IMPROVEMENTS IN THE USE OF IRON OR ANY OTHER METAL BY ITSELF OR IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER MATERIALS FOR STRUCTURAL PURPOSES
Year: 1857

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Richardson, of No. 5. Ranelagh Grove
Pimlico, in the County of Middlesex, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE USE OF IRON OR ANY OTHER METAL BY ITSELF OR IN COMBINATION
WITH OTHER MATERIALS FOR STRUCTURAL PURPOSES,"
Sealed the 11th August 1857, and dated the 13th February 1857.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Richardson at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
13th February 1857.
1. WILLIAM RICHARDSON, of No. 5, Ranelagh. Grove. Pimlico, in the
County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE USE OF IRON OR ANY OTHER METAL BY ITSELF OR
IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER MATERIALS FOR STRUCTURAL PURPOSES," to be as
follows:-
The essential principle of my Invention is the use and application of iron
or any other metal in segments bolted together, in combination with bricks,
tiles, or any kind of pottery, concrete, or wood as a lining to the iron, so that
the parts and the materials being connected with each other, and securely
fastened together, and the joints made good, in and after the manner herein-
after described, the whole combination shall form an air and water-tight
structure of great strength, the iron being the outside and the other materials
referred to the inside of such structure. I contemplate in general the use of
cast iron, as being more economical, but in certain cases wrought iron or any
other metal, cast or wrought, may be used.

page_text: The structures to which I propose especially to apply my said Invention
are of two classes, namely. 1st, tubes or tunnels: and 2nd. dwelling houses
and other buildings, which I will describe separately.
1st. Tabes and tunnels to be used as water mains or sewers, or as
conduits for large bodies of fluids generally. The tube may be of a
cylindrical, oval, square, triangular, or polygonal form.
For the purpose of this Specification, I suppose a cylindrical tube of iron in
combination with other materials is intended to be constructed as a Sewer
10 feet diameter, of which Fig. 1 of the annexed Plans represents the external
view of a length thereof; Fig. 2, a longitudinal section of a part of the same
length; Fig. 3, a cross section thereof; Fig. 4, detached iron plates bolted
together; Fig. 5, an enlarged section of Fig. 2: Fig. 6, a longitudinal section
of three top centre plates of a length of tube, with segments of a circle,
forming part of the castings. In this case the proposed dimensions of each
plate are 6 feet by 4 feet and 1 inch thick, with a flange 3 inches wide by
1inch thick, to each of the four edges of the plate, every flange perforated
with two or more holes to receive the screw bolts at points corresponding in
all the plates. The plate is a segment of a circle 10 feet diameter. In order
to form the tube, these plates are connected together longitudinally and
laterally (breaking joint) by bolts through the flanges screwed up with nuts.
In the description and plans the flanges are represented as being made
externally, but in many cases it will be more convenient, and will add to the
strength of the structure, to make the flanges inside of the plates. I have
given some dimensions to make my description more intelligible, but I do not
mean to fix them as being the proper dimensions for a 10 feet tube in all
cases, and have to observe generally that in every case the dimensions
mentioned in the Specification are not to be taken as arbitrary, but only as
proximate to make the description clear. The dimensions of the parts must
be in proportion to the strength required according to the internal and
external pressure to be borne by the tube, which is a matter of computation
familiar to practical engineers. Whatever may be the form chosen, the iron
segments are to be adapted to the shape and dimensions of the tube. In
cases requiring great strength in the tube the plates forming the top or the
bottom thereof, both or either, will be made with a rib or ridge running
longitudinally, and terminating with a strong flange at each end.
These
ribs, when the plates are connected together, will be further strengthened, and
form a girder the whole length of the tube, by being united to each other by
bolts through their flanges, as shewn in Plan, Fig. 5.
Another mode of adding to the strength of the tube, and which forms part

