IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY AND APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF TILES
Year: 1885

page_text: GEORGE MINGAY GARRARD of 13 Princes Court, Great George Street, in the
City of Westminster, Civil Engineer do hereby declare the nature of said invention
for IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY AND APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF
TILES to be as follows:-
A Machine for "horsing" or curving Tiles is constructed with a horizontal bed
on which are arranged a series of pairs of curved Jaws. The Tiles are placed in
the jaws resting on their edges and are pressed between the faces of the jaws to
the curve required. One member of each pair of Jaws is fixed and the other
attached to a slide. Connected with the slide is a screw spindle and hand wheel
for opening and closing the Jaws. The Machine is also constructed with a single
pair of Jaws one member at each end of bed accommodating a string of Tiles
interspersed with curved plates, and the two members of the jaw advance towards
each other or vice versa by the operation of a right and left handed screw spindle.
In some cases the Machine is constructed with two right and left handed screw
spindles carrying the Jaws independently of the bed and opperated by gearing. To
retain the curved form in the Tiles uprights having curved faces are applied to the
"pitches" or stacks suitably tied together.
My Invention has reference to the construction of a Machine for curving or
horsing" Roofing Tiles of the plain or Broseley pattern; and to an apparatus for
securing the better retention, by the Tiles, after leaving the machine, of the form
thus given them; thereby improving the manufacture of the said Tiles.
".
According to my Invention I construct the Machine for curving or "horsing
Tiles with a series of pairs of Jaws, arranged, by preference, on a horizontal frame
or bed, of a convenient height from the ground, in which are placed, edgeways on
the bed or frame, or on a slide carried by the latter, and between each pair of jaws,
any convenient number of Tiles; and the Tiles are pressed to the curved form
required by one of the jaws in each-pair being pressed towards the other.
D1171

page_text: One Jaw of each pair is attached to the horizontal frame or bed, at intervals in
its length, and these may be termed the tixed jaws. Working longitudinally with
the frame under these jaws and inside the frame, I construct a slide, suitably
stiffened, and corresponding, or nearly so, to length of the frame. On this slide
I attach at intervals corresponding with those of the fixed jaws, a similar number,
of what may be termed, moveable jaws; so that when the slide is drawn in one
direction, each moveable jaw, engages, so to speak, its affiliated fixed jaw; or when
urged in the opposite direction, recedes from the same; preserving at all times,
by preference, the same width of mouth in the case of each pair of jaws.
The fixed jaws, when the machine is viewed on plan, are curved or made concave,
transversely with the frame, to the curve required in the Tile, and the concave face
or side, is that against which the Tiles are pressed by the advance of the moveable
jaw. The moveable jaws are similarly curved, the convex face or side facing the
concave face of the fixed jaws; always maintaining a parallel space between each
pair of Jaws.
The fixed jaws are as regards their depth and length made to correspond, or nearly
so, respectively, with the width and length of the Tile to be pressed. The moveable
jaws are also of dimensions suitable to the size of the Tile but made shorter, or
- with recesses, or openings, so as to accomodate the nibs of the Tile.
The slide is operated by means of a screw spindle and handwheel or crank handle,
placed at one end of the Machine. The outer end of the screw spindle may be
carried by a bracket attached to the frame; or by the frame itself; and the other
end in a bearing formed by a portion of the slide, or by a bracket supported by
the frame. The middle portion of the screw spindle is screwed and engages a nut
confined in a suitable manner in the slide towards one end, in such a manner, that:
when operated, the screw spindle does not travel, but causes the nut to travel,
carrying with it the slide. But any other arrangement of screw may be adopted
and the spindle may be continued the whole length of the machine with a hand
wheel at each end of the frame, if found more convenient. The weight of the
slide is carried on brackets on which it slides, and which are attached to the frame
or other suitable part, and is guided in its working in other respects, by the lower
portions of the fixed jaws, or by any other convenient arrangement of parts.
When the Tiles are placed in the Machine, a suitable number are inserted in each
pair of jaws, on their edges, and transversely with the Machine, when the latter is
viewed on plan. The Tiles then rest on the slide and are carried forward by the
slide and noveable jaws, and against the fixed jaws, in being pressed to the required
curve; or, are carried backwards by the slide, when being released from pressure,
for the purpose of being removed from the Machine.
