A MOTION LEVER OF THE SECOND ORDERCHANICAL APPLICATIONS
Year: 1864

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Jean Baptiste Borgatta, Mechanician, of Genoa, in
the Kingdom of Italy, and actually residing at 29, Boulevart St. Martin,
Paris, for the Invention of "A MOTION LEVER OF THE SECOND ORDER, AND
5
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said Jean Baptiste Borgatta at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition and
Declaration, on the 10th February 1864, pursuant to the 9th Section
of the Patent Law Amendment Act, 1852.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JEAN
BAPTISTE BORGATTA, Mechanician, of Genoa, in the Kingdom of Italy, and
actually residing at 29, Boulevard Saint Martin, Paris, send greeting.
WHEREAS I am in possession of an Invention for "A MOTION LEVER OF
THE SECOND ORDER, AND THE MECHANICAL APPLICATIONS THEREOF," and have
petitioned Her Majesty to grant unto me, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, Her Royal Letters Patent for the same, and have made solemn
declaration that I am the first and true Inventor thereof.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Jean Baptiste Borgatta, do hereby declare
that the following Complete Specification under my hand and seal fully
describes and ascertains the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner

page_text: the same is to be performed in and by the following statement, reference
being had to the accompanying Drawings, and to the letters and figures
marked thereon, that is to say:-
My Invention patented in the Sardinian States on June 26th, 1868, refers
to a motion lever of the second order, and to its various applications.
Art. 1. A lever, so called, is an apparatus which being susceptible of au
increase serves to lift up to transport heavy bodies with more facility.
2. Levers are of two sorts, the equilibrium lever and the motion lever. In
the lifting up and transporting of bodies by means of levers the weights are
not diminished nor the frictions cut off, but the same are divided and over-
come in the arms of the lever. The motion lever which may be available is
of two sorts, and has power, resistance, support, and arm, as the equilibrium
lever of Archimedes, but the equilibrium lever differs from the motion lever,
as in this the power remains united to resistance, and that the fulcrum is at
the superficies by means of the arm of lever, whilst in the equilibrium lever
the power is separated from resistance by means of the fulcrum. The one
transports from one place to another the weights, whilst the other lifts them
up. The latter has for object to divide and overcome resistances and regards
movement; the former has for object to divide, overcome the weights, and
regards equilibrium; the one is the motion lever, the other the equilibrium
lever. In reference to the former, Archimedes said, "Let me have a fulcrum
and I will lift up the globe." In reference to the latter it may be said, Let
me have a supporting surface and the world might be quickly transported.
3. In those two levers there are points of similitude, what is acquired in
power is lost in time, but in the motion lever the loss of time takes place
in the arm of lever to no detriment of power and resistance, as is the case
with the equilibrium lever, and therefore there is rather an advantage, since
in the overcoming of the divided resistances the arm of lever losing time is
less subject to get hot in great speeds and to wear by continual friction, thus
producing a great lightness in the bodies to be transported.
4. In the motion lever of first order the power and resistance bear upon
the circumference of the globe; in the motion lever of the second order the
power and resistance pass through the centre of the globe. Both levers have
their supports on the superficies.
5. The motion lever most wanted by arts and industry is the motion lever
of the second order, which is a succession of double spheres assembled, or of
spherico-cylindric wheels or cylindrical globes dependent from one another.
6. Carriage wheels show the origin of the motion lever of the second order.
7. I will describe the numbers of Figures marked in the two Sheets of

