IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SHIPS OR VESSELS AND IN BOLTS AND NUTS FOR FASTENING THE PARTS TOGETHER: ALSO IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND EMPLOY- . • MENT OF APPARATUS TO BE APPLIED TO SUCH SHIPS OR VESSELS TO ASSIST IN PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION
Year: 1870

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles Lungley, of Greenwich, in the County
_ of Kent, Naval Architect, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE CONSTRUCTION OF SHIPS OR VESSELS AND IN BOLTS AND NUTS FOR
FASTENING THE PARTS TOGETHER: ALSO IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND EMPLOY-
.
•
MENT OF APPARATUS TO BE APPLIED TO SUCH SHIPS OR VESSELS TO ASSIST IN
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Lungley at
'
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
26th January 1870.
. I, CHARLES LUNGLEY, of Greenwich, in the County of Kent, Naval
Architect, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "In-
PROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SHIPS OR VESSELS AND IN BOLTS AND NUTS
FOR FASTENING THE PARTS TOGETHER; ALSO IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND EXPLOY-
MENT OF APPARATUS TO BE APPLIED TO SUCH SHIPS OR VESSELS TO ASSIST IN

page_text: follows:-
The first part of my improvements in the construction of vessels
relates to forming them in sections with projections and recesses at the ends to
fit into corresponding recesses and projections in the ends of the other sections
or parts.
The second improvement relates to placing a special form of paddle
wheel or a screw in the midship portion, making a channel or waterway under
the bottom of the hull and regulating the dip of the blades or floats in the
water.
My third to fitting blades or fins in the sides of the vessels, which can bo
thrown out to cause her to hold the wind better.
My fourth to the construction of rudders with wings so that when moved
over the aperture at the joint between it and the stern post is closed up to
ensure an efficient action the moment it is moved.
My fifth to arranging sliding boards on rudders to obtain a larger acting
surface under certain circumstances.
And my sixth to arranging and balancing the bucket ladder when the vessel
is used as a dredger.
My improvements in bolts and nuts refer to a mode of preventing the
nuts working loose from the vibrations of the vessels, and my improve-
ments in the construction and employment of apparatus to assist the
steering and propelling of the vessels through intricate channels refer to a
structure or framework to he attached to the bows to keep the vessel's head off
shore.
As regards the construction of ships or vessels I make the hull in
sections with projections and recesses, and I fit one part into the other
and secure them together by rivets or otherwise; by this means I make
the ship much stronger than is usually the case. I fit the puddle or
paddles in a cavity amidships in such a manner that the water lifted by
the blades is prevented going higher than a fixed point and when thrown
away from the blades it is utilized towards the progress of the vessel by
acting against the general body of water instead of being thrown away
to waste as is the case with most of the paddles fitted at the sides.
I also form a space or water channel along the bottom of the vessel for
leading the water to and from the paddle or paddles, the channel

page_text: moved over to either side. If the wings or projections are made with or
fitted to the rudders between the axes and the stern post I make the end
rounded & bring it close up to the stern post, so that it nearly touches
it; by this means the aperture or space between them is entirely filled
up, so that no water is broken as it leaves the stern part of the vessel by
rushing into the space as is the case in all the present forms of rudders. The
stern post may be made concave for the end of the rudder to work in. The
wings or projections or the rudder itself or both may be made hollow. In
same cases a sheath or covering may be fitted on the ordinary stern post of a
vessel to widen the same and make it applicable for taking my winged rudder
as above described.
If my vessel is constructed to work in shallow water I slide boards or
additional pieces on to the existing rudders so that they add to the
working surface of the same. The boards may be slid down in grooves
until they reach the bottom, or they may be hinged to fall down for the
same purpose.
dredgers I centre the ladder
length or at some distance
In the case of vessels which are used as
or bucket frame about mid-distance of its
from one end upon uprights or to a solid or hollow shaft upon
the deck or just under the deck so that it is nearly balanced upon them.
and I regulate the angle for working by tackle and block appliances or other
mechanism. When the bucket frame is out of action, such as when moving
the vessel from one placo to another, I bring the frame into a horizontal position
lengthwise of the deck. The centres are adjustable in the frame
to regulate the depth at which the bottom part should descend. The
part of the bucket frame above the deck can be used as sheer legs for lifting
weights or for other purposes; they are made hollow and are preferably of
cylindrical shape. A mast may be used in connection with the frame when
employed as a derrick.
.
By balancing the bucket frame in the manner as above referred to the whole
of the costly and heavy framework usually employed is dispensed with, and in
addition I make the vessel available for other purposes than that of dredging
without removing the bucket frame.
In securing the planks to frames or plates when my vessels are made
in a composite manner or to the parts of any framework or structure I
propose to do so by bolts the stem of which is of two diameters,
and by making a screw thread of a different pitch upon each part and bringing

