IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS SUITABLE FOR SCOURING, WASHING, BLEACHING, DYEING, AND DRYING FIBROUS MATERIALS IN THE RAW AND MANUFACTURED STATE, AND FOR LIKE PURPOSES."
Year: 1870

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Thomas Nesham Kirkham, of West Brompton,
Vernon Francis Ensom, of Highgate, both in the County of Middle-
sex, and George Spence, of Pendleton, in the County of Lancaster,
for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS SUITABLE FOR SCOURING,
WASHING, BLEACHING, DYEING, AND DRYING FIBROUS MATERIALS IN THE
RAW AND MANUFACTURED STATE, AND FOR LIKE PURPOSES."
sex, and George Spence, of Pendleton, in the County of Lancaster,
for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS SUITABLE FOR SCOURING,
WASHING, BLEACHING, DYEING, AND DRYING FIBROUS MATERIALS IN THE
RAW AND MANUFACTURED STATE, AND FOR LIKE PURPOSES."
Sealed the 21st February 1871, and dated the 12th September 1870.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thomas Nesham
Kirkham, Vernon Francis Ensom, and George Spence at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition, on the 12th
September 1870.
I
3 We, THOMAS NESHAM KIRKHAM, of West Brompton, VERNON FRANCIS
ENSOM, of Highgate, both in the County of Middlesex, and GEORGE
SPENCE, of Pendleton, in the County of Lancaster, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS SUITABLE FOR
SCOURING, WASHING, BLEACHING, DYEING, AND DRYING FIBROUS MATERIALS IN

page_text: THE RAW AND MANUFACTURED STATE, AND FOR LIKE PURPOSɛs," to be as
follows:-
The main object of this Invention is to construct an improved arrange-
ment of apparatus for enabling the processes of scouring, washing,
bleaching, dyeing, and drying to be performed in continuous and con-
secutive order without the necessity of removing or handling the
material treated until the processes are completed.
For this purpose
the material to be operated upon is placed in a cylinder, pan, or other
vessel of suitable form upon perforated plates near the bottom thereof,
and in order that liquids or liquors for effecting the several operations
may successfully be introduced into and withdrawn from the cylinder,
pan, or vessel, the cylinder, pan, or vessel is by a pipe put in connection
with the upper part of a vertical cylinder in which is a suitable piston
fitted with a piston rod; alternate motion is communicated-to-the piston
by steam being admitted in the cylinder to its under side to impel it
for the upward stroke and discharged for the downward one, which is
then effected by gravitation. The upper portion of the cylinder or that
above the piston receives the liquid or other body to be passed the
material under operation which by the action of the piston is forced
or withdrawn through the same. For the admission or abduction of
steam to or from the cylinder an equilibrium valve worked by self-acting
gearing from the piston rod is employed, and this gearing is so arranged
as to give a longer or shorter stroke to the piston as may be required.
Suitable vessels or cisterns are provided for containing the necessary
solutions and liquids for the processes in hand, and are furnished with
all requisite connection pipes and stop valves. The solutions are not
only drawn from but also forced back into these cisterns by the working
cylinder and pump above described.
Another form of the apparatus consists in the employment of a direct
action steam cylinder (double or single acting) connected to a separate
pump in a direct line, and provided with the requisite valves and self-
acting gearing as previously described for the combined steam cylinder
and pump.
A third arrangement consists in making the pistons in both the fore-
going cases stationary, and the cylinders and pumps moveable thereon.
The cylinders and pumps may also be placed either in vertical horizontal,
or inclined positions. By the application of the working cylinder or
cylinder and pump all the processes of scouring, washing, roll boiling,

