Improvements in the Manufacture of Pipes or Tubes and in Apparatus therefor.
Year: 1893

page_text: Date of Application, 9th Aug., 1893
Complete Specification Left, 30th Apr., 1894-Accepted, 2nd June, 1894
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Manufacture of Pipes or Tubes and in
Apparatus therefor.
I, ROBERT KIESERLING of 130 Palmaille, Altona on the Elbe, Prussia,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
This invention has reference to improvements in the manufacture of pipes or
tubes (hereinafter referred to as pipes) of various shapes and sizes, and in apparatus
therefor from plastic material capable of being hardened by exposure to the drying
action of the air or of fire.
Among materials of this kind clay, cement, artificial sand-stone, asphalte and
wood-cement may be mentioned but I prefer to employ a special kind of concrete
consisting of a mixture of cement moistened to the same degree as ordinary earth
or mould and gravel.
It is to be understood that although the employment of concrete such as referred
to, in the manufacture of pipes according to this invention, is considered to be
particularly advantageous any other suitable plastic substance may be employed, if
preferred.
According to this invention the plastic mass of which the pipe is to be formed
and hereinafter referred to as concrete, is introduced by stamping or pressing into
a mould consisting of a casing and a core, which mould is not, as hitherto com-
pletely constructed before commencing the moulding operation, but is formed
gradually as each successive stage of the moulding operation is completed, so that
the building up of the mould is not complete until the moulded article is nearly
completed. The advantage of this method of forming pipes, is that the form of
the mould can in no case interfere with the proper introduction of the concrete,
thereby greatly facilitating the manufacture of pipes of any desired size or form.
The improved moulding process is carried out substantially as follows:-
A piece section or layer of the core of the mould and a corresponding piece,
section or layer of the casing of the mould are first formed and suitably stiffened
and fixed in position, after which concrete is compressed into the space between
these sections of the core and the casing. The next section of the core and the
next section of the casing are then placed upon the first, and the fresh mould space
thus formed is again filled with compressed concrete and so on, until the entire
pipe is completed. When the concrete has hardened sufficiently, the core and
casing of the mould are removed, and the pipe is ready for further treatment.
The forcing in of the concrete by pressure or stamping is regarded as an important
feature of the process as it enables pipes to be produced that are unusually strong,
that are smooth both inside and outside, that are of equal density throughout, and
are free from cracks or flaws.
In the accompanying drawings
Fig. 1 is a central longitudinal section and
Fig. 2 a plan showing a cylindrical pipe and the mould within which it is
formed.
Figs. 3 and 4 are similar views to Figs. 1 and 2 respectively illustrating a
cylindrical pipe provided with stiffening rings and the mould for forming such
pipe.
a
*Figs. 5 and 6 are similar views to Figs. 1 and 2 respectively showing a cylindrical

page_text: Figs. 7 and 8 are similar views to Figs. 1 and 2 illustrating a truncated conical
pipe with flanges at both ends, and the mould for forming it.
Fig. 9 is an axial longitudinal section illustrating the construction of a T pipe
and the mould for forming it.
Fig. 10 is a section through the lateral outlet branch of the pipe on the line x
Fig. 9...
Fig. 11 is a central longitudinal section of a knee pipe and its mould; and
Fig. 12 is a section thereof on the line y y Fig. 11.
Fig. 13 is a central longitudinal section of a cylindrical pipe within its mould
which is made up of superposed cases or hollow sections, each divided into
compartments; and
Fig. 14 is a side elevation of the same.
Fig. 15 is a section on the line ' ', Fig. 14.
Fig. 16 is a central longitudinal section of a flanged pipe with its mould, and
Figs. 17 and 18 are respectively a front view and a plan thereof.
Fig. 19 is a section on the line y' y', Fig. 17.
Fig. 20 shows partly in side elevation and partly in central longitudinal section
a pipe provided with stiffening rings and the mould for forming the same.
Fig. 21 is a similar view to Fig. 20 but showing the formation of a truncated
conical and double flanged pipe.
Fig. 22 is a half plan of the pipe and mould shown in Fig. 21.
Fig. 23 is a central longitudinal section of a knee pipe within its mould.
Fig. 24 is a side view thereof and
Fig. 25 a section on the line at all, of Fig. 23.
Fig. 26 is a central longitudinal section of a pipe provided with a lateral outlet
and the mould therefor.
Figs. 27, 28 and 29 are respectively a front elevation a side elevation and a plan
of such pipe and mould.
Like letters of reference refer to like parts in all the figures where they
occur.
Cylindrical pipes (Figs. 1 and 2) are formed as follows:-
A piece or section 1 of the material forming the core of the mould is placed
upon a plane bed-plate a such piece or section being in the shape of a cylinder
and firmly but removably attached to the said plate a. Concentrically with this
section of the core, the first section or ring 1 of the casing of the mould which
is of suitable internal diameter, is fixed in position.
The space between the section 1 of the core and the section I of the casing is
then filled with compressed concrete up to the edge of the complete section of
the mould. When this is done the next section 2 of the core, and the next
section II of the casing are placed over the first and the fresh space thus formed
is filled with another ring of compressed concrete * so that it exactly coincides
with the ring b' first formed. Over the sections 2 and II, the sections 3 and III
are then placed, and the space between them is similarly filled up with concrete
under pressure. The formation of the pipe thus continues until the last ring or
section of the pipe is moulded in the space between the last sections 7 and VII
of the mould. The manner of superposing and supporting these various sections
and the subsequent removal of the mould will be hereinafter described. In the
case of the cylindrical pipe, the construction of which has just been briefly
indicated, it is advisable that the respective sections of the core and the casing of
the mould should in each case be of equal height or depth, although this is not
absolutely necessary.
