Improvements in Calculating Machines and Cash Registers.
Year: 1892

page_text: Cate of Application, 21st Dec., 1892
Complete Specification Left, 19th Oct., 1893-Accepted, 21st Feb., 1894
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Calculating Machines and Cash Registers.
1 HENRY JOHN PARKER JOLLY of St. Marys Russell Road Ipswich
Commercial Traveller do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as
follows:-
My invention relates to that class of machines, termed adding machines, and is
applicable to all purposes for which such machines are used, more particularly
in its most complete form to the calculation of series by the method of finite
differences.
By omission of some of its parts it becomes adapted for the balancing of
accounts and for registering and recording items of sales or purchases.
In general arrangement the machine may be said to consist of a frame swinging on
au axis passing through one edge, and having at its opposite edge a cylinder or roller.
This frame is held in its normal position, generally horizontal, by the action of springs
or counter weights. The pressure on the front edge causes it to swing on its axis, and
when the pressure is removed it will of itself return to the initial position. The
depression of the frame is accompanied by the rotation of the barrel or roller above
mentioned. A depression of the frame through a small are causing a rotation of
the barrel (if unhindered) through a whole circle. If the addition is to be per-
formed on a decimal scale the barrel is provided with ten pegs arranged spirally
dividing the circumference into ten equal parts. When the barrel is revolved
these pegs describe ten parallel circular paths, and the amount of rotation which it
is desired to give to the barrel is determined by interposing a stop in one of these
paths. The manner of doing this is as follows: The frame is caused to swing,
not by direct contact, but by touching one of a series of keys placed on its upper
surface aud arranged side by side. Each of these keys has a provision for arresting
the peg above the path of which it is placed when such key is depressed relatively
to the frame. In the normal position of the frame all these keys, which are
preferably long and relatively thin plates of steel, are held by their elasticity out
of range of the paths of the pegs. When it is desired by depression of the frame
to cause the barrel to make say five-tenths of a revolution the key marked 5 is
depressed. Before motion is imparted to the frame the key yields, and is brought
down into contact with the front of the frame, and by continuing the pressure both
key and frame are depressed. In consequence of this the barrel revolves until its
peg is arrested by the stop projection which may be simply a slit on the key. The
result of this action is that the barrel has made five-tenths of a revolution. Con-
nected with the barrel is an ordinary counting device to which the motion of the
barrel, in one direction only, is transinitted. In this form the machine constitutes
what is commonly known as a cash register. For use with English money the
barrel might be divided into twelve equal parts. It would then form a means of
recording purchases of less than one shilling. The amount of the purchase may be
indicated to the public by attaching some suitable device for showing the amount
of rotation of the barrel.

page_text: The manner in which the barrel is caused to rotate when the swinging frame is
depressed is as follows:
The shaft on which the barrel is fixed carries a small pinion gearing into a
sectorial rack independently held in position; but capable of yielding against
moderate force. When the frame is depressed the pinion rolls over the rack in the
manner of a sun and planet wheel, and this continues until the rotation of the
barrel is stopped by contact with the key stop. At this point the pinion being
locked to the rack carries it down with it. In some applications it is more
convenient to transmit the amount to be added from the motion of the rack instead
of that of the barrel, the one being the complement of the other, since the amount
of the depression of the frame is always the same.
Subtraction is performed as in all mechanical appliances with which I am
acquainted by an addition of the arithmetical complement. This is accomplished
by arranging two sets of stops upon the barrel, the one set being complementary to
the other. One or other, but not both, of these spiral rows of stops can be brought
within the action of the keys by sliding the barrel longitudinally. In the one case
the machine will add the numbers represented by the keys depressed; in the other
case it will add the arithmetical complement of those numbers, provision being
made for adding one to the first significant figure as is required in using the
arithmetical complement. By attaching a type wheel to the barrel shaft the
number represented by the key depressed can be brought into printing contact
with a suitably arranged tape or paper, so that the machine will print the amount
added. In order that the machine may print both the numbers added and the
Dumbers subtracted a type wheel is placed on each extremity of the barrel shaft,
one of which prints added numbers and the others the subtracted numbers.
This result is accomplished in the following manner:
Each type-wheel has twenty spaces, each alternate space being blank, and are
so set on the shaft that the blank spaces of the one correspond to the printing
spaces of the other. In this way only one wheel can print at once. If we suppose
the machine to be adding then the addition wheel will print. To change from
adding to subtraction an auxiliary key is depressed which causes the barrel to
slide longitudinally on its shaft for the purpose, as before described, of bringing
the subtraction set of pegs into gearing position.
The connection between the barrel and the shaft is not by a straight feather or
key but by a spiral or rifled one, so that when the barrel slides along the shaft,
the latter is caused to rotate with regard to the former one-twentieth of a revo-
lution. This throws the addition wheel out of printing contact and the subtraction
wheel into printing contact. For some purposes I put both sets of figures on the
same wheel indicating by a difference of type that the one represents added numbers,
and the other subtracted or negative numbers.
In this form the machine is suitable for balancing.
No provision has as yet been made for adding numbers above ten ;
of doing this is as follows:
the method
The swinging frame with its barrel and type wheels, all now made as light as
possible, is mounted on a carriage and after each depression of the frame the
carringe moves forward a short distance, similar to the movement of paper in a
writing machine, with the exception that in this case it is the keyboard
that travels and not the paper. The mechanism to accomplish this is however
of the same class. The totalizer is now arranged so that each wheel (units, tens,
etc.) can be actuated independently. The operation of the machine will be best
understood by supposing a number, say 3742, is to be added. The operation
consists in striking the keys marked with the numbers beginning with the two
precisely as in typewriting. When 2 is struck two units are added to the unit
wheel. When the frame is released on returning to its initial position its travelling
carriage carries it forward one notch, so that when the 4 is struck four units will
be added to the ten wheel, and so on for the other figures. When the operation is
complete the carriage is run back to its initial position as in typewriting when a

page_text: line is finished. The totalizer may be of any form, provided with the usual means
of "carrying over," the only condition being that the wheels can be operated upon
independently. The distance between one wheel and the next being the "spacing"
of the carriage. In this form the machine can be used as a totalizer machine, the
debtor items being printed by the left-hand wheel. For creditor items the
subtraction key is depressed and they will be written by the right-hand type-wheel.
The totalizer will show the correct balance if the debtor items are larger in the.
aggregate, while if the sum of the creditor items is greater the balance will appear
as an arithmetical complement by which the character of the balance can be
distinguished. In addition to printing on a tape or ticket the machine may be
made to cut and deliver a ticket from a tape. To adapt this machine for
calculation by finite differences three printing tapes are provided. That on which
the addition wheel prints is called the verification tape; that on which the
subtraction wheel prints is called the recording tape, and on this the final results
appear; after each new addition the last total on the totalizer is recorded on the
third tape, called the difference tape. In order to operate the machine the first
set of differences in the series is written as consecutive numbers on the difference
tape. This difference tape passes behind a slit, so that only one number is exposed
at a time. We will suppose that a series in which each term is the cube of the
number is the one to be calculated by the machine. The first set of complete
differences namely 6, 24, 61, 125, are written by hand on the difference tape, and
the operator takes his place at the machine. He finds the number 6 visible
through the slit, which he proceeds to write as in a typewriter by depressing the
key marked 6, observing beforehand that the totalizer stands at zero. The result
of this operation is that the addition wheel prints this on the verification tape,
and the number 6 is printed on the difference tape by the totalizer following 125.
The carriage is run back and the operator now sees the number 24 in the slit,
which he writes as before, the same being printed on the verification tape, but on
the difference tape the totalizer will print 30, being the sum of 6 and 24.
Continuing this process when he writes 61 and 125 the totalizer will write 91 and
216. This is the end of the cycle, and the subtraction key or the mechanism
governed by it is now automatically thrown into gear. At the same time the
last number seen in the slit is presented again. When the operator proceeds to
write it, namely 125, it will be written by the subtraction type-wheel on the
recording tape, being the first number of the series. It is apparent that the
difference tape now contains the numbers 6, 30, 91, 216, which will successively
appear in the slit, and form the means of obtaining the next number of the series,
and at the same time prepare the next set of differences, or the next number, and
so on ad infinitum. The object of the verification tape is to enable the operator
to check his work since the number thereon written is that which he should copy
from the slit. Moreover in case of error only that work is lost which follows the
first deviation detected in the verification tape. The verification tape and the
difference tape receive a forward motion after each line is written, a matter very
easy to accomplish since the carriage is run back at the completion of each line.
The recording tape receives a periodic motion corresponding to the order of
differences in the particular series to be calculated. In the present case it will
receive a forward motion every fourth return of the carriage. Printing by the
type-wheels results from a depression of the frame. The printing from the
totalizer may be effected by the return of the carriage or by a hammer actuated
by the key, the latter is in some cases preferable. In either case a transparent
tape may be used and the figures on the totalizer need not be in the obverse, which
is convenient if the machine is to be used for other purposes. The operator may
be replaced by mechanical contrivances. The only independent motion is the
depression of the keys corresponding to the numbers appearing in the slit. It is
only necessary therefore to present those numbers in such a conventional form as
to be identified by mechanism. Although there are ten keys they can all be‍

