Recording or Indicating Apparatus for Testing, Materials.
Year: 1897

page_text: Date of Application, 29th June, 1897-Accepted, 15th Jan.,
1898
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Recording or Indicating Apparatus for Testing, Materials.
I, GUSTAVUS CHARLES HENNING, 220, Broadway, New York City, New York,
United States of America, Consulting Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of
this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement:-
This invention relates to portable apparatus for indicating or recording the
behavior of materials under strain; as of compression or extension, the invention
being intended for use with that class of machines used for testing the strength
of materials. In some laboratories, the present method is to record the loads at
elastic limit and at maximum strain by hand, and to measure the elongation after
rupture; sometimes, though rarely, the changes of length within the elastic limit
are measured for the purpose of determining the modulus of elasticity. In other
cases, recording instruments are used to obtain a graphic record to n point below
but near the point of maximum strain or rupture, such records being on an enlarged
scalo throughout. In the latter cases, recording instruments are especially
designed for the particular machines on which they are to be used, and are non-
portable, complicated, expensive, and wanting in accuracy of their records, besides
being time-robbers. These old recorders are always removed from the test pieces
before the point of maximum strain is reached in order that they may not suffer
damage when rupture occurs.
The objects of the present invention are to correctly indicate or record the
behavior of the material under test; to so indicate or record to and including the
instant of rupture; to simplify the construction of the apparatus; to produce a
portable apparatus capable of attachment to or use in any testing machine; to
indicate or record the elongation first on an enlarged scale and then to change
the scale as to the natural scale, to quickly attach and detach the apparatus to and
from the test piece, to attach the frame of the indicator or recorder to the test
piece by spring-cushioned or spring-carried clamps which co-act with the test
piece, and other objects as will hereinafter more fully appear. From the diagrams
obtained by my new apparatus the stresses and strains at elastic limit and at rup-
ture, as well as the modulus of elasticity, are easily calculated or measured off.
To these ends the invention includes various combinations of devices hereinafter
described and more particularly pointed out in the concluding claims.
The preferred form of the invention is shown in the accompanying drawing
forming part of this specification, in which-
Fig. I is a side elevation, shortened as to height so as to accommodate the
drawing to the size of the sheet;
Fig. II is a plan view.
There are two openable closed frames or castings for supporting or carrying
the working parts of the apparatus; the lower one of these frames is marked with
the reference letter A, and the upper with the reference letter B. These frames
are, or at the least may be, alike in several particulars. In the drawing, these
frames are shown as formed of two right angled pieces which are hinged together
at one end, as at e, and are secured or pinned together by the removable pin f,
which itself would form a hinge or axis were the pin at e removed. In order to

page_text: afford a secure hold; the pin f and the holes in the two parts of the frames are
tapered to fit each other.
.1.
The lower frame is provided with oppositely placed horizontally extending arms g
and g₁. The arm g has the rotatable drum G loosely mounted thereon, but con-
nected therewith by a spiral spring (not shown), while the arm g, is provided with
a counterweight interchangeable with the revolving drum. The two parts of
frames A and B are provided with the clamping screws H which are provided with
knurled or milled heads or other means whereby they may be turned. These
screws H engago screw-threaded perforations in the cushioned bushes C which are
free to slide in perforations in the frames. These bushes C are fastened in any
suitable way to the leaf springs D as by. screw threads, so as to move with the
same toward and from the test-piece. The parts of the frames A and B are pro-
vided with stiffening ribs or flanges through which the screws H pass, and the
springs D have their ends bent to fit the frames and are so prevented from turning;
this, of course, prevents the cushioned bushes C from turning in the frames...
The frames A and B are connected by the rods N¹ and N' which are fastened
to one of the frames, as B, and pass loosely through tubes N and N connected to
the frame, as A; that is to say, one of the frames slides on or is guided by the
other or by parts connected therewith, and the two frames may be completely
separated from each other.
The two frames are attached to the test piece by means of the screws H. These
screws HI are shown as being provided with wedge-shaped points by means of
which they obtain a better or quicker bite on the test piece. The test piece is
attached to the testing machine in any usual or suitable way.
