CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING AND APPLYING MOTIVE POWER
Year: 1847

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ANTHONY
BERNHARD VON RATHEN, of Putney, in the County of Surrey, Civil Engineer,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Second day of November, in the
eleventh year of Her reign, did give and grant unto me, the said Anthony
Bernhard Von Rathen, my executors, administrators, and assigns, Her especial
licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said Anthony
Bernhard Von Rathen, my executors, administrators, and assigns, and such
others, as I, the said Anthony Bernhard Von Rathen, my executors, admi-
nistrators, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, during
the term of years therein mentioned, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-
Tweed, the Islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, and in all
Her said Majesty's Colonies and Plantations abroad, my Invention of "CERTAIN
IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING AND APPLYING MOTIVE POWER;" in which said Letters
Patent there is contained a proviso that I, the said Anthony Bernhard Von
Rathen, shall cause a particular description of the nature of my said Inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument
in writing under my hand and seal, to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's High
Court of Chancery within six calendar months next after the date of the said
in part recited Letters Patent, as, reference being thereunto had, may more
fully and at large appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Anthony Bernhard Von Rathen, do hereby declare that the nature of my
said Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are
fully described in and by the present Specification thereof, reference being
had to the Drawings thereunto annexed (that is to say):-
The nature of my Invention consists in improvements of machinery, appa-
ratus, and arrangements for compressing or condensing atmospheric air, and for
using or applying the compressed air as a propelling power on land or water.
My improvements in the air-compressing apparatus consist,―
First, in peculiarly constructed hydraulic pumps for compressing the air
through the medium of water or any other suitable non-elastic fluid. In the
present Specification water is the fluid adopted.
Second, in certain combinations or arrangements of the compressing pumps
and machinery, so as to equalize the power required in compressing atmo-
spheric air.
Third, in an arrangement of cold water pumps and reservoirs to supply or
renew the water in the compressing pumps.
Fourth, in a new or improved apparatus for cooling air or condensing steam
by means of water or a current of air, which contrivance (as it is further
herein shewn) may also be applied for warming or heating air in the act of
expansion.
Figure 1 is a vertical section, and Figure 2 a plan, of a double-action
hydraulic pump. The piston or plunger (A), being alternately raised and
depressed, forces out and draws in the water contained in the two vessels
(B and C), in each of which is a sliding or floating piston (D, D,) moving on
a rod (E). Fixed in the centre of each upon the top of each of the vessels
(B), (C), are tubes (F, F,) fitted with valves opening inwards so as to allow
the air to enter, and which being compressed the air is then forced out though
the tubes (G, G,). Fitted with valves, but opening outwards, all these tubes
G, G, belonging to the same set of pumps are connected together by the
pipe H, and conduct the compressed air through a refrigerator, herein-after to
be described, into a reservoir. It is evident that when the working piston or
plunger A is ascending as in Figure 1, the water in the vessel (B) will flow
back into the main cylinder, and atmospheric air will enter the vessel B
through the tube F; and by the same action the water over the working
piston or plunger in the main cylinder will be forced into the vessel C, while
the air contained therein will be compressed or forced out through the valve
or tube G into a reservoir connected with it. It is also evident that, instead
of atmospheric air, compressed air of any degree may be allowed to enter into

