Now or improve рубеш от летергарцу.
Year: 1899

page_text: Date of Application, 7th Nov., 1899
Complete Specification Left, 7th Aug., 1900-Accepted, 13th Oct., 1900
Now or improve рубеш от летергарцу.
A communication from abroad by FREDERICK BEDELL, of 4, Cook Street, Ithaca,
in the County of Tompkins and State of New York, United States of
America, Scientist.
I, JAMES GRIEVE LORRAIN, M.I.E.E., M.I.Mech. E., of Norfolk House, Norfolk
Street, London, W.C., in the County of Middlesex, Chartered Patent Agent, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention (as communicated to me from abroad)
to be as follows:-
This invention relates to a new or improved system of telegraphy by means
of which certain advantages are obtained.
In order that the nature of this invention may be more readily understood
drawings are appended hereto.
In these drawings,
Figures 1 and 2 represent forms of apparatus which may be employed in
carrying out this invention, and
Figures 3 and 4 illustrate applications of the invention to a telegraph or cable
system.
This invention relates to the transmission of impulses of current over any
telegraphic circuit, land-line or submarine cable, the impulses being selected and
combined in a predetermined manner for the transmission of messages according
to a specified code. It likewise relates to the employment of a plurality of
sources of electro-motive force in a telegraphic system and affords means for
inserting and withdrawing the several sources into and out from the circuit. It
relates further to a system of telegraphy wherein the line or cable is grounded or
short-circuited between impulses, groups of impulses, letters or words, or at any
desired interval.
In the art of telegraphy it has heretofore been common to employ a single
source of electro-motive force, or two sources of opposite polarity. It has like-
wise been common to open and close the circuit in the code transmission of impulses
and to leave the line on open circuit between letters, words, and groups of impulses.
In signalling over land-lines or cable it has not been attempted, so far as I am
aware, to employ a plurality of sources of electro-motive force, nor to ground
or short-circuit the line or cable at selected intervals.
I provide in my system any desirable sources of direct electro-motive force and
derive therefrom a series of direct current impulses gradually rising from and
falling to zero by including and excluding in any desired cyclic order the several
sources of electro-motive force so that the circuit may be closed, opened, short-
circuited or grounded at the zero point between successive impulses, thereby
avoiding the undesirable reactive effects from the line or cable which would
accompany the sudden insertion or removal of the entire maximum electro-
motive force. I also provide means whereby the several electromotive forces inserted

page_text: into and withdrawn from the circuit may have the same or different values and
the time between their successive inclusions and exclusions may severally be
given any desired values. In this manner the cyclic increase and decrease of
the total electro-motive force included in the circuit may be varied as desired,
but the fineness of gradation is limited by the smallest element of electro-
motive force employed.
This invention further comprises a system of telegraphing wherein the line or
cable may be short-circuited or grounded between impulses or groups of impulses,
by which means opportunity is given for the line or cable to become discharged,
thus making it possible to transmit impulses in more rapid succession without
interference. In the use of submarine cables, to which this improvement more
particularly relates, but without being limited thereto, the speed of transmission
is in many cases seriously limited by the time taken for the cable to discharge.
Referring to Figure 1 of the drawing, let A represent a battery of primary or
secondary cells or any other convenient sources of direct electro-motive force from
which current is to be transmitted over a circuit formed by the line wires B and C
to act upon a receiving apparatus 1). A series of contact plates P is connected
to A as shown, a separate source of electro-motive force being connected between
successive plates. If the movable contact E is caused to reciprocate back and
forth over the series of plates P', it is evident that a succession of current-
impulses will be transmitted over the circuit corresponding to the movement of
the contact E and the variation in number of cells included in the circuit.
Obviously, if the plates Pare equal and include equal electro-motive forces and
the contact E moves back and forth with uniform speed, the electro-motive force
will rise and fall in the circuit at a constant rate. It is likewise obvious that
this rate of rise and fall of electro-motive force may be varied by constructing
the contact plates of varying lengths, including between successive contact plates
olectro-motive forces of unequal value, or by causing the contact E to move with
other than uniform speed.
In Figure 2 is shown the same arrangement as shown in Figure 1 except that
the contact E is given a rotary instead of a reciprocating motion. The battery A,
either primary or secondary, is arranged as shown with a different number of
cells in the several groups included between successive contact plates, for the
purpose already mentioned of obtaining preferred increments and decrements in
electro-motive force as the contact E moves from plate to plate. It will be noted
that corresponding plates on the right hand half and the left hand half of the
circularly arranged series are connected together.