page_text: .
operated by combinations of four independent motions. The totalizer therefore
instead of printing with ink will make conventional signs such as perforations or
embossings on the tape, so that when the mechanical feeler is applied to such a
conventionalized number it will determine the depression of the corresponding
key. I prefer to use for this purpose electrical appliances, having say four
contact points. The impressions on the paper will determine which of these four
points actually make metallic contact when presented to the tape. For example,
calling the contact points a, b, c, d, the contact of a reads 0, contact of breads 1,
c and d read 2 and 3 respectively. a and b together write 4, b and c together
write 5, and so on. By writing the number is meant causing a depression of the
key corresponding to that number. The carriage under these circumstances can
be caused to travel its full length and reversed itself, or the absence of any contact
at all indicating no impression on the tape may determine the reversal. It is
evident that the whole mechanism can be now operated by a small dynamo or
other motor power, and will continue the calculation indefinitely. The utility of
the double set of numbers on one wheel is now apparent in connection with the
method of finite differences. It is used to print such negative numbers as may
occur. The results are presented consecutively on recording tape, and may be
reproduced on any desired size of type by methods of photo-engraving.
The manner of using my invention for the calculation of series by the method of
finite differences will perhaps be better understood if we analyse such a series,
taking as an example the series each term of which is the cube of the number of
the term.
operated by combinations of four independent motions. The totalizer therefore
instead of printing with ink will make conventional signs such as perforations or
embossings on the tape, so that when the mechanical feeler is applied to such a
conventionalized number it will determine the depression of the corresponding
key. I prefer to use for this purpose electrical appliances, having say four
contact points. The impressions on the paper will determine which of these four
points actually make metallic contact when presented to the tape. For example,
calling the contact points a, b, c, d, the contact of a reads 0, contact of breads 1,
c and d read 2 and 3 respectively. a and b together write 4, b and c together
write 5, and so on. By writing the number is meant causing a depression of the
key corresponding to that number. The carriage under these circumstances can
be caused to travel its full length and reversed itself, or the absence of any contact
at all indicating no impression on the tape may determine the reversal. It is
evident that the whole mechanism can be now operated by a small dynamo or
other motor power, and will continue the calculation indefinitely. The utility of
the double set of numbers on one wheel is now apparent in connection with the
method of finite differences. It is used to print such negative numbers as may
occur. The results are presented consecutively on recording tape, and may be
reproduced on any desired size of type by methods of photo-engraving.
The manner of using my invention for the calculation of series by the method of
finite differences will perhaps be better understood if we analyse such a series,
taking as an example the series each term of which is the cube of the number of
the term.
AÄÄÄ
D₁
D₂
D,
D₁
8
27
64
125
216
7
19
37
61
91
12
18
24
30
6
6
The first row of differences marked D₁ is the number obtained by subtracting
from each term the value of the next one following. The second row, marked D,,
is obtained from the series marked D₁ in the same manner. We proceed thus
until the fourth series of differences is zero. We have now the elements from
which the original series can be continued by simple addition. For example,
suppose the last term calculated to be the fifth, namely 125, then take the diagonal
row under it, we have:

page_text: "
The next thing to be done is to write on the tape under this row of zeros the
diagonal row of differences, namely, 6, 24, 61, 125, following by a row of zeros to
indicate that the set is complete. The operator now takes his place at the
machine and writes the number 6 by pressing the key marked "6." This number
is printed by one of the wheels of the swinging frame (say that to the left) on a
tape as indicated by the column to the left. The number 6 also appears on the
totalizer and from it is printed below the second row of zeros as shown in the middle
column of figures. The operator now "writes at the machine the number 24,
which is printed on the left-hand tape as before under the 6. By the process of
addition the number 24 will have been added to the 6 previously on the totalizer,
which will now stand at 30 and will print that number on the tape below the 6 as
shown on the middle row of figures. In the same manner the numbers 61 and 125
are written and duly printed to the left while the successive totals namely 91 and
216 will be printed from the totalizer. As the operator now sees a row of zeros it
is an intimation to him that he has arrived at the end of the cycle and must produce
a row of zeros on the totalizer by subtracting the number on it, namely, that last
written 216. As explained before when the subtraction key is down the right-hand
wheel only will print. Then by the operation of writing the number 216 with the
subtraction key down 216 is written on the right-hand tape, nothing on the left-
hand tape, and a series of zeros on the totalizer tape. This latter now contains the
numbers 6, 30, 91, 216, and by proceeding in the same manner as above the seventh
term of the series, namely 343, will be obtained. The work though requiring a
lengthy description is really performed very quickly. The numbers 216, 343, etc.
are in practice brought together by imparting to the tape on which they are written
an intermittent motion corresponding to the number of differences in the series to
be calculated.
2003

page_text: HENRY JOHN PARKER JOLLY St. Marys Russell Road Ipswich Commercial
Traveller (a communication from Geo. Richmond The De La Vergue Refrigerating
Machine Coy. East 138th Street New York U.S.A. Engineer) do hereby declare
the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
This invention relates to machines for adding and performing other arithmetical
calculations.
Like nearly all previous calculating machines it is essentially an adding machine,
other calculations being effected by variations of the process of addition.
In most adding or calculating machines as heretofore constructed the operation
of addition has been performed by moving a handle, lever, or slide a variable
distance according to the number to be added, as many such handles, levers, or
slides being provided as there are digits in the highest number to be recorded.
Thus to add the number 2476 it is necessary to move the unit lever or slide
through six divisions, the tens lever through seven spaces, the hundreds lever
through four spaces, and so on. My improved machine differs from those of this
class in that a key-board is provided similar to that of a typewriter, and the
construction is such that in order to add a given number it is necessary only to
press down in succession the keys marked with the digits comprising the number.
Thus to add 2476 it is only necessary to press down in succession the keys
marked "6," "7," "4," and "2." This manipulation sets the adding mechanism
in operation, adding the number 2476 to the previous total, and furthermore the
same number is printed in one or more places, preferably twice, once for example,
on a card or bill, and once on a moving tape or record sheet.
By a development of my invention the machine is adapted to perform subtraction.
This is generally done, as in all adding machines of which I am aware, by adding
the arithmetical complement of the number to be subtracted; but, in my machine,
the operator is relieved of the necessity of computing the arithmetical complement,
since by the simple pressure of a subtraction key the machine is converted
instantly into a device for adding, not the number which shall be determined by
the successive keys depressed, but the arithmetical complement of that number.
The machine thus adapted for subtraction is adapted for balancing ledger accounts,
being so arranged that the debtor accounts are added and recorded on the left
hand, and creditor accounts are subtracted and recorded on the right hand. The
balance remaining, as shown by the totalizer, is removed therefrom by subtraction
if it is a credit balance, and is printed on the right hand, or if it is a debit balance
it is removed by addition and recorded on the left hand.
By a further development of my invention my machine is adapted for use as a
difference engine, so that it will effect any computation which can be performed by
the method of finite differences. By a process of reprinting of the totals presented
at the totalizer the operator is enabled to carry any such computation to any limit
within the total number of digits for which the machine is constructed.
My machine accomplishes by very simple mechanism results that have hitherto
been attainable only by very complex and extremely, costly apparatus. The
mechanisms for obtaining these results may be briefly described as a recording and
totalizing type-writer. A rotative shaft or arbor carries printing or type-wheels,
preferably at its opposite ends, and is formed or provided with a cylinder having
ten projecting teeth mounted angularly in successive tenths of a circle and
distributed longitudinally in successively equal spaces. Ten keys are arranged each
with a stop-projection formed for example by a projection on the key or a slot in