The frame or bed on which the fixed jaws are fixed and which carries the
working parts, may be made of wood, supported on wooden legs, for the purpose
of lightness; or it may be of Iron, with wood legs, or both the bed and legs may
be of iron. The jaws and slide and other parts may be of cast Iron or any other
suitable material.
"
By thus curving or "horsing" the Tiles on their edges, an advantage is secured,
inasmuch as the Tiles are lifted out of the Machine edgeways, and are placed in
the same position in the "pitches" or stacks to partially harden or dry; so that
after being "horsed they are always kept edgeways up until they leave the
"pitches" in a sufficiently dry or hard state to withstand further handling or
pressure consequent on further drying or stacking into kiln. By being thus kept
edgeways up until they harden the Tiles are not subject to being strained as in the
case of the ordinary method of "horsing" the Tiles flatways by hand on a "horse,"
and lifting them in that position from the same; or in that of a Machine con-
structed to act in a similar manner. The Tiles are also subject to a steady even
pressure instead of being as it were hammered on the side uppermost by a platter
or bat, by hand, on the "horse," as in the ordinary method, or by a Machine acting
in a like manner. Thus the Tiles will be less likely to get out of shape, and be of

page_text: a more uniform curve and temper, and less likely to twist in burning, than those
produced by present methods; and the operation of "horsing" is more expeditiously
performed.
•
The Machine may be also used for giving the correct form to hip, valley, ridge,
angle or other Tiles as well as for "horsing" plain Tiles; in which cases the Jaws
of the Machine are made to suit the concavity curve or shape of such Tiles or are
otherwise modified according to the form of the Tile to be operated upon.
In some cases I construct the horizontal bed or frame of Iron or its surface of
Iron, so as to admit of the sliding thereon, of both members or sides of a pair of
jaws; one member working at one end of the bed and the other member at the
other. This jaw is operated by a screw spindle running lengthways below the
level of the bed surface. The screw spindle is, by' preference, provided at one end
with a right handed, and at the other with a left handed screw.
The screws
engage nuts confined in a convenient manner in the under portions of the jaws, so
that when the screw spindle is operated the two jaws advance towards. each other
and press the Tiles placed edgeways on the bed between them or vice versa.
jaw thus takes a string of tiles according to the length of the bed; and in order
to curve this larger quantity in the single pair of jaws, curved plates are inserted
at intervals between the Tiles to secure the proper curve in the latter. These
plates may be held up by brackets sliding on the plain portions of the screw
spindle. A hand wheel may be placed at each end of the Machine.
The
I also in some cases construct the Machine with two right and left handed screw
spindles, one on each side of the Machine, and a single pair of Jaws as last described.
In such cases the jaw cheeks are carried on, and engaged by, the screw spindles,
the sides of the jaw cheeks being tapped with a thread to suit that of the screw
spindles, one with right, and the other with left, handed threads. The action is
similar to that of the single screw arrangement, and curved plates may also be
used. The two screw spindles are carried by brackets at each end of the Machine,
mounted on the bed, the spindles being level, or nearly, so with the centre of the
Tile and jaw cheeks. The jaw cheeks do not slide on the bed in this case and are
independent of the same, and the bed is subject to no strain beyond that involved
in carrying the weight of the various parts. At one end of the Machine the two
screw spindles are operated by a spur wheel, fitted on each spindle, each of these
being driven by a stud wheel placed between them and carried on the bed
brackets; the stud also carrying the hand wheel. But any convenient form of
gearing may be used to operate the right and left handed screw spindles. The
right and left handed screws may be arranged so as to require the two to rotate in
the same direction, or the reverse, the gearing being arranged accordingly. A
handwheel may be arranged at both ends of the Machine if found more convenient
with any necessary modification of the gearing. Instead of the single pair of jaws,
a series of pairs may similarly arranged; the screw spindles, being at suitable
intervals, provided with lengths of right and left handed threads according to the
number of pairs of jaws.
