IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR MAKING MOULDS FOR HOLLOW AND OTHER CASTINGS AND FOR TESTING OR PROVING HOLLOW CASTINGS
Year: 1868

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Henry Cochrane, of The Longlands, Middles-
borough-on-Tees, in the County of York, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR MAKING MOULDS FOR
HOLLOW AND OTHER CASTINGS AND FOR TESTING OR PROVING HOLLOW
CASTINGS."
Sealed the 30th June 1868, and dated the 11th January 1868.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Henry Cochrane at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
11th January 1868.
I, HENRY COCHRANE, of The Longlands, Middlesborough-on-Tees, in
the County of York, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR MAKING MOULDS POR
HOLLOW AND OTHER CASTINGS AND FOR TESTING OR PROVING HOLLOW CASTINGS,"
to be as follows:-
One part of my Invention has reference to improved machinery or
apparatus for forming moulds for hollow and other castings.

page_text: My Invention consists mainly in so arranging such machinery tha
a series of mechanical rammers are made to act in succession upon the
sand in the mould box, the first rammer or set of rammers being formed
with the acting surface, corresponding in configuration more or less with
the pattern to be moulded, while in the following rammers or sets of
rammers the form of the acting surfaces approaches more and more to
that of a plane or flat surface as the filling in of the sand proceeds. The
form of the acting surface of the rammers need not necessarily conform
to the configuration of the pattern, so long as the object of my Invention
is carried out, namely, that of ramming the sand equally into every part
or space in the mould box as the filling in proceeds. Various arrange-
ments of mechanisın may be employed for carrying this part of my
Invention into practice; thus in one arrangement I construct a table
carrying the pattern to be moulded, which pattern is by preference
arranged by any well-known means to be lowered into the table after
the process of moulding is complete. At each end of the table are
upright guides, between which works two sliding blocks; in these
blocks rest the trunnions of a horizontal rotatable rammer, or framework,
or box of a quadrangular, triangular, polygonal, or other convenient
form, upon the several sides of which box are fixed or formed the series
of rammers before mentioned. The mould box having been placed over
the pattern on the table and filled with sand the said series of rammers
is made to descend forcibly in such a position that the first rammer
or rammers enter the mould box and effectually ram the sand in the
bottom part thereof. After this the rammers are made to rise and at
the same time if desirable are made to turn so as to bring into action
the second rammer or series of rammers which, after sand has again been
filled into the box, are again made to descend so as to ram the sand, and
so on, each rammer or set of rammers being made to act in succession]
until the ramming is complete. For effecting the turning of the
rammers in an automatic manner, the one end. surface of the box or
framing carrying them is provided with as many projecting rollers or
studs as there are series of rammers; one of these rollers or studs in the
rising of the rammer or frame comes in contact with a stop plate attached
to the guides, and is thereby caused to turn the rammer or frame a part
of a revolution, so as to bring the next series of rammers into position.
Either the rollers or the stop are arranged to spring back so as to allow
of the free downward motion of the rammer or frame; a spring bolt is
also provided in the sliding block, catching into a recess in the end of

page_text: the rammer or frame, so as to hold the rammers in the exact relative
position while performing the downward motion, which catch by working
in a groove formed in the upright guides is withdrawn during the
upward motion, so as to allow the rammers to turn as described. The
raising and lowering of the rammers may be effected in various ways;
thus, they may be raised by the action of revolving cams upon two
rocking levers connected to the sliding blocks by links, the downward
motion being effected by gravity only, and if requisite controlled by
connecting the free ends of the levers to a break apparatus; or the levers
may be connected to the piston rod of a steam or water power cylinder,
which may be made to effect both the up-and-down motion of the
rammers; or again the motion of the rammers may be effected by
directly actuating them by means of one or more steam or water power
cylinders fixed on the top or sides of the guides or other part of the
framework. Catches are provided for retaining the rammers in their
raised position when required. I prefer for economizing time in the
process of moulding to provide two or more tables carrying the patterns,
which tables as the ramming of the box on the one table is completed
are made to travel sideways by means of a rack and pinion or other
suitable contrivance, so as to bring the next table, with the mould box
ready prepared, under the rammers. In order to prevent the great
friction which would ensue from the sliding of the heavy tables upon
the framework on which they rest a moveable framework is provided
running on wheels and arranged so as to be capable of being raised, and
thus to lift the tables slightly off the fixed framework when they require
to be moved.
"Another part of my Invention has reference to the testing or proving
of pipes, cylinders, and such like hollow open ended castings. In testing
pipés, tubes, cylinders, and such like objects by hydraulic pressure,
this has heretofore been effected by closing the ends of the pipe or
cylinder by means of plates or bonnets, and then forcing water into the
interior of the pipe or cylinder until the entire internal space was filled
therewith, and the requisite proving pressure attained. By this system,
firstly, a great loss of time and quantity of water is occasioned while
filling the pipe with water, and secondly, the closing of the ends, so as
effectually to withstand the great pressure exerted thereon, requires very
strong and consequently expensive apparatus. Now my Invention has
for its object to obviate these disadvantages, and consists in inserting
into the pipe, tube, cylinder, or like object a strong core coinciding as