page_text: one nut down upon the other, whereby both are held secure, and lo
prevent. them becoming loose I form a groove in; the top face' of one nut
and in the bottom face of the other hut, and I bring the two grooves into
position one over the other, and drive a key or wedge into the¦ grooves
so that one cannot move without the other. The key I make of
wood so that when driven in the projecting part may be cut off flush with the
nuts and present a smooth appearance with them, but when it is necessary 'to
unscrew the nuts the top nut may be turned by n
T
i
spanner with
sufficient force to tear the wooden key apart, when both nuts will be free to be
removed; or one of the nuts may have a recess in one face for a corresponding
projection on the other to fit into, so that one pinches the other
with sufficient force to prevent either one turning the reverse way or
becoming loose. In this case it would be best to make the threads
right and left handed and of different pitches. The bolts and nuts
may be s sunk into recesses in the planks or frames, or a compound.bolt
may be employed; the stem of one is made hollow and threaded on
the inside to take the other bolt which is threaded on the outside. These
bolts may be made of different materials, and by placing a washer or collar
of insulating material between the two heads they are insulated one from the
other.
i
=
.
:
7
"
"
:
The above mode of securing nuts upon bolts is' applicable to all' cases
where it is necessary to use them, and in the case of securing iron "to
wood I propose that the bolt should be.. of iron and should' touch the iron'
plate only, while the nuts should be of brass which should' only.
touch the wood. I interpose a collar or washer of felt or elastic material
between the iron and the wood to prevent oxydation or electrical action setting
in between them. In lieu of making the groove on the face of the nut I.
sometimės make Д groove or grooves across the threaded portions,
and I make another groove in the bolt stem so that when the nut is
screwed home I drive a wooden pin or wedge into them to hold
one firmly to the other. Again the stem of the bolt may have a double thread
made on it, one to the right hand and one to the left, so that when the
nuts are screwed on their respective threads one tightens itself against the
other.
J

page_text: with the rudder and exerts its force in the direction of the angle
at which the rudder is put. The structure is so made that it can be
secured to the bows of a vessel by rope lashings or other appliances
as found most convenient. The rudder or the propeller is fitted in the
framework so that it can be operated from the upper part of the framework
or from the deck of the vessel either directly over the bows or from the ship's
sides.
I do not propose any special mode of working the rudder or the propeller,
whether it be done by manual labour or by steam or other power,
but in the case of the propeller it will be found more practical and
efficient if it be worked by steam power either from the steam
engine itself or by the donkey engine of a steam ship, or by a steam winch or
hoisting machinery on the deck of the same, or a small engine may be arranged
on the framework. The rudder may be composed of a boat provided with
auxiliary power or not, on or to which the framework may be
connected or supported. When I employ boats for this purpose I some-
times fit boards to the keel or to the body to hold the boat to her work and
steady her.
command may be
By a slight modification of some parts of the structure, I am enabled
to fit the propeller to the side of the ship instead of to the bow. The
propeller may be placed at any part of the vessel's side and at any distance
below the water line. It is easy of removal from one part to another and can
be taken inboard in rough weather or left upon
the side and
worked to keep the vessel's head in the required position or to
prevent her drifting with the current, so that perfect
had over her in a hurricane or gale of wind to keep her off shore or from
running foul of other vessels in the sea or in a river. I do not confine
myself to fitting or lashing the rudder or propeller close to the vessel's bows,
as in some cases it may be arranged in the frame some distance in advance of
the same.
In that case it would work in undisturbed water, and this would
be advisable for broad bowed vessels, as the rudder or propeller would then
work in advance of the swell which the vessel makes when moving ahead. This
I propose to accomplish by fastening a number of spars together to extend the
length of the frame.