I will now proceed to explain two modifications of my process for enabling pipes
of any shape, either straight or curved, to be formed, though I do not consider
such modified processes are so advantageous in practice, as the process already
described.
It has been stated above that in forming a pipe according to my invention, the
first thing is to form the lowermost section of the core in one piece and to similarly
k

page_text: form the lowermost section of the casing in one piece and having arranged the
sections concentrically with each other, to fill the resulting annular space with
concrete, the same process being repeated until the moulding of the pipe is
completed.
Instead however of forming the mould in successive complete sections of core
and casing as described, a part only of each section may be put in place at a time
as for example a compartment such as Fig. 15. Thus a portion of the core
section is first put in place, then the corresponding portion of a section of the
casing (as d Fig. 15) is arranged in front of it, and the space formed between the
two is filled up with concrete; the next portion of the first section of the core
(as e Fig. 15) is then arranged in place and the corresponding section or sections
of the casing, and as d', d' de, Fig. 15, is placed opposite it, the new space being
filled with concrete as before. The same operation is continued until the first
concrete ring is formed under the proper amount of pressure, after which the
construction of the next section of the mould is proceeded with in similar
successive stages, and the next ring of concrete or pipe section formed over
the first, and so on.
According to the second modification of the improved process, a part of a
complete section of the core and the corresponding part of the complete section of
the casing may be put in place at each stage.
pressure.
The compartments e³ and d³ of the first section of the mould (Fig. 15) having
been placed in position, the space between the two parts filled with concrete under
pressure, the next step is to place over that part of a section, the corresponding
part of the next section, both in the case of the core and of the outer casing,
the fresh space thus formed being in turn filled with concrete under
The
operation is continued in this way until the partial structure equals in height the
full length of the pipe, when the same course is resumed again, beginning with
the first or lowermost section; a piece of a core section, and a piece of a corre-
sponding section of the casing, being arranged in place at each successive stage
(see Fig. 15 at e' d' d' d'). The spaces between such pieces are in each case filled
up with concrete under pressure, so that one layer is superposed over the other
until the full height of the pipe to be formed is attained. The same operations
having been performed in the case of the remaining parts of each section of the
core and casing, the pipe and mould are eventually completed.
It will be understood that the two modified methods just indicated may to a
certain extent be combined, if necessary.
A further modification of the process would consist in forming the whole of the
core or the whole of casing, or the greater portion of one or other of them at
starting, the remaining part of the core or casing, or both, as the case may be,
being completed in sections or pieces as hereinbefore described.
But in all these cases it will be observed that the process is the same in this
particular, that a fresh section of the core and casing is not commenced until the
space between the preceding section or sections of the said core and casing has
been filled with compressed concrete. Thus in the case of the flanged pipe shown
in Figs. 5 and 6, for example, the casing of the mould may be complete to begin
with, and only the core need be erected in successive sections, as this method will
in no way interfere with the introduction of the concrete under pressure.
Another modified arrangement is shown in Figs. 3 and 4 in which each section
of the core (1, 2 and 3) is made higher than the corresponding section of the
casing. The mould is here constructed, and the pipe is formed, substantially in
the following manner.
On the bottom or bed plate a there is first placed a section of the core 1 which
is duly stiffened and fixed in position; then the corresponding annular section I'
of the casing is placed concentrically around it and the space between them is
filled with concrete under pressure. The depth of the layer of concrete is limited
by the upper edge of the section I of the casing.
After this, the next section 13, of the casing is placed over the first and

page_text: stiffened and fixed in position, after which a fresh layer or ring of concrete is
forced in, the upper edge of the case section 1' being the limit of its height. By
such means the first stiffening ring c¹ is formed. The third section 1 of the casing,
when completed, covers the entire stiffening ring c¹. A fresh annular layer of
concrete is then again forced in, and next the second section of the core 2 is put
in place and properly supported, as are all the other pieces, so that the stamping-in
of the concrete cannot displace it. The erection of the successive sections 1III II®
of the casing and the filling of the resulting spaces with concrete takes place in
the same inanner as in the case of the sections 11 1 1. When this is done a further
portion of the pipe and a fresh stiffening ring c are completed. The formation of
the third stiffening ring and the final completion of the pipe are effected by the
addition of the section of the core 3 and of the corresponding section III III III³
of the casing.
The flanged pipe shown in Figs. 5 and 6 may be started exactly in the same
manner as the cylindrical pipe illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2 by the superposition of
successive sections of the core (1 to 6) and of the casing (I to VI) and the filling
under pressure of the successive annular spaces thus formed. Another possible
(but not advisable) method would consist in first erecting all the sections of the
core (1 to 6) at once, and then alternately forming a section of the casing and a
section of the pipe by filling the resulting space. It is even possible to erect all
the sections of the core (1 to 6) and all the sections of the casing (I to VI) at the
same, time, and then to fill up with concrete under pressure, the whole of the space
between the core and the casing.