page_text: the cylindrical vessels by F, F, without requiring any alteration in the con-
struction or working of the pump. The pumps of a diminished diameter,
therefore, represented in Figure 3, and arranged, as shewn in Figure 4 (into
which compressed air is to enter), are of exactly the same construction, as
explained in Figure 1. The capacities of each of the vessels B and C are to
be in a slight degree larger than the cubic contents of the plunger A, which
will be further explained at the article for the renewing of the water. The
floating pistons D, D, are preferred, as shewn in Figure 1, with convex faces,
but could as well be flat. If convex, the top and bottom of the cylindrical
vessels B and C might be made concave to correspond with them, or left flat,
as in Figure 1, without much inconvenience, considering that at the end and
beginning of each stroke the space above and below them may be filled up with
water. These floating pistons are slightly packed or leathered so as to fit the
interior of the cylinder B and C tolerably well, these cylinders being presumed
to be bored. The main cylinder A requires no boring; the plunger, as in an
hydraulic press, being regularly turned, and fits water tight to the projecting
packing at L, which needs no further description. This packing is shewn
separately in Figure 5.
Figure 7 represents another arrangement of the hydraulic pump. The
cylinder is here supposed to be truly bored and fitted with an air-tight piston A.
This piston has working on its rod a floating piston D, water being contained
in the space E between the two; this arrangement requiring only a single
separate vessel B, the upper part of the pump supplying the place of a second
vessel.
Figure 2 represents a plan of the compressing pump. The same letters
refer to the same parts, as indicated in Figure 1.
I will now explain the combination or arrangements of the compressing
pumps and machinery to equalize, so far as required, the compressing power.
In Figure 6 three such compressing pumps, as described in Figure 1, are
combined and worked by one shaft with three cranks placed at one hundred
and twenty degrees apart; they are all of the same diameters or capacities,
and of the same length of stroke, and each is worked as herein-before
described in Figure 1. The object of uniting them by a three-throw crank
to one shaft is better to equalize the power required for working the pumps.
It is evident by this arrangement that the pistons of those pumps will con-
stantly stand relatively to each other at a distance of one-third of the length
of the stroke. But my Invention consists, not only in working by one shaft
with the three-throw crank three pumps of equal diameters, but in uniting
or combining three or more shafts together (each with three cranks) by means

page_text: of toothed wheels, levers, chains, drums, or any other known contrivances, in
such manner that all three shafts may be worked by putting one of them in
motion; and my arrangement consists, further, in fitting to these several shafts
sets of compressing pumps of a diameter varying in a geometrical ratio accord-
ing to the degree of compression to be effected. In Figure 3 the ratio of the
varying diameters is as follows:-A being one, B being. one-half, C being one-
quarter; or their capacities A being one, B would be one-quarter, and C one-
sixteenth of the capacity of A. It is presumed that each set of pumps united
to one shaft has its separate reservoir. The pumps A, in-which-atmospheric
air enters, will then compress air to four atmospheres. The pumps B will be
supported from the first reservoir with air compressed to about four atmo-
spheres, and will compress to about sixteen atmospheres, and C supplied from
B's reservoir will require no more power than the other pumps to compress
the air from sixteen to sixty-four atmospheres. If this degree (as it is here
the case) is assumed to be the highest degree of compression for the standing
reservoirs or magazine of compressed air, then a large provisional magazine
must be united with the regular reservoir of the C pumps, into which the
compressed air can enter through a tube with a valve weighted to sixty-
four atmospheres to keep at an equal working the three sets of pumps;
and to further equalize the working power of the three united shafts, each
having three-throw cranks, their union is made in such a way that they divide
the circle into nine equal parts at forty degrees distance, so that no two cranks
can be at one time in the same angular position. I bind myself neither
to the number of three pumps on each axle, nor to the number of combined
axles here shewn, as it is evident that, with a less number, say two pumps on
each axle, and four or five axles combined, a practicable equalization of the
working power might be obtained, or even with two axles combined, and two
or three or more cranks in each axle, a good equalization of work might be
produced when the foregoing arrangements are adopted. I limit myself, not
to any form of construction of the reservoirs of compressed air to be used,
provided that they are so divided that each set of pumps on each axle has a
different reservoir. The arrangement of cold water pumps and water reservoirs
to supply those different compressing pumps with cold water, and to deliver
any portion of their contents, is as follows:-A separate cold water pump and
supply reservoir is fitted to each set of pumps united to one axle. This supply
reservoir is provided with a regulator in one of the many known ways to keep
the water therein constantly at about the same level. This reservoir is placed
at such a height so that the water therein shall have a level elevated suffi-
ciently over the level in the pumps and vessels as to secure its entrance when

