Improvements in the Mand- FACTURE OF PAPER STUFF OR PULP FROM CERTAIN VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES
Year: 1863

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Edward Gedge, of the Firm of John Gedge
and Son, of No. 11, Wellington Street, Strand, in the County of Middle-
sex Patent Agent for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THY MANI
LETTERS PATENT to William Edward Gedge, of the Firm of John Gedge
and Son, of No. 11, Wellington Street, Strand, in the County of Middle-
sex. Patent Agent for the Invention of “Improvements in the Mand-
FACTURE OF PAPER STUFF OR PULP FROM CERTAIN VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES."
A communication from abroad by Lucien Bardoux, of Poitiers, in the
Scaled the 15th August 1863, and dated the 9th May 1863.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said William Edward Gedge at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition and
Declaration, on the 9th May 1863, pursuant to the 9th Section of the
Patent Law Amendment Act 1852.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, IT, WILLIAM
EDWARD GEDGE, of the Firm of John Gedge and Son, of No. 11, Wellington
Street, Strand, in the County of Middlesex, Patent Agent, send greeting.
WHEREAS I am in possession of an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF PAPER STUPP OR PULP FROM CERTAIN VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES,"
and have petitioned Her Majesty to grant unto me, my executors, administra-
tors, and assigns, Iler Royal Letters Patent for the same, and have made
solemn declaration that the same is a communication to me from abroad by
Lucien Bardoux, of Poitiers, in the Empire of France.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Edward Gedge, do hereby
declare that the following Complete Specification under my hand and seal
A

page_text: fully describes and ascertains the nature of the said Invention, and the manner
in which the same is to be performed.
In the following description the improvements are divided into three series,
and for facility of reference the several processes are consecutively numbered
from No. 1-forwards in each series.
The first series relates to the manufacture of pulp or stuff for making paper,
cardboard, and plastic for modelling and ornamental purposes, sometimes
termed papier mâché, from lecks, cabbages, and apples.
Process No. 1, I take all the white of the leek and boil in water, reduce
the whole into a pulp in the stamper usually used by paper makers; I then
press out all the water and bleach the pulp with chloride of lime, when, after
washing it several times, it is suitable for making paper in the usual manner
without the addition of size. No. 2, same operation, but with the addition of
the green of the leck. No. 3, same operation, but using the green only.
No. 4, in this process I take the two first leaves of the white of the leek
unboiled, reduce them into pulp in the ordinary stamper, then bleach the
pressed pulp with chloride of potash, and after washing several times it is
suitable for making paper in the usual manner without sizing. No. 5, or I
take the four first leaves of the white of the leek unboiled, and operate as for
No. 4. No. 6, or I take the whole of the leek including the roots, and
operate as for No. 4. No. 7, or I take the whole of the leek with the excep-
tion of the roots, and operate as for No. 4. No. 8, or I take the green of the
leek, and operate as for No. 4. No. 9, or I take the green of the leck, boil it
in water, and reduce it to pulp, when it is fit for making paper without size.
No. 10, I take the roots of the leek, reduce them to a pulp without boiling or
bleaching, and deliver it for making paper without size. No. 11, I take the
whole of the leek, reduce it to pulp without boiling or bleaching, and deliver
it for making paper without size. No. 12, I take the green of the leek, and
after reducing it to pulp, wash it well and use for making paper without size.
No. 13, I take the green of the loek, and after reducing to pulp deliver
without washing for making unsized paper.
1 make plastic or papier mâché of the same pulp as described No. 1,
excepting that a long sojourn in the chloride of lime renders it brittle, so
that it can only be used with a size. No. 14, I take the leaves of the white
cabbage, remove as much of the fibre as possible, at all events the thickest,
reduce the leaves into a pulp, bleach with chloride of lime, then boil this pulp
in water, and it is fit for making unsized paper in the usual manner. No. 15,
I treat the leaves of the cabbage as at No. 14, but deliver without boiling
for making unsized paper. No. 16, I take the leaves of the cabbage without

page_text: removing the fibre, reduce them to a pulp without boiling or bleaching, and
operate as usual for making paper without size.
I make plastic from the same pulp as No. 14, but as a long sojourn in the
chloride of lime has rendered it brittle, some sort of sizing must be used.
No. 17, I take apples of any sort, remove the skin and the core, boil in water
and reduce to pulp, then wash, press the pulp, and bleach with chloride of
potash, wash again, and it is suitable for making paper without size. No. 18,
I bake the apples in an oven, take the handsomest pulp, wash and press it,
bleach with chloride of lime, wash again, and make unsized paper. No. 19, I
make pulp as at No. 18, but do not bleach it; it is also used without size.
No. 20, I take the pulp of rotten apples, wash, bleach in chloride of lime, and
use without size. No. 21, I take the pulp No. 18 when it has remained too
long in the chloride of lime, reduce it to cardboard in the usual manner, size
with white of egg. No. 22, I take pulp No. 18 which has remained too long
with the chloride of lime, and size with paste. No. 23, I take the skin and
core of the apple, reduce it with some difficulty to pulp, boil it or not, and
after washing use it for making cardboard or pasteboard in the usual manner
without size.
The second series relates to other preparations of pulp for paper, cardboard,
and plastic or papier mâche for modelling from the leek and the cabbage, and
also to preparations of pulp from asparagus, the leaves, stalks, and shells of
peas, and skin of split peas, from the leaves, stalks, and shells of haricot or
kidney beans, the leaves, stalks, and skin of potatoes and of beetroot, from
garlic, from the bran of cereals, from cherries, from the green sprigs of the
vine, from the leaves of the vine, from the grape stalk stripped of its fruit,
from the dried sprigs of the vine, from small bundles of vine branches, from
the yellow water flag, from the hemorocallis or day lily, from straw, from
meadow and other hay, from fern, from the leaves of the oak, from the leaves
of the Dutch poplar, from the leaves of the plane tree, from the leaves of the
common poplar, and from elm and other leaves, from old cordage, and from
old dishclouts or dusters for white paper, from old carpet brooms or their
shreds and their osier twigs, from the wood of the chesnut, the oak, the
walnut, the ash, the elm, the beech, the alder, the fir, the poplar, and the
willow, and also from hempen, flaxen, and cotton rags reduced to dust.
I will first describe the preparation of the dust from cotton, hempen, and
flaxen rags and their plastics. No. 1, I take cotton rags and cut them into
small pieces about the size of a quarter of an inch, wet and pile them in a
heap, which I press, so that it only remains damp; I then let fall on the heap
by degrees some drops of sulphuric acid at fifty-three degrees; I triturate and

page_text: add more acid, continuing the trituration until the heap acquires consistence;
care must be had not to use too much acid, inasmuch as the acid transforms
the hemp, flax, and cotton into gum (and later into sugar), and it is to avoid
this inconvenience that I use on the damp rags acid at fifty-three degrees.
When the trituration of all tho pulp is effected, I allow it to remain twenty-
four hours, and then steep it in water, changing the bath several times until the
water shews no trace of acid; I then use a fine strainer, in order that the
matter leaves in white water, and that which remains in the strainer and which
has resisted the acid is reserved for a fresh operation. When the deposit at
the bottom of the water has settled, pour off the water, and put the material
in the press. No. 2, 1 operate as for No. 1, but after the material is strongly
pressed I break it into small pieces, place it in a vase, and to bleach it pour
chloride of potash upon it; I triturate the whole, pour off the water several
times, and press the material again. No. 3, to make cotton plastic I take the
material No. 2 and add little of white of egg and flour paste. No. 4, to make
dust from hemp and flax I operato as at No. 1. No. 5, I also make a dust
from flax and hemp by operating as described No. 2. No. 6, I make plastic
from hemp and flax by operating as described No. 3.
Leek. No. 7, I take an entire leek, even to the roots, cut it into pieces
and boil for one or two hours, then stamp it after the method usually adopted
by paper makers, then wash the pulp and make paper in the ordinary manner.
No. 8, I take the pulp No. 7, and add chloride of lime previously crushed
or ground to avoid clots or lumps. I triturate the whole, and allow it to
remain not more than half an hour at most in the chloride of lime, eking out
water to the material. I pour off the water in twice, press the pulp, and
submit it a second time to the operation of chloride of lime, which is loft with
the well triturated matter during another half hour, always avoiding in this
operation the obtaining of the white colour, as in that case the pulp is burnt,
and is only good for plastic; the pulp is then washed with two or three waters,
pressed dry, broken into small pieces; chloride of potash is poured upon it,
and it is triturated. I allow the whole to rest for two hours, and after this
operation wash in four or five waters until the water from the pulp is not
foul, and then proceed to manufacture paper in the usual manner. I some-
tin:es use a weak dose of chloride of lime in the proportion one quarter the
weight of the matter. No. 9, I also take pulp No. 7, and treat it only once
with chloride of lime after the manner described No. 8, and having steeped it
in a little water, I pour upon it sulphuric acid first diluted with five parts
water, the lime being destroyed. I wash until the water retains no taste of
acid, then use for paper making. Sometimes I use a weak dose of chloride