In order to prevent the Tiles losing the form given them in the Machine, and to
keep them in a vertical position, on their edges, in the "Pitches" or stacks,
I employ at the ends of each stack or "pitch," uprights of Timber or other suitable
materials or combination of materials sufficiently stiff so as not to yield to the
pressure of the Tiles; and I connect these two uprights, by preference at the top
and bottom ends, by means of Tie Rods, the distance apart of the two uprights
being regulated by the length of the "pitch." The uprights are first erected and
the "pitch" is built between them. The faces of the uprights are as in the case of
the jaws of the Machine, curved to suit the curve of the Tiles, one upright having
a concave, the other a convex face, so as to preserve the form of the Tile. The tie
rods are provided with screws and nuts at each end, so that the uprights may be
brought closer together, or set further apart; and when the "pitches" become
shortened by drying, the uprights may be brought in to take up the slack and to

page_text: keep the Tiles in a vertical position. Any arrangement of screwed coupling rods
may be employed; for instance a right and left handed screw and coupling loops
may be used. Or instead of rods, straps, chains or rope, or any other convenient
device, may employed to connect or to adjust the two uprights. When suitable
posts or pillars exist in the shed, they may be converted and used as one of the
pair of uprights in each case.
By the use of this apparatus the Tiles will be more truly retained in the vertical
position than by the system of "pitching" hitherto in use, and are therefore kept
from becoming strained or mishapen; and also what are known as "headings" are
thereby dispensed with. These "headings" consist of piles of Tiles placed flatways
on the floor and built up against the "pitches" at each end so as to keep the body
of the "pitch" together. It is found that the Tiles in the "headings" become
mishapen by being so employed, and by unequal drying, causing, a considerable
waste, which will be avoided by the use of this apparatus.

page_text: Improvements in Machinery and Apparatus for the Manufacture
of Tiles.
:
GEORGE MINGAY GARRARD of 13 Princes Court Great George Street in the
City of Westminster Civil Engineer do hereby declare the nature of my invention
for IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY AND APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF
TILES and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement:―
"
My Invention has reference to the construction of a Machine for curving or
horsing" Roofing Tiles of the plain or Broseley pattern and to an apparatus for
securing the better retention by the Tiles, after leaving the Machine, of the form
thus given them; thereby improving the manufacture of the said Tiles.
1
According to my Invention I construct the Machine for. curving or horsing Tiles
with a series of pairs of jaws which I in general prefer to arrange on a horizontal
frame or bed, of a convenient height from the ground in which are placed edgeways
on the bed or frame, or on a slide carried by the latter, and between each pair of
jaws any convenient number of Tiles; and the Tiles are pressed to the curved form.
required by one of the jaws in each pair being pressed towards the other or by
otherwise closing the pairs of jaws.
.
Referring to the accompanying Drawing Figs. 1, 2 & 3, of which Fig. 1, is a
sectional elevation Fig. 2 an end elevation and Fig. 3 a plan view of Machine,
one jaw of each pair a &c is attached to the horizontal frame or bed b, at intervals
in its length and these I term the fixed jaws. Working longitudinally with the,
frame b, under the fixed jaws and inside the frame, I construct a slide c, stiffened'
by depending flanges and corresponding or nearly so with the length of the frame b.
On this slide I attach at intervals corresponding with those of the fixed jaws, &
similar number of what I term moveable jaws a 1, &c so that when the slide c, is
drawn towards the hand wheel d, each moveable jaw advances towards its affiliated
fixed jaw; or when urged in the opposite direction receds from the same. By this
movement of the slide the pairs of jaws are all simultaneously closed or opened, the.
width of mouth being in each case the same in order that each jaw may
accommodate the same number of Tiles, which I prefer as being a more simple
arrangement than when constructed to accomodate a varying number of Tiles
between each jaw.
The fixed jaws when the Machine is viewed on plan Fig. 3-are curved or made
concave transversely with the frame to the curve required in the Tile and the
concave faces or sides are those against which the Tiles are pressed by the advance
of the moveable jaws. The moveable jaws are similarly curved, the convex faces
or sides facing the concave faces of the fixed jaws, always maintaining a parallel
space between each fixed and each moveable jaw.
