IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC LAMPS, AND THE MANUFACTURE THEREOF
Year: 1881

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Edward Griffith Brewer, of 33, Chancery Lane, in the
County of Middlesex, for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC
LAMPS, AND THE MANUFACTURE THEREOF." A communication from abroad
by Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in the State of New Jersey, United
States of America.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Edward Griffith Brower at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 27th September 1881.
EDWARD GRIFFITH BREWER, of 33, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC LAMPS, AND THE MANUFACTURE THEREOF." (A coin-
munication from abroad by Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in the State of
New Jersey, United States of America.)
The object of a portion of this Invention is to furnish a simpler and cheaper
method of providing the neck of incandescing electric lamps with the collar
necessary for attaching the lamp to the supporting socket, and making the proper
connections therein with the wire conductors, and also to produce a neater and
better collar, including a method of connecting the wires of the lamp with the
metal rings of the collar, so as to hide the wire ends from sight.
This is accomplished by dropping the metal rings of the collar into a suitable
mould, wires being first soldered to the inner surfaces of such rings, which are
arranged to project upwardly on opposite sides of the mould.
The wires of the lamp are bent up on opposite sides of the neck of the same, and
the lamp is dropped into the centre of the mould, and held upright therein by a
spring holder, which is adjusted down upon the same. The wire ends of the lamp
and collar rings are twisted together, and turned down into the mould when such
mould is filled with plaster of Paris, which is allowed to barden.
The lamp is then removed from the mould, and the plaster of Paris may be
coloured to improve the appearance of the collar.
Another part of this Invention relates to lamps in which the glass wire support
is held in a tapering soft rubber stopper forced in the neck of the globe, the object
•

page_text: being to produce a simple lamp of this construction in which the wire support
cannot be forced by atmospheric pressure through the stopper into the globe, and
the rubber stopper will be removed far enough from the light, so that it will not
be affected by heat conducted therefrom by the glass globe, and no mercury seal
will be required to produce an airtight joint.
A lamp of this construction is adapted to be taken apart when the carbon is
destroyed, and all the parts except the carbon filament again utilized.
The globe is constructed with a long neck, the lower end of which has a slight
outward taper or flare.
The glass wire-support is made tubular in form, and of sufficient length to bring
the carbon in the centre of the globe. This tubular wire-support has its lower end
enlarged or provided with a head or knob, which rests against the rubber stopper
and prevents the forcing of the wire support into the globe by atmospheric
pressure.
The stopper is moulded of pure or nearly pure rubber in a polished mould, and
has a taper corresponding to that of the neck of the globe.
The stopper has a central opening, in which the glass wire-support fits closely.
The stopper carrying the wire-support is forced into the tapering neck, and the
globe is then exhausted and sealed.
The atmospheric pressure has a tendency to force the rubber stopper into the
_globe,-and_this_pressure,_on_account_of_the taper of stopper and neck, serves to
make the stopper close tight around the wire-support, and also to hug close to the
surface of the globe neck. When the carbon is destroyed-air-is-admitted-to-the-
lamp, preferably by breaking off the scaling projection, and the stopper is then
drawn out of the neck of the globe, carrying the wire-support with it.
A now carbon filament is attached to the leading in wires; the globe has a glass
tube fused to its upper end over the perforation made by breaking off the sealing
projection, and the wire support and stopper again inserted in the globe when the
globe is exhausted and sealed.
The neck of the globe is of such length that the heat conducted downwardly by
the glass is mostly diffused into the air, and the glass in contact with the rubber
is not heated sufficiently to affect the joint between the rubber and glass.
Another manner of constructing an incandoscing electric lamp so that it can be
taken apart when the carbon is destroyed, and the principal parts again utilized,
is as follows :—
The lower end or neck of the glass bulb or globe is provided with a ring of
platinum, which is sealed into the glass of the globe, and is soldered to another
platinum ring sealed into the glass of the wire support.
After the platinum rings are soldered together the globe is exhausted and sealed.
When the carbon is broken the platinum rings can be separated by melting the
solder by heat or heating it away with acid, and the parts can be used over again,
it being only necessary to supply a new carbon filament to solder the platinum
rings together again, and to re-exhaust and re-seal the globe.
