CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN ORTAINING AND APPLYING MOTIVE POWER
Year: 1855

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Daniel Warren, of Exmouth, in the County of
Devon, Gentleman, for the Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN
ORTAINING AND APPLYING MOTIVE POWER."
Sealed the 26th October 1855, and dated the 28th April 1855.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Daniel Warren at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
28th April 1855.
I, DANIEL WARREN, of Exmouth, in the County of Devon, Gentleman, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN
OBTAINING AND APPLYING MOTIVE POWER" to be as follows:-
These improvements relate to certain new mechanical arrangements or
apparatus designed for obtaining and applying motive power in a more
efficient manner than heretofore. Said improvements are based upon the
principle of pneumatics and hydro-pneumatics, and are especially adapted to
the construction of the following machines:-Firstly, packing presses, to be
employed in lieu of the hydraulic press at present in use; secondly, machines
for raising and distributing water for irrigation and other purposes; thirdly,
fire engines; fourthly, pumps for lifting and forcing liquids. It will be
obvious that this principle of construction is unlimited in its application. The
above-recited and herein-after described machines are therefore only given as

page_text: examples of some of the principal machines to which this Invention may be
applied in constructing the same. The nature of this Invention will, however,
be better understood by the following explanation of the improved mode of
arranging and operating with the above machine according to this Invention
for obtaining and applying motive power.
:.
Example first. As regards packing presses for obtaining and applying
motive power I employ the following mechanical arrangement of parts:-A
cast-iron cylinder, tapering or contracting from a few inches below its upper end
and terminating thereat in a conical form, through which a stout piston rod
passes, the lower end of which is connected to a piston working air-tight in the
aforesaid cylinder. There are two cocks fixed in the cylinder, for exhausting
the air therefrom and admitting atmospheric air thereto as required. The
operation of this machine for obtaining and applying motive power is as follows:
The air which is in the cavity between the piston and the top of the cylinder
is exhausted therefrom by any suitable means through a cock fixed into the
upper part of the cylinder, and a partial vacuum formed; the effect of which is,
the pressure of the external atmospheric air upon the under side of the piston,
which causes it to rise, impelling its rod against the superincumbent external
press and its load with a force proportioned to the area of the piston, and the
perfection of the vacuum in the said cavity above the piston; and upon opening
another cock the atmospheric.air will enter the cylinder, and allow the piston to
descend, thereby loosening its incumbent load. The pressure power may be
proportionably increased by the introduction of a lever or a combination of
levers either, within the vacuum or above it, the long arm of which presses on
the piston rod. I would remark, that instead of employing the pressure of the
atmosphere for raising the piston, the same effect may be produced by pressure
from a head of water against the under side of the piston. And for increasing
the power of such packing press, I propose that the space underneath the piston
down to the bottom of the cylinder shall be enclosed and made air-tight (with
a sufficient number of stop-cocks for the admission of external air when
required), and by condensing or compressing the air therein by suitable means,
thus to encrease the upward pressure of the piston 3 or 4 fold, or in proportion
to such condensation.
Example second. As regards the mode of obtaining and applying motive
power in machines employed for raising water for irrigation and other purposes.
It consists of two principal parts common to all pumps, namely, a barrel and a
suction pipe (the latter having a valve at the bottom). The barrel is a cylinder,
similar to that before described for the packing press, in which a vacuum is
formed in like manner in the cavity above the piston. The acting principle of

