IMPROVEMENTS TU LEDING MAKERS AND IN ORTAINING ACCESSORY PRODUCTS
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Frederick Oldfield Ward, of Hertford Street, May
Fair, in the County of Middlesex, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
TU
LEDING MAKERS AND IN ORTAINING ACCESSORY PRODUCTS."
Sealed the 12th November 1861, and dated the 18th May 1861.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Frederick Oldfield Ward
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
18th May 1861.
I, FREDERICK OLDFIELD WARD, of Hertford Street, May Fair, in the County
of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN MANUFACTURING MANURE, AND IN OBTAINING ACCESSORY PRODUCTS," to be as
follows:-
This Invention relates to the treatment of mixed fibrous materials, partly of
animal, partly of vegetable origin, as, for example, mixed wool and cotton rags
for their conversion into manure, and accessory products available as materials
for paper. In operating according to this Invention a mixed method of sepa-
ration conducted partly in the wet way, partly in the dry way, may be employed
instead of the simple methods of separation, some wholly in the wet way,.
others wholly in the dry way heretofore proposed for separating the animal
from the vegetable portion of such materials; and in further pursuance of the
Invention an earthy base, preferably lime, may be employed with the aid of
heat and of water, and with or without the aid of high-pressure digestion or
steaming to disintegrate the animal matter, part of which may thus be dis-

page_text: solved and separated from the vegetable matter by pressure or otherwise in
the wet way, while the remainder may be separated by beating, or other
mechanical means in the dry way. Intimate contact between the earthy base
and the mixed materials may in operating, according to this Invention, be
insured by agitating the materials in the liquor, or by circulating the liquor
through the materials, or by both modes in combination, and means may be
adapted to catch and retain in a useful form valuable volatile products
developed during the operation, and to obviate nuisance arising through the
escape of offensive gases and effluvia, as, for example, by bringing such pro-
ducts into contact with a suitable chemical agent or agents of acid or basic
properties, or of two or more such agents alternately, or successively acid and
basic, as may be required, and by passing the unretained remainder, if any,
and if of an offensive character, either into contact with a body or stream or
streams of water to condense or dissolve it, or through fire heat to consume it.
Means may also be adopted to utilise either in its dilute state, or concentrated,
or dried and solidified as a portable manure alone, or in admixture with other
fertilising ingredients, that portion of the animal material which is separated in
the wet way, as, for example, by pumping it or allowing it to flow in its dilute
state through a system of irregating pipes on the land, or applying it thereto
by water carts or other ordinary means of liquid manure distribution, or evapo-
rating away the water, so as to concentrate it, or to dry it with or without
admixture of other materials, as may be desired. Lastly, the other portion or
that separable in the dry way may be subjected with this view to the action of
an improved beating machine adapted to subject each part of the material to
a succession of light blows, so as to crush and pulverise the friable animal
matter without injuring the vegetable fibre. These various means or methods
as combined each with one or more of the others to effect the special pur-
poses indicated are believed to be of novel contrivance.
-
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Frederick Oldfield Ward in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 18th November 1861.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, FREDERICK
OLDFIELD WARD, of Hertford Street, May Fair, in the County of Middlesex,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters 3
Patent, bearing date the Eighteenth day of May, in the year of our Lord One

page_text: thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, in the twenty-fourth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Frederick Oldfield Ward, Her special licence that I, the said Frederick
Oldfield Ward, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others
as I, the said Frederick Oldfield Ward, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MANUFACTURING MANURE, AND IN OBTAINING ACCESSORY PRC-
DUCTS," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Frederick Oldfield
Ward, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my
or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Frederick Oldfield Ward, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
bo performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, that is to say:-
for
This Invention relates to the treatment of mixed fibrous materials, partly of
animal, partly of vegetable origin, as for example, mixed wool and cotton rags,
for their conversion into manure, and accessory products available as materials-
paper. In operating according to this Invention, a mixed method of separa--
tion conducted partly in the wet way, partly in the dry way, may be employed
instead of the simple methods of separation, some wholly in the wet way, others
wholly in the dry way heretofore proposed for separating the animal from the
vegetable portion of such materials; and in further pursuance of the Invention
an earthy base, preferably lime, may be employed with the aid of heat and of.
water, and with or without the aid of liigh-pressure digestion or steaming to
disintegrate the animal matter, part of which may thus be dissolved and
separated from the vegetable matter by pressure or otherwise in the wet way ;:
while the remainder may be separated by beating or other mechanical means
n the dry way. Intimate contact between the earthy Base and tlie mixed
materials may, in operating according to this Invention, be ensured by agitating
he materials in the liquor, or by circulating the liquor through the materials,
or by both modes in combination, and means may be adopted to catch and
etain in a useful form valuable volatile products developed during the operation,

