Improvements in Machinery for the Manufacture of Bricks and Tiles.
Year: 1886

page_text: Date of Application, 22nd Feb., 1886.
Complete Left, 20th Nov., 1886.
Complete Accepted, 18th Feb., 1887.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Machinery for the Manufacture of Bricks
and Tiles.
PETER BAWDEN of 49 Norland Square, Notting Hill in the County of Middlesex
Brick Manufacturer do hereby declare the nature of said invention for IMPROVEMENTS
IN MACHINERY FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS AND TILES to be as follows:-
For moulding Bricks or Tiles in sanded moulds or with moulds dipped in water
whereby such machines will make bricks and Tiles of a better quality and in greater
numbers with less power and less labour than heretofore.
The machine is driven by horse or steam power, and grinds or pugs the clay or
brick earth fills the brick moulds with clay pushes the moulds out, also plane the top
of the moulds which contain the bricks with a steel plane as the moulds are pushed
out under it, and then sand the top of the bricks, so that when the bricks leaves the
machine they are perfectly sanded all over, that is sides ends top and bottom, with a
recess "kick or frog" in the bottom of the bricks, the bricks are then taken from
the carriage of the machine and loaded on to the wheelbarrows. When the bricks
are moulded in water that is the moulds wetted instead of being sanded the clay
passes from the horizontal pugmill into the press box and is pressed with a hinged
press through a die in the same way as for sanded moulds, but when water is used
the die has a grating covered with canvass on both sides and also on both ends of the
die, so that the bar of clay which is nearly the size of the brick is well wetted on all
sides as it passes through the die, forming a square smooth bar of clay about one
quarter of an inch smaller than the mould in length and also in width, this is instead
of a rough piece of clay being thrown into the mould by hand moulding, this smoth
har of clay is pressed through the die into the mould thereby making a brick more
solid and better in all respects than a hand moulded brick.
The Horizontal pugmill of the machine grind the clay which is pressed into the
moulds the same stiffness as is used for hand moulding.
The size of the pugmill of the Brick machine is about three feet six inches long, by
three feet wide inside the front being three feet six inches high and the back two feet
six inches high.

page_text: For steam power there are three horizontal shafts three inches in diametre with
bearings at the ends of the pugmill being three feet six inches apart.
At the back end of the top shaft is a four foot pulley to receive the belt from the
steam engine, next to the pulley on the same shaft is a loose cog wheel or pinion ten
inches in diametre this pinion has a clutch or snap catch cast on to its back, next to
this pinion is a clutch which run forth and back on a feather key which is fastened to
the shaft, this clutch is moved forth and back by a lever for starting or stopping
the machine.
The second shaft which is situated right under the top shaft is about one foot nine
inches and a half below, has on the back end of it one three foot spur wheel which is
driven by the ten inch clutch pinion above on the driving shaft, this second shaft has
also a ten inch pinion, this second shaft passes through the pugmill and the front end
has a crank three and half inches long, this crank by means of a joint or hinge with
a connecting rod is connected to a hinge on the arm of the hinged press below so that
every time the crank revolves it presses the clay through the die into the brick mould
which rest on the carriage below on the same end of the shaft but about one foot six
inches from the crank is a cam keyed to the shaft, this cam rises a weight or heavy
long arm which is hinged and by means of a connecting rod is hinged to the mould
pusher which rest on four wheels at the back end of the carriage, this pusher forces
the empty mould under the die the empty mould pushing the full mould out, which
then passes under the steel plane, the same action forces the mould under a sanded
wood roller six inches in diametre by seven inches long, this wood roller rest on the
full moulds as they are pushed out and so sands the top of the bricks, the roller being
always wetted before starting to work, then receiving the sand from the sand box
above which is made of iron and has a hole in the bottom five inches long by half
inch wide to allow the sand to pass through on to the wood roller there being an iron
scraper bolted to this sand box to keep the roller clean and another scraper to form a
gage to allow a thin coating of sand to remain on the roller and as the roller revolves
on top of the moulds sands the top of the brick.