page_text: ..
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed I by the said Charles Lungley in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
26th July 1870.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, CHARLES
LUNGLEY, of Greenwich, in the County of Kent, Naval Architect, send
greeting.
"
•
"
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-sixth day of January, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy, in the thirty-
third year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Charles Lungley, Her special licence
that I, the said Charles Lungley, my executors, administrators, 'and
assigns, or such others as I, the said Charles Lungley, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter, during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might, make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and, Isle of Man, an Invention for IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
CONSTRUCTION OF SHIPS OR VESSELS AND IN BOLTS OR NUTS FOR FASTENING THE
PARTS TOGETHER; ALSO IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND EMPLOYMENT OF APPARATUS TO
BE APPLIED TO SUCH SHIPS OR VESSELS TO ASSIST IN STEERING AND PROPELLING
THEM THROUGH INTRICATE CHANNELS,” upon the condition (amongst others)
that I, the said Charles Lungley, my executors or administrators, by an
instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and
seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent. Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
Yoi..
NOW KNOW YE, that 1. the said Charles Lungley. do hereby declare
the nature of my said lavention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, reference being bad to the Drawings hereunto annexed, that
is to say:
-
The first part of my improvements in the construction of vessels

page_text: fit into corresponding recesses and projections in the ends of the other sections
or parts.
The second improvement relates to placing a special form of paddle
wheel or a screw in the midship portion, making a channel or water way under
the bottom of the hull and regulating the dip of the blades or floats in the
water.
My third to fitting blades or fins in the sides of the vessels, which can be
thrown out to cause her to hold the wind better.
My fourth to the construction of rudders with wings so that when moved
over the aperture at the joint between it and the stern post is closed up to
ensure an efficient action the moment it is moved.
My fifth to arranging sliding boards on rudders to obtain a larger acting
surface under certain circumstances.
And my sixth to arranging and balancing the bucket ladder when the vessel
is used as a dredger.
My improvement in bolts and nuts refers to a mode of preventing the
nuts working loose from the vibrations of the vessel, and my improve-
ments in the construction and employment of apparatus to assist the
steering and propelling of the vessels through intricate channels refer to a
structure or framework to be attached to the bows to keep the vessel's head off
shore.
As regards the construction of ships or vessels I make the hull in
sections with projections and recesses, and I fit one part into the other
and secure them together by rivets, screws, or otherwise.
This part of the Invention is shown by dotted lines in Figure 1 of the
accompanying Drawings, which is a plan view of a vessel.
a, a, are the
projections, and b. b, the recesses; these are arranged at about one-third
the length of the vessel from the bow, but they can be arranged at any other
part as found most convenient. By this means I make the ship
much stronger than is usually the case. In the case of steam or other
power vessels I fit the paddle or paddles in a cavity amidships in such a
manner that the water lifted by the blades is prevented going higher
than a fixed point, and when thrown away from the blades it is utilised
towards the progress of the vessel by acting against the general body of
water instead of being thrown away to waste as is the case with most of
the paddles fitted at the sides. I also form a space or water channel
along the bottom of the vessel for leading the water to and from the

page_text: paddle or paddles, the channel gradually increasing in depth from the
bows towards the centre and decreasing from the centre towards the
stern; this is shewn in Figures 2 and 3. The blades are attached to
a cylindrical casing or drum, and as they revolve they work close up
against the skin of the vessel, which is shaped' at that part to' suiť.“The
paddle or paddle wheels are supported on a shaft passing through the side
walls into the interior of the vessel, and can be driven by an engine or
engines in any convenient
manner. The floats or blades may be
made hollow or solid, and they may be fixed to the barrel or drum or attached
to rods or other appliances, so that they may work as feathering paddles;
they may be simply plain flat floats or tapered, that is to say, they may
be connected to the drum with the bases spread out and the projecting
portion brought to a point or fine edge. I provide means of regulating
the dip of the floats, so that when the vessel is lightly or heavily loaded
I can raise or lower the drum to suit the variations of speed or power as
required. This may be effected by hanging the drum upon curved
bearings or supports and causing a wheel driven by the engine to gear'
into another wheel upon the drum shaft or axle, or it may be done by fitting
the main shaft in sliding bearings or in any other convenient manner., The upper
part of the drum casing forms an air chamber and adds to the buoyancy
of the vessel; it may however be provided with openings for the exit of
the air.
.I.
1
.
.ה'
1.
:
I do not confine myself to fitting a drum or floats, in the space amid-.
ships, as in some cases I may fit a screw therein, and in that case I make
a skin or envelope to fit the screw." When I use a screw" I prefer to fit
one with adjustable blades so that the pitch can be regulated. One way
which the blades can be altered is by fitting links and rods to the
shifting, block, the links working in a tube forming part of the screw
shaft. The links are worked by a screw nut. I also form recesses in the
run,' "bilge," or "quarter" of the vessels for the reception of blades
"
:
"
•
11
or fins, which may be extended beyond the vessel's side to prevent her
heeling over, and to enable her sails to hold a better wind when sailing
with a cross current. The fins may be made to fold into the recesses or
swing, upon hinges, and they may be moved out and in by rods, levers,
This will be
screws, or other appliances as found most convenient.
understood by referring to Figures 4 and 5, where the blade c is of a flat
kind and hinged or jointed at one end so that the other end 'can be
extended therefrom. The blade's may, however, be revolving ones, and
thus made to assist in propelling the vessel in addition to acting as fins.