In order to record the behavior of the material tested, the drum G has a sheet
of paper or the like wrapped around it, and on this paper the marker or paint m
makes the record. This marker m is carried by the arm or floating lever, which
is hinged at 15 to the bar or link 16 which in turn is hinged at 17 to a lug or pro-
jection from the plate R. This plate R is attached, to the frame A in such wise
that it can move relatively thereto to and fro in the direction of the length of the
rods N. This relative motion of the plate R is conveniently provided for by
fastening two tubes L thereto, the rods L, fastened to frame A passing casily
through them. The lever n is operated from the frame B by a suitable connec-
tion, such as that now to be described. A link is hinged to the lever n, as at 21,
and to a pitman d, as at 22. The pitman d is connected by a universal joint, as
the ball and socket joint J, to the upper frame B. This ball and socket joint is
formed by a ball on the pitman d, the socket J which is screw-threaded and engages
the threaded stnd, which in turn is screw-tapped into the upper frame. In
order to cause the marker m to move in a straight line, the lever n is provided with
the pin and the plate R with the standard 24 which is provided with a link 25
with which the pin o engages and by which it is controlled; this is an old device
long used in apparatus designed to record steam pressures. The multiplication of
the stretching of the test piece depends on the ratio between the lengths m to 21,
and 21 to 15, and may be whatever is desired or attainable. The marker m may
consist of a metal point, of a pen, of a pencil lead, or other suitable or desirable
substances; or it may be a pointer moved over a scale cut on a cylindrical or other
surface, which is moved by the running poise or weight, in like manner to the
said drum and the indicated strains be read off and recorded by hand, without
departing from this invention.
L
I have spoken above of changing the record or indications from the multiplied
to the natural scale, and will now describe one mode in which is automatically
accomplished. It is always known approximately, for a given-material, what the
stretch up to the elastic limit will be; it is easy to ascertain approximately, the
distance along the drum G that the pointer or marker m will be moved in stretch-
ing that material to its elastic limit. I place a removable or adjustable stop a 5
in the path of the pin o at such point that the turning motion of the lever n about
its pivot 15 will be stopped thereby, thus converting the lever ?? link 16, and
24

page_text: plate R into a rigid system which must move with the frame B during any further
motion separating the latter, and the frame A. Of course, the multiplication of
the stretch of the test piece ceases on the recorder or indicator whenever this
locking together of the marker-operating devices and the frame B occurs.
In case it is desirable to record the behavior of the material under test, the same
is done by means of the marker m upon paper or the like which is wrapped around
and secured to the drum G. This drum G is connected with the running poise or
weight in the usual way by the cord or ligament S, the drum being thus rotated
in one direction by the pull of the cord S, and being rotated in the opposite direction
by the usual spring (or weight): (Not shown.) The circumferential distances of
the drum represent the pull in pounds while the axial distances represent the
stretch thereunder, as explained further on.
The plate and the parts fast thereto may be so arranged with regard to their
weight that no lifting or motion thereof will occur until the pin o strikes against
the stop.a. The better to guard against the possibility that the plate R may suffer
untimely motion, I sometimes apply a brake or friction-device thereto. For con-
venience, I show such a device in the drawing. Thus, I sometimes provide the
tubes L with a slot 3. These slotted tubes bear against the rod L, and so produce
the degree of friction requisite to prevent the untimely motion of the plate R
above referred to whenever the tubes L are suitably adjusted.
The operation of the apparatus is as follows:
The test-piece, as a metal bar P¹, is inserted in the jaws of the testing machine
as usual. The screws H are run out to approach each other until they are, when
the frames are closed, a distance apart equal to the thickness of the test piece less
the play of the springs D; then the open frames are passed around the test piece
80 as to enclose it, the points of the screws H pressing against the piece at opposite
sides thereof; the frames are then closed and the taper pins f inserted in their
holes to lock the frames. In putting on the frames as above described it is desir-
able that the distance apart of the set of screws H carried thereby should be known
or easily ascertainable; for the purpose of ascertaining this distance the rods N'
may be provided with one or more marks to which an edge of the frame A or,
more precisely, the ends of the tubes N will be brought before the frames are
secured to the test piece; or there may be a mark (or series of marks) upon the
drum G to which the marker m will be brought before the frames are secured to
the test piece. The cord S is connected with the running weight and the test is
begun. As the test piece stretches the marker m is run upwards or axially of
the drum G, which of course, is rotated by the cord S and the movement of the
running weight or poise; the plate R does not move until the pin o strikes the
stop a, until which time the record is on a multiplied scale; after the pin o strikes
the stop a the plate R and its attached parts move with the frame B and the
record is on the natural scale to and including the point of rupture. No injury to
the apparatus results from allowing it to remain on the test piece to and including
the point of maximum strain or rupture, as the described construction allows the
complete separation of the frames A and B and the indicating or recording mech-
anism, the last, except drum G, going with the frame B. This separation does
not often occur as the inertia of the parts usually causes them to slip on the test
piece at the moment of rupture.