page_text: this machine is the upward flow of the water in the suction pipe forced up
towards the vacuum by the atmospheric pressure upon the surface of the water
to be raised. The re-acting principle of the above machine is the downward
pressure.or weight of water in the pipe, aided by the pressure from a spiral or
helical tempered steel spring or other spring or springs placed within the barrel
of the pump above the piston thereof. These acting and re-acting pressures
should nearly equipoise each other, taking care that the upward or acting
pressure predominates a little, but not so much but what it might be overcome
by the force of the spiral spring when free. The piston of the pump is isolated
from the piston rod, and there is a plate of metal fixed to said rod, upon
which the spring before. mentioned rests, and is lifted by means of a lever of
the first order. One end of this lever is connected to the piston rod, and the
other end is acted upon by projecting pins fixed in the rim, and at one side
of a wheel, which receives rotary motion by means of a band from an under-
shot or other water wheel impelled by the current in which it is immersed.
The upper part of the barrel of said pump is fitted with a cock for putting the
barrel into communication with any suitable exhausting apparatus. The
improvement in this mode of obtaining, and applying motive power consists in
this, namely, the atmospheric pressure on the water to be raised causing the
acting principle for working the machine, whilst the re-acting principle is the
downward pressure of the water (increased by the expansion of the spiral or
other springs when left to their free agency and in full force. To restrain and
arrest such power of the springs is effected by depressing the opposite end of
the lever to that to which the piston rod is attached, which collapses the spring
in the barrel, and when the lever is disengaged the elastic force of such spring
or springs acting on the surface of the piston expels the water underneath by
a suitable outlet ready for use. And with reference to this mode of obtaining
motive power, I propose also to apply it to impelling rotary motion or for pro-
pelling rotary or other machinery in the following manner, namely, by placing
two such machines as I have just been describing side by side, the piston rod
of each acting alternately against expanded cogs or projecting leaves of a mill
(placed vertically over the respective piston rods), thus forcing each upwards,
say, 3 or 4 inches, as may be the extent of the rod's ascent, when a ratchet
wheel prevents the return or descent of such cogs; and such piston rod having
attained its full height, presses a wire or rod in communication with an
horizontal valve (placed between the barrel and suction pipe, cuts off the com-
munication, and thereby stops the upward pressure of the water which sustained.
the piston, and causes it to sink with the rod attached thereto, which latter
when at the bottom touches another spring, which draws back the shutter, or.

page_text: valve, opening again the communication, and allowing the upward pressure to
äct (such horizontal valve having a tendency to be always closed); and this I
propose as the other mode of working the machine before mentioned, instead of
the spiral spring overcoming the upward pressure of the water, as aforesaid,
and which I conceive is preferable to the former mode stated, and likewise for
raising water into a cistern for domestic purposes.
Example third. As regards fire engines, motive power may be obtained
and applied in the following manner, the same principle of construction
being employed as that of the machine before described under the head of
example second :-I employ in the above fire engine two cylinders or pump
barrels, covered by a cap and provided each with a spring and piston, and I
operate therewith in a precisely similar manner to that before stated, the water
being forced into each cylinder by pressure from the external atmospheric air,
thereby affording a great auxiliary to the manual or physical power usually
employed in working fire engines. The spiral springs should be of less force
or stiffness than the upward pressure of the water. The engine being in a
state of rest, both the bottom valves, namely, those admitting the influx of
water into the barrels, would be open, (that is, assuming the pressures and
counter-pressures in each barrel to be the same;) such influx of water pressing
against the base of each piston will force it up against the superincumbent
spiral spring with equal force thereto, so that it is only necessary to exert a
comparatively small amount of manual power upon each of the hand rails of
the engine to cause a preponderance of power, thereby closing the foot valve
in either barrel, and thus shutting off the upward rush of water thereinto, and
allowing the spiral spring to assist with its full force in exerting pressure upon
the surface of the piston, by which the water underneath will not only be
forced into the interior of the engine, but such aforesaid closing of the foot
valve will destroy the equipoising force, and allow the piston of the other barrel
to ascend more freely, and in this manner and by these means each piston will
be operated upon alternately. The principal feature of novelty in this lastly
above-described mode of obtaining and applying motive power consists in raising
the water from the reservoir into the pump barrels wholly by atmospheric
pressure, instead of by muscular strength or manual labour as heretofore
practised, and then in forcing the water from such said barrels into the air
vessel or interior of the engine by the pressure of the atmospheric air upon
the piston in the other barrel, aided by the pressure of the spiral spring upon
that piston which has already been raised, and so on alternately in each barrel,
and thus effecting the raising and forcing of the water almost entirely by
atmospheric and mechanical power, instead of by manual labour as heretofore.

