Year: 1899

page_text: Date of Application (in United Kingdom), 14th Oct., 1899
Complete Specification Left, 13th July, 1900-Accepted, 13th Oct., 1900
We, LA SOCIÉTÉ ANONYME DE COMMENTRY-FOURCHAMBAULT, of 16, Place Ven-
dome, Paris, in the Republic of France, do hereby declare the nature of this
invention to be as follows:.
It has been found impossible to establish a perfectly firm and stable connection
between the elements of a body or assemblage the constituent parts of which con-
sist of glass and metal, except when this metal is platinum. The cause of this
is that iron, nickel, copper, brass and other metals or ordinary alloys have coeffi-
cients of expansion which are far higher than that of glass. It results from this
that when one of these metals is fitted into glass or when glass is fitted into one
of these metals, the glass is fractured owing to the excess of elongation or con-
traction of the metal, under the influence of heating or cooling.
It has been ascertained that the alloys of iron and nickel expand or contract
under the influence of heat in accordance with laws peculiar to such alloys and
which are, generally speaking very different from those which regulate the
expansion and contraction of iron or of nickel.
Numerous experiments have demonstrated the fact that by causing the pro-
portions of nickel and iron to vary, products are obtained the coefficients of
expansion of which vary in considerable proportions.
When the constituent proportion of nickel is less than 20% say, the coefficient
of expansion is between that of iron and that of nickel; but this coefficient of
expansion increases when the proportion of nickel is increased, until it becomes
approximately that of brass with proportions of 22 to 24% of nickel. The coeffi-
cient of expansion is then raised to a maximum; it then decreases progressively
when the proportion of nickel is still further increased and it is approximately
nil when this proportion reaches about 37%. Beyond this proportion, the coeffi-
cient of expansion again increases, becoming practically equal to that of platinum
when the proportion of nickel reaches 45%.
It results from these facts that the coefficient of expansion of alloys of iron
and nickel varies through a maximum then through a minimum which is zero,
or approximately zero, this minimum being obtained by associating with the
iron about 37% of nickel.
We have endeavoured to profit by these peculiar properties of alloys of iron
and nickel in order to obtain an alloy capable of replacing platinum, at least

page_text: from the point of view of its expansion, that is to say an alloy which shall have
the same coefficient of expansion as glass. In this we have succeeded and as a
result of our discovery we are in a position to form assemblages of glass and of
ferro-nickel which are not affected by variations of temperature, such assemblages
being as efficacious as assemblages of glass and platinum or even more so. By
selecting a suitable constituent proportion of nickel we obtain a metal with a coefti-
cient of expansion identical with that of the glass with which it is desired to
combine it.
i
The glasses with which we combine our metals are polybasic silicates of soda
and of lime, or again glasses with a lead base, such as those employed in optics.
As regards the metals, they may be of one or other of the two following groups
indifferently.
The group containing 28-30% of nickel approximately or the group con-
taining 42-46% of nickel approximately, both of which have the same coeffi-
cient of expansion, that of glass.
In the first group, the metal containing 30% of nickel is the less expansible,
and that at 28% the most expansible. The coefficient of expansion increases
when the proportion of nickel diminishes.
In the second group, it is the metal containing the lowest proportion of
nickel (42) which is the least expansible, whilst the metal containing the
highest proportion of nickel (46%) is the most expansible. The coefficient of
expansion increases with the constituent proportion of nickel.
By way of example we will cite especially window and glazing glass generally,
the expansion of which is from to 75 millionths; the most suitable alloys are
those containing from 30 to 29% of nickel, for the first group and from 42 to 43%
for the second group.
With crystal or glass having a lead base, the expansion of which is 9 to 9.5
millionths, the suitable alloys are those of 29 to 28% of nickel, for the first group,
and of 45 to 46% for the second group.
These alloys of ferro-nickel may be prepared either in crucible's or in Martin
furnaces; they contain small proportions of carbon, silicium, manganese, chromium
and so forth, like all steels manufactured in such apparatus. These different
elements have an influence upon the coefficient of expansion, and their propor-
tion is taken into account in the alloying, when the appropriate proportion of
nickel is selected. For the group of alloys of from 26 to 30%, the proportion of
nickel should be higher according as the proportions of the various elements
above mentioned are higher. For the group 42-46%, the proportion of nickel
should be less according as the proportions of the elements above mentioned are
greater.
The invention may be applied to the manufacture of the numberless objects
in which glass is combined with metal. Combinations in which glass and
platinum can be combined are very limited in number, in view of the extremely
high price of platinum. The relatively very low price of nickel steel enables
the use of combinations formed of metal and glass to be much extended. We
will cite among such combinations particularly leaded or framed glass in which
case a metallic frame formed by means of a grating consisting of the improved
alloy, is immersed in the glass in fusion.
Dated this 14th day of October 1899
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London, W.C.,
Agents for the Applicants.