page_text: of lime one quarter the weight of the matter, and a dose of acid less strong,
one-fifth the weight of the matter. No. 10, I take the pulp No. 7, and treat
it once only with chloride of lime after the manner described No. 8, and
having treated it with acid after the method described No. 9, I take it, with
the acid well washed from it, break it into small pieces, and pour chloride of
potash upon it, triturate and finish the operation after the manner described
No. 8, that is to say, with repeated washing. No. 11, I also take pulp No. 7,
treat it once with chloride of lime as described No. 8, then with chloride of
potash as described No. 8, and terminate with acid after the manner described
No. 9. No. 12, I take the same pulp as described No. 7, and this pulp
being washed and pressed nearly dry, I treat it two separate times with chlo-
ride of lime after the method described No. 8. No. 13, or I do not boil
the pulp, but submit it to the operation of chloride of lime once only, after the
manner described No. 8, and in the proportion of one quarter of its weight,
then after several washings I apply the chloride of potash. No. 14, I take
pulp No. 13, and submit it to the operation of chloride of lime in the propor-
tion of a quarter of its weight, then to that of acid in the proportion of one-
fifth its weight, after the manner set forth No. 9. No. 15, or I take the same
pulp, and treat it once with chloride of lime as at No. 8, and when thoroughly
washed, I add one part of the cotton dust to two parts of leek pulp. The pro-
portion of the dust is here very great, and I only cite it as illustrating the use
of my dusts. No. 16, I find one part of cotton to four of leek make a good
pulp, operating as at No. 15. No. 17, or I operate as at No. 15, but using the
dust of hemp or flax as follows:-One part dust, and two parts leek, No. 18,
or I operate as at No. 15, with one part hemp dust and four parts leek.
Cabbage. No. 19, I take cabbage, and after boiling I treat it in the
manner described No. 7. No. 20, 1 take the pulp No. 19, and treat it twice
with chloride of lime as described, No. 8, then having well washed it, I treat
it with chloride of potash, also as described No. 8, when again well washed I
deliver it for paper making. No. 21, or I take the same pulp and treat it
twice with chloride of lime as described No. 8, and when well washed treat
it with chloride of potash, also as described No. 8, and when again washed
I use acid, operating as for No. 9, wash again, and deliver for paper making.
No. 22, or I take the same pulp treated as described No. 7, when well
pressed treat it with chloride of lime as for No. 8, and when washed until
the water is no longer foul deliver for paper making. No. 23, or after ope-
rating as for No. 22, I treat it twice with chloride of potash before delivering
it for paper making. No. 24, or I use the cabbage in its natural or raw
state, treating it as for No. 7, then with chloride of potash as for No. 8, and

page_text: after washing deliver it to the paper maker. No. 25, after the pulp has been
well washed as described for No. 7, and consequently boiled, I pass it, adding
a good deal of water, into a horsehair sieve, so that the gummy part passes
through, and the fibres remain in the sieve, and when in this condition I apply
the system of chloride of lime indicated No. 8 to the gummy part, and to the
fibrous part the system of chloride of potash also described No. 8, and the
whole being well washed in several waters the pulp is good for paper making.
No. 26, or I treat cabbage in its natural or raw state as at No. 7, and bleach
with chloride of potash as at No. 8, and using four parts of the pulp thus
prepared with one part of hemp and flax dust as indicated No. 2, I deliver
it to the paper maker. No. 27, or if the pulp be for a thin paper, I operate
as at No. 26, with this exception, I use two parts cabbage and one part
dust, but the dust I use is from cotton, it being a general rule that thin papers
are less brittle than thick ones. No. 28, for a thick paper, operating as at
No. 26, I prefer using four parts cabbage and one part cotton.
Apple. No. 29, 1 take an apple, and break it into quarters, removing the skin
and the pips, I then boil these quarters in water; when boiled, stamp or beat
them, and after washing in several waters, to remove the acidity, the pulp
is prepared and fit for paper making. No. 30, or the pulp being prepared as at
No. 29, I pass it through a sieve as at No. 25, I then take the fibres remaining
in the sieve, press them, and apply chloride of lime as for No. 8, and when well
washed I apply chloride of potash also as for No. 8, then after several washings
the pulp is fit for use. No. 31, or operating in all other respects as for No. 30,
1 also use the gummy part which has passed through the sieve. No. 32, I
operate as for No. 30, as regards the chlorides of lime and potash, and use the
same pulp, but the pulp being washed and retaining a little water, I add tho
acid as indicated No. 9, and after several washings, when no trace of the acid
remains, the pulp becomes diaphanous and is fit for paper making. No. 83, or
I take apples from which the juice has been pressed out in the cider press,
consequently with skin and pips, boil this residue of manufacture, operate as
for No. 8 as regards the chloride of lime, and after several wasbings operate
with chloride of potash as at No. 8, and after repeated washings deliver the
pulp to the paper maker. No. 34, sometimes 1 fumigate paper made from
pulp No. 33 with sulphur. No. 85, sometimes after the pulp No. 33 has been
operated upon by chloride of lime and chloride of potash as at No. 8, I trent:
it with acid to render the paper diaphanous as for No. 9, and after thoroughly
washing out all the acid use for paper making, reoperating with the chloride
of potash will infallibly render it whiter. No. 36, or I operate as at No. 29,
excepting that the apple is not boiled but remains raw, applying No. 30, that

page_text: is to say, the fibres, then, first, the chloride of lime, secondly, the chloride of
potash. No. 37, or I prepare the apples as indicated No. 29, with this difference,
that the apple remains raw, I take the gummy part which remains beneath
the sieve and apply to it No. 30 chloride of lime first, chloride of potash
afterwards. No. 38, or I take the apples when leaving the cider press, do not
boil them, but apply No. 33, that is to say, chloride of lime first and of potash
afterwards. No. 39, or 1 make a pulp as at No. 38, but with the addition of
the acid as at No. 9. This pulp, repassed with chloride of potash and with
one-tenth the addition of cotton or hemp, will make a fine and good opaque.
white paper. No. 40, or take apples baked in the oven, removing the skin
and the pips (all the core), wash it to remove the acidity of the apple, add
water and pass it through a sieve, I then take the fibres and treat them with
chloride of line as indicated No. 8, then with chloride of potash also as
indicated No. 8, and after several washings deliver for paper making. No. 41,
or I take baked apples with skin and pips (core) removed, leaving the fibres
and gummy part, and operate as for No. 40, and when the pulp is well washed
it is fit for use, and will if desired make a sort of parchmented cardboard.
No. 42, or I operate upon baked apples precisely as described No. 40, but
only acting on the gummy pulp found beneath the sieve instead of acting on
the fibre. No. 48, or I use the same matter as at No. 42, treating it in the
same way, with this difference, that I act on the fibres and gummy part, and
further, after chloride of lime and potash, I use acid as at No. 9, and the
washing being repeated the product is diaphanous and fit for use. No. 44, or
I take rotten apples, removing the skin and pips (the core), stamp them and
wash the pulp to remove the acidity. After this operation I apply, firstly,
chloride of lime once, and, secondly, chloride of potash once, according to the
method described No. 8, and the pulp being well washed, I deliver it for paper
making. No. 45, I would observe that the pulp No. 44 makes a good cardboard.
No. 46, paper made from pulp No. 44 may if desired be fumigated, which will
have the effect of slightly bleaching it. No. 47, I also make a pulp from the
waste of rotten apples, that is to say, the skin and core, by stamping and
washing until I have destroyed the acidity and colour of the apple, when [
deliver the pulp to the paper maker for the manufacture of packing paper.
No. 48, or I make a pulp of the same material as No. 47, but operating
exactly as for No. 8. No. 49, I also take boiled apples from which the skin
and core have been first removed, and reserving only the gummy part which
has been obtained by means of the hair sieve, I submit it to the entire operation
described No. 8, that is to say, firstly, chloride of lime, secondly, chloride of