12
When the pipe of plastic material has been thus formed, by any of the methods
herein described it is provided with the usual flange.
For this purpose the core section 7 is first fitted in position, and then the
corresponding section VII of the casing, which has an inclined inner surface:
The annular truncated space enclosed by these two parts is then filled with concrete
and the pipe is completed by the addition of another section 8 of the core and the
corresponding section VIII of the casing, the space between which is, as before,
filled with concrete under pressure.
The flange of the pipe shown in Figs. 7 and 8 is formed exactly in the same
manner by the alternate erection of a core section and of a corresponding section
of the casing and the successive filling of the spaces with concrete under pressure.
It is, however, preferable in this case that the height or depth of tlie sections 3, III;
4, IV; 5, V and 6, VI, be not very great, as this might interfere with the
introduction of the concrete.
The shaped pipe, or pipe with lateral branch or outlet, shown in Figs. 9
and 10 may be constructed in the following manner :-
In the first place the lower flange is formed between the core sections 1 and 2
and the corresponding sections of the casing I and II. Then the sections 3, III
are fixed in place and the space between them filled with concrete under pressure.
The following sections 4 & 5 of the core and the corresponding sections IV, V of
the casing, may be put in place together in one piece, and the concrete introduced
should not form a complete circle, a space being left at the part opposite to which
the lateral tube or outlet is to be subsequently formed.
Next the core section 6 and the corresponding section VI of the casing are
arranged in place and between them a complete circle of concrete 66 is stamped
in.
Then the section 7 of the core and the section VII of the casing are fixed in
place, the space between them being filled by a complete ring of concrete ; after
which the upper flange is formed by the core section 8 and the corresponding
section VIII of the casing the space between which, is, as before, filled up with
concrete under pressure.
To complete the T shaped pipe it is now only necessary to form the lateral outlet.
For this purpose, core sections 4' and 42, and 51 and 53 are firmly connected with
the core sections 4 and 5. The core sections 41, 42, 5' and 5' when fitted together,
form a complete cylinder, the diameter of which determines the clear width of the

page_text: lateral branch or outlet of the pipe. This cylinder is surrounded by a number of
sections forming a hollow cylindrical casing of an internal diameter such as to form
with the core a space corresponding to the desired thickness of the wall of the
lateral tube or outlet. Concrete is then forced laterally into the space between this
hollow cylinder and the solid cylinder formed by the core sections 4' 4 and 5¹ 5³,
so as to form the tube . The stamping tool-die or plunger whereby the concrete
is introduced, is for this purpose moved not in a vertical, but in a horizontal
direction. In a similar way the flange on the outlet branch is formed. For this
purpose the core sections 43 and 4, 53 and 5 are fitted together and firmly
connected with the core pieces 41, 42, 5¹ and 5 so that these core pieces form a
flat solid cylinder. This cylinder is surrounded by a ring or an external casing,
of a suitable internal diameter and having an inclined inner surface. After this
ring or casing has been firmly connected with the part of the annular casing first
fixed, and which corresponds to the core pieces 4 and 42, 51 and 52, a ring 6 of
concrete is forced into the intermediate space. The last sections 4 and 4º, 5%, and 5
of the core are then put in position and properly strengthened, the same being done
with the corresponding section of the casing, after which the last ring of
concrete is forced in between the sections thereby completing the formation of
the lateral branch or outlet of the T shaped pipe and consequently the construction
of the complete pipe.
The method of construction of the knee or elbow (Figs. 11 and 12) only differs
from the process hereinbefore described in that the core sections 3 to 6 inclusive,
and the corresponding sections III to VI of the casing, are wedge-shaped, so as to
form the desired knee or elbow pipe when placed together as shown, instead of
being flat and placed one over the other horizontally as in the previously described
arrangements. The introduction of the concrete under pressure, in the case of the
layers and 2, takes place vertically, while in the case of the layers or rings 6³ to
68 inclusive, the direction of its introduction is inclined or lateral.
:
Having thus fully described the improved process I will proceed to indicate the
manner in which it is carried out by means of the apparatus devised for the
purpose.
In constructing apparatus for carrying out my process two points are of essential
importance: It is necessary that the sections of the core and casing should be
readily detachable as soon as the concrete has hardened, and these sections them-
selves, especially in the case of long pipes, should be hollow, to facilitate their
conveyance from place to place and to facilitate their being fitted together which
may present some difficulty if solid blocks were employed.
To accomplish these purposes it is proposed to employ, in almost all cases, in the
construction of the improved apparatus for moulding pipes under pressure, hollow
blocks or compartments made of material such for example as wood, stone or metal,
capable of being readily joined together, and having comparatively little weight
even when of large size. Solid blocks are employed in the formation of the core
and casing, only in those cases where exceptional strength is required, or where
the peculiar form of the article to be moulded makes it difficult to prepare hollow
blocks.
