AN IMPROVED MODE OF TRANSPORTATION, FOR THE CONVEYANCE OF LETTERS, PACKAGES, FREIGHT, OR PASSENGERS FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER
Year: 1852

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Alfred Vincent Newton, of the Office for
Patents, 66, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex,
Mechanical Draughtsman, for the Invention of "AN IMPROVED
MODE OF TRANSPORTATION, FOR THE CONVEYANCE OF LETTERS, PACKAGES,
FREIGHT, OR PASSENGERS FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER." -A com-
munication.
Sealed the 9th March 1853, and dated the 7th December 1852.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Alfred Vincent
Newton at the Office of the Cominissioners of Patents, with
his Petition, on the 7th December 1852.
I, ALFRED VINCENT NEWTON, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "AN IMPROVED MODE OF TRANSPORTATION, FOR THE
CONVEYANCE OF LETTERS, PACKAGES, FREIGHT, OR PASSENGERS FROM ONE
PLACE TO ANOTHER" to be as follows:-
This Invention has reference to certain improvements in the
method of transporting freight and passengers through air-tight
cylinders, the pressure of the atmosphere behind a moveable
plunger being used to propel the load, the air in advance of the

page_text: plunger being exhausted. The plunger and carriages may be fitted
with wheels or friction slides if desired, and made light of wood,
or other substance to obviate friction. The main cylinder through
which the packages are transmitted is constructed of metal, stone,
wood, or other suitable material, and is laid either above or below
the surface of the ground, as nearly direct as may be from one
point of the country to another with which communication is
to be established.
The cylinder may be made to pass through the various towns
upon the main route, and at such stations apparatus is applied, by
means of which communication may be established between any
one station upon the whole line, and any other station; or packages,
mails, &c. passing along the main line may be detained at any
one of the stations, examined, and allowed to pass again to the
place of their final destination at the pleasure of the managers.
At the termini of the line, and also at the various way stations,
"Station Boxes" are used for the purpose of introducing the
packages to be transported, and these boxes are capable of being
closed air-tight.
When it becomes necessary to arrest the progress of the plunger,
at a station intermediate between the point from which it started
and that where the air pump is located, a contrivance is made use of
which may be denominated a "check plate." It consists mainly of
two circular metallic plates firmly secured to the main cylinder,
and having circular openings in them corresponding in size and
position to the bore of the tube, and between these two plates a
third plate is placed. These three plates are all secured together,
and revolve around a common centre.
An opening is made in the middle plate corresponding in size to
the bore of the main cylinder, and when this opening is brought
into line, the plunger and its load will be permitted to pass on to
the next station. When, however, it is required to arrest the
plunger on its arrival at a particular station, the middle plate at
that station is turned until a small hole is brought opposite to the
bore of the cylinder. This hole is sufficiently large to permit the

page_text: continued exhaustion of the air through it, whilst it is not large
enough to admit of the passage of the plunger, which is thus
arrested at the station as required.
At the extremes of the line, and also at stations where branch
lines diverge from the main line, the station box may be so modified
as to serve the double purpose of station box and turn-table; the
apparatus being so constructed and arranged as to work horizontally,
and open out a diverging passage for the piston, when such is
required to be presented.
To obviate the inconveniences resulting from the motion of a
large column of air behind the plunger, the air is admitted at
stated intervals along the line, immediately behind the plunger,
through valves which are opened by it as it passes; each valve
being closed at the instant that the one in advance of it is opened,
and when closed is securely locked until again opened by the pass-
ing plunger.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters
Patent, filed by the said Alfred Vincent Newton in the Great
Seal Patent Office on the 7th June 1853.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I,
ALFRED VINCENT NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery
Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Mechanical Draughtsman, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Seventh day of December, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two, in
the sixteenth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and
successors, give and grant unto me, the said Alfred Vincent Newton,
Her special license that I, the said Alfred Vincent Newton, my ex-
ecutors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
Alfred Vincent Newton, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time and at all times thereafter during the term therein ex-