For this last purpose the globe will be heated at the top, and will be perforated,
and provided with a glass tube for making connection with a suitable exhausting
apparatus.
The object of another part of this Invention is to produce a simple and economical
method of uniting the carbon filament of an incandescing electric lamp with tho
leading in wires of the same.
This is accomplished by first attaching short copper wires to the ends of the
carbon filament mechanically, then uniting the wires and carbon filament per-
manently by electro plating the joints, and then fusing or soldering these short
wires to the leading in wires which have been previously sealed in the glass wire-
support of the lamp.
The short copper wires may be connected directly to the platinum wires that are
sealed in the glass, or with intermediate sections of copper wire.
For carrying out this method an electro plating cell is used, into which the ends

page_text: of the carbon and the short copper wires mechanically attached thereto are hung,
the carbon loop being supported by a metal arm, to which the negative pole of the
battery is connected. This arm may be adjustable vertically, so that the carbon
can be set the right depth in the solution.
The wires below the joint may be covered with varnish, wax, or other substance
preventing deposition thereon.
The leading in wires sealed in the glass wire-support, and these short copper
wires, are brought together in the flame of a blow pipe and fused, the glass wire-
support and the carbon filament being held by suitablo supports.
The glass wire-support is then connected with the globe or bulb, and the same
exhausted and sealed.
It is desirable for some purposes or locations to provide a shorter lamp, and one
of simpler and cheaper construction than the incandescing lamp usually made.
This is accomplished by sealing the leading in wires which support the carbon
directly in the lower end of the bulb, thus making the glass portion of the lamp
in one piece instead of in two pieces fused together, as heretofore practised.
The glass bulb is blown from a tube or directly from the pot or molten glass, in
which operation the bulb is increased somewhat in thickness at its neck or lower
end. The carbon is secured to the leading in wires by means of clamps, plating, or
Boldering.
The carbon is introduced into the lower end of the bulb, and the carbon and
wires are held in the right position by means of a proper clamping tool.
The lower end of the bulb is then heated to the point of fusion when it is com-
pressed upon the wires, closing tightly each lower end and securing the wires
therein. The bulb is then exhausted from its other end and there sealed. By
setting the bulb into a suitable socket and making the proper connections of the
leading in wires with the metal rings of the socket the lamp is completed ready
for use.
Another part of the Invention relates to an improved manner of attaching
incandescing electric lamps or lamp chandeliers to the conducting wires, so that the
lamps or chandeliers can be removed and replaced instantly, and without the
necessity of removing or loosening any fastenings, and also to provide means for
applying this connection to incandescing electric lamps used in mines, so that the
sparks produced by connecting and disconnecting the lamps cannot possibly ignite
the gases of the mine.
The first object is accomplished by providing tho conducting wires and the
leading in wires of a downwardly hanging lamp or chandelier with open hooks, or
hooks and eyes, which can be disengaged by simply raising the lamp or
chandelier.
The lamp is provided with a suitable weight (as, for instance, a lead ring
dropped over its neck) for making a good electrical connection of the hooks or
hooks and eyes by reason of the weight, and the chandelier is also provided with
a weight if its own weight is not sufficient for this purpose.
For use in mines the lamp is hung in a water vessel with one or more glass
sides, or in a glass jar, and the hooks or hooks and eyes of the conducting and
leading in wires are submerged in the water. The sparks caused by the making
and breaking of the connection being under the water cannot ignite the inflam-
mable gases of the mine. The submerged wires are coated with an insulating
compound impervious to water, such as rubber, so that only the points at which
contact is made are exposed to the water.
The water used for this purpose being preferably distilled the escape of electricity
across between the connections will be inconsiderable.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Edward Griffith Brewer in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
27th March 1882.
EDWARD GRIFFITH BREWER, of 33, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC LAMPS, AND THE MANUFACTURE THEREOF."
A com-
munication from abroad by Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in the State of
New Jersey, United States of America.
The object of a portion of this Invention is to furnish a simpler and cheaper
method of providing the neck of incandescing electric lamps with the collar
necessary for attaching the lamp to the supporting socket, and making the proper
connections therein with the wire conductors, and also to produce a neater and
better collar, including a method of connecting the wires of the lamp with the
metal rings of the collar, so as to hide the wire ends from sight.