In moulding cylindrical pipes (Figs. 13 14 and 15) the seven sections of the
casing are formed each by eight hollow blocks or cases, placed side by side in a
circular row as shewn at d¹ to do, and connected by means of suitable fastening
devices such as bolts and nut clamps or hoops so as to be readily detachable when
required. There being a great variety of devices whereby this object can be
attained, such devices are not shewn in the drawings. In all cases it is advisable
to fix the lowermost section of the casing and core to the bed-plate a in a secure
but detachable manner. I also prefer in most cases to similarly join together, each
pair of succeeding sections of the casing and core. The several sections to the core
are in the example shown in Figs. 13, 14 and 15 supposed to be formed of four
hollow blocks or compartments eto e properly stiffened and fixed in position before
the concrete is forced in. The means whereby this purpose may be fulfilled are

page_text: very numerous. It is frequently sufficient to join such hollow blocks or compart
ments by fastening them to each other as for example el to and e² to by
strong bolts, which may be removed when the concrete has become hard after
which the compartments e³ and et and then the compartments e¹ and e³ are removed
from the completed pipe. The detachment of the blocks or compartments d' to d
is readily effected after first loosening or removing the means employed for holding
them together. In the arrangement employed for moulding flanged pipes (Figs. 16
to 19 inclusive) the sections of the core are formed each of 3 blocks or compart-
ments e¹ e³ ³, joined by a wedge shaped piece f. One such wedge ƒ corresponds to
each of the core sections 1 to 8, but it is possible, if preferred to employ only one
wedge of sufficient height for the first six sections 1 to 6. When the concrete has
hardened the wedge of the upper section of the core is detached, when the three boxes
or compartments e¹ e and e³ may readily be lifted out of the pipe. This operation
is repeated until the last of the core sections namely 1 has been removed, and then
the gradual removal of the sections of the casing is proceeded with. It will be
understood that, if desired, the casing may be removed first and then the core.
the arrangement for moulding pipes with stiffening rings or ribs e¹ and c² (Fig. 20)
the sections II and V of the casing are each formed of a number of solid pieces g.
The connection between the several sections or layers is here shown as effected by
bolts and nuts.
.
In
In the case of the truncated conical flange pipe as shewn in Figs. 21 and 22 the
core sections are formed similarly to those employed in the arrangement illustrated
in Fig. 15.
In the case of the knee or elbow pipe shown in Figs. 23, 24 and 25 the casing is
not formed by hollow blocks or boxes proper, but by flanged hollow compartments h.
The core of the mould consists of single sheets of metal (such as 1 to 8) which are
each bent to the form of a ring and held together at the joint by an internal
U-shaped hook k which enters staples or eyes 1, on the adjacent ends of the
sheet. After the concrete has been stamped or forced in, the hook k of the upper
core section is removed from the corresponding staples or eyes whereupon the
sheet of metal may be sufficiently contracted in diameter to enable it to be
removed from the interior of the pipe. The core sections 1 and 2 are here made
in one piece and have the shape of off sets or steps. To remove them from the
completed pipe it is necessary to invert the latter, when the hook k is removed and
the stepped piece of sheet metal is sufficiently contracted in diameter to enable
it to be drawn out of the pipe. Upon the bed plate a there may be arranged a
number of lugs m to retain the core section i just referred to, firmly in position so
that it cannot be displaced by the strain attending the introduction of the concrete
under pressure. For the same purpose the remaining strips of sheet metal to,
care provided with lugs or flaps n that extend beyond their edges. With this
arrangement when one strip has passed the flaps of the preceding strip, such flaps
impart to the first strip the power of resisting the strain sustained by the structure
during the introduction of the concrete under pressure.
In the case of the T shaped pipes shown in Figs. 26 to 29 inclusive, solid blocks
of wood are employed in constructing the mould casing these blocks may be retained
in place by means of bands or hoops placed around them. Pins or bolts p are
provided to facilitate the proper adjustment of the various blocks relatively to each
other. The lateral branch or outlet is moulded by introducing the concrete from
one side, and the core for this purpose is formed by a consolidated sheet metal
cylinder q which is fitted into an annular groove r in the core sections 4 and 5. In
forming the flange of the lateral branch of this T-shaped pipe, after the cylindrical
space over the sheet metal cylinder has been filled with concrete a disc or ring t t¹
is placed over the cylinder q and retained in position by wedges ss. The space
between this disc or ring and the corresponding part of the mould casing is then
filled with concrete under pressure to form the flange.
The removal of the disc or ring t t is effected by knocking out the wedges ss',
whereupon the two U-shaped hooks k are drawn out of the sleeves or staples ll' on

page_text: the inner side of the sheet metal cylinder q and this cylinder is slightly contracted
so that it can be removed from the completed lateral outlet or branch of the
T pipe.
Pipes moulded in the manner hereinbefore described are exceedingly strong and
free from cracks or flaws, as the stamping action, by which the concrete or plastic
substance is introduced into the mould, firmly compresses the different parts thereof
and renders the material very dense. As regards the size of the pipes which can
be produced by my improved process, it may be stated that the process enables.
small bore pipes having say only a few inches internal diameter as well as pipes or
conduits of the largest diameter to be produced, it being only necessary to corre-
spondingly proportion the size of the parts of the apparatus employed, the method.
of introduction of the concrete or plastic substance being in all cases the same.
Dated this 9th day of August 1893.
R. KIESERLING,
By L. W., per F. B..
Improvements in the Manufacture of Pipes or Tubes and in
Apparatus therefor.
I, ROBERT KJESERLING, of 130 Palmaille, Altona on the Elbe, Prussia,.
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement :-
This invention has reference to improvements in the manufacture of pipes or
tubes (hereinafter referred to as pipes) of various shapes and sizes from plastic
material capable of being hardened by exposure to the air or fire, and also to
apparatus for carrying out such manufacture. Among materials of the kind
referred to, clay, cement, artificial sand-stone, asphalte, beton and stony compositions
may be mentioned.