page_text: the same adapted when pressed down to enter the circular path traversed by the
corresponding one of the stop-teeth on the cylinder, so that when any key is
depressed and the cylinder is rotated it will be stopped by the contact of its
corresponding tooth with the stop on the key after having executed a fractional
part of a revolution corresponding to the value represented by the key, and thereby
bringing the corresponding numeral on one or both type-wheels into the printing
position. Means is provided for rotating the cylinder forward upon the depression
of any key, and for turning it backward when the key is released. A totalizer is
provided having decimally numbered wheels to be advanced successively,
commencing with the units, tens, hundreds, &c., each advance being in proportion
to the extent of rotation imparted by the depression of any key to the stop-
cylinder. To effect the successive connection of the stop-cylinder with the
totalizer wheels the intervening parts are made movable after each printing
operation relatively to the totalizer, this being done preferably by mounting the
cylinder, keys, and type-wheels on a carriage which travels from right to left after
each depression of a key. Means are provided for transposing the stop-cylinder
relatively to the keys to bring a new set of teeth into action in order to cause the
machine to add an arithmetical complement of a number to be subtracted, and
thereby in effect to make the instrument a subtracting machine. Other accessories
are also provided for enabling the instrument to effect different operations, as will
be fully described hereinafter.
Having now given a general idea of the purposes, capacities and the principle
of construction of my new calculating machine, I will proceed to describe it in
detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein-
Figure 1 is a front elevation of my improved calculating machine in its most
complete form to adapt it to perform all the operations hereinabove indicated.
Fig. 2 is a plan view thereof.
Fig. 3 is an end elevation thereof, the printing mechanism on the totalizer being
omitted, as this is shown adequately from the same point of view in Fig. 8.
Fig. 34 is a fragmentary detail in section on the line 3-3 in Fig. 3.
Fig. 4 is a longitudinal mid-section of the paper-feeding roller, and Fig. 5 is an
end elevation thereof.
Fig. 6 is a vertical transverse section through the key-board and stop-cylinder.
Fig. 7 is a horizontal section showing the stop-cylinder and type-wheels in plan
and indicating diagrammatically the position of the keys.
Fig. 8 is a fragmentary side-elevation, partly in section on the line 8-8 in
Fig. 9.
Fig. 9 is a fragmentary front elevation, partly in vertical section on the line 9-9
in Fig. 8.
Fig. 10 is a fragmentary front elevation, and Fig. 11 a side view in vertical
transverse section, of the feed which controls the advance of the carriage from
units to tens, tens to hundreds, &c.
Fig. 12 is a front elevation of the totalizer detached. Fig. 13 is a side elevation
thereof.
Fig. 14 is a vertical transverse section thereof on the line 14-14 in Fig. 15.
Fig. 14 is a similar section of a modification.
Fig. 15 is a horizontal section on the line 15-15 in Fig. 14.
Fig. 16 is a plan thereof, certain "carrying-over levers" being removed.
Fig. 17 is a diagrammatic view similar to Fig. 7, bút illustrating a slightly
different construction.
Fig. 18 is an end elevation of two printing-wheels, showing their relative
arrangement.
Fig. 19 is a similar view of a modified construction of the printing wheels.
Fig. 20 is an inverted plan view, partly diagrammatic in character, illustrating
the operation of the machine as a difference engine for calculating by the method
of finite differences.
Fig. 20 shows the final form in which results are printed.

page_text: Fig. 21 is an end view, and Fig. 22 a front view showing the feeding mechanism
used for feeding the right-hand recording strip when the machine is used as a
difference engine.
Fig. 22 is a fragmentary view of Fig. 1, showing the means of operating the
mechanism of Fig. 22.
Fig. 23 is an elevation of a printing wheel with perforating types.
Let A designate the general frame of the machine, and B a carriage movable.
longitudinally thereon, being provided with wheels which travel on rails a a
carried by the fixed frame. The carriage consists of any suitable framework
supported from these wheels, within or by which is carried a movable frame C
capable of moving up and down. This frame C might be mounted to move
vertically, or nearly so, in a straight line, but is preferably mounted to move in.
an are by being pivoted at on a rod or shaft, so that it swings from this
center. It is normally drawn up by a spring or springs D attached to the
carriage B.
In the upper or front portion of the frame C is mounted an oscillatory shaft or
arbor E the opposite ends of which project and have type-wheels or printing-
wheels F F fixed on them, as shown in Fig. 1. As the frame C is pressed down
the arbor E is carried with it and the type-wheels are pressed against suitable
printing surfaces beneath in order to impress one character for each wheel on a
piece of paper or other material, as shown by the dotted position of the wheel F
in Fig. 3 (the wheel F¹ being omitted in this figure for the sake of clearness).
The impression may be made in the case of one wheel, as F, against a roller for
any flat surface constituting part of, or fixed to, the frame A, and in the case of
the other wheel, as F1, against an impression or feeding roller f¹.
The tilting frane C carries a series of ten keys, GG, numbered consecutively
from 1 to 9 and 0, and also in my complete construction with an eleventh key
marked "S," which call the subtraction key. The ten keys G G consist of
flexible or pivoted bars, preferably elastic plates fastened at one end to some part
of the frame C, and carrying at their free ends a suitable button or knob, as best
shown in Figs. 2 and 6. On the under side of each key is formed a projecting
stop or tooth g. On the portion of the arbor E beneath the row of keys is mounted
a cylinder E, which I call the "stop-cylinder." This cylinder may be fast on the
shaft E or integral therewith if desired, but is preferably fastened thereto in such
manner as to compel it to turn with the arbor, but to permit it to be moved
longitudinally thereon for the purpose which will be explained hereinafter. This
cylinder is formed with ten stop-teeth e e consisting preferably of pins driven or
embedded into it and projecting slightly at their ends. These teeth are arranged
at successive angular intervals of one-tenth of a revolution, and each tooth is
arranged to revolve under one of the keys G and in position to encounter the stop-
projection g thereof in case the key G is depressed. The stop-teeth are too short
to be intercepted by the projections g except when the keys are depressed. The
stop-teeth are so arranged that if the key marked "1" is pressed down and the
arbor E is turned until stopped by the contact of its tooth with the key, it will
turn one-tenth of a revolution and thereby present the figure 1 on one or other of
its type-wheels in position to be printed. If the key 2 is pressed down and the
arbor revolved it will stop after having turned two-tenths of a revolution, presenting
the figure 2 to be printed, and so on with the other keys. If the zero key is
pressed down the arbor will not revolve. It is obvious then that in order to cause
any number to be printed it is only necessary to press down the corresponding key
to provide for rotating the arbor until it is stopped in the position corresponding
to that key, and then to press down the frame C until the type-wheel is brought
against the printing surface. The elasticity of the keys is such relatively to the
tension of the spring D that any key pressed down will move fully down and
bring its stop-projection g into the path of the corresponding stop-tooth and the
key itself will be seated on the ledge d of the tilting frame C before the spring D
will yield and permit the frame C to be moved down bodily. Thus by pressing

page_text: down any key the frame C is carried down with it to bring the type-wheel down
far enough to print its character. The rotation of the arbor E is cffected during,
or as a consequence of, this depression of the frame. There are numerous ways
of accomplishing this rotation of the arbor, the one shown in Fig. 3 being very
simple and quite suitable for the purpose. On or near the end of the arbor E
is mounted a pinion meshing with sector-teeth formed on the outer end of a
sector-arm or lever H which is pivoted preferably on the shaft c. This sector H
is drawn up by a spring I until it encounters a stop at j. When the frame C
is pressed down by the depression of any key the tension upon the sector caused
by its spring is sufficient to hold it stationary and cause the pinion to roll
along the sector rack after the manner of a planet wheel until the arbor E is
stopped by the contact of one of its teeth e with the key. The arbor E becoming
thus locked fast, the sector H is carried along with the arbor E during the
remainder of the downward movement of the frame C. It is obvious that if the
total downward movement of the frame C is equal in extent to that corresponding
to an entire revolution of the arbor E, that is equal in value to the number 10,
the arbor E will revolve as many tenths of a circle as is indicated by the number
upon the key depressed, and the sector H will be carried down as many tenths
of its extreme movement as the difference between this number and ten, or, in
other words, its movement will be the arithmetical complement of that of the
arbor E. Thus if the key 7 is depressed the arbor E will turn through seven
spaces and the sector H will be depressed three spaces. I have described this
arrangement because it is most easy of comprehension and because I may employ
it in some embodiments of my invention, but in practice 1 prefer to reverse this
order, causing the arbor E to turn as many spaces as the arithmetical complement
of the number to be printed, and displacing the sector H as many spaces as the
number to be printed. Each number on the type-wheel must now be replaced
by its arithmetical complement. Thus if the key 7 is depressed the arbor E
will turn but three-tenths of a revolution and the sector H will be depressed
seven-tenths of its total movement, and the type wheel will print not 3 (the
amount of motion of its arbor) but 10-3, or 7, which is the number added by
the motion of the sector rack. By thus making the movement of the sector H
proportionate in extent to that of the number to be printed or added I am
enabled to utilize the movement of the sector as a means for communicating
motion to the totalizer. To this end I provide on the carriage a moving part
or
communicator" constructed as an upright slide J, shown in its lowest position
in Fig. 3. This slide I connect to the sector H in such a manner that as the
This
sector is pressed down the slide will move up to a proportionate extent.
connection is preferably made through a rock-lever i and links ¹³, as shown in
Fig. 3. Hence upon the depression of any key the communicator slide J will
move upwardly as many tenths of its total movement as the number of the key
depressed. In so moving it will operate the totalizer T by its head coming
underneath and lifting a vertically movable slide K thereof. To clearly under-
stand the effect of this action upon the totalizer it will be necessary to explain
the construction of the latter.
Totalizer. This is best shown in Figs. 12 to 16. It consists essentially of a
vertically-movable slide K, a register wheel L, bearing numbers from 1 to 9 and 0,
and an intervening ratchet and pawl, these parts being. duplicated for the units,
tens, hundreds, &c., up to as many digits as in the greatest number to be recorded.
Each slide K is formed with rack-teeth meshing with a pinion k to which is fixed
a ratchet-wheel k¹, shown in dotted lines in Fig. 14 as being inside of the pinion
toward the observer. The pawl of this ratchet is carried by the wheel L, the
arrangement being such that as. the slide K is lifted it rotates the wheel L
corresponding to it in forward direction as many tenths of a revolution as the
tenths of its total lift that it travels; aud upon its release it falls back to place
The backward rotation of the
carrying the pinion and ratchet & freely with it.
wheel L is prevented by a second ratchet fixed to it, preferably on its opposite
>