page_text: facing, preparing, and dyeing, and also the extraction of solution from
any of the above named substances after being operated upon can be
effected without the necessity of removing the material treated until the
processes are completed.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Thomas Nesham Kirkham, Vernon Francis Ensom,
and George Spence in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 11th
March 1871.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, THOMAS
NESHAM KIRKHAM, of West Brompton, VERNON FRANCIS ENSOM, of
Highgate, both in the County of Middlesex, and GEORGE SPENCE, of
Pendleton, in the County of Lancaster, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twelfth day of September, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy, in the thirty-
fourth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto us, the said Thomas Nesham Kirkham, Vernon Francis
Ensom, and George Spence, Her special license that we, the said Thomas
Nesham Kirkham, Vernon Francis Ensom, and George Spence, our
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said
Thomas Nesham Kirkham, Vernon Francis Ensom, and George Spence,
our executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with,
and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
APPARATUS SUITABLE FOR SCOURING, WASHING, BLEACHING, DYEING, AND DRYING
FIBROUS MATERIALS IN THE RAW AND MANUFACTURED STATE, AND FOR LIKE
PURPOSES," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said Thomas
Nesham Kirkham, Vernon Francis Ensom, and George Spence, our
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under our or
their hands and seals, or under the hand and seal of one of us or them,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to

page_text: be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Thomas Nesham Kirkham, and
Vernon Francis Ensom, on behalf of ourselves and the said George
Spence, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, that is to
say:
The main object of this Invention is to construct an improved arrange-
ment of apparatus for enabling the processes of scouring, washing,
bleaching, dyeing, and drying to be more efficiently performed in
continuous and consecutive order without the necessity of removing
or handling the material treated until the processes are completed.
other fibrous: materials in a raw state.
.Sheet 2 represents a front elevation of the working cylinder of the 2
machine, and also shews a scouring cistern and drying chamber for
acting on cops and piece goods.
Sheet 3, a longitudinal section through the same.
Sheet 4, an elevation of the solution cisterns (for acting on raw
materials) with their in and outlet pipes taken on the line A, B, on plan
Sheet 1.
Sheet-5, detailed views of the equilibrium valve for supplying steam
to the working cylinder, and the self-acting gearing by which it is
actuated from the piston rod. On this Sheet Figure 1 shows a side elevation
of the working cylinder, slide bar, lever rod, and the equilibrium valve
in section; Figure 2, a front elevation of the same; Figure 3, a plan
of the working cylinder, equilibrium valve, valve gearing and slide bar
(in section); Figure 4 an elevation of the lever motion with the "heart'
movement for working the equilibrium valve; Figure 5 shews the
inclined plane on end of cross head for working valve levers.
3

page_text: Sheet 6 shews an arrangement for actuating the working cylinder or
pump by a separate and independent steam cylinder (the action of which
may be either single or double), the piston rods of both cylinder and
pump being either continuous or placed in a direct line; or the foregoing
arrangements may be modified by the piston or pistons being fixed and
the cylinder, cylinders, or pumps moveable thereon. The same letters
apply to the same parts in all the Figures..
A is the working steam cylinder of the ordinary construction, with
covers top and bottom and port holes; B, the piston, fitted up with
wood bottom and india-rubber packing; C, the piston rod; D, a pipe
and valve or cock (with rod and handle brought up to the floor) for
throwing a jet of cold water into the working cylinder on the under side
of the piston to accelerate by vacuum the downward stroke of the piston.
It also serves the purpose of washing the working cylinder out. E, a
box attached to the upper end of the piston rod for the reception of
weights to assist by gravity the downward stroke of the piston. By
suitable preparations on its sides it also serves the purpose of a cross head
for the slides as at a, a, and it has a further provision by which it
gives motion to the levers for working the self-acting equilibrium valve;
F, F, slide bars or guides for the upper end of the piston rod, bound
together at the top by a cross bar in the ordinary way; G, the equilibrium
valve by which steam is admitted to the working cylinder, and which
is supplied with steam by the pipe C¹.
The self-acting gearing for working the equilibrium valve G from the
piston rod C (as more particularly shewn on Sheet 5) is as follows:-
Parallel with and extending from the bottom of the working cylinder
to the top of the slides is a shaft H (in this instance shewn square),
having at intervals round journals or bearings which revolve in and are
supported by suitable fixed brackets. Sliding on this shaft, one on each
side, are two bent levers c, c², carrying rollers which are actuated by
the double inclined plane b on the cross head E. These levers move
easily up and down the shaft H, and are immediately set at any required.
height by screw handles at the back of the bosses thereof, thereby
lengthening or shortening the stroke at pleasure. On the top of the
shaft H there is also fixed a handle d for working the valve by hand
when required, and on the bottom of the same shaft is fixed another
lever e, which by a rod f works a vertical lever h carried by a fixed stud,
to one side of which lever is attached a “heart” formed plate i. This