page_text: In conclusion, I would remark that in applying the foregoing principle to
the construction of house pumps, and more particularly force pumps, it will
be obvious that a greater force will be required to overcome the resistance
offered by the aforesaid spiral spring of a pump thus constructed than is
required to work a lift or a force pump of the ordinary construction, at the
same time I consider that the upward pressure of the water against the piston
will assist materially in overcoming the resistance offered by the spiral spring.
I further propose, as an improvement in obtaining and applying motive power,
to construct a double-action force pump upon the foregoing principle, but instead
of forming a vacuum above the piston, as before mentioned, I propose to form a
vacuum in the middle of the said barrel between two pistons, (having a spring
placed between them for the purpose of assisting in expelling the water, as
before stated), the lower of such pistons being isolated, but the upper piston
affixed to the piston rod, which rod passes down through an open plate affixed
to the barrel (and to which open plate as a stay the spiral or other springs are
affixed), and such a rod passing down through the springs to the bottom thereof,
united to a plate, as described in No. 2, aforesaid, so that on the descent of
the brake or pump handle it causes a collapse in like manner. The effect is,
that the downward pressure on the upper piston (caused by the upward pressure
in the suction pipe, together with the expansion of the springs, uplifts the
brake or pump handle without any muscular strength or manual labour being
exerted by the pumper.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Daniel Warren in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
27th October 1855.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, DANIEL
WARREN, of Exmouth, in the County of Devon, Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters.
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-eighth day, of April, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-five, in the eighteenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Daniel Warren, Her special licence that I, the said Daniel Warren, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as .I, the said Daniel
Warren, ny executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during

page_text: the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS
IN OBTAINING AND APPLYING MOTIVE POWER," upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said Daniel Warren, by an instrument in writing under
my hand and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal. Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
; NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Daniel Warren, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof (that is to say):-
My improvements relate to certain new mechanical arrangements or appa-
ratus designed for obtaining and applying motive power in more efficient
manner than heretofore. Said improvements are based upon the principle of
pneumatics and hydro-pneumatics, and are especially adapted to the construc-
tion of the following machines:-Firstly, packing presses, to be employed in
lieu of the hydraulic presses at present in use; secondly, machines for raising
and distributing water for irrigation and other purposes; thirdly, fire engines ;
fourthly, pumps for lifting and forcing liquids. It will be obvious that the
above-mentioned principle of construction is unlimited in its application.
The above-recited and herein-after- described machines are therefore only
given as examples of some of the principal machines to which my Inven-
tion may be advantageously applied in constructing the same. The nature
of my said Invention will, however, be better understood, by the following
explanation of the improved mode of arranging and operating with the
above machines according to my said Invention, for obtaining and applying
motive power.
Example first. As regards packing presses, I employ the following
mechanical arrangement of parts in the construction thereof, namely, a
cast-iron' cylinder, tapering or contracting from a few inches below its
upper end, and terminating thereat in a conical form, through which a
stout piston rod passes, the lower end of said rod being connected to a
piston working air-tight in the aforesaid cylinder. There are two cocks fixed
in the cylinder; for exhausting the air therefrom and admitting atmospheric
air thereto as required. The operation of this machine for obtaining
and applying motive power is as follows:-The air which is in the cavity

