IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR CUTTING, SAWING, GRINDING, AND POLISHING
Year: 1852

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, FREDERICK
SANG, of -No. 58, Pall Mall, in the County of Middlesex, Artist in Fresco,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Eccellent Majesty Queen Victoria by Her Letters
Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Sixth day of July, in the sixteenth
year of Her reigu, did give and grant unto me, the said Frederick Sang, my
exors, admors, and assigns, Her especial license, full power, sole privilege
and authority, that I, the said Frederick Sang, my exors, admors, and assigns,
and such others as I, the said Frederick Sang, my exors, admors, or assigns,
should at any time 'agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter, during the term of years therein mentioned, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within that part of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland called England, Her Dominion of Wales, and
Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and also in the Islands of Jersey, Guernsey,
Alderney, Sark, and Man, and in all Her said Majesty's Colonies and l'lanta-
tions abroad, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR
CUTTING, SAWING, GRINDING, AND POLISHING;" in "which said Letters Patent
there is contained a proviso requiring that I, the said Frederick Sang, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of my said Invention, and
in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument under

page_text: my hand and seal, to be enrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of
Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of
the said Letters Patent. And whereas, since the date of the above recited
Letters Patent, I have discovered that by Letters Latent under the Great
Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, bearing date at
Westminster, the Thirtieth day of January, in the forty-eighth year of the
reign of King George the Third, William Newberry, of Saint John Street, in
the County of Middlesex, Esquire, obtained a grant of the exclusive right to
use and vend, within the limit therein mentioned, his Invention of "Certain
Machinery for the Purpose of Sawing Wood, Splitting-or-Paring Skins, and
various other Useful Purposes," and that by a Specification under the hand
and seal of the said William Newberry, bearing date the Twenty-ninth day
of February, One thousand eight hundred and eight, and enrolled in the High
Court of Chancery the same day, in pursuance of a proviso contained in the
last-mentioned Letters Patent,-the-said-William Newberry did in substance
and this describe his said Invention as follows, that is to say:-
J
First, his said Invention consisted of a method of working an endless revolving
saw blade over two dumb wheels or rollers, to be used for any of the purposes to
which a common saw might be applied. To this sort of saw a variety of
machinery might be attached for. guiding the pieces to be cut, and he thereby
referred to a Drawing further explaining that part of his Invention, which
Drawing he described to represent a cast-iron frame to carry the two wheels
carrying the endless blade of the saw, the wheels having each an iron plate
screwed behind it to prevent the saw from running off, backward, and the saw
being driven continuously through a slit in a bench or platform on which the
piece to be cut was laid, and which. Drawing also represented two semicircles.
of iron fixed to the bench, by means whereof the bench might be placed at
any angle to the blade of the saw and there fixed by means of a screw; and
the Drawing also represented a guide placed above the bench to keep the saw.
from running out of its line, and a similar guide close under the bench, also
two wedges to force down the bearings of the lower wheel, so as to give the
saw the necessary tension. And he stated that the piece to be, cut'might. be
brought forward to the saw either by hand or by passing it between rollers in
the well-known way there practised for drawing iron, &c., and that, on causing.
the wheels to revolve by any moving power the saw would continually pass
through the piece till it was cut. And another Figure on the Drawing was
described to represent guides for cutting, parallel pieces from any kind of:
planks or boards; which guide consisted of a slider lying between parallel
fillets on the bench,, and having in the end of it any number of small rollers

