Improvements in Journals and other Bearing Surfaces.
Year: 1894

page_text: Date of Application, 10th Apr., 1894
Complete Specification Left, 6th July, 1894-Accepted, 8th Sept., 1894
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION
Improvements in Journals and other Bearing Surfaces.
JOHN BAKER of 155 Elthorne Road Hornsey Rise, Holloway N. in the County
of London, Machinist, late of the City of South Melbourne, Victoria, Australian
Patentee and Manufacturer, and CHARLES ALBERT BAKER of the same address
Government Clerk, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as
follows:-
For improvements in manufacturing antifriction axles, shafts, cranks, journals
for vehicles and machinery, guides, pivots, spindles, or hooks, and that it is a new
invention for reducing friction by forming narrow ribs or surfaces, on the perphiry
of the axles with strait, sunk or curved spaces between such ribs or surfaces the
said ribs or surfaces may be either strait as Fig. 2 on plan B or twisted one quarter
or one half round the circumference of such axle, shaft, crank, journal or other
matter as described, such spaces between the ribs or surfaces forining reservoirs
for the lubricant and also to prevent heating, such axles to be formed of case
hardened cast steel or other metal.
This invention can be applied to all vehicles machinery for manufactures, for
land and marine engines, railway rolling stock or for any other purpose whether
for old work or.new, without altering any axle 'box, bush or other bearing, as the
axles and other things will be the same size when the new antifriction is used as
they were before, it is a new invention for reducing friction, and will reduce it
more than any invention now in use, there is no complication in taking apart, nor
difficulty in putting togather, it is as simple as with the present plain axles or other
matters, and is for manufactureing the axles, shafts, cranks, journals, guides, pivots,
spindles or hooks. The 'hooks are principally for large band hinges for railway
or other large gates or doors with the ribs formed thereon to swing easy, these can
all be manufactured in cast steel, case hardened, or such other metal licensees may
require or prefer, friction can also be reduced where wood axles are used, as in
dead farming stock or implements, "by reducing the old axles to receive a casing of
cast steel, with ribs and half ribs upon them casehardend, the same as for new
wood axles. The ribs may be strait or twisted on the casing.
The claim of the inventor is for ribs, or parts of the proper surface of the
ordinary axles or other things being kept up to the full size of such axles, with
curves sinkings or strait lines, 'between such ribs or small surfaces, or formed in
such manner as are shewn upon plan, for axles, shafts, cranks, journals, guides,
spindles, pivots, or hooks Fig. 1 is a section of one such axle with the sinkings A
and the ribs B shewn thereon, whilst Fig. 2 is the same axle, longitudinally;
shewing A and B and also the half ribs C these ribs are shewn strait but they may
be twisted one quarter or one half round the diameter of any axle, shaft, crank,
journal, guide, pivot, spindle, or .hook the size required, and the form of the ribs
nay be the same, the inventor claims the principle of ribs formed in the solid, of
case hardened cast steel or other metal, upon axles, shafts cranks, journals, guides,
pivots, spindles, or hooks. Fig.1 and Fig. 2 shew an axle upon which fourteen,
twenty fourths of the friction is eaved, in no case is any axle or other matter or
thing to have less than four ribs upon the same, but in large axles or other matters
or things, there may be eight such ribs or level surfaces in the case of guides
working upon a level surface, as 'for piston ród guides or any other-surface where
; P