According to this invention, the plastic mass of which the pipe is to be formed,.
and hereinafter referred to as concrete, is introduced by stamping or pressing into
a mould consisting of a casing and a core, which mould is not, as hitherto, com-
pletely constructed before commencing the moulding operation, but is formed
gradually as each successive stage of the moulding operation is completed, so that.
the building up of the mould is not complete until the moulded article is.
nearly completed. The advantage of this method of forming pipes, is that the
form of the mould can in no case interfere with the proper introduction of the
concrete, thereby greatly facilitating the manufacture of pipes of any desired size
or form.
The improved moulding process is carried out substantially as follows:-
A piece, section or layer of the core of the mould and a corresponding piece,
section or layer of the casing of the mould, are first formed and suitably arranged
and fixed in position, after which the concrete is forced into the space between
these sections of the core and casing by pressure or stamping. The next piece,.
section or layer of the core and the next piece, section or layer of the casing are
then placed upon the first, and the fresh mould space thus formed is filled with
compressed concrete, and so on, until the entire pipe is completed.
concrete has hardened sufficiently, the core and casing of the mould are removed,
and the pipe is ready for use or for further treatment. The forcing in of the
concrete by pressure or stamping is regarded as an important feature of the
process, as it enables pipes to be produced that are unusually strong, that are
smooth both inside and outside, that are of equal density throughout, and are free
from cracks or flaws.
When the

page_text: In the drawings left with my Provisional Specification
Fig. 1 is a central longitudinal section; and,
Fig. 2 a plan, showing a mould suitable for the formation of a plain cylindrical
pipe which is shown in place therein.
Figs. 3 and 4 are similar views to Figs. 1 and 2 respectively showing a
mould suitable for the formation of a cylindrical pipe with external stiffening
rings.
Figs. 5 and 6 are similar views to Figs. 1 and 2 respectively, showing a mould
suitable for the formation of a cylindrical pipe with a flange at one end.
Figs. 7 and 8 are similar views to Figs. 1 and 2 illustrating a mould suitable for
the formation of a truncated conical pipe with flanges at both ends.
Fig. 9 is an axial longitudinal section illustrating the formation of a T pipe.
Fig. 10 is a section through the lateral outlet branch of the pipe on the line a
of Fig. 9.
Fig. 11 is a central longitudinal section of a knee pipe and its mould; and
Fig. 12 is a section thereof on the line y y of Fig. 11.
Fig. 13 is a central longitudinal section of a cylindrical pipe within its mould,
which is made up of superposed cases or hollow sections, each divided into a number
of parts; and
Fig. 14 is a side elevation of the same.
Fig. 15 is a section on the line of Fig. 14.
Fig. 16 is a central longitudinal section of a flanged pipe with its mould; and
Figs. 17 and 18 are respectively a side elevation and a plan thereof.
Fig. 19 is a section on the line y y of Fig. 17.
Fig. 20 shows partly in side elevation and partly in central longitudinal section
a pipe provided with external stiffening rings and the mould for forming the
Bame.
Fig. 21 is a similar view to Fig. 20 but showing the formation of a truncated
conical and double-flanged pipe.
Fig. 22 is a half plan of the pipe and mould shown in Fig. 21.
Fig. 23 is a central longitudinal section of a knee pipe with its mould.
Fig. 2 is a side view thereof; and
Fig. 25 is a section on the line of Fig. 23.
Fig. 26 is a central longitudinal section of a pipe provided with a lateral outlet
and the mould therefor.
Figs. 27, 28 and 29 are respectively a front elevation, a side elevation, and a
plan of such pipe and mould.
Like letters of reference refer to like parts in all the figures where they occur.
Cylindrical pipes (Figs. 1 & 2) are formed as follows:-
A piece or section 1 of the material forming the core of the mould is placed
upon a plane bed-plate a such piece or section being in the shape of a short
cylinder and firmly but removably attached to the said plate a. Concentrically
with this section of the core, the first section or ring I of the casing of the mould,
which is of suitable internal diameter, is fixed in position.
The space between the section 1 of the core and the section I of the casing is
then filled with compressed concrete up to the top edge of the complete section
of the mould. When this is done the next section 2 of the core and the next
section II of the casing are placed over the first, and the fresh mould space thus
formed is filled with another ring of compressed concrete 6' so that it exactly
coincides with the ring & first formed. Over the sections 2 and II, the sections
and III are then placed, and the space between them is similarly filled up with
concrete under pressure. The formation of the pipe is continued in this way unti
the last ring or section 67 of the pipe is moulded in the space between the las
sections 7 and VII of the mould. The manner of superposing and supporting these
various sections and the subsequent removal of the mould will be hereinafter
described. In the case of the cylindrical pipe, the construction of which has jus
been briefly indicated, it is advisable that the respective sections of the core and

page_text: the casting of the mould should in each case be of equal neight or deptu, along
this is not absolutely necessary.
I will now proceed to explain two modifications of my process for enabling pipes
of any shape, either straight or curved, to be formed, though I do not consider
such modified processes are so advantageous in practice, as the process already
described.
It has been stated above that in forming a pipe according to my invention, the
first thing is to form the lowermost section of the core in one piece and to similarly
form the lowermost section of the casing in one piece and having arranged the
sections concentrically with each other, to fill the resulting annular space with
concrete, the same process being repeated until the moulding of the pipe is
completed.