page_text: parallel to the saw. This slide was to move in and out at pleasure, and be
fixed by a thumb screw; and the other part of the guide was a roller fixed to
an universal joint and pressed in by springs, so that upon the slide being fixed
at any distance from the saw, the roller pressing the piece to be cut close
against the guide, a parallel piece would be taken off throughout, however
the plank might be warped or twisted, and if the bench was elevated so as
to cause the rollers in the slide to form an angle with the saw, a feather-edged
piece would be taken off, and if any shape not much out of a line were
wanted, it might be cut by laying a pattern by the side of the piece, as
explained by another Figure. And another Figure in the Drawing was stated
to represent a guide for cutting circles of all sizes, consisting of a socket
sliding on a rod, which was marked so that the centre of the intended circle
might be immediately determined from it, and a rod and pair of claws turning
on à centré in the said socket to guide the piece to be cut..
Secondly, the said Specification stated that for splitting or paring of skins
the two wheels were laid level; instead of being over each other, and an
endless knife was worked upon them, to which were affixed two whetstones,
one above and the other 'below it, so as to sharpen the knife as it went.
This knife was to be used with the rollers, &c. of a common skin splitter.
And the Specification further stated, that the plate of steel for the saw or
knife might have its two ends revitted and brazed together, or they might be
shut before it was brought to its thinness and drawn down afterwards. And
the said William Newberry by his said Specification further stated, that although
he had described the saw or knife in the way he had made it, yet it might be
put in a variety of other forms, either by working it over. one roller with the
assistance of slides, or over more than two rollers; or it might be kept on the
rollers by pegs or stubs on them, with corresponding holes in the saw; the
framing might likewise be made in a variety of shapes of wood or metal, but
the one there described answered every purpose.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, contained in
the Letters Patent firstly above recited, I, the said Frederick Sang, do hereby
declare that the nature of my said Invention, and the manner in which the
same is to be performed, are fully described and ascertained in and by the
present Specification thereof, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto
annexed; that is to say:
My Invention consists in the application of ribbon or endless or continuous
saws and cutters, in the manner herein-after described, to a variety of useful
purposes, such as the cutting of timber, marble, stone, and other substances
which have not hitherto been effected by such means; and also in the arrange-

page_text: ment of machinery for the purpose of grinding, polishing, cutting, and smoothing
surfaces by continuous motion, as is herein-after explained.
The first part of my Invention consists of the use of two or more ribbon or
endless saws, or cutting blades or bands, of steel, iron, copper, or other suitable
material, according to the nature of the work to be done, and either toothed
or serrated or not, as may be required to be used in combination for the
purpose of cutting timber, wood, stone, slate, metal, or other substances into
planks, plates, slabs, slices, or strips. For this purpose I make use of two or
more. saws passing over pullies or drums and fitted with necessary adjustments
and appliances in a suitable frame, and which may be arranged in the following
manner:-
Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, shew the particular arrangement for a timber frame,
the saws working in a vertical direction and being driven by power. The
arrangement may with slight modifications be adapted to a smaller machine,
driven by hand or by the foot, for light work. A represents the travelling
bed or carriage on which the log of timber is placed and secured by the
ordinary means adopted in saw mills, as set screws,. clamps, et cetera..
The lower edges of the bed are truly planed to fit either V-shaped bars
or rails b; b, or rollers similarly shaped on the edge, fitted in carriages and
bolted to the floor. The bed slides on these as guides, and is advanced
towards the saws, at the usual rate, by means of a toothed rack c, firmly fixed
to its side, and moved by a pinion d, at one end of a spindle e, at the opposite
end of which a toothed wheelf is fitted to run loose between collars, and pro-
vided with a sliding clutch box "g," for the purpose of throwing it in and out of
action, as may be required, either to stop or to reverse the bed. The reversing
may be effected either by a hand or sprocket wheel, on the spindle "e," or by
the usual triple mitre wheel motion, in connection with a clutch box 'h," in
a tangent screw working into the wheel 'f,' the spindle of which is supported in
carriages fixed to the uprights of the main frame. The continuous movement
of the screw is obtained by its connexion with one of the drum spindles by
means of two pairs of mitre wheels 'i, i,' and spindle 'K;' supported in carriages
attached to the main frame. This continuous movement of. the bed is neces-
sary in consequence of the motion of the saws being continuous, and by which.
the feed may be constant to the end of the cut, and not intermittent as in the.
ordinary reciprocating saw mill. ',',' are cylindrical drums, of cast iron, turned
truly and of uniform diameter, in order that the saws may have a uniform
velocity. Beads or flanges are cast on their peripheries at stated distances, to
keep the saws in their proper position; they are mounted on spindles working
in carriages attached to the main frame. The lower pair of drums from

