IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC LAMPS, CANDLES, CANDLE HOLDERS, AND APPARATUSES CONNECTED THEREWITH.”
Year: 1881

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Jules Albert Berly, Civil and Electrical Engineer, of
No. 9, Relf Road, Peckham Rye, London, S.E., in the County of Surrey, for
an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC LAMPS, CANDLES, CANDLE
HOLDERS, AND APPARATUSES CONNECTED THEREWITH.”
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Jules Albert Berly at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 21st March 1881.
JULES ALBERT BERLY, Civil and Electrical Engineer, of No. 9, Relf Road,
Peckham Rye, London, S.E., in the County of Surrey. "IMPROVEMENTS IN
ELECTRIC LAMPS, CANDLES, CANDLE HOLDERS, AND APPARATUSES CONNECTED
THEREWITH."
In all the systems of electric lamps, regulators, and electric candles which have
been devised until now the principle of the production of the voltaic arc consisted
in causing, when the said electric lamps, regulators, or candles were not in operation,
the carbon points to touch each other, either by means of their own gravity, as it
is the case with regulators and certain descriptions of candles, or by means of
springs, counterweights, or other appliances pressing the carbon points together, as
it is the case with certain descriptions of candles with moveable parallel carbon
points, or yet to establish an artificial communication between them by bridging
their free ends or poles with a primer or thin coating of conductible material fusing
under the heat created by its resistance to the passage of the current, and therefore
creating the gap necessary to the production of the voltaic arc.
The inconvenient of this arrangement in the system of candles with moveable
parallel carbons burning with their points turned either upwards or downwards is
the obligation in which one is placed of constantly keeping the carbons at. the
necessary distance from each other by means of the magnetic attraction of an
electro magnet or a solenoid, the wire of which is placed in the same circuit as
the candles themselves, and which said electro-magnet or solenoid, when the circuit
is closed, attracts an armature to which the moveable carbon holders are attached;
and when the circuit is open or interrupted frees the said armature with the
carbon holders and carbons attached thereto, the said armature being forced away
from its electro-magnet by means of antagonistic springs, counterweights, or other
arrangements, and sometimes by its own gravity.
As the currents used in connection with electric candles are alternating, and as

page_text: at each change of direction of the current the armature has a tendency to part
from its electro magnet as heretofore explained, the result is a vibration of
the said armature and the carbons attached thereto, which vibration creates an
intolerable noise, and causes the light to be unsteady, and the lamp unmanageable.
In my Invention I do away with this hitherto defective arrangement and the
consequences attached thereto in the case of candles with moveable parallel carbons,
by reversing the established order of things, and. maintaining, when at rest, the
carbon points at a certain distance from each other instead of causing them to touch
each other as heretofore explained, and in utilizing the passage of the current and
the magnetic attraction of the electro magnet or solenoid for approaching the carbon
points and pressing them against each other, and for that purpose only, after which
operation the carbon points part from each other, producing the arc, and remain in
that position, the current not passing anymore through the electro-magnet or the
solenoid, as will be explained hereafter.
The fixed carbon pencils are connected with one of the poles of the machine.
The moveable carbon pencils are connected with the other pole of the machine.
An electro magnet or a solenoid acting on the moveable carbon armature or
armatures is placed in short circuit, so that when the circuit is closed the current
not being able to pass through the carbon pencils, the points of which when at rest
or in their natural position are apart from each other, passes through the said
electro magnet. The armature with its carbon pencils is therefore attracted, and
as this oscillating motion is utilized for causing the points to touch one another, at
that moment the current will leave the electro-magnet chosing the carbon points,
the resistance of the former being calculated for being considerably in excess of the
resistance offered by a pair of carbon pencils and the arc together. The electro-
magnet thus loosing its magnetism relieves the armature, and this last one falling
into its natural position the arc is produced by the separation of the carbon points
thus operated. The same motion with the same result will be obtained each time
that the current is reinstated in the circuit after being interrupted either accidentally
or otherwise; therefore the candle will not be liable to go out as long as the current
is not suppressed, and it can be put out and relighted at will, and no vibration or
noise can take place, the carbon pencils & (holders) being fixed when burning.
In those lamps, or candle holders, or candles in which the regulating mechanism
is dispensed with, the carbon pencils being placed parallel to each other and fixed
in separate holders, one being fixed and the other being made to approach the fixed
one or recede from it so as to bring the ends or points in contact or separate them
from each other for the purposes of the light, I replace the hinge pivot, pin, or
other rotating or oscillating arrangement or contrivance by a piece of flexible
material, such, for instance, as a strip of metal, and I use the said flexible material,
according to the case, as a hinge only, or both as a hinge and a spring, this last one
being direct acting or antagonistic.
