CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF STEAM CARRIAGES, AND IN THE APPARATUS OR MACHINERY FOR PROPELLING THE SAME, PART OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS IS APPLICABLE TO OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1832

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
HENRY JAMES, of Thavies Inn, in the City of London, Civil Engineer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS His present most Excellent Majesty King William the Fourth,
did, by His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain,. bearing
date at Westminster, the Fifteenth day of August, in the second year of His
reign, whereby His said Majesty did, for Himself, His heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the 'said William Henry James, my exors, adiñors,
and assigns, or such others' a's I, the said William Henry James, my exors,
admors, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time
to time and at all times during the term of years therein expressed, should
and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and
the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF STEAM CARRIAGES, AND IN THE APPARATUS OR MACHINERY
FOR PROPELLING THE SAME, PART OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS IS APPLICABLE TO OTHER
PURPOSES;" in which said Letters Patent there is contained a proviso obliging
me, the said William Henry James, by an instrument in writing under my
hand and seal, particularly to describe and ascertain the nature of the said.
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, and to cause
the same to be inrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said in part recited

page_text: Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more
fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
William Henry James, do hereby declare that the nature of my improvements
in the construction of steam carriages "consists in the general combination
of parts which constitute the machinery thereof as herein-after described,
together with the Drawings or Diagrams hereunto annexed and referred to,
that my apparatus or machinery for. propelling the same," consists of a boiler
or generator of steam of a novel construction, and, likewise of a pump, whose
office is to produce à circulation of the fluid contents of the said boiler or
generator of steam throughout the same; and that part of my improvements
which is stated in the title of my Patent to be " applicable to other purposes,"
relates also to the boiler and its adjuncts, when used for various purposes of
heating and evaporation.
Having thus declared the nature of my improvements, I proceed, in ac-
cordance with the aforesaid proviso, to ascertain and describe in what manner
the same are to be performed, with reference to the Drawings hereunto
annexed.
The Drawing marked Fig. A represents an elevation of the, principal
arrangements of the carriage, in which, however, various parts of the same are
exhibited in section for the better expedition of their construction:
The Drawing marked Fig. B represents a plan of the general arrangement,
and shows a duplicature of many of the parts which are seen singly in Fig. A,
and are distinguished by similar figures of reference. .
As the peculiar construction of the boiler and its appendages will not be so
easily comprehended if first described in connection with the carriage, I
purpose explaining it hereafter with reference to some other diagrams, and
shall here commence by stating, that the product of the boiler is received into
two cylindrical chambers 1, 1, both of which are seen in the plan, and one only
in the elevation Fig. A; from each of these chambers proceeds a branch steam 3
pipe 2, 2, which are united at the back of the chimney (seen in Fig. B), and
discharge themselves into a main steam pipe 3, that passes midway between
the working cylinders 4, 4, of the engine, which are supplied by a'T piece or
cross tube 5, 5, leading to each of the cylinders. As I make no claim of novelty
in this part of the engine and its subordinate mechanism, I have merely to s
observe, that it is of the high-pressure kind. To the two piston rods of this
engine 6, 6, (see plan), are attached connecting rods 7, 7, the motion of which
actuate cranks 8, 8, and give rotation to an axis 9, turning in plummer blocks
10, 10, fixed to metallic supports 11, 11, projecting from the boiler, and

page_text: fastened at their other extremities by knee pieces or straps to a part of the
framing of the carriage. On the axis 9 are permanently fixed three chain
wheels 12, 13, 14, which by their endless chains '15, 16, 17, 'actuate three other
chain wheels 18, 19, 20, on the intermediate shaft 21, which shaft is suspended
from and connected to the crank axis 9 above it by two strong inflexible bars or
slings 22, 22, through loop holes, in the extremities of which the aforesaid
shafts and axis revolve. The three latter chain wheels 18, 19, 20, are of the same
diameter, but the former are of different diameters, and so proportioned to the
latter as to produce by their pairing three different velocities of motion to the
the' chain
carriage as may be required in working the same; for this purpose
wheels 18, 19, 20, are placed loose upon the intermediate shaft, to which, how-
ever, they are fixable, by means of clutch boxes, at the pleasure of the conductor.
of the carriage. These clutch boxes, it will be observed, are ratchet faced, and
consist of two similar corresponding portions, one portion of these (as at 22,
23, and 24), is fixed to the bosses of the wheels, which are loose on their axis,
the other portion (as at 25, 26, 27) slides upon the axis, but turns with it.