page_text: the working piston is in the act of drawing the water from the vessels
(B or C) in the main cylinder. To obtain this object a general tube or
cylindrical vessel is fitted to this water reservoir, from which branching pipes
are conveyed, one to each of the vessels (B and C), entering at the bottom
thereof, or at any convenient place in the main cylinder; and each of those
pipes is provided with a valve opening inwards. This supplying water reser-
voir is open at the head to the particular air reservoirs from which the set of
pumps belonging to it are supplied. At the first set it would be open to the
atmospheric air, at the second to air compressed to four atmospheres, at the
third set to the reservoir, with sixteen atmospheres' pressure, or to air at what-
ever other pressure these last sets might be supplied with. It is evident that
as soon as any of the pistons in any particular set of compressing pumps
would begin to move, or to allow the air-suction valve (F) to be opened by the
entering of atmospheric or compressed air, the cold water reservoir having
upon its head or upper surface an equal pressure to that exerted by the
entering air upon the floating piston, and the interior water in the compress-
ing pump, the power of the water column of the reservoir over that in the
compressing pump would then raise the valve of its branching pipe, and would
force cold water into that compressing pump or vessel, the quantity of which
could easily be calculated from the velocity due to the pressure of the water
column and the area of the opening. It has been before said that the capacity
of the vessels (B and C) should be somewhat larger than the cubic contents
of the plunger. It follows, therefore, that the floating pistons in any of the
vessels (B and C) would not fully reach the bottom of the vessel, but would
have a small body of water under it, which at the first supply of water may be
regulated or fixed, and which would offer the means for applying a water indi-
cator, by fixing to any of the floating pistons a small iron rod passing through
a working box through the cover of each vessel (B and C), by which the supply
and delivery of the renewing water might be regulated. It has been before
explained that the supply water reservoir is connected with a tube or cylin-
drical vessel, from which branching pipes convey the water into cach of the
vessels of the set of compressing pumps belonging to this reservoir by valves
opening inwards; then, by fitting a stop-cock to the connecting pipe between
the water reservoir and the cylindrical water vessel, the supply of cold water
could be regulated by the management of this cock according to the aforesaid
indicator, which would shew, at the end of the stroke, if too much or too
little water is in the compressing pumps or vessels.
A similar arrangement
might also be made for regulating the egress of the water from any vessel of
the compressing pumps, by fitting to each of those vessels an outlet pipe, and

page_text: connecting all those outlet pipes of any set to a cylindrical water vessel, and
providing each of those outlet pipes with a valve opening inwards. This cylin-
drical water vessel would have but one outlet pipe, in which a regulating cock
would be placed leading into a closed vessel having a delivery valve weighted
to such an extent that this general outlet valve would open a little before the
forcing air valve would open, therefore somewhat less weighted than the highest
pressure of the air reservoir connected with the forcing air valve belonging to
this set of pumps. It is evident that this cylindrical water vessel would at all
times be full of water under a pressure equal to the weight of the general
delivery valve, which would keep the separate valves opening into it closed
until the pressure in either of the compressing pumps exceeded the pressure
on the weighted general delivery valve; but no more water could be delivered
into the cylindrical water vessel than the opening of the stop-cock would allow,
by which it is evident that the delivery of the water from the compressing
pumps could also be regulated. The object of this (in practice not so com-
plicated a process, as might appear from the lengthened description,) is to
prevent the water in the compressing pumps from becoming heated by the
absorption of heat developed by compressing the air. But I have also another
method for more simply effecting the same object, which is the following:-I
place each set of compressing pumps in an adequately large open reservoir of
cold water, and provide each of those cooling reservoirs with a large supply
of cold water, making the tepid water flow away at its head. Each compress-
ing pump may have, at the lowest part of the space above and below the
plunger, an opening with a stop-cock, by which it was at first supplied with
the regular quantity of water. This contrivance might be used to let away
from time to time the stale water when worked out, and supply all the pumps
with fresh water as often as required, if the cold water reservoirs were
properly kept down in their temperature.
The fourth part of my Invention for compressing air is a separate refrige-
rator, through which the compressed air from cach set of the compressing
pumps has to pass into the reservoir belonging to it. It is intended that
each set of compressing pumps should have its separate refrigerator or cooling
apparatus, the dimensions of which will be according to the dimensions of
the compressing pumps to which it belongs. As it has been before described
that all the tubes conveying compressed air are united to one pipe for
the sake of simplicity, the refrigerator is immediately supplied with com-
pressed air from this main pipe. The novelty of my cooling apparatis
consists in constructing two cylindrical tubes fitted one over the other,
and having a narrow space between them, but in its capacity arranged