When the battery A consists of secondary cells, these may be charged from the
source of current T by closing the switch S in the conducting wires connecting A
with T, as shown by dotted lines. The switch S may be either open or closed
auring the normal operation of the apparatus for telegraphic purposes.
Figure 3 shows an application of this invention to a telegraphic system, in
which A and A' are sources of direct electro-motive forces of opposite polarity,
evelically included and excluded by the synchronously rotating contacts E and E,
giving rise to current impulses which, by means of the brushes K and L making
contact with the conducting cylinder J through perforations in the tape H, are
transmitted over the line or cable B through the receiving apparatus D to the
return conductor or ground C. The revolving contacts and may be operated
from a common shaft, may be geared together, or synchronously driven in any
desired manner. The several contact plates in the series P and Pi are constructed
of varying length, as already described, for varying the time intervals between
the successive inclusion and exclusion of the several groups of cells constituting
the sources of electro-motive forces A and A¹.
The operation of this embodiment of the invention is as follows: The potential
of the brushes K and L periodically rises from and falls to zero, the rise and fall
of potential of K and L being synchronous, and preferably with coincident zero
points, and of opposite polarity. The insulating tape H, which normally prevents

page_text: contact between K and L and the cylinder J, is caused to travel at a speed
dependent upon the speed of rotation of the contacts E and E¹.
In Figure 3, the cylinder J is diagrammatically shown to be connected
by pulley, and belt or chain with the shaft from which E and E¹ are driven. 1
may, however, operate the cylinder J, or other synchronous transmitter, through a
series of gears connected with the rotating contacts E, E¹, or other apparatus for
setting up current impulses. I prefer to connect the synchronous transmitter to
its shaft by a clutch whereby the transmitter may be disconnected and connected
again in the proper phase of synchronous rotation.
Code perforations in the lupe H serve to select the impulses to be transmitted,
and, as they pass beneath the brushes, permit K or L to make contact with the
cylinder, whereby either a positive or a negative impulse is transmitted over
the line B to receiver D. The perforations in the tape H and the spaces between
them are given such dimensions that the time taken in passing beneath the
brushes K and L is equal to, or some multiple of, the time of one impulse of electro-
motive force obtained from A and A' by the rotation of E and E. It therefore
follows that contact between the brushes and the cylinder J is always made or
broken at the zero point between impulses. The dotted lines in the diagram
accompanying Figure 3 (sections 13, 14, 15, 16) show the rise and fall of potential
at the brushes K and L, respectively. The actual transmission of selected
impulses according to code requirements is obtained by means of the perforations
passing under the brushes K and L and is indicated by the solid lines; thus
positive impulses (a) 1, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12 are transmitted from the brush K through
the corresponding perforations. In a like manner, negative impulses (b) 2, 4, 9, 11,
are transmilled from the brush L. Assigning a dot as the code significance of a
positive impulse, and a dash as the significance of a negative impulse, the above
series of transmitted impulses, shown by solid lines in Figure 3, a and b, corre-
spond with the letters "be" in the Morse code.
In applying this invention, the sources of electromotive force A and A' may bo
equal or different in value. Although I commonly prefer to have the sources of
electro-motive force of equal value and of opposite polarity, this invention may
employ two sources of electro-motive force A and A of the same polarity and of
different value; thus the total electro-motive force of the battery A may be half
the total electro-motive force of the battery A¹, thus giving rise to impulses of
two amplitudes which may he employed as code elements, impulses from A being
the equivalent of a dot and those from A' being the equivalent of a dash, as
already described.
The transmission of a message by impulses of differing value or magnitude
is illustrated in Figure 3, diagram e, wherein, as before, the impulses of electro-
motive force are understood by dotted lines and the selected transmitted impulses
by solid lines.
In addition to the apparatus thus far described, the operation of which is
sufficient for the transmission of code messages as just explained, the third brush M,
Figure 3, connected to the return circuit or ground C, may be employed, as will
be explained, to ground or short circuit the line at desired intervals. Between
the impulses 1, 2, corresponding to the letter a, and impulses 4, 5, 6, 7, corre-
sponding to the letter b, the space 3 occurs. If there were no perforations in the
tape for this interval, the line 13 would be open-circuited: but the perforation
actually shown passes under the brush M and connects M to the cylinder J and
line B, thereby short-circuiting or grounding the line at that time and giving
it opportunity to discharge for the reasons already explained.
In a like manner, the line may be grounded during all the space intervals
(3, 8, 13, 14), by the corresponding perforations passing under the brush M;
or certain perforations (as 8. shown by dotted lines) may be omitted and the
line grounded therefore only at preferred intervals, as for example between two
or more letters, between words, or as otherwise desired.