page_text: pressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "AN
IMPROVED MODE OF TRANSPORTATION, FOR THE CONVEYANCE OF LETTERS,
PACKAGES, FREIGHT, OR PASSENGERS FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER," being
a communication from a foreigner residing abroad, upon the condi-
tion (amongst others) that I, the said Alfred Vincent Newton,
by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, should par-
ticularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the
same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Alfred Vincent Newton, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascer
tained in and by the following statement; reference being had to the
Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked
thereon (that is to say):
This Invention as communicated to me by my foreign corre-
spondent, consists in certain improvements in the method of trans-
porting freight and passengers through air-tight cylinders, the
pressure of the atmosphere behind a moveable plunger being used
to propel the load, the air in advance of the plunger being exhausted.
By means of these improvements, letters, packages, and even more
bulky articles of freight, and passengers, may be transmitted from
one part of the country to another at a speed far surpassing that
which has heretofore been attained by any known method of trans-
portation, and at a materially diminished cost. The plunger and
cars may be fitted with wheels or friction slides, if desired, and
made of wood, or other light substance, so as to prevent friction.
Fig. 1, of the Drawing is a plan shewing the main cylinder,
air pumps, air tubes, and station boxes; Fig. 2, is a section
taken in the line A, B, of Fig. 1; Fig. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 10, to
17, are details, which will be referred to hereafter; Fig. 9, is a view

page_text: of the plunger; a, a (see Fig. 1, and 2), indicates the main
cylinder through which the packages are transmitted. It is con-
structed, by preference, of metal, and is laid either above or below
the surface of the ground, as nearly direct as may be from one
point of the country to another with which communication is to be
established.
The cylinder may be made to pass through the various towns
upon the main route, and at such stations an apparatus (which will
be hereafter described) is to be provided, for establishing a com-
munication between any one station upon the whole line and any
other station; or packages, mails, &c. passing along the main line
may be detained at any one of the stations, examined, and allowed to
pass again to the place of their final destination at the pleasure of the
manager. At the termini of the line, and also at the various inter-
mediate stations, "Station boxes" are used for the purpose of
introducing the packages to be transported. These boxes are
capable of being closed air-tight, and are constructed as follows:-
An opening b, b, shewn in dotted lines at Fig. 1, is cut in the top
or side of the main cylinder. At the point where the opening is
made, the cylinder is enlarged as seen at c, and the valve which
closes the above opening is hinged to this enlargement or box.
This valve is made in two parts, firmly united together by screws;
the lower part d, fits closely into the opening made in the box c,
and corresponding to the opening in the cylinder. This part d, is
grooved or made concave beneath, so as to correspond with and form
an unbroken cylinder for the passage of the plunger to be hereafter
described. The upper portion e, of the valve is firmly united to
the lower portion by screws f. The part e, fits air-tight around the
edge of the box c, as shewn at g g (Fig. 2, and 3), and the valve is
held firmly in place by the catch h, attached to the handle G. On
the handle being turned, this catch enters into the grooves i, in the
box c (Fig. 3); the shank of the handle being so united to the
catch by the screw k, that after the catch has entered the groove,
another turn more or less of the handle forces the screw upon the
latter into the catch, and thus brings down the cover firmly upon,
the sides of the box.

page_text: The lip of the box is covered with india rubber, or other suitable
substance, for the purpose of procuring an air-tight joint. The
cover e, is united to the box by the hinge l.
When it becomes necessary to arrest the progress of the plunger
at a station intermediate between the point from which it started
and that where the air-pump is located, a contrivance is made use.
of which the Inventor denominates a "check plate," and which is
described as follows:-m, m¹, are two circular metallic plates firmly
secured to the main cylinder, and having circular openings in them
corresponding in size and position to the bore of the tube. Between
these two plates is placed a metallic check plate n, shewn detached
at Fig. 5. o, is a screw bolt, by which these three plates m, m²,
and n, are all secured together, and on which, as a centre, the plate
n, is capable of turning. The head or nut of this bolt has its
bearing upon the springs o², o¹, which bear upon one of the plates,
and thus ensure a spring pressure upon the check plate n; p (Fig.
5), is an opening in the check plate corresponding in size to the bore
of the main cylinder a.
When the plate n, is moved round so as to bring the hole p into a
line with the bore of the cylinder, the plunger and its load are per-
mitted to pass forward to the next station. When, however, it is
required to arrest the plunger on its arrival at a particular station,
the check plate n, at that station is turned until the small hole 2 is
opposite to the bore of the cylinder. This hole is sufficiently large
to permit the continued exhaustion of the air through it, whilst it is
not large enough to admit of the passage of the plunger, which is
thus arrested at the station, as required. Furthermore, on account
of the smallness of this hole, all danger to freight and passengers
arising from the violent concussion of the plunger against the check
plate is obviated; as the air, before it has time to escape through
the small hole, becomes compressed between the plunger and check
plate at the moment of the arrival of the former, and serves as a
cushion to break the blow. The check plate may also be
placed in a third position, so as closely to stop the cylinder, and
shut off the entrance of the air to its exhausted portion, the object
of which will be hereafter explained.