page_text: to the quantity of air which has to pass through it into the compressed air
reservoir. The cooling-medium water or a draught of air is allowed to flow
through the open space of the internal tube, and to surround also the
external tube. Those tubes may be constructed from sheet iron, but are of
course more effective if made of copper. Figure 8 represents a cistern or
water reservoir with such a cylindrical tube in an inclining position. Sup-
posing that such a double cooling tube was of considerable length, it might be
adviseable to have it separated in two parts, as herein shewn, and connected by
elbow pipes for the passage of the compressed air. The compressed air enters
here by the pipe A, and passes through the connecting elbow pipes from
C to D, and through the tube B into the compressed air reservoir.
The pipe E supplies cold water to the bottom of the cistern, and the tepid
water flows away by the pipe F. A series of similar pipes might be united
together by communicating tubes in such manner as shewn in Figures 9, 10,
and 11, where the double cooling tubes are placed vertically in a cistern of
water supplied as before described. The spaces between those double tubes
communicate all together at the top and bottom by the communication pipes
C and D. The compressed air enters in the upper communication pipe C at.
A, and passes from the lower communicating pipe D through the pipe B into
the compressed air reservoir belonging to it. By the pipe E the cold water is
supplied, and by the pipe F the tepid water flows away. Although this
arrangement is represented for cooling compressed air by the medium of
water or a draught of air, it can be as beneficially applied for cooling or con-
densing steam, and on a locomotive, or wherever a scarcity of water exists, the
cooling or condensing of steam might satisfactorily be effected by the use of a
draught of air, and using copper pipes for that purpose, arranging the dimen-
sions, viz the interstices for the steam passage, as small as possible, and the
diameter of the pipes as large as convenient.
The improvements in the machinery, apparatus, and arrangements for using
compressed air as a propelling power consist in a regulating, expanding, and
warming apparatus. Before I begin to describe those apparatus I consider it
advisable to refer to the Specification of a former Patent, which I obtained
on the Twenty-eighth July, One thousand eight hundred and forty-one,
for "a new method or methods (called by the Inventor the united, sta-
tionary, and locomotive system) of propelling locomotives on railroads and
"common roads, and vessels on rivers and canals, by the application of a
power produced or obtained by means of machinery and apparatus uncon-
"nected with the carriages and vessels to be propelled," which was duly
inrolled on the Twenty-eighth January, One thousand eight hundred and forty-.
66
<<

page_text: two.
The propelling power referred to was compressed air. I abstract from
this Specification in regard to the system of working so much as may be useful
for the purpose of this Specification. "It is intended to have at convenient
distances (similar as in the atmospheric system) stations erected, in which com-
pressed air is produced and preserved in sufficiently large compressed air
reservoirs, from whence it is transmitted to supply reservoirs fixed or placed
upon carriages, and the locomotive itself to carry sufficient propelling power
with the train, according to the extension of the train and the distance to the
next station, where the exhausted power magazines, carriages, or even the
locomotive itself may be exchanged for other power carriages fully supplied,
and in readiness at that station." The same method was described to be
observed for locomotion on common roads, and for navigation on inland waters.
Those improvements about to be herein described have reference to the appli-
cation of the compressed air from those magazines or reservoirs upon the
carriages or vessels to the propelling machinery. The compressed air contained
in these magazines is of course of a very high pressure, from about fifty atmo-
spheres, or even more. The first object, therefore, is to have an uniform
propelling power from the beginning to the end of the journey, for which a
moderator or regulator was described in the Specification of the former
Patent. But since that its construction has been greatly improved by me,
which will be seen by the following description:-
In Figures 16 to 26 are represented three different modifications of improved
moderators, by which the double object is attained of providing the propelling
machinery with an uniform power, and by its connection with a warming or
heating apparatus for restoring the heat otherwise lost by the expansion of the
compressed air, and preserving thereby its elasticity.
Figures 16, 17, 18, shew two sections and a plan of one of those improved
moderators. The pipe or tube A conveys the high pressure air from the reser-
voir to a revolving piston or plug B, and through the two openings D, D, to
the hollow interior of this revolving piston or plug, and by the opening E enters
a tube H, and from that into the expanding or warming tubes (which will be
herein-after described), and after having passed through those warming tubes
it enters by the tube I into the regulating vessel K, and from thence it issues
by L either to the propelling machinery direct, or to an intermediate reservoir,
and from thence to the propelling machinery. The regulating of the compressed
air to an uniform working power, or to such an increase or diminution of power
as may be required, is effected by the up and down movement of a sliding
piston M moving in a cylinder, and through a working box N. This piston is
pressed upwards by the pressure of the condensed air contained in the moderator