The third shaft being one foot nine and a half inches below the second shaft, this
third shaft has a three foot spur wheel on the back end of it which is driven by the
ten inch pinion above, and has also five clay knives keyed to it forming the pug mill
those knives pug the clay and force it through a square hole eleven inches wide and
ten inches high this hole being at the end of the pugmill close to the bottom, the clay
passes through into the press box where it is pressed through the die into the empty
brick moulds the moulds having bottoms fastened to them when moulding in sand,
those moulds run on the wood rollers of the carriage, but when moulding with water
that is by wetting the moulds instead of sanding them in that case the moulds have no
bottoms and instead of running on the rollers of the carriage the wetted moulds run
on a plank which form the top of a water box, there are holes in this plank under the
die where the moulds get filled with clay those holes are covered with leather laid into
the plank and fastened on one side of the holes as the empty moulds pass over,
the leather will rise up on one side and so wet the plank on which the moulds are
pushed out.
In moulding with sand, the mould being sanded and placed on the mould guide
which is at the back end of the carriage of the machine, the mould pusher, pushes the
empty mould under the die, the same action pushes the full mould out with the brick
in it under the steel plane, and then under the sanded wood roller, the brick is then
put on a palette board and placed on a wheelbarrow finished.

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Machinery for the Manufacture of Bricks
and Tiles.
PETER BAWDEN, of 49 Norland Square, Notting Hill, in the County of Middlesex,-.
Brick Manufacturer do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement :-
For moulding Bricks or Tiles in sanded moulds or with moulds dipped in water"
whereby such machines will make bricks and Tiles of a better quality and in greater™
numbers with less power and less labour than heretofore.
The machine is driven by horse or steam power and grinds or pugs the clay or
brick earth fills the brick moulds with clay, pushes the moulds out, also plane the top
of the moulds which contain the bricks with a steel or iron plane as the moulds are
pushed out under it, and then sand the top of the bricks, so that when the bricks leaves
the machine they are perfectly sanded all over, that is sides ends top and bottom, with
a recess "kick or frog" in the bottom of the bricks, the bricks are then taken from
the carriage of the machine and loaded on to the wheelbarrows.
When the bricks are moulded in water that is the moulds wetted instead of being
sanded the clay passes from the horizontal pugmill into the press box and is pressed
with a hinged pess through a die in the same way as for sanded inoulds, but when
water is used the die has a grating covered with canvass on both sides and also on
both ends of the die so that the bar of clay which is nearly the size of the brick is well
wetted on all sides as it passes through the die, forming a square smooth bar of clay"
about one quarter of an inch smaller than the mould in length and also in width, this.
is instead of a rough piece of clay being thrown into the mould by handmoulding, this
smooth bar of clay is pressed through the die into the mould thereby making a brick
more solid and better in all respects than a hand moulded brick.
The Horizontal pugmill of the machine grind the clay which is pressed into the
moulds the same stiffness as is used for hand moulding.
The size of the pugmill of the Brick machine is about three feet six inches long, by
three feet wide inside, the front being three feet six inches high and the back two feet
nine inches high.
For steam power there are three horizontal shafts three inches in diametre with'
bearings at the end of the pugmill being three feet six inches apart.
At the back end of the top shaft is a four foot pulley to receive the belt from the
steam engine, next to the pulley on the same shaft is a loose cog wheel or pinion ten
inches in diametre this pinion has a clutch or snap catch cast on to its back, next "to"
this pinion is a clutch which run forth and back on a feather key which is fastened to
the shaft, this clutch is moved forth and back by a lever for starting or stopping the
machine.
The second shaft which is situated right under the top shaft is about one foot nine
inches and a half below, has on the back end of it- one three foot spur wheel which is
=.

page_text: driven by the ten inch clutch pinion above on the driving shaft, this second shaft has
iso a ten inch pinion, this second shaft passes through the pugmill and the front end
has a crank three and a half or four inches long, this crank by means of a joint or
hinge with a connecting rod is connected to a hinge on the arm of the hinged press
below, so that every time the crank revolves it presses the clay through the die into
the brick mould which rest on the carriage below on the same end of the shaft but
about one foot six inches from the crank is a cam keyed to the shaft this cam rises a
weight or heavy long arm which is hinged and by means of a connecting rod is
hinged to the mould pusher which rest on four wheels at the back end of the carriage,
this pusher forces the empty mould under the die the empty mould pushing the full
mould out, which then passes under the steel, or iron plane, the same action forces the
moulds under a sanded wood roller six inches in diameter by seven inches long, this
wood roller rest on the full moulds as they are pushed out and so sands the top of the
bricks, the roller being always wetted before starting to work, then receiving the sand
from the sand box above which is made of iron and has a hole in the bottom five
inches long by half inch wide to allow the sand to pass through on to the wood roller
there being an iron scraper bolted to this sand box to keep the roller clean and
another scraper to form a gage to allow a thin coating of sand to remain on the roller
and as the roller revolves on top of the moulds sands the top of the brick.