page_text: It is obvious that other methods may be adopted for the arrange-
ment of these check plates. For instance, in lieu of turning upon
a centre, they may be made to slide horizontally or otherwise. In
such case, instead of being circular, they should be formed of strips
of metal of the required width and length, but in either case, bolts
or spring catches will be required to hold the check plates in place.
The arrangement preferred for this purpose is represented at
Fig. 1, 4, and 5. u¹ is a plate secured to the two plates m, m¹;
v, is a spring bolt, which, when the check plate n, is turned, falls
into one or other of the notches w¹, made in the edge of the plate,
and thereby holds it until the bolt is raised preparatory to again
turning the plate.
At the extremes of the line and also at stations where branch
lines diverge from the main line, the station box may be so modified
as to serve the double purpose of station box and turn-table, which
is constructed as follows:- (Fig. 3, and 6), is a metallic
stationary ring having lugs s (Fig. 1), to which the legs or other
supports of the turn-table are attached. From this ring projects
the branch pipe Q (Fig. 1, 3, and 6). T (Fig. 6), is a circular
hole corresponding to the bore of the main cylinder a, which is
secured to the ring r, at this point (see T, Fig. 1, and 2); t(Fig.
2, 3, and 7), is a moveable metallic ring fitting into the ring r, and
capable of turning freely within it. This ring t, has an opening
u, also corresponding to the bore of the main cylinder, and a
small one v, opposite to it. There are also two other circular
holes in this ring, a quadrant or one fourth of the circumference
distant from u, and v; the object of these various openings will
be hereafter explained. The plate t, has a horizontal flange or
ring x (Fig. 1, and 2), which rests upon the top of the plate
(Fig. 2, 3, 6); 3, y, are handles attached to the plate, for the pur-
pose of turning it. Within this ring t, and concentric therewith,
is a third ring w, also moveable, and which carries the station box
c (see Fig. 3, and 8), into which ring the plunger and load are
received on their arrival, and in which they are placed prepara-
tory to being sent off. This ring w, is secured to a horizontal
r

page_text: plate, by screws a¹, which pass through a flange on the bottom
edge of the ring, and by this arrangement the rings t, and w, are
held in place within the stationary ring r, while they are permitted
to turn as may be required. The plunger made use of to convey
the freight, &c. is constructed as follows:-' (Fig. 9,) is a metallic
shaft, having two or more washers or discs of leather or other
suitable substance d', confined between metallic discs c¹. These
washers are made slightly larger than the interior bore of the
cylinder; and when the pressure of the atmosphere is exerted upon
the rear side of them, they are forced into the inequalities of the
cylinder, and an air-tight joint is formed between them. At the
advance end of the shaft is a buffer or cushion f¹, of leather or
other suitable substance, to prevent injury to the surface of the
check plate by the forward end of the plunger coming in contact
therewith. A nut ', and screw g³, serve to tighten up the washers
and discs when necessary.
To the rear of the plunger is attached in any suitable manner
the sack, car, or other vehicle k¹, which serves to carry the freight
or passengers.
In order to oil the cylinder through its whole length, to reduce
as much as possible the friction between its interior surface and
the plunger, it is proposed to construct an oil chamber within the
plunger, having an orifice for the exit of the oil. This orifice is to
be provided with a cock, having a pendent handle so arranged that
when the handle is allowed to hang vertically, as it will do when
the plunger is at rest, the cock shall be closed and no oil will escape.
When the plunger is in motion, however, the pendent handle is
thrown back by its own inertia, and the cock is opened, and the
escape of oil permitted through the whole time of its transit. On
arriving at the terminus or wherever it may be detained, the
pendent handle again falls by its own gravity, and the cock is
closed. Forward of this cock and behind the buffer is a hollow
flange connected to the pipe or tube which leads from the oil
chamber, in the edge of which are small holes, through which the
oil is forced by the pressure of the air from behind when the