To this latter portion is connected a kind of pulley sheave (as at 28, 29, 30,
with sides inclining from its edges towards the middle. In the groove formed
between the sides of this pulley a forked or looped cam, as at 31, 32, 33,
is made to traverse in a right line, but from its crooked form, as seen on the
plan, one of its bends pushes the ratchet out of geer, as shown at 25 and 26,
while the other bend pushes the ratchet into gear, as seen at 27. The
latter is effected by permitting the distension of a coiled spring 34, the former
by the compression of the springs 35 and 36. These operations are performed
by the feet of the conductor acting upon pedals 37, 38, 39, which, by levers
underneath, give motion to rods at 40, 41, 42, passing under his seat. In
the elevation of the carriage Fig. A, a slight variation from the foregoing
arrangement is exhibited, the rods proceeding from the pedal levers being
connected to vertical levers 43, 44, 45, turning upon a fulcrum' at 46, which
levers are connected to the sliding cams; the springs in this case are
The motion and force applied to the geer are
not brought into view.
thus communicated to the running wheels of the carriage, viz:-Upon
the extremities of the suspended intermediate shaft 21 are fixed two other
chain wheels 47 and 48, which, by means of their endless chains 49 and 50,
actuate two larger chain wheels 51 and 52, which are affixed and give motion
The latter wheels 51 and 52 are
to the pair of hind running wheels.
preserved at the required distance from the wheels 47 and 48 by means
of other inflexible bars, one of which is seen at 54 in Fig. A; these
bars are allowed to vibrate by the action of the springs, their extremities

page_text: having circular apertures through which the axes 21 and that of the running
wheels 55 pass.
Having shewn the manner in which the several velocities are communicated
to the carriage, I proceed to explain the mode I adopt for guiding its motions.
This is effected by the conductor giving rotatory motion to two winches 56, 56,
upon the axis of which is fixed a bevilled pinion 57, whose teeth take into
another bevilled pinion 58, turning in a plane at right angles to the first, and
mounted upon an inclined spindle 59, whose lower extremity carries a third
bevilled pinion 60, which actuates a fourth 61, fixed at nearly the middle of a
stout horizontal axis 62, that extends across the frame of the carriage. Upon
this axis are cut two strong screw threads 63, 63, on which are two traversing
nuts 64, 64, that are connected underneath by an horizontal bar 65, from the
centre of which is suspended, by a moveable pin, a perforated block 66; through
this block a lever 67, (which is fastened at right angles to a bar 68, resting
upon and attached to the springs 69, 69, upon the fore axle 70,) slides as the
fore wheels 71, 71, are turned to the right or the left. By this arrangement
it will be perceived that when the winches are turned in either direction by the
conductor, a corresponding motion is produced in the pinion 61, which, being
on the axis 62 of the screws, causes the same to rotate, and the nuts thereon
to traverse to the right or to the left, which carry with them their connecting
bar 65, the perforated block 66, its lever 67, and the bar 68, which bar is con-
nected by curved iron supports 72 to the lower circular friction plate 73. To
the centre of the upper circular plate 74 is fixed a vertical pin, which passes
downwards through the lower circular plate, the bar 68, the fore axle 70, and
the longitudinal trussing rod 75, to which latter it is fastened by a screwed nut.
The body part of the carriage with its machinery rests upon the springs 69, the
free vibration of which is allowed by the central pin before mentioned sliding
through the fore axle, and by the motion of the engine and crank axis being
communicated to the hind running wheels through the medium of endless
chains. As in making turns in the road it is desirable to let that hind
wheel run freely on its axis which is performing the inner track or smallest
curve, and to apply the power of the engine solely to that hind wheel,
which is performing the outer track or larger curve, I effect this object by a
self-acting movement, so that the mere act of steering, as already described,
shall uniformly detach the power from the wheel on the inner track, and cause
the entire application of the power to the other, but when the carriage is
moving in a straight line the power is equally applied to both wheels.