While I have described the illustrated form of my invention at length, I am not
to be understood as limiting myself to the form or to the details thereof shown
and described, for many changes in elements of combinations and in details may
be made without departing from the spirit of my invention. Thus for example,
the frames A and B instead of being hinged and pinned either at opposite or
diagonal corners, may each consist of or comprise what may be called a U-shaped
frame, the bottom of the U being formed of two parallel bars; and the hinged
part of the frame may likewise consist of two parallel bars. The screws Hin
this case pass loosely through perforations in the parallel bars aforesaid and
instead of engaging with oushioned' bushes C they may engage directly with

page_text: threaded perforations in the springs D. Again, while I have hereinbefore
described the bush C as being fixed against rotation, and the screw II as being
the element that is rotated; it is plain that this arrangement may be inverted and
the screw be the element that is held against rotation as by a longitudinal slot
therein and a pin in the frame, and the nut to be the element that is rotated; in
this case the bush would work between the frame as A or B and the spring D,
not being fastened to the latter. The foregoing are some of the changes that may
be made without departing from the scope of my invention.
The record of the weights used or force applied may be recorded on the drum G
on various scales, as by the use of reducing or multiplying pulleys P. The pul-
leys Pare on a shaft or shed Q which is suitably connected with the lower frame A.
The pulleys P are provided with a hub O, at one side. The pulleys P may be loose
on the shaft Q and the latter be fast to frame A. Or the pulleys P may be fast
to the shaft Q and the latter may be loosely held in the stud by which it is con-
nected to frame A. In either case, the pulleys P may be reversed in position to 1
secure reduction or multiplication of the scale on the drum G. A cord s, leads from
drum G to the hub O₁, or pulleys P, as the case may be, and a second cord s,
leads from pulleys P or hub O, to the running weight or poise.
Having thus fully described and ascertained the nature of my invention, and
in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I claim as new 2
and desire to secure by letters patent is:-
1. In an indicating or recording-apparatus for use with testing machines, the
combination of two closed frames elastically attachable to test-pieces, motion-
multiplying indicating or marking mechanism therefor loosely carried and guided
by one of said frames, a connection between said mechanism and the other frame,
and a stop for the multiplying devices, whereby the scale of the indication or record
is changed, substantially as described.
2. In an indicating or recording-apparatus for use with testing-machines, the
combination of two closed frames clastically attachable to test-pieces, motion-
multiplying indicating or marking mechanism therefor loosely carried and guided
by one of said frames, a connection between said mechonism and the other frame,
and an adjustable stop for the multiplying devices, whereby the scale of the indica-
tion or record is changed, substantially as described.
3. In an indicating or recording apparatus for use with testing-machines, the
combination of two closed frames slidable one on the other, and élastically attach-
able to test-pieces, motion-multiplying indicating or marking mechanism therefor
loosely carried and guided by one of said frames, a connection between said mech-
anisms and the other frame, and a stop for the multiplying devices, whereby the
scale of the indication or record is changed, substantially as described.
4. In an indicating or recording-apparatus for use with testing-machines, the
combination of two closed frames slidable one on the other, and elastically attach-
able to test-pieces, motion-multiplying indicating or marking mechanism therefor
loosely carried and guided by one of said frames, a connection between said mech-
anism and the other frame, and an adjustable stop for the multiplying devices,
whereby the scale of the indication or record is changed, substantially as described.
5. In an indicating or recording-apparatus for use with testing-machines, the
combination of two frames attachable to the test-pieces, motion-multiplying indi-
cating or marking mechanism operated by said frames, and automatic means for
changing the scale of the indication or record, substantially as described.
6. In an indicating or recording-apparatus for use with testing-machines, the a
combination of two frames attachable to the test-pieces, motion-multiplying indi-
cating or marking mechanism operated by said frames, and automatic means for
changing the scale of the indication or record and provided with an adjustable
member for varying the point of such change, substantially as described.
7. In an indicating or recording-apparatus for use with testing-machines, the
combination of a frame, two oppositely placed internally threaded cushioned bushes

page_text: in openings in said frame, screws engaging said nuts and adapted to engage a
test-piece one of said screw and bush elements being fixed against rotation and the
other being rotatable, and springs acting between or on said nuts and frame to
move the screws towards each other, substantially as described.