page_text: between the piston and the top of the cylinder is exhausted therefrom by
any suitable means through a cock fixed into the upper part of the cylinder,
and a partial vacuum formed; the effect of which is to cause pressure of the
external atmospheric air upon the under side of the piston, which causes it to
rise, impelling its rod against the superincumbent external press and its load
with a force proportioned to the area of the piston, and the perfection of the
vacuum in the aforesaid cavity above the piston. Upon opening another cock
the atmospheric air will enter the cylinder, and allow the piston to descend,
thereby loosening its incumbent load. The pressure power may be pro-
portionably increased by the introduction of a lever or a combination of levers
either within the vacuum ór above it, the long arm of which said lever presses
on the piston rod. I would remark, that instead of employing the pressure of
the atmosphere for raising the piston, the same effect may be produced by
pressure from a head of water against the under side of the piston. And for
increasing the power of such packing press, I propose that the space under-
neath the piston down to the bottom of the cylinder shall be enclosed and
made air-tight (with a sufficient number of stop-cocks for the admission of
external air when required), and by condensing or compressing the air therein
by suitable means, thus to increase the upward pressure of the piston three or
four fold, or in proportion to such condensation.
a
Example second. As regards forcing or lifting pumps to be employed
for raising water for irrigation and for other purposes-I employ cylinders
sometime similar to those used in the said packing press, (and nearly of
the same size), and to which are appended the common suction pipe (with
valve at the bottom, and likewise an horizontal or shifting valve, worked
as a bent lever, acted upon by the upward and downward action of the
piston rod, in the manner shewn hereafter in describing the action of
Figure 3, and which in every respect agree except in size; and also,
except in my machine for raising water for irrigation and other purposes, the
repelled water escapes immediately as it leaves the cylinder. The acting
principle of the above machine is the upward flow of the water in the suction
pipe, forced up towards the vacuum by the atmospheric pressure upon the
surface of the water to be raised. The re-acting principle of the above
machine is the downward pressure of the piston, which must be loaded with
sufficient weight to repel the water from the piston through the exit pipe, and
likewise to overcome the atmospheric resistance it will meet with at the point
of its discharge, as herein-after noticed. And I likewise propose to adopt and
apply this mode of obtaining motive power to impelling rotary motion or for
propelling rotary or other machinery in the following manner, namely, by

page_text: placing two such machines side by side, the piston rod of each acting alter-
nately against expanded cogs, or the projecting leaves of a wheel (placed
vertically over the respective piston rods), thus forcing each piston rod upwards
to the extent of the rod's ascent, a ratchet wheel being employed to prevent
the return or descent of the aforesaid cogs or leaves; and such piston rod
having attained its full height presses against the short arm of a bent lever, to
the other end or long arm of which is attached an horizontal valve or shutter
(placed between the cylinder and suction pipe, which cuts off the communi-
cation between such parts, and thereby stops the upward pressure of the water
which sustained the piston, and causes the said piston and rod attached thereto
to descend, and such rod when at the bottom of its range of action comes into
contact with a tappet or projection from such piston rod, which draws back
the before-mentioned horizontal valve or shutter, thus opening again the
communication between the cylinder and the suction pipe appended therefrom,
and allowing the upward pressure to act upon the piston as before (an example
of which I have herein-after shown by Figure 5, and I propose to employ
this last-mentioned mode of working pumps (as shewn by Figure 3) for
raising water into a cistern for domestic purposes.
Example third. As regards fire engines, I employ the following mechanical
arrangements of parts in the construction thereof, that is to say, I employ in
the construction of the above fire engine two cylinders or pump barrels, cach
covered by a cap, and a vacuum being formed above the piston in like manner
as in example first, in which vacuum is placed a spiral spring (the water being
forced into each cylinder by pressure from the external atmospheric air,
thereby affording a great auxiliary to the manual or physical power usually
employed in working fire engines. In adapting the before-mentioned spiral
spring or springs to the pump or pumps, care should be taken that the force or
stiffness of the said springs is less than the upward pressure of the water. The
engine being in a state of rest, both the bottom valves, namely, those admit-
ting the influx of water into the barrels, would be open, (that is, assuming the
pressures and counter-pressures in each barrel to be the same;) such influx of
water pressing against the base of each piston will force it up against the
superincumbent spiral spring with equal force thereto, so that it is only neces-
sary to exert a comparatively small amount of manual power upon each of the
hand rails of the engine to cause a preponderance of power, thereby closing
the foot valve in either barrel, and thus shutting off the upward rush of water
thereinto, and allowing the spiral spring to assist with its full force in exerting
pressure upon the surface of the piston, by which the water underneath will
not only be forced into the interior of the engine, but such aforesaid closing of