page_text: and to obviate nuisance arising through the escape of offensive gases and
effluvia, as for example, by bringing such products into contact with a suitable
chemical agent or agents, of acid or basic properties, or of two or more such
agents, alternately or successively, acid and basic as may be required, and by
passing the unretained remainder, if any, and if of an offensive character, either
into contact with a body or stream or streams of water to condense or dissolve
it, or through fire heat to consume it.
Means may also be adopted to utilize either in its dilute state or concentrated,
or dried and solidified as a portable manure alone or in admixture with other
fertilizing ingredients, that portion of the animal material which is separated
in the wet way; as for example, by pumping it, or allowing it to flow in its
dilute state through a system of irrigating pipes on the land, or applying it
thereto by water carts, or other ordinary means, of liquid manure distri-
bution, or evaporating away the water so as to concentrate it or to dry it, with
or without admixture of other materials, as may be desired.
Lastly, the other portion, or that separable in the dry way, may be subjected
with this view to the action of an improved beating machine, adapted to
subject each part of the material to a succession of light blows, so as to crush
and pulverise the friable animal matter without injuring the vegetable fibre.
These various means or methods, as combined each with one or more of the
others, to effect the special purposes indicated, are believed to be of novel
contrivance.
In order that the characteristic features of this Invention, and the best mode
of practising it, may be clearly understood, it is necessary, in the first place, to
explain the nature of the processes above referred to as the wet and dry methods
of separation.
The wet method consists in dissolving or reducing to a gelatinous state, the
whole of the animal portion of the above-mentioned mixed materials by aid of
a lye of caustic, potash, or soda, and decanting or straining off from the
vegetable fibre or cellulose, the solution or jelly of animal matter thus obtained.
The vegetable fibre remains unattacked, and may be cleansed and bleached
for the paper maker's use. The animal solution or jelly is boiled down, and
the solid residuum thus obtained is available as manure, or as a source of
nitrogen for other purposes. The objections to this process consist principally
in the costliness of the alcali consumed, and in the sticky hygroscopic
character of the residuum of evaporation, which is a very inconvenient article
for storage, package, transport, and use as manure.
The dry method proposed in my Patent, No. 3028, dated December 5th,
1857, consists in the reduction of the animal portion of the above-mentioned