page_text: of my Invention, is to make the top plates of each length of tube with
segments of a circle, and connecting arms cast upon them. as shewn in
Fig. 6. and to form therewith an eliptic arch supporting the tube, of which
each length will be surmounted by its arch abutting against the adjoining
arch as well as against the heads of the supporting columns. which will be
constructed and arranged in a suitable manner to sustain the lateral thrust
of the arches successively. When this mode of strengthening the tube is
adopted the ribbed girder above described may not be required. The joints
of the iron plates are to be made good with strips of india-rubber, gutta
percha, or felt. or other elastic or yielding substance; those of the latter
class may be saturated with tar. asphalte, or grease. These joints are to be
screwed up between the flanges with washers of any of the same materials
under the bolts and nuts. Inside the iron tube I construct, as a lining thereto
and connected therewith, a tube 3 to 6 inches less in diameter, made of bricks.
tiles, or pottery, leaving a space between the two tubes, or without such space
For this inner tube I prefer
being left, for the purpose herein-after described.
glazed pottery in segments with grooved or bevilled edges overlapping cach
other, so made as to fit exactly, and form an arch. With these, or any other
material which may be used. laid in cement, the inner cylinder tube is formed
with perfectly air and water-tight joints. The space between the inner and
outer tubes is to be filled with non-conducting materials, such as sand, saw-
dust. charcoal, or burnt clay. pulverised. rammed in tight, and forming a body
Of the materials
between the two cylinders as a protection against frost.
mentioned as a non-conducting medium, I give the preference to charcoal or
burnt clay pulverised. As a profection against frost. I also propose to use
felt an inch or more thick, in addition to or without the space filled in with
loose non-conducting materials, in the manner above described and referred to.
In the former case the felt will be in immediate contact with either. the iron
plates or the glazed tiles: in the latter case it will be compressed between
the iron plates and the glazed tiles, and may be saturated with grease, tar. or
asphalte. In order to connect the lining or inner tube with the outer tube
more securely, and to give the former greater support and solidity. I propose
as a part of my Invention that short ribs or rods projecting from the inside
of the iron plates at equidistant points shall form part of the castings, and be
so arranged that these ribs or rods shall be resting points on the segments of
the inner tube, or shall keep in their places ribs or hoops of preserved wood or
of pottery to be used as such resting points, so that in either case by this
arrangement these segments will be maintained firmly in their places equi-
distant from the plates of the outer tube, and will resist internal pressure,

page_text: The tube may be made continuous of any length by adding segments of
iron plates and pottery with the other materials ad infinitum, but for the
convenience of construction and repairs, and to give greater solidity to the
whole work, I recommend the tube to be made in lengths of from 50 to
100 feet, finished flush at both ends with half plates, the end plates provided
with flanges of greater strength, say. 4 to 6 inches deep and 2 to 3 inches
thick, through which flanges the ends of the lengths of tube will be bolted
together. Between these flanges a circular band of india-rubber or other
elastic substance of the same width as the flange, and 1 to 2 inches thick, will
be interposed to form an air and water-tight joint, and also as an clastic
medium to counteract longitudinal expansion and contraction of the iron.
Tubes thus constructed may be vertical or horizontal and made, to follow
any incline or curve. If vertical, they may be used as stand pipes or rising
mains to any height that can be required: if horizontal, and intended to run
under or upon the ground. they can be laid on a bed of concrete or brick-
work or if intended to run at an elevation above ground, they are to be
supported on columns and saddles at distances of from 50 to 60 feet under
ordinary circumstances, and from 100 to 200 feet if it be required to span
over large spaces. The inherent capability of these tubes of being supported
in considerable lengths on columns or other supports at points 50 to 200 feet
distant from each other arises from the mode of construction above
described, which constitutes each length of tube. a beam of enormous
strength and rigidity not subject to deflection, and is a peculiar charac-
teristic of my Invention, which gives it great value for above-ground works.
and especially for crossing rivers, canals. railways. and valleys.
I do not at present describe in detail the mode of supporting the tubes above
ground on columns or otherwise, but I propose that every length shall be so
supported and fixed that it shall stand secure separately upon its own founda-
tion. The whole structure will receive great increase of strength by the
lengths of tube and their supports being bolted and tied to each other..
2nd. Houses and other buildings.
My Invention in its application to structures of this class is in principle
precisely the same as applied to the construction of tubes, that is to say, iron
or other metal plates with flanges bolted together will constitute the outer
body or shell of the structure, and being connected with other materials such
as bricks, tiles, pottery, wood. or concrete constituting the inner body or
lining, with an intervening space between the two bodies. will form the walls
of houses and other buildings, precisely in the same manner as above described
for the construction of tubes. The space between the outer and inner sides