page_text: "heart" plate carries two studs j, j, which alternately elevate and
depress a separate horizontal lever k riding upon the same centre, and
directly working the valve, and which lever carries a weight to
counterbalance that of the valve. Underneath the heart plate (also
carried by a stud) is another double-ended lever 1, which when working
is depressed at one end by the heart plate pressing upon a projecting
pin at one end of it until the plate reaches the centre or arrives in a
vertical position, thereby raising the other end of the lever on which
is fixed a weight, but when the heart plate has so passed the centre this
is reversed, the weight in its turn then becoming the actuator and com-
pleting the opening or closing of the valve instantaneously, and this it
performs effectually at the slowest speed at which the piston can possibly
travel.
To expedite (by vacuum) the filling of the upper portion-of-the-
working cylinder A a jet stand steam pipe d'is attached thereto, as
shewn; I is a cistern in which cops and piece goods may be scoured,
dyed, and dessicated as described in the Provisional Specification lodged
by us on the Tenth day of March One thousand eight hundred and
seventy-one, No. 645, but we would state that the construction and
arrangement of the apparatus herein described for scouring, dyeing,
and dessicating fibrous material in the form of cops forms in itself
no part of the Invention claimed under this Patent irrespective of
the means employed for supplying and withdrawing scouring, bleaching,
The construction
and dyeing liquor to and from such apparatus.
of this cistern is shewn in a sectional view, Sheet 3; it is a plain
in
vessel of cylindrical or other suitable form having openings m, m',
the bottom to admit solutions and other liquids from a branch pipe
underneath. For the purpose of affixing the hollow perforated spindles
on which the cops are spun there is a cylinder or drum n which fits
into a groove in the bottom of the cistern, and is held down by being
screwed on the top of a rod secured thereto, and raised or lowered by a
couple of handles on its top. This cylinder or drum n is stepped on its
external periphery with inclined rings having holes tapped therein, into
which are screwed nipples to receive the hollow perforated cop spindles,
It has
as described in the Provisional Specification before mentioned.
also an internal cylinder or block to diminish its capacity and thereby
lessen the quantity of solutions or liquids required to fill it. o is a pipe
(with stop valve therein) for communication betwixt the top of the
working cylinder A and the centre of the bottom of the cop cistern I;

page_text: p, a pipe (also provided with stop valve) for communication between the
top of working cylinder A and the outside of the cop cistern I; q, a pipe
(also provided with stop valve) for carrying off the solution or liquid from
the cop cistern I when done with. For the purpose of boiling or heating
the solutions or liquids therein steam is admitted into the cop cistern I
by opening the tap a', and for washing out purposes, &c. clean water is
also supplied thereto by the valve or cock 61. J is the chamber for
drying cop and piece goods after being scoured or dyed and dessicated in
the cistern I. It consists of an inner vessel having a bottom, with
openings similar to that of the scouring cistern I to which is affixed
the cop cylinder or drum n in the same way as previously described for
that vessel. Another cistern or vessel encompasses the inner one and
forms a space or jacket between them for the reception of steam. A
third and lighter vessel again surrounds the second one and forms
another space or jacket s for air. This jacket by means of openings at
the top communicates with the inner vessel in which the cops and piece
goods are placed, and into which the air from its passage over the steam
cylinder enters in a heated state; should it however become too hot cold
air can be admitted through the cover by a cock at y, preparation being
made for that purpose. To prevent the escape of heat from the external
surface of the outside jacket it is covered with wood laggings. From
the centre of the under side of the drying chamber " a blast pipe" t is
conducted to a stand or vertical pipe placed outside it, and conveniently
near, into which a jet of steam is introduced by a small pipe (which
diminishes conically at the point) for the purpose of creating a vacuum in
the drying chamber and drawing the moisture out of the cops or other goods.
The blast pipe t is provided as shewn with stuffing boxes underneath to
allow for expansion and contraction; v is a pipe for the admission of
steam into the inner jacket of drying chamber; wo, an outlet pipe there-
from leading into a self-acting syphon box to carry off the condensed water;
x, a moveable grating to regulate the quantity of cold air admitted to the
outer jacket;, a thermometer fixed on the lid of drying chamber, to
indicate the temperature therein.
For the purpose of "scouring" and "dyeing" wool and other
materials in a raw state, cisterns K are provided. Near the bottoms
of these cisterns are steam pipes c¹ (perforated inside the cisterns) for
boiling the liquids therein. Over the steam pipes and also near the
bottoms of the cisterns are placed perforated plates f', on which the

