IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF INCANDESCENT ELECTRIC LAMPS AND IN APPARATUS THEREFOR, WHICH APPARATUS IS ALSO APPLICABLE FOR OTHER LIKE USES,
Year: 1882

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Henry Gardiner of No 69 Warner. Road
•
Camberwell in the County of Surrey for an invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF INCANDESCENT ELECTRIC LAMPS AND IN APPARATUS
THEREFOR, WHICH APPARATUS IS ALSO APPLICABLE FOR OTHER LIKE USES,
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Henry Gardiner at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 8th July 1882.
JAMES HENRY GARDINER of No 69 Warner Road Camberwell in the County of
Surrey "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF INCANDESCENT ELECTRIC
LAMPS AND IN APPARATUS THEREFOR, WHICH APPARATUS IS ALSO APPLICABLE FOR
OTHER LIKE USES
19
This Invention has for its object improvements in the construction of incandescent
electric lamps and in apparatus therefor, which apparatus is also applicable for
other like uses.
In producing the glass enclosure of an electric lamp it is requisite to work the
glass sometimes in a large roaring flame covering a large area and sometimes with
a pointed flame which can be made to strike in one spot. It is usual to employ
two separate blowlamps in this work. I employ but one and my lamp admits of
the flame being instantly changed at will. The burner consists of a tube fixed in
an inclined position at the upper end of another metal tube which serves both as a
support and to supply gas to the burner. The gas pipe is connected with a table
by an universal joint admitting of adjustment in the position of the burner.
Within the burner tube.are two blow pipes to either of which wind from bellows
can be supplied by means to be presently described. One blow pipe has a wide
open mouth-and the other terminates in a nozzle with a small aperture.
The gas
issuing from the open mouth of the burner tube is ignited and being urged by the
blast from the blowpipe furnishes the flame required. For the adjustment of the
flame there is an outer tube sliding telescopically upon the burner tube; it can be
pushed forwards or drawn back causing the flame to be formed at any desired
distance from the mouth of the blow pipe. The wind from the bellows is led into
1....מ

page_text: a valve chamber in which is a flap valve mounted upon an horizontal axis. The
axis projects out from the valve chamber and is provided with a handle. By
moving the handle the valve can be made to close one or other of two passages
which lead the wind to the blowpipes. When the open mouth blowpipe is in use
and is receiving the wind from the bellows more gas is required than is necessary
when the other blow pipe yielding the pointed flame is at work.
The same movement of the handle which directs the wind to one or other blow
pipe also regulates the gas supply; this is effected as follows;-the metal gas pipe
is simply a casing for an inner tube of vulcanized india rubber and there is a hole
in the front of the metal gas tube near up to the burner tube which admits of the
flexible pipe within being compressed by a finger. The finger which is adjustable
by a screw motion, is brought into operation by a cam or projection upon the axis
of the flap valve. When the blast is put on to the blow pipe with the small nozzle
the cam or projection presses against one end of a lever jointed to the metal gas
pipe and upon the other end of this lever the adjustable screw finger is carried.
In order to exhaust the air from the lamp enclosures I employ, a pump which
operates by the continual reproduction of the Torricellean vacuum. I make the
pump double acting; it consists of a pair of barometer tubes terminating at their
lower ends in mercury cisterns. The bottoms of these cisterns are formed with
leather or like flexible material, and at the top of each barometer tube there is a
chamber. A pipe enters and dips down into the chamber and at the lower end of
the pipe there is a valve. I employ a ball of a material which will float in mercury
and when the chamber contains mercury the ball floats and closes the pipe-but
when the mercury descends out of the chamber the ball falls away from its seat.
The pipes from the two barometer tubes are connected together and to the
incandescent lamp enclosure which it is desired to exhaust. Upon the top of each
chamber also there is a small mercury cistern and a nozzle rises from the chamber
into the mercury. A valve is provided which when the apparatus is out of use
closes the perforation in the nozzle but when the pump is in use the aperture
remains open. The nozzle also has a side passage fitted with an india rubber valve
which affords a free exit from the chamber whenever the pressure within is con-
siderable but at other times the relief valve remains closed and being immersed in
the mercury contained in the small cistern, nothing (unless it be mercury) can
enter by this way. The flexible bottoms of the lower mercury cisterns are
supported upon plungers to which by any convenient mechanism an alternating up
and down movement is imparted. The action then is as follows:-in the up stroke
of the plunger the flexible bottom is pushed inwards and the mercury is forced up
the barometer tube into the chamber at the top. This chamber is thus completely
filled with mercury any. air which it may have contained being expelled by the
nozzle. The air bubbles up through the mercury in the upper mercury cistern and
escapis.