page_text: friction can be saved, there may be any even or odd number of ribs, with their
half ribs whether they work vertical or horizontal, the form of all half ribs to be
the same as the whole ribs with which they are connected on one edge, and to go
down to the bottom of the sinking wherever it may strike the sinking curve or line,
whether the ribs be strait or twisted, the space between the ribs or raised parts
leaves room for storing the lubricant, in the case of vehicle axles there is to be a
rib or level surface at the top in all cases, this invention does not prevent any
lubricant being used, nor does it interfere with the manner of applying the same,
either in patent or common axle boxes or bearings, but where there are axle boxes
or screwed caps to contain the lubricant, the half ribs can be omitted where
there are any shewn, to have an aperture across each rib in an indirect line to
admit of the lubricant passing through into the spaces and to keep the axles and
bearings cool.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Journals and other Bearing Surfaces.
JOHN BAKER of 155 Elthorne Road, Hornsey Road, Holloway N. in the
County of London, Machinist, late of the City of South Melbourne, Victoria,
Australian Patentee and Manufacturer, and CHARLES ALBERT BAKER of the
same address, Government Clerk, do hereby declare the nature of this invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
any
For improvement in manufactureing antifriction journals and axles, for all
vehicles and machinery, shafts, cranks, guides, pivots, spindles or hooks, that it is a
new invention, for reducing friction by forming narrow surfaces, or ribs, on the
periphiry of journals or other bearing surfaces, with strait sunk or curved spaces
between such narrow surfaces, or ribs, the narrow surfaces or ribs may be strait
as Figure 2, marked b, on the plan, or they may be twisted one quarter, or one
half round the circumference of such journal, or axle, as shewn on Figure 3,
marked D, for a twist the quarter round, and Figure 3, marked E, for a twist the
half round, journals, axles, and other things, may be longer of a greater diameter,
or both, as shewn on the various figures up to 28 upon the plans and for and
all larger sizes that may be required for any purpose or thing, and they can be
twisted further round, according to their length and size, where strait or twisted
narrow surfaces, or ribs are used, the spaces between the narrow surfaces, or ribs,
form reservoirs or receptacles for the lubricant that is used, and they prevent
heating, the journals, and other bearing surfaces, to be formed of cast steel, case
hardened, or of any other suitable metals, or alloys; the length of Figure 22,
is about equal to four times that of Figure 2, between the rims of the sinkings,
hence the twists on one the size of 22, would be twice round, the purpose of
twisting, is to give a longer length of bearings, for the narrow surfaces, or ribs,
for the larger articles, and it is easier to meet what is required, when calculating
the various weights, the journals, or other bearing surfaces, may be required to
.carry. The experiments shew, that the ribs run easier than the narrow surfaces,
whether they are strait or twisted, "length for length." Those on the shafts of
propellers, may have strait or twisted narrow surfaces, or ribs, and the twists may
be calculated, at the pitch described as twice round the size of Figure 22, or at
any other pitch less than this, to suit the various sizes of propeller shafts. If
twists are made further round than this on a journal, axle or shaft this size, they

page_text: will be too nearly square across, and would be likely to wear the parts unevenly
upon which they work. If strait should be used, with either narrow surfaces, or
ribs, 4 additional must be used, in every increase of the number above 8, this
invention can be applied for all carriages or other vehicles, machinery for
manufactures, land and marine engines, railway rolling stock, tramway carriages,
shafts for screw propellers, or for any other purpose or thing, where a journal,
axle or shaft is required, and it can be applied to altering what is already in use,
as shewn on Figures 5-12 and 24 I, "or for new journals and axles only," these
can be done without altering any axle box, bush, or other bearing, and in the case
of fixed machinery without taking it to pieces, as between the narrow surfaces,
or ribs, one face can be done at a time, the ends are left up, and sloped inwards
according to the pitch as described for ends, as c.
This invention will reduce friction more than anything now in use, and neither
the lubricant, nor the method applying it, require any alteration or interferance.
It is for manufactureing, journals, axles, shafts, cranks, guides, pivots, spindles or
hooks, with small surfaces, on the perphiry, or with ribs, and also for level
surfaces, as guides to piston rods or other things, the hooks named are for such
things, as large railway or other gates, and doors, and is equally useful in smaller
matters, as for implements and tools, they can be manufactured in cast steel case
hardened, or in other suitable metals, or alloys. Where wood axles are used, as
in dead farming stock and implements, they can be reduced to receive a metal
casing, as shewn on Figure 23, and can be made to suit any size of journal or
axle. There are 11 plans accompanying this Specification, that are suitable for
any of the matters or things named, and are for strait or twisted narrow surfaces,
or ribs. Figures 1 and 2 are made the same as those sent with the Provisional
Specification, and in all cases upon each plan, the sinkings or strait parts between
the narrow surfaces, or ribs, are marked a, the narrow surfaces, or ribs b, and the
half narrow surfaces, or half ribs, and addition at the ends c, where there are ribs
there will be an addition of a strait part, round the end or ends of ths or a quarter
of an inch, to the half ribs, to retain the lubricant, as shewn on Figures 3 at both
ends 4-7-9-10-11-13-20-21-22-23 and the half of 24 marked H, and
also 26 and 28. Where there are axle boxes, or screw capps for the lubricant, the
half narrow surfaces, or half ribs and addition may be omitted each of the strait
narrow surfaces, or ribs, to have an aperture across, in an indirect line to allow
the lubricant to pass from one sinking to another as marked on, Figure 18, e, these
apertures are not needed in the twisted narrow surfaces, or ribs.
Figures 1 and 2, are for an axle, the sinkings a, the narrow surfaces b, the end
half surfaces c.
Figure 3, is the same size, the end D, is a quarter twist, the end E, is a half
twist, the sinkings a, the ribs b, the half ribs and additions at ends c.
Figure 4, is a section for any journal, or axle, the sinkings a, the ribs b, the ends
as described and shewn for others, as c.
Figure 5, is a section with narrow, surfaces b, a strait line between each a, or in
two strait lined surfaces between as shewn by dotted lines d, the point between
them being kept just below the line of the perphiry, with ends as described and
shewn for others, as c, this section in either of the ways shewn or described,
between the narrow surfaces, can be applied in altering journals, or other things
now in use, it would be easily done as described on page 3, and it is equally
suitable for new work.
Figure 6 is an ordinary out and washer, for an ordinary screw, which is shewn
at the end of Figure 7, but it is not connected with the Patent, the antifriction
axles can also be applied, "where any common axle is now used, whether for
pony or hand carts, or trucks of every description, hand or sack barrows, or any
axle for a wheel of any size, where an ordinary washer and nut or washer and
lynch pin are now used," by the small level narrow surfaces, or the half rib and
addition at the ends being continued forward to any length required to receive the