Instead however of forming the mould in successive complete sections of core
and casing as described, a part only of each section may be put in place at a time
as for example a part such as e Fig. 15. Thus in this case a portion of the core
section is first put in place, then the corresponding portion of a section of the
casing (as Fig. 15) is arranged in front of it, and the space formed between the
two is filled up with concrete; the next portion of the first section of the core
(as e Fig. 15) is then arranged in place and the corresponding section or sections of
the casing, as d', d³, d, Fig. 15 is placed opposite it, the new space being filled with
concrete as before. The same operation is continued until the first concrete ring
is formed under the proper amount of pressure, after which the formation of the
next section of the mould is proceeded with in similar successive stages, and the
next ring of concrete or pipe section formed over the first, and so on.
According to the second modification of the improved process, a part of a
complete section of the core and the corresponding part of the complete section
of the casing may be put in place at each stage. Thus the parts e² and d³ of the
first section of the mould (Fig. 15) having been placed in position and the space
between the two parts filled with concrete under pressure, the next step is to place
over that part of a section, the corresponding part of the next section, both in the
case of the core and of the outer casing, the fresh space thus formed being in turn
filled with concrete under pressure. The operation is continued in this way
until the partial structure equals in height the full length of the pipe, when the
same course is resuined again, beginning with the first or lowermost section, a part
of a core section, and a part or parts of a corresponding section of the casing, being
arranged in place at each successive stage (see Fig. 15 at e³, d', d³, d). The
spaces between such pieces are in each case filled up with concrete under pressure,
so that one layer is superposed over the other until the full height of the pipe to
be formed is attained. The same operations having been performed in the case of
the remaining parts of each section of the core and casing, the formation of the
mould and pipe is eventually completed.
It will be understood that the two modified methods just indicated may to a
certain extent be combined, if necessary.
A further modification of the process would consist in forming the whole of the
core or the whole of casing, or the greater portion of one or other of them at starting,
the remaining part of the core or casing, or both, as the case may be, being
completed in sections or pieces as hereinbefore described.
But in all these cases it will be observed that the process is the same in this
particular, that a fresh section of the core and casing is not commenced until the
space between the preceding section or sections of the said core and casing has
been filled with compressed concrete. Thus, in the case of the flanged pipe shown
in Figs. 5 and 6, for example, the casing of the mould may be complete to begin
with, and only the core need be erected in successive sections, as this method will
in no way interfere with the introduction of the concrete under pressure.
In Figs. 3 and 4, each section of the core (1, 2, and 3) is made higher than the
corresponding section of the casing. The mould is here constructed, and the pipe
formed, substantially in the following manner.
B

page_text: On the bottom or bed plate a there is first placed a section of the core 1 which is
duly arranged and fixed in position. Then the corresponding annular section I' of
the casing is placed concentrically around it and the space between them is filled
with concrete under pressure. The depth of the layer of concrete is limited by
the upper edge of the section I' of the casing. After this, the next section I* of
the casing is placed over the first and fixed in position, after which a fresh layer or
ring of concrete is forced in, the upper edge of the case section I being the limit
of its height. By such means the first stiffening ring c¹ is formed. The third
section I³ of the casing, when in place, covers the entire stiffening ring c. A fresh
annular layer of concrete is then again forced in, after which the second section of
the core 2 is put in place and properly supported, as are all the other pieces, so that
the stamping-in of the concrete cannot displace it. The erection of the successive
sections III I13 of the casing and the filling of the resulting spaces with concrete
takes place in the same manner as in the case of the sections II I. When this
is done a further portion of the pipe and a fresh stiffening ring care completed.
The formation of the third stiffening ring e and the final completion of the pipe are
effected by the addition of the section 3 of the core and of the corresponding
section III III III of the casing.
The formation of the flanged pipe shown in Figs. 5 and 6 may be started exactly
in the same manner as the cylindrical pipe illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2 by the
superposition of successive sections 1 to 6 of the core and of the successive sections
I to VI of the casing and the filling under pressure of the successive annular
spaces thus formed. Another possible, but not advisable, method consists in first
erecting all the sections 1 to 6 of the core at once, and then alternately forming a
section of the casing and a section of the pipe by filling the resulting space.
It
is even possible to erect all the sections of the core (1 to 6) and all the sections of
the casing (I to VI) at the same time, and then to fill up with concrete under
pressure, the whole of the space between the core and the casing.
It is, however, to be understood that these two methods are only applicable to
the production of the cylindrical parts of the pipe; the formation of the socket
takes place according to the method proper thereto. For this purpose the core
section 7 is first fitted in position (Fig. V), and then the corresponding section VII
of the casing, which has an inclined inner surface. The annular truncated
space enclosed by these two parts is then filled with concrete and the pipe is
completed by the addition of another section 8 of the core and the corresponding
section VIII of the casing, the space between the two being, as before, filled with
concrete under pressure.
The flanges of the pipe shown in Figs. 7 and 8 are formed exactly in the same
manner by the alternate erection of a core section and of a corresponding section
of the casing and the successive filling of the spaces with concrete, under pressure
It is, however, preferable in this case that the height or depth of the sections 3, III;
4, 1V; 5, V; and 6, VI; be not very great, as this might interfere with the
introduction of the concrete.