This is accomplished by dropping the metal rings of the collar into a suitable
mould, wires being-first-soldered-to-the-inner_surface of such rings, which are
arranged-to-project upwardly on opposite sides of the mould. The wires of the
lamp are bent up on opposite sides of the neck of the same,-and-the-lamp.is.
dropped into the centre of the mould, and held upright therein by a spring holder,
which is adjusted down upon the same. The wire ends of the lamp and collar
rings are twisted together and turned down into the mould, when such mould is
filled with plaster of Paris, which is allowed to harden.
The lamp is then removed from the mould and the plaster-of-Paris may be
colored to improve the appearance of the collar.
In the Drawings
Figure 1 is a vertical section of the mould showing the collar rings therein, and
the lamp in position with the wire ends together, and
Figure 2 an elevation of the lamp complete, the lower end of the same being in
partial section.
A is the globe or bulb of the lamp, B the wire support, C the carbon filament,
and a, b, the leading-in-wires.
A cork c is forced into the lower tubular end of the wire support B, to separate
the wires a, b, after which said wires are bent up on opposite sides of the neck, as
shown in Figure 1.
D is the mould which is of the proper shape to produce the collar. The metal
screw ring d of the collar, provided with wire g, fits the lower portion of such
mould, while the plain beveled ring f, carrying wire e, is supported above the screw-
ring by a beveled seat in the mould. E is the spring holder which is a ljustable
vertically, and after the lamp is set into the mould is dropped upon the same and
fixed in position so as to hold the lamp steady.
The ends of the wires a, g and b, e, are now twisted together and turned down
into the mould, so as to be entirely covered by the plaster-of-Paris.
The plaster-of-Paris h (Figure 2) is then poured into the mould and forms the
body of the collar, the metal rings surrounding the plaster-of-Paris body. After
the plaster-of-Paris has hardened, the spring holder E is raised, and the lamp is
removed from the mould, when tho plaster-of-Paris may be colored if desired.
It is evident that these moulds and spring holders can be multiplied to any
desired extent, and arranged in series side by side. It is also obvious that any
other cement may be used, such as glycerine and litharge, instead of the plaster-
of-Paris.
Another part of this Invention relates to lamps in which the glass wire-support
is held in a tapering soft rubber stopper forced in the neck of the globe, the object

page_text: being to produce a simple lamp of this construction in which the wire-support
cannot be forced by atmospheric pressure through the stopper into the globe, and
the rubber stopper will be removed far enough from the light so that it will not be
affected by heat conducted therefrom by the glass globe, and no morcury seal will
be required to produce an air-tight joint.
A lap of this construction is adapted to be taken apart when the carbon is
destroyed, and all the parts except the carbon filament again utilized.
This globe is constructed with a long neck, the lower end of which has a slight
outward taper or flare.
The glass wire support is made tubular in form and of sufficient length to bring
the carbon in the center of the globe. This tubular wire support has its lower end
enlarged or provided with a head or knob which rests against the rubber stopper
and prevents the forcing of the wire support into the globe by atmospheric
pressure.
The stopper is molded of pure or nearly pure rubber in a polished mould, and
has a taper corresponding to that of the neck of the globe.
Tho stopper has a central opening in which the glass wire support fits closely.
The stopper carrying the wire support is forced into the tapering neck, and tho
globe is then exhausted and sealed.
The atmospheric pressure has a tendency to force the rubber stopper into the
globe, and this pressure, on account of the taper of stopper and neck serves to
make the stopper close tight around the wire support, and also to hug close to the
surface of the globe neck. When. the carbon is destroyed, air is admitted to the
lamp, preferably by breaking off the sealing projection, and the stopper is then
drawn out of the neck of the globe, carrying the wire support with it.
A new carbon filament is attachod to the leading-in-wires; the globe has a glass
tubo fused to its upper end over the perforation, made by breaking off the sealing
projection, and the wire support and stoppor again inserted in the globe, when the
globe is exhausted and sealed.
The neck of the globe is of such length that the heat conducted downwardly by
the glass is mostly diffused into the air, and the glass in contact with the rubber is
not heated sufficiently to affect the joint between the rubber and glass.