page_text: nearly as possible in form with the configuration of the interior of the
pipe, cylinder, or other object, but being of slightly less dimensions
than the latter, so as when inserted to leave a small annular space all
round between the surface of the core and that of the pipe or other
object; this annular space is closed at the ends either by plates or
bonnets pressed forcibly against the end surfaces of both the core and
the pipe, when these are of exactly the same length, by means of a screw
spindle attached to the core, or by means of a screw nut on the spindle
acting upon a bridge piece connected to the bonnet, or if the core
projects beyond the pipe or other object a packing ring of india-rubber
or other suitable material is pressed by an annular bonnet fitting round
the core so as to make a water-tight joint both against the end surface
of the pipe and against the side surface of the core; the pipe or other
object is then proved by forcing water merely into the small annular
space between its interior surface and the core, which consequently takes
very little time to fill, and the pressure, at the ends being confined to
the small annular surface of the bonnets is readily resisted by means of
the single screw spindle before mentioned, the strain transmitted by the
latter being entirely taken by the core. In arranging this apparatus for
proving iron pipes I construct an upright shield, against the surface of
which the cylindrical core is firmly bolted, so as to project out horizontally
or nearly so. The pipe to be tested is placed on a truck, and is then run
on the core until the one end surface of the pipe rests against the shield,
a suitable packing being first placed between the two surfaces. An
annular bonnet is then forced, as before described, against the annular
opening at the other end of the pipe, whereby the latter is at the same
time pressed forcibly against the shield. A communication is established
by means of a pipe between the force pump and the annular space
between the core and the pipe, and a blow-off cock is fixed in the shield,
so as also to communicate with such annular space. The annular bonnet
with its bridge piece is carried by chains and balance weights by a small
traveller on a platform overhead, so that the bonnet may be drawn off
after proving by moving the traveller, and may be raised up out of
the way by the balance weights when the pipe has to be placed on or
withdrawn from the core.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Henry Cochrane in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 10th July 1868.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, HENRY
COCHRANE, of The Longlands, Middlesborough-on- Tees, in the County
of York, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Eleventh day of January, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, in the thirty-first
year
of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and
grant unto me, the said Henry Cochrane, Her special licence, that I, the
said Henry Cochrane, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such
others as I, the said Henry Cochrane, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time
and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should
and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of
Man, an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR MAKING
MOULDS FOR HOLLOW AND OTHER CASTINGS AND FOR TESTING OR PROVING HOLLOW
CASTINGS," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Henry
Cochrane, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed
in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the "said Henry Cochrane, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, reference being had to the accompanying
Drawings, and to the figures and letters marked thereon, that is to
say:
One part of my Invention has reference to improved machinery or
apparatus for forming moulds for hollow and other castings.
My Invention consists mainly in so arranging such machinery that a
series of mechanical rammers are made to act in succession upon the
sand in the mould box, a certain quantity of such sand being filled in