page_text: materials to be operated upon are laid. These cisterns are severally
connected with the top of the working cylinder A by the pipes g', each
having a stop valve ¹ therein for breaking the communication. Imme-
diately over the openings where these pipes enter the cisterns K are
fixed hot water distributing plates for diffusing equally the liquids
and
or air or other gases when forced in under the perforated plates f¹,
consequently over the surface of the cisterns K.; is a stop valve by
which the pipes g¹ and the cisterns K, as well as the accumulator J' are
washed out; it also acts as a safety valve. J' is a vessel or "accumulator "
for receiving the surplus compressed air and gases and liquids, when the
same are being forced from the working cylinder A into the cisterns K,
or into which the air can be compressed by the cylinder, and after-
wards drawn off into the cisterns K, as described in the Provisional
Specification before mentioned; ', a stop valve for closing_the_com-
munication with the air vessel or accumulator J₁; k², a valve which
forms the suction valve to the cylinder when pumping air, but which
being provided with a screw can be shut down when required; ³, a
valve similarly constructed to form the delivery valve when pumping
air; 7, pipes for supplying the cisterns K with water; m³, valves for
turning water into the cisterns K; n¹, valves for drawing the liquids
from the cisterns K; o', drain pipes for carrying away the refuse liquids.
Having, described the various parts of the apparatus, the application
of them for effecting the scouring, washing, bleaching, and dyeing, and
drying of fibrous materials either in the raw or manufactured or partly
manufactured state is accomplished as follows :-
In treating yarns the yarn is wound upon perforated hollow spindles
or bobbins as described in the Specification of former Patents granted to
some of us, the spindles or bobbins are fluted lengthwise to facilitate the
stripping or "doffing" of the yarn. These spindles or bobbins are screwed
upon hollow nipples which are fixed in an inclined position in the holes
upon the external surface of the cylinder or drum nas described in the
Provisional Specification before mentioned. This cylinder or drum is
then placed in the vessel or cistern I and fastened down by being screwed
upon the top of the central rod, the bottom fitting in a groove on the
cistern bottom as shewn on Drawing, Sheet 3, the liquids to be used
being placed in one or more of the cisterns K, (which are fixed at a
sufficient height to allow the liquids to flow by their own gravity into
the working cylinder A), the valve (or valves) is then opened and

