IMPROVEMENTS IN CONSTRUCTING AND HEATING OVENS
Year: 1851

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ANGIER
MARCH PERKINS, of Francis Street, Regent Square, in the County of Middle-
sex, Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Eleventh day of
February, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-one, in the fourteenth
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and
grant unto me, the said Angier March Perkins, my exors, admors, and
assigns, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege, and authority, that
I, the said Angier March Perkins, my exors, adiñors, and assigns, or such
others as I, the said Angier March Perkins, my exors, adñors, or assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at
all times during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town
of Berwick upon Tweed, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN CONSTRUCTING
AND HEATING OVENS;" in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso that
I, the said Angier March Perkins, shall cause a particular description of the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, to be inrolled
in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next

page_text: and immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in
and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large
appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Angier March Perkins, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention,
and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are fully described and
ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, reference being had to
the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters marked thereon,
that is to say :-
My improvements in the construction of ovens consists of means of con-
structing and applying wrought iron tubular apparatus in combination with
ovens for the circulation of hot water, so as to obtain as equable heating of the
interior of an oven as may be. For the purposes of my Invention the ovens
may be constructed in the ordinary manner of bricks and tiles, as heretofore, or
otherwise. To the form or materials of the ovens, however, I make no claim,
my Invention consisting of combining with ovens, wrought iron tubular appa-
ratus, composed of several branch circulations in connection with suitable
circulating mains, so as to obtain as equable heat in all parts of an oven as
may be, and proper for baking bread and other articles requiring high tempera-
tures. I would remark that I am aware that it has before been proposed to
heat ovens by the circulation of hot water in branch channels made in cast
plates. I do not, therefore, claim the heating of ovens by hot water, but only
when employed in connection with wrought iron tubular apparatus arranged in
branches from the main circulating tubes in connection with the coils of tubes in
the furnace; I effect the object of an equable distribution of heat by a series of
branches leading from one or more main circulating pipes, as shewn in the
several Drawings. It will be observed that this is done in various ways;
first, by forming T pieces on the several branches, and then joining them
together by means of right and left screw joints, so that when made and joined
together they may' form the main circulating pipes; second, by forming a
series of branch pieces on the main circulating pipe, and connecting the branches
thereto also with right and left screw joints. Third, by forming a cone joint,
the female cone being made in the main circulating pipe, and the several
branches forming the male cone, which are brought together by bolts and
nuts, as represented. Either of these modes will answer the purpose, but I
prefer the first as more convenient. These means of forming joints may, how-
ever, be varied; for the more effectually preventing the pipes from being
unduly heated I provide a cup, which is welded to the flow pipe, so that it
may be filled with fusible metal, which will melt at any given temperature

page_text: required. On the surface of the fusible metal a rod rests, which rod is con-
nected to a valve in the flue or chimney, as shewn in the Drawings, so that
when the metal melts the rod may sink and open the valve, and thus check the
fire by admitting cold air, in case the pipe is heated to too high a temperature.
The circulation of the water is provided for by giving a due proportion of space
in the expansion tube, to allow of a free expansion of the water as it becomes
heated. The proportion or expansion tube of an area of 3,976 to a given
quantity of circulating pipe of an area of,1963, is one foot of expansion to
seventy feet of the smaller tube, when the water is required to be heated to
550 degrees of Fahrenheit. When this proportion is allowed, and the smaller
tubes are quite filled with water, the circulation will be perfect, and free from the
danger of bursting. The measure for filling the apparatus with water is the
top of the filling pipe, which should be on a level with the bottom of the
apparatus combined therewith, according to my Invention. Figure 2 shews a
cross section thereof; and Figure 3 is a horizontal section through the oven,
by which the arrangement of branch circulations as preferred by me is shewn;
Figure 4 shows how the main circulating tubes may be made up of two pieces
on the ends of the branch circulating tube; Figure 5 shows an end section
and longitudinal section of connections made by using cones. The apparatus
is arranged so as to be filled by means of a pump. A is the oven chamber;
B, the furnace or fire-place for heating the double series of coils of pipe a, b,
which are connected to the series of pipes a, b, by the flow pipes a³, b¹, and
the pipes a, b, are so arranged as to form a lining to the interior of the oven
A. a,b, are expansion tubes connected to the pipes a¹, b', one of which has a
suitable pressure valve a", for relieving the apparatus from any undue pressure
from the expansion of the water when using the pump to fill the apparatus, as
hereafter described. a, b, are return pipes, from the series of pipes a², b², the
return pipe a being a communication with the series of pipes 6, and the return
pipe communicating with the series of pipes a² in the oven, so as to form
one complete circulation through the whole series of pipes. a, pipe branched on
the return pipe a', for filling the apparatus by hand when cool.
C pumping-
through cock on the return pipe a; d, force pump for filling the apparatus
when heated, or for washing out the pipes when required; e, pressure indica-
tor, branched on the return pipe a'; f, cup formed on the side of the flow
pipe 6', containing fusible metal, upon which the bent end of the rod g rests

page_text: the other end of the rod g being connected by the rod h to the lever arm i on
the valve j, which turns on axis within the flue, so that should the temperature
of the apparatus become too high the fusible metal in the cup f will melt, the
rod g will sink, and the connecting rod h will fall below the catch k, and the
weight of the rod h and the heavy side of the valve will cause the valve to be
opened by turning on its axis, admitting cold air to the flue, which will check
the draft and cool the pipes, thereby preventing injury to the apparatus from
over heating. is the fire-door for feeding furnace; m door for cleaning the
soot and dead fuel from the coils of pipe surrounding the fire; n, ash-pit door,
through which air is supplied and regulated to furnace.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the manner of
performing the same, I would have it understood that I do not confine myself
to the details herein described. But what I claim is the improvements in
ovens herein described, whereby the same are heated by water in several.
branch circulations, proceeding from main circulating tubes in connection with
the coils of tubes heated by the fire.
In witness whereof, I, the said Angier March Perkins, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Eleventh day of August, in the year of our
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Eleventh day of August, in the
year of our Lord 1851, the aforesaid Angier March Perkins came before our
said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and everything therein contained and specified, in form
above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according
to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
T