IMPROVEMENTS IN HARROWS
Year: 1862

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Edward Ransome, William Copping, and
Lawson Lansdell, all of Ipswich, in the County of Suffolk, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN HARROWS."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Edward Ransome,
William Copping, and Lawson Lansdell, at the Office of the Com-
missioners of Patents, with their Petition, on the 6th May 1862.
We, JAMES EDWARD RANSOME, WILLIAM COPPING, and LAWSON LANSDELL,
all of Ipswich, in the County of Suffolk, do hereby declare the nature of the
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN HARROWS," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in harrows. Heretofore, in
constructing harrows having rigid frames it has been usual so to make them
that the same fastenings which held the tines or teeth to. the frame also.
secured the parts of the frame the one to the other. Now according to this.
Invention we make the fastenings of the teeth independent of the fastenings
of the frame in the following manner :-The framework is composed of longi-
tudinal and transverse bars either rivetted or bolted together, and the teeth
are attached to the cross bars by means of metal loops or clasps, which pass
round the teeth and are tightened up by means of nuts, cotters, or otherwise.
Between the tine or tooth and the bar, a casting having a groove in it is
interposed to form a suitable bed for the tooth, the casting is prevented shifting.

page_text: on the bar by lugs or otherwise, and it is securely held by the loop or clasp
which embraces the tine or tooth. It is preferred to make the tooth square
in section, and to have formed grooves in the bed casting to correspond
therewith. In place of placing castings on the frame to receive the tines the
cross bars of the frame may be made of malleable cast iron, and suitable
grooves or notches may be produced in them at intervals where the teeth are
required; or the frame may be made of wrought iron, with suitable grooves or
notches, or with some forms of tine or tooth the grooves or notches may be
dispensed with. The advantages of this form of harrow are that any tooth
can be taken out and a newone put in with very little trouble, and quite inde-
pendently of the fastenings of the framework, and also that the full strength
of the tooth is preserved in the mode of attaching it to the cross bar.
This Invention also has for its object the forming barrows in such a manner
that they shall have greater play and freedom in work than the ordinary rigid
frame barrow. With this object each tine or tooth of the harrow is attached
to an axis at a distance in front of it by a bar or lever which is free to turn on
the axis. The axis of the leading tines or teeth of the harrow is immediately
connected with the draught, and the axis of the bars or levers of each
following row of tines or teeth is carried by the rear ends of the bars or
levers of the row immediately in advance. Or the teeth of each row, with
the corresponding bars may be formed together as a rigid frame, and the
successive frames forming a harrow may be jointed together in the manner
already described. The harrow may, as is practised with harrows of the
ordinary construction, be drawn either end foremost. Thus it will be seen
that the rows of tines or teeth are not rigidly connected with each other, and
consequently the barrow is able to adapt itself to uneven or rough land, and
it is very little liable to clogging owing to the parts not being rigidly con-
nected.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filėd
by the said James Edward Ransome, William Copping, and Lawson 3
Lansdell, in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 5th November 1862.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, JAMES
EDWARD RANSOME, WILLIAM COPPING, and LAWSON LANSDELL, all of Ipswich,
in the County of Suffolk, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters 3
Patent, bearing date the Sixth day of May, in the year of our Lord One

page_text: thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, in the twenty-fifth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the said
James Edward Ransome, William Copping, and Lawson Lansdell, Her
special licence that we, the said James Edward Ransome, William Copping,
and Lawson Lansdell, our exccutors, administrators, and assigns, or such
others as we, the said James Edward Ransome, William Copping, and
Lawson Lansdell, our executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN HARROWS," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said James
Edward Ransome, William Copping, and Lawson Lansdell, our executors, or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under our or their hands and seals,
or under the hand and seal of one of us, or them, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office, within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of
the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said James Edward Ransome, William
Copping, and Lawson Lansdell, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, that
is to say:
This Invention has for its object improvements in harrows. Heretofore, in
constructing harrows having rigid frames it has been usual so to make them
that the same fastenings which held the tines or teeth to the frame also
secured the parts of the frame the one to the other. Now according to this
Invention we make the fastenings of the teeth independent of the fastenings
of the frame in the following manner :-The framework is composed of longi-
tudinal and transverse bars either rivetted or bolted together, and the teeth
are attached to the cross bars by means of metal loops or clasps, which pass
round the teeth and are tightened up by means of nuts, cotters, or otherwise.
Between the tine or tooth and the bar a casting having a groove in it is
interposed to form a suitable bed for the tooth, the casting is prevented shifting
on the bar by lugs or otherwise, and it is securely held by the loop or clasp
which embraces the tine or tooth. It is preferred to make the tooth square
in section, and to have V-formed grooves in the bed casting to correspond
therewith. In place of placing castings on the frame to receive the tines the