page_text: improvements relating to the Combining of Glass with Nickel Steel.
We, LA SOCIÉTÉ ANONYME DE COMMENTRY-FOURCHAMBAULT, of 16, Place Ven-
dome, Paris, in the Republic of France, do hereby declare the nature of this
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement:―
It has been found impossible to establish a perfectly firm and stable connection
between the elements of a body or assemblage the constituent parts of which con-
sist of glass and metal, except when the metal is platinum. The cause of this
is that iron, nickel, copper, brass and other metals or ordinary alloys have coeffi-
cients of expansion which are far higher than that of glass. It results from this
that when one of these metals is fitted into glass or when glass is fitted into one
of these metals the glass is fractured owing to the excess of elongation or con-
traction of the metal, under the influence of heating or cooling.
It has been ascertained that the alloys of iron and nickel expand or contract
under the influence of heat in accordance with laws peculiar to such alloys and
which are, generally speaking, very different from those which regulate the
expansion and contraction of iron or of nickel.
Numerous experiments have demonstrated the fact that by causing the pro-
portions of nickel and iron to vary, products are obtained the coefficients of
expansion of which vary in considerable proportions.
When the constituent proportion of nickel is less than 20% say, the coefficient
of expansion is between that of iron and that of nickel; but this coefficient of
expansion increases when the proportion of nickel is increased, until it becomes
approximately that of brass with proportions of 22 to 24% of nickel. The coeffi-
cient of expansion is then raised to a maximum; it then decreases progressively
when the proportion of nickel is still further increased and it is approximately
nil when this proportion reaches about 37%. Beyond this proportion, the coefh-
cient of expansion again increases, becoming practically equal to that of platinum
when the proportion of nickel reaches 45%.
It results from these facts that the coefficient of expansion of alloys of iron
and nickel varies through a maximum then through a minimum which is zero,
or approximately zero, this minimum being obtained by associating with the
iron about 37% of nickel.
We have endeavoured to profit by these peculiar properties of alloys of iron
and nickel in order to obtain an alloy capable of replacing platinum, at least
from the point of view of its expansion, that is to say an alloy which shall have
the same coefficient of expansion as glass. In this we have succeeded and as a
result of our discovery we are in a position to form assemblages of glass and of
ferro-nickel which are not affected by variations of temperature, such assemblages
being as efficacious as assemblages of glass and platinum or even more so. By
selecting a suitable constituent proportion of nickel we obtain an alloy, with a
coefficient of expansion identical with that of the glass with which it is desired
to combine it.
The glasses with which we combine our metals are polybasic silicates of soda
and of lime, or again glasses with a lead base, such as those employed in optics.
As regards the metals, they may be of one or other of the two following groups,
The group containing 28-30% of nickel approximately or the group con-
taining 42-48% of nickel approximately, both of which have the same coeffi-
cient of expansion, that of glasses.
In the first group, the metal containing 30% of nickel is the less expansible

page_text: and that at 28% the most expansible. The coefficient of expansion increases
when the proportion of nickel diminishes.
In the second group, it is the metal containing the lowest proportion of
nickel (42%) which is the least expansible, whilst the metal containing the
highest proportion of nickel (48%) is the most expansible. The coefficient of
expansion increases with the constituent proportion of nickel.
By way of example we will cite especially window and glazing glass generally,
the expansion of which is from 7 to 75 millionths; the most suitable alloys are
those containing from 30 to 29% of nickel, for the first group and from 42 to 43%
for the second group.
With crystal or glass having a lead base, the expansion of which is 9 to 9*5
millionths, the suitable alloys are those of 29 to 28% of nickel, for the first group,
and of 45 to 48% for the second group.
For still more expansible glass, the suitable alloys would be those containing
rather less than 28% or more than 48% of nickel.
These alloys of ferro-nickel may be prepared either in crucible's or in Martin
furnaces; they contain small proportions of carbon, silicium, manganese, chromium
and so forth, like all steels manufactured in such apparatus. These different
elements have an influence upon the coefficient of expansion, and their propor-
tion is taken into account in the alloying, when the appropriate proportion of
nickel is selected. For the group of alloys of from 28 to 30%, the proportion of
nickel should be higher according as the proportions of the various elements
above mentioned are higher. For the group 42-48%, the proportion of nickel
should be less according as the proportions of the elements above mentioned are
greater.
The invention may be applied to the manufacture of the numberless objects
in which glass is combined with metal. Combinations in which glass and
platinum can be combined are very limited in number, in view of the extremely
high price of platinum. The relatively very low price of nickel steel enables
the use of combinations formed of metal and glass to be much extended. We
will cite among such combinations particularly glow lamps and leaded or rein-
forced glass, in which case a metallic reinforcement formed by means of a grating
consisting of the improved alloy, is immersed in the glass in fusion.
We may also mention amongst the applications of which the invention is
capable the following objects the mounting of lenses or mirrors for optical
appliances, the frames of looking glasses, various articles constituted by
framework of nickel steel which has been immersed in glass, such as glasses,
pipes, tiles, vessels of all kinds and so forth.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, we declare that what we
claim is
i
The combination of glasses of different compositions with nickel steels con-
taining approximately 28 to 30% of nickel or about 42 to 46% of nickel, such
combinations being capable of undergoing variations of temperature without
fracturing, substantially as described.
T
1 11 111
of T..1.. 1000
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London, W.C.,
Agents for the Applicants.