If the quantity of air to be expelled be large the relief valve also opens
to give it freer vent. When the plunger descends the flexible bottom of the lower
cistern follows it and the mercury drops out of the chamber leaving a Torricellian
vacuum through the vacuous chamber a small shower of mercury descends
without injurious effect from the still open nozzle at the top of the chamber.
Presently the mercury descends so far in the chamber as to uncover the ball valve
at the lower end of the pipe dipping into the chamber. The ball falls and free
communication is opened between the glass enclosure which it is desired to exhaust
and the vacuous chamber. The air in great part passes froin the enclosure into the
chamber. Then the plunger again ascends first the ball valve is lifted and closed
next the chamber becomes entirely filled with mercury and finally some mercury is
driven back through the nozzle and auxiliary valve into the small upper mercury
cistern. Upon the next descent of the plunger the Torricellian vacuum is again
formed and the enclosure to be exhausted is put in communication with it. This
takes place again and again until the vacuum in the enclosure is as perfect as the
apparatus can produce.
The lamp enclosure is provided with a foot on which there are two strips of

page_text: metal one on either side and these are connected electrically with the extremities
of the carbon filament.
The foot fits into a socket of box wood or other insulating material and the
conducting wires are passed up through the bottom of the socket. There are two
metal springs within the socket and these bear against and make contact with the
metal strips upon the foot of the lamp. These springs are connected with metal
studs within the socket one of which is in direct communication with one of the
conducting wires or preferably is connected by a fine lead or other fusible wire
which is somewhat more than sufficient to carry the normal current but will fuse
before the carbon filament is in danger. This fusible connection should be encased
in incombustible material. The other contact spring is not directly connected with
its conducting wire but a third spring bears against it and also against a third stud
which is the terminal of the conducting wire. I provide a small turn button with
a stem passing through the bottom of the socket. The turned button can be so
placed as to deflect the last mentioned spring and remove it from one of the studs
thus breaking the electrical connection and consequently extinguishing the lamp
When the turned button is so placed that it resists directly the thrust of the spring
against it the button will remain in place but directly it is moved from this
position it allows the spring to return to restablish the contact required by the
lamp whilst burning.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said James Henry Gardiner in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
8th January 1883.
JAMES HENRY GARDINER of 69 Warner Road Camberwell in the County of
Surrey. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF INCANDESCENT ELECTRIC
LAMPS AND IN APPARATUS THEREFOR, WHICH APPARATUS IS ALSO APPLICABLE FOR
OTHER LIKE USES
"
This Invention has for its object improvements in the construction of incandescent
electric lamps and in apparatus therefor, which apparatus is also applicable for
other like uses.
In producing the glass enclosure of an electric lamp it is requisite to work the
glass sometimes in a large roaring flame covering a large area and sometimes with
a pointed flame which can be made to strike in one spot. It is usual. to employ
two separate blow lamps in this work. I employ but one and my lamp admits of
the flame being instantly changed at will. The burner consists of a tube fixed in
an inclined position at the upper end of another metal tube which serves both as a
support and to supply gas to the burner. The gas pipe is connected with a table
by a universal joint admitting of adjustment in the position of the burner. Within
the burner tube are two blow pipes to either of which wind from bellows can be
supplied by means to be presently described. One blow pipe has a wide open
mouth and the other terminates in a nozzle with a small aperture. The gas issuing
from the open mouth of the burner tube is ignited and being urged by the blast
from the blow pipe furnishes the flame required. For the adjustment of the flame
there is an outer tube sliding telescopically upon the burner tube, it can be pushed
forwards or drawn back causing the flame to be formed at any desired distance
from the mouth of the blow pipes. The wind from the bellows is led into a valve
chamber in which is a flap valve mounted upon an horizontal axis. The axis
projects out from the valve chamber and is provided with a handle. By moving
the handle the valve can be made to close one or other of two passages which lead
the wind to the blow pipes. When the open mouth blow pipe is in use and is
receiving the wind from the bellows more gas is required than is necessary when
the other blow pipe yielding the pointed flame is at work.