It will be understood that, although I commonly prefer a perforated tape us a

page_text: circuit closing and opening device, I do not limit myself thereto, but may employ
uny circuit controller adapted to open and close the circuit at such times as may
be necessary for the code requirements or for the grounding of the line as
described.
A modification of my invention is shown in Figure 4, wherein the battery A
is connected to contact plates P, which are traversed by contact E connected
through the resistance to the line B over which current impulses are trans-
mitted through the receiver D and the return circuit or ground C. In this
modification of the invention, the short-circuiting or grounding device consists
of the brush which makes contact with the cylinder J through perforations in
the insulating tape H. While a perforation is passing beneath the brush h,
the line B is grounded or short-circuited by connection with C, and is allowed
to discharge as already explained. As a perforation passes out from beneath K,
the potential of the line rises and falls as the contact E includes in the circuit
a greater or lesser number of cells, and one or more impulses are transmitted
according to code requirements to the receiver D until subsequent perforations
pass beneath the brush K, whereupon the line is again grounded and transmits
no impulses. At such times, the resistance R prevents the short-circuiting of
the battery A. Any proferred code may be employed for the transmission of
messages; thus a single impulse or an impulse of given value may represent a
dot and two successive impulses or a single impulse of different value may
represent a dash, permitting the employment of the Morse code.
As explained in connection with Figure 3, the perforations and spaces in the
tape I, and its speed of travel are so adjusted that perforations pass under and
leave the brush ǹ at the zero point between impulses.
It will be understood that I do not limit myself to the precise apparatus shown
for including and excluding the several sources of electro-motive force and for
grounding or short-circuiting the line, but may adopt modifications thereof
embodying the same general principles without departing from the spirit of my
invention.
T
1
1000
J. G. LORRAIN,
Chartered Patent Agent,
Communicatee.
A communication from abroad by FREDERICK BEDELL, of 4, Cook Street, Ithaca,
in the County of Tompkins and State of New York, United States of
America, Scientist.
I, JAMES GRIEVE LORRAIN, M.L.E.E., M.I.Mech. E., of Norfolk House, Norfolk
Street, London, W.C., in the County of Middlesex, Chartered Patent Agent, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention (as communicated to me from abroad)
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement :--
This invention relates to a new or improved system of tolegraphy by means
of which certain advantages are obtained.
In order that the invention may be more readily understood reference will be
made to the drawings left with the Provisional Specification.
In these drawings,

page_text: Figures 1 and 2 represent forms of apparatus which may be employed in
carrying out this invention, and
Figures 3 and 4 illustrate applications of the invention to a telegraph or cable
system.
This invention relates to the transmission of impulses of current over any
telegraphic circuit, land-line or submarine cable, the impulses being selected and
combined in a predetermined manner for the transmission of messages according
to a specified code. It likewise relates to the employment of a plurality or
sources of electro-motive force in a telegraphic system and affords means for
inserting and withdrawing the several sources into and out from the circuit. It
relates turther to a system of telegraphy wherein the line or cuble is grounded or
short-circuited between impulses, groups of impulses, letters or words, or at any
desired interval.
In the art of telegraphy it has heretofore been common to employ a singie
source of electro-motive force, or two sources of opposite polarity. It has like-
wise been common to open and close the circuit in the code transmission of impulses
and to leave the line on open circuit between letters, words, and groups of impulses.
In signalling over land lines or cable it has not been attempted, so far as I am
aware, to employ a plurality of sources of electro-motive force, nor to ground
or short-circuit the line or cable at selected intervals.
I provide in my system any desirable sources of direct electro-motive force and
derive therefrom a series of direct current impulses gradually rising from and
falling to zero by including and excluding in any desired cyclic order the several
sources of electro-motive force so that the circuit may be closed, opened, short-
circuited or grounded at the zero point between successive impulses, thereby
avoiding the undesirable reactive effects from the line or cable which would
accompany the sudden insertion or removal of the entire maximum electro-
motive force. I also provide means whereby the several electromotive forces inserted
into and withdrawn from the circuit may have the same or different values and
the time between their successive inclusions and exclusions may severally be
given any desired values. In this manner the cyclic increase and decrease of
the total electro-motive force included in the circuit may be varied as desired,
but the fineness of graduation is limited by the smallest element of electro-
motive force employed.
This invention further comprises a system of telegraphing wherein the line or
cable may be short circuited or grounded between impulses or groups of impulses,
by which means opportunity is given for the line or cable to become discharged,
thus making it possible to transmit impulses in more rapid succession without
interference. In the use of submarine cables, to which this improvement more
particularly relates, but without being limited thereto, the speed of transmission
is in many cases seriously limited by the time taken for the cable to discharge.