Alternating currents being for well known reasons used in connection with
electric candles, the approaching and receding motions of the moveable carbon
pencil to and from the fixed one, which motions are made use of for bringing the
points together or apart for the purpose of kindling the said candles, are obtained
by attaching the moveable carbon pencil to an armaturo which is attracted by an
electro-magnet when the current which passes through it is flowing or the circuit
closed, and which recedes from it when the current ceases to flow or the circuit is
opened. The same approaching or receeding motions are or may be obtained by
ineans of a solenoid or otherwise.
It has hitherto been customary to hinge the combined carbon holder and
armature by means of pins or axles constituting an articulation round which as a
center the said moveable portion of the lamp or candle is made to rotate or other-
wise oscillate.
This arrangement has been found in practice to be a very imperfect one for
various reasons.
The attracting power of electro magneto or solenoids placed in a circuit in which

page_text: an alternating current is circulating is comparatively weak, and the alternation
itself of the current creates a certain amount of vibration or trepidation.
For the first of these two causes the weight or the resistance which the electro
magnet or the solenoid has to overcome or attract must be as feeble and as little
as possible, and the hinge, pivot, or articulation must be as free as possible for the
same reason.
For the second of these two causes, on the other hand, the play in the working
parts of the hinge, pivot, or oscilating articulation must be as reduced as possible,
as the vibration or trepidation due to the alternating current taking place at a very
considerable speed the noise created by the contacts of the metallic parts striking
against each other at that rate causes the lamp or candle to be intolerably musical,
and the defect goes on increasing as the hinge, pivot, or other oscillating articulation
wears out, the noise increasing at the same ratio and the working of the lamp,
candle holder, or candle becoming affected by it as the moveable carbon pencil
instead of falling fairly against the fixed one when the current becomes interrupted,
either accidentally or otherwise, and being thus ready for relighting by parting
from each other when the current is reinstated or the circuit closed, falls sideway
or scissors like, that is to say, glides along the fixed carbon, the flexibility of the
carbon rods aggravating still this state of things, and in that case they will part
again to fall again, no light or are being produced until they happen by mere
chance to fall point to point.
One is therefore placed in a dilemna, as if the oscillating articulation is too free
or has any play an intolerable noise is produced thereby, and the play, as before
explained, will keep on increasing with time, together with the noise, until the
lamp or candle becomes uncertain in its action and refuses to perform its work.
If it is too tight (which can also happen by the dilatation due to the heating of the
apparatus), the current being weak, as already explained, the moveable carbon pencil
will not in this case be propelled to and from the fixed one when the current is
interrupted or reinstated either accidentally or otherwise.
In practice the inconvenient of the play, other things being put aside, does not
take any length of time to manifest itself, even in the best regulated apparatuses.
All these inconvenients are done away with by the adoption of a flexible
material or spring in lieu of the said articulation, the said material or spring being
firmly fixed at one end of the moveable carbon holder or carbon, as well as its
armature and appertenance being attached to it.
The said flexible material or spring inay be thin, consequently opposing no more
resistance to the propelling and receeding motions of the moveable carbon than if it
was oscillating on a very free pin, pivot, or articulation; and the working part of
it may at the same time be very short, so as to act exactly as a perfect center of
oscillation. If the said flexible material or spring is made very broad, all twisting
or sideway motion of the arinature and carbons attached thereto is prevented.
The noise resulting from the play and vibration and the play itself are therefore
completely done away with, tho regularity of working is also completely secured
as the moveable carbon fairly falls against the fixed one (ready to part again and
produce the light) when the current is accidentally or otherwise interrupted.
The automatic switching of one consumed candle out of circuit, introducing
another into play, has also hitherto in these description of lamps, candles, etc., been
effected by various ineffectual or uncertain combinations, necessitating a great
amount of trouble, annoyance, and supervision, and giving indifferent results.