page_text: taneous.
which the saws are driven are connected together by a pair of toothed wheels
of equal diameter, one on each spindle, so that their action may be simul-
A dead and live pulley is fitted on the end of one of the spindles, on
which the driving belt from the engine works, and by which it may be thrown
in and out of action... n, m,' are the saws formed of a blade or band of steel
cut on the edge with gullet or other teeth suited to the intended work. The
two ends of the bands may be united by rivetting and brazing or welding, care
being taken that the union be perfectly sound, and that the thickness of metal
at the joint be the same as the other parts of the band. The saws are set
to their guage or respective distances from each other, and there retained by
means of guide rollers placed above and beneath the timber, as close as con-
venient, so as to allow the free passage of the largest log. Each saw passes
flatwise between and is guideded by two rollers n, n, above and below the
timber, which are fitted in carriages o, o,' fitting and sliding in a frame p, p,.
connected with the main frame and adjusted thereto by set screws and nuts.
Attached to these carriages o, o, and moving with them, are narrow rollers 2, 2,
against which the back edge of the saw blade or band works to prevent the
timber forcing them backwards as it advances. In lieu of these narrow
rollers fixed stops of hardened steel, may be used, but I prefer the rollers.
The flexibility of the saw blades admits of their being deflected flatwise from
the straight or tangential line of the two drums over which they work. The
rollers should all be mounted with hardened steel pivots and hardened steel or
friction metal bearings, so as to work with the least possible wear and tear.
1,7, are rollers mounted on axes moving in carriages s, s, fitting. and.sliding in
the frames t, t (which are secured to the main frame), and adjusted by set
screws v, v, so as to stretch the saw blades tightly over the drums 1, l, to the
degree of tension required to preserve them from twisting, and to insure steadi-
ness of cut. The main frames, et cetera, may be arranged to receive any
number of saws by making the drums L, L, of the necessary length, and
adapting the guide and stretching roller frames for the greatest number of saws
required, so that at any time the guide and stretching rollers may be inserted
when the saws are put in the frame. A similar arrangement of mechanis i
with two or more saws is suitable for cutting deals and smaller timber. And
by setting the lower guide rollers n, n, and, if necessary, also the lower pair of
druns, closer together or further apart than the upper guide rollers and drums
respectively, so as to direct the saws in converging or diverging paths (the
edge guides q, q, being set at corresponding inclinations), feather-edged,
wedge-shaped, or bevelled pieces may be cut, and the arrangements above
described may be adapted to the sawing of ivory, metals, and other substances.
i

page_text: For the cutting of marble, stone, glass, and other substances which may be
-cut with a metal blade without teeth, and fed with sand, emery, or, other
abrasive material, with water, oil, or other convenient vehicle, I use one
endless blade, or several endless blades of wrought iron, copper, or brass,
stretched over drums and driven in the same manner as the several blades of
the sawing machine herein-before described.
Figures 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, represent an arrangement of this kind for, cutting slabs
of marble, slate, or stone.. a, a, are flexible wrought-iron blades, having their
ends joined in the manner before described; and passed over drums b, b, b, which,
for this purpose, are placed in a horizontal position, having, their axes vertical,
the lower ends of which are borne by and work in step carriages C, attached
to the floor plate of the machine, and the upper ends work in bearings C*, fitted
to the upper part of the main frame d. The peripheries of the drums b,b,
are cylindrical, and provided, with beads or flanges e to prevent the saw blades
from dropping. down; but this, wherejnecessary, may be entirely prevented by
placing a roller under. the lower edge of the saw blade. The said blades are
arranged one below the other, so that, in cutting each one, supported on one
side by the solid: marble instead of,' as in the ordinary.mode of sawing, by the
loose cut slab,, each saw blade, passes over an independant drum 6*; working
in carriages which slide in the back part of the main frame, and are adjusted
by set screws for the purpose of tightening the, saw blades, and giving to
them the proper degree of tension.... The thickness of the slabs into which it
is required to cut the block; is; regulated by guide rollers fif, fitted in car
riages attached, to and sliding, in grooves formed in the uprights g, g, of the
frame, and adjusted by set screws h, h. i, i, are thin rollers on axes in the
ends of the same sliding carriages, against which the back edges of, the saw
blades work, and by which they are kept in contact, with the work while
cutting. These rollers are adjusted simultaneously. with the guide rollers.
The saws. for cutting marble and stone are used. as in the ordinary practice
of marble, and stone cutting with sand and water,,for, which purpose a feeding"
trough is. placed on the top of the frame. The saw blades used for marble
and many kinds of stone are not cut on the edge with teeth, as for timber, but
for slate, Bath stone, and other, soft stones, coarse toothed. iron. or.steel saws
may be used without sand and water. The movement of the saws is conve
niently effected by a leather band from any first.imover working on a dead and
live pulleys K; K, for the purpose of throwing the machine into and out of
action, and the motion is communicated to one of the drum shafts by means
of a pair of mitre wheels. The saws with their appurtenances are represented
in the Drawing as fixed to the framework, and in that case: it is necessary to