page_text: of the wall is to be filled in with concrete, cement, clay, or other earthy
substances rammed in tight. To connect the inner with the outward body of
the wall, rods or ribs cast on the inner side of the plates. as already described
for tubular plates. or the flanges projecting inwards will be attached to and
will he incorporated with the materials of the inner body. giving strength
and solidity to the structure. Provision will be made to connect rafters
and beams, whether of wood or iron. with the walls. and also to affix thereto
window and door frames and internal fittings of a house: but as these
arrangements do not form an essential part of my Invention. which consists
of the combination of iron or other metal with other materials. as above
described for the construction of tubes and walls, it is not necessary that I
should here give any detailed description of such arrangements.
It now only remains for me to state what I claim as my Invention.
I do not claim as of my Invention the use of iron plates for structural
purposes. being aware that they have already been used for such purposes:
what I do claim as my Invention is, the mode in general of combining and
connecting iron or other metals with other materials for structural purposes.
some of the particular modes in which the metals and other materials are
connected together, and the modes in which some of the parts are constructed.
all in the manner above described. forming the following claims. namely:
1st claim. The improved mode of constructing tubes made externally of
iron or any other metal in segments, bolted together. in combination with a
lining or internal tube of pottery. or any other kind of clay ware or other
materials above mentioned, by connecting and fastening together the outside
and inside tubes in the manner herein-before described, and shewn in Plans.
Figs. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. & 6. whether with or without a space between the two
cylinders.
2nd claim.--The improved mode of constructing walls of houses or other
buildings with plates of iron or other metal in combination with an internal
lining of pottery or any kind of clay ware, or wood, or other material, by
connecting and fastening together the outside and inside parts of the wall, in
the manner herein-before described.
3rd claim. The improved mode of constructing air and water-tight tubes
made of iron or other metal in plates, with flanges bolted together, by inserting
and screwing up between the flanges, and between them and the bolts and
nuts, joints of india-rubber or felt, or other elastic or yielding material, in the
manner herein-before described.
4th claim. The improved mode of rendering tubes or walls. constructed

page_text: of iron or other metal on the plan described in my claims Nos. 1 and 2, non-
conducting bodies, and at the same time giving them greater strength and
solidity by leaving a space between the external and internal parts of such
tubes and walls. and filling up such space with non-conducting material, in
the manner herein-before described.
5th claim. The improved mode of constructing an inner lining. to tubes
or walls made of iron or other metal, with pottery or any other kind of
clay ware, in and after the manner herein-before described.
6th claim. The improved mode of manufacturing pottery or any other
clay ware in segments. grooved and bevilled. so as to fit each other and
form an arch. in the manner herein-before described.
7th claim. The improved mode of making cast iron or other metal plates.
intended to form the segments of a tube with a rib or ridge, and of connec
ting such segments and ribs longitudinally to form when united a girder.
giving strength to the tube, in the manner herein-before described, and
shewn in Plans, Figs. 1. 2. 3. & 5.
8th claim. The improved mode of supporting and strengthening a tube
made of iron or other metal in segments, by making an arch over each
length of such tube with segments of a circle. which form part of the
castings of the top plates of such length of tube, in the manner herein-
before described, and shewn in the Plans, Fig. 6.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent. filed
by the said William Richardson in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 12th August 1857.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
RICHARDSON, of No. 5. Ranelagh Grove. Pimlico, Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Thirteenth day of February. in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, in the twentieth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself. Her heirs and successors. give and grant unto me, the
said William Richardson. Her special license that I, the said William
Richardson, my executors, administrators, and assigns. or such others as I, the
said William Richardson, my executors, administrators. and assigns, should at
any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times there-
after during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make. use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,