page_text: the piston being at the bottom of the cylinder the latter becomes filled
therewith. The valve is then closed, the valve o opened and steam
being admitted into the cylinder underneath the piston the liquid is
forced through the cops into the vessel or cylinder I, counter motion
being then given to the piston B either by hand or by the self-acting
valve gearing the liquid is again drawn into the cylinder A, and is
thus passed and repassed through the cops until the operation of
scouring, bleaching, or dyeing them is completed, the quantity of liquid
passed at each stroke of the piston being regulated by its length, or
instead of drawing the liquid back through the cops it may be brought
back into the cylinder direct by closing the valve o and opening the
valve p. The liquid when done with is forced back by the piston into
the cisterns K, the valves o and p being closed and the valve h¹ opened
for the purpose. The liquids whilst in the cistern I are kept hot, heated,
or boiled by opening the cock or valve a¹ in the steam pipes which turns
in a current of steam.
The next operation is that of. dessication. 'This is effected by con-
tinuing to work the piston B after the liquids have been forced back
into the cisterns K. The valves o and h¹ being at the same time alter-
nately opened and closed, the moisture is abstracted from the cops and
forced into the cisterns K.
The concluding operation is that of drying, and is effected as follows:-
The cover being removed from the drying chamber J the cylinder or
drum n, with the cops upon it, is then fixed therein in the same manner
that it was in the cistern I as previously described. The cover is then
replaced and steam turned in through the pipe filling the annular
space or jacket », for the purpose of obtaining radiated heat therein in
the chamber J, and also in the outer annular space or jackets, steam
is then admitted into the jet pipe u, and air into the outer casings by
opening the grating x. The vacuum created in the blast pipe by the
steam jet causes the air introduced at a to pass in a rapid current
through the annular space s, and entering the chamber J by the openings
at the top of the space s, it passes through the yarn and spindles into
the cylinder or drum n and is finally discharged through the blast pipe.
5 The moisture from the cops falls to the bottom of the blast pipe which
is enlarged for its reception, and is drawn therefrom by a cock or tap.
The condensed water that forms in the steam jacket r is carried away by
the pipe and self-acting siphon box w.

page_text: In treating in the raw or unmanufactured state wool, hair, cotton,
China grass, or other fibrous material, a solution for scouring is first
prepared in one of the cisterns K, or in any other vessel that may be
convenient, and the same raised to a suitable temperature by turning in
steam from the pipes e' which inside the cisterns are perforated. Or the
solutions may be mixed in a pan, and heated by a fire underneath, as
practised upon the old system. The material to be operated upon is
then laid upon the perforated plates in another of the cisterns K. The
valve corresponding with the cistern K, which contains the scouring
solution, is then opened, and a downward stroke given to the piston, by
which the cylinder becomes charged with solution. The valve ¹ from
the cistern K in which the solution has been mixed is then closed, the
valve which leads to the other cistern K in which the material under
treatment is placed opened, an upward stroke given to the piston and
the solution forced therein. This operation_is_repeated_until_all_the-
solution is abstracted from the cistern in which it was mixed, and forced
into the one containing the material, and the valves ¹ may for this
purpose be made either to work by hand or self-acting. The tempera-
ture which the solution has lost in its transfer from one cistern to the
other is restored by turning steam into it from the pipes e¹.
66
"
Scouring is then commenced, and is effected as follows:-The
valve, connected with the cistern in which the material is placed,
being closed, and the air suction valve ² opened, a downward stroke is
given to the piston which fills the cylinder with air. All the valves h¹
and the washing out valve i being closed, and the air delivery valve /³
being made self-acting, an upward stroke is now given to the piston
which forces and compresses the air into the accumulator J'. The air
delivery valve ³ is now screwed down, and the valve leading to the
cistern K containing the material under treatment gradually opened.
This introduces the compressed air into the cistern K, where it tosses
and agitates the solutions and materials therein, as described in the
Provisional Specification before mentioned. Should the air require to
be cold when delivered into the cisterns we fill the tank k', through
which the pipes g¹ pass, with cold water. The extent of the tossing or
agitation will of course depend upon the quantity of air turned into the
cistern K which from the accumulator can be regulated with the greatest
nicety. The air can also be delivered directly from the cylinder itself
without the intervention of the accumulator. On completion of the

