CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANU FACTURE OF PAPER AND CARDBOARD, AND IN PRODUCING WATER-MARKS THEREON, AND ALSO IN THE APPARATUS AND MACHINERY TO BE USED. FOR SUCH PURPOSES
Year: 1849

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, WILLIAM
BREWER, of Malcolm Place, Clapham, in the County of Surrey, and JOHN
SMITH, of Southville, South: Lambeth, in the County of Surrey, Manufacturers,
send greeting.
.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Twelfth day of
February, in the twelfth year of Her reign, did give and grant unto us,
the said William Brewer and John Smith, our exors, adiñiors, and assigns,
Her special license, full power, sole privilege and authority, that we, the
said William Brewer and John Smith, our exors, admors, and assigns, and
such others as we, the said William Brewer and John Smith, our exors,
adiñors, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time
to time and at all times thereafter, during the term of years therein mentioned,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within that part of
Her Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called England, Her Dominion
of Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and. also in the Islands of
Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, and in all Her Colonies and
.Plantations abroad, our Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANU
FACTURE OF PAPER AND CARDBOARD, AND IN PRODUCING WATER-MARKS THEREON,
AND ALSO IN THE APPARATUS AND MACHINERY TO BE USED. FOR SUCH PURPOSES;"
in which said Letters Patent there is contained a. proviso requiring. that we,
the said William Brewer and John Smith, shall particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of our said Invention, and in what manner the sam

page_text: is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under our hands and seals,
to be enrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said in part
recited Letters Patent, as, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and
at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the proviso contained in the
said Letters Patent, we, the said William Brewer and John Smith, do hereby
declare the nature of our said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, and the three Sheets of Drawings therein referred to :-
Our Invention has for its object the manufacture of paper and cardboard
with a water mark exhibiting a uniformity and peculiarity of design not attain-
able during the process of manufacture as hitherto conducted. Designs,
figures, or devices, commonly called water marks, are of various descriptions,
and well known; but designs, figures, or devices as water marks of the kind
which we can produce have been hitherto unattainable with moulds or
apparatus of the ordinary construction. And our Invention consists in the
manufacture-of-paper-by-means-of-moulds -and-apparatus__constructed as
hercin-after mentioned, for the purpose of producing such water marks.
In the process of paper making by hand, apparatus or machinery technically
-called a paper mould is employed, upon which the pulp forming the sheet' of
paper is placed. This mould consists of a frame of the shape and nearly
corresponding to the sheet of paper required to be produced. Between the
sides of the frame are placed or stretched wires; and it is upon these wires
that the pulp is placed when a sheet of paper is to be made, the superfluous
water in the pulp draining off between the wires. The size of the sheet'is
"determined by a shifting frame or deckle put round the edges of the frame
⚫ before mentioned, which forms the edges of the sheet. The deckle is some-
times made in compartments, thus sub-dividing the full sheet upon the face of
the mould. Two descriptions of wirework are employed in the moulds, the
one of which is called laid wire, the other wove wire. A laid wire mould is
illustrated in Fig. 1, Sheet A. The wires a, a; are placed parallel, their ends
"being secured to the frame c, c, the interval of space between then being
usually about equal to the thickness of the wire employed. These parallel
wires are connected together by means of the seams b, b, which are other and
finer wires interlacing the several parallel wires transversely, likewise at inter-
vals: This is called a laid wire mould. Fig. 2 represents a wove wire mould.
The wire surface a, a, is secured to the frame c, c, as before; but in this case it
"is composed of ordinary woven wire cloth. This is a woven wire mould. The
.