page_text: advance the block of material to be cut towards them. For this purpose the
bed or platform should rise towards the saws with, the block of the material
upon it, and be kept in contact, with the saws by a steady pressure. This is
done by means of counterbalance weights suspended over pulleys n, n (beneath
the bed), by chains m, m, adjusted, to suit the weight to be lifted. Or the
weights may be made to act upon the bed by the intervention of toothed
wheels and racks; or the same effect may be accomplished by the known and
very e
efficient and controllable arrangement of a cylinder and piston, acted
upon by a column of water, the requisite pressure, being obtained and regu-
lated by a pipe, and valve or stopcock, communicating with a cistern placed
on an elevated part of a contiguous building. Where it is required. to cut
large blocks, it may. be found convenient So to arrange the frame of the saws
and their driving gear that they may descend upon the block of material, being
regulated by counterbalance weights and sliding in a fixed frame attached to
the bed or platform. The same arrangement of blades and adjustments being
preserved, the machine is shewn as arranged in a triangular frame, (on plan),
which I prefer. Arrangements may be made for cutting a block on each of
the three sides, by adapting a platform; et cetera, to each, or a frame with
four or more sides may be used so as to cut as many blocks. Where, from
the nature of the material or the size of the block; the blade encounters
much resistance, a press or friction roller may be used to obtain efficient
adhesion between the saw blade and the drum to overcome the resistance of
the cutting portion, or the drum may bear pegs on its circumference to fit
corresponding holes in the blade. I also use, for making, circular cuts in
marble, stone, and other materials, a broad saw or broad saws, endless, and
as above, described, and passing over a narrow-edged guide roller or wheel of
the proper curvature, with one bead or flanch only, thus at once guiding and
leaving the cutting edge free; and other cuts of easy curvature, may be made
by means of a broad endless saw moving between or over fixed guides or
templets of the required curvature,, with or without rollers to ease the friction;
and some curves of varying or double curvature may be cut by means of a
combination of two or more guide rollers without templets... And I use, a
single endless steel saw, or several endless steel saws, with teeth, guided in the
way above described, making circular or curved cuts in wood, metal, or any
5 other material that can be so cut. For grinding, polishing, and cutting
surfaces of any material requiring such operations, I use an endless band or
web of steel, iron, copper, wire cloth, or other woven fabric of suitable material
and texture, carrying a series of grinding or polishing stones or other suitable
rubbers,. or carrying an endless felt; or pad, according to the nature of the

page_text: work to be performed, and pressed upon the work by rollers or a roller, the
grinding or polishing surfaces being, where necessary, supplied with water, oil,
or other suitable fluid, and fed with any grinding or polishing powder that
may be required.
In Figures 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, a, a, is an iron frame, having carriages b, b,
at each end, for the reception of spindles c, c, carrying wheels d, d, having
indents e, e, on their edges, into which projecting pins f,f, attached to blocks
or frames g, g, arranged as a jointed chain, fall, and by the revolution of
which the chain is made to revolve. To the several frames or links of the
block chain pieces h, h, of stone, iron, pads of woollen cloth, suitable for
polishing file cut blocks, or other grinding, filing, or polishing tools or
substances, may be secured by screws, rivets, lacing, or other suitable attach-
ments, and renewed when worn out or requiring to be changed. These
blocks, pads, or other appliances, revolving with the chain or band, pass rapidly
over the surface of the material to be dressed, the usual materials, as sand,
water, oil, emery, putty, et cetra, being when necessary used for the respective
processes. The blocks are kept in close contact with the surface to be
operated upon by means of turned rollers i, i, having side flanges or grooved
edges, and fitted on the joint pins of the chain of blocks. These rollers are
guided at the top and bottom of the frame by rails k, k, those at the top
being a part of the frame to keep the chain in a straight line; and the lower
pair are loose and regulated by adjusting screws 1, 1, and guided by the
turned pins 'and sockets m, m. Where an unyielding pressure would be
injurious, it is avoided by the use of spiral or other shaped springs n, n,
interposed between the adjusting or set screws and the guide rails k, k, which
will allow the rails to yield to any obstruction or irregularity of the surface of
the material, and permit the blocks to pass freely over it without damage to
the machine or the material. The table o, on which the material is laid for
dressing, should be made to slide in guides at the four corners of the frame,
and to be adjusted upwards against the chain of blocks, to suit the varied
thickness of the material, by set screws p. p, or any of the well known means
used for such purposes. By means of a dead and live pulley on one of the
axes c, the machine may be thrown into and out of action, as desired. For
the better application of the continuously revolving blocks or pads to the
grinding or polishing large surfaces, the table o should have a lateral
alternating motion (as now used for similar purposes), so as to bring all parts
of the surface under the operation of the grinding or polishing blocks. I also
use a simple band, of steel or other metal, or web or band of wire cloth or
other suitable fabric, or several of such bands or webs, side by side, working