page_text: scouring the liquid that has been used for it is withdrawn from the
cistern K in which the operation has been conducted, and is forced back
into the other cistern in which it was originally mixed.
The succeeding processes of bleaching and dyeing are conducted in a
similar manner, the only difference being in the solutions or liquids
employed, and which to save time are generally in preparation for a
succeeding operation whilst a preceding one is in progress.
For boiling or otherwise heating the liquids in the cisterns K steam
is turned into them by the valves in pipes c¹ (Sheet 4).
Cold water for washing the materials in the cisterns K and the cisterns
themselves is introduced by opening the valves m².
The waste liquors when finally done with are drawn off by the
valves and the drain pipes o¹.
Both for economy and utility the waste steam from the cylinder is
employed for the purpose of heating the liquids required in the processes
of scouring, bleaching, and dyeing, as previously described.
The drying of the goods after having been so treated can be effected
either by a chamber of the construction described in the former part of
this Specification for cops or by centrifugal force, or by a drying stove
of the ordinary construction or otherwise.
Roll Boiling. For glossing and facing cloth or piece goods, whether
of wool, cotton, silk, or any other fibrous materials, when employing a
hollow perforated roller, cylinder, or drum around which one or more
pieces of cloth to be acted on are wound as described in the Specification
of a former Patent granted to some of us, and through which hot
liquors, hot water, or dye liquors as well as hot or cold air, if necessary,
are to be passed, we supply such fluids to and withdraw them from the
hollow perforated roller, cylinder, or drum by direct-action steam pumping
apparatus, such as herein described. For this purpose the cylinders,
drums, or rollers upon which the cloth is wrapped are during the
operation placed in a cistern or vessel of sufficient capacity and arc
fastened down to a partition plate near the bottom thereof, after the
manner previously described for securing the cop drum to the bottom
of its cistern, or by any other suitable and equally effective contrivance.
The partition plate is pierced with openings for admitting the liquids or
air into the interior of the cylinders, drums, or rollers, upon which the

page_text: cloth is wrapped, and which openings are closed by a revolving disc
plate
when they are not all required to be used at once in the
same cistern. The forcing of air through the cloth is accomplished in
the same way as previously described for the treatment of raw or
unmanufactured materials.
53
During the process of "roll boiling we can also "lustre," face,"
"prepare," and "dye" the pieces or cloth at the same time, the
" modus operandi" being the same, and the only difference being in the
various solutions required for the respective processes, and the pumping
apparatus herein-before described may similarly be employed for that
purpose.
Although we have in the preceding portion of this Specification-
described the whole of the processes as performed by a working cylinder
combining within itself the properties of both steam cylinder and pump,
we wish it to be distinctly understood that we do not confine ourselves
to that arrangement, as other constructions of direct-acting steam pumps
may be employed for the purpose, as, for example :—
1. A combination of separate steam cylinder and pump both or either
of them being either single or double acting, as shewn on Drawing,
Sheet 6, or the foregoing arrangements may be modified by the piston
or pistons being fixed and the cylinder or cylinders or pumps moveable
thereon. By employing direct-acting steam pumping apparatus as
herein described when acting on fibrous material in the form of cops a
continuous and equal pressure of scouring, bleaching, or dyeing liquor
may be maintained on all the cops even though the liquid may be able
to permeate more quickly through some of the cops than through
otliers.
Removal of Liquors or Solutions from Cisterns or Pans.-As previously
shewn in describing the treatment of materials in a raw state the
scouring, dyeing, or other liquors can by our working cylinder be
removed from one cistern to another as may be required. This facility
enables us to use the liquors over and over again without the necessity
of discharging or emptying them into a sewer, stream, or river, thereby
avoiding not only the pollution thereof, but also the loss of scouring,
dyeing, or other liquor, as it can be changed from one cistern to another

page_text: in a boiling state, which effects a saving both of time and fuel as well
as of liquor, as before named.
And generally, we may add, that by the arrangement of apparatus
above described we are enabled readily to perform the scouring, washing,
reparing, and dyeing operations upon wool, cotton, or other fibrous
substances without removal.
Having now described the nature of our Invention and the manner
in which the same may be performed, we wish it to be distinctly under-
stood that what we claim is,―
1. The combined arrangement of a series of vats or receivers provided
with perforated false bottoms and connected by pipes fitted with stop
valves to a direct-acting steam pump, substantially as herein described
and 'illustrated in the Drawings annexed.
2. The combined arrangements of apparatus for supplying and with-
drawing scouring, washing, bleaching, dyeing, and drying fluids to and
from receivers or holders of fibrous material in the raw or manufactured
or half manufactured state, substantially as herein described.
In witness whereof we, the said Thomas Nesham Kirkham, and
Vernon Francis Ensom, have hereunto set our hands and seals,
this Tenth day of March, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and seventy-one.
T. N. KIRKHAM.
(L.S.)
VERNON F. ENSOM. (L.S.)