page_text: or regulating vessel K, and pressed downwards by the pressure of the atmo-
sphere, and a weight or the power of a spring (as shewn in Figure 26), which
is calculated to counterbalance the pressure upon the interior area of the
sliding or regulating piston M. For instance, if an uniform working power
equal to about 5 atmospheres (more or less) should be required, then the
sliding piston would be counterbalanced by
a weight or spring to 4 atmo-
spheres. If the compressed air supplied to the interior through the tube I was
less than five atmospheres, then the sliding piston would be forced downwards,
and being connected by a lever with the revolving lock or plug B, would turn
it, and thereby enlarge the openings D, D, so that more high compressed air
would pass through it, and from the expanding and heating pipes into the
regulating vessel K; and if the internal pressure was reaching a higher degree
than five atmospheres, the sliding piston M would move upwards, and turning
the revolving cock or plug B in a different direction, would produce the oppo-
site effect by decreasing the openings D, D. It is evident that some allowance
must be made for the friction caused by the movement, and therefore the
uniform power might be sometimes a little higher, and at other times a little
lower than the fixed standard. If circumstances require this working power
to be increased or diminished, it can easily be done by contracting or expanding
the spring by the movement of a handle, as shewn in Figure 26.
Figures 19 to 23 shew a different kind of moderator, but differing only in
the construction. In Figure 19 the moderator is worked by the raising up
or depressing of two pistons connected together and moving in a cylinder, and
the high-pressure air enters from the tube A' between those two pistons B, B,
through the openings D, D, and a pipe is fixed at H, through which the high-
pressure air is conducted into the expanding or warming tubes. The movement
of these pistons is produced by the sliding or regulating piston M at the top of
the moderator, as before explained, and the two pistons B, B, are so arranged
that they decrease more or less the openings D, D, by moving upwards, and
increase the openings by moving downwards. In the Drawings they are
represented as being fully open. It is evident that those two pistons B, B,
have no other resistance to their movement up and down than their friction on
the sides of the cylinder, as the high-pressure air entering between both of
these pistons, B, B, tends to equalize itself, as well as the pressure from the
air contained in the moderator K pressing on the top of the upper piston,
is counterbalanced by the air entering at E and pressing on the bottom of the
lower piston. Figure 20 represents a plan of the same moderator. Figure 21
represents the two pistons B, B, as connected with the sliding or regulating

page_text: piston M; and Figures 22 and 23 represent different views of the cylinder in
which the two connected pistons work.
The third improved moderator is represented in Figures 24, 25, and 26, and
works on the same principle, but with this difference, that the passage and
regulation of the high-pressure air is effected outside the regulating vessel.
The sliding or regulating piston M is hollow, and by its motion upwards or
downwards moves by means of a crank and spindle O, which latter passes air-
tight through the sides of the cylinder, and a tube of brass P, and is connected
with a throttle valve B, which is so arranged that by the downward motion of
the regulating piston M, the entrance for the high-pressure air is encreased, and
by its upward motion this entrance is decreased, as herein-before described.
In Figure 24 the high-pressure air enters at the tube A into the passage of
the throttle valve, and passes out by the tube H into the expanding or warming
air tubes to be herein-after described. G is a plug end for the convenience, if
required, of getting at the throttle valve. By I in Figure 24 the expanded air
from the warming pipes enters into the regulating vessel K, and through Lit
passes into the working machinery or the working power reservoir.
The expanding and warming pipes, as shewn connected with the regulator
in Figures 12 and 13, are of a similar construction as those forming the refri-
gerator or cooling apparatus as herein-before explained, but with this difference,
that their interstices or spaces into which the compressed air passes are con-
tinually enlarging from the beginning to the end of the pipes, which will be
better understood by the following explanation:-In Figure 12, C, C, C, C, and
A merely shew a part of the reservoir, constructed of cylindrical tubes, which
are all in communication. From the high-pressure reservoir the air enters
through the openings D, D, and passes through the revolving cock or piston B
by E and H into the warming pipe F, which has a narrow space formed by
two copper pipes, which space is enlarging to O, where it passes into the
second warming and expanding tube G, which is of larger dimensions, as it has
air already expanded to receive, and the interstice or space between those two
tubes is also continually enlarging till it reaches the pipe I, by which it enters
into the regulating vessel K. The manner in which the regulation is performed
has already been explained. It remains only to be said, that in proportion as
the air entering the regulating vessel from the warming tubes is of a higher
pressure than it was limited to by the weight or spring upon the regulating
piston, then the openings D, D, of the revolving cock or piston would be
decreased, and therefore less high-compressed air would pass through H into
the warming tubes. If, however, the warmed and expanded air entering from