To the inside of the bosses of the wheels 47 and 48 are permanently fixed two-
faced ratchets (of the same description as those described at 22, 23, and 24),

page_text: having corresponding faced ratchets sliding on the axis of the said wheels,
both of which are interlocked with the former by the action of springs,
when the carriage is moving in a right line. To each end of the bar 68
I attach lines or chains 76 and 77, that separately pass around the pullies
78 and 79, turning loose on the extremitics of the axis 62 of the screw;
these lines, after passing over two other pullies 80 and 81, are attached to
vertical rods connected to the upper ends of sliding cams 82 and 83 of the
same description as the before mentioned at 31, 32, and 33, but changed
from an horizontal to a vertical position.
Now, it will be seen that when the carriage is moving in curved lines, as, for
example, that indicated by the dots and arrows at 83 and 84 on the plan, that
that end of the bar 68 to which the line 77 is attached recedes from the pully
79, thereby drawing around it the lines 77, and pulling up the sliding cam 83,
so as to detach the ratchets and permit the chain wheel 48 to run loose upon
its axis, which, consequently, communicates no power by its endless chain to the
hind running wheel of the carriage.
It remains now to notice what takes place on the other side or outer track of
the carriage. There the point of attachment on the bar 68 approaches the
pulley 78, and by reason of the flexibility of the line or chain it hangs
loose and produces no effect whatever upon the sliding cam 82; consequently
the ratchets remain interlocked, and the chain wheel 47 receives all the power
of the engine, which is communicated to the outer running wheel. When a
curve is made in an opposite direction, it is obvious that a similar effect will
on the inner curve, and
result, but on the contrary side, the action being always
the inaction on the outer curve; but when the carriage is proceeding in right
lines there is no action produced by the conductor on the ratchets which inter-
lock by the elastic reaction of the springs. To enable the conductor to stop the
carriage at pleasure, he is provided on the left side of his seat with a handle
and lever 85, which communicates motion to a rod 86, attached to a lever 87,
on a stopcock 88, placed in the main steam pipe 3. The same rod 86 is con-
tinued to the back of the carriage, and terminates with a handle at 89, to enable
the engineer, whose seat is at 90, to have also the power of letting on or shutting
off the steam from the engines as may be required. To reduce the momentum
of the carriage a brake is also provided, which is operated upon by the foot of
the conductor; for this purpose the circumference of the wheels 47 and 48 are
laterally extended, around which are placed friction bands 91, 91; one end of
each of these bands is made fast to the fulcrum pins 92, 92, of the double lever 93,
which project frem bosses on the arched supports 94, 94; the other ends of the
bands are fastened to the extremities of the double lever, the power end of which is

page_text: mounted with a flat bar crossing the floor of the conductor's seat, being operated
upon by the foot, as sketched in Fig. A, causes the friction- bands to embrace
forcibly the friction wheels in connection thereto, and to retard or destroy the
momentum of the vehicle. Upon the foot of the conductor being removed
from the lever the reaction of a spring underneath causes the brake to reassume
its slackened state. Under the conductor's seat is a blowing machine for pro-
moting intense combustion of the fuel contained within the boiler; it is divided
into three compartments, those two marked 100, 101, are separated by a
moveable wooden partition containing a passage 102 for the entrance of the
air, and provided with two valves 103 and 104, shown by dots, which open
inwards, and admit the air alternately into each chamber as they are expanded,
from whence the air is discharged alternately by the contracting of the
chambers, the contents of 101 being impelled through a valye at 105 into the
third compartment or reservoir 106, and the contents of 100 is driven along
the bent tube 107 through a valve 108, also into the said reservoir; the charge
contained in the latter is forced out in a continuous stream by the reaction of
a compressed spring 109, along a large copper tube 110, into an air box and
tuyere holes at 111, into the fuel chamber of the boiler. This blowing
machine is actuated by the engine through the medium of cranks 112, 112,
on the ends of the axis, and are connected to rods 113, 113, whose other
extremities are swivelled on to a tubular slide 114, which is fixed to the move-
able partition, the slide traversing a fixed guide rod 115. To prevent the air
from accumulating in sufficient force to burst the reservoir 106 a valve 116 is
opened by the extension of an attached cord when the vessel is becoming too
much inflated.