page_text: plunger is in motion, thus oiling the top as well as the bottom of
the cylinder; a spongey substance may be used around this flange
to absorb and distribute the oil.
At each end of the main line, or at points at suitable distances
apart thereon, stationary air pumps P¹ (Fig. 1), worked by
steam or other power, are provided for the purpose of exhausting
the air from the main cylinder. Should the pressure of the atmo-
sphere from the smallness of the carrying cylinder, or from any other
cause, prove insufficient for the purpose of propelling the plunger
and load, force pumps may be used for driving the plunger by con-
densing the air behind it.
.
To obviate the inconveniences resulting from the motion of so
large a column of air behind the plunger, and also to do away with
the friction which would inevitably be occasioned thereby, air is
admitted at stated intervals along the line, immediately behind
the plunger, through valves which are opened by it as it passes;
cach valve being closed at the instant that the one in advance
of it is opened, and when closed securely locked until again
opened by the passing plunger. Fig. 10, a side view of the
box containing the valve, showing its attachment to the main
cylinder, and having one side of the box broken away to show the
parts within. Fig 11, is a section taken upon the line A, A, of Fig.
10; and Fig. 12, is plan of the same.
B
A¹, is the main cylinder; B¹, a box secured thereto by means
of the semi-cylinder 6, and bolt al; C, is a vertical cylinder,
open at top and bottom, and extending a short distance into the
box B. The bottom of this cylinder is shewn at the curved lines
c, Fig. 11. Near the bottom of the cylinder C", and projecting
from its interior surface, is a ledge d". D", is a curved strap or
bow, bolted to the cylinder C". The valve consists of a metallic
disc f, to which are attached rods g, which pass up through holes
in the plate ", into the arms of the cross ¹¹. Upon the ends of the
rods g, are nuts k¹, for the purpose of limiting the motion of the
rods g, and valve f". Attached to the strap D", is the vertical
rod A, having at its lower extremity a nut m¹, the object of which

page_text: is to make pressure upon the perforated disc ", which pressure is
regulated by raising or lowering the nut m¹¹, upon the rod ", to
facilitate which adjustment the rod 11, is permitted to pass a short
. distance into and through the central hole of the plate "; the
pressure upon the latter being produced solely by the nut m"; n¹¹,
is a ring of leather or other packing which rests upon the ledge d",
and is confined in its place by the pressure of the perforated
plate, which latter is forced down and held in place, as already
described, by the nut m¹, upon the rod ; 0, is a spiral spring,
-embracing the rod 11. One end of this spring passes through the
strap D, and is secured, as seen at p₁; the other end is secured to
the cross arms 2". 91, are straps or projections, secured, to the
interior of the box B¹, and carrying, by means of a pivot, the
weighted pendent lever E", provided with a friction roller at its
upper extremity, as shewn in the Drawing. The lower end of this
lever projects into the main cylinder, through a slot s". In the
Drawings, the valve f¹¹, is shewn as closed, and held up in its place
against the plate ", and packing u", by the lever E"; the packing
n¹¹, being pinched between the valve f", and the perforated plate /",
and thus the opening in the bottom of the cylinder C", into the box
B¹, is closed air-tight. The space within the box B', communicates
freely with the main cylinder through openings s¹, " When the
plunger passes, it strikes against the bottom of the lever E", and
the latter is vibrated into the position shewn by dotted lines at
Fig. 10. The pressure of the atmosphere upon the valve f", being
at this instance very great, owing to the immediate passage of the
plunger, the valve is forced down into the position shewn by dotted
lines in Fig. 10, and with it the cross bars i¹¹, whereby the spiral
spring O¹¹, is distended. The atmosphere being thus freely admitted
at this point, the moving column of air, which had heretofore followed
the plunger, is stopped, and the pressure of the atmosphere being
thus taken off of the plate f", of the preceding valve, the latter is
again drawn up against the plate 7", and packing n", and the
weighted lever E", falls again into its vertical position as before,
and the valve is once more closed, ready for the passage of the

