IMPROVEMENTS IN VENTILAT- ING, WARMING, AND COOLING, ROOMS AND OTHER PLACES
Year: 1856

page_text: Sealed the 4th July 1856, and dated the 15th January 1856.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thomas Hill Bakewell
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 15th January 1856.
I, THOMAS HILL BAKEWELL, of Welford Road, Leicester, Clerk, do here-
by declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN VENTILAT-
ING, WARMING, AND COOLING, ROOMS AND OTHER PLACES," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists of certain improvements, for the purpose of
carrying out more extensively and working with greater facility the
principle of my former Patent, which is founded upon the combination of
those two well-known principles, propulsion and exhaustion, containing
also such additions thereunto as relate to its application for warming or
heating buildings, especially churches, school-rooms, hospitals, and
factories.
A full-sized machine, as specified in my former Patent, will at least
consist of two divisions, with as many more as may be required; each
division having one body, two wings, two cupolas, several cylinders, valves,
tubes, connecting rods, wheels, and certain parts of a wheel working upon
a central movement, all of which have been duly set forth and described
therein.
In reference to the culminator, specified in the forner Patent, it must
be observed, that for those mines where only one shaft is used, an extra
tube will be required to conduct the air out of the mine into the fire-damp
division of the machine, which is drawn out by that power, and a tube
may also be used in any other upeast shaft, instead of an air-tight cul-
minator at the top of the shaft, if they require the shaft open for any con-
venient purpose.
The main tubes in either case, videlicit, for introducing the fresh air or

page_text: conducting the impure air out, need only proceed as far as the beginning
of the air courses in the one case, and only to the termination of it in the
other; but it is requisite for the air courses to be made air-tight at both
ends, only allowing admission to the tubes, from which smaller tubes may
branch off, if requisite, in any direction. A tube may also be constructed
so as to be furnished with signal whistles, that will give notice of any
irregular pressure of air, and may be used as warnings when any impedi-
ment or stoppage takes place in the mine.
PLAN 1.
A proper and complete machine under this Patent, as well as the
former, will consist of two or more divisions. Each division, where several
are used, working one of those two principles, propulsion or exhaustion,
or one of the wings of any division, may be applied to the propulsion
principle, and the other wing to the exhausting principle, as any particular
circumstance or case may require; in this latter case one division only may
be used occasionally without the other. In reference to the divisions of
the machine, it is not requisite in all cases for them to be near together,
as they may be worked in separate places or by separate power; but for
the purpose of convenience and saving of power, they are united together
as regards the movement, (videlicit,) the manner of working them, and
thus two or more divisions constitute a full-sized machine, each division
possessing the power of working either the principle of propulsion or
exhaustion, as may be required, so that when brought into action together
both principles are applied for the purpose of accomplishing perfect
ventilation. In order that the word division may not be misunderstood,
and by way of explanation, any kind of machine that is based upon the
principle either of double valves or double action, and so formed with the
use of connecting tubes as to conduct the air into a room or draw it out,
whatever may be the form of a machine, whether it be a fan or steam
engine, applying its cylinder upon that principle used with any kind of
calorian (as will hereafter be described), or performing any part of the
double agency of propulsion or exhaustion either for warming or cooling,
each and any of these designs would constitute a division according to the
intent, use, meaning, and principle of this Invention.
The wings may each have one or more central frames, as described in
the former Patent, or they may have only one space forming the whole
vacuum between the base of the wing and the top part of it; the enclosing
material may be either all leather, or other air-tight material, or partly
wood, as K, and partly leather, &c.
H, H, are receiving tubes, for the purpose of passing the air into the

page_text: machine, whether it be cold air, warm or impure air, vapour, or any other
kind of air, for the purpose of conveying it from one place to another;
the open end of each tube being reversed to each other, indicates the
operation of one power in opposition to the other, as the one tube belongs
to the propelling part, and the other to the exhausting power of the
machine. Double receiving tubes will sometimes be used under each
division.
X, X, is a conducting tube, extending from the forked tubing P on the
The machine may be
summit of the cupolas to any place required.
worked by connecting rods, small wheels, or pulleys, as O 2, plank, with
chains or straps, or by cranks, levers, &c., specified in the former Patent,
also by other power, explained in another part of this Specification. The
power used for putting the machine in motion, may be steam power, horsc
power, or manual labour.
The cylinders may be used without pistons or inner tubes, and the
domes, specified in the former Patent, need not be applied so long as the
body valves resist the return of the air out of the cupolas into the body.
PLAN 2 THE MOVEMENT.
Another mode besides the crank power for raising the wings.-Instead
of using a crank in all cases, as was specified in the former Patent, I here
claim the privilege of substituting at my discretion and judgment the iron
or other kind of rods denominated stirrup rods, one or two of which (as
circumstances and the size of the machine may require) extending over
each wing, for the purpose of raising it alternately with its fellow wing.
The two rods G and G, in Plans 1 and 2, are united together by a
peculiarly constructed pivot, which enables them to act reversely to each
other, and meet together in a metal or wood bracket Q, placed between
the cupolas in Plan 2, or fixed upon any other part of the body, as may be
more suitable or convenient, so that the body of each division is in Plans
1 and 2, where, it may be observed, that one stirrup or connecting rod is
taking up its own wing C, while the other wing D in the same division is
descending.
THE MODE OF COMPRESSING THE WINGS.
This may be accomplished by having a small wheel situated at each
5 end of the wings between the divisions, so as to be common to both. These
wheels work on a chain or strap, or any other flexible material serving the
.same purpose, extending from each wheel to a central movement, which
may be either a wheel or parts of a wheel, as it is drawn in my former
Patent. This movement is fixed between the two bodies, so that when the
0 machine is in action it draws down a wing at each end alternately by con-

page_text: tracting the strap or chain, which is caused by turning or partly turning
the central movement, which is fixed on an axle that extends from the
iron bar on one side of the machine into the bar on the other side, into
both of which it is rivetted.
ANOTHER PLAN FOR WORKING THE SAME PRINCIPLE.
The compressing power may be divided, so that instead of being placed
between the divisions, this Plan will give to each division its own separate
action as regards the pulleys and quadrants, or parts of a circle (as they
may be termed). According to the following description, a small wheel
or pulley O must be suspended under the extreme end of each wing,
having the strap or chain upon which it works fixed at the top of the wing
perpendicularly over the pulley, which is underneath the wing, and con-
tinued onward to the quadrant, which is placed under the body of its own
division, so that instead of having a wide double quadrant in all cases
between the two divisions, and being common to both, the movement is
divided by placing each quadrant under its own division, and these
quadrants are fixed upon an axle T, that passes from one side of the
machine to the other, as described above, and which bears both quadrants;
so that when the axle is put into operation it brings into action the
quadrant pulleys and wings of each division. The whole of this move-
ment is illustrated and explained by Plan 1. The wings may also be
worked by side levers joined together or even separately at the ends of
each division, with handles, &c.. with or without reversed action, and so
constructed as to be used with either single or double axles. Double
appendages may be introduced into any part of the movement or tubing,
&c. whenever the power of the machine may require them.
PLAN 3. THE CALORIAN.
The Plans 1 and 3 show the application of the machine to the calorian,
for heating or warming greenhouses, buildings, and apartments, so as to
raise them to any degree of heat or tepid ventilation. In order not to
destroy the oxygen of the air as it passes through hot tubes, I solicit for
the power of using every kind of means to preserve it, whether it be of a
chemical nature or otherwise.
The calorian is an apparatus that may be applied in the form of a pipe
stove. as illustrated by Plan 3. or it may be formed in any shape to accom- 3
modate the peculiarity of circumstances.
The calorian may be made either of tin, iron, copper, or any other
metal that will retain sufficient heat for warming the air as the current is
forced by the machine on its way to its intended receptacle, whether it

page_text: be a room or larger buildings, or any other place or purposes of ventilation
-whatsoever.
The calorian may be heated by fire, gas, steam, hot water, or other
agency, and may vary in size, according to the power of the machine. It
may be adapted on a small scale to domestic purposes, even in the form
of an iron tube fixed in or near to the grate of the kitchen fire; but should
any other
agency be applied besides or instead of this patented ventilating
machine for the purpose of extracting warm air, or even forcing or drawing
air through any heated space whatsoever, whether a tube or otherwise, or
if the air be made to pass over or under any solid body that is heated for
the purpose of warming rooms, buildings, &c., it will be an infringement
on this branch of the Patent.
T
So, likewise, if only one of those two principles, (videlicit,) propulsion
or exhaustion, should be applied by any contrivance or machine to a flue,
oven, cooking utensils, to any part of a steam engine, or any small
apparatus, fixed or moveable, that shall be made hot or to contain heat,
in order to be used as or substituted for a calorian, this would also infringe.
upon the Patent, which is intended to protect the new principle of forcing
air into or through a heated space for the purpose of warming greenhouses,
buildings, or any other large space in a few minutes, and raise it to any
degree that may be necessary.
The machine may be connected with the calorian in two ways, either by
drawing out the warm air of the calorian, in which case the warm air
would pass through the machine; or it may force the air before it has been
heated with the calorian, which is the proper method, so that when the air
is not heated before it enters the machine, the calorian tubing X must be
attached to the forked tube P on the summit of the cupolas of the hot air
division, as represented by Plans 1 and 3. But if the air be made hot
previously to passing through the machine, then and in that case the
tubing of the calorian must be fixed to the receiving tube H, underneath
the hot air division.
The tube W. in Plan 1, extending upwards from the receiving tube H
in the exhausting division, is supposed to be conducting the cold air out of
a room or building into the machine, which is extracting it, while the
propelling or hot air division is forcing the heated air into the same apart-
ment from which the cold air is being withdrawn.
In order. therefore, to warm a room effectually and speedily, it is
requisite to apply this new principle, which, as before stated, is founded
upon the combination of those two principles, propulsion-and exhaustion;
so that at the same time that one division is forcing in the warm air, the

page_text: "
.other division is exhausting the cold air by drawing it out. So, like-
wise, for the purpose of cooling a room, one division is propelling cold
air while the other is extracting the warm or impure air, precisely on the
same principle and in the same way as it will relieve the coal mines, and
draw out the foul air or fire damp, with the assistance of the culminator,
which has been sufficiently explained in the former Patent.
As it is a branch of this Patent to warm air by passing it through. hot
tubes, &c., so I claim, likewise, the power of cooling the air by passing it
through tubes or other receptacles immersed in water, or placed under the
ground either in damp or cold places, for the purpose of making it as cold
as possible, not only for the immediate cooling of apartments and other
places in summer, but for the application of it in the manufacturing of
certain articles, and even in cooling of brewery utensils, &c.
I also solicit protection under this Patent for the application of vapours
and odours of various kinds, for the performing of assembly rooms and
other places, upon the same principle as ventilation will be accomplished.
Each and all of those principles relative to the ventilating of any place,
warming of buildings, &c. &c., and also the method of cooling them, the
particulars of which are contained in this Specification, and more par-
ticularly the combination of those two principles, propulsion and exhaus-
tion, I claim as my patent right, under the seal and title of "Bakewell's
improved ventilator;" therefore any means that are used to carry out one
or more of the plans, or the adoption of any design or form of machinery
herein described, with the intention of evading the rights or defrauding
the Patentee, by working any principle, or even any part of a principle,
cither by single or double action, it will be regarded as an infringement
on this Patent.
These various improvements thus specified will be applicable to all sizes
of machines, and for whatever purposes they may be adapted.
INDEX:
A, the body of each division; B, the cupolas on the body; C, the left
wing in the cold air division; D, the right wing in the cold air division E,
over the left wing in warm air division, but in consequence of the peculiar
position of the Drawing the wing is almost invisible; F, the right wing in
the warm air division; G, the stirrup rods over each wing, so called as the
end which raises the wing is in the form of a stirrup; H, the receiving
tubes, placed underneath each wing; one or more may be used, as requisite.
J, the straps, chains, or other material for compressing the wings; K, the
woodwork of the enclosing material for each wing; L, the pillars that
support the framework; M, the cylinders; N, the iron bars on each side

page_text: of the machine which bears the central movement; O, the pulleys under
each wing; O', the central movement, either as a semicircle or quadrant;
P, the forked tubes on the summit of the cupolas; Q, the bracket in which
the stirrup rods of both wings are joined together; 1, the framework
upon which the machine is fixed; S, the leather; T, the axle, passing
under each division; W, the tube, conducting the air out of a room or other
place into the division that is extracting it; X, the tube, conducting the
current of air out of the warm air division into the
calorian tube; Y, the calorian tube, that is heated either by fire-
or otherwise; Z, the tube, conducting the air after it is heated into the
room or building out of which the tube W is conducting the cold air into
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent
filed by the said Thomas Hill Bakewell in the Great Scal Patent
Office on the 15th July 1856.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, 1, THOMAS
HILL BAKEWELL, of Welford Road, Leicester, Clerk, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letter
Patent, bearing date the Fifteenth day of January, in the year of our Lor:l
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six, in the nineteenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Thomas Hill Bakewell, Her special licence that I, the said
Thomas Hill Bakewell, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such
others as I, the said Thomas Hill Bakewell, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should
and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of
Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN VENTILATING. WARMING, AND COOLING
ROOMS AND OTHER PLACES," upon the condition (amongst others) that 1,
the said Thomas Hill Bakewell, my executors or administrators,
by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and
seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause
the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW. YẸ, that 1, the said Thomas Hill Bakewell, do hereby declaro
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be

page_text: performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, that is to say:-
The particulars herein described will contain certain inventions and im-
provements for the purpose of carrying out more extensively and working
with greater facility the plans and the principle of my former Patent,
which is founded upon the united action of those two well-known
principles, propulsion and exhaustion; explaining also such additions
thereunto as relate to its application, both for cooling, warming, and
changing the air of buildings, such as churches, school-rooms, hospitals,
factories, and all other buildings, as also the cabins, holds, and rooms,
under deck of ships and vessels, and all other places whatsoever; and also
such additions as relate to its application to purposes of manufacture or
trade, and all other uses where cooling, heating, or drying goods or articles
of manufacture are required.
•
The machine will generally consist of either two or more divisions, each
division having one body and two wings, two or more cupolas (not
restricted to any particular form or size), several cylinders, valves, tubes,
connecting rods, wheels, and certain parts of a wheel working upon a
central movement, such as are contained in the Plan and Specification of
my former Patent, and will also form a part of this Specification.
Each wing of a division is that part of the machine that expands to
receive the air from the cylinders and tubes underneath, and when in-
flated immediately compresses to force the air into a kind of box, which
is called the body, through which the air ascends into the cupolas, and is
prevented returning on the reaction of the wing by a valve constructed
for that purpose, if it should be found requisite under any particular
circumstances. I also petition for the privilege of fixing the tubes or
cupolas to any other parts of the body as may be most convenient, and
also of constructing the interior of the body to meet such arrangement.
In reference to the culminator, specified in the former Patent, it must
here be observed, that in those mines where there is only one shaft an
extra tube will be required instead of a culminator, to conduct the air out
of the mine into the fire-damp division of the machine, which is drawn
out by that power; and in those cases where the upcast shaft of any pit is.
required to be kept open instead of being covered over by an air-tight
culminator, then there must also be a tube up that shaft, instead of having
a double tube in the other shaft,) to conduct the air out of the mine, as
previously expressed; but whenever the culminator is used, it may be
placed at the top or in any other part of the shaft as would be more
desirable, and in all cases would require a sufficient length of tubing to

page_text: connect it with the receiving tube of the exhausting division (also called
the fire-damp division), in order to pass it through the machine.
The main tube, which in all cases goes down one shaft for the purpose
of introducing fresh air into the mine, and the other tube (only requisite
when the culminator is not used) for conducting impure air out of the
mine, will only be required to proceed a few feet into the air courses, one
at each end, the former to create a fresh supply of air and the later to
draw the air with more power and rapidity, and with greater certainty,
than the furnace or other agency ever can accomplish. It will also be
necessary to have the air courses at each end closed as much as possible,
and only admitting the tube when the machine is in operation. From
the main tube at either end smaller tubes may branch off in any direction
to that part of the mine which may be most dangerous, if it be requisite,
and to any part of the said tubing signal valves may be attached, to give
notice of any irregular action of the air, and may be used as warnings
when any impediment or obstacle takes place in the mine. Instead of
having several small tubes extending from the culminator to the machine,
as represented in the former Patent, it is proposed to have only one large
tube to supply the demand of the receiving tube underneath the fire-damp
division of the machine. The inner tubes of the cylinders, with their
pistons, &c., under the former Specification, will not always be necessary
to be used under this Patent.
PLAN 1 REPRESENTING A MACHINE WITH TWO DIVISIONS.
Although it has been formerly stated that a complete machine will con-
sist of two or more divisions, it is also possible to make a perfect machine
of less power with one division, providing that it brings into operation the
double action of propulsion and exhaustion, (videlicit,) by forcing fresh
air into any place with one wing and drawing it out with the other, as
exemplified in Plan 2, where one of the wings is supposed to be used for
propelling the air, and the other extracting it from the place intended
either to be warmed or otherwise ventilated, as the case may be, and by
whatever means or in whatever way those two agencies shall be brought
into operation, whether at the same time or whether one of them be
suspended for a brief space while the other is at work, or if they should be
used in any other form alternately for the purpose of warming places
or producing other kind of current ventilation, such a method would be
an infringement on the privileges of this Patent, all of which Plans are
intended to form a part of this Specification, and to be used as some par-
ticular cases may demand, though regarded as exceptions to the general
rule of applying the machine.

page_text: In alluding to the divisions of the machine, it is not essential in all cases
for them to be near together, as they may be worked in separate places
or by separate power; but for the purpose of convenience and requiring
less power they are united in the movement, videlicit the manner of work-
ing them, as in Plan 1, having one axle common to both divisions, and thus
two or more divisions, constituting a full-sized machine, cach division
possessing the power of working either the principle of propulsion or ex-
haustion, as may be requisite, so that whether they are brought into action
jointly or separately, both principles should be applied to one building,
to one space, or one object, for the purpose of accomplishing perfect
ventilation.
Each division of the machine, whether in propelling air or exhausting
it, must be connected with the building or room intended to be warmed
or ventilated by any kind of air-tight tubing adapted to heat or cold for
that purpose.
In order that the word division may not be misunderstood, and by way
of explanation, any kind of apparatus that is based upon the principle of
forcing air into a place and drawing it out with any kind of such double
movement for the purpose of ventilation, operating directly or indirectly
upon any branch of this double principle, whether the vacuum be created
by fan, air pump, or steam engine, applying its cylinder to that purpose,
with or without any kind of calorian (as will hereafter be described), or
whether such vacuum be caused by any outlet, motionless or otherwise,
if such machinery or contrivance should accomplish any part of the com-
bined agency of propulsion or exhaustion, either for warming, cooling,
or drying, or any such purpose whatsoever, any such design or agencies
in operation would constitute a division of the principle according to the
intent, use, meaning, and operation of this Patent; or if any kind of
aperture be made to admit air into a room or building used in connection
with an exhausting power, and thereby producing a current of air for
ventilation, such a design would also be a part of the principle of this
Patent. The wings may each have one or more central frame or frames,
represented in the former Patent, or they may have only one space form-
ing the whole vacuum between the interior base of the wing and the top
part of it. The inclosing material of the wing may be either all leather or
other air-tight material, whether elastic or not, or it may be partly wood,
as K, and partly leather, &c. H, H, are receiving tubes, for the purpose
of passing the air into the machine, whether it be cold, warm, or impure
air, vapour, or any other kind of air, for the purpose of conveying it from

page_text: ne place to another. The open end of each tube being reversed to each
ther, indicates the operation of one power in opposition to the other, as
he one tube belongs to the propelling part, and the other to the exhaust-
ng power of the machine. Double receiving tubes under each division
vill sometimes be used, and in other cases only the exhausting division
will require the use of a receiver. is a conducting tube, extending from
he forked tubing on the summit of the cupolas to any place required,
as it is to the calorian tube in Plan 3. X is a tube called the moderator, .
which branches off from X to Z, in order to avoid the calorian; so that if
a room becomes imperceptibly too warm, a cold stream of air passes into
the overheated room to reduce the temperature.
The machine may have its working movement either between the two
divisions, as shewn in the Plan of the former Patent, and be made com-
mon to both; or each division may possess its own movement, having only
the axle common to both, as in Plan 1 of this Specification, which will be
hereafter explained. The power used for putting the machine in motion
may be steam power, horse power, or manual labour, or with a kind of
pendulum, and on the winding-up system. The domes, specified in the
former Patent as acting under the cupolas, may be dispensed with, so
long as the body valves resist the return of the air out of the cupolas into
the body, when the reaction of the wing takes place. This machine may also
be applied to the clearing away of smoke and other nuisances of an evapor-
ating character. The top part of each wing that covers the interior, and
is represented by the letter 1 in wing C, may cither be sheet iron, any
kind of metal or wood, or any of these lined with air-tight material of any
kind; so also the side enclosures of cach wing may be of the same
character.
PLAN 2:
Shewing only one division of the machine, but explaining the movement
relating to both Plans 1 and 2. Another mode besides the crank power
for raising the wings and compressing them.
PLAN FOR RAISING THE WINGS.
Instead of using a crank in all cases, as was specified in the former
Patent, here take the privilege of substituting at my discretion and
- mods one

page_text: iron, or wood bracket, fixed on the body between the two cupolas, as Q
in Plans 1 and 2, and are united in a peculiarly constructed pivot, which
makes them to act reversely to each other; as it may be observed, that
when one stirrup rod is taken up its own wing C, the other wing D in the
same division is compressed, as in Plan 1; but if the said bracket should
be placed for convenience sake on any other part of the body, then the
stirrup rods must also change their position, but their action and their
power would have the same effect. They are called stirrup rods because
that part which is the nearest to the end of the wing and fixed to it should
be formed like a stirrup in large machines, to maintain the even move-
ment of the wing instead of drawing it up from one point.
One Mode FOR COMPRESSING THE WINGS.
This may be accomplished by having a small wheel situated near each
end of the wings between the two divisions, so as to be common to both;
these wheels work each on their own axle, and on which also the crank
is fixed for the use of the wings. These wheels are put in motion by a
strap, chain, or other flexible material, extending from cach wheel to a
central movement situated between the two bodies of the machine; this
movement may either be a wheel or part of a wheel, as drawn in the Plan
of my first Specification, and this central action contracts alternately the
chain or strap that connects it with the wheel at each end, and thus
produces the movement that puts the crank in motion to work the wings
on each side of the wheel. The central movement is fixed upon a strong
axle, that extends from the bar N on the one side to the bar upon the
other side, by which it is firmly supported; this may be termed the com-
bined action.
ANOTHER PLAN FOR THE SEPARATE ACTION,
As illustrated in the Plans 1 and 2 of this Specification.-The only real
difference between the two actions is in the position and not in the
principle, so that instead of having the movement between the two
divisions, as in the former explanation, each division in this case will have
its own complete movement, and only be united by an axle or part of an
axle common to both. The pulleys or small wheel O will be suspended
under or near the end of each wing, having the strap or chain which
moves it connected with the top of the wing at one end (and if possible
perpendicularly over the pulley), and extending to the quadrant or part
of a wheel O 1, which is the central movement, placed under the body of
its own division, each quadrant being fixed upon the axle that p
one side of the machine to the other, being attached to and supported,
passes from

page_text: as in the other case, by the bars N, on each side of the machine, the axle
in both cases being moved by a strong lever U, in Pians 1 añů 2; for that
purpose, so that when the axle is put into operation is brings into action
both quadrants, then they immediately act upon the pulleys or small
wheels O, and the straps or chains compress alternately the wings of
cach division of the machine, as illustrated by Plans 1 and 2 connected
with this Specification. The movement is so constructed that each wing
at the same end of the machine works with a contrary operation at the
same time, (videlicit,) the one is elevating as the other compresses, which
greatly facilitates the working of the machine. The wings may also be
worked by side levers joined together, or even separately at the ends of
each division, with or without reversed action, and so constructed as to
be used either with single or double axles. Any additional number of
rods, pulleys, quadrants, and cylinders may be introduced whenever the
power of the machine may require them. Plan 2 also represents a
machine of only one division, complete in reference to the principle as
far as it goes, but not producing a continuous current like a machine with
two divisions, because one wing only is used for propelling and the other
for exhausting air, instead of applying both wings to either principle, as
would be the case with a machine of two divisions, as Plan 1. Each wing
in Plan 2 is obliged to have a separate receiving tube, and at the end of
that one belonging to the propelling wing the jack V is introduced,
forming an important agency in the use of the machine for the following
purposes: The jack is a small apparatus placed in the neck of the re-
ceiving tube belonging to the propelling power. It has apertures round
its circumference to admit the air, and these apertures can be closed with
an air-tight cap, and opened when required to throw any particular odour
or fragrance into a room, the substance of which is placed inside the
jack. The perfume may be produced from a moist, dry, or consuming
material, or any composition whatsoever.
Plan 3 contains two forms of a calorian for heating rooms and other
places. The Plans 1 and 3 shew the application of the machine to the
calorian, which is intended to contain a heated space. It may be a tube
or otherwise, through which the air will pass in order to raise a room or
building either merely to a tepid degree or to a high state of temperature.
The calorian is an apparatus that may be applied in the form of an
enclosed pipe stove, as illustrated by Plan 3; or it may be formed in any
other shape, such as square. conical, round, or otherwise, in which the air
will
pass between two cases of iron, having the fire in the centre, either

page_text: for the purpose of durability or other convenience, in order to facilitate
the operation of manufacturing pursuits or any other uses whatsoever.
Therefore the Patent is not intended to protect merely the form of the
article, but the principle upon which it is used, and the applications for
which it is intended; therefore the object and principle of a calorian is
that of warming or heating air by the machine drawing it or forcing it
through the heated space. And in order to assist its power in warming
buildings, apartments, greenhouses, &c., the exhausting process of the
machine is drawing out the cold air from the room or place intended to
be warmed, &c. The calorian may be made either of iron, tin, copper, or
any other metal that will retain heat sufficient to warm the air during its
process of being forced by the machine through the calorian tube or other
space to its intended receptacle, whether it be a room or large building.
The two calorians represented in Plan 3 are drawn to shew the form
of the interior, whereas in the article itself the fire will not be exposed
to view, but encircled, as it were, with an iron case. The calorian tube,
or the space to be heated instead thereof, may be heated by fire, gas,
steam, hot water, or other agency, and the tube or space thus heated may
vary in size, according to the power of the machine. It may be. adapted
to domestic use even in the form of an iron tube fixed in or near the grate of
the kitchen firc, or it the air be forced or drawn through a flue, oven, or any
smaller apparatus moveable or as a fixture, or if the cold air should be
made to pass over or under any solid body that is heated in order to be
used as or substituted for a calorian, each of these would also be a part of
the Invention here specified, and an infringement upon the principle of
the Patent.
The machine may be connected with the calorian in two ways,
(videlicit,) either by drawing the warm air out of the calorian, in which
case the warm air will pass through the machine, or it may force the air
into the calorian before it has been warmed or heated (which is the
proper method), so that when the air is not heated before it enters the
machine, the tubing between the machine and the calorian must bc
attached to the forked tube 1 on the summit of the cupolas of the pro-
pelling division, as represented by Plans 1 and 3; but if the air be be made
hot or warm previously to passing through the machine, then the tubing
between the machine and the calorian must be fixed to the receiving tube
H, underneath the propelling division.
The tube W in Plan 1, extending upwards from the receiving tube H in
the exhausting division, is supposed to be conducting the cold air out of

page_text: n room or building into the division which is extracting it, while the pro-
pelling or warm air division is forcing air through the calorian tube to
be heated, for the purpose of warming the room, from which the cold
air is being withdrawn, as in Plans 1 and 3; and in some cases one
division may serve both purposes in the process of warming by actually
heating the air, that after it has been extract d and passed through the
calorian, it may also be returned to the room again, (and if requisite) the
same process may be repeated, in order to raise it to a higher state of
temperature. In order, therefore, to warm a room speedily and
effectually, it will be necessary to apply this new system, or rather new
principle, which is founded upon those two well-known principles, pro-
pulsion and exhaustion, so that in the same way as one division is forcing
in warm air and the other division is extracting the cold air, the applica-
tion of the air may be reversed; and by discontinuing the use of the
calorian, cold air may be forced in with the propelling division, and the
warm or impure air drawn out with the other division, for the purpose
of cooling the air of any room, building, or apartment whatsoever in a few
moments of time. I also solicit the power of using any lawful means of
preserving the oxygen of the air in passing it through any heated space,
whether those means be of a chemical nature, or of a metallic character;
or any form or species of tubing whatsoever.
Plan 3 contains two forms of a calorian. No. 1 contains a calorian
tube; and No. 2, with a heated case or space instead of a tube. It is
immaterial at which end the air enters the calorian, so that the tubes are
properly arranged to conduct the warm air to the place intended to be
heated. a represents the outer frame of the calorian; b, the interior
frame: c, the fire or heating agency of the Invention. The application of
the machine with or without the use of the calorian to any purposes of
manufacture or trade whatsoever. Amongst other purposes to which this
machine is applicable, I include the privilege of using it to convey scented
air, vapours, or odours of various kind tor perfuming assembly rooms, or
private apartments, and other places by the same process, and upon the
same principle or principles, as other kind of ventilation included in this
Specification will be accomplished.
As it is a branch of this Patent to warm air by passing it through hot
tubes, &c., so I also include the power of cooling the air by passing it
through tubes or other receptacles immersed in water, or sunk in the
ground in cold and damp situations, or in any other way whatsoever, for
the purpose of making it as cold as possible, not merely for the immediate

page_text: cooling of apartments, &c. in summer and in warmer climates, but for
the application of it to articles of various description of manufacture, and
also to any other branches of art and science in which its assistance for
producing extreme degrees of heat or cold may be found useful. A
perforated tube of peculiar construction may be applied (called the drying
tube) whenever immediate results shall be necessary for drying moulds or
castings, very damp walls, &c.; or in manufactories for drying silks,
cotton, woollen, lace, or other kind of texture whatsoever, either with
warm, hot, or cold air. And it must be observed, that the double-acting
process, as set forth in this Specification upon the principle of propulsion
and exhaustion, videlicit, by forcing air in and drawing it out with a
view of making a strong current for any of these purposes, whether the
machine so adapted be similar to the one set forth and illustrated in this
Specification or otherwise, such a machine would trespass upon the in-
tention, principle, and power of this Patent. In all cases the air may
be divided into as many currents and directions as may be necessary for
any particular object or purpose, whether for trade or otherwise. It may
further be brought into operation, as regards the heating power of the
machine, in baking or any cooking purposes; and in order to obtain ex-
cessive heat, the air, previously warmed by the calorian, may pass through
it several times into the place intended to be heated. It may likewise
be applied in the opposite extreme for cooling liquids used in connection
with brewery utensils, &c., not only for drawing out the steam, by forcing
in a strong current of air, which may be thrown in any direction.
Machines can be made fixed or portable with the use of a small calorian,
so as to be conveyed from one place to another for the purpose of drying
them; also, without the calorian it may be used for throwing purifying
essences into sick rooms and infectious apartments with the use of the
jack V, or to extract impure air therefrom, and also from drains, culverts,
wells, cellars, and other places. Machines may vary in their proportions,
from the size of a lady's workbox, for the use of the drawing room, to the
extent of forty feet in length, for the use of large mines, producing the
extraordinary amount of three hundred thousand cubic feet of air per
minute. Thus, several new plans or principles originate under this and
the former Patent for the purpose of ventilating mines, cooling or warm-
ing rooms and other places; first, the forcing power, in combination with
exhaustion, applicable both to warming and cooling rooms, changing air,
&c.; second, the mode or principle of providing a small heated place,
whether tube or otherwise, through which the air may be forced or drawn;

page_text: for the purpose of heating it; third, the plan or principle of forming
a chilling tube or other cold space, through which the air may be either
drawn or forced, for the purpose of cooling apartments in summer, and
certain uses for the assistance of art and science, alluded to in this
Specification; fourth, the mode of combining other elements of air, by
introducing certain odours, gases, and various purifying powers, in order
to separate or destroy the effect of impure or contaminated particles of
air, too minute to be visible, but sufficiently powerful to be injurious.
I claim, under this Patent, the right of ventilating mines and other
places, such as churches, school-rooms, hospitals, factories, maritime
vessels, &c., by the united agency of those two powers, propulsion and
exhaustion, videlicit, by forcing air in and drawing air out, by whatsoever
form of machine it may be accomplished.
I also claim the form and arrangement of the machine and apparatus
herein illustrated in Plans 1, 2, and 3, and otherwise explained, and like-
wise the system or new principle of double action, upon which it is con-
structed; and also the use and application of a calorian, as specified herein
And 1 further claim the right of warming apartments or cooling them
according to the Plans herein described, and also the privilege of apply-
ing them to manufactory and domestic uses, and all other purposes what-
soever in connection with or without vapours, odours, or other purifying
powers, which have been duly set forth and described in this Specification;
also, the additions and alterations therein made I claim as improvements
under this Patent.
INDEX.
A, the body of each division; B, the cupolas belonging to the body; C.
the left wing of the exhausting division; D, the right wing in the ex-
hausting division; E is placed over the left wing of the propelling division;
F, the right wing of the propelling division; G, the stirrup rods, used for
raising the wings: H, the receiving tube, placed under the cylinders of
each wing; I, the top part of the wing, either wood, iron, or other
material; J, the straps, chains, or other material for compressing the
wing; K, the woodwork of the enclosing material of each wing; L, the
pillars that support the framework of the machine; M, the cylinders; N,
the iron bars of each side of the framework, which bear the central move-
ment O', that works the pulleys: O, the wheels or pulleys connected with
each wing: O'. the quadrant or central movement underneath the body.
in Plans 1 and 2; P. the forked tubes on the summit of the cupolas; Q.
the bracket or pivot, in which the stirrup rods of both wings are joined

page_text: together; 1, the framework upon which the machine is fixed; S, the
leather; T, the axle, passing under each division; U, the lever or handle
for working the machine; V, the jack, used for vapours and other odours;
W, the tube conducting the air out of a room into the exhausting division
of the machine; X, the tube conducting the air out of the propelling
division of the machine into the calorian for the purpose of warming it;
Y, the calorian tube, that is heated for the purpose of warming the air;
Z, the tube conducting the air after it has been heated into the room or
building out of which the tube W is conducting the cold air of the same
room into the exhausting division of the machine. a, the outward frame
of the calorian; b, the interior frame of the calorian, N° 2; c, the fire or
heating agency; a, the moderating tube, branching off from X tube, in
order to supply a cold current in case the room becomes too warm, or
used in the place of X when a room requires cooling; y, the space in-
tended to be heated in the calorian, N° 2, instead of using the calorian
tube, as in N° 1.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas Hill Bakewell, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Seventh day of July, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six.
Witness,
WILLIAM BROWN, Solicitor,
Nottingham.
THOMAS HILL BAKEWELL. (1.8.)