For comprehending more easily the construction of the apparatus for
gene-
rating steam and supplying water to the boiler of the carriage, I now proceed
to describe in the first instance some arrangements of a more simple nature.
Instead of forming my boilers of a single capacious chamber, or of numerous
small chambers with open spaces between them, I construct them principally
of plates or masses of iron (or other suitable metallic substance), throughout
which are made a series of tubular apertures or cavities arranged in parallel
lines, either in the direction of the length or of the breadth, or, both of such
plates or masses, forming communications from one to the other, and for the
purposes of supplying the fluid to or of discharging it from such plates or
The apertures I make of such a calibre and at such distances. apart
as to leave an adequate thickness of solid metal to constitute ample strength.
An external perspective view of a tubular metallic plate of this kind is repre-
sented by Fig. C, a longitudinal section by Fig. D, and a transverse section by
masses.

page_text: Fig. E. Thus, in Fig. D is shewn, at 117, a single tube or cavity lengthwise,
while in Fig. E is shown a series of similar tubes or cavities in their cross
sections. One end of the tubular plate has a bend at right angles to it, as
shown at 118, at the lower extremity of which there is a tube or cavity 119,
(which I denominate a tube or cavity of distribution), running along it; from
this proceeds vertically a series of short tubes or cavities 120, which
conduct the fluid into the series 117 before mentioned, by which means the
This
latter tubes or cavities are uniformly and simultaneously supplied.
arrangement is also exhibited in Fig. F, which represents a longitudinal and
vertical section of the bend 118, the figures of reference on which indicate
At the end of the tubular plate (Figs. C and D),
there is another transverse tube or cavity 121, communicating at right angles
The use of this tube
with the parallel series of tubes or cavities 117.
or cavity is for collecting the fluid matter and applying it as will hereafter
be shown.
the parts above referred to.
In some instances I give the preference to making my tubular metallic plates
with double return ends or bends as represented in the Diagram marked Fig. G.
In this Figure the parts corresponding with those already described are distin-
guished by the same figures of reference; and it will be observed that an
inclined position is given to the plate, which is for the purpose of causing the
water to flow more rapidly through the parallel series 117 into the transverse
tube or cavity of discharge 121. The water is supplied by the tube or cavity
of distribution 119, and the steam that is generated as it flows down the
parallel series 117 is collected in the short tubes or cavities 120, and flows off
by a transverse tube or cavity above at 122, while the unvaporized portion
of the water flows off to the tube or cavity of discharge 121.
Although I find that a single tubular plate as just described is an efficient
generator of steam for many purposes, yet it will economise fuel and be generally
more convenient to place a series of such vessels one over another. An arrange-
ment of this kind, adapted to a low-pressure engine, is represented in the sectional
Diagram marked Fig. H, wherein four tubular plates are shown, supported or
fixed over a furnace (by any convenient means), in such manner that the
heated air arising from the furnace 123 may take the course indicated by the
colored flames, and be diffused over the surfaces of the tubular plates. The
5 water is introduced by the vertical tube 124, and rising to the top, or nearly so,
of a basin or head 125, it flows uniformly through the four tubes of supply
marked. 126, into four tubes or cavities of distribution, as before described 119;
rising thence up the short series 120, the water enters all the tubes or cavities
of the principal parallel series at once, whence it is conducted, together with

page_text: steam, into the tubes or cavities of discharge; from these it passes through four
pipes 127 (flanged or screwed on, to the tubes or cavities of discharge) into
the upright steam reservoir 1, to which a pipe 2 is connected leading to an engine
or other object that the steam may be applied to. The upper end of this steam
reservoir is provided with a safety valve 128, and the lower end is connected to
a double acting pump 129, which may without impropriety be denominated a
heart pump, as its object and operation is to produce a constant circulation of
the fluid throughout the cells and tubular cavities of the boiler, which it effects
by constantly withdrawing the water from the steam reservoir and propelling it,
through the horizontal tube 130, into the vertical tube 124 before mentioned.