I provide against these defects by means of the following arrangement :—
The moveable carbon pencils being in electric communication with each other,
and connected with the same pole, terminal or conducting wire, the fixed carbon
pencils, instead of being mounted in the same manner, that is to say, in electric
communication are mounted on separate plates or bases contrary to what has been
done hitherto, are not directly connected with the other pole, terminal or conducting
wire; but the said other terminal or pole is mounted on a plate on which are as
many binding screws as there is fixed carbon pencils; before fixing the fixed carbon

page_text: pencil into its socket or carbon holder, I slide through the end nearest the holder
a short cylinder of thin metal cut open longitudinally, so as to act as a spring, and
of an inside diameter rather smaller than the carbon pencil itself. To this spring
cylinder is attached (rivetted or brazed) a short piece of bare or covered copper
wire of convenient size, the end of which is connected to one of the aforesaid
binding screws. The said cylinder of thin metal, by pressing against the carbon
rod, makes a good contact, and the current thus circulates in all the fixed carbons
through these cylinders and their wires attached to them as heretofore described.
When the candle which is burning is nearly consumed, that is to say, when the
are reaches the said metallic spring cylinder, the wire connecting the said cylinder
to its corresponding terminal becomes fused by the heat of the arc, and the current
is therefore prevented from passing further through the nearly consumed candle,
the current then choses one of the remaining candles, and an automatic switching
is thereby effected.
In those candles in which one of the carbons is not made to approach or recede
to and from the other, such as the Joblochkoff candle, in which the two carbons
are fixed and connected together at the top for the purpose of kindling, the facility
for relighting does not exist, as in the other systems, and it is not in the
generality of cases advisable to electrically connect the various candles in the same
lamp.
I effect the automatic switching by means of a commutator, cylindrical or
otherwise, actuated by means of compressed air, vacuum, or electricity, the necessary
motion being periodically given when required either by hand at distance by the
engino itself, or by means of a clock suitably arranged for the purpose.
A current of compressed air at a sufficient pressure stored into a suitable air
receiver is caused to flow through a system of piping, from which it reaches the
compressed air switches which are branched upon the same piping, and actuate
either one single lamp or a whole circuit, the pressure of the compressed air causes
a piston working in a vertical cylender or an air bag to ascend, and the motion
thus attained is used for actuating a switche by means of the intermediate pieces of
mechanism which can be required for the purpose. In a like manner vacuum or
the action of a solenoid or of electro-magnets may be used for the purpose. The
piece thus raised, either a piston or other piece of mechanism, falls when relieved
back into its former position by its own weight, ready to be raised again when a
new switching is required.
In the arrangement of the Joblochkoff candle known as "Gadot" candle holder,
in which one half of the carbons are electrically connected together and with one
of the poles, and the other half are also connected between themselves and with the
other pole, the difficulty attending to the switching has hitherto been to prevent
the arc burning too low, that is to say, lower down than is required or safe, which
difficulty necessitated the switching by hand at periodical intervals, and also a
temporary extinction of the lighting, as it was found necessary to wait until the
incandescent candle was sufficiently cold. In this description of candle holders or
apparatuses I obtain the automatic switching by insulating the half of the candle
from its holder, with which it previously had electric communication, which can be
done by lining the inside of one of the sockets or carbon holders with an insulating
material, such as ebonite. By connecting in the aforesaid manner one of the tubes
of each candle through a short wire to a corresponding terminal, all these terminals
being mounted upon the same plate or base which is in electric communication
with one of the poles, as all the other carbons are through their holders, and being
mounted upon another plate in electric communication with the other pole, when
the arc reaches one of the wires, this one is instantly consumed, and the current not
being able to pass through the burning candle any more, choses another path
opened to it, the result being to immediately and automatically switch another
candle into circuit.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Jules Albert Berly in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
21st September 1881.
JULES ALBERT BERLY, Civil and Electrical Engineer, of No. 9, Relf Road,
Peckham Rye, London, S.E., in the County of Surrey. "IMPROVEMENTS IN
ELECTRIC LAMPS, CANDLES, CANDLE HOLDERS, AND APPARATUSES CONNECTED
THEREWITH.
"
The said Invention relates to the construction of electric lamps, candles, candle
holders, switches, or commutators based on new principles and improved methods.
And in order that the said Invention may be fully understood, I shall now
proceed more particularly to describe the same, and for that purpose shall refer to
the several Figures on the annexed Sheets of Drawings, the same letters of reference
indicating corresponding parts in all the Figures.
Figures 1 and 2 are diagrams illustrating the principle of the Invention.
a, fixed carbon pencil holder.
b, moveable carbon pencil holder oscillating round the points o of the spring
hinges c, and attached to armature d.
c, spring hinges made of thin strips of elastic material, such as brass, or
steel, etc.
d, soft iron armature to which the moveable carbon pencil holders 6 are
attached.
e, stop or rest of soft material limiting the fall of the armature d, and regulating
thereby the distance between the fixed and moveable carbon pencil holders and
their carbon pencils attached thereto.