The T-shaped pipe or pipe with lateral branch or outlet, shown in Figs. 9 and 10,
may be constructed in the following manner :-
In the first place the lower flange is formed between the core sections 1 and 2
and the corresponding sections I and II of the casing. Then the sections 3, III
are fixed in place and the space between them filled with concrete under
pressure. The following sections 4 and 5 of the core and the corresponding
sections IV, V of the casing, are then put in place together as one piece, but
the concrete introduced should not form a complete ring, a space being left at
the part opposite to which the lateral branch or outlet is to be subsequently
formed.
The core section 6 and the corresponding section VI of the casing are next
arranged in place and between them a complete ring of concrete 6 is stamped in.
Then the section 7 of the core and the section VII of the casing are fixed in
place, the space between them being filled by a complete ring of concrete 67;

page_text: after which the upper flange is completed by the core section 8 and the corre-
sponding section VIII of the casing, the space between which, is, as before, filled
up with concrete under pressure.
To complete the T-shaped pipe it is now only necessary to form the lateral
outlet. For this purpose, core sections 41 and 42, and 51 and 5 are firmly con-
nected with the core sections 4 and 5. The core sections 41, 42, 51 and 5 when
fitted together, form a complete cylinder, the diameter of which determines the
clear width of the lateral branch or outlet of the pipe. This cylinder is surrounded
by a number of sections as shown, forming a hollow cylindrical casing of an internal
diameter such as to form with the core, a space corresponding to the desired
thickness of the wall of the lateral tube or outlet. Concrete is then forced
laterally into the space between this hollow cylinder and the solid cylinder formed
by the core sections 41 42 and 51 52, so as to form the tube . The stamping tool
die or plunger whereby the concrete is introduced, is for this purpose moved not in
a vertical, but in a horizontal direction. In a similar way the flange on the outlet
branch is formed. For this purpose the core sections 43 and 4, 53 and 5' are fitted
together and firmly connected with the core pieces 4', 48, 5' and 5' so that these
core pieces form a short solid cylinder. This cylinder is surrounded by a ring or
an external casing, of a suitable internal diameter and having an inclined inner
surface. After this ring or casing has been firmly connected with the part of the
annular casing first fixed, and which corresponds to the core pieces 41 and 4,
51 and 5 a ring of concrete is forced-into the intermediate space. The last
sections 4 and 4%, 5% and 5° of the core are then put in position and properly
strengthened, the same being done with the corresponding section of the casing,
after which the last ring of concrete is forced in between the sections thereby
completing the formation of the lateral branch or outlet of the T-shaped pipe and
consequently the formation of the complete pipe.
The method of forming the knee or elbow (Figs. 11 and 12) only differs from the
process herein before described in that the core sections 3 to 6 inclusive, and the
corresponding sections III to V1 of the casing, are wedge-shaped, so as to form
the desired knee or elbow pipe when placed together as shown, instead of being
flat and placed one over the other horizontally as in the previously described
arrangements. The introduction of the concrete under pressure, in the case of the
layers 6 and 62, takes place vertically, while in the case of the layers or rings 6³ to
28 inclusive, the direction of its introduction is inclined or lateral.
Having thus fully described the improved process I will proceed to indicate
the manner in which it is carried out by means of the apparatus devised for the
purpose.
In constructing apparatus for carrying out my process two points are of essential
importance: It is necessary that the sections of the core and casing should be
readily detachable as soon as the concrete has hardened, and these sections
themselves, especially in the case of long pipes, should be hollow, to facilitate
their conveyance from place to place and to facilitate their being fitted together,
which may present some difficulty if solid blocks were employed.
To accomplish these purposes, I employ, in almost all cases, in the construction
of the improved apparatus for moulding pipes under pressure, hollow blocks or
parts made of material such for example as wood, stone or metal, capable of being'
readily joined together, and having comparatively little weight, even when of large
size. Solid blocks are employed in the formation of the core and casing, only in
those cases where exceptional strength is required, or where the peculiar form of
the article to be moulded makes it difficult to prepare hollow blocks.
In moulding cylindrical pipes (Figs. 13, 14 and 15) the seven sections of the
casing are formed each by eight hollow blocks or parts, placed side by side in a
circular row as shewn at d to do, and connected by means of suitable fastening
devices such as bolts and nuts, clamps, or hoops so as to be readily detachable
when required. There being a great variety of devices whereby this object can
be attained, such devices are not shown in the drawings except in Fig. 20. In all

page_text: cases it is advisable to fix the lowermost section of the casing and core to the
bed-plate a in a secure but detachable manner. I also prefer in most cases to
similarly join together, each pair of succeeding sections of the casing and core.
The several sections of the core are in the example shown in Figs. 13 to 15,
Eupposed to be formed of four hollow blocks e¹ to et properly stiffened and fixed in
position before the concrete is forced in. The means whereby this may be effected
are very numerous. It is frequently sufficient to join such hollow blocks by
fastening them to each other, as for example e¹ to e³ and e¹ to e, by strong bolts,
which may be removed when the concrete has become hard, after which the
blocks e² and e¹ and then the blocks e and e³ are removed from the completed
pipe. The detachment of the blocks d¹ to d³ is readily effected after first loosening
or removing the means employed for holding them together.