This circulation may, however, be effected by a single acting pump, water
screw, or other mechanical water forcer or elevator; but I give the preference
to the double acting pump before mentioned, the action of which I now pro-
ceed to explain.
132, is forced out,
is
Upon the assent of the piston rod 131 of this pump the pressure of the water
in the steam reservoir opens a valve at 132 (the opposite one 133 being then
closed by the pressure of the water), and fills that part of the cylinder under the
piston; the same action of the piston closes a valve above at 134, and, opening
another valve opposite 135, forces the water that is above the piston into the
tube 130. Upon the descent of the piston, it will be seen that the action of
the several valves just alluded to will be reversed, the upper part of the cylinder
becoming charged by the opening of the valve 134 and the closing of 135,
while the water underneath the piston, closing the valve at
through 133, into the tube 130. It is scarcely necessary to observe that as the
pipes described, which communicate with the pump on either side, are open to
the boiler, the difference of pressure on each side of the piston of the pump
merely as the difference of the columns of water in the said pipes, consequently
that the power required to work the pump is inconsiderable, while a constant
current through the boiler may be effected at any required velocity which may
be found desirable in generating steam. For the requisite supply of water to
the boiler a reservoir 136 may be employed, having a descending tube 137,
with its lower extremity opening into the water contained in a cylindrical vessel
138, in which a stone or other float 139; properly balanced from without, and
made by its upward and downward motion to act upon a cock 140 in the water
passage leading from the reservoir above. A tube 141 connects the steam
reservoir with the cylinder 138, for the passage of water, and another tube 142
adunits the steam to enter the cylinder, by which arrangement the water will
stand at the same level in both vessels, the decrease of the water by evaporation
causing the float to descend, which, by its rod 143, and lever 144, opens the

page_text: ock 140, and admits the water to replace that which has been evaporated.
In the example just given of my patent boiler no side tubular plates are intro-
luced, these being unnecessary to boilers which are set in brickwork or other
on-conductor of caloric; nevertheless in some cases they are eligible even in
carriages, but I generally prefer them of the kind delineated in the carriage
t Fig. A, which exhibits, as far as can be therein shown, a longitudinal
section; a transverse section of the same is given at Fig. I, and an external
side view at Fig. J.
Fig. I represents a transverse section, and Fig. J an external side view, of a
boiler of the latter description, by which it will be seen that the boiler or gene-
rator is principally formed of three distinct portions, connected together exter-
nally by flanges and screw bolts. The forms of the tubular passages are shown
by their cross sections, Fig. I, although other forms would do equally or nearly
as well, such as oval, polygonal, &c. The method of supplying the tubular
plates without the addition of tubular side pieces has already been explained with
reference to Fig. H, it therefore remains to be shown how the tubular side pieces
are supplied. This is effected by the addition of a projecting mass of metal to the
ends of the tubes or cavities of distribution, and forming therein a head or basin
of sufficient capacity to furnish an uniform supply of water to the side plates.
Fig. K represents a longitudinal and vertical section of the tube or cavity of
distribution, also of the ascending short series, and a transverse section of the
principal parallel series, the position of the side tubular piece being indicated
by dots, and the head or basin 145 is supplied by an additional vertical tube
or cavity 146, leading from the tube or cavity of distribution, and in which
the water is allowed to rise to the same level as in the principal parallel series.
From the said head or basin there are two circuitous passages made in the
solid metal, one of them 147 shown by dots leading into the upper tube or
cavity 148 of the side plate, and the other 149, shown also by dots, leading
from behind the former into the lower tube or cavity 150 of the side plate.