page_text: Drawings annexed to this Specification, in order to distinguish enumerate all
the parts which constitute the notion lever of the second order.
8. It will be observed that in the enumeration of the said various parts
there are Figures of the first, second, and third orders.
9. The Figures of first order are 1, 2, 3, 4, and indicate the four radical
parts which compose essentially the plain motion lever of the second order
represented at Fig. I., Sheet I.; of these four parts are indispensably composed
all motion levers of second order, both globo-cylindric and sphero-cylindric.
10. The numbers or Figures of second order from No. 5, 6, 7, 8, &c. &c.,
joined to the radical numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, indicate enumerate all the other
parts, both of the plain and of the complexe levers, as annexed to the radical
parts of the same lever.
11. The Figures of third order, or I., II., III., &c. &c., joined to
those of first and second orders together indicate that the parts pointed out
by those Figures I., II., III., &c., are repeated and diffused in one, two,
three, & more points.
12. The plain motion lever of the second order is composed of four parts, as
in Fig. I., Sheet I., and Fig. XIV., Sheet II.
13. The motion lever of second order may be of the form globo-
cylindric, as in Figs. V., VI., VII., Sheet I., and Fig. XVI., Sheet II.,
or it may be of the form sphero or spherico cylindric, as in Figs. VIII.,
IX., X., Sheet I., & XI., XII., XIII., XV., Sheet II., it may be right or
inverted.
14. The two levers both globo-cylindric & sphero-cylindric may be,
applied to stationary machines as well as to locomotives, &c., but the sphero->
cylindric form is more appropriated to the latter, and the globo-cylindric form,
to the former.
15. The plain motion lever of the second order, as represented Fig. I.,
Sh. I., consists of four parts:-1rst, Fig. I., Sheet I., axis No. 1, at the
circumference of which passes the arm of the lever; 2ndly, friction or con-
nection sphere, No. 2; 3rdly, adhesion sphere or sphero-cylindric wheel,
No. 3; 4thly, axis or circular superficies, No. 4, joined to the centre of
the sphere 3, which may serve as a basis to the weight or power and
resistance; in case it were desired to apply other arms, it will allow of the
passage for the friction wheel. of the arm of lever added; this lever may
be of wood, iron, or brass; 5¹.2 & 5.2, central points or holes in the
sphere 2, through which passes the axis No. 1; 6.2, 6.2, points where the
friction sphere 2 is embraced by the adhesion sphere No. 3; 7.3, 7.3,
space in the axis No. 1 and the sphere 3 to allow of the movement for the

page_text: junction of the axis 1 with the sphere 3; 81.3, 81.3, projecting circle
joined to the sphere 3, through which passes the sphere 2.
Fig. II., Sheet I., side elevation of the plain motion lever of the second
order; Fig. III., friction wheel No. 2 of Fig. I.; 5.2, central hole for the
passage of the axis No. 1 of Fig. I.; Fig. IV., adhesion wheel No. 3 of
Fig. I.; 9.3, Fig. 1V., circle joined to the adhesion sphere 3, through which
passes the junction sphere 2.
16. In the motion lever of the second order the axis No. 1, as the axis
No. 4, may serve as a basis and support for power and resistance, so that
when power and resistance are upon the axis No. 1, the superficies of sup-
port is upon the axis or circular superficies No. 4, and vice versa, when the
power and resistance are upon the axis No. 4 the bearing superficies is upon
the axis No. 1.
17. The friction which is produced in the circular movements is a resistance
which succeeds in two. bodies, one of which is stationary, or at least moves
with less speed than the other. In order therefore to overcome and diminish.
the friction it is necessary to set in motion the stationary body, to which is
adhering superposed the moveable circular body, or to increase and equalize:
the velocity of the stationary body with that of the moveable one.
18. Now let a weight or the power and resistance be. laid on the centre
or on the circular superficies of the axis No. 4 by pushing it either backwards
or forwards, this weight thus acted upon, which on account of its own gravity
lays upon the vertical of the point of 61.2, of the friction sphere No. 2, will
with little expense of force oblige to incline and move circularly the friction
sphere 2, for which the whole friction would have resulted had not the weight
thus acted upon passed to the circumference of the axis No. 1, without the
wheels 2 & 3, the weight in the above case laying upon the point 4, with
the adjoined wheels 2 & 3 interposed between the axis No. 1 and the weight
in the movement of the axis No. 1, the friction will remain divided in two.
parts, one of which will stay on the circular superficies of the axis No. 1,
and the other on the circular superficies of the axis No. 4, and therefore with
the junction and multiplication of the lever's arms depending upon. one
another, the friction will be so much divided that to the axis moving in the
first place there will remain an imperceptible part of friction, from which shall
result a great lightness in the transported body..
19. To increase the agility of the lever it will be necessary to diminish the
friction wheel which passes through the adhesion wheel for the purpose of
diminishing reducing the adhesion point which is produced at the circumference
of the wheel.