8. In an indicating or recording-apparatus for use with testing-machines, the
combination of the frame consisting of two perforated parts hinged and fastened
together, an interually threaded cushioned bush for each of said parts in said
openings or perforations, a spring for each nut acting between or on the same and
the frame, and a screw for and engaging with each nut and adapted to engage with
test-pieces, one of said screw and nut elements being fixed against rotation and the
other being rotatable, substantially as described.
.
9. In an indicating or recording-apparatus for use with testing-machines, a
plurality of spring-cushioned clamps for co-action with the test-piece in combina-
tion with a frame composed of two parts hinged and locked together, to attach the
same to the test piece, substantially as described.
10. In an indicating or recording-apparatus for use with testing-machines, the
combination with a closed frame comprising two parts hinged and locked together,
of spring cushioned clamps for co-action with the test-piece to attach the said
franie thereto, substantially as described.
11. In an indicating or recording-apparatus for use with testing-machines, the
combination of the two frames, each consisting of two perforated parts hinged and
fastened together, an internally threaded cushioned bush for each of said parts
in said perforations or openings, a spring for each bush acting between or on the
same and the corresponding frame, a screw for and engaging with each bush and
adapted to engage with test-pieces, one of said screw and bush elements being fixed
against rotation and the other being rotatable, and indicating or marking mech-
anism operated by said frames, substantially as described:
12. In an indicating or recording-apparatus for use with testing-machines, the
combination of the two frames, each consisting of two perforated parts hinged and
fastened together, an internally threaded cushioned bush for each of said parts
in said perforations or openings, a spring for each bush acting between or on the
same and the corresponding frame, a screw for and engaging with each bush and
adapted to engage with test-pieces, one of said screw and bush elements being
fixed against rotation and the other being rotatable, guides for one frame secured
to the other of said frames, substantially as described.
13. In an indicating or recording-apparatus for use with testing-machines, the
combination of two frames attachable to the test-pieces, guides for one of said
frames secured to the other of said frames, motion mutiplying indicating or
marking-mechanism operated by said frames, and automatic means for changing
the scale of the indication or record, substantially as described.
14. In an indicating or recording-apparatus for use with testing-machines, the
combination of two frames attachable to the test pieces, guides for one of said
frames secured to the other of said frames, motion-inultiplying indicating or mark-
ing-mechanism operated by said frames, and automatic means for changing the
scale of the indication or record and provided with an adjustable member for vary-
ing the point of such change, substantially as described.
15. In an indicating or recording-apparatus for use with testing-machines, the
combination of two frames A, B, attachable to test-pieces, the rods N¹ fast to one
frame and guiding the other, the plate R, the tubes L, fast to said plate and guided
by the rods L, on the frame A, the motion-multiplying indicating or marking-
mechanism connected to and operated by plate R and the frame B, and the stop
carried by plate R for said multiplier, substantially as described.
16. In an indicating or recording-apparatus for use with testing-machines, the
combination of two frames A, B, attachable to test-pieces, the rods N¹ fast to one
frame and guiding the other, the plate R, the tubes L, fast to said plate, and
guided by the rods L, on the frame A, the motion-multiplying indicating or mark-
ing-mechanism connected to and operated by plate R and the said frame B, and

page_text: the adjustable stop carried by plate R for said. multiplier whereby the point of
change of the scale of the record may be varied, substantially as described.
17. In an indicating or recording-apparatus for use with testing-machines, the
combination of two frames, A, B, attachable to test-pieces, the guides for one of
said, frames fast to the other thereof, the plate R, guides L, steadying plate R on
said, frame A, the motion-multiplying indicating or marking-mechanism con-
nected! to and operated by said plate R and the said frame B, the stop carried by
plate R for the multiplier, and a brake or friction device for preventing undue
motion of plate R, substantially as described.
18. In an indicating or recording-apparatus for use with testing-machines, the
combination of two independent frames attachable to test-pieces, with indicating
or marking mechanism comprised in two independent parts carried respectively by
the said two independent frames, whereby the behavior of the material tested to
and including the point of rupture may be ascertained, substantially as described.
19. In an indicating or recording-apparatus for use with testing-machines, the
combination of two independent frames attachable to test-pieces, and guided one
by the other as they are moved during the operation of testing, with indicating or
marking-mechanism comprised in two independent parts carried respectively by
the said two independent frames, whereby the behaviour of the material tested to
and including the point.of rupture may be ascertained, substantially as described.
20. In an indicating or recording-apparatus for use with testing-machines, the
combination of two independent frames attachable to test-pieces, motion-multi-
plying indicating or marking-mechanism comprised in two independent or
separable parts and operated by said frames, and automatic means for changing
the scale of indication or record, substantially as described.