These side plates having the same inclination with the principal parallel series;
the water flows by its gravity through the same, and passes out of the discharge
pipe at the other extremity of the said plate with which they are connected,
and through a small external pipe into the steam vessel as previously described
with reference to Fig. H. The cells or tubes in the opposite side plate are
supplied by another head or basin of water contained in another projecting
piece of metal as indicated by similar numerals of reference. In like manner
also are supplied the tubes or cells in the side plates of the second part of the
boiler. The third portion of the boiler is merely a single plate of tubes or
cells without sides, and is supplied by a tube or cavity of distribution through

page_text: the medium of an ascending series of short tubes or cavities, as before described,
(omitted in Fig. I, but shown in Fig. J)..
The fuel for generating the steam is placed in the close cavity of box 154,
formed between the second and third portions of the boiler, and the upper
plate of the second portion of the boiler is reduced in its length in front, as
shewn in the longitudinal section Fig. A, sufficiently to allow of the heated air
and vapour to pass round its extremity, and between that and the upper portion
of the boiler into the chimney, the course of the flue being indicated by arrows.
Intense combustion of the fuel is. produced by the action of the blowing
machine before described. The fuel is supplied as required through a flap
door 155, shown in Fig. J, or it may be supplied from a reservoir 156
beneath, as shown by dots in Fig. J, and partly in full lines in Fig. A; from
this reservoir it may be forced by a piston 157, actuated by a screw 158, and
turned by a winch 159 on the outside.
To explain the manner of accommodating the tubular arrangement, when
openings are made in the tubular plates for the last-mentioned purpose, or for
the adaptation of a chimney as previously mentioned, the Diagram Fig. L has
been given. The water arising from the tube or cavity of distribution enters the
inclined parallel series, and, running towards the chimney aperture 162, is
compelled by a cross tube or cavity 163 to take the course indicated by the
arrows on each side of the chimney, whence it descends by a series of short
vertical tubes or cavities into the tube or cavity of discharge.
For the purpose of affording an ample supply of water in making long stages
with the carriage a capacious reservoir 163 is provided, the area of which is
shown by the dots on the plan Fig. B; and by reference to the elevation,
Fig. A, it will be seen that this reservoir is, for perfect security against
explosion, formed of three tiers of parallel tubes 164, whose extremities are
connected with and open into square transverse tubes 165. These tubes have
passages 166, opening into the two upright steam chambers I (both of which
are seen in the plan), so as to allow the water and steam to pass freely from
one to the other. At or near to the bottom of the said steam chambers are
two pipes 167, which conduct the water therefrom to a double acting pump
("heart pump") 168. This pump is worked by the rotation of the axis 9
of the engine, operating upon a cam or eccentric thereon, which gives motion
to a lever and rod 171, 172, connected to the piston rod of the pump. The
operation of the valves of this pump being similar to that described under
Fig. II, it will be unnecessary to repeat it here any further than to state that
the water is propelled by the said pump through the pipe 173 and the upright
tubes 174 into the heads or basins 175 (there being two of these, as seen on

page_text: he plan), and, thence through the tubes 176, 177, and 178, into the tubes or
avities of distribution of the several portions of the boiler, as before described.
The water not evaporated by such process returns again into the upright steam
chambers 1, together with the steam from which it has separated by its gravity,
occupying the bottom thereof, as well as the tubular reservoirs 164 and 165
connected therewith, from which it is again drawn by the continued action of
the "heart pump," and circulated through the boiler, as before, until nearly or
wholly evaporated. On each of the upright steam chambers 1 is placed a safety
valve 180, pressed into its seat by a spring 181, so as to afford the requisite
pressure in the boiler, and to let off any superabundant steam that may be
generated, which is conducted by pipes 182 into the annular chamber sur-
rounding the chimney. As an additional security, at the bottom of each of
these upright steam chambers are fixed at 183 (Fig. A) two thin pieces of
metal, the cohesive strength of which is but little greater than the steam
pressure employed in working the boiler.