page_text: the foot valve will destroy the equipoising force, and allow the piston of the
other barrel to ascend more freely, and in this manner and by these means
each piston will be operated upon alternately. The principle feature of novelty
in this lastly above-described mode of obtaining and applying motive power
consists in raising the water from the reservoir into the pump barrels wholly by
atmospheric pressure, instead of by muscular strength or manual labour as
heretofore practised; and then in forcing the water from such said barrels into
the air vessels or interior of the engine by the pressure of the atmospheric air
upon the piston in the other barrel, aided by the pressure of the spiral spring
upon that piston which has already been raised, and so on alternately in each
barrel, and thus effecting the raising and forcing of the water almost entirely
by atmospheric and mechanical power, instead of by manual labour as hereto-
fore. I further propose, as an improvement in obtaining and applying motive
power, to construct a double-action force pump upon the following principle,
namely, that of forming a vacuum in the middle of the pump barrel between
two pistons (having a spring placed between them for the purpose of assisting
in expelling the water therefrom), the lowermost of such said pistons being
isolated or detached from the uppermost one, to which the piston rod is
attached; said piston rod passes down through an open plate affixed to the
barrel of the pump (and to which open plate as a stay the spiral or other
springs are affixed); such said rod, passing down through the aforesaid springs
to the bottom thereof, is united to a plate, as described in Figure 4, so that on
the descent of the brake or pump handle it causes a collapse. The effect is,
that the downward pressure on the upper piston (caused by the upward pres-
sure in the suction pipe, together with the expansion of the springs,) lifts the
brake or pump handle without any muscular strength or manual labour being.
exerted by the pumper.
And in order to explain my said Invention as completely as possible, I now
proceed to describe the best means I am acquainted with for carrying the same
into practical effect, reference being had to the illustrative Drawing hereunto
annexed, and to the numeral figures and letters of reference marked thereon
respectively, as follows:-
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING.

page_text: tion of a machine, which J. term a double-action hydrostatic engine, partially
herein-before described under example second, not only for raising water for
irrigation, draining, and other purposes, but likewise for applying and adapting
the surplus power to impelling or propelling mill machinery or other rotatory
motion; Figure 6 is an elevation, partly in section, shewing the, adaptation of
my Invention to the construction of a self-sustaining fountain; Figure 7 is a
detached Figure of a modification of a portion of Figure 3. At each of the
foregoing Figures, which are drawn to a scale of about of an inch to one foot,
I employ similar letters of reference to denote corresponding parts, in so far as
such parts appear or can, be, seen at each of the said Figures respectively.
"
I now proceed to describe the construction of the single-action hydro-pneu-
matic press, exhibited at Figure 1, as follows:-A is a cylinder, of cast iron or
otlier suitable metal, the interior, of which should be bored perfectly true, to
receive a piston B, packed in any convenient manner so as to ensure as far as
practicable air-tight contact between the cylinder and the piston as it moves
up and down the same. C is a piston rod, to the bottom of which the piston
B is securely attached, and to the top D the plate E'is attached in the usual;
manner; the piston rod C works air-tight in a gland or stuffing box at F, and
I form the said piston rod of nearly the same. diameter as the inside of the cylin-
der A, so as to leave but a small space between the cylinder and the piston rod,
for the purpose of economizing and expediting the operations of exhausting the
air from the said space, or of compressing air thereinto, as hereafter more fully
explained. G is the foundation plåte of the press, to which the cylinder A is
securely affixed; and H is the top of the press, securely connected to the bottom
by rod and nuts I, I; K is a cock for exhausting the air from that part of the
cylinder which is above the piston, by means of any suitable exhausting apparatus
connected to the sail cock; L is a cock for the admission of atmospheric air into
the vacuuni; M, M, are openings formed around the lower edge of the cylinder
A for the admission of atmospheric air to the under side of the piston. The
mode of operating with the above press is as follows:-The air is first exhausted
from the cavity above the piston until a vacuum is formed, when the pressure
of the external atmospheric air against the under side of the piston will force
the same upwards with a force proportionate to the area of the piston; and
when the package under pressure has been sufficiently compressed, the cock L
is then opened and the vacuum destroyed by the admission of atmospheric air
thereunto, and the descent of the piston thereby effected. The difference of
construction. between the above press and that exhibited at Figure 2 consists
in making the bottom of the cylinder of the double-action press close and air-
tight, instead of open as at Figure 1; and in adapting cocks N, O, P, thereto,