The same movement of the handle which directs the wind to one or other blow
pipe also regulates the gas supply, this is effected as follows:-The metal gas pipe
is simply a casing for an inner tube of vulcanized india rubber and there is a hole
in the front of the metal gas tube near up to the burner tube which admits of the
flexible pipe within being compressed by a finger. The finger which is adjustable
by a screw motion, is brought into operation by a cam or projection upon the axis
of the flap valve. When the blast is put on to the blow pipe with the small nozzle
the cam or projection presses against one end of a lever jointed to the metal gas
pipe and upon the other end of this lever the adjustable screw finger is carried.
Figure 1 of the annexed Drawings is an elevation partly in section of the
apparatus just described.
a is the table and 6 is a support fixed upon it. The support is provided with a
screw clamp to embrace and hold a globular enlargement c¹. upon a pipe c, forming 4
thus a universal joint; the apparatus may however be made without this joint.
An india rubber tube c* passes up within the pipe c. and is attached to a nozzle,
upon the side of the burner tube d. This nozzle fits within the upper end of the
pipe c.
e. and f, are two blow pipes within the burner tube d, the mouth of e is
wide open but f terminates in a small aperture. g is an outer tube sliding upon d;

page_text: for the adjustment of the flame, g¹ is a non-conducting ring on the tube g to
allow of its being conveniently handled when hot. The wind from bellows, worked
by the foot or mechanically or from any convenient source is led by a flexible
pipe into a chamber i, fixed upon the pipe c. A transverse vertical section of
this chamber is shewn at Figure 2 and a rear elevation at Figure 3. i. and i are
passages connecting the chamber i, with the blow pipes e and f. respectively. kis
an axis passing through the upper part of the chamber i. and carrying within it
the flap or valve k¹. which by means of the button ³, on the axis can be turned to
either side and made to intercept the passage of the wind to one or other of the
blow pipes at pleasure, ³ is a cam like projection on the axis k it operates upon
a lever jointed to the pipe c. The lever is provided with a screw ", which
when the cam operates, that is to say, when the wind is cut off from the .blow.
pipe e, and admitted to fenters the pipe c, through a hole provided for the purpose
and compresses the inner elastic tube c*, more or less according to the adjustment
of the screw . Thus the supply of gas can be separately regulated for the two
blow pipes, for the blow pipe e. it is regulated by a tap not shewn in the Drawing
upon the gas inlet and for the blow pipe f the supply is reduced to the extent
requisite by the screw l¹.
In order to exhaust the air from the lamp enclosures I employ a pump which
operates by the continual reproduction of the Torricellian vacuum. I make the
pump double acting, it consists of a pair of barometer tubes terminating at their
lower ends in mercury cisterns. The bottoms of these cisterns are formed of
leather or like flexible material, and at the top of each barometer.tube there is a
chamber. A pipe enters and dips down into the chamber and at the lower end of
the pipe there is a valve. I employ a ball of a material which will float in mercury.
and when the chamber contains mercury the ball floats and closes the pipe but
when the mercury descends out of the chamber the ball falls away from its seat.
The pipes from the two barometer tubes are connected together and to the incan-
descent lamp enclosure which it is desired to exhaust. Upon the top of each
chamber also there is a small mercury cistern and a nozzle rises from the chamber
into the mercury, A valve is provided which when the apparatus is out of use
closes the perforation in the nozzle,, but when the pump is in use the aperture
remains open. The nozzle also has a side passage fitted with an india rubber
valve which affords a free exit from the chamber whenever the pressure within is
considerable, but at other times the relief valve remains closed and being immersed
in the mercury contained in the small cistern, nothing (unless it be mercury) can
enter by this way. The flexible bottoms of the lower mercury cisterns are
supported upon plungers to which by any convenient mechanism an alternating up
and down movement is imparted. The action then is as follows:--In the upstroke
of the plunger the flexible bottom is pushed inwards and the mercury is forced up
the barometer tube into the chamber at the top. This chamber is thus completely
filled with mercury, any air which it may have contained being expelled by the
nozzle. The air bubbles up through the mercury in the upper mercury cistern
and escapes. If the quantity of air to be expelled be large the relief valve also
opens to give it freer vent. When the plunger descends the flexible bottom of the
lower cistern follows it, and the mercury drops out of the chamber, leaving a
torricellian vacuum. Through the vacuous chamber a small shower of mercury
desends without injurious effect from the still open nozzle at the top of the
chamber. "Presently the mercury descends so far in the chamber as to uncover
the valve at the lower end of the pipe dipping into the chamber. The valve falls
and free communication is opened between the glass enclosure which it is desired
to exhaust and the vacuous chamber and the air in great part passes from the
enclosure into the chamber. Then the plunger again ascends, first the valve is
lifted and closed, next the chamber becomes entirely filled with mercury and
finally some mercury is driven back through the nozzle and auxiliary valve into
the small upper mercury cistern. Upon the next descent of the plunger the
torricellian vacuum is again formed and the enclosure to be exhausted is put in

page_text: ⋅
.