The fixed jaws are as regards their depth and length made to correspond or
nearly so respectively with the width and breadth of the Tile to be pressed. The
moveable jaws are also of dimensions suitable to the size of the Tile but madė
shorter to accommodate the nibs of the Tile,
:

page_text: The slide c, to which the moveable jaws are attached is operated by means of a
screw spindle e, and hand wheel d, placed at one end of the Machine. The outer
end of the screw spindle is carried by a bracket f, attached to the frame and the
other end in a bearing g, formed by a portion of the slide, but in some cases the
bearing g, is formed in a bracket attached to the frame. The middle portion of
the screw spindle is screwed and engages a nut h, confined between flanges as
shewn in Fig. 1-towards one end of the slide c, so that when operated the screw
spindle does not travel, but causes the nut h, to travel carrying with it the slide
and thus the series of pairs of jaws are opened or closed by turning the hand wheel
and screw spindle one way or the other. In some cases I arrange the hand wheel
and spindle at the other end of the Machine and in others I continue the screw
spindle through to the other end with a hand wheel at each end.
+
The weight of the slide is carried on brackets i, and i 1, on which it also slides
and which are attached to the frame and the slide is guided in its working in other
respects by the lower portions of the fixed jaws.
When the Tiles are placed in the Machine a suitable number are inserted between
each pair of jaws on their edges lengthways across or transversely with the
Machine when the latter is viewed on plan. In Fig. 3, j, j represent one pair of
jaws filled with Tiles with the jaws closed on them giving the Tiles the required
curve. The Tiles when put into the jaws rest on the slide and are carried forward
towards the fixed jaws by the slide and moveable jaws and pressed between the
fixed and moveable jaws by the advance of the slide and moveable jaws. When
pressed to the required curve the motion of the slide is reversed by means of the
hand wheel and screw and the Tiles are carried backwards by the slide, and the
jaws being by the same means opened the Tiles are removed.
The frame or bed b is made of wood with wood legs for the purpose of lightness
but in some cases I make the bed of Iron with Iron legs and in other cases
I construct the bed of Iron supported by wooden legs. The jaws, slide, bearings
and brackets, I construct of cast Iron but in some cases I use other suitable
metals. When the frame or bed b, is made of wood I prefer to plate the top edge
with bars of flat iron bolting the fixed jaws thereon so as to keep them true in pitch
by preventing the wood yielding at the bolt holes.
By thus curving or "horsing" Tiles on their edges, an advantage is secured,
inasmuch as the Tiles are when placed in the Machine perfectly square with the
curved jaw faces and they are lifted out edgeways and are placed in the same
position in the pitches or stacks to partially harden or dry; so that after being
"horsed" they are always kept edgeways up from the time they are put into the
Machine until they leave the "pitches" in a sufficiently dry or hard state to with-
stand further handling or pressure consequent on further operations in drying and
stacking into kilns. By being thus horsed the Tiles are not liable to be placed
crossways in horsing, nor are they subject to being strained by being lifted flatways
up as in the ordinary method of "horsing" the Tiles flatways up by hand on
a "horse" and lifting them in that position from the same, or as in the case of a
Machine constructed to act in a similar manner. The Tiles are also subjected to a
steady even pressure instead of being as it were hammered on the side uppermost
by a platter or bat by hand on the "horse" as in the ordinary method or by a
Machine acting in a similar manner. Thus the Tiles will be less likely to get out
of shape and be of a more uniform curve and temper and less likely to twist in
burning than those produced by the present method and the operation of " horsing
is more expeditiously performed.
17
I also use this Machine for giving the correct form to hip, valley, ridge and
angle Tiles as well as for horsing plain or rectangular Tiles, in which cases
I construct the jaws of the Machine of a modified shape and form to suit the
various forms and the different degrees of concavity or angle in such Tiles; and
when required I adapt the bed and slide so as to accomodate such Tiles,

page_text: In some cases I construct the horizontal bed or frame of Iron or its surface
of Iron so as to admit of the sliding thereon of both members or sides of a pair
of Jaws.