...21. In an indicating or recording-apparatus for use with testing-machines, the
combination of two independent frames attachable to test-pieces and guided one by the
other as they are moved during the operation of testing, motion-multiplying indi-
cating or marking-mechanism comprised in two independent or separable parts and
operated by said frames, and automatic means for changing the scale of indica-
tion or record; substantially as described.
22: In an indicating or recording-apparatus for use with testing-machines, the
combination of two independent frames attachable to test-picces, motion-multiply-
ing indicating or marking-mechanism comprised in two independent or separable
parts and operated by said frames, and automatic means for changing the scale of
indication or record provided with an adjustable member for varying the point of
such change, substantially as described.
23. A portable recording or indicating apparatus for use with a testing machine
while testing materials, comprising two openable frames, spring-cushioned clamps
for attaching said frames to and supporting them from the test-pieces, and automa-
tically separable strain or motion-multiplying indicating or recording mechanism
carried by said frames and operated by said frames and the running weight or
poise, substantially as described:
24. A portable recording or indicating apparatus for use with a testing machine
while testing materials, comprising two openable frames, spring-cushioned clamps
for attaching said frames to and supporting them from the test-pieces, and strain
of motion-multiplying indicating or recording mechanism carried by said frames
and operated by said frames and the running weight or poise, substantially as
described.
25. A portable recording or indicating apparatus for use with a testing machine
while testing materials, comprising two openable frames, spring-cushioned clamps
for attaching said frames to and supporting them from the test-pieces, automati-
cally separable strain or motion multiplying indicating or recording mechanism
carried by said frames and operated by said frames and the running weight or
poise, and a stop for the strain or motion-multiplier, whereby the scale of the record
or indication may be automatically changed, substantially as described.
26. A portable recording or indicating apparatus for use with a testing machine

page_text: while testing materials, comprising two openable frames, spring-cushioned clamps
for attaching said frames to and supporting them from the test-piece, strain or
motion multiplying indicating or recording mechanism carried by said frames and
operated by said frames and the running weight or poise, and a stop for the strain
or motion-multiplier, whereby the scale of the record or indication may be auto-
matically changed, substantially as described.
27. A portable recording or indicating apparatus for use with a testing machine
while testing materials comprising two openable frames, spring-pressed clamps for
attaching said frames to and supporting them from the test-piece, automatically
separable strain or motion multiplying indicating or recording mechanism carried
by said frames and operated thereby and by the running weight or poise, and an
adjustable stop for the strain or motion-multiplier, whereby the scale of the record
or indication may be automatically changed during tests, substantially as described.
28. A portable recording or indicating apparatus for use with a testing machine
while testing materials, comprising two openable frames spring-cushioned clamps
for attaching said frames to and supporting them from the test-piece, strain or
motion multiplying indicating or recording mechanism carried by said frames and
operated thereby and by the running weight or poise, and an adjustable stop for
the strain or motion-multiplier, whereby the scale of the record or indication may
be automatically changed during tests, substantially as described.
29. A portable recording or indicating apparatus for use with a testing machine
while testing materials, comprising frames attachable to and solely supported by
the test-pieces, and recording or indicating mechanism carried by said frames, and
operated thereby and by the running weight or poise, substantially as described.
30. A portable recording or indicating apparatus for use with a testing machine
while testing materials, comprising frames attachable to and solely supported by
the test-pieces, and strain or motion-multiplying recording or indicating mechanism
carried by said frames and operated thereby and by the running weight or poise,
substantially as described.
31. A portable recording or indicating apparatus for use with a testing machine
while testing materials, comprising frames attachable to and solely supported by
the test-pieces, strain or motion-multiplying recording or indicating mechanism
carried by said frames, and a stop for said mechanism whereby the scale of the
record or indication may be changed automatically during the tests, said mech-
anism being operated by said frames and the running weight or poise, substan-
tially as described.
32. A portable recording or indicating apparatus for use with a testing machine
while testing materials, comprising frames attachable to and solely supported by
the test-pieces, strain or motion-multiplying recording or indicating mechanism
carried by said frames, and an adjustable stop for said mechanism whereby the
scale of the record or indication may be automatically changed during the tests,
said mechanism being operated by said frames and the running weight or poise
substantially as described.
...
L
PT
100
PHILLIPS & LEIGH,
No. 22, Southampton Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, W.C!,
Agents for the Applicant.