In the arrange-
ment employed for moulding flanged pipes (Figs. 16 to 19 inclusive) the sections
of the core are formed each of three blocks e, es, e, joined by a wedge shaped
piece f. One such wedge f corresponds to each of the core sections 1 to 8, but,
it is possible, if preferred, to employ only one wedge of sufficient height for the
first six sections, 1 to 6. When the concrete has hardened, the wedge of the
upper section of the core is detached, after which three blocks e¹ e and e³ may
readily be lifted out of the pipe. This operation is repeated until the last of
the core sections namely 1 has been removed, and then the gradual removal of
the sections of the casing is proceeded with. It will be understood that, if
desired, the casing may be removed first and then the core. In the arrangement
for moulding pipes with external stiffening rings or ribs ¹ and c (Fig. 20) the
sections II and V of the casing are each formed of a number of solid pieces g.
The connection between the several sections or layers is here shown as effected by
bolts and nuts..
In the case of the truncated conical flange pipe shewn in Figs. 21 and 22, the
core sections are formed similarly to those employed in the arrangement illustrated
in Fig. 15.
In the case of the knee or elbow pipe shown in Figs. 23, 24 and 25, the casing
is not formed by hollow blocks or boxes proper, but by flanged hollow casings h.
The core of the mould consists of single sheets of metal, (as 1 to 8) which are
bent each to the form of a ring and held together at the joint by an internal
U-shaped hook k which enters staples or eyes on the adjacent ends of the
sheets. After the concrete has been stamped or forced in, the hook k of the upper
core section is removed from the corresponding staples or eyes 1, whereupon the
sheet of metal may be sufficiently contracted in diameter to enable it to be
removed from the interior of the pipe. The core sections 1 and 2 are here made
in one piece and have the shape of an off set or step. To remove them from the
completed pipe, it is necessary to invert the latter, when the hook k is removed
and the stepped piece of sheet metal sufficiently contracted in diameter to
enable it to be drawn out of the pipe. Upon the bed-plate a there may be arranged
a number of lugs m to retain the core section just referred to, firmly in position
so that it cannot be displaced by the strain attending the introduction of the
concrete under pressure. For the same purpose the remaining strips of sheet
metal, to, are provided with lugs or flaps n which extend beyond their edges.
With this arrangement, when one strip has passed the lugs or flaps of the
preceding strip, such lugs or flaps enable the first strip to resist the strain sustained
by the structure during the introduction of the concrete under pressure.
In the case of the T-shaped pipes shown in Figs. 26 to 29 inclusive, solid blocks
of wood are employed in constructing the mould casing; these blocks may be
retained in place by means of bands or hoops placed around them. Pins or bolts p
are provided to facilitate the proper adjustment of the various blocks relatively
to each other. The lateral branch or outlet is moulded by introducing the concrete
from one side, and the core for this purpose is formed by a sheet metal cylinder 7
which is slit longitudinally and fitted into an annular groover in the core
sections 4 and 5. In forming the flange of the lateral. branch of this T-shaped

page_text: pipe, after the cylindrical space over the sheet metal cylinder has been filled with
concrete, a disc or ring t t is placed over the cylinder and retained in position by
wedges ss. The space between this disc or ring and the corresponding part of the
mould casing is then filled with concrete under pressure to form the flange.-
The removal of the disc or ring t t is effected by knocking out the wedges ss',..
whereupon the two U-shaped hooks k are drawn out of the sleeves or staples ll', on
the inner side of the sheet metal cylinder and this cylinder is slightly contracted
so that it can be removed from the completed lateral outlet or branch of the
T pipe.
り
Pipes moulded in the manner herein before described are exceedingly strong and
free from cracks or flaws, as the stamping action, by which the concrete or plastic
substance is introduced into the mould, firmly compresses the different parts thereof
and renders the material very dense. As regards the size of the pipes which can
be produced by my improved process, it may be stated that the process enables.
small bore pipes having say only a few inches internal diameter, as well as pipes
or conduits of the largest diameter, to be produced, it being only necessary to
correspondingly proportion the size of the parts of the apparatus employed, the
method of introduction of the concrete or plastic, substance being in all cases.
the same.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven--
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is :-
1. The manufacture of pipes or tubes from plastic material of the kinds herein.
referred to in the improved manner hereinbefore described, that is to say by
stamping or pressing the plastic material in a mould, the casing, or the core, or
both, of which is or are formed of either solid or hollow sections or layers that are
placed either one above the other or in juxtaposition to form parts of the mould
only when the space formed by the preceding sections has been filled with plastic-
material under pressure, substantially as herein described.
2. For moulding pipes by stamping or pressing in the improved manner herein
described, moulding apparatus comprising a casing and core each built up of
sections or layers placed one over the other, or in juxtaposition, capable of being
readily disconnected, and each consisting either of solid or hollow pieces of material
such as wood, glass, stone or metal, substantially as described.
3. For moulding pipes by stamping or pressing in the improved inanner herein-
before described, moulding apparatus comprising a casing and core each built up of
a number of layers or sections arranged one over the other, or in juxtaposition, and
capable of being readily taken to pieces, each layer or section consisting either of
solid or hollow blocks of material such as wood, glass, stone or metal, held together-
by wedge-shaped junction pieces, substantially as described.
Dated this 30th day of April 1894.
Dated this 30th day of April 1894.
For the Applicant,
W. LLOYD WISE,
46, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, W.C., Chartered Patent Agent..