page_text: face, as shown in Fig. 15, and which is engaged by a pawl 1. The several
unitary totalizing mechanisms for recording units, tens, hundreds, &c., are assembled
in a single case constructed preferably as a block of metal milled out vertically to
form recesses in which the slides K K may slide, and bored out laterally to form
recesses in which the wheels L L may turn. Plates m m¹ are applied against the
front and back of the block, a plate m² against the bottom and plates m³
against the ends, the latter plates being provided to cover the transverse bore in
which the wheels L L. work, and to form bearings for the axle-rod n on which
these wheels and their ratchets turn. The slides K K are guided anti-frictionally
by rollers n' engaging longitudinal slots in the slides and mounted loosely on rods
extending transversely through the block. The front plate m is formed with
openings to expose one number on each wheel L, as shown in Fig. 12.
The totalizing operation may now be understood. To add the number 7854, for
example, the units digit 4 is first added by pressing down the key "4." This
causes the slide J to ascend through four spaces, pushing up the slide K of the
units system in the totalizer four spaces, and carrying the corresponding totalizing
wheel L. forward four spaces; also by the act of depression the type wheel will
print the number 4 having been arrested in suitable position to effect this by the
action of the key marked 4. After having thus added and printed the units it is
necessary for the carriage B to move one space to the left in order to bring the
slide J under the tens totalizer slide K. This movement also is necessary to bring
the type-wheels F F in position to print the tens figure to the left of the units
figure. This movement is effected by any suitable feed motion, such for example,
as those commonly used on typewriters, and which serves to impart the movement
to the carriage during the re-ascent of the frame C upon the release of the key.
The carriage being now in the tens position the tens figure is added by depressing
the key "5," which presses the slide J up five spaces and thus lifts the tens totalizer
slide Kup five spaces and advances the tens wheel five spaces. As the depressed
key is released the carriage feeds another space to the left bringing it to the
hundreds position, whereupon the key "8" is pressed down, thereby adding 8 to
the hundreds wheel L of the totalizer. The carriage then moves another space to
the left, bringing it to the thousands position, and upon depressing the key "7" the
thousands wheel L is advanced seven spaces. The entire number, 7854, has thus
been added as well as printed, and the operator then moves the carriage back to the
right to bring it again to the units position ready to manipulate the keys for the
next number to be added.
The
It is essential to a totalizer that some means shall be provided for "carrying
over" from the units to the tens wheel, from the tens to the hundreds wheel, &c.
That is to say, as each wheel in its advance novements passes from 9 to 0 the
wheel of next higher value must be advanced one space. My means for doing this
is best shown in Fig. 14. The ratchet-wheel has one tooth which projects
farther than the others. This tooth passes under the pawl at the instant that the
wheel Lis moving from 9 to 0, and in so doing lifts this pawl higher than it is
ordinarily lifted and thereby causes it to strike a stop o' on a lever o.
This stop o
is preferably an adjusting screw to facilitate the adjustment of the parts.
amount of lift thus transmitted from the pawl to the lever is sufficient to
cause the free end of the lever to ascend the distance of one-tenth of the total
movement of the slide K. The free end of the lever o projects under a shoulder o³ on
the slide K of next higher order, so that as the lever is thrown up this slide is
elevated one space by the lever and is caused to propel its indicator wheel L one
space. As the projecting tooth passes under the pawl and the latter falls, the
lever o and slide K also fall, leaving the slide K down in its initial position in
readiness to be lifted by the slide J an instant later when the device shall be
operated for adding the next higher figure. of the number. The carrying-over
device thus constructed is very simple and cheap, easy of adjustment to compensate
for wear, and not liable to get out of order. In this carrying over device the
tooth really performs a double functiou, being both one of the teeth of the

page_text: ratchet-wheel and also in addition a cam for operating the lever o. It might be
constructed entirely independent of the ratchet wheel to perform only its function
as a cam, as shown in Fig. 14, in which case also it might act directly on the lever o,
as shown in that figure. This lever is here shown as taking the place of the
pawl. The adjusting screw o¹ is arranged in the projection or shoulder o'
instead of being carried by lever o.
Carriage-feed. Figs. 10 and 11 show a simple and suitable construction of feed:
for advancing the carriage B. This carriage is given a constant tendency to move
toward the left by means of a spring in a barrel p, Fig. 1, acting through a cord
or other flexible connector p' after the manner common in typewriter carriages.
It is normally restrained from moving by the engagement of a tooth carried
by the carriage with one of the teeth of a rack a¹ carried by the fixed frame a..
The tooth q is carried on the end of an arm ¹ fixed on the shaft , which shaft is.
fixed to the frame C so as to oscillate as the latter is depressed. This oscillation
vibrates the arm moving the tooth q out of engagement with the rack a' after
first bringing into engagement therewith a tooth r formed rigidly on the extremity,
of the arm. The tooth q on passing clear of the rack-teeth, flies forward the
distance of one tooth, impelled by a spring q. Upon the release of the frame C,
and the consequent backward movement of the arm r', the tooth q re-enters and
the tooth escapes from the rack, so that by reason of the superior tension of the
spring barrel p to the light spring q¹ the carriage is moved to the left and forces
back the tooth. q into position in line with the tooth r, as shown in Fig. 10.
To give the tooth q a parallel movement it is preferably mounted on parallel
links q*.
Paper-feed. The means for advancing the impression rollers ff that feed the
strips of paper will now be described. I will assume the case of the right-hand
roller, the left-hand roller being operated in the same manner. Referring to
Figs. 4 and 5, this roller is carried by bearing arins f' fastened to the frame A
(Fig. 1), and consists of a tube or sleeve having a rods passing through its bore
from end to end, and movable longitudinally therein, being pressed toward the left
by a springs and thrust toward the right by an adjustable thrust-piece carried
by the carriage B. As the carriage is moved toward the right after each adding
operation to restore it to the units position this thrust-piece strikes the rods and
forces it toward the right so that a pin s which projects from it is moved in a right
line through a slots in the sleeve f¹, and by reason of the inclination of this slot
(Fig. 4), and the fact that the rod s is restrained from rotation in backward
direction as bereinafter stated it (the rod s) turns the sleeves forward a distance
equal to the space between two lines of the printed numbers on the tape passing
over the roller f. As the carriage moves again toward the left and the rod s is
released its spring s slides it toward the left and its pin travels in the slot 5 so
that the rod executes a helical forward and backward movement. The backward
movement of the sleeve is prevented at this instant by the engagement of a
ratchet-wheel with a pawlf, as shown in Fig. 5, while the backward rotation of
the rods when thrust to the right is prevented by the engagement of a ratchet-
wheels fixed on its end with another pawls, as shown in Fig. 5. Thus the
ratchet and sleeve execute alternate forward movements, the sleeve or
impression roller s moving forward after each complete number has been. added
and printed to feed the paper far enough for printing the next number beneath.
The two type-wheels F F may be formed with type arranged in like manner so as
to print simultaneously the same figures, in which case the one will be used for
printing the number representing amount of purchase on checks, tickets, or other
pieces of paper which may be thrust into the machine to receive the impression of
a single number, while the other wheel will be used to print the successive numbers
added up by the machine on a tape or strip constituting a continuous record, and
which may be wholly inclosed within the machine and inaccessible to the operator.
When thus used the machine is adapted to perform the functions of so-called
"cash registers" employed as a check upon cashiers, collectors, or book-keepers

page_text: receiving successively small sums in mercantile establishments and other business
offices.
The device shown in Fig. 34 is a friction clasp, or tension plate designed to
engage the sector H when it is at rest with a frictional tension which shall be
added to the resistance of the spring I in order to prevent the starting. of the
sector H in case one of the keys G is depressed too suddenly. This result might
be effected by making the spring I very strong, but this is attended by the
disadvantage that it will offer too much resistance to the depression of the frame
to the printing position. The friction clasp consists of a loosely mounted plate M
acted on by a spring M' and arranged when the sector H is in its highest position
to press against it so that it is pinched between the plate M and the side of the
carriage B. This frictional pinch is sufficient to so far resist the starting down of
the sector H as to insure that the inertia of the arbor E and the parts which it
carries shall be overcome, thereby preventing the moving down of the sector
until the arbor E is positively stopped by the contact of one of the teeth e with the
depressed key.
Subtraction. My improved instrument, like any adding machine, may be used
for performing subtraction by adding the arithmetical complement of the number
to be subtracted. To make this clear I will assume that the existing total is
eight thousand nine hundred and twenty-five, and that it is required to subtract
two thousand four hundred and seventy-six therefrom. Assuming that the
totalizer has six wheels the relative operations would be as follows:-