page_text: nut on a screw, or the lynch pin hole, with room for a washer, "and having the
ordinary rounded end to the axle.".
Figure 7, is a vehicle axle from the point K the sinkings a, the ribs b, the half
rib and addition c.
Figures 8-9-10-11-12 and 15 are sections of journals, and axles, with narrow
surfaces, and ribs, of various sizes, for strait or twisted narrow surfaces, and ribs,
the sinkings a, the narrow surfaces, or ribs b, the ends will be as described and
shewn for others, as c, Figure 12, is suitable for any small journal, or axle.
Figure 14, is an axle with a half twist, the sinkings a, the ribs b, the half rib
and addition c.
Figure 16, is an axle with a quarter twist, the sinkings a, the narrow surfaces >>,
half surface at end c.
Figures 17 and 18 is a journal, with 8 narrow surfaces, the sinkings a, the
narrow surfaces b, the end half surface c, the lubricant apertures e.
Figure 19, is a journal with 4 narrow surfaces, three quarters twist, the sinkings a,
the narrow surfaces b, the half surface at end c.
Figures 20-21 and 22 are journals; the same size having 4 ribs each, with
4-5 and 6 quarter twists, the sinkings a, the ribs b, the half ribs and addition at
the ends c.
Eigures 18-19-20-21 and 22 are suitable for railway rolling stock. The
following is the comparative lengths of bearings of each of these journals, and
they are all one size. Figure 18, has a length of bearing, of about 54 inches,
Figure 19, has a length of bearing, of about 38 inches, Figure 20, has a length of
bearing, of about 46 inches, Figure 21, has a length of bearing, of about 54 inches,
Figure 22, has a length of bearing, of about 62 inches.
A journal the same size, with a seven quarter twist would have a length of
bearing, of about 70 inches, and a journal the same size, with a twist twice round
would have a length of bearing, of about 78 inches.
Figure 23, is a metal casing G, to a wood axle F, the sinkings a, the ribs b, the
half rib and addition, as c, "but to be continued forward as already described for
ordinary axles."
Figure 24, is two half journals, or axles, H and I. The one I, making 8 narrow
surfaces for a full size, strait from narrow surface, to narrow surface, the strait
parts a, the narrow surfaces b, the ends, as c.
The one H, making 8 ribs for a full size, the sinkings a, the ribs b, the half ribs
and addition c.
Figure 24, 1, is applicable for altering, journals, or axles, that are now in use, as
explained on page 3, second line &c.
Figures 25 and 26, is a crank pin, with 4 ribs, the sinkings a, the ribs b, the half
ribs and addition c.
.
Figures 27 and 28, a large hook with 4 ribs, the sinkings a, the ribs b, the half
ribs and addition c.
For flat surfaces, vertical or horizontal, the narrow surfaces, or ribs, may be
square across, or at any angle or curve, or any even or odd number of them, and of
any shape or size.
Vehicle axles, will have a narrow surface, or rib, at the top in all cases.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, we declare that what
we claim as the invention to be protected by the Letters Patent is,
First. Instead of a continuous surface to journals, and other bearing surfaces,
we have either narrow surfaces, or ribs, and they are always to be in line with the
perphirys of journals, axles, or other bearing surfaces, they have sinkings between,
or strait lines from one to the other, with half the narrow surface, or half a rib
and addition at the ends, substantially as described and shewn for the purposes
stated.

page_text: Second. The improvements upon journals and other bearing surfaces, substantially
as described and shewn.
These are the distinct features of novelty and utility claimed by us.
JOHN BAKER,
C. A. BAKER,
Applicants.