The third shaft being one foot nine and a half inches below the second shaft, this
third shaft has a three foot spur wheel on the back end of it which is driven by the ten
inch pinion above, and has also six two bladed clay knives keyed to it forming the
pugmill those knives pug the clay and force it through a square hole eleven inches
wide and ten inches high this hole being at the end of the pugmill close to the bottom,
the clay passes through into the press box, where it is pressed through the die into
the empty brick moulds the moulds having bottoms fastened to them when moulding
in sand, those moulds run on the wood rollers of the carriage, but when moulding
with water that is by wetting the moulds instead of sanding them in that case the
moulds have no bottoms and instead of running on the rollers of the carriage the
wetted moulds run on a plank which form the top of a water box, there are holes in
this plank under the die where the moulds get filled with clay those holes are covered
with leather laid into the plank and fastened on one side of the holes, as the empty
moulds pass over, the leather will rise up on one side and so wet the plank on which
the moulds are pushed out.
In moulding with sand, the mould being sanded and placed on the mould guide
which is at the back end of the carriage of the machine, the mould pusher, pushes the
empty mould under the die, the same action pushes the full mould out with the brick
in it under the steel or iron plane, and then under the sanded wood roller, the brick is
then put on a palette board and placed on a wheelbarrow finished.
And in order that this my Invention may be more fully understood I will proceed
to describe a Brick machine constructed suitable for making ordinary size building
bricks and to be driven by steam power.
Figure 1 is a plan of this machine.
Figure 2 is a side elevation."
Figure 3 is a front view.
Figures 4, 5, and 6 are respectively plan, side view, and end view of sand box A
Figures 7 and 8 are respectively end view and back view of the press B Figures 9
and 10 are respectively side view and plan of the die C Figures 11, 12 and 13 are
respectively end view, side view and top view of the mould pusher D Figures 14, 15,
and 16 are respectively side view, end view and top view of the steel or iron plane E
Figures 17, 18, and 19 are respectively side view, top view and bottom view of one of
the brick moulds F..
All the Figures from 4 to 19 inclusive are drawn to a scale double the size of
Figures from 1 to 3.
M is the top 3 inch horizontal shaft on one end of which is a four foot pulley L to
receive the belt from a steam engine, on the same shaft is a ten inch spur wheel L'
with a clutch cast on its back, next is a clutch L on the shaft which slides on a

page_text: Teather key on the shaft to start or stop the machine when it is in motion M is the
second shaft on which is keyed the spur wheel L³ and pinion I at one end and the
crank end on the other end with the heart shaped cam № about 1. foot 6 inches from
the crank N this crank works the press B and forces the clay through the die C into
the brick moulds F by means of the hinge N and the connecting rod N with the
hinge N3 which is hinged to the press arm B¹ the cam N as it revolves rise the long
arm O on which is the weight of this arm 0 is hinged on the bracket 02 and gives
motion to the arm 03 at the end of which is the connecting rod 04 the other end of
this connecting rod is hinged to the mould pusher D at D¹ and at D² is where two
small wheels run but are not shown in the drawings those wheels run on the
plate P³. M³ is the third horizontal shaft on one end of which is the spur wheel L³
and the other part of the shaft is where the six two bladed clay knives V are keyed
for pugging the clay and forcing it into the press through a square hole in the side of
the pugmill G. H being the other side of the pugmill, against which the collar V1 is
placed next to the clay knives. I is the front of the pugmill being 3 feet 6 inches
wide and 3 feet 6 inches high. J is the back of the pugmill being 3 feet 6 inches
wide and 2 feet 9 inches high, T are brackets to hold the plank T on which the planks
rest for wheeling the clay into the pugmill, K is the bottom of the pugmill 3 feet
6 inches square. Le is the lever for starting or stopping the machine, I is a hinge
bracket for the lever L to work in B is the press scraper, U is the back end of the
press clay box and U¹ is the front end of press clay box and to which is hinged the
steel or iron plane for plaining the top of the bricks before passing under the sanded
roller, the sand box A is also hinged to the press box end U¹. The carriage P have
eight wood rollers X on which the brick moulds rest under the press die to be filled
with clay, at the back end of this carriage P is where the mould pusher D rest and
slide in a grove two inches wide in this carriage, P is a guide for the mould in front
and W is a guide for the mould at the back, Q is a rest and guide for the empty
mould after it has been sanded, the mould pusher D passes back under this flange on
the guide this flange Q also stop the mould when the mould has been placed on the
pusher D as the pusher go back, and the back end of the mould F falls down three
quarters of an inch this being the thickness of the pusher and as the pusher goes
forward towards the right it catch the back end of the empty mould and so pushes it
under the die thereby pushing the full mould out.