page_text: mixed materials to a friable condition of peculiar coal-like character, and its
separation, in the form of a dry powder, from the intermixed vegetable fibre
by mechanical means, such as beating, shaking, sifting, and the like. The
disintegration of the animal matter, according to the said dry method is effected
by an atmosphere of high-pressure steam.
The mixed method, partly wet, partly dry, now proposed, has been devised
by me to remedy an inconvenience met with in working out my above-men-
tioned dry process. The inconvenience alluded to arises from the tendency of
wool and other animal matters to become partially converted under the
influence of high-pressure steam into a glutinous adhesive substance, which
impregnates the more friable portion of the reduced animal matter, gluing its
molecules to each other, and to the vegetable fibres of the mixed material, so
as to render the subsequent mechanical separation of the products, and the
cleansing and bleaching of the vegetable fibre more difficult. To remedy this,
I take advantage of the remarkable solubility of the glutinous adhesive portion
of the converted animal matter to remove this portion in solution, leaving only
the less soluble residuum of the animal matter to be separated as a dry powder
from the vegetable fibre, by beating, sifting, or other mechanical means. By
thus separately withdrawing in solution the glutinous sticky product, instead of
allowing it, as heretofore, to dry along with the remainder of the mixed
material, the subsequent mechanical separation of the friable from the fibrous
parts of the mixed mass is greatly facilitated, seeing that the molecules of the
animal powder are no longer glued, as before, to each other, and to the vegetable
fibre; again, the cleansing and bleaching of the fibre is also made much easier,
because it is no longer imbued and partially encrusted, as heretofore, with
animal matter. This combination of two methods, one wet, the other dry,
constitutes a mixed process, which I believe to be novel. It can be performed
in several ways, of which I will now proceed to speak, the object being to
dissolve part only, not the whole, of the animal ingredients of mixed materials,
the choice of a partial solvent is the first consideration. The substances which
I prefer for this purpose, on account of their cheapness and efficacity (without
however, confining myself thereto) are (1) water, and (2) a caustic earthy
base, preferably lime.
If the mixed materials be slightly moistened with water before being
subjected to the process of digestion in an atmosphere of steam, as described
in my former Patent No. 3023, dated December 5th, 1857, and if, after such
moistening and digestion they be subjected to pressure to remove from them
the dark colored solution of animal matter which will flow away, and if,
finally, the pressed residuum be then subjected to the remainder of the process

page_text: as described in my said Patent No. 3023, dated December 5th, 1857, the
mixed mode of separation, partly wet, partly dry, will be effected, and the
above described benefits of this mode will to a considerable extent be obtained
The addition of lime as well as water, will, however be found to increase the
advantage and diminish the cost of the new or mixed mode of treatment
The lime rapidly attacks the animal matter, combining in particular with
the sulphur thereof to form a soluble hydrosulphate of lime (probably a
bi-hydrosulphate). The animal matter thus more energetically attacked
yields, and becomes disintegrated under the influence of steam of lower
pressure and temperature, or of steam of equal pressure and temperature
applied during a shorter time than when no lime is used. The quantity of
lime which may be employed in applying this mode to the average mixed
rags of commerce, may, I find advantageously amount to 3 per cent. of their
weight or thereabouts, and this lime made into a milk with three or four
times their weight of water will form a suitable menstruum for the purpose.
Two hours digestion of the rags in this liquor in an antoclave boiler, supplied
with steam at a pressure corresponding to about 136° centrigrade, equal to
-276 on Fahrenheit's scale will be found in ordinary cases to accomplish a
sufficient disintegration of the animal matter, such as wool, leatlier, silk, and
the like. After digestion, the liquor containing in solution the gluey product
above referred to may be removed, either by ordinary drainage and ablution,
or by the action of a centrifugal hydro-extractor, as is well understood, or
(preferably) by subjecting the mass to powerful pressure, say about one ton
per square inch of the transverse sectional area of the pressed pile, which
pressure may be most economically obtained by means of a hydraulic press,
the partially treated and dried mass thus obtained may next be opened and
Icosened and have its desiccation completed in any ordinary way, preferably
by means of the apparatus known as Norton's Patent drier, as described
in Norton's Patent, No. 805, dated April the Eleventh 1855. When dried
the material may be subjected to any suitable mechanical process of beating.
shaking, sifting, and the like, as set forth in my aforesaid Patent, No. 3023,
dated December 5th, 1857, or preferably it may be beaten by the improved
machine herein-after described to separate the animal from the vegetable
portion. The animal part will be found to possess that greater degree of
friability and that more casy and complete separability from the intermixed
vegetable fibre, which it is the special object of the present Invention to secure.
The vegetable fibre also, freed as it thus may be from gluey impregnation
and thoroughly disencumbered of adherent animal matter will be found to
bleach more easily and to attain a brighter whiteness with less consumption