page_text: 20. It will be fit likewise to diminish the extension of the friction point
which is produced at the centre of the friction spheres, which is to be effected
by increasing the lever arms dependent upon one another.
21. The portion of friction of the axis No. 1 which stands divided will be of
no effect for the first axis itself, because such friction is produced in the
oscillation which takes place in the space after the deviation of the vertical c
weight, a deviation which is produced by the adhesion sphere at the point 6¹.2
of the friction sphere and by the weight compelled to pass to the axis No. 4.
Thus to the axis No. 4 may ever pass in succession instead of weights, other
arms of levers dependent from each other, to every one of which will be left
its proper part of friction, provided that the weight be in motion, and that in
such case it comes to pass to the exterior of the last arm of the motion lever
of the second order.
Sheet I., Fig. V., globo-cylindric lever straight with one arm; this lever is
composed of the following parts:-10.1, axis corresponding to the axis No. 1,
Fig. I., Sheet I.; 11.2, 11.2, friction wheel; 121.3, 12.3, adhesion sphere or
cylindric globe corresponding to the adhesion sphere No. 3, Fig. I.; 13¹ &
13, axis to the circumference of which passes the superficies of support, or
the power and resistance when the said superficies or the power and resistance
has been made to pass to the axis 10.1, as before explained at Art. 16; 14'.3,
14.3, points whereto the globo-cylindric is divided in two parts; 15.3, screws
for securing together the two parts forming the globo-cylindric.
Fig. XXIII., Sheet II., front section of the plain globo-cylindric lever,
wherein 16.2 indicate the friction wheel & 17.3 the adhesion wheel.
Fig. XXIV., Sheet II., front elevation of the same lever; 18.3, adhesion
wheel; 19.4, axis joined to the adhesion wheel; 20.1, central axis, to the circum-
ference of which passes the friction wheel; 21.3, dividing point in two parts of
the globo-cylindric corresponding to numbers 14'.3, 141.3, of Fig. V., Sheet I.
Fig. VII., Sheet I., straight globo-cylindric lever of the first order with double
It is composed as
friction wheel, applicable chiefly to stationary machines.
fullows:-22.1, 221.1, tube for the passage of the axis, this tube may be of iron
or brass; 23.2, friction sphere, divided into two parts; 241.2, 24".2, dividing point
of the friction wheel, into which may be poured the lubrifying substance; 25.2,
square-headed screw for connecting the two parts of the friction wheel 23.2.
The friction wheels of
Every friction wheel is provided with such screws.
this lever of first order are divided in two parts to enable their connection at
will and obtain more or less agility, steadness according to the machine to
which the application is made; 26¹.3, cushioned circle enclosed in the first arm
of this lever; 27.3, 27.3, square-headed screw for holding compactly the arm

page_text: of the globo-cylindric; 28.3, cushioned circle connected by.screws to the centre
of the adhesion wheel, and with which are provided all adhesion wheels.
These wheels are likewise provided at their circumference with similar circles
to adhere to the circumference of the friction wheels. 29.3, second globo-
cylindric provided with double friction spheres; 30.3, third globo-cylindric;
31.3, endless screw for fixing the double parts which form the globo-cylindric
lever; 321, 32, axis corresponding to No. 4 of the lever Fig. I., above which
passes the bearing superficies or other globo-cylindrics, as before explained at
Art. 16.
Fig. XXVI., front section of the compound globo-cylindric lever of first
degree; 33¹, centre through which passes the principal axis; 34', cylindrical tube
corresponding to numbers 22.1 & 22.1 of Fig. VII., Sheet I.; 35.2, grooves
in the centre of the friction wheels for the passage of the lubrifying substance;
36.2, friction wheel divided in two parts as at No. 23.2, Fig. VII., Sheet I.;
37.2, square-headed screw for joining and securing the two parts of the friction
wheel; 38.2, point of the circumference on the friction wheel; 39.3, cushioned
circle inclosed into the first arm of the first globo-cylindric, as at 26'.3 &
26.3, Fig. VII., Sh. I.; 40.3, first globo-cylindric or first arm of lever; 41.3,
second arm of lever; 42.3, third arm of lever.
Fig. XXVII., Sheet II., front elevation of the compound globo-cylindric lever
of first order; 43¹, hole or vacuum for the passage of the axis; 44', cylindrical
tube corresponding to 22.1 & 22.1, Fig. VII., Sheet I.; 45.4, axis
.corresponding to 321.4 & 32.4, Fig. VII., Sheet I.; 46.3, square-headed
screw for fitting the inner cushioned circle of the third arm of lever; 47.3,
external globo-cylindric of the compound lever of first order. Fig. VI.,
Sheet I., straight globo-cylindric lever of the second order, composed of three
arms; 48.3, globo-cylindric equal to Fig. V., Sheet I.; 49.3, second arm of
lever; 50.3, third arm of lever, between these arms a sufficient space should
be allowed for preventing any contact with one another in their movement;
51.2, incline in the centre of the friction sphere for the purpose of obtaining
necessary adhesion in the parts by the connection of the two parts constituting
the globo-cylindrics. By means of said incline or inclined surface are made
adherent in this lever both the friction and the adhesion wheels. 52, screw
for fitting together the two parts of the globo-cylindric forming the arm of
lever; 53.3, circle fitted to the centre of the adhesion spheres, with which are
provided all the adhesion spheres of this lever for a space being left between the
friction and the adhesion wheels; 541.4, 54.4, circular superficies, or surfaces,
or axes, at the circumference of which passes to bearing superficies or the
power and resistance, as explained at Art. 16.