page_text: after the action of each rammer or set of rammers, and the first rammer
or set of rammers being formed with the acting surface corresponding
in configuration, more or less, with the pattern to be moulded, while
in the following rammers or sets of rammers the form of the acting
surfaces approaches more and more to that of a plane or flat surface as
the filling in of the sand proceeds. The form of the acting surface of
the rammers need not necessarily conform to the configuration of the
pattern so long as the object my Invention is carried out, namely, that
of ramming the sand equally into every part or space in the mould box
as the filling in proceeds. Various arrangements of mechanism may be
employed for carrying this part of my Invention into practice; thus in
one arrangement I construct a table carrying the pattern to be moulded,
which pattern is by preference arranged by any well-known means to be
lowered into the table after the process of moulding is complete. At
each end of the table are upright guides, between which work two
sliding blocks; in these blocks rest the trunnions of a horizontal
rotatable rammer or framework, or box, of a quadrangular, triangular,
polygonal, or other convenient form, upon the several sides of which box
are fixed or formed the series of rammers before mentioned. The mould
box having been placed over the pattern on the table and filled with
sand, the said series of rammers is made to descend forcibly in such
a position that the first rammer or rammers enter the mould box and
effectually ram the sand in the bottom part thereof; after this the
rammers are made to rise and at the same time, if desirable, are made
to turn so as to bring into action the second rammer or series of rammers
which, after sand has again been filled into the box, are again made to
descend so as to ram the sand, and so on, each rammer or set of rammers
being made to act in succession until the ramming is complete. For
effecting the turning of the rammers in an automatic manner, the one
end surface of the box or framing carrying them is provided with as
many projecting rollers or studs as there are series of rammers; one of
these rollers or studs in the rising of the rammer or frame comes in
contact with a stop plate attached to the guides, and is thereby caused
to turn the rammer or frame a part of a revolution so as to bring the
next series of rammers into position. Either the rollers or the stops are
arranged to spring back so as to allow of the free downward motion of
the rammer or frame; a spring bolt is also provided in the sliding block
catching into a recess in the end of the rammer or frame so as to hold
the rammers in the exact relative position while performing the down-

page_text: ward motion, which catch by working in a groove formed in the upright
guides is withdrawn during the upward motion so as to allow the
rammers to turn as described. The raising and lowering of the rammers
may be effected in various ways. Thus they may be raised by the action.
of revolving cams upon two rocking levers connected to the sliding
blocks by links, the downward motion being effected by gravity only,
and if requisite controlled by connecting the free ends of the levers to a
break apparatus; or the levers may be connected to the piston rod of
a steam or water power cylinder which may be made to effect both the
up-and-down motion of the rammers; or, again the motion of the
rammers may be effected by directly actuating them by means of one or
more steam or or water power cylinders fixed on the top or sides of the
guides or other part of the framework. Catches are provided for
retaining the rammers in their raised position when required. I prefer
for economizing time in the process of moulding, to provide two or more
tables carrying the patterns, which tables, as the ramming of the box on
the one table is completed, are made to travel sideways by means of a
rack and pinion or other suitable contrivance so as to bring the next
table with the mould box ready prepared under the rammers. In order
to prevent the great friction which would ensue from the sliding of the
heavy tables upon the framework on which they rest, a moveable frame-
work is provided running on wheels and arranged so as to be capable of
being raised, and thus to lift the tables slightly off the fixed framework.
when they require to be moved.
Another part of my Invention has reference to the testing or proving
of pipes, cylinders, and such like hollow open-ended castings. In
testing pipes, tubes, cylinders, and such like objects by hydraulic
pressure, this has heretofore been effected by closing the ends of the
pipes or cylinders by means of plates or bonnets, and then forcing
water into the interior of the pipes or cylinders until the entire
internal space was filled therewith and the requisite proving pressure
attained. By this system, firstly, a great loss of time and quantity of
water is occasioned while filling the pipe with water, and secondly, the
closing of the ends, so as effectually to withstand the great pressure
exerted thereon, required very strong and consequently expensive.
apparatus. Now my Invention has for its object to obviate these'
disadvantages, and consists in inserting into the pipe, tube, cylinder, or
like object a strong core coinciding as nearly as possible in form with
the configuration of the interior of the pipe, cylinder, or other object,