page_text: the Channel Islands, and the Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE USE OF IRON OR ANY OTHER METAL BY ITSELF OR IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER
MATERIALS FOR STRUCTURAL PURPOSES," upon the condition (amongst others) that
1, the said William Richardson, by an instrument in writing under my hand
and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be, performed, and cause
the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calender
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Richardson, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof (that is to say):-
1, the aforesaid William Richardson, do hereby declare the essential prin-
ciple of my Invention is the use and application of iron or any other metal, in
segments, bolted together, in combination with bricks, tiles, or any kind of
pottery, or concrete, or wood as a lining to the iron, so that the parts and the
materials being connected with each other, and securely fastened together,
and the joints made good, in and after the manner herein-after described, the
whole combination shall form an air and water-tight structure of great
strength, the iron being the outside, and the other materials referred to the
inside of such structure, and this combination, and some of the parts thereof
as herein-after described, constitute as a whole, and in such parts, my Inven-
tion. I propose in general the use of cast iron for the structures in question,
as being more economical than wrought iron or other metals; but in certain
cases wrought iron or any other metal, cast or wrought, may be used.
The structures to which my said Invention may be applied are of two
classes, namely. 1st, tubes and tunnels; and 2nd, dwelling houses and other
buildings; which I will describe separately.
1st. Tubes & tunnels to be used as water mains or sewers, or as conduits
for large bodies of fluids generally. The tube may be of a circular, oval,
Square, triangular, or polygonal form.
For the purpose of this Specification, I now suppose that a cylindrical
tube of iron in combination with other materials is intended to be
constructed as a sewer 10 feet diameter, of which Fig. 1 of the annexed
plans represents the external view of a length thereof; Fig. 2, a longi-
tudinal section of a part of the same length; Fig. 3, a cross section
thereof; Fig. 4, detached iron plates bolted together; Fig. 5, an enlarged
section of Fig. 2; Fig. 6, a longitudinal section of 3 top centre plates
of a length of tube, with segments of a circle forming part of the cast-

page_text: ings. The letters in the plans designate the same parts.
For this tube
the proposed dimensions of each plate are 6 feet by 4 feet and 1 inch thick,
with a flanch 3 inches wide by 1 inch thick, to each of the four edges of the
plate, every flanch perforated with two or more holes to receive the screw
bolts at points corresponding in all the plates; each plate is a segment of the
circumference of a circle 10 feet diameter. In order to form the tube, these
plates are connected together longitudinally and laterally (breaking joint) by
bolts through the flanches screwed up with nuts.
In this description and in the plans the flanches are represented as being
made externally, but in many cases, especially where the structure is an under-
ground tunnel, it will be more convenient, and will add to the strength of the
structure, to make the flanches inside the plates. 1 have given some dimen-
sions in order to make my description more intelligible, but I do not mean to
fix them as being the proper dimensions for a 10 feet tube in all cases; and
I have to observe generally that in every case the dimensions mentioned in
this Specification are not to be taken as arbitrary, but only as proximate, to
make the description clear. The dimensions of the parts must be in pro-
portion to the strength required, according to the internal and external
pressure to be borne by the tube or tunnel, which is a matter of computation
familiar to practical engineers. For the purpose of this Specification I have
described a circular tube; if any other form of tube be chosen the iron seg-
In cases
ments are to be adapted to the shape and dimensions of the tube.
requiring great strength in the tube, the plates forming the top or the bottom
thereof, both or either, may be made with a rib or ridge running longitudinally,
and terminating with a strong flanch at each end. These ribs, when the
plates are connected together, will be further strengthened and form a girder
to each length of tube by being united to each other by bolts through their
flanches, as shewn in Plans, Fig. 1 and 5, letters b and c.
Another mode of adding to the strength of the tube, and which forms part of
any Invention, is to make the top plates of each length of tube with segments of
a circle, and connecting arms cast upon them, as shewn in Fig. 6, and to form
therewith an elliptic arch supporting the tube, of which each length, if this mode
of adding to the strength of the structure be adopted, would be surmounted by
its arch, forming a part of the structure, and abutting against the adjoining
arch as well as against the heads of the supporting columns, which would be
constructed and arranged in a suitable manner to sustain the lateral thrust of
the arches successively. When this mode of strengthening the tube is adopted
the ribbed girder at the top of the tube, above described, might not be
required. The joints of the iron plates are to be made good with strips of india