The distance at which the said carbon pencils are made to rest from each other
is that which is suitable for the production of the voltaic arc, according to the size
of carbon pencils used, electro motive force employed, or the system of lamp or
candles which is being used.
f, base of the lamp.
g, terminal connected with the moveable carbon holder themselves by means of
the block k, the spring c, and the armature.
h, terminal connected with the candles of the fixed carbon holder.
i, cross piece rivetted to the armature d, and to which one end of spring hinges o
are attached by means of the covers j.
j, covers for attaching one end of the spring hinges c-to cross pieces i of
armature d.
k, blocks fixed to basef of the lamp, and to which the other ends of springs c
are secured by means of covers l. .
Z, covers securing the other ends of spring hinges c to blocks k.
m, electro magnet of very great resistance, the two ends of which wire are
attached to terminals g and h, the said electro magnet m being therefore placed in
shunt in the main circuit, and in fact of the lamp itself.
n, n', carbon pencils.
When the circuit is open, that is to say, when the current is not passing and the
lamp is at rest, the carbon pencils n, n³, are apart from and parallel to each other,
the armature d and its attached moveable carbon holder 6 pressing by the effect of
their own weight on the stop or rest e.
On the current being sent through the circuit, or the circuit being closed a gap
existing between the extremities of the carbon pencils n, n¹, the current finds no
issue through the said carbon pencils, and follows the path of the continuous route
opened to it through the electro-magnet m.
<

page_text: The magnetism of the magnet m attracts the prolonged armature d, and the
oscillating motion thus given to the said armature round its elastic spring hinges o
causes the moveable carbon pencil n¹ to approach the fixed one n until their point
or extremities come in contact, at which moment another path is open to the
current, and as the resistance of the electro magnet m is calculated to be very
much greater than the total resistance of the candle and voltaic are the current
leaves the magnet to choose the less resistant path, and by so doing the electro
magnet m relieves its armature d, and the weight of the said, together with its
attachment, causes the moveable carbon pencil n¹ to recede from the fixed one n,
and a gap being thus produced between the points the candle is kindled, and the
voltaic arc spreads and keeps at the point until the carbon pencils are consumed,
or the circuit is open either accidentally or otherwise. In this later case everything
remains in the same position until the reinstatement of the current or relighting
of the lamp by the closing of the circuit when the same things happen in the
same order as before, that is to say, the moveable carbon pencil approaches the
fixed one, their points touch, the moveable carbon pencil then recedes from the other,
and the light is produced.
When the light is burning the armature and its attachment of moveable carbon
holders is in a perfectly fixed position, as it is resting on e by the effect of its own
weight, and there can be therefore no vibrating motion imparted to it by the
alternations of the current, as it is the case when the said armature and its
attachment have to be maintained in their working position by the attracting
force of the electro-magnet.
The light is therefore perfectly fixed, and at the same time perfectly silent, as
when the lamp is at work there is no part to which a vibrating motion could be
imparted.
Instead of being attracted by an electro magnet the armature & could be acted
upon in the same manner by means of a solenoid.
Fig. 3 and 4 are diagrams illustrating a candle holder of the same description
than Fig. 1 and 2, but with a certain number of candles in a row.
Any number of candles might thus be put either into a single row or in a series
of rows, or otherwise distributed over a base or lamp holder.
Fig. 5, 6, and 7 are diagrams illustrating the application of the Invention to a
lamp of the system known as "Jamin" lamps or candles.
Fig. 8 and 9 illustrate the application of the Invention to a circular candle holder
containing four or moro candles or pairs of carbon pencils.
The other part of my Invention, relating to the elastic spring hinge c, is illustrated
in Fig. 10, 11, in which a lamp of the system known as "Wilde" candle is
represented, the approaching motion of the moveable carbon being obtained by
means of an antagonistic spring, and the receding by means of an electro magnet.
In Fig. 12 and 13, illustrating a lamp or series of candles, the moveable carbons of
which are acted upon by counterweights, and could be acted upon in the same
manner by means of spring or springs.
The advantages resulting of the use of that part of my Invention described as
elastic spring hinge are manifold, the said spring binges c having all the advantages
of an ordinary hinge, pivot, or articulation, and none of its inconvenients.
No play can exist or be created in the hinge, pivot, or articulation, consequently
there is no wear and tear.