page_text: paper made from these two moulds will present no water marks, properly so
called, although the wires forming them produce slight marks in it, those in
the paper made from the laid wire being somewhat more distinct than those
visible in the paper from the wove wire mould. When it is required to
produce a water mark in the paper manufactured, the design required to be
produced is formed upon the upper surface of the laid or woven wire mould by
means of one or more pieces of cylindrical wire, being curved, bent, or formed
into the shape necessary to form the design, and which is then laid upon the
wire work of the mould, and stitched thereto with a finer description of wire,
the stitches of finer wire passing over some portions of the design and
under some portions of the wirework of the mould: thus the design is
attached to the mould. Fig. 3 shows a portion of a laid wire mould,
and Fig. 4. a section of ditto through the line 1, 2, having the design upon it
for producing the water mark in the paper. This Figure shows the old method
adopted for making and forming the mould and design, and is drawn to a scale
considerably above its real or full size, for the purpose of rendering it more
distinct, a, a, being the parallel laid wires, b, b, the seams, which are twisted
so as to connect together the parallel laid wires a, a. The design d, which of
course may be of any device other than that here shown, which is merely an
example, is formed of cylindrical wire into the form required, and is then
attached to the laid wires a, a, by means of the stitches e, e, of finer wire, which
pass over the wire forming the design, and under some of the laid wires. In
some designs the wires forming them will not unfrequently be found to cross
each other: this is exemplified in the example Fig. 3, at f. The consequence
is that at these points the device or design will project a greater distance from
the laid wire surface than the other portions of it, thus producing an-irregu-
larity in the water mark, detrimental to its uniformity. When it is required to
produce a water mark in the paper, portions of which shall vary in its shade,
or, in other words, of greater or less intensity, the mould is formed as to such
parts of wires of varying thicknesses or diameters, than for producing a deeper
or more distinct mark a thicker wire is employed, and for a finer or less, distinct
mark a finer wire is used; but it must be observed, that the transitions from
one depth or shade of water mark to another by this mode of forming must be
sudden in consequence of the wires employed being cylindrical. The disadvan-
tages attending.the above described, which is the ordinary method of forming and
constructing the moulds, are numerous. We will state a few of the most im-
portant of them.. As all the wires forming the letters, figures, or other devices
which constitute the.designs upon the mould have to be formed by hand, it is
impossible, in the first instance, to shape them with sufficient precision, and, in
the second place, to place and attach them upon the laid or wove wire so as to

page_text: retain the form previously given to them; the consequence is, that two moulds
made by the same workman will differ in several particulars, and the only guide
which the workman has to govern the forming of the design being a rough
outline, other differences must exist. Hence it follows that the water mark pro-
duced in paper manufactured by different moulds cannot possibly be identical,
although they are intended to be so. This mode of attaching the wires forming
the device or design to the laid or wove wire by means of stitching or interlacing
with smaller wires does not secure the permanent maintenance of the first
form of the design, as the stitching does not sufficiently retain the design in its
place to prevent its being displaced by working or other causes, and the
shifting of any portion of the design necessarily produces a corresponding
variation in the water mark; and, again, the stitching is extremely liable to
become loose or fractured (and this is continually taking place), and as a con-
sequence a portion at least of the design shifts, and its shape or contour
becomes changed, entailing as a consequence a corresponding change in the
water mark produced. The fracture or breaking up of the stitching wires is
very much facilitated by the action upon the metal composing them of the
chemicals.contained in the pulp.from. which the paper-is. manufactured, which
corrodes and destroy them very rapidly. These causes render frequent repara-
tion to the moulds necessary, and such reparations very frequently have also the
effect of permanently altering and changing the design from its original shape.
Another disadvantage attending the employment of the stitching wire to
connect the design to the laying is the streaked or clouded appearance given
to the water mark produced in the paper by reason of such stitches projecting
a little above the surfaces of the wires composing the design itself, as those
-stitches are not placed sufficiently closely to form an even surface; and the
accumulation of these stitches produced by the repairs increases this evil, from
the great number of angles presented in the moulds by the junction of the
wires. From the action of the acids and chemicals contained in the pulp,
corrosion of the mould takes place, and it gets clogged to a considerable
extent. The usual remedy adopted in this case is to dip the mould into water,
after a few sheets have been made from it. By this means the acid is partially
washed off the mould; but this entails a considerable loss of time, and only
partially lessens the effect, as corrosion still takes place rapidly; the clogged
state of the mould continues to increase, and the paper manufactured by it is
produced with a spotted or shaded appearance.
Having made a few remarks upon the ordinary.method of making the wire
moulds employed in the manufacture of paper, and the disadvantages
attendant on the manufacture of the paper therefrom, we will now proceed to
describe our improvements.

page_text: Our first improvement in the manufacture of paper and cardboard consists
in producing designs or devices as water marks which have hitherto been
unattainable; and this is effected by the employment of moulds in the manufac-
ture of the paper made and constructed according to the manner hereafter to
be described and ascertained, in the second part of this our present Specification.
The water marks we produce in the paper are, in the first place, free from
that cloudy irregular appearance observable in water marks produced in the
paper when it is made in moulds of the old construction, there being in our
improved moulds no stitching or other similar fastening wires for attaching
the design to the laid surface, there being also fewer irregularities and fewer
angles at the junctions of the wires, the moulds, even if placed under the same
circumstances as the old moulds, will not become corroded and clogged to
nearly so great an extent, and thus the paper produced from them will present
water marks more clear and distinct than the old moulds, and the general
surface of the paper itself will be greatly improved, and present less of spots
or shades. The mode adopted of cleaning the old moulds from corrosion and
clogging by simply dipping them into water occasionally effects that object
very imperfectly, and the fragile and loose construction of the mould preclude
more effectual means of cleansing being adopted; while, from the peculiar
construction of our improved moulds, we are enabled to adopt more effectual
means of cleansing them, and thus always preserving them in a state fit to
produce a superior description of work; for instance, we are enabled to apply
a brush to them for this purpose, which applied to the old moulds for the same
purpose would be destructive or injurious to them, by breaking up the fine
stitching wires and seams. Our improved moulds may also be cleansed by
dipping them into diluted acid which would if applied to the old mould
speedily corrode and destroy the fine stitching wires and seams. The absence.
of stitching wires and seams on the surface of our improved moulds also
presents less obstruction to the escape of the water from the pulp; when
placed upon the mould the superfluous water drains away with greater facility,
and the quality of the paper manufactured is considerably improved, it being
more regular and even in its texture, less shady or spotted in its appearance,
manufactured with greater facility, and less waste paper made. We are also
enabled by the employment of our improved moulds to produce water marks
in paper which shall be of various depths or shades, gradually increasing or
decreasing in its intensity. This effect has hitherto been unattainable by
moulds made according to the old method, by reason of their being constructed
of cylindrical wires, which, though sometimes employed of different diameters
in the same design, producing a difference of intensity or shade in the water

page_text: mark, still the transition from the one to the other is sudden, and not gradual.
Independent of the water marks, properly so called, produced in the paper by
the design or device upon the mould for that purpose, other and lighter
marks are produced by the seams which interlace the laying. By the employ-
ment of our improved moulds for making the paper we entirely remove all
seams employed in the forming the laying itself, the seams, or the parts
corresponding to them, which we employ in the laid surface, as indeed in the
whole construction of the mould, being so placed as to be below the under
surface of the pulp when it is upon the mould, and therefore, not touching
the pulp, no marks are produced in the paper as there is when the old laid
moulds are used, by the wires forming the scams projecting upwards above the
laid wires, and consequently into the pulp. We are also enabled, by our
methods of making and constructing our improved moulds for manufac-
turing paper, and which methods will be herein-after fully described and
ascertained, to produce sheets or pieces of paper bearing designs or devices
therein as water marks, to any extent of repetition required, and all such
designs or devices of water marks shall be identical, and this we effect by
producing any number of the moulds required, all of which shall likewise be
identical, and which effect it is an impossibility to accomplish by the old
method of forming the moulds, where the only guide or security to accuracy
and identicalness is the deviating eye and hand of the workmen employed.
The importance in this respect of providing a security against fraud and forgery
is so immense, and generally acknowledged to be so great a desideratum, that
it may be necessary for us to state some of the purposes to which our improve-
ments are applicable for effecting that security to a very considerable extent,
as the most elaborate designs of water mark can be produced with equal
accuracy and facility as the more simple ones; fac-similies of authographs
and signatures of individuals, and fixing the seals or devices of public
companies, and such like designs, hitherto perfectly unattainable in paper
manufacture by the old description of moulds. Amongst the principal
purposes to which our Invention is applicable may be named, bank notes,
Treasury notes, Exchequer bills, and other Government papers, Customs
warrants, postage stamps, Post Office money orders, forms of wills, ecclesias-
tical papers, law records, Government securities, stock receipts, bonds,
dividends, warrants, cheques, railway scrip, journals and books for important
entries, transfer books, promissory notes, bills of exchange, certificates of
marriages, births, and deaths, registration papers, and other or any papers
requiring security.
Such being the nature of our improvements in the manufacture of paper

page_text: and cardboard, we will now describe the method or methods of making or
constructing the moulds and designs to be employed in the manufacture.
Fig. 7, Sheet A, represents a sheet of paper intended to be used as a bank
note, or for other purpose requiring a water mark of secure design. The size of
the mould usually employed in the manufacture of paper is of sufficient extent
to allow four of these notes to be made at one time. The full sheet being
divided by the deckle across the centre of the frame, the surface of the mould
frame is divided into four equal parts, in each of which is placed a mould plate
capable of producing the particular mark required. These designs are per-
fectly indentical, and, therefore, the sheet of paper, when made, being cut or
divided into two portions, presents four notes or pieces of paper having water;
marks identically the same. It will be perceived that the whole surface of
the sheet represented in Fig. 7 is covered with the design, and therefore
the corresponding water marks occupy the whole surface of the sheet. The
construction of these moulds is as follows:-The design having been decided
upon, as, for example, as shown in Fig. 7, it is cut and engraved upon the
surface of a steel die in the ordinary manner, care being taken in cutting
the die that the parts of the design which are to be lightest in the water mark
are to be cut deepest upon the die, the parts of the design which are to be
darkest in the water mark, or nearest to the geneal substance of the paper
being cut to the least depths on the die. The face of the die is shewn in:
Fig. 5. Fig. 6 represents the face of the mould produced from the die, as
herein-after mentioned; and Fig. 7 the appearance of the paper manufactured
from a mould so produced. The darkest lines in Fig, 7, as, for instance, the
outlines of the letter in the word "Patent," being the thinnest parts of the
paper, and the water mark produced by the highest or most prominent part
of the mould; the darker lines marked a, a, in the several Figures, denote
the deepest parts of the die, the highest or most prominent parts of the mould,
and the strongest water mark, or thinnest part of the paper; the fainter
lines b, b, represent the shallower cut in the die, the less prominent parts
of which constitute the surface of the mould, and the general character
of the paper.
The mould Fig. 6 presents two surfaces or planes, the
one a, a, which corresponds with the water mark in the ordinary moulds,
and b, b, which corresponds with the laid surfaces of the ordinary moulds,
which may for distinction be called the primary surface. Whatever form
or design may be given to the parts of the mould raised above what has
been termed the primary surface, whether composed of parallel lines or of
chequered or crossed lines, so long as the whole has the same elevation the
paper made thereon will present one unvarying shade or intensity of water

page_text: mark. The design to be produced by the water mark may be of any device
or pattern, however elaborate, and with varying degrees of light and shade,
according to the height to which the parts of the moulds are raised above the
primary surface. The moulds may have the design, and the primary surface
but one surface, in which case paper can be manufactured having the design
and primary surface in watermark of one intensity. In such cases the heights
to which the parts are raised, or the depths to which the grooves are cut
below the surface of the die, would constitute different surfaces. Although
the preceeding has described or referred to two or more surfaces, the moulds
may have but oue surface, that is, a primary surface, only having a design in
the same plane, in which case the paper manufactured therefrom would have
the water mark, properly so called. The dic, having been engraved hardened
and otherwise properly prepared by cleaning, is then taken to the hammer or
stamp, Fig. 8, which in front elevation resembles a steam hammer. Fig. 9 is
a plan shewing the face of the die taken thro' the line 3, 4, Fig. 8. These
Drawings shew the situation of the die c upon the block of the hammer.
The die is properly adjusted and retained in its position by the dog screws e, e.
The block or hammer f is secured to the piston of the steam cylinder 7 in the
ordinary manner, and is thereby raised by the action of the steam upon the
piston. h is the steam pipe; i, the eduction pipe, and k, the slide valve. The
handle is for the purpose of enabling the attendant working the slide valve by
hand; it is also self-acting, the slide valve being worked by the action of the
adjusting tappetts 1, 1, upon the tappet rod m, which is attached to the hammer
or block, the adjustment of those tappets upon their rod adjusting the extent
of fall of the hammer. The handle n, and the rods o, o, are for governing the
throttle valve p, to regulate the supply of steam to the cylinder. The hammer
or block can be removed from the machine, and its place supplied by others
of a shape and size suited to the shape and size of the face of the dic. The
die c being properly adjusted under the hammer fso that the surfaces of these
may coincide, a thick plate or block of metal is placed upon the die, or
melted metal is poured upon the die. The metal which we ordinarily employ
for this purpose is copper at a red heat, or tin in a liquid state. The copper
or tin being upon the dic, the hammer is now put into action, and allowed to
lescend. If a heated metal plate be on the die, the hammer is allowed
to descend with its full force, the effect of which is to force the metal of the
block or plate into the design cut in the face of the die, so as completely to
fill them, and produce a reversed impression of the die upon the under side
of the metal plate. The hammer in its ascent takes up the metal plate from
the die; and if the impression of the die on the under side of the plate should

page_text: not be perfect, the hammer.may be allowed to. descend with a succession of.
blows until the impression is completed.. When tin or other.metal in a liquid
state is applied to the face of the die, the hammer is brought down slowly, so
as to allow the metal to set. in the die and hammer, and on the ascent of.the
hammer the metal is withdrawn from the die by the hammer. Should the cast
impression not be perfect, it may be.perfected by a repetition of blows as
already described. By these means a "force" is produced which should be an.
equal counterpart of a part or of the whole of the die. There are recesses
made upon the face of the hammer f, into which portions of the metal "force"
enter, for the purpose of. retaining and holding the "force" upon the hammer,
as is well understood. The design being fully and sufficiently transferred to the
metal force, a thin plate or sheet of the metal which is to form the mould is to be
placed upon the face of the die. The thicknes of this sheet will in great measure
depend upon the elevation to which the design upon the. mould is to be raised
above the laying. Silver, brass, copper, and other metals may be employed as.
best suited to the purposes required. The plate to form the mould being
placed upon the dic, the machine is again set in action. The metal "force" before
spoken of being still retained under the hammer f, the result of the blows will
be that the mould plate takes.the.impression of the die throughout the whole
of the design, and that the metal of the mould plate is forced to the bottom
of the sunken portions of the die. This stage of the manufacture of the mould,
the plate presents the design, but unbroken by any apertures or perforations,
which are now required to be produced. It may be necessary during. the
process of stamping, with some description of metal plates, to anneal them, in
order to prevent. their fracture, and to facilitate the operation. The die, with
the model plate in it, is then then taken and placed in the machine repro-
sented in Sheet C, Fig. 10 being a front clevation of the machine, Fig 11 a
side elevation, Fig. 12 a plan view, and Fig. 13 a sectional plan through
the line 5, 6, showing the mould plate and the holding plates; a, a, is the
framework of the machine, upon the plate or table 6 of .which is secured the
two standards c, c. The upper ends of these are provided with the screws d, d,
and nuts d', d', the purpose of which is to screw down the frame or upper
plate e.. To the extreme upper ends of the standards or screws is permanently
secured by nuts the cross head f. To the middle of the upper plate e is secured
the vertical screw 7, which passes loosely through a hole in the boss of cross
head f, and has the wheel nut upon it above the cross head. This screw is
for the purpose of raising the upper plate e when required. To the under side
of the upper plate e, c, is secured a block of wood i, having a number of
grooves or notches in it for the reception of the vertical metal plates 1, 1, 1. m is
the steel die, with the mould plate, secured in its proper position upon the

page_text: table b, b, by means of the dog screws o, o, o, o; the mould plate being secured
in, the machine by means of the vertical plates 1, 1, 1. This apparatus is for the
purpose of securely holding the mould plate, and preventing any injury to or
derangement in the design during the process of cutting and filing the surface
of the mould plate, so as to produce the requisite interstices. This is done by
filing, by the employment of a large file which takes of the back of the mould
plate; that is, that portion of it which projects above the face of the die,
leaving untouched by the file that portion of the mould plate below the surface,
or within the design upon the die. Only one or two of the vertical plates are
removed at one time, just sufficient to allow width for the file to pass, and file
away that portion; the other plates being securely held to prevent shifting.
When this portion of the back of the mould plate is abraded off by the action
of the file, one or more of the plates are to be removed, and replaced over the
recently abraded parts. This process is repeated, the plates being removed, and
then replaced after the abrasion has been effected, until the whole of the
back surface above the face of the die shall have been removed. The mould
plate, on being removed from the die, is found to present the appearance of
the intended design, or the more prominent parts only which were given
to the-mould plate by the action of the die and the "forces." The plate has
now the appearance represented in Fig. 6, the darker parts, marked a, a, being
the more prominent or projecting parts of the design, and the lighter parts,
marked b, b, being the less prominent or projecting parts of the design,
whilst the portions remaining white in the Figure correspond with the
portions of the mould plate left at its original surface, and which have been
abraded away as described, producing the apertures or interstices required.
The mould plate may now be said to have entirely changed its character, and
when placed in a frame upon the backing becomes a mould for the manu-
facture of paper, which mould will present the appearance shewn in Fig. 6.
We sometimes cut or abrade away the portions required of the mould plate
by a different method. We dispense with the employment of the vertical
plates for holding down the mould plate upon the die, and in lieu thereof
employ the perforated plate shewn in Fig. 14. This plate is placed upon the
mould plate in the die, and screwed down by the nuts and bolts p, p, which
securely hold and prevent the mould plate from shifting. A revolving drill
or cutter is employed, which, entering the perforations of the plate, cuts or
removes the parts required of the mould plate. When the whole surface
under the perforations shall have been cut away or abraded, the die, and con-
sequently the mould plate with it, or, if required, the perforated plate, may be
shifted, and other portions of the mould plate cut away, until the whole surface
is complete, producing the same result as the method before described. The

page_text: backing of paper moulds, it is well understood, consists of a series of parallel
wires connected by transverse stitching and twisting, in the same manner as
the laid wires of a mould, though less numerous, but still so disposed that
they shall coincide with the laid wires of the mould. Backing of this descrip
tion may be used in conjunction with our improved moulds, although we
prefer to form the backing as follows, which also constitutes part of our
Invention: Our improved backing is formed in a precisely similar manner to
the mould plates. The wires that coincide with the position of the laid wires
are represented by a series of parallel angular grooves in the forming die,
while the seams are represented by a series of similar grooves in a position
transverse to the other grooves, and disposed at similar distances to the
seams, or such distances as will give the necessary strength to the plate;
and in order to add to the strength the transverse grooves are sunk to a
greater depth than the others. This also forms raised projections, on which
the mould rests when placed on the backing. A metal plate is indented
in this die in a similar manner to that described with reference to our
improved mould plates. The whole of the upper surface of this plate,
or the metal remaining in the plane of the original plate, is removed by
abrasion or perforation, as also before described with respect to our improved
mould, this operation leaving only the indented portions, which forms an
interstitial plate constituting our improved backing, the interstices being
of the size and form prescribed by the cross bars or indented portions of
the plate. This is then connected by screws or other suitable means to
our improved moulds; the side of the mould from which the superfluous
metal has been abraded, and the reverse side of the backing being the sur-
faces placed in contact. Similar backings are also applicable to wove wire
moulds. A design for the water mark, produced in the manner herein
described, may be applied to the ordinary moulds of wire, whether laid or
woven, or machine dandy rollers, laid or wove, and attached to such sur-
faces by solder or other means, or stitching by wire, as in the ordinary
method. Fig. 15 shows the adaptation of a design formed and made
according to our Invention to the laid surface of a mould formed and con-
structed according the old method, as shewn in Fig. 3. The design is sup-
posed to be the same, and the section is thro' the line 1, 2. The design d,
it will be seen, presents the same semicircular appearances upon its upper
surface as the wire designs of the old method, but the lower portion of it
is seen to be square instead of semicircular. The designs and moulds, when
made according to our method, present this form, and constitute one of the
advantages of our Invention, by facilitating the escape of the water from
the pulp during the process of making paper. Fig. 16 shows a portion of a

page_text: mould made according to our improvements, and Fig. 17 a section of ditto
thro' 3, 4. Both the design d, and the parallel portion a. a, of the laying, as
also the seams or connections b. b, being formed at one operation and of one
piece of metal, as previously described, there is no joining necessary in this
mould; and the seams or connections b, b, being wholly below the under side
of the pulp upon the mould, do not interfere with the drainage of the water
from the pulp, and are not productive of any marks in the paper. However,
if it is required to produce in the paper the faint marks usually produced by
the laid surface and the scams, then these connections are placed at the
dotted line 7...g. Fig. 18 shows the same mould, but the design d is
made of gradually varying height, for producing in the paper a gradually
varying tint of water mark. When it is required to produce a design or
laying of an equal number in each lineal inch, a seam is absolutely necessary
at the points of junction, if made by the old method, which seam will leave a
corresponding mark in the paper produced, but if made according to our
improvements, the scams or connections being below, no such mark will be
shown in the paper, as shown in Fig. 19. A design may be formed on wove
wire by pressing or stamping it into the die in the manner herein-before
directed for the mould plate, and the wove wire-so stamped may be-employed.
as a mould in the manufacture of paper; and we would remark, that moulds so
formed from wove wire may be employed to produce paper at either surface, the
water mark of the paper produced at one surface becoming the thickest part of
the paper produced at the other surface. It will be obvious that other
machinery and apparatus for stamping the plates into the mould, and for
holding the plate during the production of the interstices, may be employed;
but the machinery or apparatus shown in the Drawings is the best with
which we are acquainted for the purpose. The designs on wove wire may
also be produced by two rollers, the one with the design engraved as on the
die, and the other with the counterpart, as the force, such rollers being to act
upon the wove wire in the ordinary way rollers are employed for producing
embossed surfaces. It will also be obvious that the electrotype process may
be employed for the production of the mould plates and designs, or they
may be cast in the well-known process of stereotype or other mode of casting;
but we believe the methods herein-before described, by stamping the plates
into the die, to be most advantageous.
Various kinds of apparatus and machinery are in use for the manufacture
of paper and cardboard, by hand, and otherwise; and it will be obvious that
our improved moulds may be adapted to and combined with such apparatus
and machinery, instead of the moulds and designs at present employed.
Having now described the nature of our said Invention, and in what

page_text: manner the same is to be performed, we wish it to be understood that we do
not claim as of our Invention or the exclusive use of the apparatus and
machinery herein described and referred to for stamping and filing, except
when employed in and for the production of our improved mould plates and
moulds; and we hereby declare that we claim as our Invention,-
First, the manufacture of paper and cardboard with water marks produced
by moulds formed in dies, as herein described.
Secondly, we claim the construction of moulds for the manufacture of
paper, having the whole or a portion of their surfaces formed in dies, as above
described.
Thirdly, we claim the construction of moulds for the manufacture of paper
with a backing formed in dies, as above described.
Fourthly, we claim the construction of moulds for the manufacture of paper,
consisting of wove or laid wire, and laid and wove machine dandy rollers, in
connection with designs formed in dies, as above described.
Fifthly, we claim the construction of moulds for the manufacture of paper
of wove wire pressed into dies or between engraved and raised cylinders, as
above described.
Sixthly, we claim the adaptation of the moulds and apparatus constructed
and arranged as herein described to the machinery employed in the manu-
facture of paper and cardboard.
In witness whereof, we, the said William Brewer and John Smith, have
hereunto set our hands and scals, this Eleventh day of August, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty-nine.