page_text: rubber, gutta percha, or felt, or other elastic or yielding substance; those of
the latter class may be saturated with tar, asphalte, or grease. The substance
forming the joints is to be screwed up between the flanches, and washers of
any of the same materials are to be screwed under the bolts and nuts.
Inside the iron tube construct as a lining thereto, and connected there-
with by means of ribs, rods, or branches cast inside the iron plates, a tube of
smaller diameter, made of bricks, tiles, or pottery, or iron, and leaving a space
of from 3 inches to a foot, or more, between the two tubes, for the purpose
of introducing between them certain non-conducting materials, herein-after
described. For this inner tube I prefer glazed pottery in segments, with
grooved or bevilled edges overlapping each other, so made as to fit exactly and
form a circle. Or this inner tube or cylinder may be made of bricks or tiles,
or any other kind of pottery, or cast or wrought iron, with cement or any
other kind of water-tight joint. The space between the inner and outer tubes
is to be filled with non-conducting materials, such as sand..sawdust. charcoal,
or burnt clay, rammed in tight, and forming a body between the two tubes, as
a protection against frost. Of the materials mentioned as a non-conducting
medium, give the preference to charcoal or burnt clay pulverized.
As a
protection against frost. I also propose to form a lining of felt an inch or more
thick. in addition to or without the space filled in with loose non-conducting
materials, in the manner above described and referred to. In the former case
the felt will be in immediate contact with either the iron plates or the glazed
tiles in the latter case it will be compressed between the two cylinders, and
may be saturated with grease, tar, or asphalte. In some cases propose to
apply a lining of asphalte to the inner face of the iron plates, or to have the
plates manufactured with their inner faces and flanches enamelled or glazed,
in either of which cases the outer tube may be constructed with or without an
inner tube, according to circumstances, as in some cases, especially for under-
ground sewers, such lining of asphalte, or such enamelling or glazing the inside
of the plates and flanches will render the use of an inner cylinder unnecessary.
In order to connect the lining or inner tube more securely with the onter
tube, and to give the former greater support and solidity, I propose, as a part
of my Invention, that short ribs or rods projecting from the inside of the iron
plates at equidistant points shall form part of the castings, and be so arranged,
that these ribs or rods shall be resting points for the segments of the inner
tube, or shall keep in their places circular ribs or hoops of preserved wood or
pottery or iron to be used as such resting points, so that in either case by this
arrangement these segments forming the inner tube will be maintained firmly