page_text: after it has executed a movement equal to the difference between that of the
number on the depressed key and nine-tenths of its revolution (ignoring for the
present the necessity of adding one to the units). This will be made clear by
comparing the following figures:-
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 10
The upper row of figures represents the numbers of the keys and the numbers
which ordinarily will be printed and added, while the lower row represents the
numbers which are actually added when the keys are depressed while the subtraction
key is in action. To effect this result it is only necessary to provide the stop-
cylinder E' with two sets of stop-teeth, of which the one set e e shall be arranged
to extend around it helically in one direction, while the other set, e' e', extends
around helically in the other direction, as shown in Fig. 7, and to provide means
for displacing the cylinder E' longitudinally sufficiently to move the teeth e e out
of line with the key stops g g and bring the teeth ele iuto line therewith. This
relative movement is effected by the depression of the subtraction key S.. With
the cylinder E¹ thus provided the number resulting from the depression of the keys
when the subtraction key is down will be one less than the arithmetical complement.
It is then necessary in order to make the subtracting operation automatic that
means shall be provided, to be brought into action only when the subtraction key
is down, for causing one to be added to this number on the totalizer, thereby
insuring the addition of the arithmetical complement.
Having thus explained the principle, I will now describe the means for carrying
it out in order to effect subtraction. One suitable and simple construction for
effecting subtraction is shown in detail in Figs. 8, 9, and 17. The subtraction
key S is mounted on an elbow-lever pivoted at the rear and having an arm S¹
extending upwardly. The key S is normally pressed up by a spring c¹ acting on
the arm of the elbow-lever N on which the extremity of the lever S rests and when
pressed down is caught by a spring-catch c² (see Fig. 8). The arbor E is formed
with collars or shoulders ee, Fig. 17, which prevent its longitudinal movement,
but the stop-cylinder E' is mounted on the arbor in such manner that it may slide
longitudinally thereon, being caused to turn therewith by means of a spline or a pin
and slot e. It is normally pressed toward the right by the spring c¹ which acting
on the lever N, so that when the key S is not depressed its main stop-teeth ee will
stand in vertical planes intersecting those of the stops gg on the keys, as shown in
full lines in Fig. 17. When the key S is pressed down its movement is communi-
cated through an elbow-lever N to thrust the cylinder E' toward the left, this
movement being sufficient to bring the complemental stop-teeth e'e' into the same
vertical planes as the key-stops gg (see dotted lines in Fig. 17). To prevent
interference with the rotation of the cylinder E' the lever N is forked and carries
anti-friction rollers which enter into a groove in the hub of the cylinder. The
cylinder E¹ remains thus displaced so long as the key S remains held down by the
catch c. When the subtracting operation is completed the operator will release
the catch c², so that the spring c' presses up the key S to its normal position and
returns the cylinder E' to the right.
By omitting the thrust-collars e and making the cylinder E' fast upon the
arbor E the cylinder and arbor might slide longitudinally together, but this would
be subject to the disadvantage that the printing wheels FF would be displaced so
as to print their records out of line with the preceding and succeeding impressions
unless some special means were provided to enable the shaft to slide freely through
these wheels. This suggested construction, however, might be employed in case of
an adding and subtracting machine having no printing wheels F F¹.
The means for adding 1 to the units wheel of the totalizer is shown in Figs. 8
and 9. The upper arm S' of the subtraction key-lever carries an inclined tooth t,
preferably formed as one of the teeth of a ratchet-wheel t held by a pawl t³. The

page_text: totalizer T is provided with an auxiliary slide u, or other movable piece, arranged
normally out of line with the incline, but to be encountered thereby when the
lever S is tilted by the depression of the subtraction key. The parts are shown
in Fig. 9 in position for printing units. The subtraction key being depressed
and the machine operated, the arithmetical complement of the units figure of the
number to be subtracted is communicated through the slide J to the units totalizer
slide K, but as this number is one less than the true arithmetical complement it is
then necessary to impart a further movement to the units slide K in order to add
one to the number thus recorded. This is done by the feeding movement of the
carriage B from the units to the tens position. In this movement the inclined
tooth or can surface in wedging past the inclined under surface of the sliding
bar u lifts the latter a suitable distance, and the pin al projecting from this bar and
taking under a shoulder ³ on the slide K lifts this slide (which has already fallen
back to place), the distance of one space, causing it to advance the units wheel L
one unit. As the inclined surface or tooth t passes beyond the bar u the latter falle
back to place and the slide K also falls. If the carriage be moved back to the
right while the subtraction key is still depressed the ratchet-wheel encountering
the lower end of the bar u will be turned around one tooth, bringing a new tooth
into place to constitute the inclined surface for acting upon and lifting the bar u
at the next ensuing subtracting operation.
Printing added and subtracted numbers.-In a machine for performing both
addition and subtraction I prefer to construct the printing wheels FF so that one
of them will print only the numbers added and the other only the numbers
subtracted. In the description first herein given I have assumed that the two
wheels F F will both print alike, one printing on a card or ticket and the other
printing a continuous record on a tape. If a machine so provided were employed
for subtraction the type-wheels, instead of printing the numbers subtracted,
would print each time a number one less that the arithmetical complement of the
number subtracted. An expert could distinguish at a glance the arithmetical
complements by a mental transposition after adding 1, and read them off as the
correct numbers subtracted, but it is desirable to avoid the necessity for such
computation. I therefore either construct one wheel to print only the numbers
added and the other one only the numbers subtracted, or I construct one or both
wheels to print both added and subtracted numbers, printing the actual numbers
subtracted instead of their complements, and in order to distinguish at a glance
the subtracted from the added numbers two different kinds of type may be used.
According to the preferred development of my invention I construct the machine
so that one wheel shall print only added numbers and the other wheel only
subtracted numbers, the added numbers being preferably printed at the left and
the subtracted numbers at the right. The machine thus constructed I call a
"balancing machine" because of its adaptability for balancing ledger accounts
and for other analogous computations.
Balancing accounts.-Assuming the construction to be such that the left-hand
wheel prints only added and the right-hand wheel only subtracted numbers (this
result being accomplished by means which I will presently describe), the machine
may be used for balancing accounts by printing the debtor amounts as added
numbers and printing the creditor amounts as subtracted numbers. The operator
has only to bear in mind that in printing a debtor item the subtraction key must
be up and in printing a creditor item the subtraction key must be down. When
all the items of one account have thus been printed the balance will be shown by
the totalizer. If the balance is on the creditor side the number of the balance
will be shown at the totalizer, but if it is on the debtor side the totalizer will show
the arithmetical complement of the number, which may be readily recognized as
such. It is then only necessary in either case in order to print the balance for the
operator to print the arithmetical complement of whatever number is visible at the
totalizer, thus reducing the wheels of the totalizer to 0. This is done in the case
of a creditor balance by pressing down the subtraction key and printing the

page_text: number displayed, but in the case of a debtor balance (the arithmetical
complement of which appears at the totalizer) the operator has to raise the
subtraction key and print the proper numbers to turn the successive indicator
wheels to 0, whereby the proper debtor balance is written on the left-hand. The
preferred method for effecting this result of causing one wheel to print only added
numbers and the other only subtracted numbers is shown best in Figs. 7 and 18.
The stop-cylinder E' is mounted on the arbor E so as to slide longitudinally thereon
while the arbor is restrained from longitudinal movement as in Fig. 17, but the
rotative connection between the cylinder and arbor instead of being a straight
spline or slot and pin e³, as in that figure, is a helical spline or slot and pin e, as
shown in Fig. 7. The cylinder is restrained from rotative movement while being
shifted longitudinally by having the pinion which gears with the sector H formed
integrally with it instead of this pinion being fastened to the arbor. Consequently
when, by the movement of the subtraction key S, the cylinder E' is shifted
longitudinally the arbor E is caused to execute a slight rotative movement
forward or backward, this movement being preferably to the extent of one-
twentieth of a revolution. As the type-wheels F and F are fixed to the arbor
they participate in this movement. Each wheel is constructed with a space or
notch between its printing types of such depth that when its wheel is brought
against the impression roller for the types on the opposite sides of this
space, if the wheel has been rotated to bring this space into register with the
roller, will not come against the roller and consequently no printing will be
effected. By turning the wheels so that the printing types of one coincide
with the spaces or notches of the other, as shown in Fig. 18, one wheel will
always print when the other does not. The characters on the two wheels are
arranged in inverse order, as shown in Fig. 18, those on the wheel F being adapted
to print the added numbers and those on the wheel being adapted to print the
subtracted numbers, that is those on the keys depressed when the subtraction
key is down.
Instead of staggering the two wheels F F' the rollers ff' might be placed one at
an angle one-twentieth of a revolution in advance of the other.
Other mechanical means may be subtituted for the one shown for effecting the
advance and retraction of the type-wheels to the extent of one-twentieth of a
revolution upon the depression or release of the subtraction key. The simple
means shown, however, I consider the best.for the purpose of any that are known
to me.
Difference engine.-In order to render my calculating machine adaptable for
use as a difference engine for effecting computations by the method of finite
differences, it is only essential to provide it with meaus for printing the successive
totals or balances appearing at the totalizer. To this end the totalizer wheels LL
(or any other wheels geared to them), are made type-wheels with any suitable
device for inking the types, and with means for pressing a roller or other impression
surface carrying the paper or tape against these type-wheels to print a record of
any balance that the totalizer indicates. One simple and convenient means for
effecting this printing of the totals is that shown best in Figs. 8 and 9. The
totalizer wheels L L are formed as type-wheels, and directly in front of the
openings in the totalizer frame or block through which the numbers on these
wheels are visible (Fig. 12), is placed au impression roller P over which is carried
a tape of paper. The type-wheels are inked by a roller P¹ extending through a
hole in the block of the totalizer T, and the surface of which is charged with
aniline or other ink. The impression roller P is pressed against the totalizer type-
wheels in order to take the impression by pressing down a handle P² conveniently
arranged in front of it. In the construction shown the roller P is hung from an
axial spindle by lever arms P³, the handle P' being connected by lever-arms P
to an axial pivot and communicating movement to the roller P by toggle
links As the handle is pressed down the arms P are brought into line with the
links, thereby pressing the roller P backward against the type-wheels. On the