Referring to Figure 1 of the drawings let A represent a battery of primary or
secondary cells or any other convenient sources of direct electro-motive force from
which current is to be transmitted over a circuit formed by the line wires B and C
to act upon a receiving apparatus D. A series of contact plates P is connected
to A as shown, a separate source of electromotive force being connected between
successive plates. If the movable contact is caused to reciprocate back and
forth over the series of plates P, it is evident that a succession of current
impulses will be transmitted over the circuit corresponding to the movement of
the contact E and the variation in number of cells included in the circuit.
Obviously, if the plates P' are equal and include cqual electro-motive forces and
the contact E moves back and forth with uniform speed, the electro-motive force
will rise and fall in the circuit at a constant rate. It is likewise obvious that
this rate of rise and fall of electromotive force may be varied by constructing
the contact plates of varying lengths, including between successive contact plates
electromotive forces of unequal value, or by causing the contact E to move with
other than uniform speed.

page_text: In Figure 2 is shown the same arrangement as shown in Figure 1 except that
the contact E is given a rotary instead of a reciprocating motion. The battery A,
either primary or secondary, is arranged as shown with a different number of
cells in the several groups included between successive contact plates, for the
purpose already mentioned of obtaining preferred increments and decrements in
electromotive force as the contact moves from plate to plate. It will be noted
that corresponding plates on the right hand hali and the left hand half of the
circularly arranged series are connected together.
When the battery A consists of secondary cells, these may be charged from the
source of current T by closing the switch in the conducting wires connecting A
with T, as shown by dotted lines. The switch S may be either open or closed
during the normal operation of the apparatus for telegraphic purposes.
Figure 3 shows an application of this invention to a telegraphic system, in
which A and are sources of direct electro-motive forces of opposite polarity,
cyclically included and excluded by the synchronously rotating contacts E and E,
giving rise to current impulses which, by means of the brushes K and L making
contact with the conducting cylinder J through perforations in the tape H, are
transmitted over the line or cable B through the receiving apparatus D to the
return conductor or ground C. The revolving contacts E and E may be operated
from a common shaft, may be geared together, or synchronously driven in any
desired manner. The several contact plates in the series P and Pi are constructed
of varying length, as already described, for varying the time intervals between
the successive inclusion and exclusion of the several groups of cells constituting
the sources of electromotive forces A and A.
The operation of this embodiment of the invention is as follows: The potential
of the brushes K and L periodically rises from and falls to zero, the rise and fall
of potential of K and L being synchronous, and preferably with coincident zero
points, and of opposite polarity. The insulating tape H, which normally prevents
contact between K and L and the cylinder J, is caused to travel at a speed
dependent upon the speed of rotation of the contacts E and E'.
In Figure 3, the cylinder J is diagrammatically shown to be connected
by pulley, and belt or chain with the shaft from which E and E are driven. I
may, however, operate the cylinder J, or other synchronous transmitter, through a
series of gears connected with the rotating contacts E E', or other apparatus for
setting up current impulses. I prefer to connect the synchronous transmitter to
its shaft by a clutch whereby the transmitter may be disconnected and connected
again in the proper phase of synchronous rotation.
Code perforations in the tape II serve to select the impulses to be transmitted,
and, as they pass beneath the brushes, permit K or L to make contact with the
cylinder J, whereby either a positive or a negative impulse is transmitted over
the line B to the receiver D. The perforations in the tape H and the spaces between
them are given such dimensions that the time taken in passing beneath the
brushes K and L is equal to, or some multiple of, the time of one impulse of electro-
motive force obtained from A and A' by the rotation of E and E. It therefore
follows that contact between the brushes and the cylinder J is always made or
broken at the zero point between impulses. The dotted lines in the diagram
accompanying Figure 3 (sections 13, 14, 15, 16) show the rise and fall of potential
at the brushes and L, respectively. The actual transmission of selected
impulses according to code requirements is obtained by means of the perforations
passing under the brushes K and I and is indicated by the solid lines; thus
positive impulses (a) 1, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12 are transmitted from the brush K through
the corresponding perforations. In a like manner, negative impulses (b) 2, 4, 9, 11,
are transmitted from the brush L. Assigning a dot as the code significance of a
positive impulse, and a dash as the significance of a negative impulse, the above
series of transmitted impulses, shown by solid lines in Figure 3, a and b, corre-
spond with the letters abc" in the Morse code.