communication with it. This takes place again and again until the vacuum in the
enclosure is as perfect as the apparatus can produce.
Figure 4 is an elevation of an air pump of this construction.
A and A² are two barometer tubes, connected at their lower ends with mercury
cisterns B and B'. Figure 5 shews to a larger scale the way in which the joints
of this part of the apparatus are made. An enlargement B* is produced upon the
glass tube, india rubber rings C. C. are stretched over the end of the tube and
embrace it one on either side of this enlargement and over the rings an india
rubber sheath D is drawn. The end of the tube thus enveloped is inserted into
the hole provided for it in the top of the mercury cistern. E is a screw cap and F
is a metal washer by which the elastic parts are compressed and the joints made
tight.
61 and 6 are leather bottoms to the mercury cisterns B¹ and B and G and G
are plungers on which the bottoms rest H is a very slowly revolving shaft and
h' and h³, are eccentrics upon it connected with the plungers and moving them
slowly up and down.
I and I are chambers at the upper ends of the barometer tubes. K'. and K³, are
pipes passing through the sides of the chambers and dipping downwards into them.
At the lower end of each pipe there is a valve, this may be a ball valve such as is
shewn to a larger scale in Figure 6. K*. is a platinum end fixed upon the extremity
of the pipe K. or K³. the lower part of K* has slots or openings in it so that it
forms a cage for retaining a ball which may be of glass or metal not acted upon
by the mercury. At the top of the cage there is a contraction and a seat and to
this the ball comes when it is floated up by the mercury. The ball fits sufficiently'
closely to stop back the mercury from ascending the pipes K'. K*
Or in place of forming the valve in this manner it may be as represented in
Figure 7. Here the lower end of the pipe K¹. is surrounded by an outer tube k
which hangs loosely from it, an enlargement on the inner tube being laid hold
upon by an inwardly turned lip on the outer tube. Both tubes are closed and
rounded at the bottom and they are ground together. There is a small perforation
in the centre of the bottom of K' and there are holes at some little distance from
the bottom of k as the Drawing indicates. When the chamber I' fills with
mercury. the tube / floats upwards and closes the aperture in K¹ but when the
chamber empties it falls away and leaves the aperture in K¹ free. A small quantity
of mercury remains in the bottom of the tube k and prevents shock when it next
rises The tubes K' and K' are connected together and to the vessel in which the
vacuum is to be formed. It is convenient also that they should be connected with
a barometer tube L which stands in the same mercury cistern L' with a barometer L*.
K* is a bulb containing strong sulphuric acid or other absorbent of moisture.
M and M² are mercury cisterns upon the top of the chambers I and I³. Beneath
the level of the mercury in these cisterns are the nozzles I* I* in which the
chambers 1 and 12 terminate. N N are valves by which these nozzles can be
closed to prevent the mercury passing down, but the nozzles are closed only. when
the apparatus is out of use. The apertures of the nozzles are small and when
commencing to pump a freer escape for the air is requisite, this is provided by
valves, N*. N*. These valves may be formed of two pieces of india rubber sheet
connected at the edges to form a flattened or collapsed tube the sides of which tend
to close together and come into air tight contact when exposed to any external
pressure. Other valves may be used which will open freely to permit the escape
of air and close to prevent the return of mercury.