page_text: but being of slightly less dimensions than the latter, so as when inserted
to leave a small annular space all round between the surface of the core
and that of the pipe or other object. This annular space is closed at
the ends either by plates or bonnets pressed forcibly against the end
surfaces of both the core and the pipe when these are of exactly the
same length by means of a screw spindle attached to the core or by
means of a screw nut on the spindle acting upon a bridge piece
connected to the bonnet; or if the core projects beyond the pipe or
other object a packing ring of india-rubber or other suitable material
is pressed by an annular bonnet fitting round the core, so as to make a
water-tight joint both against the end surface of the pipe and against
the side surface of the core. The pipe or other object is then proved
by forcing water merely into the small annular space between its interior
surface and the core, which consequently takes very little time to fill,
and the pressure at the ends being confined to the small annular surface
of the bonnets is readily resisted by means of the single screw spindle
before mentioned, the strain transmitted by the latter being entirely
taken by the core. In arranging this apparatus for proving iron pipes I
construct an upright shield, against the surface of which the cylindrical
corc is firmly bolted so as to project out horizontally or nearly so. The
pipe to be tested is placed on a truck and is then run on the core until
the one end surface of the pipe rests against the shield, a suitable
packing being first placed between the two surfaces. An annular
bonnet is then forced as before described against the annular opening
at the other end of the pipe, whereby the latter is at the same time
pressed forcibly against the shield. A communication is established by
means of a pipe between the force pump and the annular space between
the core and the pipe, and a blow-off cock is fixed in the shield so as
also to communicate with such annular space. The annular bonnet with
its bridge picce is carried by chains and balance weights by a small
traveller on a platform overhead so that the bonnet may be drawn off
after proving by moving the traveller, and may be raised up out of the
way by the balance weights when the pipe has to be placed on or
withdrawn from the core.
On the accompanying Drawings are shown the arrangements of my
before-described improved moulding and pipe testing apparatus which I
prefer to employ.
Figures 1 to 6, on Sheets I. and II., show one arrangement of the

page_text: moulding machine as applied for making the moulds for pipes. Figure 1
shows a longitudinal section of the machine, Figure 2 shows an end
elevation thereof, Figure 3 shows a transverse section, Figure 4 shows
an enlarged part transverse section of the guides and rammer frame,
Figure 5 shows an enlarged part longitudinal sectional elevation thereof,
and Figure 6 shows an enlarged part sectional plan. Similar letters of
reference indicate similar parts in each of the Figures.
are placed the
A, A', is the framing of the machine, upon which
moveable tables B, B', carrying the mould boxes C, C₁. At each end of
the framing A are the upright guides D, D, between which the sliding
blocks E carrying the rammer frame or box F are made to move up and
down, and which are tied across the top by the tie beam H. The
rammer frame F has in this case four sides, upon which are fixed four
differently formed sets of rammers G', G, G³, G, of which those G¹ are
intended to act on the first charge of sand filled into the mould box,
G³ on the next charge, and so on, the rammer frame being for this
purpose first raised, and at the same time turned a quarter of a revolu-
tion and then made to descend rapidly by the following arrangement :-
Beneath the sliding blocks E are other sliding blocks E carrying
adjustable screws I, upon which the blocks E rest, and which serve to
adjust the exact position of the rammer frame relative to the mould box.
The blocks E' are connected by links J to rocking levers K receiving
motion in such a manner from the rotating cams L driven in the direc-
tion of the arrows by gearing M from the mill shaft M', that they are
caused thereby to raise the sliding blocks and rammer frame into the
position shown in the Drawings, whereupon the cams receding from the
levers the rammer box is free to descend by gravity and to compress
the sand in the mould box C. In order to control the force with which
the rammer frame descends, or, if need be, to arrest its descent, the
levers K are connected by links N to a cylinder O, which is thereby made
to move up and down through a collar P, which is capable of being
pressed tightly against the cylinder by the bell-crank lever actuated
by the treadle R, and by thus retarding or stopping the motion of the
cylinder to regulate the motion of the rammer frame. The collar P is
ordinarily kept off the cylinder by the spring S pressing the treadle
upwards. The arrangement for turning the rammer frame a quarter of
a revolution at every upward motion in order to bring another set of
rammers into action is more clearly shown at Figures 4 to 6. The
rammer frame turns free upon strong pins T carried by the blocks E,