page_text: in their places equidistant from the plates of the outer tube, and will resist
internal pressure.
The tube may be made continuous of any length by
adding segments of iron plates & pottery with the other materials ad infinitum;
but for the convenience of construction & repairs, and to give greater solidity
to the whole work, I recommend the tube to be made in lengths of from 50 to
100 feet, finished flush at both ends with half plates, the end plates provided"
with flanches of greater strength, say, 4 to 6 inches deep, and 2 to 3 inches thick,
through which flanches the ends of the lengths of tube will be bolted together.
Between these flanches a circular band of india-rubber or other clastic sub-
stance of the same width as the flanches, and 1 or 2 inches thick, and washers.
of any such elastic material under the bolt heads and nuts will be interposed
to form air and water-tight joints, and also an elastic medium to counteract
longitudinal expansion and contraction of the iron.
Tubes thus constructed may be vertical or horizontal, and made to follow
any incline or curve. If vertical, they may be used as stand pipes or rising
mains to any height that may be required. If horizontal, and intended to run
under or upon the ground, they can be laid on a bed of concrete or brickwork;
or if intended to run-at-an elevation above ground, they are to be supported
on columns and saddles, at distances of from 50 to 60 feet under ordinary
circumstances, and from 100 to 200 feet if it be required to span over large
spaces. The inherent capability of these tubes of being supported in con-
siderable lengths on columns or other supports at points 50 to 200 feet distant
from each other arises from the mode of construction, above described, which
constitutes each length of tube a beam of enormous strength and rigidity, not
subject to deflection, and is a peculiar characteristic of my Invention, which
gives it great value for aboveground works, and especially for crossing rivers,
canals, railways, and valleys.
I do not deem it necessary to describe in detail the mode of supporting the
tubes above ground on columns or otherwise, but I propose that every length
shall be so supported and fixed that it shall stand secure separately upon its
own foundation. The whole structure will receive great increase of strength
by the lengths of tube and their supports being bolted & tied to each other.
2nd. Houses and other buildings.
I
My Invention in its application to structures of this class is in principle pre-
cisely the same as applied to the construction of tubes, that is to say, iron or
other metal plates with flanches bolted together will constitute the outer body
or shell of the structure, and being connected with other materials, such as
bricks, tiles, pottery, wood, or concrete, constituting the inner body or lining:

page_text: with an intervening space between the two bodies, will form the walls of
houses and other buildings, precisely in the same manner as above described
for the construction of tubes.
The space between the outer and inner sides of the wall is to be filled in
with concrete, cement, clay, or other earthy substances, rammed in tight. To
connect the inner with the outward body of the wall, rods or ribs cast on the
inner side of the plate, as already described for tubular plates, or the flanches
themselves projecting inwards, will be attached to and will be incorporated
with the materials of the inner body, and with those between it and the outer
body, giving strength and solidity to the structure. Provision will be made to
connect rafters and beams, whether of wood or iron, with the walls, and also
to affix thereto window and door frames, roofs, and internal fittings of a house;
but as these arrangements do not form an essential part of my Invention, and
have already been carried into effect in the construction of iron houses, it is
not necessary that. I should here give any detailed description of such arrange-
ments. It remains, however, for me to describe three forms of iron plates with
flanches to be used for the construction of the walls of houses. One form of
with an intervening space between the two bodies, will form the walls of
houses and other buildings, precisely in the same manner as above described
for the construction of tubes.
The space between the outer and inner sides of the wall is to be filled in
with concrete, cement, clay, or other earthy substances, rammed in tight. To
connect the inner with the outward body of the wall, rods or ribs cast on the
inner side of the plate, as already described for tubular plates, or the flanches
themselves projecting inwards, will be attached to and will be incorporated
with the materials of the inner body, and with those between it and the outer
body, giving strength and solidity to the structure. Provision will be made to
connect rafters and beams, whether of wood or iron, with the walls, and also
to affix thereto window and door frames, roofs, and internal fittings of a house;
but as these arrangements do not form an essential part of my Invention, and
have already been carried into effect in the construction of iron houses, it is
not necessary that. I should here give any detailed description of such arrange-
ments. It remains, however, for me to describe three forms of iron plates with
flanches to be used for the construction of the walls of houses. One form of
such plates is an angular surface, as shewn by the following design
Another form is oblong, as shewn by the following design
representing three such oblong plates, breaking joint; and a third form applies
to a contrivance for cementing the plates together and giving to the external
surface of the wall the appearance of stone or brickwork, by sinking channels
in the castings of the flanches of the plates, as shewn in the following section
or side view of such last-mentioned plates
such channels to be filled
All these
in with mortar or cement and pointed as in laying brickwork.
varieties of forms of plates may be made with flanges on every side. or on only
two sides, or they may be made with lateral tongue pieces, through which the
plates are to be bolted together on 4 sides or only on two sides of each plate.
It now only remains for me to state what I claim as my Invention. I do.
not claim as of my Invention the use of iron plates for structural purposes,
being aware that they have already been used for such purposes: what I do
claim as my Invention is, the -mode in general of combining or connecting
iron or other metals with other materials for structural purposes. Some of
the particular modes in which the metals and other materials are connected