page_text: over two cylindrical drums, and having the outer surface covered with woollen
cloth, felt, or other suitable material, commonly used for the purpose of
smoothing or polishing surfaces, being secured to the said band or web, or
bands or webs, by marine glue, copper or other wire, lacing, or other
convenient means. And where it is desirable to use greater pressure on the
smoothing or polishing surface than the tension of the band or web supplies at
all parts, and to equalize or distribute the pressure, I use several rollers,
which, in lieu of travelling with the band or web, are fixed to a frame capable
of being adjusted in a vertical direction for pressure, like the adjusting pair of
guides or rails k, k, in Figures 12 and 13, before described; and where it is
important further to equalize or distribute the pressure, I give to such frame
of rollers a further reciprocating longitudinal motion by means of a pinion and
mangle rack or wheel, or a crank or eccentric, or other known mechanical
contrivance; and when such reciprocating motion is adopted, a single pressure
roller may in some cases be sufficient. I also use for guiding or smoothing
surfaces an endless band or lap of copper, pewter, or brass, passing over drums
in the manner before described, and applied directly to the surface to be
smoothed or ground with water or oil and emery, or other grinding or
smoothing materials; and pressing rollers or a pressing roller may be used.
with such bands or laps in the manner before described. And for grinding,
smoothing, or polishing curved surfaces, I make the bands with travelling
rollers first describe: pass over or between corresponding curved rails or
guides; and, if necessary, I also give to the faces of the travelling blocks or
pads a suitable curvature. And when the bands or webs, without travelling
rollers, are to be applied to curved surfaces with pressure rollers, I arrange
such pressure rollers in a corresponding curve, and give them, if necessary, a
suitable reciprocating motion in a curvilinear path, either between guides or
by motion on centres, or other known mechanical contrivances; and a single
guide roller having a curvinlinear traverse may be thus used, or convex
surfaces may be ground, smoothed, or polished by the bands or webs without
any pressure beyond that supplied by the tension of the band or web. For
the purpose of cutting standing corn or grain or grass, or other crops which
may be cut with a sickle, book, or scythe, I use an endless band of steel, or
iron edged with steel, joined as herein before-described, having its edge
serrated or otherwise, according to the nature of the crop to be cut, passing
over rollers or drums attached to a carriage, and moved, during the
progress
of the carriage, by a train of wheels connecting one of the rollers or drums
round which the band runs with one of the track wheels of the machine.
Figures 16, 17, 18, represent such a machine, in which a is a frame of

page_text: wrought iron or wood; b; b, four pullies, round which a steel band c passes;
d, a gatherer or comb, serving the purpose of supporting the stalks of the grain
while the band, knife, or cutter divides it; e, e, the track wheels, to one of
which a bevil-toothed wheel f, is fixed, working into a pinion g, on the axis of
one of the lower drums or pullies b, so as to give a considerable speed to the
band, knife, or cutter. The band is kept from receding from the cut by two
or more horizantal rollers i; and when it is not serrated, it may be kept sharp
by the application of revolving or other stones or sharpeners, according to
known methods, attached to the.comb frame. The floor of the machine is
composed of wove wire or other cloth, moving round two rollers which receive
their motion from the track wheels, and thus carrying the cut grain backward,
depositing it in the rear. of the machine. The shafts are placed at the back
of the machine, so that the horse walks upon the cleared ground, instead of
trampling on the uncut grain, the cut grain being deposited and distributed
on each side of his track. Inclined boards h are fitted over each side of the
machine, to lead the standing grain towards the knife or cutter, and which
serve at the same time to shield the track wheels. I also use for cutting
standing crops and endless flat chain, having separate steel knives or cutters
projecting from the forward edge, and driven and applied by a machine similar
to that last described; the cutting kuives pressing as close as possible to the
comb or gatherer above described.
;
As another part of my Invention, I make use of an endless wire or
endless wires of iron, copper, or other suitable metal, driven by pullies
cr rollers, as above described, and used in combination with cutting mate-
rials, as sand, water, oil, emery, diamond dust, et cetera, or otherwise,"
for the purpose of cutting marble, stone, glass, hard steel, and other sub-
stances; and I make such wires of a cylindrical, prismatic, or other suitable
form or section; or I use two or more of such wires twisted together for such
purposes; and I, further, use, without cutting powders, a wire or ribbon of
steel, of a square, hexagonal, oblong, or other angular section, which I twist
and join in such manner as to form an endless spirally ribbed wire, the ribs or
arrises forming the cutting edges when the wire is made to revolve over two or
more drums or pullies; and directed against any material it is desired to cut, in
the manner of a saw. And I also use, in like manner, an endless twisted cord,
band, or rope, consisting of several such wires or ribbons of steel twisted
together, or of such a wire or ribbon of steel twisted with or over another wire
or other wires of iron, copper, or other suitable material. And I also use two
or more of such single or compound wires in combination, in a manner similar
to that firstly above described for cutting timber. I join the ends of the said
"