page_text: release of the handle it is drawn up by springs vt engaging the arms P* until
the latter are stopped by abutment with a projection . The upward movement
of the handle feeds the paper strip v forward far enough to make room for the next
impression. This feeding is effected by a ratchet and pawl Q, the ratchet carrying
a roller Q', over which the strip passes and against which it is pressed by a
roller Q, and the pawl being mounted on and moved by an arm Q³ which is rocked
from one of the arms P through the medium of a link Q. The arm Q³ is slotted
so that the leverage at which Q acts may be adjusted in such a manner as to insure
the pawl taking one or more teeth as may be required for feeding the paper. The
paper strip as it is printed passes under the roller P and up on the other side
thereof, ascending thence to the roller Q, so that the successive numbers printed
thereon are plainly visible (Fig. 9), to the operator for a sufficient time to enable
him to copy them in performing the subsequent operations of computation.
When the machine is used for purposes in which it is not desired to print the
totals the printing mechanism just described is thrown out of action by swinging
it over upwardly and backwardly around a center z to which is pivoted the base-
plate or frame on which all the parts except the pivot v are mounted. To
effect this the plate al is loosened, by releasing the thumb-screw which engages
it and clamps it to the frame of the totalizer T. The screw is an adjustable
stop to limit the downward movement of the arms P* in printing, and thereby to
regulate the force of the impression.
Finite difference computations.-It is essential to an understanding of the use of
my machine as a difference engine that the method of effecting computations by
finite differences shall be clearly understood. This method is best illustrated by a
simple example. Let it be required to continue the series of numbers of which
each term is the cube of the number of terms, and which commences as follows:-
:-
the last figures constituting the sixth term, and if this series were then copied
again and added to the last number the new addition would give the seventh
term (343). The new series of differences thus produced would give the eighth
term and prepare the series of differences for the ninth term, and so on indefinitely.
The complete operation necessary then to produce a term of the series consists in
adding the four known numbers and then effacing the record to reduce the totalizer
to zero by performing the subtraction of the last term. The last term thus
subtracted is printea by the right hand or subtraction wheel.
The operation may be best understood by referring to the diagram Fig. 20,
where the three printing tapes are shown in connection with the machine. The
machine is here shown diagrammatically in inverted position for convenience of

page_text: illustration, the printing wheels F F being transposed to retain the addition
wheel Fat the left and the subtraction wheel F at the right. The numbers
successively written to be added together are printed on the left-hand tape v¹, the
corresponding totals of each adding operation are printed on the middle or totalizer
tape, v, and the numbers finally printed while the subtraction key is down are
printed on the right-hand tape. By comparing these tapes it will be seen that
when each final number or term of the series is obtained on the totalizer it is taken
off by subtraction, thereby printing it on the right-hand tape and simultaneously
effacing the totalizer record by bringing the latter back to a row of zeros (the
zeros which fill out to the left of the full number on the totalizer are omitted from
the diagram for the sake of clearness). Thus in order to continue any series of
numbers which can be calculated by the method of finite differences it is only
necessary to furnish the operator with the first complete set of differences and
instruct him to copy them by typewriting, and when he has done so to copy in the
same manner the new set of differences which the machine will have prepared for
him on the totalizer tape, and to keep on copying each time the set last prepared
by the machine, the result at the end of each series being taken off by subtraction.
By placing a screen in front of the ascending portion of the tape v in Fig. 8 with a
slit exposing only one number at a time the instructions can be simplified by telling
the operator to simply copy each row of figures as it appears at the slit until the
final figure of the series appears, and then to subtract it. My machine accomplishes
thus by very simple mechanism what has hitherto been effected only by extremely
complicated and expensive machines. It is true that it is not automatic, and that
an error in copying will introduce an error in the results, but this can occur only
through gross carelessness, and is readily detected by a comparison of the addition
tape with the totalizer tape. As each series of numbers on the addition tape is
the same as the preceding numbers on the totalizer tape a verification of the
accuracy of each new result may be had by comparing these two series of numbers
before proceeding to print the next following series. If the difference series
contains negative differences these will be written as the arithmetical complements
of the negative numbers, and all negative numbers will appear on the totalizer as
arithmetical complements. Should the final result be a negative number the fact
that it appears as an arithmetical complement indicates that it is not to be effaced
by subtraction, but by addition. The subtraction key therefore is raised and the
Dumber is taken off by adding enough to each digit to produce 0. The number so
added is the arithmetical complement of that which appears at the totalizer. As
this number is the final result it should appear on the right-hand tape in Fig. 20,
notwithstanding that it is a negative result. But with the machine constructed
as hereinabove described it would be printed on the left-hand tape along with the
successively added numbers.
To ensure that the final term or result of each computation shall be printed on
the right-hand tape and to enable positive and negative quantities to be instantly
distinguished, I provide the machine with a special type-wheel to be substituted for
the type-wheel when the machine is being used for difference calculations. This.
special type-wheel F is shown in Fig. 19. It has the same characters as the
subtraction type-wheel F, and in addition thereto it has in the intervening spaces
the same characters as the addition type-wheel F, but these latter characters are in
a different type, so that the impression printed from them will be understood to be
a negative quantity. Thus the types printing positive quantities may be heavy
faced, and those printing negative quantities may be light faced or hair-line
characters. The. relative arrangement of the digits of the two sets will be
complemental, after the manner indicated in Fig. 19. A similarly constructed
wheel may be substituted also for the addition wheel F if desired, so that in adding
negative quantities the correct numbers (instead of their arithmetical comple-
ments), may be printed at the left by first depressing the subtraction key. The
use of these duplex printing wheels would necessarily result in the printing of a
character by each wheel at each depression of a key, so that the right-hand tape,
C

page_text: instead of receiving impressions only of the final results of each computation,
would be confused by receiving impressions of the intervening operations by which
these results are attained. To avoid this I provide means for restraining the
printing of impressions from the right-hand wheel except at the intervals when the
final results are to be printed. This mechanism is shown in Figs. 1 and 2, and
more clearly in Figs. 21 and 22. The impression roller f' over which the right-
hand tape passes is mounted in a swinging frame R, which is normally dropped too
low to bring the impression roller against the printing wheel F' except at certain
intervals (as, in the example given, at every fifth impression), at which time it is
automatically elevated to print the impression and then again dropped. Various
mechanical devices may be provided for giving these successively rising and falling
movements to the frame R. The means that I have adopted for this purpose
consist of a cam R' constructed to be turned by a ratchet device one space at
each return movement of the carriage to the units position, and having cam arms
acting against a projection w on the frame R to lift it at the proper time. The
means for turning the cam R' step by step is the same as that already described
with reference to Figs. 4 and 5 for turning the roller, except that it is located
lower down and operated by a special push-piece 6 below the push-piece 6' Fig. 22^
which operates the rods of the roller. Both push-pieces are mounted on a
projection or bracket z, forming part of or attached to the travelling table. Hence
this movement need not be again described with reference to its employment for
actuating the cam R'.
As it is desirable to avoid the blank spaces between the successive final
numbers or results of the computations as they are printed on the right-hand tape
in order to bring these numbers compactly together, as shown in Fig. 204, the step
by step feeding of the roller 1 is interrupted during the time that the roller is
dropped below the printing position, this feeding being effected only at every fifth
impression (or other interval) whenever the roller is raised to the printing position.
This result follows of itself from the construction shown, since it is only when the
roller is raised that its rod & comes in line with the push-piece b¹ which operates it,
being at other times dropped so low that the push-piece passes clear over it. Hence
the printed ribbon will appear as in Fig. 204, the numbers being printed in close
order and ready for reproduction by photo-engraving or other process.
Any or all of the printing wheels may be constructed to perforate the characters
instead of printing them, in order thereby to produce a stencil from which copies
may be made by the process of forcing ink through the perforations of the stencil
on to a surface of paper laid beneath it. Fig. 23 shows a type-wheel thus
constructed for perforating.
I prefer io construct my calculating machine with all the parts and accessories
herein described in order to adapt it to be used for any of the purposes herein-
above recited. If, however, the machine is required to perform only certain
operations those parts or accessories which are useful only when it is performing
other operations may be omitted from it, thereby utilizing my invention in part.
Many of the mechanical constructions forming parts of my machine may be
varied in detail or substituted by other equivalent constructions without thereby
departing from my invention. Thus for example, the mechanical movements by
which accomplish certain results, such as the production of the step by step.
progression of the paper feed rollers, may be modified by substituting for them
any other known mechanical movements for producing the same effects.
I have adopted a travelling carriage carrying the type-wheels, arbor, stops, keys,
and the communicator and moving relatively to the impression rollers or surfaces
and the totalizer, as being the most convenient construction. It is not essential,
however, that all these parts should travel. In an adding machine it is only
essential that the communicator shall move relatively to the totalizer from units.
to tens, hundreds, &c. The communicator might be actually stationary and the
totalizer might move. In a printing or recording adding machine the type-wheels
must also move after each impression relatively to the printing surfaces, but the