Figure 3 of the Drawings is an elevation partly in section of an incandescing
electric lamp constructed in the above manner.
A is the glass globe which is extended at A' to form a long neck, the lower end
of which has an outward taper or flare; B is the long tubular glass wire support
provided with the enlargement or knob c on its lower end; C is the tapering
rubber stopper; D is the carbon filament, and a, b, the leading-in-wires.
Another manner of constructing an incandescing electric lamp so that it can be
taken apart when the carbon is destroyed and the principal parts again utilized is
as follows:
The lower end or neck of the glass bulb or globe is provided with a ring of
platinum which is sealed into the glass of the globe, and is soldered to another
platinum ring sealed into the glass of the wire support.
After the platinum rings are soldered together the globe is exhausted and sealed.
When the carbon is broken the platinum rings can be separated by melting the
solder by beat, or eating it away with acid, and the parts can be used over again,
it being only necessary to supply a new carbon filament to solder the platinum
rings together again, and to re-exhaust and reseal the globe. For this last purpose
the globe will be heated at the top, and will be perforated and provided with a
glass tube for making connection with a suitable exhausing apparatus.
This is illustrated in Figures 4 and 5 of the Drawings.
Figure 4 is a view of the lamp completed; and Figure 5, a vertical section of
the two parts of the lamp before the platinum rings are soldered together.
A is the glass globe; B, the glass wire support; C, the carbon filament; and a, b,
the leading-in-wires. D is a platinum ring sealed to the glass at the lower end of
the neck of the globe; and E is another platinum ring which is dropped over the

page_text: upper end of the glass wire support, and sealed to the glass of the enlarged portion
of the wire support.
One of these rings is preferably smaller than the other, so that they fit closely
one over the other. These platinum rings are soldered together before the lamp is
exhausted. To separate the two glass portions of the lamp the solder can be
melted or caten away by acid.
The object of another part of this Invention is to produce a simple and
economical method of uniting the carbon filament of an incandescing electric lamp
with the leading-in-wires of the same.
This is accomplished by first attaching short copper wires to the ends of the
carbon filament mechanically, then uniting the wires and carbon filament per-
manently by electro-plating the joints, and then fusing or soldering these short
wires to the leading-in-wires which have been previously sealed in the glass wire
support of the lamp.
The short copper wires may be connected directly to the platinum wires that are
sealed in the glass, or with intermediate sections of copper wire.
For carrying out this method an electro-plating cell is used, into which the ends
of the carbon and the short copper wires mechanically attached thereto are hung,
the carbon loop being supported by a metal arm to which the negative pole of the
battery is connected. This arm may be adjustable vertically so that the carbon
Preventing deposition MCCOM
The leading-in-wires sealed in the glass wire support, and these short copper
wires are brought together in the flame of a blow pipe and fused, the glass wire
support and the carbon filament being held by suitable supports.
The glass wire support is then connected with the globe or bulb, and the same
exhausted and sealed.
This part of the Invention is illustrated in Figures 6 and 7 of the Drawings.
Figure 6 shows the arrangement for electro-plating the mechanically formed
joints of the carbon filament and short copper wires; and Figure 7, the arrange-
ment for fusing the wire ends together.
A is the carbon filament which has the short copper wires a, b, secured to its
ends mechanically; this may be accomplished in several ways, but it is preferred to
flatten the ends of the wires and wrap them around the carbon ends. B is the
electro-plating cell, above which is the arm c vertically adjustable on standard d.
The carbon is hung over this arm into the solution of the cell, the negative pole
of the battery C being connected with this arm, while the positive pole leads to
the electrode e forming the anode of the cell.
D is the glass wire-support of the lamp; and f, g, are the leading-in-wires. The
platinum sections of these leading-in-wires are sealed in the top of the glass
support. E is a stand for holding the wire support D in a horizontal position;
and F is another stand for supporting the carbon filament so that the short copper
wires a, b, united with said carbon filament by electro-plated joints can be brought
together with the leading-in-wires f, g, in the flame of the blow-pipe G.
