IMPROVEMENTS IN BOOTS AND OTHER COVERINGS FOR THE FEET, WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE ALSO TO TRUNKS AND OTHER ARTICLES FOR THE PURPOSE OF THE PURPOSE OF STRENGTHENING, PRESERVING, OR PROTECTING THEM
Year: 1865

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Phineas Lawrence, of Basinghall Street, in the City
of London, Merchant, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN BOOTS AND
OTHER COVERINGS FOR THE FEET, WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE ALSO
TO TRUNKS AND OTHER ARTICLES FOR THE PURPOSE OF
THE PURPOSE OF STRENGTHENING,
PRESERVING, OR PROTECTING THEM."-A communication from abroad by
Jacob Nichols, of New York, and Moses Pettes, of West Concord,
Vermont both in the United States of America
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Phineas Lawrence at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 18th
August 1865.
I, PHINEAS LAWRENCE, of Basinghall Street, in the City of London,
Merchant, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN BOOTS AND OTHER COVERINGS FOR THE FEET, WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE
APPLICABLE ALSO TO TRUNKS AND OTHER ARTICLES FOR THE PURPOSE OF STRENGTH-
ENING, PRESERVING, OR PROTECTING THEM," Communicated to me from abroad by
Jacob Nichols, of New York, and Moses Pettes, of West Concord, Vermont,
both in the United States of America, to be as follows:-
This Invention has for one object to provide an improved substitute for the
nails, screws, or plates heretofore inserted into or under the soles and heels of
[Price 8d.]

page_text: The
boots, shoes, and other foot coverings, for the purpose of strengthening,
preserving, or protecting them. For this purpose, according to this Invention,
a stud is constructed consisting of a short, thick, cylindrical, conical, concave,
or convex body, at one end of which is a flange bevelled on its under or inner
surface. A number of these appliances are inserted into the sole or heel with
the flanged end uppermost; they are disposed in rows or otherwise.
bottom surfaces may be flush with the under surface of the sole or heel, or
countersunk therein, or projecting therefrom. The flange prevents the stud
from dropping out. The studs will sustain considerable wear, are not liable
to be readily loosened, do not necessitate increased thickness of sole and heel,
afford security to the tread, and protect, preserve, and strengthen the boot,
shoc, or foot covering. They are made by preference of cast or chilled iron.
The Invention can also be applied to protect, preserve, or strengthen trunks
and other articles of leather, cork, caoutchouc, and other materials by being
driven or inserted into the material in rows or otherwise. Sometimes the
flanged end and sometimes the opposite end is directed outwards, the end
being flush with countersunk in or. projecting from the surface of the article.
The flange may sometimes be dispensed with in certain cases, as, for example,
in some rubber articles when a concave stud is used, which will hold securely
without requiring the aid of backing.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Phineas Lawrence in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
16th February 1866.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, PHINEAS
LAWRENCE, of Basinghall Street, in the City of London, Merchant, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her-Letters
Patent, bearing date the Eighteenth day of August, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, in the twenty-ninth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Phineas Lawrence, Her special license that I, the said Phineas
Lawrence; my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
Phineas Lawrence, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use

page_text: exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland;
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
BOOTS AND OTHER COVERINGS FOR THE FEET, WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE
ALSO TO TRUNKS AND OTHER ARTICLES FOR THE PURPOSE OF STRENGTHENING,
PRESERVING, OR PROTECTING THEM," communicated to me from abroad by Jacob
Nichols, of New York, and Moses Pettes, of West Concord, Vermont, both
in the United States of America, upon the condition (amongst others)
that I, the said Phineas Lawrence, my executors or administrators, by an
instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention;
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same
to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Phineas Lawrence, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, reference being had to the accompanying
Drawings, that is to say:
This Invention has for one object to provide an improved substitute for the
nails, screws, or plates heretofore inserted into or under the soles and heels of
boots, shoes, and other foot coverings, for the purpose of strengthening,
preserving, or protecting them. For this purpose according to this Invention,
a stud is constructed consisting of a short, thick, cylindrical, conical, concave,
or convex body, at one end of which is a flange bevelled on its under or inner
surface. A number of these studs or appliances are inserted into the sole or
heel with the flanged end uppermost. They are disposed in rows or otherwise.
Their bottom surfaces may lie flush with the under surface of the sole or heel,
or they may be countersunk therein, or they may project therefrom. The
flange prevents the stud from dropping out. These studs will sustain
considerable wear; they are not liable to be readily loosened, they do not
necessitate increased thickness of sole or heel; they afford security to the tread;
and they protect, preserve, and strengthen the boot, shoe, or foot covering;
they are made by preference of cast or chilled iron.
The Invention can also be applied to protect, preserve, or strengthen trunks
and other articles of leather, cork, caoutchouc, and other like materials; the
studs being driven or inserted into the material in rows or otherwise. Some-
times the flanged end and sometimes the opposite end is directed outward, the..
end being flush with countersunk in or projecting from the surface of the

page_text: article to which the studs are applied. The flange may be dispensed with in
certain cases as herein-after explained, for example, in some india-rubber
articles when a concave stud is used which will hold securely without requiring
the aid of backing.
The accompanying Drawings exemplify in what manner the Invention may
be carried into effect.
Figure 1 is a plan of the under side of a shoe sole provided with studs,
according to this Invention; Figure 2 is a longitudinal section on the line x, x.
A is the main portion of the sole, and B of the heel; C is the outermost or
undermost portion or layer of the sole, and D the undermost or outermost
portion or layer of the heel. These parts C, D, are perforated with holes at
any desired distance apart to receive studs E, one such stud is shewn detached
in Figure 3. This stud E, Figure 3, is cylindrical with a flange e at its upper
end bevelled on the under side. The studs are preferably made of cast-iron,
the flange e being cast in a piece with the main part with a chill. The studs
are inserted in the pieces C, D, (with their flanged ends e uppermost) before
fastening such pieces to the main portions A, B. The parts C, D, after having
been thus furnished with the studs are fastened to A, B, by sewing, pegging, or
other ordinary means. Figures 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8, shew other forms of studs
E. Sometimes instead of forming the bodies of the studs E round, I form
them facetted or with plane or flat sides or faces, that is to say, instead of
making them curvilinear I make them rectilinear in transverse section, as, for
example, in Figures 9, 10, 9 and 10*. In the form, Figure 6, the top edge
acts as or instead of the flange e. In the forms, Figures 4, 5 and 10, the
flange e may be dispensed with, but it cannot be dispensed with when the
stud, that is to say, its body or main portion is cylindrical, as in Figures 3 and
7, or when its sides are straight, as in Fig. 9, instead of sloping as in Figure
10. Figure 11 shews a heel in which the back studs E are longer than the
front ones.
These studs applied as directed do not increase the thickness of
the sole and heel or render them cumbersome as do ordinary nails, screws, or
plates. Also they are less expensive than screws, the thread of which is apt
to wear and break the sides of its orifice.
I have described the mode of applying the Invention to shoes, but it may
be applied in like manner to boots and other foot coverings, also to trunks and
other articles. When applied to trunks and the like I usually place a
row of studs both on the upper and under side of the same.
ordinary nails and screws have been already used in boot
articles, and I lay no claim to the same.
I am aware that
soles and other

page_text: And having now described the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I declare that I claim the employment
of studs E, constructed and arranged substantially as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Phineas Lawrence, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Ninth day of February, in the year One thousand
eight hundred and sixty-six.
Witness,
E. DE PASS,
68, Fleet Street,
London.
P. LAWRENCE. (L.S.)