page_text: the warming pipes into the regulating vessel contained less than the normal
pressure than by the working of the regulating piston M, the openings D, D,
of the revolving cock or throttle valve would be increased, and a larger quantity
of high-compressed air would pass through H into the warming tubes. The
advantages which are produced by those warming tubes are the following:-
When the high-compressed air contained in the reservoir, say of about fifty
atmospheres, should expand itself by immediately entering the moderator to
the normal pressure, say, of five atmospheres, then it would fall much too below
the temperature of the atmospheric air, and lose a great part of its elasticity,
but by forcing the high-pressure air from the reservoir through a passage in
the expanding and warming tubes, wherein it is spread out into small films,
and slowly and gradually expands itself, and being in contact with the surfaces
of the internal and external tubes which are in continued contact with the
atmospheric air, it cannot fail to absorb (especially when the warming tubes
are of copper) the heat of the surrounding atmosphere, and to be restored or
raised to unequal temperature with it when it enters the regulating vessel, by
which its natural force and elasticity is preserved, or even increased. I
hereby merely indicate a mode of utilizing the expanding force of the com-
pressed air in the reservoir during its expansion to the normal pressure in
the moderator, in order to preserve to myself by its publication the right of
using it in certain circumstances, but distinctly disclaim any patent right to it.
In Figure 14 are represented two cylinders, into the smaller one of which the
high-pressure air could be made to enter directly from the passage through
the revolving and regulating lock or plug or throttle valve, and after working the
piston therein, enter (as in Wolff's system) the larger one, and after having
worked the piston therein, and being proportionally expanded, it would then
pass (as before) into the warming tubes, and thence into the regulating vessel,
and finally, as before, to the working machinery. This extra power freely
gained might be made available for some purpose. A more simple method
might still be adopted, videlicit, instead of using those two expanding cylinders,
my universal wheel or rotatory engine, shewn in Figure 15, for which I obtained
Letters Patent, bearing date the Seventeenth day of July, One One thousand
eight hundred and forty-seven, and which was described in a Specification duly
enrolled on the Seventeenth day of January last, might be used.
Having now described the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, I declare that what I claim are the following:
First, I claim the machinery and apparatus for compressing atmospheric
air, as herein-before described, in the peculiar combination and arrangement
thereof.

page_text: Second, I claim separately the hydraulic pumps herein-before described,
when used for the purpose of exhausting air in conjunction with the above
machinery and apparatus, or with any other suitable contrivances. But I
disclaim those pumps when used for any other purpose.
Thirdly, I claim separately the employment of double tubes of iron or other
metal, arranged as herein-before described in Figures 8, 9, 10, 11, not only for
cooling compressed air, but also for cooling or condensing rarefied atmospheric
air-or-steam, or any other elastic or non-elastic fluid.
Fourthly, I claim the machinery and apparatus for regulating, expanding,
and warming compressed air, as herein-before described, in the peculiar com-
bination and arrangement thereof.
Fifthly, I claim the system of warming or heating compressed air during the
act of expansion, as before described.
Sixthly, I claim the application of such double-fitted tubes as represented in
Figures 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12, as herein-before described, to the warming houses
or buildings, by circulating hot water, steam, or heated air, or any other suit-
able elastic or non-elastic fluid in the spaces between them.
Seventhly and lastly, I claim the improvements in the moderator or regulator
of compressed air, which I have introduced since the Specification of my
Patent of the Twenty-eighth July, One thousand eight hundred and forty-one.
And I claim more especially the improvement by which the highly compressed air
is prevented from entering immediately from the reservoir into the moderator
(in order to be there moderated or regulated to an uniform degree of pressure),
and is, under regulations, conducted into the expanding and warming tubes,
and only allowed to enter the moderator or regulating vessel after its passage
through the expanding and heat restoring tubes.
In witness whereof, I, the said Anthony Bernhard Von Rathen, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Second day of May, in the of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty-eight.
year
ANTHONY BERNHARD (L.S.) VON RATHEN.
Inrolled the same Second day of May, in the year above written.