It is desirable for some purposes or locations to provide a shorter lamp, and one
of simpler and cheaper construction than the incandescing lamp usually made by
the communicator. This is accomplished by sealing the leading-in-wires which
support the carbon directly in the lower end of the bulb, thus making the glass
portion of the lamp in one piece instead of two pieces fused together as heretofore
practiced by the communicator. The glass bulb is blown from a tube, or directly
from the pot or molten glass, in which operation the bulb is increased somewhat in
thickness at its neck or lower end. The carbon is secured to the leading in wires
by means of clamps, plating, or soldering. The carbon is introduced into the lower
end of the bulb, and the carbon and wires are held in the right position by means
of a proper clamping tool.

page_text: The lower end of the bulb is then heated to the point of fusion when it is com-
pressed upon the wires closing tightly such lower end and securing the wires therein.
The bulb is then exhausted from its other end and there sealed. By setting the
bulb into a suitable socket and making the proper connections of the leading-in-
wires with the metal rings of the socket the lamp is completed ready for use.
This is illustrated in Figures 8, 9, 10, and 11 of the Drawings, of which Figure 8
is an elevation of the carbon and leading-in-wires secured together, such wires
being held by the clamping tool which is used for introducing the carbon and wires
into the bulb; Figure 9, an elevation of the bulb, the carbon, the wires, and the
clamping tool, such carbon and wires being shown as introduced into the bulb
previous to heating and compressing the same at its lower end; Figure 10, an
elevation of the lamp complete with the exception of the socket; Figure 11, a
similar view when the lamps is turned one quarter way round.
A is the glass bulb, which is somewhat shorter than those. before made by the
communicator, and has the walls of its lower open end made thicker than the body
of the bulb, as shown at a. The upper end of the bulb is provided with a small
tube b through which the bulb is exhausted.
B is the incandescing carbon made of any suitable material; and c, d, are tho
leading in wires of the lamp. The carbon is secured to the leading-in-wires by
means of clamps, or by plating, or soldering.
The carbon and wires are introduced into the bulb A, and held properly therein
by the clamping tool shown in Figures 8 and 9, or by any other suitable device.
This tool has a handle C and spring jaws D, D', which spring apart normally and
are forced together by a milled nute working on the screw-threaded shanks of such
spring jaws. The leading in wires are grasped by this tool and the carbon and
wires held in the bulb thereby. The lower end of the bulb is then heated to the
point of fusion and is compressed upon the wires, as shown at ƒ in Figures 10
and 11. The lamp is then exhausted and sealed, as will be well understood, and is
ready to receive a proper socket.
The bulb is compressed upon the leading-in-wires for a sufficient distanco
at its lower end to form a good support for the wires, which in turn support the
carbon.
Another part of the Invention relates to an improved manner of attaching
incandescing electric lamps or lamp chandeliers to the conducting wires, so that
the lamps or chandeliers can be removed and replaced instantly and without the
necessity of removing or loosening any fastenings, and also to provide means for
applying this connection to incandescing electric lamps used in mines, so that the
sparks produced by connecting and disconnecting the lamps cannot possibly ignite
the gases of the mine.
The first object is accomplished by providing the conducting wires and the
leading-in-wires of a downwardly hanging lamp or chandelier with open hooks or
hooks and eyes, which can be disengaged by simply raising the lamp or chandelier.
The lamp is provided with a suitable weight (as, for instance, a lead ring dropped
over its neck) for making a good clectrical connection of the hooks or hooks and
eyes by reason of the weight, and the chandelier is also provided with a weight if
its own weight is not sufficient for this purpose.
For use in mines the lamp is hung in a water vessel with one or more glass sides
or in a glass jar, and the hooks or hooks and eyes of the conducting and leading-
in-wires are submerged in the water. The sparks caused by the making and
breaking of the connection being under the water cannot ignite the inflammable
gases of the mine. The submerged wires are coated with an insulating compound
impervious to water, such as rubber, so that only the points at which contact is
made are exposed to the water. The water used for this purpose being preferably
distilled, the escape of electricity across between the connections will bo
inconsiderable.
•
This part of the Invention is illustrated in Figures 12, 13, and 14 of the
Drawings. Figure 12 represents a. single lamp having the improved connection;

page_text: Figure 13, a chandelier with the connection; and Figure 14, a lamp arranged for
use in a mine.