page_text: wires by the autogenous process of soldering, or by the electrotype process, or
by the ordinary process of hard soldering or brazing.
Having thus described my Invention, and the manner of carring. it into
effect, I do not claim as my Invention everything above described; but
Isclaim,
3.
Firstly, the use of two or more endless saws in combination for, cutting
wood and other substances, as above described. And I do not confine myself
to the particular arrangements and details for the use of such two or more
saws in combination which I have particularly described, the essence, of-this
part of my Invention consisting of the use of two or more endless saws. used.
together, and driven or carried in rectilinear paths, whether parallel, con-
verging, or diverging, by means of drums, rollers, or pullies. And I do
not claim any of the details or parts of the machinery by which this part of
my Invention is to be carried into effect apart from the use of such two or
more saws.
Secondly, I claim the use of an endless blade, or several endless blades,
of wrought iron, copper, or brass, without teeth, and used with cutting powders,
for cutting marble, slate, stone, glass, and other substances.
Thirdly, I claim the use of endless iron saws with teeth, as above described,
for cutting slate, Bath stone, and other soft stones, and the use of two or
more endless steel saws in combination, as above described, for the like
purposes.
Fourthly, I claim the contrivances above described for making curvilinear
cuts in marble, stone, wood, metal, and other substances.
Fifthly, I claim, for grinding, filing, smoothing, and polishing, the use of an.
endless chain, band, web, or lap, of such construction and materials as are.
above indicated for the purpose, and armed with separate travelling blocks,
files, or pads, or not so armed, but otherwise furnished, and used as above
described, passing over and moved by rollers or drums, and applied to the
surface to be ground, filed, smoothed, or polished, either simply by their own
tension and weight, or by means of travelling or fixed or traversing rollers,
or a single traversing roller, as above described; and also the methods above
described of smoothing or polishing curvilinear surfaces. And I do not con-
fine myself to the particular arrangements and details for the use of such
endless chains, bands, webs, or laps, which I have particularly described;
nor do I claim the separate parts of such arrangements apart from the said
chains, bands, webs, or laps. And I do not claim the use of an endless band
of leather applied without pressure rollers for smoothing or polishing, such
application of leather being, as I am informed, already known.

page_text: Sixthly, I claim the use of an endless band or knife of steel, or iron edged
with steel, either serrated or not, passing over and moved by rollers, for
cutting corn, grain, grass, and "other standing crops, which can be cut by the
sickle, hook, or scythe; and also the use, for the like purpose, of an endless
flat chain carrying separate knives or cutters, and moved and applied as above
described.
I
Seventhly, I claim, for cutting marble, stone, glass, hard steel, and other
substances, the use of an endless wire or endless wires of iron, copper, and
other suitable metal, driven and used with-cutting powders, as above described;
and also the use, for cutting wood, metal, and other substances, of an endless
wire or strip of steel twisted singly or with another wire or strip, or other.
wires or strips, of the same metal or of a different metals, and used singly or
in combination, as above described.
But notwithstanding the above claims, or any thing herein contained, I do
not claim as my Invention the saw, or knife, or other machinery, described in
the above-mentioned Specification by the said William Newberry...
In witness whereof, I,, the said Frederick Sang, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Sixth day of January, One thousand eight hundred
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Sixth day of January, in the
year of our Lord 1853, the aforesaid Frederick Sang came before our said
Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification afore-
said, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form above
written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the
tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.