Figs. 4, 5, 6 & 7 of the accompanying drawing, of which Fig. 4, is a sectional
elevation, Fig. 5 a cross section and Fig. 6 a plan view have reference to such an
arrangement. One member of a pair of Jaws a, working at one end of the bed
and the other member a 1, at the other. This pair of Jaws is operated by a screw
spindle e running lengthways below the level of the cast Iron bed surface b. The
screw spindle e, is provided at one end with a right handed and at the other with a
left handed screw. These screws engage nuts h, h 1, confined so as to prevent their
being rotated with the screw, in the lower portion of the main casting of the jaws
but otherwise fitting loosely in the recesses, so that when the screw spindle is
operated the two jawa advance towards each other and press the Tiles, (placed
edgeways on the bed) between them or vice versa when it is desired to release and
take out the Tiles. The pair of jaws thus take a string of Tiles according to the
length of the bed; and in order to carve this larger quantity of Tiles in the single
pair of jaws curved plates k &c are inserted at intervals between the Tiles to
secure the proper curve in the latter. These plates are held up by brackets 1, &c,
sliding on the plain portion of the screw spindle. These brackets have double
flanges between which the fork-like appendage cast on the under edge of the
plates drops, as shewn more particularly in Fig. 7 which is a cross section of
the screw spindle and the sliding brackets. Fig. 5, is a cross section at A, B, on
Fig. 4, shewing the nut h1, in elevation and the manner in which the cast Iron
bed b, is mounted on the wood frame b 1,-m, and m 1, are curved faces attached to
the main jaw castings a, and a 1.-Two hand wheels are provided d, and d 1,—one
at each end of the screw spindle and the latter is carried at each end by bearings n,
and n 1, formed in the bed casting..
I also in some cases construct the Machine with two right and left handed
screw spindles one on each side of Machine and a single pair of jaws, as in the
arrangement last described, and Figs. 8, 9 & 10 of the accompanying drawing of
which Fig. 8, is a sectional elevation Fig. 9, a cross section, taken at centre of
Machine looking towards the hand wheel end and shewing the main bracket p in
dotted lines, and Fig. a plan view. In such cases the main castings of the jaws a,
and a 1, are carried on and engaged by the right & left handed screw spindles e,
and e1, the side bosses o, o, and o 1, 01, being tapped with a thread. to suit that of
the screw spindles. The action is similar to that of the single right and left
handed screw arrangement last described, and curved intermediate plates &c
sliding on the plain part of the two screw spindles are also used in this arrange-
ment. The two screw spindles are carried by brackets p, and q, at either end of
the bed b, the spindles being carried level with the centre of the jaw castings a,
and a 1, and with the centre of the Tiles to be pressed when placed edgeways on
the bed. The jaw castings or cheeks a, and a 1, do not slide on the bed in this
arrangement but are independent of the same and the bed is subject to no strain
beyond that involved in carrying the weight of the various parts. At one end of
the Machine the two screw spindles are operated by spur wheels r, and r 1 each of
these being driven by a stud wheel 8, carried between them on a stud t, the latter
being carried by the bed bracket p. The stud t, also carries the hand wheel d,
cast in one piece or attached to the stud wheel 8. Two wheels are in some cases
used, in which case the stud and hand wheels are carried on the end of one of the
screw spindles gearing into the second wheel placed on the other screw spindle
end the threads of the screws being arranged to suit the opposite rotation of the
spindles. I also in some cases instead of using the intermediate plates k &c
arrange a series of pairs of jaws similar to the pair a, and a 1 at intervals in the
length of the two screw spindles by providing at such suitable intervals on the screw
spindles, lengths of right and left handed screws, in a similar manner as shewn for
the single pair of jaws Figs. 8, and 10.

page_text: Although I in general prefer to construct the Machine, with a horizontal bed, yet
. in some cases I incline the bed to any convenient angle, for convenience in
working, by varying the lengths or proportions of the legs. When required to be
erected vertically and as a fixture I attach the bed to an upright connected with
the building or to a post or pillar with the hand wheel arranged above or when
required specially in a vertical and portable form I attach the lower end of the
bed to a bed or foundation frame with suitable stays or braces by which means the
Machine is supported in a vertical position. The arrangement shewn in Figs. 1, 2
& 3 is the one I use for an inclined or vertical position by preference.
"
.