A is an exhausted incandescing electric lamp. The conducting wires are
provided with or formed to make open hooks B, C, with which engage open
hooks D, E, connected with or formed on the leading in wires of a lamp or
chandelier; F is the weight used on the lamp; and G is the extra weight used on
the chandelier if necessary.
By simply raising the lamp or chandelier the connection will be broken and the
lamp or chandelier can be removed.
For mines the lamp is submerged in the pure water of a glass sided vessel or
glass jar H. The wires (except the hooks) being coated with an insulating covering
impervious to water.
It is evident that the same object could be accomplished by substituting eyes for
one set of open hooks.
What is claimed is,―
First. In an incandescent electric lamp the collar moulded upon the neck of the
lamp, to which is secured the two electrodes of the lamp.
Second. In an incandescing electric lamp the collar having metal rings in
different horizontal planes, said collar being moulded upon the neck of the lamp
and into said rings at the same time, substantially as set forth.
Third. An incandescing electrio-lamp-having-a-moulded-collar-provided-with-
-metal-rings,-the-wires-of-the-lamp_being_secured_together_and
moulded collar, substantially as set forth.
imbedded in the
Fourth. The mould having seats for the collar rings in combination with a holder
for retaining the lamp in its proper position in the mould, substantially as and for
the purpose set forth.
Fifth. In an incandescing electric lamp the tubular wire support having the knob
or enlargement on its lower end in combination with the perforated stopper and
the globe, substantially as set forth.
Sixth. In an incandescing electric lamp the globe having a long neck with
tapering end in combination with the tapering rubber stopper and the long
tubular glass wire-support having an enlarged lower end, substantially as set
forth.
Seventh. In an incandescing electric lamp the globe and wire support provided
with metal rings sealed thereto which are soldered together before the globe is 1
exhausted, substantially as set forth.
Eighth. In an incandescing electric lamp the globe provided with platinum
ring D (Figures 4 and 5) sealed to its lower end in combination with the glass
wire support B having the platinum ring E sealed thereto, such rings fitting one
iuside of the other and being soldered together before the globe is exhausted,
substantially as set forth.
Ninth. The method of uniting the carbon filament and the leading-in-wires of
an incandescing electric lamp, consisting in first attaching short wires to the ends
of the carbon filament, and then securing such short wires to the leading in wires
of the lamp, substantially as set forth.
Tenth. The method of uniting the carbon filament and leading-in-wires of an
incandescent electric lamp, consisting in first attaching short wires mechanically to
the carbon filament, then electro-plating such joints, and then fusing or soldering
these short wires to the leading in wires of the lamp, substantially as set forth.
Eleventh. An incandescing electric lamp having the leading-in-wires sealed
directly in the lower end of the exhausted glass bulb, substantially as set forth.
Twelfth. In an incandescing electric lamp the exhausted glass bulb compressed
or melted upon the leading in wires at its lower end for securing the same directly
therein, substantially as described.
Thirteenth. In an incandescing electric lamp the glass bulb A (Figure 9) having
open lower end with enlarged walls a in combination with the leading in wires

page_text: secured directly in the lower end of said bulb by the compression of the walls a
thereon, substantially as described.
Fourteenth. An incandescing electric lamp or lamp chandelier, the leading in
wires of which are connected removably with the conducting wires by hooks or
hooks and eyes, substantially as set forth.
Fifteenth. An incandescing electric lamp or lamp chandelier, the leading-in-
wires of which are connected removably with the conducting wires by hooks or
hooks and eyes, such lamp or chandelier being provided with an extra weight to
produce good contact, substantially as set forth.
Sixteenth. An incandescing electric lamp, the leading in-wires of which are
connected removably with the conducting wires, the connections being submerged
in water, substantially as set forth.
Seventeenth. An incandescing electric lamp, the leading in wires of which are
connected by hooks or hooks and eyes with the conducting wires, such hooks or
hooks and eyes being submerged in water, and the wires being insulated except
at the points of contact with a coating impervious to water, substantially as set
forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Edward Griffith Brewer, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Twenty fifth day of March, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and eighty two.