page_text: wheels might remain stationary and the printing surfaces be made to move. In
either case a relative movement is all that is essential. Obviously also the
subtraction key and its accessories constitute simply a shifting device for bringing
the keys into co-active relation with the complemental stops instead of the direct
stops. This is most conveniently done by shifting the stop-bearing cylinder, but it
might be done by shifting the key-board.
Those features which are really essential to my invention will appear from the
definitions thereof contained in the several claims following this Specification.
I claim as my invention the following defined novel features or improvements,
substantially as hereinbefore specified, namely:
1. The combination with a totalizer having independent indicator wheels for
units, tens, &c., of a communicator or thrust-piece movable toward the totalizer
and adapted to advance either wheel thereof proportionally to the extent of its
movement, a series of stop-keys for determining the extent of its movement,
whereby when any key is depressed a totalizer wheel is advanced as many figures
as correspond to the value of the depressed key, and a feed for transferring the
action of the communicator from one totalizer wheel to the next after each
movement, whereby the successive thrust-movements of the communicator are
transmitted successively to the respective totalizer wheels.
2. The combination with a totalizer having independent indicator wheels for
units, tens, &c., of a communicator or thrust-piece movable toward the totalizer
and adapted to advance either wheel thereof proportionally to the extent of its
movement, a series of stop-keys for determining the extent of its movement,
whereby when any key is depressed a totalizer wheel is advanced as many figures
as correspond to the value of the depressed key, said communicator being movable
to bring it into operative connection with the several totalizer wheels successively,
and a feeding mechanism actuated by the depression of the keys and connected to
the communicator to move it each time from the position to operate one totalizer
wheel to that for operating the next.
3. The combination with a totalizer having independent indicator wheels for
units, tens, &c., of a communicator or thrust-piece movable toward the totalizer
and adapted to advance either wheel thereof proportionally to the extent of its
movement, a rotatable arbor connected to said communicator to impart motion
thereto, a series of stop-keys adapted to arrest the arbor after it has executed
angular movements corresponding to the values of the respective keys, and means
for rotating the arbor upon the depression of any key, whereby the extent of
movement of the arbor and communicator, and the consequent advance of the
totalizer, are determined by the particular key depressed, and a feed for transferring
the action of the communicator from one totalizer wheel to the next after each
movement.
4. The combination with the totalizer, of a communicator or thrust-piece adapted
to advance the totalizer proportionally to the extent of its movement, a series of
stop-keys for determining the extent of its movement, a rotatable arbor carrying
stop-teeth at different angular positions, adapted to be engaged by the respective
keys when depressed, means for rotating the arbor upon the depression of any key
until stopped after it has executed the angular movement corresponding to the
value of said key, and a mechanical connection between the arbor and communicator,
whereby the extent of movement of the latter is determined by that of the former.
5. The combination with a totalizer having independent indicator wheels for
units, tens, &c., of a communicator or thrust-piece movable toward the totalizer to
advance either wheel thereof proportionally to the extent of its movement, a
carriage carrying said communicator and movable step by step to bring the com-
municator into operative connection with the several totalizer wheels successively,
a series of stop-keys for determining the extent of the thrust movement of the
communicator, and a feed for advancing the carriage actuated by the depression of

page_text: the keys and adapted to move the carriage after the thrust movement of the
communicator.
6. A totalizer consisting of indicating or printing wheels L L, slides K K, one
to each wheel, a mechanical connection between each slide and its wheel in the
nature of a rack-and-pinion and ratchet-and-pawl devices, whereby the slide when
displaced advances the wheel and when released is freely retracted, and a carrying-
over device consisting of a cam-tooth carried by each wheel except the one of
highest value, a lever o arranged to be displaced by said cam-tooth while the wheel
is passing from 9 to 0, and a shoulder o on the slide of the wheel of next higher
value arranged to be encountered by said lever on the displacement thereof,
whereby the displacement of the lever moves the slide and advances the next wheel
one unit.
7. The combination with a totalizer having independent indicator wheels for
units, tens, &c., and slides connected to said wheels respectively for advancing them
when the slides are displaced, of means for displacing the slides consisting of a
communicator or thrust-piece movable toward and in line with the movement of.the
slides, a series of stop-keys for determining the extent of the movement of said
communicator, whereby when any key is depressed its communicator is thrust
against a totalizer slide for a distance corresponding to the value of the depressed
key, and a feed for intermittingly advancing the communicator relatively to the
totalizer from a position in line with one side to a position in line with the next
after each thrust movement.
8. The combination with a totalizer, of a communicator for imparting advance
movements thereto and means for determining the extent of the advance movements
consisting of a rotatable arbor, a series of stop-projections thereon arranged in
different angular positions a series of keys marked with numbers or values, and
having each a stop arranged when the key is depressed to enter the path of the
corresponding stop-projection and arrest the arbor when it has executed an angular
movement corresponding to the value represented by the key depressed, means for
imparting a forward rotation to the arbor upon the depression of any key, and a
mechanical connection between the arbor and communicator, whereby the extent of
projection of the latter is determined by the extent of rotation of the former.
9. The combination of a printing wheel, an arbor connected to said wheel to
impart rotation thereto, carrying a series of stop-teeth arranged in different angular
positions corresponding to the successive values to be printed by the respective
types of said wheel, a series of keys marked with numbers or values corresponding
to those of said wheel, and having each a stop arranged when the key is depressed
to enter the path of the corresponding stop-tooth on the arbor and arrest the latter
when it has executed an angular movement corresponding to the value represented
by the key depressed, whereby the corresponding character on the wheel is brought
to the printing position, means for imparting a forward rotation to the arbor upon
the depression of any key, an impression roller or surface carrying the material
to be printed on, and a feeding nechanism actuated by the depression of the keys
and adapted to move the printing wheel relatively to the printing surface after each
impression, whereby the successive digits of a number, may be printed from the
same wheel by successive impressions.
10. The combination of an intermittingly movable carriage, an arbor carried
thereby having angularly-arranged stop-teeth connected thereto, a series of stop-
keys adapted when depressed to engage said teeth and arrest the arbor, a printing
wheel connected to the arbor, and a feed mechanism for advancing the carriage
after each impression in order to enable successive digits of the same number to be
printed in proper positions by the same wheel.
11. The combination of a printing wheel, an arbor connected to said wheel and
adapted to impart motion thereto, a series of stop-teeth in connection with said
arbor, arranged in different angular positions, a series of stop-keys adapted each
when depressed to encounter one of said stop-teeth and arrest the arbor with the

page_text: corresponding type on the printing wheel in position to be printed, a movable frame
carrying said arbor by the depression of which the printing wheel may be moved
against an impression surface, and means for rotating the arbor upon the depression
of any key.
12. The combination of a printing wheel, an arbor connected to said wheel and
adapted to impart motion thereto, a series of stop-teeth in connection with said
arbor, arranged in different angular positions, a series of stop-keys adapted. each
when depressed to encounter one of said stop-teeth and arrest the arbor with the
corresponding type on the printing wheel in position to be printed, a movable frame
carrying said arbor by the depression of which the printing wheel may be moved
against an impression surface, and means for rotating the arbor upon the depression
of said frame consisting of a pinion on the arbor and a toothed rack or sector
meshing therewith, and a spring or tension device acting on said rack to hold it
stationary and thereby effect the rotation of the arbor until the arrest of the latter,
whereby during the subsequent movement of the frame said rack is carried down
bodily with it against the tension of said spring.
13. The combination with a travelling carriage, of a swinging frame carried
thereby, a spring tending to elevate said frame, a sector-lever also carried by the
carriage, a spring for drawing it up, a rotative arbor carried by said frame and
having a pinion meshing with said sector, a series of angularly-arranged stop-teeth
in connection with said arbor and a series of stop-keys each adapted when
depressed to intercept one of said stop-projections and arrest the rotation of the
arbor after it has executed an angular movement corresponding to the value of
the depressed key.
14. The combination of a movable frame, an 'arbor carried thereby, stop-keys for
rotating it, a pinion on said arbor, a sector-lever meshing with said pinion, a spring
for resisting the displacement of said sector-lever by the pinion, and a spring clasp
constructed to frictionally engage the sector-lever when it is elevated and thereby
reinforce the tension of the spring in resisting its depression while overcoming the
inertia of the arbor.
15. The combination with a totalizer, of a communicator or thrust-piece consisting
of a slide J, a rotatable arbor, stop-keys for arresting said arbor, a pinion on said
arbor, a rack or sector meshing with said pinion and having a retractile device, and
a connection between said rack or sector and said communicator adapted to project
the latter proportionally to the displacement of the former, whereby the movement
imparted to the communicator is the complement of the rotative movement of the
arbor.
16. The combination of a rotatable arbor having angularly-arranged stop-
projections, printing wheels at the opposite ends of said arbor to be rotated
thereby, stop-keys for determining the extent of rotation of the arbor, a movable
frame in which the arbor is mounted and which when pressed down by the
depression of any key moves down the printing wheels to print the impression,
means for rotating the arbor upon the depression of the frame, impression rollers or
surfaces for holding the material to be printed on, and a feed mechanism for
displacing the printing wheels relatively to the impression surfaces after each
impression to enable each wheel to print successively the digits of a number,
whereby the wheels simultaneously print like or corresponding numbers on the two
impression surfaces.
17. The combination of a carriage, a rotatable arbor carried thereby having
angularly-arranged stop-projections, stop-keys for determining the extent of
rotation of said arbor, a printing wheel carried by said arbor, an impression
roller for holding the material to be printed on, a feed mechanism for moving the
carriage after each impression, and a paper-feed consisting of a push-piece carried
by the carriage and a plunger arranged to be displaced thereby upon the movement
of the carriage after printing a number, and ratchet mechanism intervening between
said plunger and impression roller for advancing the impression roller upon each
displacement of said plunger.