page_text: cross bars of the frame may be made of malleable cast iron, and suitable
grooves or notches may be produced in them at intervals where the teeth are
required; or the frame may be made of wrought iron with suitable grooves or
notches, or with some forms of tine or tooth the grooves or notches may bo
dispensed with. The advantages of this form of harrow are that tooth
can be taken out and a new one put in with very little trouble, and quite
independently of the fastenings of the framework, and also that the full
strength of the tooth is preserved in the mode of attaching it to the cross bar.
any
This Invention has also for its object the forming harrows in such a manner
that they shall have greater play and freedom in work than the ordinary rigid
frame harrow. With this object each tine or tooth of the harrow is attached
to an axis at a distance in front of it by a bar or lever which is free to turn on
the axis. The axis of the leading tines or teeth of the harrow is immediately con-
nected with the draught, and the axis of the bars or levers of each following row
of tines or teeth is carried by the rear ends of the bars or levers of the row
immediately in advance. Or the teeth of each row, with the corresponding
bars or levers, may be formed together as a rigid frame, and the successive
frames forming a harrow may be jointed together in the manner already
described. The barrow may, as is practised with barrows of the ordinary
construction, be drawn either end foremost. Thus it will be seen that the
rows of tines or teeth are not rigidly connected with cach other, and con-
sequently the harrow is able to adapt itself to uneven or rough land, and
it is very little liable to clogging, owing to the parts not being rigidly con-
nected.
Sheet I. of the accompanying Drawings shews several modes of carrying
out the first part of our Invention, the same parts being marked with the
same letters in all the Figures. Figure 1 is a plan, and Figure 2 is a side
elevation of a gang of harrows. a, a, are the longitudinal bars; b, b, are the
transverse bars; c, c, are the tines or teeth; d, d, are the metal beds for the
teeth; e, e, are the loops or clasps, having in this case cotters f. f, for fastening
ap. Figures 3, 4, 5, and 6, shew parts of Figures 1 and 2 enlarged. is a
notch in the tooth into which a projection on the metal bed catches for the
purpose of preventing the tooth from sliding up or down; although only one
notch is seen in the Figure it is obvious that by making several, the teeth
may be made to project any required distance below the frame or transverse
bars b. Figures 7, 8, and 9, shew a modification in which the transverse
bar is made of malleable cast iron, and has notches to receive the time or
tooth, which is held in its position by the loop e passing through the bar b,
and tightened up by the nut h. Figure 10 shews a similar arrangement with

page_text: cotter fastenings instead of a screw and nut. The loop e, instead of passing
through the bar b, may be made to embrace it, the fastening being effected
either by a cotter as in Figures 11, 12, and 13, or by a screw i as in Figure
14. Figures 15, 16, and 17, shew a similar arrangement of the fastening,
but with the bar 6 of wrought iron as in Figures 1 and 2; in this case the
metal bed d to receive the tooth lies between the jaws of the loop e.
Sheet II. of the accompanying Drawings shews two modes of carrying out
the second part of our Invention. Figure 1 is a plan, and Figure 2 is a side
elevation of a gang of harrows. a, a, are the axes upon which the bars-or
levers b, b, are mounted and have free motion; c, c, are metal clips having
two jaws or notches, one of which receives the front end of a bar or lever, and
the other the rear end of a bar of the preceding row of bars. Between the two
jaws or notches in the clip c there is a space left for the loops d, d, which
serve to hold the clips c in their proper position on the axis a, a, and prevent
any lateral motion, while the ends of the bars or levers b, b, are free to movo
in the jaws or notches. The loops d, d, are tightened by the nuts e, e.
Figures 3 and 4 shew a portion of Figures 1 and 2 enlarged, the same parts
being marked with the same letters. The tines or teeth f. f. in this arrange-
ment are shewn formed in one piece with the bars or levers b, b, which mode
offers some facilities in the manufacture, but they may be welded or otherwise
attached to the bars at any point between two adjacent axes instead of at one
end of the bars as here shewn. The bars b, b, of the front row of tines or
teeth are also, in the barrows shewn in Figures 1 and 2, made with hooks by
which the harrow is to be connected with the draught, but in place of this
arrangement these bars may, if preferred, be mounted on an axis which is
connected to the draught as above described.
medification in which the bars or levers b, b, are
and have sockets to receive the tines or teeth f.
Figures 5 and 6 shew a
made of malleable cast iron
The interior of the sockets
has a slight projection which fits into corresponding notches in the tines
or teeth.
holds the tines or teeth firmly in the
A properly shaped wedge
required position.
Having now described the nature of our Invention and the manner of
carrying the same into effect, we wish it to be understood that we do not limit
ourselves to the precise details herein described and illustrated, as the same
may be varied without departing from the nature of our Invention; but we
claim as our Invention,―
Firstly, constructing harrows in such manner that the framework is com-
posed of longitudinal and transverse bars rivetted or bolted together, and
fixing the tines or teeth thereto by any of the methods above described, or

page_text: otherwise, so that the fastenings of the teeth are independant of the fastenings
of the framework.
Secondly, constructing harrows so that each tine or tooth of the harrow is
attached to a bar or lever which is free to turn on an axis. And also forming
the teeth of each row with the corresponding bars or levers together as a
rigid frame, and jointing the successive frames forming a harrow together, in
the manner already described.
In witness whereof, we, the said James Edward Ransome, William
Copping, and Lawson Lansdell have hereunto set our hands and seals,
this Twenty-ninth day of October, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-two.
Witness,
ARTHUR THO. COLE,
of Ipswich,
Accountant.
JAMES EDWARD RANSOME. (L.S.)
WILLIAM COPPING.
LAWSON LANSDELL.
(L.S.)
(L.S.)