page_text: plunger. And thus, through the whole line, each valve is opened
by the plunger as it passes, the preceding valve being closed at the
same instant by the spiral spring O", and secured in its closed posi-
tion by the falling of the pendent lever E". It is necessary to add,
that the spiral spring O", should have just sufficient force in con-
junction with the upward pressure of the weighted lever E", to
raise the valve plate f", when the latter is freed from the pressure
of the atmosphere by the opening of the valve in advance of it,
but that the spring should yield to the pressure of the atmosphere
when the lever E¹¹, is thrown into the inclined position shewn by
dotted lines at Fig. 10, and permit the valve plate f¹¹, to descend as
already described.
The operation is as follows:- Commencing at the right hand of
Fig. 1, and 2, the check plate n, is turned, so as to close the cy.
linder at the point A, and the air pumps are then set to work to
exhaust the cylinder. The station box c, is opened by raising the
cover c, d, upon the hinge l, as described, and the freight car is
loaded. The station box is then closed in the manner described,
and the check plate is turned so as to bring the exhausted portion
of the cylinder in communication with the station box, through the
small hole 2, in the check plate, the valve A, being first closed to
prevent the pressure of the external atmosphere from forcing the
plunger against the check plate, to the injury of both; as the
moment the check plate was partially opened, the pressure of the
air would force the plunger against it, and through the partially
opened orifice tear the cushion and washers of the plunger, and
bruise the edges of the hole in the check plate. The air in the
cylinder and in the station box is now of the same density, and.
the check plate may be turned so as to bring the larger hole. P, into.
correspondence with the bore of the cylinder. Now, if the valve
behind the plunger be opened, the pressure of the atmosphere is
admitted, and the plunger starts. The station box itself may now
be opened, in order that the full pressure of the air may be exerted
upon the plunger. If it be desired to detain the plunger at the
next or any intermediate station, the check plate at that station is.

page_text: turned to present the small hole 7, through which the exhaustion
of the air in advance of the plunger is continued, and the air coin-
pressed between the check plate and plunger, on the arrival of the
latter, breaks the force of the blow, as already described. The
check plate is again turned, so as to close the cylinder, and the
exhaustion continues whilst the plunger and its car are detained
for the purpose of taking out or putting in freight. When the
plunger is to proceed in the same direction, the check plate is
moved so as to present the large hole p, and the plunger is per-
mitted to continue with its load. Where there is but one check
plate at a station, as is represented in the accompanying Drawing,
great care should be taken to open it suddenly, that the way may
be entirely clear to the passage of the plunger before it moves,
otherwise it may be injured by being forced through the partially
opened orifice of the check plate as described; but two check plates,
with the station box between them, is preferable. On arriving at
the end of the line, or at stations where branch lines diverge from
the main line, the plunger is received into a station box combined
with a turn-table, as above described. When the plunger is to pass
through the station provided with this form of station box, without
detention, the interior ring w, with its box c, is disposed as seen
in Fig. 1, and 2, a clear way being opened through it. At the
same time the ring t, is so disposed that the two large holes opposite
to each other (one only of which is seen at T, Fig. 7) shall be in
line with the main track. When the parts are thus arranged, the
plunger is allowed to pass freely through the station box. When
it is required to detain the plunger at a station provided with onc
of these station boxes, the plate t, is turned, so as to present the large
hole u, to the advancing plunger at a¹, Fig. 2. The small hole v
(Fig. 7), opposite to it is then at x¹1 (Fig. 2), and operates in a
manner similar to the small hole 9, of the check plate n, and need
not therefore be further described In this position the ring t
operates precisely like the check plate n, and may in fact be re-
garded as a check plate, differing from the one already described only
in form. One of the holes T¹, of the plate t, is now in corre-