page_text: Fig. XXV., Sheet II., front section of the globo-cylindric of second order;
55.2, friction wheel; 56.3, first globo-cylindric; 57.3, second globo-cylindric;
58.3, third globo-cylindric; 59.2, hole in the friction sphere through which passes
61,
the principal axis; 60.2, receiver of the lubrifying substance; 62,
lines
63,
indicating the points where are embodied the double parts of globo-cylindrics.
Fig. VIII., Sheet I., straight sphero-cylindric lever of the first order com-
posed of three arms of lever; 64', principal axis; 65.3, first arm of lever;
66.3, second arm of lever; 67.3, third arm of lever; 68.3, dividing point in
two parts in the adhesion sphere; 69.3, endless screw for fixing the double
parts, with which are provided each arm of lever; 70¹, 70, 70, 70¹¹¹¹, check
of the sphero-cylindric lever, with which may be provided only the globo-
cylindric levers; 71.2, friction sphere; 72.2, cushion fitted at the centre of
the friction sphere with conical octangular circumference, with which are in
this lever provided all the friction wheels; 73.2, square-headed screw for
holding in position the cushion at the centre of the friction wheel; 74.3,
adhesion sphere; 75.3, circle for holding together the friction wheel with the
adhesion wheel; 76.3, screw for holding firmly the circle on to the adhesion
sphere; 77.2, ring united to the check for allowing of the passage through its
centre of a regulating handle of the check; 78.2, receiver of the lubrifying
substance.
Fig. XXVIII., Sheet II., front elevation of the sphero-cylindric lever com-
posed of three arms; 79.2, friction sphere; 80.3, circle united to the adhesion
sphere; 81, check corresponding to the number 70 of Fig. VIII., Sheet I.;
82, arm for supporting the check. Fig. IX., Sheet I., motion lever of second
order, sphero-cylindric with five arms, especially applicable to all sorts of
vehicles for ordinary purposes; 83, vacuum or space for the passage of the
wheel from the ground; 84, principal axis; 85.2, friction sphere; 86.3,
adhesion sphere; 87.3, circle for including the friction sphere into the
adhesion one; 88.3, screw of the circle; 89, receiver of the oil or lubrifying
substance; 90, tube of a circle forming the adhesion sphere to the circumference
of which passes the wheel from the ground; 91.3, small circle united to the tube
and forming a projection; 92.3, adhesion sphere applied and fitted at its centre
to the end of the tube; 93.3, screw interposed between the tube and the
adhesion sphere in order to fix the sphere to the very tube. In this lever may
be neared the friction spheres to the adhesion ones, but in case a little space
should be left there may be interposed into the thickness of the adhesion
spheres some rollers to prevent the friction; 94.3, a roller or small wheel is

page_text: described which is made out of a half wheel for indicating the position which
these are to assume in either of the adhesion spheres. This roller, fitted nearer
to the circumference of the said adhesion wheel, is somewhat more projecting
on the outside friction wheel; 95.3, lower roller, somewhat more projecting on
the inside friction wheel; 96.3, upper central roller for the outside friction
wheel; 97.3, lower central roller for the inside friction wheel; 98.3, roller
fitting into the outside circle 87.3, for preventing the friction into the first
friction sphere and the circle itself; 99, check of this lever, which in the
longitudinal extension of the extréme part serves as a check to the wheel
adhering to the ground, which wheel is to interpose itself at the centre of this
lever with the centre passing on the circumference of the tube 90.3 of said
:lever.
Fig. XXX., Sheet II., horizontal elevation of a check for this lever; 100,
ring fitted to the centre of the last pannel of the check for actuating the
regulating handle of the very check.
Fig. XXIX., Sheet II., front elevation of the sphero-cylindric lever for the
application thereof to common vehicles; 100', ring corresponding to No. 100.
Fig. IX., Sheet I., 1012, friction sphere; 102', central shaft; 103, check of the
lever; 104, arms attached to the central axis 102' for supporting the check 103;
105, ring fitted to the centre of the extreme end of the check, so as to attach
the regulating handle; 106, wooden arms fitted upon the check for pressing on
the motion or motive wheel and stopping the movement; 107¹ & 107", arms
for stopping the motion of the lever which contributes to push either upwards
or backwards the arms of the check.
Fig. X., Sheet I., lever with one single arm applicable to railway carriages
with brass cushions on the centre of the friction wheel; 108.3, circle for
holding the friction sphere into the adhesion one; 109; principal axis corre-
sponding to No. 1, Fig. I.; 110.4, second axis corresponding to No. 4,
Fig. 1.; 111.3, adhésion wheel; 112.2, friction wheel; 113.2, brass octangular
conical cushion embodied in the friction whed; 114.2, screw for fixing the
cushion; 115, receiver of the lubrifying substance.
Fig. XI., Sheet II., straight sphero-cylindric lever with three-armed lever
and of the second order; 116.2, friction wheel; 117.3, adhesion sphere; 118,
circle, with which are provided all the friction and adhesion spheres that they
may remain apart from each other and prevent all friction; 119.3, junction
point of the adhesion sphere made of two parts; 120, receiver of the
lubrifying material with which are provided all the friction spheres.
Fig. XII., plain lever with its first axis truncated and the second full and
corresponding to No. 4, Fig. I., Sheet I.