page_text: 18. The combination with an adding machine comprising co-acting stops and keys
for determining the totalizing movements proportionally to the values to be added,
of means for effecting subtraction consisting of a series of complemental stops, and
a device for relatively displacing the stops and keys to bring the complemental stops
into operative relation with the keys, whereby upon operating the keys to represent
the number to be subtracted the machine is caused to add the arithmetical
complement of such number.
19. The combination with an adding machine comprising a totalizer, a
communicator for actuating the totalizer proportionally to the extent of its
movement, stop-keys, and a series of stops for determining the movement of the
communicator proportionally to the values to be added, of means for effecting
subtraction consisting of a series of complemental stops, and a device for relatively
displacing the stops and keys to bring the complemental stops into operative
relation with the keys, whereby upon operating the keys to represent the number
to be subtracted the machine is caused to add the arithmetical complement of
such number.
20. The combination with an adding machine having a rotatable arbor with
co-acting stops and keys for determining the extent of angular movement of said
arbor of means for effecting subtraction consisting of a series of complemental stops
and a device for relatively displacing the stops and keys to bring the complemental
stops into operative relation with the keys, whereby upon operating the keys to
represent the number to be subtracted the machine is caused to add the arithmetical
complement of such number.
21. The combination with an adding machine having stop-keys, and direct and
complemental stops to be alternately engaged thereby, of a subtraction key to
control the relative arrangement, of the stops and keys, adapted when in one
position to bring the direct stops into operative relation with the keys, and when in
the other position to bring the complemental stops into relation therewith, whereby
in the former position the machine performs addition and in the latter position it
performs subtraction by adding the arithmetical complement.
22. An adding machine having stops and stop-keys, combined with a subtraction
key, and complemental stops to be brought into operative relation with the stop-
keys upon the displacement of the subtraction key, and with means connected to.
said subtraction key and adapted to act during its displacement for adding 1 to the
units digit in order to correct the total during the operation of subtraction.
23. An adding machine comprising a totalizer, a communicator for actuating the
totalizer proportionally to the extent of its movement, and co-acting stops and keys
for determining the movement of the communicator proportionally to the values to
be added, combined with means for effecting subtraction consisting of a series of
complemental stops, a subtraction key for relatively displacing the stops to bring
the complemental stops into operative relation with the keys, and an adding device
connected to the subtraction key to be displaced thereby to act upon the totalizer
and add 1 to the units digit thereof at each subtracting operation.
24. An adding machine comprising a totalizer, a communicator and co-acting
stops and keys for determining the movements of the communicator, and a feeding
mechanism for moving the communicator relatively to the totalizer from units to
tens, hundreds, &c., after each adding operation, combined with means for effecting
subtraction consisting of complemental stops, a subtraction key for relatively
displacing the stops, and means for adding to the totalizer consisting of an
inclined tooth t connected to and displaced by the subtraction key, and arranged
relatively to the totalizer so that when displaced it shall enter the path of an
operative part of the units system thereof, and upon the feeding movement from
the units to the tens position it will displace such part and add 1 to the units
digit.
25. The combination of a series of stop-keys, an arbor, two series of stops in
connection with said arbor to be alternately engaged by said keys, two printing
wheels connected to and deriving motion from said arbor for printing respectively

page_text: characters corresponding to the respective series of stops, and a shifting device in
connection with the stops and wheels, adapted when in one position to bring
one series of stops into operative relation with the keys, and to cause one wheel
to print, and when in the other position to bring the other series of stops into
operative relation with the keys and cause the other wheel to print.
26. The combination of a series of stop-keys, an arbor having stops for
determining its angular movement, two printing wheels connected to and deriving
motion from said arbor, said wheels formed with equidistant types and intervening
spaces, the impression rollers or surfaces against which said wheels print, the
wheels being staggered relatively to said surfaces, so that when a type on either
wheel is in position to print the other wheel will present a blank space to its
impression surface, and a shifting device adapted when moved to displace said arbor
and wheels an angular distance intermediate of that between the types, whereby its
movement turns the inoperative wheel into position to print, and renders the other
wheel inoperative.
27. The combination of a series of stop-keys, an arbor, two series of stops in
connection with said arbor to be alternately engaged by said keys, two printing
wheels connected to and deriving motion from said arbor for printing respectively
characters corresponding to the respective series of stops, said wheels formed with
spaces between their printing types, the impression rollers or surfaces against which
said wheels print, the wheels and surfaces being relatively arranged so that when a type
on either wheel is in position to print the other wheel will present a blank space to
its impression surface, whereby only one wheel can print at a time, and a shifting
device in connection with the stops and wheels, adapted when moved from one
position to another to bring the inoperative series of stops into relation with the
keys, and to rotate the arbor and type-wheels sufficiently to move the inoperative
wheel into position to priut.
28. A combined adding or subtracting and printing machine consisting of a
totalizer, two printing wheels adapted to print alternately, one for added and the
other for subtracted numbers, co-acting direct and complemental stops and keys for
determining the angular movement of said wheels and the advancement of the
totalizer, and a shifting device or subtraction key adapted when in one position to
cause the numbers impressed on the keys to be added to the totalizer and printed
by the addition wheel, and when in the other position to cause the numbers to be
subtracted and printed by the subtraction wheel, whereby the machine is adapted
for use in balancing accounts, and analogous operations.
29. The combination of an arbor, a stop-cylinder thereon, a series of stop-keys
co-acting with the stops on said cylinder, a printing wheel or wheels connected to
and deriving motion from said arbor, a shifting device for displacing said cylinder
longitudiually relatively to said arbor, and a helical connection between the cylinder
and arbor, whereby the lateral displacement of the cylinder communicates angular
movement to the wheel or wheels, to bring a series of types thereon into or out of
angular positions to be printed.
30. An adding machine comprising a totalizer, a series of keys for determining
the numbers to be added thereon, a shifting device by the operation of which the
numbers determined by the keys are subtracted therefrom, combined with a printing
mechanism for taking impressions of the successive totals and differences on the
totalizer, and a means for printing successively each subtracted number.
31. An adding machine comprising a totalizer, an addition printing wheel, a
subtraction printing wheel, a series of keys for determining the number to be.
printed, and a shifting device or subtraction key for determining the addition or
subtraction of the numbers, combined with a printing mechanism for taking
impressions of the successive numbers indicated by the totalizer, whereby by
repeatedly adding successive series of totals according to the method of finite
differences, and effacing them by subtraction, the subtraction wheel prints the
resulting terms.
32. An adding machine comprising a totalizer, an addition printing wheel having

page_text: intervening characters for printing subtracted numbers, a subtraction printing-
wheel having intervening characters for printing added numbers, a series of keys
for determining the numbers to be printed, and a shifting device or subtraction key
for determining the addition or subtraction of the numbers, adapted to angularly
displace the printing wheels in shifting from addition to subtraction, or vice versa,
whereby during addition both wheels will print the number added (or its complement)
and during subtraction both will print the subtracted number, combined with a
printing mechanism for printing the successive totals indicated at the totalizer,
whereby the machine may be used for computations by the method of finite
differences involving either positive or negative values.
33. The combination with an adding machine comprising a totalizer, of printing
mechanism for printing the successive totals, consisting of an impression roller P
mounted adjacent to the totalizer type-wheels, links P³ P' supporting said roller,
an operating handle P2 and toggle-links P4 and 3 adapted on the depression of said
handle to press the impression roller against the type-wheels, and a feeding
mechanism adapted to advance the strip of paper after each impression.
34. An adding machine comprising a totalizer, a printing wheel, a series of keys
for determining the numbers to be printed, an impression roller for carrying the
paper to be printed on, movable up and down, feeding mechanism for advancing the
strip of paper after each impression, and mechanism for elevating or depressing
the impression roller, adapted to hold it depressed beyond the reach of the printing
wheel during a predetermined number of successive printing operations and subse-
quently to lift it into position to receive an impression, whereby the printing of
undesirable or intermediate numbers upon the paper may be avoided.
J
35. In an adding machine, a movable carriage, a printing wheel carried thereby
and an impression roller for carrying paper to be printed, combined with a feeding
mechanism for advancing the paper after each impression consisting of a thrust-
piece carried by the carriage, a rod s arranged to be displaced thereby, a
sleeve carrying the impression roller.and connected to the rod through the
medium of a spiral slot and pin connection, ratchet wheels and pawls for preventing
the backward rotation of the rod and sleeve respectively, and a retracting spring
for restoring the rod after displacement.
Deted this 10th day of October 1902