page_text: potash, and further to the well washed pulp to be used for paper making I add
one-sixth of bleached cotton dust. No. 50, or I take apples leaving the press,
that is to say, with skin and core, boil the whole, then add after the usual
washing the chloride of lime and the chloride of potash as for No. 8, that is
to say, lime first and potash afterwards, then all being well washed I use acid
as for No. 9, and finally, the washing being finished, I add one-eighth of
bleached cotton dust. No. 51, or I take the same apples as at No. 50, with
this difference, that I do not boil but use them as they leave the press, treating
them in every other respect as described No. 50, and when the pulp is thoroughly
prepared, I add one-fourth of its weight of bleached cotton dust. No. 52, or I
treat the same materials (raw apples) as at No. 51 as there described, that is to
say, with chloride of lime of potash and acid, and when prepared add one-
eighth of bleached cotton dust. No. 53, or I use the same material as at No. 50
(boiled apples), and treat it similarly but without sulphuric acid, and when
prepared I add one-sixth of bleached hemp or flax dust. No. 54, or I use the
same material as at No. 50 (boiled apples), treating it in the same manner
but without sulphuric acid, and when prepared add one-tenth of bleached
hemp or flax dust. No. 55, or I make a pulp as at No. 51 (raw apples), but
without sulphuric acid, and when prepared add one-tenth bleached hemp
or fax dust. No. 56, or I proceed as for No. 55, and then add one-sixth of
bleached hemp or flax dust.
Asparagus. No. 57, I take the white stalks of the asparagus (reserving the
green for culinary purposes) and cut them into pieces of one to one and a half
inches in size, boil them for about an hour, and then pour off the water and
deliver them to the stamper, after which operation I wash the pulp several
times, leaving it to rest between each washing, and it is then suitable for
making wrapping paper or cardboard. No. 58, or I take the pulp No. 57,
having stamped it somewhat more, and treat it, firstly, with chloride of lime ;
secondly, with chloride of potash, after the manner described No. 8 (I may,
if desirable, apply the chloride of line twice or oven three times, but always
washing and pressing the pulp, and the pulp after being well washed may be
delivered to the paper maker. No. 59, 1 sometimes further treat the pulp
described No. 58 with acid as for No. 9, afterwards washing it before passing it
to the paper maker. No. 60, or I take the material used No. 57 in its raw
state, and after well stamping it, apply, first, chloride of lime, secondly, choride
of potash, always as for No. 8, and when finally washed deliver to the paper
maker. No. 61, I make plastic or papier mâché from the asparagus by
leaving the well-washed pulp in a sufficient quantity of chloride of lime to

page_text: burn it; this operation usually lasts twenty-four hours, and I then wash the
pulp for several hours to remove the lime, and when it is to be used I add
flour paste after pressing it.
Leaves, stalks, and shells of peas, and skins of split peas.-No. 62, I take
pea shells, boil them for an hour, deliver them to the stamper, and when well
stamped wash them several times, that is to say, pouring off the water each
time, and when the water leaving the pulp is clear the pulp may be delivered
for making wrapping paper or cardboard. No. 68, it will sometimes be found
advantageous to fumigate with sulphur paper made from pulp No. 62, which
slightly bleaches it. No. 64, I also take pulp No. 62, and apply to it, firstly,
the chloride of lime, secondly, the chloride of potash, always as for No. 8, and
when well washed as directed, by reason of the lime which would remain and
render the stuff brittle, I deliver it for paper making. No. 65, or I further
treat pulp No. 64 with neid as for No. 9, and after several washings it is fit
for use. No. 66, instead of using the pea shell I sometimes use the leaves and
stalks, operating in every respect as for No. 62, and deliver for making card-
board. No. 67, pulp No. 66 may also be used for making paper. No. 68,
or I use the material indicated No. 66, and treat it entirely as described for
No. 64, that is to say, first, with chloride of lime, secondly, with chloride of
potash. No. 69, I also further treat the material indicated No. 66, after
method described No. 65, that is to say, first, chloride of lime, secondly,
chloride of potash, and, further, the acid. No. 70, or I use the leaves only,
and treat them entirely as described No. 64. No. 71, or I take the same
material as at No. 70, and treat it entirely as described No. 65. No. 72, or
I take the stalks only and treat as described No. 62, and use for cardboard.
No. 78, pulp No. 72 may also be used for paper. No. 74, or I take the
material indicated No. 72, and treat it entirely as for No. 64. No. 75, or I
take the material indicated No. 72, and treat it entirely as for No. 65.
No. 76, or I take the skins of green split peas, boil them for an hour and pass
them to the stamper, wash the pulp several times, and press it; I then apply
the method No. 8, that is to say, first, chloride of lime, secondly, chloride of
potash, and wash in several waters, firstly, after the chloride of lime, then
after the chloride of potash, and when the water leaves it clear it is fit for
making paper. If the pulp is not much washed the paper will be white and
very suitable for engravings. No. 77, I take the pulp No. 76 and treat with
acid for No. 9. I would here observe that everything appertaining to the
pea may be used without boiling.
Leaves, stalks, and shells of haricot or kidney beans.-No. 78, I take the shells

page_text: of kidney beans, boil for one hour, and pass them to the stamper; when they are
well stamped I wash them several times, that is to say, pouring off the water
each time, and when it leaves clear the pulp is fit for making cardboard or packing
paper. No. 79, or after proceeding as for No. 78, 1 apply, first, chloride of lime,
secondly, chloride of potash, always as for No. 8, and then after well washing,
which is essentially necessary, because of the lime which would otherwiso remain
and render the pulp brittle, I deliver it to the paper maker. No. 80, or after
proceeding as for No. 79, I add acid as for No. 9, and wash several times.
No. 81, or I use the leaves and stalks instead of the shell, and and operate as
for No. 78. No. 82, I also take pulp No. 81, and apply the method No. 79.
No. 83, I sometimes fumigate No. 82 with sulphur. No. 84, or I take the
same material as for No. 82, and treat it in the same manner, and then apply
the method described No. 79, that is to say, first, chloride of lime, secondly,
chloride of potash and then acid. No. 85, I mako plastic from the leaves,
stalks, and shells of kidney beans after the method described for No. 61. I
would hero observe that everything appertaining to the kidney beans may be
treated in the raw state.
Potatoes and their leaves, stalks, and skin.-No. 86, I tako the residue of
feculery, that is to say, of the potatoe washed, rasped, and from which the
fecula has been extracted, I add chloride of lime, after the method described
No. 8, at one operation, 1 wash in several waters, and thus obtain a pulp
very suitable for mixing with cardboard pulp and some papers. No. 87, I
also tako raw potatoes, remove the skin, rasp the potatoe, extract the fecula,
and then add to the well-washed pulp chloride of lime only as for No. 8 at
one operation, wash in several waters, and thus obtain a pulp fit for mixing
with the pulp for white paper. No. 88, I also tako pulp No. 87 and submit
it to the operation described for No. 8, that is to say, firstly, chloride of lime,
secondly, chloride of potash, thirdly, acid, wash several times, and obtain a
pulp suitable for mixing in the manufacture of white paper. No. 89, or I
take potatoes, boil them, remove the skin, stamp them, and then add to the
pulp acid at 33 degrees, triturating it therewith. The next day I take this
pulp diluted with a little water, and place the whole on the fire in a capsule
or evaporating vessel, boil an hour, then remove the capsule from the fire,
pour the whole into a vase, and run off the water until it is no longer acid;
I then press this pulp, break the stuff, triturate with chloride of lime, and
after washing in several waters the pulp is fit for use. No. 90, or I take
potatoes, which I also boil, remove the skin, stamp, treat with chloride
of lime, and wash in several waters. I then press the pulp as well as

page_text: possible, and add one-third of its weight of acid at 33 degrees; I tri-
turate this stuff, and the next day place it on the fire in a capsule or
evaporating vessel, and boil for an hour. . I then remove the vessel from the
fire, turn the whole contents into a vase containing water, and renew this
water until no trace of acid remains; the pulp is then fit for use. No. 91,
or I treat pulp No. 90 as described, but triturate with less acid at 33 degrees,
boil two hours, and the operation completed, submit the pulp to chloride of
potash, and wash in several waters. No. 92, I also take raw potatoes, remove
the skin, rasp them so as to remove the fecula, stamp or beat and triturate
the pulp with half its weight of acid at 33 degrees; I then leave this gummy
pulp to rest for twenty-four hours, and then dilute with a little water to place
it on the fire in a capsule or evaporating vessel to boil for an hour, when
I pour the whole into a vase, and wash until no trace of acid remains. I then
press the pulp, and apply chloride of potash, triturating therewith, then wash
in several waters. If no chloride be used, this pulp is more diaphanous.
No. 93, I also take the skins of boiled potatoes, stamp them, and apply the
whole process described No. 8, that is to say, treat them with, firstly, chloride
of lime, secondly, chloride of potash, then wash in several waters. No. 94,
or further I treat pulp No. 93 with acid as for No. 9. No. 95, I also take
boiled potatoes, stamp them, and mix with the pulp a little acid at 33 degrees,
triturate the whole, and let it rest for twenty-four hours. 1 then carry it in
the capsule to the fire, boil for about an hour, remove the capsule from the
fire, pour the contents into water, changing the water until I find no trace of
acid, press the pulp, and treat it with, firstly, chloride of lime, and, secondly,
chloride of potash, as described No. 8, then wash until the water is clear.
No. 96, I sometimes when washing pulp No. 95, as it leaves the acid, leave
the large lumps or pieces at the bottom of the vase. No. 97, I make plastic
stuff from potatoes after the manner described for No. 61. No. 98, I take
the fallen leaves and stalks of the potatoc, and reduce them into pulp in the
stamper, boil for one hour, wash in several waters, and use for cardboard.
No. 99, I also use pulp No. 98 for making paper. No. 100, sometimes
further treat pulp No. 98 with chloride of lime as described No. 8. No. 101,
I also, after treating pulp No. 98 with chloride of lime as for No. 8, further
treat it with acid as for No. 9. No. 102, or I take pulp No. 98 and apply
the entire method No. 8, that is to say, firstly, chloride of lime, secondly,
chlorido of potash. No. 103, or I tako pulp No. 98, treat it with, firstly,
chloride of lime, secondly, chloride of potash, as described No. 8, and, thirdly,
with acid, as described No. 9. No. 104, I make plastic from the fallen leaves

page_text: and stalks of potatoes after the method described No. 61. I would here
observe that everything appertaining to the leaves and stalks of potatoes may
also be used in a raw state.
Beetroot, its leaves and stalks.-No. 105, I take the pulp of beetroot
from which the juice has been pressed, stamp, wash it in several waters, and
use for making cardboard. No. 106, I also use No. 105 for making paper.
No. 107, if paper made of pulp No. 105 bas been fumigated even three times
it will not vary. No. 108, I also take pulp No. 105, and treat as for No. 8,
first, chloride of lime, secondly, chloride of potash, then thoroughly wash.
No. 109, I sometimes fumigato No. 108 with sulphur; sulphurous acid has
an effect on the parenchyma of beetroot. No. 110, or I take pulp No. 108,
treated in the same manner as far as regards the chlorides of limo and of
potash, but also treat it with acid as at No. 9; when the pulp has become
diaphanous on the gummy parts, the fibre will shew whether it has been badly
stamped. No. 111, I also take the pulp of beetroot from which the juice has
been expressed, stamp it, and boil it for half an hour, then wash in several
waters, and deliver it to the paper maker for making cardboard. No. 112,
pulp No. 111 may be used for paper as well as cardboard. No. 113, I also
treat No. 111, as far as regards, first, chloride of lime, and, secondly, chloride
of potash, as for No. 8, wash it well, and use for paper. No. 114, 1 also
fumigato No. 113 with sulphur, and it has no effect on either raw or cooked
pulp. No. 115, I also, after pulp No. 113 has been treated with, firstly,
chloride of lime, and, secondly, chloride of potash as for No. 8, further apply
the method No. 9, that is to say, the acid. The pulp obtained from the
parenchyma of beetroot, if not very handsome, is of very good quality, either as
grey or yellow paper. No. 116, I make plastic from beetroot after the same
manner as described No. 61. No. 117, I take the leaves and stalks of bect-
root, cut them into pieces, and stamp them, and after several washings they
are good for cardboard. No. 118, I also make paper from pulp No. 117.
No. 119, or I take pulp No. 117 and treat with only chlorido of lime as for
No. 8, and wash several times. No. 120, or I take pulp No. 117, and apply
the entire method used for No. 8. No. 121, I also take pulp No. 117, treat
entirely as for No. 8, then with acid as for No. 9, and wash several times.
No. 122, or I take the leaves and stalks of beetroot, cut it into pieces, and
stamped, boil them for half an hour, wash in several waters, and use for card-
board. No. 128, pulp No. 122 may also be used for paper. No. 124, or
I take the same pulp as at No. 122, and apply only chloride of lime after the
manner directed No. 8, and wash several times. No. 125, I also take pulp

page_text: No. 129, and treat it entirely as for No. 8, as regards, first, chloride of lime,
secondly, chloride of potash, and wash in several waters. No. 126, or I take
pulp No. 122, treat with chloride of lime and of potash as for No. 8, and then
with acid as for No. 9, finally washing to destroy the acid. make plastic
from the leaves and stalks of beetroot after the manner described No. 61.
Garlic. No. 128, I take garlic, remove the skin, stamp the cloves, and
bleach, using the entire method described No. 8, that is to say, first, chloride
of lime, secondly, chloride of potash, then wash in several waters.
No. 129,
or I take garlic, remove the skin, stamp the cloves, and apply the method
No. 9, that is to say, the acid by which the smell is attacked, then wash in
several waters. No. 130, I also take garlic, always removing the skin, boil
for an hour, stamp, and treat with chloride of lime once only, after method
No. 8, wash, and then apply acid as for No. 9, finally washing in several
waters. No. 181, or I take garlic, always removing the skin, boil for an
hour, stamp, and treat with acid only, as for No. 9, and then wash in several
waters until the acid disappears. No. 132, further, when pulp No. 131 is
made into paper, I fumigate with sulphur. The sulphuric acid produces a
beautiful effect.
Bran of wheat. No. 133, I take bran in a moist state, drop upon it little
by little from a flask sulphuric acid at fifty-three degrees, and triturate into a
paste. I allow this mass of paste to rest for twenty-four hours, then put it
with sufficient water into a capsule over the fire, and boil. The mass melting
and diluting, flakes swim in the acidulated water. I then remove the bran
with a skimmer, and allow the whole to settle. I then pour off the accidulated
water, and renew several times until it is no longer acid; after this, if desirable,
pass this pulp diluted with water through a sieve until it retains the whole
residue of the bran (skin or husk of the wheat). This pulp being obtained,
I treat it once with chloride of potash, as for No. 8, and after the usual
washings apply the method No. 9, that is to say, the acid, then wash, and it
will make a fine diaphanous paper. No. 134, I also take moistened bran and
reduce it to pulp in a stamper, wash in several waters, apply, first, chloride of
lime, secondly, chloride of potash, as for No. 8, and wash until the water
leaving the pulp is clear. No. 185, I sometimes further treat pulp No. 154
with acid as for No. 9. No. 136, I also take the same pulp of stamped bran
as at No. 134, and when washed press it; I then add a little acid at thirty-
three degrees, triturate the whole, and leave the pulp in this state until the
next day, when I dilute it with a little water, place it in a capsule, boil for an
hour, and pour the whole into water, which I renew until no longer acid. I
then press the pulp and treat it as for No. 8, that is to say, first, chloride of

page_text: lime, secondly, chloride of potash; I then wash until the water leaving it is
no longer white. The addition of acid to this pulp, as for No. 135, gives it
more consistence, and the paper will receive ink better.
Cherries. No. 137, I take cherry skins, stamp and wash them, treat with
chloride of lime after the manner described No. 8, then wash again. No. 138,
I also take the skins, which I stamp, and the pulp, which 1 crush, wash the
whole, treat with chloride of lime only, as for No. 8, and wash in several
waters. No. 139, or I take cherries, of which I stamp the skins, crush the
pulps, treat with the entire method No. 8, that is to say, firstly, chlorido of
lime, secondly, chloride of potash, and then, as for No. 9, with acid, washing
several times. No. 140, after operating entirely as for No. 139, I sometimes,
after the acid and subsequent washing, further treat tho pulp with chloride of
lime, and wash again in several waters. No. 141, or I take the same material
as at No. 139, but boil before stamping, afterwards treating it as for No. 8,
with, first, chloride of lime, secondly, chloride of potash, then wash in several
waters until the water no longer issues white. I make plastic from cherries,
always proceeding as described No. 61.
Vine. No. 143, I take the cuttings of the vine without the leaves
(autumnal, operation), cut them into small pieces of from one-half to two
inches, and deliver them to the stamper, boiling the pulp thus obtained half
an hour, then washing and treating, firstly, with chloride of lime, secondly,
chlorido of potash, as for No. 8, wash several times, and the pulp thus obtained
will make a very handsome paper. No. 144, I sometimes further treat
No. 143 with acid, as for No. 9, washing until no acid can be tasted. The
acid always adds a certain consistency to the paper. The green cuttings of
the vine may be used if desired without boiling. I make plastic from green
cuttings of the vine, operating as described for No. 61.
Vine stalks with leaves.-No. 146, I talk the stalks which fall from the
vinc, steep them for a little while in water, and deliver them to the stamper.
I boil the pulp for half an hour, then change the water several times. As
this pulp is very gummy, it is well to use it mixed with hay, straw, or other
material. No. 147, I sometimes add to No. 146 one-fifth its weight of acid
at fifty-three degrees when it is in a liquid pulp. No. 148, or I tako tho
same material as at No. 146, steep a little while in water, deliver to the
stapper, boil half an hour, change the water several times, then apply chloride
of lime, as for No. 8, in the proportion of two-thirds the weight of the pulp,
and wash in several waters. This pulp is soft. No. 149, I sometimes further
treat pulp No. 148 with acid, as for No. 9, and wash in several waters.
No. 150, or I operate as for No. 148, but employ the entire method No. ¿,

page_text: that is to say, firstly, chloride of lime in proportion equal to the weight of the
pulp, secondly, chloride of potash, and wash well before delivering to the
paper maker. No. 151, or I operate precisely as described No. 150, and
then treat with acid as for No. 9, and after several washings I use the pulp.
Grape stalks. No. 152, I take old grape stalks and the old skins of the
grape which I have amassed during the year's vintage, stamp them, and
when well washed use the pulp for paper making. No. 153, I sometimes
treat pulp No. 152 with one-fifth its weight of acid at fifty-three degrees
when it is in a liquid pulp. No. 154, I also take the same material as at
No. 152, stamp and wash and then treat as described No. 8, that is to say,
firstly, with chloride of lime twice, secondly, with chloride of potash, and
repeatedly wash. No. 155, having treated No. 154 as described, I sometimes
further treat it with acid as for No. 9, and consequent washings. If desired,
this pulp may be again bleached with chloride of potash after the application
of the acid and washings. No. 156, I also operate as for No. 154, but boil
half an hour, and then treat, firstly, with chloride of lime twice and washings,
secondly, with chloride of potash and other washings, and then use the pulp.
No. 157, I sometimes further treat No. 156 with acid as for No. 9, and wash
repeatedly. No. 158, I make plastic from the grape stalks always as described
for No. 61.
Bundles of dried vine branches.-No. 159, I cut with a small hatchet a
bundle of dried vine branches into pieces about ten inches long, deliver them
to the stamper, and having washed and pressed the pulp, I treat it after the
method described No. 133 for bran, then in pouring off the water bath I leave
at the bottom of the vessel (instead of using the skimmer to remove whatever
floats) the ligneous parts which have resisted my acid diluted with water, thus
the pulp obtained by this process is, first, the chloride of lime, secondly, the
acid. No. 160, or I take the dried vine branches, remove the bark or skin,
and the small buds which produce lumps in the paper, and cut them into
pieces about ten inches long. I then deliver them to the stamper, and having
washed and pressed the pulp, treat, first, with chloride of lime, secondly, with
acid, and finally wash in several waters. No. 161,I also remove the skin or
bark and the buds of these dried branches, cut them into pieces about two
inches long, then boil the pulp withdrawn from beneath the stamper for half
an hour, wash several times, and treat, firstly, with chloride of lime, secondly,
with acid, and when well washed add chloride of potash. A very good paper
may be made of this pulp mixed with cabbage, leek, and other. No. 162, [
make plastic from these dried branches, always operating as set forth at
No. 61.

page_text: Yellow water flag.-No. 163, I take the dried leaves of the water flng, cut
them into pieces, and steep in water for an hour, then boil half an hour, and
deliver to the stamper. This operation finished, I wash to clean the pulp,
and use for cardboard or paper. No. 164, or I take the flag in its green
state, treat it as described for No. 113, and use for cardboard or paper.
No. 165, or I further treat pulp No. 163 or pulp No. 164, well stamped and
washed, with, first, chloride of lime, secondly, chloride of potash, as for No. 8,
and then wash as usual. No. 166, I also sometimes further treat pulp
No. 165 with acid as for No. 9, and the usual washings. No. 167, after
pulp No. 166 has been treated with acid, I sometimes again apply the
chloride of potash. No. 168, or instead of boiling the flag, I take it in its
raw state, cut it into small pieces (whether green or dry), keep it moistened,
deliver it to the stamper, and when thoroughly washed deliver for making
cardboard, or, if very well stamped, paper. No. 169, or I take pulp No. 168,
well stamped, and treat, first, with chloride of lime, secondly, with chloride of
potash, as for No. 8, then wash as usual. No. 170, sometimes I further treat
No. 169 with acid as fur No. 9, always washing afterwards, as before
directed. No. 171, I also make cardboard from the root of the flag, which I
boil and stamp only, then wash. No. 172, I make plastic from the flag after
the manner described No. 61.
Hemerocallis, or day lily.-No. 173, I take the leaves of the yellow
bemerocallis, cut them into pieces, stamp them, moistend with water, and
after washing in several waters use for making cardboard. No. 174, I also
use pulp No. 173 for making paper. No. 175, I also take pulp No. 178,
well stamped, and treat, first, with chloride of lime, secondly, with chloride of s
potash, as for No. 8, then with the usual washings. No. 176, or having
operated as for No. 175, I further treat with acid as for No. 9, then wash
again. No. 177, I also boil the hemerocallis either before or after stamping,
and, lastly, the stampings being suitably done, I wash in several waters, and
use for cardboard. No. 178, pulp No. 177 may also be used for making
paper. No. 179, or I take pulp No. 177, and bleach with chloride of potashı
only. No. 180, or I take pulp No. 177, and treat, firstly, with chloride of
lime, secondly, secondly, with chloride of potash, as for No. 8, washing as
usual. No. 181, I sometimes further treat No. 180 with acid as for No. 9,
and finish by other washings. No. 182, after having operated as for 181,
and employed the acid, I sometimes wash and apply chloride of potash.
No. 183, I make plastic from the bemerocallis always after the method
described No. 61.
Straw. I take straw, say that of wheat, deemed by paper makers a very

page_text: ungrateful material, cut it in'o small pieces between one and two inches
long, boil for an hour, and then deliver to the stamper, and the pulp being
well washed I use for making paper or cardboard. No. 185, sometimes I
add to pulp prepared as at No. 184, and in a liquid state, one-fifth of sul-
phuric acid at fifty-three degrees. No. 186, I also take the same pulp as
at No. 184, but better stamped and washed, and apply one-half its weight of
chloride of lime after the manner described No. 8, then wash and deliver for
use. No. 187, I also take the same pulp as at No. 186, treated in the same
manner, and further apply acid as for No. 9, finally well washing the pulp.
No. 188, or I take the pulp No. 184, with this difference, that in washing I only
take that which is in small flakes in the top part of the washing vessel, and treat,
firstly, with chloride of lime once, after the method No. 8, and then well
washed, I apply acid as for No. 9 (but in a strong dose), then wash several
times. No. 189, I take pulp No. 184, but better stamped, and treat with chloride
of lime once, after the method No. 8, then with acid as for No. 9, then wash
several times. No. 190, 1 also take pulp No. 184, and when well washed
apply the entire method No. 8, first, the chloride of lime in the propor-
tion of three-fourths the weight of the pulp, and employed several times,
secondly, the chloride of potash, and then wash well as usual. No. 191, after
No. 190 is well washed I sometimes further treat it with acid as for No. 9,
then wash several times. No. 192, in some cases after applying the acid [
further treat No. 191 with chloride of potash, then wash in several waters;
this pulp makes an admirable paper. No. 193, 1 also take pulp No. 184 well
prepared, press it (but not thoroughly), and apply acid little by little until I
form a paste. The next day I dilute in the capsule with a little water and
boil for an hour, when I remove it from the fire and pour the whole into water,
which I change until it is no longer acid, I then press the pulp and apply
chloride of lime, but in a less dose than for bleaching, and wash well. No. 194,
I also take straw in its natural unboiled state, stamp it in the usual manner as
for No. 184, and when well washed submit it to the entire operation described
No. 193, that is to say, first, the acidulated paste boiled in the capsule for an.
hour, secondly, washing and application of the chloride of lime, but in.
stronger dose than for No. 193, then wash until the water is no longer foul.
No. 195, I make plastic from straw, operating always as described for No. 61.
Hay, meadow, and other.- No. 196, I take any sort of hay, cut it like the
straw into small pieces of about one to two inches, boil for about an hour,
and when washed deliver it to the stamper, after which operation I wash
again and use for making cardboard. No. 197, I also use pulp No. 196 in

page_text: the manufacture of paper. No. 198, or I take the same material as for
No. 196, prepare in the same manner, apply one-fifth acid at fifty-three
degrees while in a liquid state, and after washing use for making paper.
No. 199, I als take pulp No. 196, and when prepared and half pressed I
treat several times with chloride of lime after the method described No. 8,
then wash in several waters until the water is no longer white after the pulp
has settled. No. 200, I also take pulp No. 196, when well washed treat,
firstly, with chloride of lime as set forth at No. 8, and then, after several
washings with acid as set forth No. 9, finally washing in several waters to
destroy the acid. No. 201, I sometimes take pulp No. 199, and when pre-
pared treat it with acid as described No. 9, but in a stronger dose, then wash
in several waters. No. 202, I also take pulp No. 196, and when prepared
treat it entirely as set forth No. 8, that is to say, with, firstly, chlorido of
lime, secondly, chloride of potash, then wash several times. No. 203, or I
take pulp No. 196, and having treated it, firstly, with chloride of lime, secondly,
with chloride of potash as for No. 8, I further apply the acid as for No. 9,
finally washing as usual. No. 204, I sometimes add to pulp No. 203 one-
seventh of cotton dust, and if I desire a still whiter paper, before adding tho
cotton I treat again with chloride of potash. No. 205, I make plastic from
meadow and other hay, always operating as set forth No. 61.
Fern. No. 206, I take furn, cut it into small brauches of, say, from two
to four inches, boil for about an hour, and then deliver to the stamper. When
the pulp is well stamped and washed, I take only the matter which floats in
the washing vase or trough (process which 1 employ to obtain a fine pulp),
and use for making paper. No. 207, I also take pulp No. 206, and while the
pulp is liquid further apply one-fifth acid at fifty-three degrees, then wash in
several waters. Pulps Nos. 206 and 207 being very fine and gummy, should
bo mixed with some other material, such as the coarse hay, when making
paper. No. 208, or I take the same material as for No. 206, and treat similarly
as far as regards the boiling, stamping, and washing, but I further treat with
chloride of lime (in small dose), as set forth No. 8, and then when well
washed apply the method No. 9, that is to say, the acid wash, as usual.
No. 209, or I take the same pulp, No. 206, treat with chloride of lime three
times, as set forth No. 8, with chloride of potash once, always as describe.
No. 8, and when well washed deliver to the paper maker. No. 210, I also
sometimes take pulp No. 206, and after treating as at No. 209 three times
with chloride of lime, and once with chloride of potash in the manner set forth
No. 8, I further treat with acid as set forth No. 9, then wash as usual. It

page_text: is scarcely necessary to say that Nos. 208, 209, and 210 make with sizing
very fine card or pasteboard. No. 211, I make plastic from fern, still
operating as set forth No. 61.
Oak leaves. No. 212, I take dry oak leaves, boil them for an hour, and
stamp them; then wash in several waters, take the parts which float in the
vase, and uso for making paper. No. 213, I sometimes further treat pulp
No. 212 when in a liquid state with one-fifth acid at fifty-three degrees, then
wash and deliver to the paper maker. Pulps Nos. 212 and 213 being very
gummy, should be used mixed with some other material, coarse hay, for
example. No. 214, I sometimes use pulp No. 212 less stamped, but with the
addition of a little animal size (such as parchment size. No. 215, I also take
pulp No. 212, but when reduced by the stamper and washed I treat it with a
slight dose of chloride of lime (part of the method No. 8), wash again, and
use with animal size (parchment size) for making yellow cardboard. No. 216,
or No. 212 being reduced to pulp in the stamper and washed, I treat
twice with chloride of lime after the manner set forth No. 8, wash again, add
a little animal (parchment) size, and it is suitable for making a fine card-
board. No. 217, or No. 212 being reduced to pulp in the stamper and washed,
I treat it twice with chloride of lime as set forth No. 8, and being again
washed and the water run off, I treat with acid as at No. 9, and when suitably
washed use for making paper, for preference unsized, and sometimes further
treat with chloride of potash. No. 218, I sometimes add to pulp No. 217 half
its weight of cabbage pulp bleached with chlorido of potash only. No. 219, I
make plastic from oak leaves, operating always as set forth No. 61.
Leaves of the Dutch poplar.-No. 220, 1 take the leaves of the Dutch
poplar, keeping them in a moist state, boil and stamp them, after which I
wash in several waters, and deliver to the paper maker. No. 221, or [
further treat No. 220 while in a liquid state with one-fifth acid at fifty-three
degrees. No. 222, or I take pulp No. 220, and when well washed treat with.
chloride of lime, as for No. 8, wash and treat with acid after the method No. 9,
then wash in several waters. No. 223, or I take pulp No. 220, and after
washing treat, first, with chloride of lime, secondly, with acid; then after other
washings I treat with chloride of potash, wash finally, and deliver for paper.
making. No. 224, I also take pulp No. 220 and treat entirely after the
method No. 8, that is to say, firstly, with chloride of lime, secondly, with
chloride of potash, and when well washed use for making paper.
Poplar, elm, and other leaves.-No. 225, I take the fallen leaves of tho
poplar and elm, mixed or not with other leaves, boil, reduce them to pulp in
the stamper, and when well washed use in paper making. No. 226, I also
n 2

page_text: further add to pulp No. 225 when liquid one-fifth acid at fifty-three degrees.
The two last-mentioned pulps being very gummy, should be mixed with coarse
bay or straw, to make a good cheap paper. No. 227, or I take pulp No. 225
and apply chloride of lime once as for No. 8, and after several washings use
for making paper. No. 228, I sometimes further treat pulp No. 227 with acid
as for No. 9, and wash again. No. 229, I also take pulp No. 225, and after
washing use the entire method No. 8, that is to say, treat, first, with chloride of
lime, secondly, with chloride of potash, and finally with the usual washings.
No. 230, I sometimes further treat pulp No. 229 with acid as for No. 9, then
with the customary washings.
Leaves of the plane trec.-No. 231, I take the leaves of the plane tree, boil
an hour, reduce to pulp in the stamper, and when well washed use for paper
making. No. 232, I sometimes further treat pulp No. 231 when liquid with
acid at fifty-three degrees. These two pulps are very gummy, and should be
used mixed with coarse hay or straw to make a cheap paper. No. 238, or I take
pulp No. 281, and when well washed partly apply the method No. 8, that is
to say, chloride of lime twice, in the proportion of two-thirds the weight of the
pulp, then wash in several waters to get rid of the lime. No. 234, I some-
times further treat pulp No. 233 with acid, as for No. 9, and wash as usual.
No. 235, I also take pulp No. 231, and after washing apply the entire method
No. 8, that is to say, firstly, chloride of lime in equal weight with the pulp,
and applied several times, always washing; secondly, chloride of potash ;
finally washing again. No. 236, I sometimes further treat No. 235 with acid
as for No. 9, washing as usual. No. 287, I also take No. 286 after it has
been treated with the chloride of lime, chloride of potash, and acid, and wash
and treat it again with chloride of potash, then wash as usual.
Old cordage and old cloths and dusters for fine white paper.-No. 238, I
take, say, an old black half rotten rope, untwist it, and steep it in water, for,
say, eight days, deliver it to the stamper, and when reduced to pulp and
washed I apply the whole of the method No. 8, that is to say, firstly chloride
of lime, secondly chloride of potash, and when well washed it will make a
handsome paper. No. 239, I sometimes further treat No. 238 with acid as
for No. 9, finally washing as usual. No. 240, or I take the same pulp as at
No. 238, and when washed treat it after the method No. 8, twice successively
with chloride of line, then twice following with chloride of potash, terminating
with the usual washings; this pulp will produce a whiter paper than pulp
No. 238, No. 241, I sometimes further treat No. 240 with acid after method
No. 9, and terminate by washing as usual; or I take an old duster or dish-
cloth, wash and stamp it; after washing and well pressing the pulp, I apply

page_text: the chloride of potash twice successively, then after washing apply acid as for
No. 9, wash again, and end with chloride of potash and the final washings.
Old rush brooms and their shreds.-No. 242, I take old rush brooms, their
waste, or the clippings made in the manufacture of the brooms, cut them into
pieces from about two to four inches long, and deliver them to the stamper,
afterwards well washing the pulp. No. 243, or I take pulp No. 242 (when
liquid) and add one-fifth its weight of acid at fifty-three degrees. No. 244, or
I take the same material as at No. 242, prepare the pulp in like manner, then
apply part of the method No. 8, that is to say, the chloride of lime, and after
washing treat with acid as for No. 9, finally washing several times. No. 245,
I also take pulp No. 142, and treat, firstly, with chloride of lime; secondly,
with liquid potash, which I leave in repose upon the pulp for an hour; and,
finally, wash the pulp in several waters and deliver for use.
Willow or osier twigs from brooms or wickerwork.--No. 246, I take the osier
twigs of old brooms (or any other other osier twigs, and steep them in water to
remove the skin or peel, which is an essential operation; I then cut them into
small pieces, boil for an hour in water in order to soften them, and then
deliver to the stamper; as in all the pulps, I take that matter which is not at
once precipitated to the bottom of the washing vase, and use in paper making.
No. 247, I sometimes also further add to pulp No. 246, when liquid, one-fifth
its weight of acid at fifty-three degrees, and the acid does not change the
colour. No. 248, or I take the samo material as at No. 246, treat it in the
same manner, and then make a partial application of method No. 8, that is to
say, firstly, the chloride of lime; and further, secondly, the application of
method No. 9, that is to say, the acid, and after the usual washings this pulp
will make an excellent paper. No. 249, or I tako pulp No. 246, apply the
entire method No. 8, that is to say, firstly, chloride of lime; secondly, chloride
of potash, and then after the usual washings apply acid as for No. 9;
finally, washing in several waters. No. 250, or I take pulp No. 246, prepare
it precisely as for No. 249, that is to say, firstly, chloride of lime; secondly,
chloride of potash; thirdly, acid, and then mix it with one-fifth of its weight
of boiled potatoes previously treated, first, with chloride of lime, and, secondly,
with the acid. No. 251, or 1 take pulp No. 246, prepared as there described,
treat as for No. 248, that is to say, first, the chloride of lime, secondly,
the acid, but to which I mix one-fifth of its weight of boiled leek previously
treated, first, with chloride of lime, socondly, with the acid, and after several
washings deliver to the paper maker. This material (osier) may be obtained
very cheap from cooperages, as the coopers refuse precisely that ligneous part
which is most suitable for the purpose I have in view.

page_text: I will now treat of the woods, beginning with the chestnut.-No. 252, I
take planks which have no bark on any side, and reduce them to shavings
by means of a large or small plano; 1 then wet these shavings with water and
reduce them to a pulp in the stamper; I then boil this pulp for an hour, both
to soften it and to take away as much of its colour as possible. This pulp
being washed, I again dilute it with water in a vase, from which I only with-
draw at intervals that light part which floats or at least rises in small flakes
half-way up the vase, that which precipitates itself promptly is not suitable
for paper making, and is removed to the stamper again. The pulp obtained
by the above process is, when sized, suitable for paper or pasteboard. No. 253,
I sometimes further add to pulp No. 252, when liquid, one-fifth its weight of
acid at fifty-three degrees. No. 254, I also sometimes further add to pulp
No. 258 one-fifth its weight of raw cabbage. No. 255, or I tako pulp No. 252,
and when well washed apply the entire method No. 8, that is to say, first, the
chloride of lime, secondly, the chlorido of potash, then after several washings
the method No. 9, that is to say, the acid, finally washing until no trace of
acid is found. No. 256, or I take pulp No. 252, and when well washed apply
the entire method No. 8, that is to say, firstly, the chloride of lime, secondly,
the chloride of potash, then after several washings the method No. 9, that is
to say, the acid, then after washing again several times I mix it with one-
fifth its weight of boiled potatoes, treated previously, first, with chloride of lime,
secondly, with the acid; I finally repeat the washings and deliver for paper
making. No. 257, I make plastic from the chestnut, always operating as for
No. 61..
Oak. No. 258, I take oak plants and treat them after the manner
described No. 252, for chestnut planks. No. 259, I sometimes add to pulp
No. 258, when in a liquid state, one-fifth its weight of acid at fifty-three
degrees. No. 260, or I take pulp No. 258, and add one-fifth its weight of
raw cabbage. No. 261, or 1 prepare the oak planks after the manner set forth
at No. 252 for the chestnut planks, and partially apply method No. 8, that
is to say, only chloride of. lime, and after washing apply method No. 9, that
is to say, the acid, then the ordinary washings. No. 262, or having prepared
a pulp after the manner described No. 252, I partially employ method No. 8,
that is to say, treat with chloride of lime only, then after washing apply
method No. 9, that is to say, the acid, and when well washed terminate with
chloride of potash and a final washing. No. 263, or I take pulp No. 258,
and when well washed partially employ method No. 8, that is to say, first, the
chloride of lime, and after several washings the method No. 9, that is to say,
the acid, and after other washings mix it with one-fifth its weight of boiled

page_text: potatoes previously treated, first, with chloride of lime, secondly, with the
acid. No. 264, I make oak plastic, operating always as described for
No. 61.
Walnut. I make pulp from walnut wood planks precisely as described for
chestnut at No. 152, and for oak, Nos. 260, 261, 262, and No. 263, and
plastic always as set forth No. 61.
Ash. I make pulp from ash planks precisely as described for chestnut,
No. 252, and for oak, No. 259 to No. 263 inclusive, with this difference, that
in lieu of potatoes I use raw leek, previously treated with, first, chloride of lime,
secondly, chloride of potash. I make plastic from ash, operating always as for
No. 61. I would also observe that instead of raw cabbage, as at No. 260, I
use cooked leek for pulp, otherwise similarly prepared from ash.
Elm. I treat elm planks precisely as for chestnut, No. 252, and for oak,
No. 259 to 263 inclusive, excepting that instead of potatoes I use boiled leek
previously treated, first, with chloride of lime, secondly, with chloride of
potash. I make plastic from elm pulps always as set forth No. 61. I would
also observe that when operating on elin as described for oak at No. 260, I
substitute cooked leck for raw cabbage.
Becch. I treat planks of beech wood precisely as described for chestnut,
No. 252, and for oak, Nos. 259 to 263 inclusive, excepting that instead of
potatoes I use raw leek which has been treated, first, with chloride of lime,
secondly, with the chloride of potash. I make plastic from beech pulp
precisely as set forth No. 61. When operating on beech as described for
oak at No. 260, I use the cooked leek in lieu of the raw cabbage.
Alder. I treat planks of alder wood precisely as described for chestnut
wood, No. 252, and for oak, Nos. 259 to 263 inclusive, excepting that instead
of potatoes I use the boil'd leek which has been treated, first, with chloride of
lime, secondly, with the chloride of potash. I make plastic from alder pulp
ns set forth No. 61. When operating on alder as described for oak at
No. 260, I use raw leek instead of raw cabbage.
Fir. I treat deal planks precisely as described for chestnut, No. 252, and
for oak, Nos. 259 to 263 inclusive, with this difference, that instead of potatoes
I use the raw leek which has received, first, the chloride of lime, secondly,
the acid. I make plastic from fir pulp, always operating as for No. 61.
Poplar. I also treat planks of poplar wood precisely as described for chestnut,
No. 252, and for oak, Nos. 259 to 263 inclusive, with this difference, that in
lieu of potatoes I use the boiled leek which has been treated, firstly, with
the chloride of lime, secondly, with the acid. I make plastic from poplar pulp

page_text: always as for No. 61. When operating on paper as for oak, No. 260, I uso
the raw leek in lieu of the raw cabbage.
Willow. I treat the wood of the willow tree precisely as described for
chestnut at No. 252, and for oak, Nos. 259 to 263 inclusive, with this
difference, that in lieu of terminating with chloride of potash, I use potash either
whether the pulp be boiled or whether it remains several hours with it. I also
treat willow as described for chestnut at No. 255. I also treat willow pulp
with the entire method No. 8, that is to say, first, the chloride of lime once,
secondly, the chloride of potash, and as pulp thus prepared is of the first
quality, the acid need not be used; or I treat as described for No. 262, and
then add one-fifth its weight of boiled potatoes, as indicated No. 268; or I
operate as for No. 262, only instead of using the chloride of potash, and instead
of employing with the willow pulp one-fifth its weight of potatoes, as set forth
for No. 263, I use one-fifth boiled leck which has received, first, the chloride of
lime, secondly, the acid. I make plastic from willow pulp after the manner
set forth No. 61. When operating as for oak at No. 260, I here substitute
raw leek for raw cabbage. I would here observe that the methods applied to
the chestnut may be applied to the oak, walnut, ash, elm, beech, alder, fir, or
poplar, and vice versa, and in these applications it will be observed I have used
but four things, chloride of lime, chloride of potash, potash, and acid, which
may be varied at pleasure to improve the stuff or pulp.
The third series relates to the preparation of stuff or pulp to be used in
the manufacture of paper, card, or pasteboard, and plastic from the artichoke,
the leaves and stalks of gramineous plants, and other grasses growing in the
woods, dung, coarse hay, maize, and thistles, also plastic from potatoes, and
paper from rushes growing in fields, meadows, or rivers.
Artichoke. No. 1, I take the leaves of the artichoke boiled or not (thoso
which are generally thrown away), and after stamping them, during which
operation I take care to extract by the pressure the gummy part which would
interfere with the reduction of the leaves, I wash the pulp and apply half its
weight when dry of chloride of lime. No. 2, or after operating as for No. 1
and washing, the pulp being in a liquid state, I further treat it with one-fifth
sulphuric acid at fifty-three degrees. No. 3, or I tako pulp No. 1, and after
washing treat it a second time with the chloride of lime, but in less quantity.
No. 4, or I take the leaves of the artichoke, reduce to pulp as described No. 1,
then apply this pulp on half its weight of limewhite, leaving the whole together
for twenty-four hours, I then separate the lime from the pulp by the application
of sulphuric acid, which converts it into plastic wash (permitting it to settle)

page_text: in several waters, and when the pulp is sufficiently washed press it and apply
the chloride of lime. No. 5, or I proceed as for No. 4, but after washing [
again apply the chloride of lime.
Leaves and stalks of woodland plants, and grapes decayed on the ground
and used as litter.-No. 6, I take dead woodland herbs and grasses (princi-
pally leaves of gramineous plants), such as are used in the absenco of
straw for dungheaps, and which are very cheap, boil and stamp them, then
wash and use with a little size in paper making. No. 7, I also further
treat No. 6 with one-fifth sulphuric acid at fifty-three degrees. No. 8, I
also, after washing pulp No. 6 several times, apply the chlorido of lime. No. 9,
or I take pulp No. 6, after washing apply the chloride of lime, then after
other washings treat with sulphuric acid, finally, after letting it rest for a few
hours, wash in several waters. No. 10, or I take pulp No. 6 and treat it with
a stronger dose of chloride of lime than for Nos. 8 and 9, and after several
washings treat with sulphuric acid. I would here observe that the diaphaneity
or transparency of all pulps herein described may be destroyed by the use of the
cotton, hemp, or flax dust herein described. No. 11, or I take pulp No. 10,
and after treating with chloride of lime and acid further treat it with the chloride
of potash. No. 12, I also take pulp No. 6 and treat repeatedly with stronger
doses of chloride of lime than for No. 10. No. 18, I also take pulp No. 12,
washed of its chloride of lime, and treat with sulphuric acid. No. 14, or I
take pulp No. 6, treat with lime as indicated No. 4, then with the acid wash,
renewing the water several times, press, and finally treat with the chloride of lime.
No. 15, the strength of the dose of chloride of lime with which I treat pulp
No. 14 will vary with the quality of the pulp required. No. 16, to make plastic
from pulp No. 6, I add paste made from flour.. No. 17, I also make the plastic
from the same pulp, but adding lime in paste and then paste made from flour.
Dung of horse, ass, or mule.-No. 18, I take the dung of a horse, ass, or
mule, wash, stamp it, apply the lime as for No. 4, then the acid, wash several
times, treat with chloride of lime, and finally give it the usual washings.
No. 19, Hay.--I take the hay which grows in the woods, boil, stamp, wash
it, and then treat with the chloride of lime. No. 20, I also take pulp No. 19,
and treat after the method described No. 4, that is to say, first, the lime,
secondly, the sulphuric acid, and thirdly, the chloride of lime. This preparation
of pulp from hay may be found preferable to that described for meadow and
other bay at No. 196, second series. No. 21, to make plastic from woodland
hay, I stamp and wash it, and this plastic being of a very binding nature may
be used without size.
Maize, stalks, and leaves.-No. 22, I tako green maize and stamp it into

page_text: a pulp, then apply method No. 4, that is to say, first, the lime, secondly, the
acid, thirdly, the chloride of lime, then wash. No. 23, I sometimes take tho
same material as for No. 22, and treat in like manner, with this difference,
that I use a large quantity of chloride of lime. These two pulps will not
I think be generally used, firstly, because of the cost of the raw material,
secondly, because of its resistance to the lime and chloride of lime.
Thistles. No. 24, I take thistles, remove the down, stamp them, and when
washed and pressed treat with chloride of lime. No. 25, I sometimes further
treat No. 24 with sulphuric acid. No. 26, after having treated No. 25 with tho
sulphuric acid and washings, I sometimes further treat with the chlorido of
potash. No. 27, in some cases it may be desirable to uso a larger dose of chlorido
of limo in the preparation of pulp No. 24 than at other times. No. 28, the
larger dose of chloride of lime does not prevent the application of the sulphuric
acid if desired. No. 29, I sometimes, after using a larger dose of chloride of
lime than for pulp No. 24, and treating with acid, further treat with the
chloride of potash. No. 30, I also employ the parts which cover or enclose
the down, and having reduced them to a pulp treat repeatedly with strong doses
of the chloride of lime. No. 81, I sometimes treat the same pulp as at
No. 30 with the entire method No. 4, that is to say, first, the lime, secondly,
the sulphuric acid, thirdly, the chloride of lime. This pulp will cost one quarter
less than pulp No. 20, and bo of the same whiteness.
Plastic from apples.-I take the pulp of boiled apples treated with a stronger
dose of chloride of lime than is required for ordinary bleaching, and the day
after its sojourn with the chloride of lime I draw off the water, press, and add
a little flour paste. Plastic thus obtained is very fine.
Rushes, field, meadow, or river.-I take the rushes of which brooms are
made, but in a green state (semi herbaceous), and the entire series of water or
meadow rushes, stamp them, wash the pulp, apply method No. 4, that is to
say, first, the lime, secondly, the sulphuric acid, thirdly, the chloride of lime,
finally, the usual washings.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Edward Gedge, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Ninth day of May, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three.