S is a bracket bolted to the pugmill side G this bracket S holds up the back end of
the carriage P with two bolts the front end of the carriage is held up by the two
connecting rods R¹ which are hinged to the carriage sides at top and at bottom to the
cranks which are on the horizontal part at the bottom of the handle R this handle is
kept in its place by a catch P2 this handle R is to lower the carriage on which the
moulds rest in case of a stone getting into the mould which would prevent the mould
from passing under the die.
R2 is the bearing bracket on which the handle R rest. B being the press for pressing
the clay through the die into the brick mould it is eleven inches wide and fourteen
inches high, B being the press arm to which the hinge N³ is connected, B² being a
leather valve the leather being eight inches square by about a quarter of an inch
thick, this leather being bolted on to the press the three holes B³ being for air holes,
this leather and air holes prevent the press when rising from drawing the clay up out
of the moulds after being filled. C being the die the hole is where the clay is
pressed through into the mould this hole being 9 inches long and 4 inches wide at
each end and three inches wide in the middle this being the size for moulding a brick
10 inches long by 5 inches wide with pugged clay of the same stiffness as is used for
hand moulding.
F being the brick mould which is made of wood about five eights of an inch thick
at the sides and about seven eights of an inch thick at the ends made of hard smooth
wood and the bottom being half an inch thick made of pine wood, the top of the
mould having iron plates screwed on, the iron being about one eight of an inch
thick, by seven eights wide at the ends and five eights wide on the sides, the mould
forming a box the size of the brick or tile required, the pine bottom being the full size

page_text: of the mould except at the four corners F' which form air holes three quarters of an
inch long and a thirty second part of an inch wide, those air holes will allow the air to
escape when the clay is being slowly pressed into the mould and those holes will also
allow the air to enter to the bottom of the brick and so prevent the brick from sticking
in the mould.
Having described the machine for making bricks, the moulds and die and other
parts would require to be altered for different sizes of Bricks and different sizes of
Tiles:
And having thus described the nature of this Invention and the mode in which it is
or may be carried into effect, I declare that I claim,―
First. A machine for making bricks and tiles, essentially of three horizontal shafts,
all substantially as described, and also the general arrangement and combination of
parts shown on the Drawing.
Second. The construction of the Sand box. Figures 4, 5 and 6 with the square
hinge A the wood roller A² being seven inches long by six inches in diameter at each
end and five and half inches in diameter in the middle with the hole in its bottom A'
for the sand to pass through the box to sand the top of the bricks all substantially as
set forth.
Third. The construction of the press Figures 7 and being marked B. B¹ being
press arm and B2 being a leather valve the leather being 8 inches square by about
inch thick, this leather being bolted on to the press the three holes B being for air
holes, this leather and air holes prevent the press when rising from drawing the clay
up out of the moulds after being filled.
Fourth. The construction of the die Figures 9 and 10 being marked C the hole C
is where the clay is pressed through into the mould this hole being 9 inches long
and 4 inches wide at the ends and three inches wide in the middle this being the size
for moulding a brick 10 inches long by 5 inches wide with pugged clay of the same
stiffness as is used for hand moulding.
Fifth. The construction of the mould pusher D being Figures 11, 12 and 13 with its
flat top which will permit of the empty mould being put on it when going back.
Sixth. The plane E being Figures 14, 15 and 16 this plane being hinged to the press
end by the hinges E² and rest on the mould as it passes under it thereby cleaning the
top of the mould and make the top of the brick smooth before passing under the
sanded roller.
Seventh. The construction of the Brick mould F being Figures 17, 18, and 19 with
the bottom leaving air holes at each end marked F2 the air holes are each three quarters
of an inch long from the ends and a thirty second part of an inch wide those air holes
will allow the air to escape when the clay is being slowly pressed into the mould and it
will allow the brick to shift out of the mould all substantially as and for the purpose
set forth.