page_text: of bleaching liquor, and consequently less impairment of tenacity than when
treated by former modes. In some cases, however, I dispense with high-
pressure digesters, and conduct the process at ordinary atmospheric pressure
and at (or even in some cases below) the ordinary boiling point of water;
making up, in such cases, either by length of the time of treatment, or by.
increase of the dose of caustic carthy solvent, or in both ways for the
diminished chemical activity resulting from the lowered temperature. In
some cases indeed, when time is no object, the process may be conducted at
the ordinary temperature of the atmosphere, the maceration being continued
with occasional agitation until the animal matter is found to be sufficiently
disentegrated, and a due proportion of the glutinous animal matter dissolved.
The temperature, however, which I prefer when operating on averago,
commercial mixed rags is the ordinary boiling point of water, or 212°
Fahrenheit, and in thus operating I find it desirable to add to the rags about.
5% of their weight of quicklime, and three or four times their weight
of water, the lime and the water being mixed so as to make a milk of lime,
and the boiling being continued for about three hours, after which the.
squeezing, drying, and beating processes may be applied as above described..
Silk, which resists much more than leather and wool, disentegration by hot.
steam only yields readily under the combined attack of hot steam or water
and the caustic carthy base, so that the new process is peculiarly advantageous
in its application to mixed materials rich in silk rags or waste. The above
mentioned proportions of solvent ingredients, temperature, pressure, and.
time, are indicated as the result of experiments made with the express
purpose of ascertaining the minimum of solvent power to be employed when
it is desired to remove as little as may bo of the animal part of the mixed
material in watery solution, and to leave as much thereof as possible for
removal on the dry way, which latter be it remembered is by far the cheaper
and more convenient way of removing it. It will be understood therefore that
the above-mentioned proportions may be varied to any required extent
accordingly as the operator's object may be to remove a greater or less proportion
of the animal matter in solution. Indeed I find it easy by a slight increase of
the lime, and of the temperature or time of the steaming, to reduce the whole
of the animal matter in the mixed mass treated to a gelatinous fluid condition
so that it can be washed or strained away from the vegetable fibre which still
remains unaltered. It will therefore be understood that the peculiar characters
of this Invention may be retained while varying to any required extent the pro-
portions of the solvents, and the temperature, pressure, and time, used in each
particular case. Whichever of these various modes of conducting the process

page_text: be adopted the solution of glutinous aninal matter expressed or drained away
from the material as aforesaid may be utilised in various ways. Thus, for
example, should local circumstances permit, it may be directly applied as a
liquid manure to the soil, either by water cart, or by irrigating pipes fitted
with hose and jet, or by any other ordinary appliances to that end. In other
cases the animal solution may be evaporated or boiled down to dryness, and
will be found to yield a crisp product of a shining resin like aspect, differing
from the corresponding product obtained when caustic alcali is used instead of
caustic earthy base, in the following important particular, viz, that it does
not attract atmospheric moisture and become sticky in a few hours' time, but
retains for an indefinite period its dry friable condition, a character of which
the practical convenience can scarcely be over estimated.
In some cases, however, a partial evaporation may suffice to render the
animal solution portable enough (as when it has to be conveyed for use as
manure a short distance only by water-cart). In other cases, the partially
evaporated solution may be reduced to a comparatively dry state by admixturo
with an absorbent substance or substances, such as for example, gypsum, peat,
charcoal, ground-coke, burnt clay, or the poorer phosphatic kinds of guano, or
it may be absorbed and at the same time acidulated by admixture with ordi-
nary superphosphate of lime (which retains unneutralized a portion of the
sulphuric acid employed in its manufacture). In some cases the direct addition
of an acid, preferably sulphuric, may be resorted to for the purpose of pro-
moting the retention of ammonia during the boiling down of the liquor.
pur-
Of these various modes I prefer, firstly, the direct application of the liquor
to irrigate the soil when practicable; secondly, the simple boiling down of the
liquor to the dry resin-like product above described, which is a most valuable
portable manure. This product may be applied to the above-mentioned
poses, either separately or in admixture with the other part of the disintegrated
animal matter with that part, namely, which is separated in the dry way by
mechanical beating, sifting, and the like, as above set forth. With regard to
the vessels to be employed, whether for digesting the materials at high pressure
or for boiling or macerating them at ordinary atmospheric pressure, or for
evaporating the expressed liquor as above described, they may be of ordinary
construction, and they require no special description. For the digesting pro-
cess, ordinary antoclaves may be used; for the maceration, common vats; for
the boiling, the usual kiers; the vats or kiers may, however, be provided with
closely fitting lids to prevent the direct escape into the air of the effluvia gene-
rated by the animal matter under treatment. The ultimate disposal of theso
effluvia will be treated of further on.