page_text: as exhibited; N is the exhaust cock; 0, 0, cocks for the admission of atmo-
spheric air into that part of the cylinder beneath the piston; P, P, cocks (or
if necessary there may be more than two) for the admission of compressed
air into the space below the piston. The mode of operating with a double-
action press of the above construction is as follows:-The air which is in the
cylinder above the piston is first exhausted in the manner before described
with reference to Figure 1, the cocks o, o, being previously opened to admit
atmospheric air to the under side of the piston for imparting motion to the
same, the machine thus serving as a single press. The cocks o, o, are now shut
off, and the air which is in the cylinder is compressed by injecting therein by
any suitable means a sufficient quantity of atmospheric air, so as to condense
or otherwise raise it to such a state of density as will give it the effect of four
atmospheres, by which I obtain a pressure of about twenty tons (assuming the
area of the piston, to present a surface of nine hundred circular inches)
efficiently acting upon the article under pressure. It will be obvious, that
by still further condensing the atmospheric air, and increasing the area of
the piston and cylinder,.. the pressure may be increased to any extent, the
strength of, the several parts of the press being made in accordance, therewith.
I would remark, that with a view of economizing the power necessary to form
a vacuum, I should recommend that the aperture of, the condensing syringe
or other apparatus employed' should be of small diameter, say, half an inch for
a press of five tons, and in the like proportion, for presses of greater pressure;
and as regards the size of the exhausting syringe or apparatus which I employ,
the diameter of the aperture thereof, for the sake of convenience and expedition,
may be of much larger. bore than that of the condensing apparatus. before
mentioned.
I now proceed to describe the construction and arrangement of the self-
acting forcing pump, exhibited at Figure 3, where A represents a cast-iron
cylinder or barrel, which should be. perfectly true; B, a piston, fitting and
working air-tight therein; C, cavity above the piston, in which a vacuum is
to be formed; D, cavity underneath the piston, into which the water passes
from a well, and is forced up the suction pipe E by pressure of the external
atmospheric air thereon in the usual way. The bottom of the suction pipe E
is furnished with a valve opening upwards, for the purpose of filling the said
pipe with water in the first instance, as in the ordinary syphon. F is an
horizontal sliding valve or shutter for cutting off (in 'alternations), by means of
the bent lever G, the communication between the. suction pipe and the barrel
of the pump; II, a cast-iron reservoir, contracting into a pipe I, somewhat
larger in diameter than the eduction pipe K, for the purpose of exposing an
:

page_text: annular column of water to the pressure of the atmosphere, and by these
ineans to cause the water as it passes from the barrel of the pump to be forced
up the eduction pipe K, which said pipe may be carried up to a convenient
height to serve as a reservoir; L is a bent pipe, for connecting the reservoir H
to the bottom of the pump barrel; M, a hinged valve, for preventing return
of the water from the reservoir H. There is a funnel at N, screwed into the
pipe L, and employed for filling the suction pipe E with water when necessary.
O is a cock for establishing a communication between an ordinary exhausting
syringe or apparatus and the barrel of the pump above the piston; P, P, are
stops for preventing the piston from ascending or descending too far.
The operations of this pump are as follows:-The suction pipe E is first
filled with water by hand through the funnel at N, the valve F being kept
open for that purpose; after which the funnel is removed, and an air-tight
screw, stopper substituted in the place thercof; the valve F is then moved
inwards by hand, so as to cover the opening at the top of the suction pipe, and
thus cut off the communication between said pipe and the barrel of the
pump. The exhausting apparatus is then put into action, and a partial vacuum
formed in the cavity above the piston B; the valve F is then drawn out, thus
uncovering the aperture of communication between the barrel and the suction
pipe. The atmospheric pressure on the water in the well will now open the
valve at the bottom of the suction pipe, and force the water up into the barrel,
thereby raising the piston in the vacuum, and continuing to do so until the
tappet a, coming into contact with the upper and short end of the bent lever G,
will actuate the valve F, connected to the lower end of such said lever, and
thus cut off the communication between the suction pipe and the barrel of the
pump, thereby rendering inert the water which is underneath the piston; the
weight of the piston now exerts itself on the surface of the water, and expels
it from the barrel by the valve M into the reservoir H and up the pipe K, with
a force proportionate to the weight with which the piston is loaded, and in this
manner and by these means I raise water, and render the pump comparatively
self-acting by causing the tappets a and b, which are upon the piston rod B', to
effect the opening and closing of the valve F, the descent of the piston operating
upon the lever G so as to open the valve F, by which the piston is again raised,
the ascent of the piston closing the said valve, by which the water is forced
from the pump into the reservoir by the weight of the piston, as before stated.
And assuming the atmospheric pressure upon the surface of the water in the
well in which the suction pipe of the pump is placed to be equal to about
twelve pounds on every circular inch of the exposed area of the piston (the
pressure varying according to the distance at which the piston is from the

page_text: surface of the water in the well), and assuming the atmospheric pressure or
resistance which the expelled water meets with at the eduction pipe or point
of discharge to be likewise twelve pounds on the circular inch, in order
therefore to expel the water from the barrel of the pump, and force it past the
valve M and pipe K and reservoir H, it is necessary to load the piston with
sufficient weight to overcome such atmospheric resistance of twelve pounds, as
also the resistance of the valve and friction of the water in its passage through
the pipe L into the reservoir H. When it is required to raise water to a
greater height than thirty feet from the pump, the load on the piston must be
increased in the proportion of rather more than twelve pounds to every thirty
or thirty-two feet in height, the piston so loaded by its descent driving the
water into the vessel I or reservoir H (which is closed at top), and compress-
ing the air therein to such a state of density as is necessary for the purpose
required, similar to an ordinary force pump or fire engine. I would here
remark, that in practice I have found it preferable to connect the eduction
pipe L to the bottom of the pump barrel, as at Figure 7, instead of to the
side of the barrel, as before described. And as regards the adaptation of
the above pump to the purposes of a fountain, as exhibited at Figure 6,
the arrangement there shown being essentially the same as at Figure 3;
requires no further explanation than to state that the apparatus is placed in an
ornamental vessel A¹ containing water, the top of such said vessel being
covered with moss and fancy stones, so as to conceal from view the apparatus,
and yet allow the water as it passes from the top of the fountain to enter the
vessel A, and be again raised as before, and so on, at each stroke of the
piston.
I now proceed to describe the construction and arrangement of the double-
action forcing pump, exhibited at Figure 4, where A represents the barrel of the
pump; B, suction pipe; C, force pipe.; D, E, suction valves; F, G, valves in
the force pipe; II, pump handle; I, piston rod; K, the upper, and L the lower
pistons. The piston K is fixed upon the piston rod, and the piston L is distinct
and separate therefrom. M, an open plate, securely fixed inside the pump
barrel, to serve as an abutment for the helical spring N to press against; O is
another plate of metal, securely fixed to the lower end of the piston rod I, and
employed for compressing the spring N as the piston rod and plate ascend;
P represents the well or reservoir containing the water to be raised. The
peculiar feature of novelty of this pump consists in the use and employment
of two pistons working in a vacuum, in combination with a spiral spring
placed between such said pistons, for the purpose of depressing the same,
as described and represented, and the operations thereof are as follows: -