Figure 7 shows a form which is convenient, the nozzles I* are made with
apertures sufficiently large to serve as the only air outlets and are covered by
platinum disc valves closing down upon the ground end of the nozzle. The stem
of the valve enters the nozzle as the Drawing shews.
The action is as already explained the movement of the plungers G¹³ and G³.
alternately fills the chambers I and I and allows them to empty by gravitation,
any air. the apparatus may contain diffuses itself through the vacant chambers and

page_text: each time the chambers fill a part of the air is first imprisoned in the chamber and
then expelled at the top.-The movement of the mercury is very steady throughout
and as it approaches the top of the chambers I. I the speed lessens and thereby
risk of breakage is avoided.
"
I would state that I make no claim to pumps which I am aware have been con-
structed before the date of my Patent and which are known as "Geisler pumps."
In these pumps mercury is caused alternately to ascend and descend a tube leading.
to and from a chamber which is connected without the intervention of a valve with
the vessel to be exhausted and from which the air is delivered by a long descending
tube.
Another part of the invention relates to the mounting of incandescent lamps and
the supply of the electric current to them when in use..
The lamp enclosure is provided with a foot on which there are two strips of
metal, one on either side and these are connected electrically with the extremities
of the carbon filament.
The foot fits into a socket of box wood or other insulating material and the
conducting wires are passed up through the bottom of the socket. There are two
metal springs within the socket and these bear against and make contact with the
metal strips upon the foot of the lamp. The springs are connected with metal studs
within the socket one of which is in direct communication with one of the con-
ducting wires, or preferably is connected by a fine lead or other fusible wire, which
is somewhat more than sufficient to carry the normal current but will fuse before
the carbon filament is in danger. This fusible connection should be encased in
incombustible material. The other contact spring is not directly connected with
its conducting wire, but a third spring bears against it and also against a third
stud which is the terminal of the conducting wire. I provide a small turn button
with a stem passing through the bottom of the socket. The turn button can be so
placed as to deflect the last mentioned spring and remove it from one of the studs
thus breaking the electrical connection and consequently extinguish the lamp.
When the turn button is so placed that it resists directly the thrust of the spring
against it, the button will remain in place but directly it is moved from this
position it allows the spring to return to reestablish the contact required by the lamp
whilst burning.
Figure 8 is an elevation of the foot of the lamp. It is provided with two strips
of brass a. a. one on either side and the conducting wires of the lamp are soldered
to them.
Figure 9 is a sectional elevation and Figure 10 is a plan of the socket to receive
the lamp, it is constructed of insulating material and contains within it two
springs b. b. c. c. are two screw studs which serve to secure the springs b. b. in
their places. The conducting wires are led in either centrally or otherwise as may
be convenient and one of them communicates with the stud c¹, by a fusible con-
nection d. The other conducting wire is connected with the spring & which bears
upon the stud c' and so completes the coupling of the lamp with the source of
electricity. is a turn button which can be so turned as to press the spring 6,
away from the stud c³, the lamp being then out of circuit is extinguished.
Having thus described the nature of my said Invention and the manner of
performing the saine I would have it understood that I do not claim raising and⚫
depressing the level of inercury by mechanical pressure applied to a flexible bag as
this is a well known method but I claim :-
First. The construction of a blow lamp having a burner tube through ‘which gas
is supplied so long as the lamp is in use and having also within this burner tube
two blow pipes one above the other to either of which at pleasure the blast can be
supplied.
Second. The method of regulating the gas supply to the blow pipe simultaneously
with the change of the blast.
hind the mombination in
MAYAN
air namn of one or more tubes A1 ASB

page_text: chambers I. I. and mercury cisterns M². M. on the top of the said chambers and
directly communicating therewith.
Fourth. The combination in a mercury pump of alternating plungers G³, G³.
cisterns B¹. B. tubes A' A* alternately filled and emptied and connected with the
vessel in which the vacuum is required to be obtained.
Fifth. The combination in a mercury pump of one or more tubes A¹. A². chambers
I: I. pipes K'. K. and valves k. k.
.
E
Sixth: The construction of a mercury pump substantially as described.
Seventh. The socket to receive an incandescent lamp substantially as described.
In witness whereof I the said James Henry Gardiner have hereunto set my
hand and seal this Sixth day of January in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and eighty three.