At each stage of the journey of the carriage a supply of water should be
kept boiling over a sufficient quantity of ignited fuel, to propel the carriage
through the next stage, and suitable arrangements should be provided for the
immediate transfer of the boiling water and ignited fuel into the boiler of the
carriage, so that no time may be unnecessarily lost in continuing the journey
With this arrangement there will be no necessity for employing the copper
tanks 184, and feeding, apparatus hereafter described, the exit steam being
made to pass at once into the chimney annulas. On each side of the boiler
is shown a copper tank 184 (see both on the plan), containing water, in
which is immersed a system of tubes 185, 185. The form of these tubes is
immaterial. They are represented as consisting of an upper and under hori-
zontal tube,, connected together by a vertical series of pipes between them;
through these the steam from the exit passages 186, 186, of the engine passes,
and is by the surrounding water partially condensed. The resulting water and
the remaining steam then passes through a valve at 187, thence the steam
rises up the pipe 188, and enters the annular chamber 189, which surrounds
the chimney (as best seen in Fig. B), while the water falls through an
aperture 191 in a false bottom into the chamber 192 underneath. From this
chamber the water may be drawn by a small pump 192, worked by a cranked
spindle and winch 193, and, through a pipe 194, be transferred into the upper
part of the tank. This pump is also provided with a pipe and hose 195, for
raising water when required from a pond, or other covenient sourse, by the
roadside. In this case, the cock 196 on the short pipe leading from the
chamber in the tank is closed, and the cock on the pipe and hose 195 opened,

page_text: which is effected by the rod and handle 197. Any steam that may arise from
the water in the tanks is conducted therefrom by the pipes 198 into the
annular chamber surrounding the chimney.
For the purpose of giving notice of the approach of the carriage, or the
making of other signals, steam from the boiler is conveyed along a pipe 199,
through a hollow stand 200, into a horn or trumpet 201. A valve or stopcock
is placed in the pipe at 202, having a handle 203, which, being operated upon
by the guard, the steamway is contracted and expanded at pleasure, thereby
increasing or diminishing the velocity and quantity of vapour, and varying the
notes or sounds produced. When the aforesaid copper tanks are employed,
a less capacious tubular reservoir than that previously described at 163
is sufficient, which I supply from the open reservoir of water in the said
tanks by means of an intermediate vessel of tubes 204, made of sufficient
strength to bear the maximum pressure of the boiler. This is effected as
follows:-
Supposing that the engine and carriage have been in operation for a certain
time, so that the water which before filled the intermediate vessel should be
evaporated (as may be ascertained by opening a guage cock 205 situated on a
pipe leading from the said vessel), and supposing that the water in the tank
has arrived at a boiling temperature, or nearly so, derived from the exit steam
in passing through the system of condensing tubes, the guard or engineer is
then to pull the handle and lever 207, connected to the rod 208, which shuts
off the communication between the lower reservoir and the intermediate
vessel 204, by means of two stopcocks 209 and 210 placed in two pipes which
communicate with the said vessels. The rod 208, it will be observed, is also
connected to a cock 211 placed in a branch pipe leading from the large blast
tube of the blowing machine, so that the before-mentioned motion of the
rod 208, the cock 211 is opened, and a powerful stream of cold air is made
to impinge upon and pass around the intermediate vessel. Upon the aforesaid
handle 207 being pulled farther out, the guard or engineer gradually (or s
otherwise, as he may deem advisable) opens another cock 212, situated in a
pipe leading from the tanks into the intermediate vessel, thereby letting off
the steam contained therein, through the water of the said tanks, tending to
increase the temperature of the latter previous to its entering the said inter-
mediate vessel 204, which will take place at the instant a partial vacuum is 3
effected therein by the cold air from the blast pipe before mentioned, im-
pinging on the surfaces thereof. Then, by the engineer pushing the handle 207
back to its former position, the action of the four cocks described in con-
nection with the rod 208 is reversed, the cocks 211 and 212 being thereby

page_text: closed, and the cocks 209 and 210 are opened, by which the water received
into the intermediate vessel falls into the reservoir below, as the evaporation
proceeds in the boiler, steam occupying its place; and for continuing the
supply the same operation is to be repeated.
To prevent the guard or engineer from being incommoded by hot air from
the engines, the latter are inclosed in a box, surmounted by a short chimney
or tube 213 to carry off the superfluous heat, which is regulated by a damper
or valve at 214.