page_text: ànd is provided at the one end with four spring rollers U', U, U³, U*,
carried, as shown, and capable of being pushed back into recesses in the
end of the rammer frame, as shown at U2, Figures 5 and 6, but ordi-
narily pressed forward so as to project beyond the frame F, as shown
at U', Figure 5, by means of springs V. On the rising of the rammer
'frame the roller, which for the time being is situated at x in the position
of the frame, shown in red at Figure 4, comes in contact with the lower
end of the stop plate W, and the frame F continuing its upward motion,
it is consequently caused to turn on the pins T until it has attained its
highest position, shown in dotted black lines in Figure 4, when it will
be seen that the rammer frame will have performed a quarter of a revo-
lution. The other projecting rollers U in turning with the frame F are
made to slide against an inclined surface X formed at the top of the
block E, whereby they are pressed back, as shown, so as to allow them
to pass the projecting stop plate on their downward motion. The stop
plate W is capable of being drawn back by means of the handle W' so as
not to act upon the rammer frame, should each set of rammers be required
to act more than once on the mould box. In order to hold the frame F
securely in the correct position after being turned, as above described,
a spring bolt Y carried by the block E is made to spring forward into
an eye Z formed on the frame, the bolt being retained in a backward
position during the ascent of the frame by means of the hinged arms a, a,
connected to the bolt, the ends of which in the lowest position of the
blocks E pass into the grooves 6 in the guides, and are made by the
curved form of such grooves to draw the bolt Y back out of the eye Ꮓ
during the first part of the ascent, while the upper ends of the grooves
are formed, as shown, so as to allow the arms to spring forward with the
bolt. During the descent the arms a are pushed up into the position
shown in red in Figure 4. For holding the rammer frame in its raised
position when the mould boxes require to be changed, spring catches c, c,
are provided at each end, which are caused by the springs to project out
between the guides D below the sliding blocks E', but which during the
operation of the rammer frame are withdrawn by means of the lever d
and the rods and bell cranks d', d². The tables B, B', carry the half
patterns e of the pipes to be moulded, which patterns are arranged to be
lowered into the tables in a well-known manner by means of the cams f
actuated by the worm and worm wheel g. While the operation of
ramming the mould box C¹ on the table B¹ is going on, as previously
described, the mould box C is placed on the table B and is filled with

page_text: sand preparatory to being rammed in its turn. When the ramming of C
is complete the table B' is moved from under the rammers into the
position shown in dotted lines in Figures 2 and 3, and the table B is
moved under the rammers. For this purpose the tables are provided
with wheels h running upon rails i, which rest on the framing A while
the operation of ramming is going on, at which time the tables also rest
on the framing A', as shown. But when it is desired to shift the tables
the rails i, i, are raised slightly by means of cam surfaces; on the two
shafts k, which are simultaneously turned somewhat for this purpose by
the hand lever and connecting levers and links m, n. By this means
the tables B, B', are both raised slightly off the framing A', and they
are then made to move into the required positions by means of the
pinion o in gear with the rack p fixed to the tables and driven by means
of the shaft q and crank handle r, after which the tables are again
lowered on to the framing and the ramming of the mould box C is
proceeded with, while at the same time the box C' with prepared mould
is removed from the table B' and replaced by an empty mould box.
Instead of actuating the rammer frame in the manner described, it may
be worked directly by steam power, as shown in Figure 7, Sheet II.,
either by connecting the rocking levers K by links N to the piston rod
of the steam cylinder L, the action of which is regulated by means of
the hand lever R connected to the slide valve by means of the rods S, S,
and lever Q, or two steam cylinders may be fixed on top of the guides D,
and the piston rods be connected directly to the sliding blocks E, as
shown in red lines. The steam cylinders may either be made single-
acting so as to effect only the raising of the rammer frame, or they may
be made double-acting, as shown, so as to effect both the up-and-down
motion thereof.
Although I have described my improved moulding machine as applied
for moulding pipes, yet it will be evident that it may be readily applied
for preparing the moulds for other objects.
Figures 8 to 10 on Sheet III. of the Drawings show one arrangement
of my improved machinery or apparatus for testing pipes and other
hollow open-ended castings; Figure 8 shows a longitudinal section of
the apparatus; Figure 9 shows an end elevation of the same; and:
Figure 10 shows a transverse section.
A is a strong vertical shield firmly fixed upon the foundation girders G,.
against the face of which shield is bolted the cylindrical core B so as to;