page_text: I propose sometimes to fit springs to them or to make them of
springy or elastic material, such as steel, so that they may yield when they
come foul of an obstruction. In the case of balanced rudders I propose to
wings. or
add
projections to one or both ends to ensure the
immediate action of the rudder when moved over to either side. If the wings
or projections are made with or fitted to the rudders between the axes and
the stern post I make the end rounded and bring it close up to the stern
post so that it nearly touches it, as seen in Figures 6 and 7. By this
means the aperture or space between them is entirely filled up, So
that no water is broken as it leaves the stern part of the vessel by rushing into
the space as is the case in all the present forms of balanced rudders. The
stern post may be made concave for the end of the rudder to work in. The
wings or projections, or the rudder itself, or both, may be made hollow.
In some cases a sheath or covering may be fitted on the ordinary stern post
of a vessel to widen the same and make it applicable for taking my winged
rudder as above described, or the ordinary rudder may be adapted to suit. my
proposed plan.
If my vessel is constructed to work in shallow water I slide boards or
additional pieces on to the existing rudders so that they add to the
working surface of the same. The boards may be slid down in grooves
until they reach the bottom, or they may be hinged to fall down for the
same purpose, or they may be arranged on the rudder as shown in Figure 8, or
with a boat as in Figs. 8 & 8°.
In the case of vessels which are used as dredgers I centre the ladder
or bucket frame about mid-distance of its length or at
some dis-
tance from one end upon uprights, or to a solid or hollow shaft upon the deck,
or just under the deck and inside or outside of the vessel, so that
it is nearly balanced, and I regulate the angle for working by tackle and
block appliances or other mechanism. When the bucket frame is out of action,
such as when moving the vessel from one place to another, I
bring the frame into a horizontal position lengthwise of the deck, as
seen in Figures 1 and 9. The centres may be adjustable in the frame
to regulate the depth at which the bottom part should descend.
The part
of the bucket frame above the deck can be used as sheer legs for lifting
weights, or for other purposes; they are made hollow and are preferably
of cylindrical shape. A mast may be used in connection with the
frame when employed as a derrick; this will be understood by referring
to Figure 11.

page_text: By balancing the bucket frame in the manner as above referred to the whole
of the costly and heavy framework usually employed is 'dispensed with, and in
addition I make the vessel available for other purposes than that of dredging
without removing the bucket frame.
secure, and to
top face of
bring the two
In securing the planks to frames or plates when vessels are made in
a. composite manner, or of the parts of any. framework or structure,
I propose to do so by bolts the stem of which is of two diameters, and
by making a screw thread of a different pitch upon each part and
bringing one nut down upon the other, whereby both are held
prevent them becoming loose I form a groove in the
one nut and in the bottom face of the other nut, and I
grooves into position one over the other, as seen in Figure 12, and I drive
a key or wedge into the grooves so that one cannot move without the
other. The key I make of wood so that when driven in the pro-
jecting part may be cut off flush with the nuts and present a smooth appearance
with them, but when it is necessary to unscrew the nuts the top nut
may be turned by a spanner, with sufficient force to tear the wooden
key apart, when both nuts will be free to be removed. Or one of the nuts
may have a recess in one face for a corresponding projection on the other
to fit into, so that one pinches the other with sufficient force to prevent either
one turning the reverse way or becoming loose. In this case it
would be best to make the threads right and left handed and of different
pitches, as seen in Figure 13. The bolts and nuts may be sunk
into recesses in the planks or frames, or compound bolts may be employed,
as shown in Figure 14. The stem of one is made hollow and threaded on
the inside to take the other bolt m which is threaded on the outside. These
bolts may be made of different materials, and by placing a washer or 'collar n
of insulating material between the two heads they are insulated one from
the other.
The above mode of securing nuts upon bolts is applicable to all cases
where it is necessary to use them, and in the case of securing iron to
wood I propose that the bolt should be of iron and should touch the iron
plate only, while the nuts should be of brass which should only
touch the wood. I interpose a collar or washer of felt or elastic material
between the iron and the wood to prevent oxydation or electrical action setting
in between them. In lieu of making the groove on the face of the
nut I sometimes make a groove on the face of the nut, I sometimes
make a groove or grooves across the threaded portions, and Į máko.