"
In order to prevent the Tiles, which are "horsed" at a certain stage in their
"
green or soft state, losing the form given them in the Machine and to keep
them in a vertical position on their edges in the "pitches" or stacks, I employ at
the ends of each pitch uprights of Timber or other suitable material and I connect
these uprights together by means hereafter described and which when so connected
may be termed frames. Figs. 11, 12, and 13, of which Fig. 11 is an elevation,
Fig. 12, an end view, and Fig. 13 a sectional plan at C, D, on. Fig. 11, shew one
arrangement of these connected uprights or frames with a "pitch" or stack of Tiles
built in between them in tiers or layers, indicated by the horizontal lines on Fig. 11,
which lines are partly shewn filled in with vertical lines shewing the individual
Tiles as they are "pitched" on their edges. The uprights a; and a 1, are of Timber;
the upright a, is made convex at the inner face, and the upright a 1, is made
concave to suit the curved form of the Tiles, as more readily seen in the sectional
plan Fig. 13, which is a shortend view on plan of a 'pitch" of Tiles with a
portion of the Tiles filled in, the Tiles being indicated by curved lines. The curves
on the face of the uprights are curved with the same curve as that given to the
faces of the jaws of the "horsing" Machine. Thus the Tiles are preserved in the
same curve as given to them in the Machine. The uprights are stiffened by the
ribs b, so as to resist the pressure of the pitch of Tiles. The uprights are provided
at the top and bottom ends with cast iron brackets denoted by c, and d, respec-
tively. The top brackets c, are in this case shewn to take one connecting rod e.
The lower brackets d, d, take connecting rods f, f, one on each side of the "pitch."
The brackets are all provided with open jaws instead of holes so that the rods can
be dropped in from above. All the connecting rods are screwed for a convenient
'distance at the ends and have two nuts at each end, which serve to clamp the
brackets c, and d, and to make the uprights or frame rigid. By means of the
screwed ends and nuts the uprights can be brought closer together, or set further
apart, and when the "pitches" have become shortened by drying the uprights can
be brought in to take up the slack and to keep the Tiles in a vertical position thus
preventing them from becoming mishapen as is the case when not kept in a
vertical position. I also use other means of coupling the uprights. In some cases
I use gas pipe or wrought iron tubing screwed at the ends and provided with nuts
in lieu of the wrought iron rods shewn in the drawing. Fig. 17 shews a top
connecting rod e screwed at the ends, one end with right and the other with a left
handed screw tapped into the brackets c, c, and provided with an hexagonal
swelling g, whereby the rod is rotated by a spanner when it is desired to bring in
the frame or to widen the same. Figs. 15 and 16, shew the uprights connected by
wooden ledges or straps h, and h1, and by a bottom plank i, laid flatways assisted
by stays j. I use this means of connecting the uprights in some cases where the
clay from which the Tiles are made is of such a nature that the shrinkage is but
slight.
By the use of these uprights, frames, or apparatus, "pitches" or stacks of Tiles
can be erected in any desired position in the drying sheds quite independently of
the beams, walls, or other parts of the building or shed and at the same time
what are known as "headings" are quite dispensed with and the Tiles are more
.truly retained in the required vertical or edgeways position than by the system of
pitching by the use of "headings "hitherto in use and are therefore kept from

page_text: becomeing strained or mishapen. The headings which by the use of this apparatus
are dispensed with consist of piles of Tiles placed flatways on the floor and built up
against the "pitches" at each end (and sometimes also in the middle of the
"pitch") so as to keep the body of the "pitch," which consists of Tiles on their edge,
together. It is found that the Tiles in the "headings" become mishapen by being
BO employed, and by unequal drying, causing a considerable loss which is avoided
by the use of this apparatus.
When suitable posts pillars or piers exist in the shed and it is desired to erect
pitches of Tiles in fixed positions these are converted to serve as one of the pair of
uprights as shewn in Fig. 14 of the accompanying drawing and of which arrange-
ment no seperate description is necessary. The connecting rods are here shewn
with collars on the same at the inside of the brackets, instead of nuts, and the
frame is therefore non adjustable as in the case of that shewn in Figs. 15 and 16,
but in some cases the means of adjustment shewn and described with reference to
Figs. 11, 12, 13 and 17 are applied to this arrangement.
I construct the uprights of any convenient combination of materials, and in
some cases I form the curved faces of the wooden uprights of curved metal plates
similar to those shewn in figs. 4, 5, 6 and 7 of the drawing and marked k, but
without the projection on their lower edge. These are attached to the wood
uprights or used loose. Or in lieu of these plates burnt Tiles are so used.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is:-
1st Machine for “Horsing " or curving and shaping Roofing Tiles substantially
as described.
"
2nd-The construction and use of Uprights Apparatus or Frames for retaining
Pitches" or stacks of green or unburnt Roofing Tiles substantially as described.
Dated this 12th day of July 1886.