In applying this invention, the sources of electro-motive force A and A' may be

page_text: equal or different in value. Although I commonly prefer to have the sources of
electromotive force of equal value and of opposite polarity, this invention may
employ two sources of electromotive force A and A of the same polarity and of
different value; thus the total electromotive force of the battery A may be half
the total electromotive force of the battery A, thus giving rise to impulses of
two amplitudes which may be employed as code elements, impulses from A being
the equivalent of a dot and those from being the equivalent of a dash, as
already described.
The transmission of a message by impulses of differing value or magnitudo
is illustrated in Figure 3, diagram c, wherein, as before, the impulses of electro-
motive force are understood by dotted lines and the selected transmitted impulses
by solid lines.
In addition to the apparatus thus far described, the operation of which is
sufficient for the transmission of code messages as just explained, the third brush M,
Figure 3, connected to the return circuit or ground C, may be employed, as will
be explained, to ground or short circuit the line at desired intervals. Between
the impulses 1, 2, corresponding to the letter a, and impulses 4, 5, 6, 7, corre-
sponding to the letter b, the space 3 occurs. If there were no perforations in the
tape for this interval, the line B would be open-circuited: but the perforation
actually shown passes under the brush M and connects M to the cylinder J and
line B, thereby short-circuiting or grounding the line at that time and giving
it opportunity to discharge for the reasons already explained.
In a like manner, the line may be grounded during all the space intervals
(3, 8, 13, 14) by the corresponding perforations passing under the brush ;
or certain perforations (as 8, shown by dotted lines) may be omitted and the
line grounded therefore only at preferred intervals, as for example between two
or more lotters, between words, or as otherwise desired.
It will be understood that, although I commonly prefer a perforated tape as a
circuit closing and opening device, I do not limit myself thereto, but may employ
any circuit controller adapted to open and close the circuit at such times as may
be necessary for the code requirements or for the grounding of the line as
described.
A modification of my invention is shown in Figure 4, wherein the battery A
is connected to contact plates P', which are traversed by contact E connected
through the resistance R to the line B over which current impulses are trans-
mitted through the receiver D and the return circuit or ground C. In this
modification of the invention, the short-circuiting or grounding device consists
of the brush K which makes contact with the cylinder J through perforations in
the insulating tape H. While a perforation is passing beneath the brush K.
the line B is grounded or short-circuited by connection with C, and is allowed
to discharge as already explained. As a perforation passes out from beneath K,
the potential of the line rises and falls as the contact E includes in the circuit
a greater or lesser number of cells, and one or more impulses are transmitted
according to code requirements to the receiver ) until subsequent perforations
pass beneath the brush K, whereupon the line is again grounded and transmits
no impulses. At such times, the resistance R prevents the short-circuiting of
the battery A. Any preferred code may be employed for the transmission of
messages; thus a single impulse or an impulse of given value may represent a
dot and two successive impulses or a single impulse of different value may
represent a dash, permitting the employment of the Morse code.
As explained in connection with Figure 3, the perforations and spaces in the
tape H. and its speed of travel are so adjusted that perforations pass under and
leave the brush K at the zero point between impulses.
It will be understood that I do not limit myself to the precise apparatus shown
for including and excluding the several sources of electromotive force and for
grounding or short-circuiting the line, but may adopt modifications thereof

page_text: embodying the same general principles without departing from the spirit of my
invention.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of this invention
(as communicated to me from abroad) and in what manner the same is to be
performed, I declare that what I claim is:-
1. A system of telegraphy comprising in combination a plurality of sources of
electromotive force of which a periodically increasing and decreasing number are
connected up to produce periodic impulses of electromotive force and a trans-
mitter adapted to apply to a line circuit certain of said impulses and thus transmit
over the line circuit to a receiver connected thereto corresponding impulses of
current.
2. In a telegraph system the combination, with a source of periodically rising
and falling current impulses, of a line circuit, a receiving apparatus_connected
thereto and a selective transmitting apparatus adapted to select and transmit
certain of said impulses according to a code and also to short-circuit or ground
the circuit either between succeeding impulses or at certain impulses only.
3. A telegraph system comprising sources of periodically rising and falling
current impulses of a differing value and a selective transmitter adapted to send
over a line circuit to a suitable receiver a succession of current impulses arranged
as regards their value according to a determined code.
4. In a telegraph system the combination, with a set of battery cells connected
in series to one terminal of a telegraph line, of a series of contact plates con-
nected respectively to points between the several cells, a contact brush connected
to the opposite line terminal and moving constantly over said plates and a selective
transmitter interrupting or short-circuiting at code-determined times the said
line at or near the zero points of said impulses.
5. The new or improved system of telegraphy substantially as set forth.
1000