Having now explained the general arrangement of the mechanism of my
improved steam carriage, and that of the propelling power, I proceed to
describe some other applications of the latter part of my Invention. As in the
manufacture of culinary salt the process of evaporation is very extensively
required, the Diagram Fig. M has been given to explain a mode of applying
my tubular metallic plates to that object, which Figure will also serve to illus-
trate its adaptation to the evaporation of syrups and various solutions, extracts,
&c. by merely making some important variations in the forms of the vessels
employed. At 215 is represented a section of a cast iron or other metallic
plate, having tubular perforations or cavities similar to those before described.
To this plate are adapted suitable sides to form it into a pan.
be
may
These
of wrought iron plate, but it is a preferable mode to cast the sides in one
piece with the bottom, and to form them tubular in the manner represented.
216 shows the liquid supposed to be undergoing the process of evaporation,
and 217 is a pipe for conducting steam or hot water from a contiguous boiler
or heater into the tubular cavities of the vessel. Instead of heating this
evaporating pan by the agency of another boiler or heater as just mentioned, it
is obvious that it may be heated by the direct action of a fire (the cavities
being duly supplied with water), or by a flue leading from a fire by taking away
the bricks between the dotted lines. In applying my tubular plates to the
evaporator of a still an arrangement similar to that delineated by Fig. N
O will be found advantageous. The head and neck 218 and 219 may be
supposed as of the ordinary form, but the bottom and sides as of a square or
rectangular form; these are represented as enveloped in a case of tubular plates,
whereof 220, 220, exhibit a series of vertical tubes or cavities, and 221 an
horizontal series.
5
For the purpose of heating ovens, especially such as are employed for the
baking of bread, I construct them with tubular plates in the manner exhibited
in Fig. O, which represents a transverse section of an oven, and shows that it
is formed of two similar pieces united together by flanges and screw bolts at
222, 222. At the ends of the series of tubes or cavities shown there are tubes

page_text: or cavities of communication running at right angles to them, by which the
heating medium, whether water or steam, is circulated throughout, which may
be duly heated in a separate vessel), and' be introduced by a pipe leading
therefrom to the cross end tubes or cavities of the oven before mentioned. From
the great strength, simplicity of form, and efficient operation of my tubular
metallic plates, they may be beneficially employed for the general purposes of
communicating heat as well as the generation of steam and the boiling of water.
The last described application to ovens sufficiently indicates their utility in the
warming of greenhouses, dwelling-houses, public and all other buildings,
drying rooms, stoves, &c. To all such purposes I contemplate applying my
tubular plates, and to such other purposes as I may find my said tubular plates
can be advantageously adapted.
Having now explained in detail my "Improvements in the Construction of
Steam Carriages," I desire it to be distinctly understood that I claim the
general combination of mechanism. described as respects "the Apparatus or
Machinery for Propelling the same."
I claim the forming of boilers or generators of steam made of metallic
plates or suitable masses of metal, the thicknesses of which bear but a small
proportion to their lengths or breadths, and in which are formed series of tubu-
lar apertures or perforations (as before described), including such variations in
the sectional forms and positions of the said apertures and plates, and such
modifications of the tubular arrangement, as may be required. Also the circu-
lating pump (or "heart pump") when applied as before described in steam
carriages, together with its appendages, for the purpose of transferring (with
but little expenditure of power) the liquid contents of the boiler from one
part to another of the same, or from one part to another of the pipes, vessels,
or other adjuncts that are open to the pressure of the fluid in the boiler.
As respects the application of my apparatus or machinery for propelling
carriages "to other Purposes," I claim my tubular metallic plates for heating
water and generating steam, and for the general purposes of communicating s
heat by hot water or steam.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Henry James, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Fifteenth day of February, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and thirty-three.
WHY (L.s.) JAMES.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Fifteenth day of February,
in the year of our Lord 1833, the aforesaid William Henry James came
before our said Lord the King in His Chancery, and acknowledged the
Specification aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified,
in form above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped
according to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Fifteenth day of February,
in the year of our Lord 1833, the aforesaid William Henry James came
before our said Lord the King in His Chancery, and acknowledged the
Specification aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified,
in form above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped
according to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Inrolled the Fifteenth day of February, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and thirty-three.