page_text: project horizontally from the same. Upon this core is run the pipe C to
be tested, resting upon the truck D running on rails E. An annular
space F is left between the core and the pipe, which is closed at the outer
end by means of the annular gland or bonnet H, and india-rubber or
other packing ring I, which are pressed against the annular aperture so
as to form a water-tight joint by means of the screw J, secured firmly to
the transverse piece K in the end of the core, the nut L to which screw
being for this purpose made to press the bonnet H against the end of the
pipe C by means of the bridge piece M fixed to or formed in one with
the bonnet. By the action of the screw also the other end of the pipe is
pressed firmly against the face of the shield A, a packing ring N being
inserted between the meeting surfaces to effect a perfectly water-tight
joint. The annular space F is put in communication with the force
pump O by means of the pipe P as shown, so that the ends of the space F
being closed as described, water is forced into the space, the air contained
therein being allowed to escape as the space fills through the blow-off
cock Q fixed in the shield A in such a position as to be in communication
with the annular space. After the pipe has been tested in this manner
the bonnet M is removed from the end of the core, and being connected
by chains R, passing over pulleys S on the small overhead traveller T to
the balance weight U, it is raised up, and is then moved out of the way
by imparting motion to the traveller on the stage V by means of the
endless chain W passing round the pulley X, after which the pipe C is
run off the core B by means of the truck.
Having thus described the nature of the several parts of my Invention,
and in what manner the same are to be performed, I wish it to be under-
stood that I in no way limit myself to the precise arrangements thereof
shown on the accompanying Drawings, as these may be variously
modified without departing from the nature of my Invention; I wish
also to state that I am aware it has already been proposed to employ a
series of differently formed and mechanically actuated rammers made to
act consecutively upon one and the same body of sand, the whole of
which is filled into the mould box before the commencement of the
operation of ramming, and that I do therefore not claim such an
arrangement, but what I claim is,―
First. The construction and employment of moulding machinery or
apparatus wherein a series of mechanically actuated rammers are made
to act in succession upon the sand in the mould box, a certain quantity

page_text: of such sand being filled into the box after the action of each rammer or
sets of rammers, and such rammers or sets of rammers being of such
different forms as effectually to ram the sand into every part of the box
as the filling in proceeds, substantially as herein-before described.
Second. The employment of a reciprocating rammer frame carrying
two or more sets of differently formed rammers, which frame is made
automatically to turn partially after one or more down strokes, so as to
bring a different set of rammers into action, substantially as herein-before
described with reference to the accompanying Drawings.
Third. Arranging two mould tables in combination with one and the
same reciprocating rammer frame in such manner that on completion
of the ramming of the mould box on the one table, the tables are moved
simultaneously so as to carry such table from under the rammer frame,
and to bring the second table with another mould box under the rammer
frame, substantially as herein-before described with reference to Figures
1 to 6 on the accompanying Drawings.
Fourth. I claim in combination the general arrangement of machinery
or apparatus for ramming mould boxes, constructed and operating as
herein-before described with reference to Figures 1 to 7 on the accom-
panying Drawings.
Fifth. Applying to machinery or apparatus for testing pipes, cylinders,
and other hollow open-ended castings, a core placed inside such pipes
or other hollow open-ended castings, and of slightly smaller dimensions
than these, arranged and operating, substantially as and for the purposes
herein-before set forth.
Sixth. I claim in combination the general arrangement of machinery
or apparatus for testing pipes and such like hollow open-ended castings,
constructed and operating substantially as herein-before described with
reference to Figures 8 to 10 on the accompanying Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Henry Cochrane, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Seventh day of July, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight.