IMPROVEMENTS IN AGRICULTURAL IMPLE- MENTS, AND IN ENGINES SUITABLE FOR HAULING THE SAME, AND FOR OTHER Παπα PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION
Year: 1864

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Richard Hornsby, John Bonnall, and William
Astbury, all of Spittlegate Iron Works, Grantham, in the County of
Lincoln, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN AGRICULTURAL IMPLE-
MENTS, AND IN ENGINES SUITABLE FOR HAULING THE SAME, AND FOR OTHER
Παπα
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Richard Hornsby, John
Bonnall, and William Astbury, at the Office of the Commissioners of
Patents, with their Petition, on the 17th February 1864.
We, RICHARD HORNSBY, JOHN BONNALL, and WILLIAM ATSBURY, all of
Spittlegate Iron Works, Grantham, in the County of Lincoln, do hereby
declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN AGRICULTURAL
IMPLEMENTS, AND IN ENGINES SUITABLE FOR HAULING THE SAME, AND FOR OTHER
USES," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in agricultural implements,
In con-
and in engines suitable for hauling the same, and for other uses.
structing steam ploughs we employ a frame mounted on wheels with steering
apparatus applied thereto, and carrying two, three, or more sets of shares,
mould boards, and coulters. So far there is no novelty in the arrangement,
and an example of such an arrangement is described in the Specification of a
former Patent granted to us, and dated the 10th July 1863, No. 1726.
We, however, according to the present Invention mount on the frame of
[Price 8d.]

page_text: such an implement a drum to wind up the slack of a light rope, which is
employed to connect together two ploughs, which, according to the system of
working we adopt are used simultaneously. This system is as follows:-The
hauling engine traverses along one headland, and a light pulley carriage
along the other. The ploughing is always done whilst the ploughs are
travelling towards the engine, one plough starts from the further headland,
and is hauled by the engine for half the distance across the field, it then goes
out of work and another plough, which here meets the first, cominences to
work and continues in action until it comes up to the engine. The light rope
connecting the two ploughs passes around the pulley of the pulley carriage, so
that always whilst one plough is in action it is drawing the other back to its
starting point. The drum which we employ to take up the slack of the light rope
may be mounted on a separate carriage in place of on the implement, but
this arrangement is not so convenient as to mount the drum on the implement.
When it is desired to pulverize the land in place of simply ploughing it, we
employ forked mould boards, or mould boards with slits or openings in them for
the earth to pass through in combination with a single-action implement
constructed as above described, videlicit, with a frame on wheels, having
steering apparatus and carrying two, three, or more sets of tilling tools, and
having a drum to take up the slack of the light rope.
Also we employ in combination with a single-action steam plough, such as
above described, land pressers or small grooved rollers mounted on arms, or
otherwise attached to the frame of the implement. These consolidate the
land, and render it better fitted to receive seed. We also combine with the
implements drill levers and coulters, and also a seed box to deposit seed.
Also according to our Invention in implements in which the wheels are
arranged to be raised and lowered, and are connected together so as to remain
always parallel, as is described in the Specification of the said former Patent
granted to us, and shewn in Figures 12, 13, and 14 of the Drawings thereunto
annexed, in place of steering by means of a. lever, we now employ a
toothed segment on one of the vertical wheel frames, and a worm actuated by
a hand wheel taking into it. By this apparatus the wheels are locked in any
position in which they may be placed.
In some cases in constructing single-action steam ploughs or implements,
we employ a frame or beam mounted on wheels having steering apparatus
applied thereto. At one end of the frame or beam we fix two, three, or more
sets of tilling tools, and at the other end of the frame or beam on the other
side of the axis we apply a counterpoise weight to balance, or nearly so, the
tilling tools at the other end of the implement; this counterpoise weight, or a

page_text: part thereof, may be the drum to take up the slack of the light rope. The
wheels in this arrangement form a fulcrum, about which the frame or beam is
able to rock; when the end of the beam at which the counterpoise weight is
placed is lowest, all the tilling tools are carried out of action at a distance
above the land, and when the counterpoise end of the frame or beam is highest
the tilling tools are in the land at their work. In paring ploughs or horse
hoes and drills, the shares, hoes, or coulters are mounted on levers capable of
moving independently on a bar in front as on an axis, and the levers are
weighted more or less to keep the shares, hoes, or coulters to their work, but
without penetrating too deeply. In such implements it is desirable to get the
levers as stiff as possible, so that they may not vibrate sideways when at work,
as horse hoeing is impracticable unless the seed be sown regularly in parallel
lines, and unless the hoes can be made to follow truly between these lines.
According to our Invention we employ hollow levers of trough-like form of
cast iron or steel, or it may be of wrought iron, and in order to obtain stiffness
in the joint between the lever and its bar, we form on the bar a boss or
knuckle, the surface of which is a portion of a cylinder, and we make the end
of the lever concave to fit it; the two parts are kept close up the one to the
other by side straps rivetted or fixed at one end to the lever, and at the other
coming in each side of the boss or knuckle, and there is a pin passing through
the side straps and the centre of the knuckle. The joint has heretofore been
formed by the centre pin alone, and the increased steadiness in our plan is
obtained by making the end of the lever abut on the knuckle or boss, and
work in contact therewith. We also in order to obtain steadiness make the
lever shorter than usual, they are commonly made with stems or continuations
to receive weights and also the lifting apparatus, and these stems or con-
tinuations extend beyond the point (or, if there be two, the outermost of the
points) where the lever is made to receive the stem of the hoe or share. Now
we, according to our Invention, provide for the attachment of the stem of the
hoe or share at the outermost extremity of the lever, and we apply the weights
and lifting apparatus between this point and the bar on which the lever turns
in place of further from the bar as heretofore. This arrangement is not
required in paring ploughs unless the implement be also intended to do the
work of a horse hoe (this, however, is usual) as in the paring plough it is
not essential that the levers should travel truly in a straight line. Here-
tofore in constructing drills it has been usual to mount on the lever a solid
stem to carry the coulter, and behind it a separate tube for the descent of the
seed. We, however, make the coulter stem hollow and supply the seed
through it, thus dispensing with a separate seed tube. In seed drills also the

page_text: bar on which the levers turn has heretofore been so carried that it cannot be
adjusted either in height or inclination. Now we arrange it in such a manner
that it can be raised or lowered at either end, or at both ends, so that the
height of the bar from the land may be adjusted according as the coulters are
found to work best, and also so that the bar may be set parallel to the land,
even if this be furrowed.
Such arrangements have before been employed for raising and adjusting
the lever bars in horse hoes and paring ploughs. The following, however, is
a more convenient method than any heretofore employed. The bar is
connected at each end to a lever, which at its other end is centred to the
frame of the implement, and each lever is supplied with a screw by which it
can be raised and lowered as is required, and independently of the lever at
the other end of the implement. Cams, levers, or other instruments may be
substituted for the screw above-mentioned. By these means the bar may at
each end be set to any desired height from the land. The required adjust-
ment of the lever bar has in some cases been obtained by cranking the axle
of the carrying wheels of the implement, and arranging the cranked axle on
the frame in such a manner that by turning the cranked axle partly round
the frame of the implement, and with it the lever bar, may be raised or lowered.
This arrangement however is defective, as the distance between the carrying
wheels cannot be conveniently adjusted, the axle being in one piece, and
consequently of a fixed length.
Now according to our Invention we make the axle in two parts, and employ
a lengthening socket to connect the two parts, and in order partially to rotate
the cranked axle, and raise and lower the levers, a toothed arc is formed or
fixed on the socket, and a worm with a hand wheel on its axis, when turned,
gives to the arc and crank the motion required. By employing two sockets
one at each end of the cranked axle, the lever bar may be adjusted so as to be
higher at one end of the implement than at the other, as is desirable for
working along a furrow. In paring ploughs and horse hoes the stems on the
levers receive at their lower ends shares or hoes. Now we make the sockets
by which such shares or hoes fit on the stems open at the back, and a pin or
bolt is used to secure the parts. The share or shoe with its socket we press
out of sheet steel, which the form of the socket enables us to do readily. For
cast shares also the use of the improved form of the socket renders the casting
a simple and cheaper operation. We also make the stem of the share or
hoe broader than usual, and rounded in front, and we arrange the socket of
the hoe or share to make a smooth surface with the stem it fits upon without
ridge or step. This is done in order to prevent weeds hanging on the socket

page_text: and stem. We also make the stem of cast iron of a hollow trough-like form,
or it may be of sheet iron of similar form, or a solid stem of wood suitably
rounded in front may be employed. For the purpose of hauling agricultural
implements, we construct a single cylinder traction engine with two winding
drums on a horizontal and longitudinal axis, the engine has suitable apparatus
applied to it for reversing the motion of the drums, and the engine is mounted
on springs. Also in engines for hauling agricultural implements we make
the toothed gear and driving chains for driving the winding drums, and also
the drums themselves of malleable cast iron or of cast steel (we prefer
M'Haffie's metal), so that it may better be able to withstand the heavy and
sudden strains which come upon it. In cases where the engine is to plough
or till, according to the system herein-before described, with two ploughs or
implements, we make one of the winding drums wider than the other, as the
one drum has to carry double the quantity of rope necessary for the other.
In engines for hauling agricultural and other implements and carriages, in
order that the springs may have freer play, in place of arranging the bearing
of the axle to slide up and down in fixed guides, or horn plates, as is common,
we arrange it to slide in guides which are pivotted to a fixed axle box, or to
the horn plates or frame, so that the guides are able to remain constantly at
right angles to the axle, notwithstanding that one end of the axle may rise
or fall independently of the other from the irregular action of the springs.
Also in such engines we cast the fire-box or parts thereof in malleable cast
iron or in cast steel. The metal which we prefer to use is that known as
M Haffie's metal. For the purpose of steering hauling and traction engines,
we attach short chains or bands to the ends of the leading axle, and these we
carry round pulleys, and attach them to either end of a screw. This screw is
carried in a horizontal tube fixed at the front of the engine, and transversely
across the same, by means of a feather the screw is prevented turning in the
tube. The screw also has on it a nut which can turn, but is prevented by
suitable holding jaws from moving in any other way, and on the nut a bevilled
or spur wheel is fixed or formed, and this, by another wheel gearing with it,
and having a hand wheel on its axis, is caused to turn in one or other direction
as required; in this way the axle is caused to move round on its perch or
pin, and the engine is steered. In place of giving motion to the nut by
bevilled or spur gear, it may be turned by other means. This method of
steering is also applicable to steam ploughs and implements.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Richard Hornsby, John Bonnall, and William Astbury, in
the Great Seal Patent Office on the 17th August 1864.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, RICHARD
HORNSBY, JOHN BONNALL, and WILLIAM ASTBURY, all of Spittlegate Iron
Works, Grantham, in the County of Lincoln, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Seventeenth day of February, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four, in the twenty-seventh year
of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs, and successors, give and grant unto
us, the said Richard Hornsby, John Bonnall, and William Astbury, Her
special licence, that we, the said Richard Hornsby, John Bonnall, and William
Astbury, our executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as we, the
said Richard Hornsby, John Bonnall, and William Astbury, our executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make; use, exercise, and yend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man,
an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, AND IN ENGINES
SUITABLE FOR HAULING THE SAME, AND FOR OTHER USES," upon the condition
(amongst others) that we, the said Richard Hornsby, John Bonnall, and
William Astbury, our executors, or administrators, by an instrument in
writing under our or their hands and seals, or under the hand and seal of one
of us or them, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the
same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office, within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Richard Hornsby, and John Bonnall,
on behalf of ourselves and the said William Astbury, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement
thereof, that is to say :-
This Invention has for its object improvements in agricultural implements
and in engines suitable for hauling the same, and for other uses.
In con-
structing steam ploughs we employ a frame mounted on wheels with steering
apparatus applied thereto, and carrying two, three, or more sets of shares,
mould boards, and coulters, so far there is no novelty in the arrangement.
We however according to the present Invention mount on the frame of

page_text: such an implement a drum to wind up the slack of a light rope, which is
employed to connect together two ploughs, which, according to the system of
working we adopt, are used simultaneously. This system is as follows:-The
hauling engine traverses along one headland, and a light pulley carriage along
the other, the ploughing is always done whilst the ploughs are travelling
towards the engine, one plough starts from the further headland and is hauled
by the engine for half the distance across the field, it then goes out of work,
and another plough, which here meets the first, commences to work, and con-
tinues in action until it comes up to the engine. The light rope connecting
the two ploughs passes around the pulley of the pulley carriage, so that always
whilst one plough is in action, it is drawing the other back to its starting
point. The drum which we employ to take up the slack of the light rope
may be mounted on a separate carriage in place of on the implement, but
this arrangement is not so convenient as to mount the drum on the
implement.
A convenient way in which to construct single-action steam ploughs suitable
for ploughing on our system is to employ a frame or beam mounted on wheels
having steering apparatus applied thereto as is shewn in side view at Figure 1
of the Drawings hereunto annexed.
a, a, is the frame or beam, and b, b, are the main carrying wheels. At one
end of the frame or beam we fix two, three, or more sets of tilling tools c, c,
and at the other end of the frame or beam on the other side of the axis, we
apply a counterpoise weight to balance, or nearly so, the tilling tools at 'the
other end of the implement, this counterpoise weight, or a part thereof, may, as
is shewn, be the drum d to take up the slack of the light rope; the drum has a
worm wheel on its axis gearing with a worm on the axis e which also has at
its end a hand wheel e¹ within reach of the man who steers the implement, and
by turning this wheel he takes up or lets out the light rope as may be required.
The main carrying wheels b, b, are arranged so that they can be raised and
lowered and also steered in the manner described in the Specification of a
former Patent granted to us, and dated the 10th of July, 1863, No. 1726,
and shewn in the Figures 12, 13, and 14, of the Drawings thereunto annexed,
except that in place of steering by means of a lever, we now employ a toothed
segment on one of the vertical wheel frames, and a worm g actuated by a
hand wheel g' taking into it as is seen at Figure 2, which is a plan of some of
the parts shewn in Figure 1; by this apparatus the wheels are locked in any
position in which they may be placed. The other parts of the plough are
similar to those of ploughs now in common use, and need not be her
described

page_text: According to our Invention cultivating tines or tools may similarly be fixed
at one end of a frame, carried by an axle and wheels near its centre, and
having a counterpoise weight at or near its further end. The wheels in this
arrangement form a fulcrum, about which the frame or beam is able to rock,
and when the end of the beam at which the counterpoise weight is placed is
lowest, all the tilling tools are carried out of action at a distance above the land,
and when the counterpoise end of the frame or beam is highest, the tilling
tools are in the land at their work. When it is desired to pulverize the land
in place of simply poughing it, then, in combination with a single-action imple-
ment, constructed with a frame on wheels having steering apparatus and
carrying two, three, or more sets of tilling tools, and having a drum to take
up the slack of the light rope, we employ forked mould boards, or mould
boards such as are shewn in side view at Figure 3, and in plan at Figure 4,
they have slits or openings in them for the earth to pass through.
paring ploughs, or horse hoes, and drills, the shares, hoes, or coulters are
mounted on levers capable of moving independently on a bar in front as
on an axis, and the levers are weighted more or less to keep the shares,
hoes, or coulters to their work, but without penetrating too deeply. In such
implements it is desirable to get the levers as stiff as possible so that they may
not vibrate sideways when at work, as horse hoeing is impracticable unless the
seed be sown regularly in parallel lines, and unless the hoes can be made to
follow truly between these lines.
In
According to our Invention we employ hollow levers of trough-like form, of
cast iron or steel, or it may be of wrought iron, and also in order to obtain
steadiness, especially in horse hoes, which are more liable to vibration than
drills, we make the levers shorter than usual, they are commonly made with
stems or continuations to receive weights and also the lifting apparatus; these
stems or continuations extend beyond the point (or if there be two, the outer-
most of the points) where the lever is made to receive the stem of the hoe or
share.
Now we, according to our Invention, provide for the attachment of the stem
of the hoe or share at the outermost extremity of the lever, and we apply the
weights and lifting apparatus between this point and the bar on which the
lever turns in place of further from the bar as heretofore. This arrangement
is not required in paring ploughs unless the implement be also intended to do
the work of a horse hoe (this however is usual) as in the paring ploughs, it is
not essential that the levers should travel truly in a straight line.
Figure 5 is a plan, and Figure 6 a side view and section of a lever of a
horse-shoe or paring plough made of trough-like form according to this

page_text: Invention. The stem of the share or hoe (a portion of which is shown at a)
is attached at its outermost end by a bolt b, the upper end of the stem
being made to fit the lever, and its bolt passing up through a hole in the
lever and receiving a nut at the top; c is the stem of the weight, it projects
up through an elongated hole formed for it in the lever and is secured by
a pin d. At e another hole is formed in the lever, so that the stem a may
be attached inside the weight if necessary, as when the weeds are
numerous, the hoes or shares do not clear themselves well if arranged in the
same line from side to side of the implement, in this case every alternate hoe
or share is secured to its lever at the inner hole; f, in Figure 6, shews the
lifting bar in section, it acts on the lever at a point nearer to the axis than
that at which the stem of the hoe or share is applied. The levers are secured
to their bar or axis in the following manner:-g is the bar, and h is a short
tube thereon, the bar is threaded closely with such short tubes nearly from
end to end. The end of each of the levers is nearly a semicircle, and fits
the tubes h, it has a ring clip i, encircling the tube beneath it, and a stem i¹
on the clip passes up through the end of the lever, and receives a nut beyond,
by screwing up which the lever becomes clamped to the short tube underneath.
The levers can be set at any distances desired on their bar, as on slacking the
nut they may easily be slipped along it, and on screwing up the nut they are
again made fast. The short tubes by rotating freely on the bar allow the
levers to rise and fall independently, each by the rotation of its own tube. If
a screw clip i happens to come over the junction of two tubes its lever will
perhaps be clamped to both of them, but no harm thence results.
A trough formed lever for a seed drill is shewn at Figure 10, herein-after
referred to. In paring ploughs and horse hoes, the stems on the levers receive at
their lower ends shares or hoes; now we make the socket by which such shares or
hoes fit on the stems open at the back, and a pin or bolt is used to secure the
parts. The share or hoe with its socket we press out of sheet steel, which the
form of the socket enables us to do readily for cast shares, also the use of the
improved form of the socket renders the casting a simpler and cheaper opera-
tion. We also make the stem of the share or hoe broader than usual and
rounded in front, and we arrange the socket of the hoe or share to make a
smooth surface with the stem it fits upon without ridge or step, this is done
in order to prevent weeds hanging on the socket and stem; we also make the
stem of cast-iron, of a hollow trough-like form, or it may be of sheet iron of
similar form, or a solid stem of wood suitably rounded in front may be
employed.
Figure 7 is a side view and secion of a cast stem to carry one of the hoes

page_text: or shares of a horse hoe or paring plough, the method in which it is secured
to its lever has already been described; the head of the bolt b is received
in the hollow of the trough-like stem. At the lower end of the stem where
it is made to receive the hoe or share it is formed in part solid, and a
bolt hole is bored through it as is shewn for the passage of the bolt for
securing the hoe or share. The hoe or share corresponding to this stem is
shewn at Figure 8 in side view, and at Figure 9 in plan, it may either be
cast or pressed in sheet steel, the steel cut to form being heated and squeezed
in a suitable metal mould. The hoe or share is secured to its stem as before
mentioned by a bolt, the head of which enters a recess formed for it in the
front of the socket to make a flush working face as the Drawing clearly shews
and the socket, as also before mentioned, makes a flush surface with the stem
so that weeds do not catch. Heretofore in constructing drills it has been
usual to mount on the lever a solid stem to carry the coulter, and behind it a
separate tube for the descent of the seed, we however make the coulter stem
hollow and supply the seed through it, thus dispensing with a separate
seed tube.
Figure 10 is a side view, partly in section, and Figure 11 is a plan of this
arrangement.
a, a, is the hollow trough-like lever with a hole cast in it at a¹, beneath
this is fixed by screws and plugs, as is shown, the hollow or tube-like coulter
stem b, of which a back view is shown at Figure 12. At the lower end of
the coulter stem is the coulter c partly cast in one piece, with its stem, but
with a separate wearing piece c³, fitting on with a tongue entering a socket,
and the pin c passing through secures it. The weights are in this arrange-
ment intended to be applied at the outer end of the levers, as if they were
applied nearer to the axis they would frequently in seed drills have to be incon-
veniently heavy, they slip on to the ends of the levers up to the stops thereon
and are secured by the turn-button d. The lifting bar works as in the horse
hoe and paring plough nearer to the centre or inner end of the lever than the
coulter stem. In seed drills also, the bar on which the levers turn has here-
tofore been so carried that it cannot be adjusted either in height or inclination,
now we arrange it in such a manner that it can be raised or lowered at either
end or at both ends so that the height of the bar from the land may be
adjusted according as the coulters are found to work best, and also so that
the bar may be set parallel to the land even if this be furrowed; such arrange-
ments have before been employed for raising and adjusting the lever bars in
horse hoes and paring ploughs, the following, however, is for these implements
also a more convenient method than any heretofore employed. The bar is

page_text: connected at each end to a lever, which at its other end is centered to the
frame of the implement, and each lever is supplied with a screw, by which it
can be raised and lowered as is required and independently of the lever at the
other end of the implement. Cams, levers, or other instruments may be
substituted for the screw above mentioned. By these means the bar may at
each end be set to any desired height from the land.
Figure 13 is a side view, and Figure 14 is a plan of a portion of one end of
a seed drill arranged in this manner. a is one of the levers with its hollow
coulter stem at a¹; b is the bar or axis of the levers it is connected at its ends
to side levers c, but with sufficient play in the joint to allow the independent
rising and falling of either end. Each side lever has a screw d jointed to it
and the screws pass up through openings in the top frames e, and receive
handles beyond, which work on the screws or nuts and bear on the top of the
frame so that by turning either handle the corresponding side lever is raised,
and with it the coulters on that side of the machine; g is the axis of one of the
carrying wheels of the implement.
!
Figures 15 and 16 are views similar to Figures 13 and 14, but showing the
arrangement as applied to a horse hoe. In this case in order to steer the
hoes it is usual to make the bar or axis b of the hoe levers so that it can
be slid sideways by a steering handle, and the bar is squared at the ends
as at 6, and passed through guides for the purpose; hence the end hoe lever
at either side has to be carried in a somewhat different manner from the
others. For this purpose two short arms A, A, are fixed on the lever bar, one
on each side of the guide, and these carry another short bar with one length
of tube upon it, and to this the hoe lever is clamped. g is the quadrant on
the lifting axis 'h, on the end of which is a handle for turning it so as to draw
upwards the chairs and the lifting bar ; fixed to their lower ends and passing
under the hoe levers from side to side of the machine. For the purpose of
hauling agricultural implements we construct a traction engine with two
winding drums on a horizontal and longitudinal axis, the engine has suitable
apparatus applied to it for reversing the motion of the drums, and the engine
is mounted on springs, a portion of such an engine is shown in plan at
Figure 17. a, a, is the crank shaft, it is driven by the connecting rod b, and
has a fly wheel 'c at one end and a pinion d at the other, this drives a spur
wheel e on the intermediate axis f, at g is a bevilled pinion on this axis
gearing with the bevilled wheel h on the horizontal and longitudinal axis i,
which runs along under the boiler of the engine and has the winding drums i
and k upon it, and these are capable of being clutched and made fast therewith.
On the end.of.the.axis:f, beyond the wheel e, there is a chain pinion, not shown

page_text: in the Drawing, it is capable of being made fast by a clutch and over it an
endless pitch chain passes to a chain wheel on one of the hinder carrying
wheels so as to turn the same and propel the engine. In this and other
engines for hauling agricultural implements we make the toothed gear d, e, g,
and h and driving chains for driving the winding drums, and also the drums
themselves of malleable cast iron or of cast steel (we prefer M. Haffie's
metal) so that it may better be able to withstand the heavy and sudden strains
which come upon it. In some cases where the engine is to plough or till
according to the system herein-before described with two ploughs or imple-
ments we make one of the winding drums wider than the other as is shown',
as the one drum has to carry double the quantity of rope necessary for the
other. In engines for hauling agricultural and other implements and
carriages, in order that the springs of the hinder wheels may have freer play,
in place of arranging the bearing of the axle to slide up and down in fixed
guides or horn plates as is common, we arrange it to slide in guides which
are pivotted to a fixed axle box or to the horn plates or frame, so that the
guides are able to remain constantly at right angles to the axle notwithstand-
ing that one end of the axle may rise or fall independently of the other from
the irregular action of the springs.
Figure 18 is a side view, Figure 19 an end view, and Figure 20 a
horizontal section of one of the axle boxes of the hind wheels of an engine
with the apparatus connected therewith. a, a, is a wing plate fixed to one
side of the boiler, and b the foot plate in rear of the fire box; c is a hollow
cone or cap bolted thereto; it is divided into two parts horizontally by a
diaphragm, in the centre of which is a hole through which the suspending rod d
is passed; on the lower end of this rod the helical spring e is placed, its lower
end resting on a plate which is secured in its place by the nuts f* and a
pin below. The upper end of the rod d is swelled out to a semi-globular
form, and fits into a hole made for it in the lower bearing g of the axle h, and
in this hole it is able to vibrate freely through a considerable angle.
The
upper half g of the bearing is secured to the lower on the inside by the two
screw bolts, i, and on the outside by the double ended or staple bolt c. In
the sides of the two parts of the bearing grooves are formed, into which the
guides m, m, fit, and these are furnished with trunnions m², m³, which are
retained by and capable of turning in corresponding recesses in the frame
piece n which is secured by bolts to the wing plate a. The holes o, o, o¹, o¹,
for these bolts are slotted to allow of the axle box being shifted a short distance
forwards or backwards to correspond with the length of the endless pitch
chain which drives the wheel and propels the engine forward. It is to allow

page_text: of this adjustment of the axle and axle box that the suspending rod d is
arranged so as to be able to vibrate. Also in engines of this description we
cast the fire box or parts thereof in malleable cast iron, or in cast steel, the
metal which we prefer to use is that known as M° Haffie's metal.
Figure 21 is a front view, Figure 22 a longitudinal section, and Figure 23
a cross section showing the form it is found convenient to give to the cast fire
box which it is preferred to cast in one piece. For the purpose of steering,
hauling, and traction engines we employ the arrangement shown in plan and
partly in section at Figure 24. We attach short chains a, a, or bands to the
end of the leading axle b, and these we carry round pulleys c, and attach them
to either end of a screw d. This screw is carried in a horizontal tube e fixed
at the front of the engine transversely across the same, and by means of a
feather the screw is prevented turning in the tube. The screw d also has on
it a nut which can turn, but is prevented by suitable holding jaws from
moving in any other way, and on the nut a bevilled wheel g, or a spur wheel
is fixed or formed, and this by another wheel h gearing with it, and having a
hand wheel on its axis, is caused to turn in one or other direction as required;
in this way the axle is caused to move round on its perch or pin i, and the
engine is steered. In place of giving motion to the nut by bevilled or spur
gear it may be turned by other means; this method of steering is also
applicable to steam ploughs and implements.
Figure 25 is a vertical section of Figure 24, taken through the perch or
pin i; Figure 26 is a plan, partly in section, and Figure 27 is a vertical
section shewing a slightly modified arrangement of the apparatus in which
the screw is prevented traversing longitudinally, whilst the nut is made free
to do so.
i
i
a is a perch or pin, the upper end of which is turned down to pass through
the upper guide b, which in conjunction with a lower guide 6, steadies it, but
allows it to play up and down a short distance; c is a helical spring, bearing
at its lower end on a plate or disc passed over the smaller part of the perch
or pin a, and resting on the shoulder thereon. At its upper end this spring
presses on the guide b, so that the perch or pin a can only rise by compressing
the spring c; a' is an eye at the lower end of the perch or pin, and the axle d
is passed through it and secured by the transverse pin or axis e, which,
continued in e', forms a short pole which is at its outer end caused to enter
between stops on a bracket f, to which is secured a nut f; these parts f, f,
and, are able to traverse steadily along the screw g, when this is rotated,
the nut being kept truly in position by the guides h, h, under the foot plate of
the engine; the screw g is rotated by means of the bevelled wheel i keyed

page_text: upon it, and this gears with the bevilled wheel k on the vertical axis 7, at the
upper end of which is a hand wheel by which it can be turned, and so the
nut is caused to travel in one or other direction, taking with it the outer
end of the pole e¹, and so steering the engine to prevent the pole bending with
the strain; it is supported on either side by a stay'm.
In witness whereof, we, the said Richard Hornsby and John Bonnali,
have hereunto set our hands and seals, this "Sixteenth day of August,
in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four.
DIAKADD
HORNADY