page_text: another groove in the bolt stem, so that when the nut is screwed home
I drive a wooden pin or wedge into them to hold one firmly to
the other. Again the stem of the bolt may have a double thread made on it.
one to the right hand and one to the left, as in Figure 15, so that when the
nuts are screwed on their respective threads one tightens itself against the
other.
ог
The next part of my Invention consists of a strong framework
structure in which a rudder, balanced or not, or a propeller, or both, may
be fitted separately or together. If made together the propeller moves
with the rudder and exerts its force in the direction of the angle at which the
rudder is put. The structure is so made that it can be secured to
the bows of a vessel, as seen in Figures 15, 16, 17, and 18, by rope lashings
or other appliances as found most convenient. The rudder or propeller is fitted
in the framework, so that it can be operated from the upper part of the
framework or from the deck of the vessel either directly over the bows or from
the ship's sides.
I do not propose any special mode of working the rudder or the propeller,
whether it be done by manual labour or by steam or other power,
but in the case of the propeller it will be found more practical and efficient
steam
if it be worked by steam power either from the
engine
itself or by the donkey engine of a steam ship, or by a steam winch or hoisting
or a small engine may be
machinery, on the deck of the same,
the framework. The rudder may be composed of
arranged on
boat, as in Figures 17 and 18, and may be provided with auxiliary power or
not; on or to which the framework may be connected or supported.
When I employ boats for this purpose I sometimes fit boards p,
Figure 17, to the keel or to the body to hold the boat to her
work and steady her.
19.
a
By a slight modification of some parts of the structure I am enabled to
fit the propeller to the side of the ship instead of to the how as shown in
be placed at
Figure
The propeller may
any cỉ the
vessel's side by providing duplicate frames thereto to receive it or them;
if one is used on each side they can be lowered to any distance below the
water line. The propeller shafts may be composed of tubes of different dia-
slide within
tcle-
one another like
can
that they
meters, SO
scope and thus be lengthened or shortened to suit circumstances. They can
be taken inboard in rough. weather or left upon the side and worked to keep
the vessel's head in the required position or prevent her drifting
.
a

page_text: with the current; by this means perfect command may be had
over her in a hurricane or gale of wind to keep her off shore or from running
foul of other vessels in the sea or in a river. The shaft or shafts can be
passed through the side or sides of the vessel at any desired
angle instead of over the side.
I do not confine myself to fitting or lashing the rudder or propeller close
to the vessel's bows, as in some cases it may be arranged in the frame some
distance in advance of the same, as in Figures 17 and 18, in that case it would
work in undisturbed water and this would be advisable for broad
bowed vessels, as the rudder or propeller would then work in
advance of the swell which the vessel makes when moving ahead. This I
propose to accomplish by fastening a number of spars together to extend the
length of the frame.
And having now described the nature of my said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I declare that I claim,-
Firstly. Constructing vessels with projections and recesses for one part
to fit into the other, so as to shift the line of strain in the parts connected
and add greater strength, in the manner herein-before described and repre-
sented in the annexed Drawings.
Secondly. Placing wheels or screws in recesses and forming channels in
the bottom for the entrance and exit of water, whereby I keep the form of
the fore and aft bodies of the same shape as in ordinary vessels, and in form-
ing wheels and propelling parts on the wheels or drums, and connecting the
parts for adjusting the height or dip of the floats, as herein.
before described and shewn.
Thirdly. I claim fitting fins or blades to the sides or other parts of vessels
to prevent them rolling or falling to leeward, which blades may also be used
for propelling, as described.
Fourthly, In fitting rudders with wing pieces or projections to gain quick
action, in the manner described and shewn.
Fifthly. In fitting adjustable sliding parts to rudders, as described and
shown.
Sixthly. Fitting ladders or sheer legs to vessels for use as
dredgers by balancing or nearly balancing them, and for adjusting the centres
of ladders and so avoid the use of the usual heavy framework, as herein-
before described and shown.

page_text: Seventhly. I claim making and fitting bolts and nuts in a manner to prevent
them working loose, as herein-before described.
Eighthly. I claim fitting adjustable apparatus for propelling and steering
substantially in the manner herein-before described and shown, together with
the modifications before referred to.
And, lastly. I claim the general combination and arrangement of the parts
in the construction of vessels which can be used for and in all the purposes
herein-before described and represented.
In witness whereof, 1, the said Charles Lungley, have here-unto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-sixth day of July One thousand eight hun-
dred and seventy.
CHARLES LUNGLEY, (L.s.)