No alteration in the working of the apparatus can take place, owing to the
dilatation and contraction caused by the heat.
No noise can be produced, as there is in the hinge, pivot, or articulation no part
moveable or liable to become so by wear and tear, and there is consequently no
knocking of parts against each other.
The armature is perfectly free, and will never stick in any position, as the elastic
spring hinges c being very thin offers no resistance to the free motion up or down
of the armature.

page_text: There can be no side play or twisting motion of the armature, as the-elastic
spring hinges c are very short and very broad. The contact of the carbon points
is thus always fair, and no crossing of the carbon pencils can therefore take place,
as in the case with ordinary pin, bolt, axle, point, or pivot articulations from the
moment that any small play begin to occur in them.
Fig. 16 is a diagram illustrating the details of the automatic switching of a fresh
candle into circuit when the burning one is consumed in lamps of the Wilde or
Jamin's description.
In the description of lamps or candles to which my Invention refers all the
moveable carbon pencils are through their carbon holders in electric communication
together and with one pole of the machine.
I arrange the fixed carbon pencils so that their holders are insulated from each
other and from the other pole of the machine.
p is a tube made of thin brass longitudinally slit so as to be elastic and provided
with a wire q.
q, wire rivetted or brazed to slit tube p.
One tube p is slided over each fixed carbon pencil and the wires q are attached
to the terminal h. When the lamp is alight the current is conveyed through the
one of these wires q choosen by the current to the candle which is burning, but
when the said candle is consumed the said wire q is fused and the current at once
and automatically selects one of the other paths which remain open to it through
the remaining wires q kindling as aforesaid and lighting another candle.
Fig. 17 is a diagram illustrating the details of the automatic switching of a
fresh candle into circuit when the burning one is consumed in lamps of the
Jablochkoff Gadot description.
In this description of lamps, in which the candles with fixed parallel carbon
pencils and which are known as the "Joblochkoff" candle are permanently
connected to the circuit wires, a great difficulty has been experimented in
switching the candle when consumed, as the said switching could not take place
automatically, since the candle, its socket, and its holder would continue to burn
after the carbon were consumed, and it was necessary to interrupt the current for
a moment in order to allow the consumed candle to cool enough for another to be
kindled.
In my improved arrangement only one half of the carbon holders are electrically
connected together; the other half are carefully insulated, and the same half of
the candles themselves are electrically connected together through all the wires q
attached to the contacts p being tightly held in the terminal h, to which the other
leading wire or pole is attached. In that manner, when the arc reaches the bottom
of the burning candles, the wire q is fused and the current automatically and
instantaneously chooses one of the remaining paths through the remaining wires q,
and another candle is thus kindled and brought into play.
In the description of candle known as the "Joblochkoff," or any other candle
with fixed parallel carbons, it is not, however, desirable to so electrically connect
the various candles together and with the poles of the machine, as if any slackening
in the speed of the engine happens the bridges connecting the points of the various
candles in the lamp may become all roasted and the said candles thereby become
useless, which may also happen in the ordinary course of things, as the current,
before choosing one of the various paths open to it, may if the least hesitation
takes place attack various candles and render their connecting bridges and the
candles themselves useless.
I therefore provide for the automatic switching of the candles with the following
arrangement, illustrated in Figures 18 to 21:-
A is a vertical cylinder connected by means of a pipe B to an air receiver at the
works and in which air is compressed either by means of a hand air pump or by o
an air pump worked by the engine itself.
B; pipe branched on to a main which is connected with the air receiver.
-

page_text: C is a piston working up by the pressure of the compressed air. when the said
compressed air is admitted in the cylinder and down back by its own weight.
D, rack attached to the vertical piston C.
E, portion of pinion mounted loose on the switche's axle F.
F, switches axle.
G, pawl attached to pinion E and working a ratchet wheel H.
H, ratchet wheel keyed on switche's axle F and worked by pawl G.
I, drum of wood or any other insulating material and to which the contact
pieces K₁, K, K., K, etc., are attached.
K, continuous contact flanged piece existing on all the circumference of the
drum I and in electric communication with circuit wire O through- friction contact
piece L.
K₁, K, K, K, etc., contact pieces establishing the electric communication
between the circuit wire and the candle wires and dividing the circumference of
drum I into as many equal portions as there is candles in the lamp.
L, circuit friction contact piece pressing on piece K, to which terminal M of
the circuit wire O is attached, and pressing on contact flanged piece K. of
drum I.