page_text: The materials under treatment may be agitated amidst the solvent men
struum, or this may be caused to circulate amongst the materials by usual and
well-known mechanical appliances for that purpose. Thus, if digesters be used,
they may be made to rotate like ordinary paper-makers' rag boilers; if boiling
kiers be employed, they may be fitted with ordinary revolving agitators, or else
with a false bottom and vertical tubes like those of the ordinary Lancashire.
bucking kier, the arrangement in this case being such that the liquor may be
forced up through the tubes (by the pressure of the steam generated in tho
fluid beneath the false bottom), and flowing through these tubes upon the
upper surface of the mass of materials under treatment may descend through
the same, to be again forced up as before, and thus bo kept in continual
circulation.
The steam from the kiers (when operating at ordinary atmospheric pressure)
and the steam given off by the expressed animal solution during its evaporation
as well as the effluvia escaping from the digesters while blowing off previously
to being opened and emptied may be prevented by means which are well
known from creating a nuisance in the neighbourhood and from carrying away
at the same time valuable ammonia to waste. Thus such steam and effluvia
may first be conducted into a closed tank or receptacle containing dilute acid,
preferably sulphuric, either alone or mixed with sawdust, pounded coke, or
other material, adapted to present a widely extended surface, by coming into
contact with which acid, or being made to pass through it, the ammonia of
such steam or effluvia may be retained in combination, and sulphuretted
bydrogen gas be set free. This liberated gas with the effluvia accompanying it
may next be conducted into an ordinary lime purifier, such as is used at gas
works to retain similar impurities. A pipe from the lime purifier may conduct
such steam as may have escaped condensation in the preceding apparatus
through a condensing coil kept cool by a stream of water in the usual way.
And again, such effluvia as may issue from the condensing coil may be con-
ducted by another pipe into the ash-pit of a fire (preferably one of the boiler or
other ordinary fires of the establishment to avoid extra consumption of fuel)
so that
any residuary noxious emenations may be consumed. As a further
precaution against nuisance by the escape of disagreeable effluvia, a current of
air may be driven or drawn by any suitable means, preferably by an ordinary
fan through the vessels in which the materials have been treated, and through
or amongst the materials themselves so as thoroughly to ventilate and disinfect
these before taking them out, the offensive air current thus occasioned being
conveyed through a fire in the manner just mentioned, so that the effluvia it
carries off may be consumed. And as a final precaution of the same kind

page_text: the boiler and other fires of the establishment may be fed with air from the
rooms in which the process is carried on, so that any effluvia escaping detention
by the means previously described may still pass through fire and be consumed.
These are all well understood arrangements admitting of innumerable modifi-
cations as to the form, dimensions, and disposition of the various pipes, flues,
and other apparatus employed, which the foregoing indications will, it is
believed, enable any competent engineer to adapt to the requirements of each
case. In cases where access can be had to a large body of moving water, as to
the tideway of a great river or to the sea, the above-mentioned disinfecting
arrangements may often be to a great extent superseded by condensing the
effluvia with water and discharging this into the tideway so that it may become
imperceptible and innocuous by diffusion.
It only remains now to set forth the characteristic features of the improved
beating machine which may be employed in further pursuance of this Inven-
tion to effect the mechanical separation of the friable part of the animal matter
from the intermixed vegetable fibre. That this may be clearly understood it
is necessary to bear in mind that the willows heretofore used for this purpose
have arms which revolve with great velocity, violently striking and tearing the
material so as to break up its fibrous ingredients, and beat a considerable
proportion thereof into flock; but which, notwithstanding this violent action
on the fibre, fail to pulverise thoroughly the agglutinated animal matter for
want of some opposing surface to compress and crush it against. Hence the
fibre seriously as it is injured and comminuted by the violent action of the
willow issues therefrom, in many cases, still partially encumbered with
adherent animal matter. This occasions a double loss, the quantity of sepa-
rated animal product available for sale as a manure is diminished, while the
fibre to which it remains adherent is rendered more difficult to cleanse and
bleach, and is thus reduced in market value.
According to the present Invention, which is designed to remedy these evils,
a suitable surface may be provided to support the material while beaten, so
that at each blow it may be pinched and crushed as between hammer and
anvil. Comparatively light blows, when thus accompanied by compression
between opposing surfaces, suffice to crack and pulverise the nodules of
friable animal matter; while, on the other hand, such blows are obviously not
of a character to tear up and comminute the intermingled fibre. Beating
machinery may be arranged to fulfil these conditions in a variety of forms;
amongst which the following may be recommended as simple and cheap, as
well as efficient:-To a stout framing may be suspended a table having its
surface sloped at a suitable anglo (say about 1 in 10) and arranged like a sieve,

