Improvements in the Manufacture of Roofing Tiles.
Year: 1895

page_text: Date of Application, 15th Nov., 1895
Complete Specification Left. 15th Aug. 1896-Accepted. 17th Oct.. 1896
Date of Application, 15th Nov., 1895
Complete Specification Left. 15th Aug.. 1896-Accepted. 17th Oct.. 1896
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION,
Improvements in the Manufacture of Roofing Tiles.
I, EDMUND CAPPS, of 92 Wellesley Road, Chiswick, London, Builder, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
,
Ordinary roofing tiles are made with a nib or projection at the upper portion of
the back adapted to rest on a spline so as to support the tile, or else holes are
formed through the tile and it is fastened to the spline by pins or pegs. The tiles
have to overlap one another at the sides ton considerable extent and are embedded'
in cement so that removal of a single tile and substitution of another involves
breaking the cement joints of the surrounding and adjacent tiles (eight in number
or more); also leakage is liable to occur at the mitre or meeting place of four
tiles; furthermore ordinary tiles made by moulding a plastic mass and afterwards
burning are liable to warp in the burning process and moreover are brittle and
readily break.
Now my invention has for objects to obviate the evils above mentioned in
particular to make a roof water tight and drift tight by means of the grooves and
the tongues in my tiles and to produce tiles, that can be applied to and arranged
upon splines to form a roof without having to be secured by means of separate
fastening devices and without requiring to be embedded in or pointed with
cement.
! "
My improved tiles are formed with nibs or projections at the backs thereof
adapted to rest on splines and to support the tiles and at the front with tongues;
ribs or fillets and with ridges, the backs of the latter being in the same plane as
the front or exposed surface of the tile so as to rest upon and make a joint with
the front or exposed surface of an adjoining tile and being formed with grooves
extending from the upper edge of the tile to within a short distance of its lower
edge, these grooves being adapted to receive the before mentioned tongues, riba or
fillets which are or may be bevelled at their respective sides. There are recesses
at the lower corners of the tiles (excepting the lowest row) and, except in the case
of tiles intended to form a top row (and which would be overlapped by an ordinary
roof ridge) the ridges are at their upper ends so shaped as to enter the recesses
formed by the juxtaposed recessed corners of the tiles in the next row above:
As will be obvious tiles according to my invention may be made of any suitable
material used for making roofing tiles and with nibs, ridges, grooves and tongues,
ribs or fillets of various forms. In some cases I make the ridges of a rounded
shape bevelled at the lower ends and bevel the outer surface of the lower portions
of the tiles where not overlapped by the ridges. When tiles of great strength are
desirable I make them as follows:-
:
I mix thoroughly dry clean sea sand free from salt with Portland cement and
water to the consistency of mortar and mould the tiles in a suitable steel mould and
allow them to set. The proportions will depend upon circumstances but satisfactory
results may be, obtained with say two parts by measure of the sand to one part by
measure of the Portland cement, preferring sea eand that has been many years free
from exposure to salt water and Portland cement from the Thames.
Dated this 15th day of November 1895.
j

page_text: Improvements in the Manufacture of Roofing Tiles.
I, EDMUND CAPPS, of 92 Wellesley Road, Chiswick, London, Builder, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what mauner the same
is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement :-
Ordinary roofing tiles are made with a nib or projection at the upper portion of
the back adapted to rest on a spline so as to support the tile, or else holes are formed
through the tile and it is fastened to the spline by pins or pegs. The tiles have to
overlap one another at the sides to a considerable extent and are embedded in
cement so that removal of a single tile and substitution of another involves
breaking the cement joints of the surrounding and adjacent tiles (eight in number
or more); also leakage is liable to occur at the mitre or meeting place of four
tiles; furthermore ordinary tiles made by moulding a plastic mass and afterwards
burning are liable to warp in the burning process and moreover are brittle and
readily break.
Now my invention has for objects to obviate the evils above mentioned. in
particular to make a roof water tight and drift tight by means of the grooves and
the tongues in my tiles, and to produce tiles that can be applied to and arranged
upon splines to form a roof without having to be secured by means of separate
fastening, devices and without requiring to be embedded or pointed with
ceinent.
My improved tiles are formed as I shall now describe with reference to the
accompanying drawings wherein.
Figs. 1 and 2 are elevations showing the front or face and back of a tile constructed
according to this invention, and
Fig. 3 shows in plan four such tiles arranged together as they would be when in
position on a roof.
Figs. 4, 5 and 6 are sections on the lines a, a, y y, and z z respectively of
Fig. 3.
Each tile is formed with a rib or projection 1, at the back 2 thereof adapted to
rest on a spline 2" (Fig. 4) and to support the tile and at the front or exposed
surface 3 (hereinafter called the face) with a tongue, rib or fillet 4 at one edge or
side, and with a rib 5 at the opposite edge or side. The back or under surface 5*
of the ridge 5 is in the same plane as the face 3 of the tile so as to rest upon and
make a joint with the face 3 of an adjoining tile as shown in Fig. 5. The ridge is
formed at its back or underside with a groove 6 that extends from the upper edge 7
of the tile to within a short distance of its lower edge 7 (Fig. 2), this groove
being adapted to receive the tongue, rib, or fillet 4 of an adjacent tile and which
tongue, rib or fillet may be bevelled at its respective sides as shown in Figs. 5 and 6.
There are recesses 8, 8" at the two lower corners of each tile (excepting in tiles
intended to form the lowest rouband, except in the case of tiles intended to form
a top row (and which would be overlapped by an ordinary roof ridge) the ridge'5
at its upper end 5* is so shaped as to enter the recess formed by the juxtaposed
recessed corners 8, 8° of adjacent tiles in the next row above. In the example
shown the recesses formed by the juxtaposed recessed corners 8, 8 of the tiles and
the upper ends of the ridges 6, ane of rectangular form in cross section.
As will be obvious tiles according to my invention may be made of any suitable
material used for making roofing tiles and with nibs 1, ridges 5, grooves 6, and
tongues ribs or fillets 4 of various forms. In some cases 1 anake the ridges 5 of a
rounded shape bevelled at the lower ends 5 as shown, and 1 bevel the outer surface
or face 3 of the lower portions of the tiles as shown at 3 a here not overlapped by
the ridges.

page_text: When tiles of great strength are desirable, I make them as follows:-
1 mix thoroughly dry clean sea sand free from salt with Portland cement and
water to the consistency of mortar and mould the tiles in a suitable steel mould and
allow them to set. The proportions will depend upon circumstances but satisfactory
results may be obtained with say two parts by measure of the sand to one part by
measure of the Portland cement, preferring sea sand that has been many years free.
from 'exposure to salt water, and Portland cement from the Thames.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
olaim is :-
1. The construction of roofing tiles substantially as described and shown.
2. The manufacture of roofing tiles from a mixture of clean sea sand and.
Portland cement substantially as described.
3. Roofing tiles made as shown and described from a mixture of clean sea sand.
and Fordland cement as specified.
1 orang
cement as specmed,
Dated this 15th day of August 1896:
For the Applicant,
W. LLOYD WISE,
46 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, W.C., Chartered Patent Agent.