L L L L etc., candle friction contact pieces pressing on the drum I, and to
which terminals M₁, M., M., M₁, etc., are attached, each of these terminals being
connected with a separate candle by means of conducting wires O₁, O₂, O₂, O̟ etc.
M, terminal attached to the circuit friction contact piece L.
M₁, M., M., M., etc., terminals attached to candle friction contact pieces L, L
L L₁, etc.
N₁, N₂, N., N, etc., wires electrically connecting the contact pieces K₁, K,, K., K.,
etc., to the continuous flanged piece K, to whose flange they are secured.
O, circuit wire (from machine or previous lamp in same circuit) attached to
terminal M.
P, nose limiting the stroke of piston C, according to the number of contact
pieces K₁, K,, etc., distributed over the circumference of the drum.
Q, tail ring attached to piston C, and allowing of any individual switch to be
worked by hand.
R, frame of automatic switch.
The switching of the candles is effected as follows:-
:-
It will be seen that there is always one candle in circuit, as the continuous
flanged piece K, which is connected with the circuit wire O, is permanently
connected by means of wires N₁, N, N, N₁, etc., to one of the contact
pieces K₁, K, K., K, etc., according to the position of drum I, and consequently
with the candle wires O₁, O₂, О O, etc., through the friction contact pieces L, L,
L, L₁, etc.
At the central works an air receiver is kept by means of an air pump worked
either by hand or by the engine full of air compressed at a certain pressure.
The said air receiver is connected with all the switches by means of a
suitable air tight system of pipings on to which the switches are branched
whenever required.
At every periodical times when the candles required switching a wave of
compressed air is admitted from the air receiver into the system of piping by
means of a three way cock, or of a valve worked either by hand or by the engine
itself, or by means of a clock in the same manner as the pneumatic clocks are
themselves worked every minute; the effect of the admittance of compressed air
into the system of piping being to simultaneously, or almost so, raise all the switche
pistons, thereby introducing a fresh contact piece K₁, K., K, etc., into contact with
its corresponding friction contact piece L, L, L,, etc., and consequently with the
corresponding candle wire and candle, each pulsation of the piston corresponding
therefore with a new switching of candle.

page_text: The drum is divided longitudinally and circularly in as many divisions and
contains as many contact pieces K. as there is candles in the lamps.
The automatic opening of the cock or valve from the engine can easily be
obtained by a train of multiplying gearing arranged in such a fashion that the
periods of opening correspond to a given number of revolutions of the engine.
The piston could advantageously be replaced by a bellow fixed at the bottom,
and the top of which would be pushing against a disc suspended from a rod guided
vertically and working the pawl G which would then be part of or attached to a
lever. Instead of compressed air vacuum or hydraulic pressure could be used in
the same manner.
Or the rising motion of the piston or bellow could be obtained by means of a
solenoid, the motion being caused at the required poriods by means of a current of
electricity sent by a conducting wire especially devoted to that effect.
This arrangement could also be used for working an ordinary switch containing
distributed over its circumference as many contact pieces (with wire terminals
attached) as there is candles, and with all these various arrangements the switches
are kept going round and round, a switching being effected every time the ratchet
wheel is propelled forward.
Should it be found desirable to work any particular switch by hand, this can be
done by simply lifting the piston or disc by means of the ring Q.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of the said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried into
effect, I would observe in conclusion that what I consider to be novel and original,
and thefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the hereinbefore in part
recited Letters Patent is,-
First. The system of electric lighting by means of electric candles with
moveable parallel carbon points separated from each other at the time of lighting
and brought into contact at the moment of lighting only for the purpose of
kindling, and then separated again when alight, substantially as herein-before
described.
Secondly. The system of hinging all articulated or oscillating electro magnet
armature, carbon holders, etc., by means of short, thin, broad strips of clastic and
flexible material instead of pins, axles, bolts, points, pivots, etc., substantially as
herein-before described.
Thirdly. The system of automatically and securely switching a fresh candle into
circuit by means of wires attached to contact pieces, and through which the
current is convoyed to the candle, the attachment of the said wires to their contact
pieces being fused by the heat of the voltaic arc when it reaches the bottom of the
candle and a fresh candle thus brought into play, substantially as herein-before
described.
Fourthly. The system of automatically or otherwise switching at distance at
periodical times or otherwise by means of compressed air, vacuum, electricity, or
bydraulic, substantially as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Jules Albert Berly, have to this my
Specification set my hand and seal, this Seventeenth day of September,
One thousand eight hundred and eighty one.
J. A. BERLY. (L.S.)