page_text: .
Fig. XVII., Sheet II., front elevation of this lever, chiefly applicable to
railway cars.
Fig. XIII., Sheet II., single-armed lever, applicable to waggons; it is
remarkable for its solidity, the connection of the wheels, and without any brass
cushion in the centre; 121', first axis truncated, as at Fig. XII., Sheet II.;
122.2, friction sphere; 123.3, adhesion sphere; 124.4, second full or solid.axis,
as at Fig. XII., Sheet II.; 125.3, circle for holding inclosed the friction-
sphere; 126.3, screw for securing the circle to the circumference of the adhesion.
surface; 127.2, head of the friction sphere, to serve as principal basis and
prevent all oscillation of the lever in the longitudinal direction of the axis ;
128.2, receiver of the grease; 129.3, projection of the adhesion sphere, intended
to give more solidity to the axis 124.4 in case the lever were of cast iron;
small wheels or rollers may be fitted in the adhesion sphere for the purpose of
preventing the friction of the two spheres between one another; 130.2, point of
circumference of the friction sphere; 131.3, point of circumference regarding
the centre of the circle united to the adhesion sphere, the superficies of which
is drawn with an arc of circle of a radius the extension of which is to be
greater than that of the arc for the extreme circumference of the friction
wheel, so that the extension of the adhesion point with which the friction
sphere adheres to the adhesion sphere may be less external, and that no
less friction, no less resistance in the motion may result therefrom.
Fig. XVIII., Sheet II., front elevation of the lever, Fig. XIII., Sheet II.
Fig. XIV., Sheet II., plain inverted lever having the adhesion sphere
embraced by the friction one contrarily to the straight plain lever of Fig. I.,
Sheet I.; 132, axis corresponding to and in the same condition as the axis
No. 1, Sheet I., Fig. I., plain straight lever; 132.2, friction sphere, to the cir.
cumference of which is united the embracing circle; 134.3, adhesion sphere,
having not the said circle at its circumference; 135.4, axis with tubular
superficies corresponding to No. 4, Fig. I., Sh. I., plain straight lever.
Fig. XIX., Sheet II., front elevation of the friction wheel, Fig. XIV.,
Sheet II.
Fig. XX., front elevation of the adhesion wheel of the same lever.
136,
Fig. XV., Sheet II., inverted single-armed lever similar to that of Fig. X.,
Sb. I.
Fig. XXII., front elevation of Fig. XV., taken at the part of the second
solid axis; 137, inverted globo-cylindric lever like to Fig. 6, Sheet I., but with
a difference, however, that in this the friction wheels are embracing instead of
being embraced. This inverted lever may be used in all applications described
in reference to the right lever; namely, the inverted lever may have the same

page_text: number and the same form of all the Figures of the right lever above
described.
Fig. XXI., Sheet II., front section of the inverted globo-cylindric lever of
Fig. XVI., Sheet II.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, I wish it to be distinctly
understood that what I claim as my sole exclusive privilege is the motion lever
of the second order which I have described and its mechanical applications, the
said lever consisting of a succession of double combined spheres or globo-
cylindrical or sphero-cylindric wheels dependent upon one another, the same
being a plain mechanical power of great industrial utility & applicable to all
machines, especially to such as are used for conveyance and transports.
In witness whereof, I, the said Jean Baptiste Borgatta, have set my hand
and seal, this Tenth day of February, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-four.
JEAN BAPTISTE BORGATTA. (L.S.)