page_text: Supposing the upper part of the barrel of the pump to be charged with water
and the pistons as low as they will go, in order to raise water from the well or
reservoir P, the same may be effected by forcing down the handle H, by which
the spring N will be compressed between the plates M and O, and the piston K
raised in the vacuumn. The detached piston L being thus releived of pressure
upon the surface thereof, will be raised by the pressure of the water which
is beneath the sanie as it passes up the suction pipe by the pressure of the
external air upon the surface of the water in the well, the piston L continuing
to ascend until the resistance offered by the spring N is equal to the pressure
of the water against the piston. The operator during such time forcing down
the handle H, so as to compress the spring still further, so that when the power
is removed from the handle, the clastic force of the said spring operating
upon the lower piston L, assisted by the pressure of water on the upper piston,
will force the water which is immediately beneath the said lower piston up
the discharge pipe C into the reservoir connected therewith, and in this
manner and by these means water may be raised with comparatively but little
èxertion of the pumper.
I now proceed to describe the construction and arrangement of Figure 5,
being a double-action bydrostatic engine, intended not only for raising water
for irrigation, draining, and other purposes, but likewise for imparting and
adopting my newly-discovered motive power to impelling or propelling mill
machinery or other rotatory inotion, as follows, videlicet :-
The Drawing exhibits a pump specially constructed for the purpose of
irrigation. When, however, it is required to use the above pump for other
purposes, such as raising water and depositing it in reservoirs or other.depo:
sitories for occasional use, the same may be effected by increasing the height
of the discharge pipe, as before described with reference to Figure 4 of the
Drawing hereunto annexed.
Before concluding my Specification I would remark, that being sensible of
the difficulty of retaining entire a permanent vacuum when formed, I propose,
therefore, as a means of retaining which, as likewise to prevent leakage, that
in addition to the gland or stuffing box, through which the piston rod works,
the collar of such piston rod should be bevelled two or three inches deep, so
that a trench might be formed round such piston rod; (or, what is better, a cup
to be filled with fat or oil, in the manner which I shall presently state; like-
wise also to bevil the under edge round the piston for three or four inches,
which trench to be filled in the following manner, namely, after the piston
has been well fitted and made as air-tight as may be, turn the cylinder
bottom upwards; and fill the trench one-third with thick oil, of the con-.

page_text: sistence of tar or treacle, then fill it another third with melted mutton
suet (but not sufficiently melted as to amalgamate with the oil), and when
properly cold fill the remaining third with melted hog's lard, which, the upward
performance of the water pressing against (particularly if a band of india-
rubber or leather well fitted be placed over it), will keep the ingredients quite
firmly together and compact. The mode of filling the trench round the
piston rod is difficult. This must be reversed, the hard fat or mutton suet
being melted in first and the oil poured in upon it; and if needed, I should
affix a permanent exhausting syringe to be worked by the action of the piston
rods for drawing out both air and water which may have leaked in.
Having now described the nature and object of my said Invention of
"Certain Improvements in Obtaining and Applying Motive Power," together
with the best means I am acquainted with for carrying the same into practical
effect, I would remark, in conclusion, that I claim as my Invention, the mecha-
nical arrangements above particularly described, set forth, and represented,
which I employ in the construction of machines or apparatus of the description
above referred to, reserving to myself the right of applying the above principle
to the construction of machines other than those above described, in which
motive power is required to be obtained and applied.
In witness whereof, I, the said Daniel Warren, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-fifth day of October, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-five.
Witness,
JOSEPH VINE, Accountant,
Albion Street, Exmouth.
DANIEL WARREN. (L.S.)