page_text: together, and the modes in which some of the parts are constructed, all in
the manner above described. forming the following claims, namely
:-
1st claim. The improved mode of constructing tubes.. made externally
of iron or any other metal in segments, with flanches bolted together, in
combination with a lining or internal tube of pottery. or any other kind
of clay ware or other materials above mentioned, by connecting and
fastening together the outside and inside tubes, in the manner herein-before
described and shewn in Plans, Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, whether with or
without a space between the two tubes.
2nd claim. The improved mode of constructing walls of houses or other
buildings with plates of iron or other metal, connected together by means
of flanches or otherwise, in combination with an internal lining of pottery
or any other kind of clay ware, or wood, or other materials, by connecting
and fastening together the outside and inside parts of the wall, in the manner
herein-before described.
3rd claim. The improved mode of constructing air and water-tight tubes
made of iron or other metal in plates, with flanches bolted together. by
inserting and screwing up between the flanches and between the bolts and
nuts joints of india-rubber, felt, or other elastic material, in the manner
herein-before described.
4th claim. The improved mode of rendering tubes or walls constructed
of iron or other metal in combination with other materials on the plan
described in my claims No. 1 and 2, impervious to changes of temperature,
and at the same time giving them greater strength and solidity. by leaving
a space between the internal and external parts of such tubes and walls
and filling up such spaces with non-conducting materials. in the manner
herein-before described.
5th claim. The improved mode of constructing an inner lining. to tubes
or walls made of iron or other metal. with. pottery or any other kind of clay
ware, in and after the manner herein-before described.
6th claim. The improved mode of manufacturing pottery or any other
kind of clay ware in segments, grooved and bevilled, so as to fit cach other
and form a circular tube, in the manner herein-before described.
7th claim. The improved mode of making cast iron or other metal plates
intended to form the segments of a tube on the plan described in claim No. 1,
with a rib or ridge, and of connecting such segments and ribs longitudinally,
so as to form when mited a girder, giving strength to the tube, in the
manner herein-before described, and shewn in Plans, Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 5.

page_text: 8th claim. The improved mode of supporting and strengthening a tube
made of iron or any other metal in segments, by making an arch over each
length of such tube in segments of a circle, each such segment forming part
of the casting of the top plate of a length of tube, in the manner herein-
before described, and shown in the plans. Fig. 6.
9th claim. The three different forms of iron plates for the construction of
the walls of houses, herein-before described, and the manufacture and use
of the same, in the manner and for the purposes above mentioned.
10th claim. The mode of using enamelled iron plates for the construction
of tubes, on the plan of my aforesaid Invention, and in the manner herein-
before described.
11. remains for me to explain, in order to render the above description of my
Invention and the references to the annexed Plans more clear and intelligible.
that in those Plans, the letters of the different Figures designate the same
parts in all the Plans, as follows:-(a. a.) is the thickness of the iron plate:
(b, b.) is the rib, forming part of the casting of a top plate: (c. c.) is the top
flanch of the rib: (d. d.) is the inner tube or lining of glazed pottery: (e. e.)
is the space between the two tubes filled with non-conducting materials:
(. ) is the india-rubber between the flanches. forming water-tight joints,
and an elastic medium to counteract expansion and contraction.
In witness whereof. I. the said William Richardson, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Twelfth day of August, in the year of our Lord
One Thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven.
Witness,
GEO. CLARK,
64. Trinity Square, Borough.
W. RICHARDSON. (L.S.)