page_text: spondence with the branch pipe Q, and if it be desired to despatch
the plunger in this direction, the plate t, remaining fast by its
spring bolt n, the spring bolt O, is withdrawn, releasing the
ring w, which is then revolved until the box c, is in line with the
branch pipe Q, and the plunger is despatched in this direction; or
in like manner the plunger may be sent in any direction. If it be
desired to return the plunger through the main cylinder in the
direction from which it arrived, it is necessary simply to revolve
the ring w, with its box c, 180 degrees; the ring t, remaining
stationary, which reverses the position of the plunger, and prepares
it to return through the main cylinder in an opposite direction.
It is evident that at the extreme end of a line, the rings t, and w,
may be used without the ring r, t, being made stationary. The
plunger may then be received in the station box, and revolved in
any direction as required. Where the station is not at the
terminus of the line, it is necessary so to arrange the station
box that the plunger may pass through uninterrupted, and in
such case the three plates or rings w, t, r, are required.
At the various stations small orifices are made in the cylinders
on each side of the check plates. These holes are covered by valves
2', attached to the levers 71, the other ends of which carry hammers t¹.
On the arrival of the plunger, the compression of the air immediately
in advance of the plunger opens the valve q¹, which has the effect
of depressing the hammer, and a blow is given upon a bell or upon
the cylinder, giving notice of the arrival of the plunger. At
suitable distances along the lines the joints of the cylinder are
furnished with stuffing boxes, as shewn at y¹ (Fig. 1, and 2), to
make the necessary allowance for the contraction and expansion of
the metal.
In order that the plunger may be driven with a force due to the
whole pressure of the atmosphere until it arrives within a short
distance of the station, branch pipes P, entering the main cylinder
at some distance from the stations, may be made use of. The orifice
at which these branch pipes severally enter the cylinder may be
closed by valves which are shut by the plunger as it passes, and

page_text: the plunger proceeds the remainder of the distance under a dimi-
nished pressure, as the exhaustion of the cylinder can now take
place only through the small orifice in the check plate; the plunger
approaches the station, therefore, under a much diminished pressure,
and consequently with less velocity. The same thing may be
effected without the branch pipes P, by exhausting through the
check plate, and causing the orifice in the same to diminish as the
plunger nears the station.
Having now described the Invention communicated to me by my
foreign correspondent, I wish it to be understood that under the
above in part recited Letters Patent I claim,―
. First, the station boxes c, for the purpose of introducing and
taking out the freight, constructed and arranged as described, or in
any manner substantially equivalent thereto.
Second, the check plate n, constructed as described, or in any
manner substantially the same and for the purposes set forth.
Third, the turn-table constructed as described of the ring w, and
its station box c, in combination with the rings t, and r, or their
equivalents as herein set forth.
Fourth, the method herein described of protecting the plunger
and check plate from injury, by keeping the valve behind the
plunger closed until after the way is opened from the station box
to the cylinder by the motion of the check plate.
Fifth, the method of keeping up the velocity of the plunger, to
its maximum, until it arrives near the station, where it is to stop,
and then diminishing the same by means of the combination of the
branch pipe P; the check plate n, and the main exhaust pipe O,
operating as described, or in any other manner substantially the same.
Sixth, indicating the arrival of the plunger by means of the com-
pression of the air within the cylinder (at the instant of the arrival
of the plunger), operating (through the orifice in the cylinder), the
valve q¹, and the hammer t¹, as described, or in any other manner
substantially equivalent thereto.
Seventh, the plunger constructed as herein described (viz.) of

page_text: the buffer f¹, the leather washers d', metallic discs c¹, nut h³, and
screw g', for the purpose substantially as herein set forth; and,
Eighth, admitting the air to the interior of the cylinder imme-
diately in the rear of the plunger at intervals along the line, by the
action of the passing plunger upon the valvular apparatus con-
structed as above described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Alfred Vincent Newton, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Sixth day of June, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-
throo
Witness,
J. W. MOFFATT,
66, Chancery Lane.
A. V. NEWTON. (L.s.)