranging them side by side so that the temperatures of the supply and
discharge can be easily read and compared. The elevation of temperature which
the liquid undergoes in passing through the vessel, multiplied by a constant
number, depending on the nature of the liquid and the quantity passed through
the vessel in a given time, will then give the actual excess of the temperature of
the furnace or hot chamber above that of the liquid supply.
In employing this instrument care is taken that the supply of liquid should be
so large and its circulation so rapid that it cannot itself be greatly heated so as to
be vaporised, and that this supply should be in known and regulated quantity.
For this purpose it should flow from a cistern at a known height through an orifice
in a thin plate, or through a pipe or mouth-piece of suitable size and shape. It
should also be passed through a sieve or screen to prevent solid impurities from

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that the quantity passing in a given time can be readily ascertained.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Fig. 1 shews an elevation of a combined apparatus operating according to my
before-described Invention; Fig. 2 shews a plan of the same.
The cold water passes from a reservoir R through a pipe A into a chamber B
surrounding the bulb of a thermometer C, from which chamber the water is con-
ducted through the pipe D into the inlet tube a of a vessel E, which may con-
veniently be formed of a bent tube of porcelain or copper, and which is inserted
into the furnace or other locality of which the temperature is to be ascertained.
This bent tube has its ends secured in a block t. In circulating through this tube
the water becomes heated to a certain degree, which is maintained sufficiently low
by the rapidity of circulation as to prevent it from attaining the boiling point.
On issuing through the outlet tube b the water passes through the pipe F into the
chamber & surrounding the bulb of the thermometer H. Thus while the thermo-
meter C indicates the temperature of the water on entering the apparatus, the
thermometer H indicates its temperature on issuing, and, assuming a constant flow,
the difference of these two temperatures will be proportional to the temperature of
the locality to be measured; or if T be this temperature, xd a certain multiple of
the difference of temperatures indicated by the two thermometers, and t the tempe-
rature of the cold water, then: T = t + xd.
On issuing from the chamber G the water passes through a pipe into a glass
gauge M for regulating the uniform circulation. The tube M is open at top, and
the water escapes from it through the cock L at bottom. This cock being turned
into such a position that the water is maintained at the level of the zero division of
the tube, it will be seen that so long as the water stands at this level the circulation
will be constant; if, on the other hand, it rises or falls it will show that the circu-
lation varies more or less, such variation being indicated by the scale, and a corre-
spond correction being made in the calculations.
By means of the regulating cock N the water supply can be regulated so as
always to bring it back to the zero point of the gauge, the graduations of which
will be made in the first instance by comparison.
The cock on the pipe A contains a sieve or grating, which keeps back dust and
other suspended matter in the water. The issue may if necessary take place
through an opening in a thin plate, which may be changed at will for altering the
rate of circulation, or any other arrangement may be employed for controlling the
supply by means of an orifice of variable area, so as to prevent the water from being
raised to a high temperature.
In order to read off directly the temperature of the locality to be measured I
provide at the side of the thermometer H a graduated slide giving these tempe-
ratures, the zero of which corresponds to the temperature indicated by the thermo-
meter C for the cold water.
In the experiments I have made, a difference of 1° C. between the temperatures of
the two thermometers generally corresponds to 33° C. of temperature of the locality to
be measured.
The tube E should be cleared from dust from time to time in order to maintain
the accuracy of the indications.
Having thus described the nature of the said Invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed, I claim,―
First. The use, for measuring the temperature of a locality or substances, of a
current of water caused to flow through a recipient or bent tube placed in such
locality, the difference between the temperatures of the water and its entrance into
and its exit from the recipient serving to indicate the temperature to be ascertained,
substantially as herein described.

page_text: Second. The before-described apparatus for producing the circulation of the water
through and for determining the difference of its temperatures on entering and on
issuing from the recipient or bent tube, referred to in the preceding claim.
Third. The arrangements herein described for regulating the circulation of the
water, so that its temperature shall not rise beyond certain limits, and for indicating
any variations in the rate of flow.
In witness whereof, I, the said Fernand Adrien Jean Baptiste, Comte de
Saintignon, have hereunto set my hand and seal, this Fifth day of December,
in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight.
Witness,
J. ARMENGAUD, jeune,
of Paris,
Boulevard de Strasbourg, 23,
Civil Engineer.
F. A. J. B., CT. DE SAINTIGNON. (L.S.)