page_text: in
with numerous apertures covered with wire web. This table may be shaken
by means of gear adapted to impress upon it rapid and forcible horizontal
vibrations. At the higher end of this table may be arranged a suitable feed
of any ordinary kind (preferably an endless travelling web) to feed in a thin
5 layer of materials to be beaten, which the shaking of the table will cause to
travel down its sloping surface. Over this table may be placed the beating
apparatus, which may consist of a frame fitted with suitable gearing alternately
to lift it and let it fall with considerable rapidity. This frame may carry
suitable guides numerous vertical rods, each free to slide up and down in
its guide, but yet so checked that when the frame is lifted it carries all the
rods up with it. This being so, at every lift of the frame as many separate
hammers or stamps will be raised as there are rods, and at every fall
of the frame these separate stamps will discharge their several blows
upon the table, or the material thereon with the force due to their own
weight and velocity, independently of the momentum of the frame. By
merely varying the weight of the rods, and the height to which they
are raised by each upmovement of the frame, the character of the blows
can be modified, while their number can be regulated by varying the number
of the rods and the rate at which the machinery is driven. As the rate of
speed at which the material travels through the machine can also be regulated
by simply varying the declivity of the table and the rapidity and extent of its
vibrations, it is obvious that both the quantity and quality of the beating given
to the material is entirely under control. I have obtained good results with
stamps, each of 1lb. weight, falling 2 inches, and making 120 blows per
minute, the number of stamps per square foot of table surface being 20. The
table in this case had a slope of 1 in 10, and was made to perform 100 vibra-
tions of 1 inch in extent per minute. A little practice may however suggest
conditions answering better for special cases than these. The beaters may of
course be boxed in to prevent the escape of the clouds of dust they raise, and
proper receptacles may be provided under the table for the animal dust, at the
end of it for the vegetable fibre. In large machines there may be several
beating frames instead of one, and these may be lifted in succession by the
engine, so as to lighten by distributing its work. The several beaters may also
be coupled together in pairs so as to counterpoise each other, one rising as the
other falls. These and many other modifications which will occur to practical
engineers may be introduced without departing from the peculiar features
which characterise this part of my Invention, which may be defined to consist
mainly in separating vegetable fibre from intermingled friable animal matter
by beating the mixed_mass between opposed surfaces in such manner that it

page_text: may not only be struck but also pinched and compressed by each blow, the
number and force of the blows: being so regulated as duly to pulverize and
knock out the animal matter without. unduly breaking up and wasting (as
heretofore) the vegetable fibre.
In conclusion, I would observe that I claim as novel,
Firstly, the mixed method of separation, partly wet, partly dry.
Secondly, the use of an earthy basic solvent, preferably lime, for, the disin-
tegration and separation, more or less complete, of the animal portion of mixed
fibrous materials.*
Thirdly, the improved beating apparatus characterised by the peculiar
features above defined...
With reference to other of the means and appliances above set forth, though
they are for the most separately well known, yet there is, I believe, novelty in
the combined adaptation of two or more of them to aid in the separation of the
animal and vegetable portions of mixed fibrous materials as abové set forth;
and-to this extent, but not further, I claim them as of-my-contrivance.
In
witness whereof, I, the said Frederick Oldfield Ward, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Eighth day of November, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one.--
F. O. WARD. (..)