Magnetic Measuring Instruments.
Year: 1898

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Magnetic Measuring Instruments.
I, JAMES RUSSELL, Bridge Park, Selkirk, North Britain, Gentleman, do hereby
declare the nature of this invention to be as follows;-
This invention relates to instruments for the measurements of the magnetic
properties of iron, steel and other magnetic metals and materials. My instru-
ments for these purposes depend upon the measurement of the forces experienced
between iron, ateel, etc, and a magnetic field or fields at all or any stages of
magnetisation. I now describe several alternative instruments on this principle.
D. Let a long straight solenoid be constructed and let a length-composed of
one or more strips, rods, or bars of iron or steel &c, be placed symmetrically
along its axis and equidistant from each end and attached either directly to a
balance beam or to a lever in connection with a balance beam or otherwise, the
iron being capable of motion at approximately right angles to its own length.
I now place a second solenoid (which may be excited by the same electic current
as that used for exciting the long straight solenoid, or it may be excited by an
independent electric current) or a permanent or electro magnet, for the creation
of a second magnetic field, in such a way that a force will act on the iron at
approximately right angles to its length. When the long straight solenoid is
excited by an electric current (as also the second solenoid if this be preferred to
a permanent magnet) a force of attraction or repulsion will be experienced
between the length of iron or steel under test and the second magnetic field.
This force is measured by the balance beam above mentioned or otherwise.
I may adopt other forms embodying the above principles
My instruments also depend upon the measurement of the forces experienced
between two or more pieces of iron or steel &c, under test or comparison at all
or any stage of magnetisation for determining the magnetic propcities of iron,
steel &c. I now describe several alternative instruments on this principle.
G. Let a long solenoid be constructed and let a length composed of one or
more strips, rods, or bars of iron or steel under test be placed symmetrically
along its axis and equidistant from each end attached either directly to a balance
beam or to a long lever in connection with a balance beam or otherwise, the iron
being capable of motion at approximately right angles to its own length I now
Antroduce into the solenoid a duplicate of the first piece of iron, parallel the reto
and equidistant from the ends of the solenoid. I fix this duplicate piece rigidly
and at a suitable distance from the first piece. When the solenoid is excited by
an electric current, a force of repulsion will be experienced between the two
pieces of iron, which force is measured.
For comparing the magnetic properties of different samples of iron or steel
with one another or with a standard length or lengths, I introduce a third piece
of the same size and shape as the other two and likewise fix it rigidly in the
same manner as the second or duplicate piece already mentioned but on the
opposite side of the first piece from the second piece. It is therefore evident

page_text: that the first length of iron in connection with the balance beam will experience
a force proportional to the difference of the two forces of repulsion acting upon
it. I measure this force, and so determine the magnetic properties of one piece
of iron in terms of another piece which may or may not be a standard
I can also obtain the same results as above by duplicating all the lengths of
iron or steel, in such a way that the first piece (now in duplicate) would form a
couple" and be repelled from two other pieces (corresponding to the second
piece) rigidly fixed on opposite sides of the "couple." Also if two other pieces
are introduced (corresponding to the third piece before mentioned) and rigidly
fixed on the opposite sides of the "couple" from the second preces I can measure
the differences of two forces of repulsion as above mentioned
H Let three long solenoids be constructed and let any two of them be placed
on opposite sides of the third or central solenoid, all their axes being parallel
the one to the other. Into the central solenoid I introduce a length, composed
of one or more strips, rods or bars of iron or steel &c attached to a lever or balance
beam or otherwise as has already been described under instruments D and G.
I further introduce into one of the outside solenoids a duplicate of the first
length of iron, both lengths of iron being placed symmetrically along the axes
of their respective solenoids, equidistant from each end and parallel to each
other. When the solenoids are excited by an electric current, (the terminals
of their coils being connected in such a way that the magnetic fields of the two
outside solenoids have the same polarity, while the central solenoid has opposite
polarity) a force of attraction is experienced between the two pieces of iron,
which is measured.
For comparing the magnetic properties of different samples of iron or steel
with one another, I introduce a third piece of the same size and shape as the other
two into the hitherto vacant outside solenoid and fix it rigidly in the same
symmetrical position therein, as has already been described. It is therefore
evident that the first length of iron in connection with the balance beam will
experience a force proportional to the difference of the two forces of attraction
acting upon it. I measure this force and so determine the magnetic properties
of one piece of iron in terms of a standard or otherwise.
For the measurement of the forces experienced by the iron under test in all
the above instruments, I may use any method which I find most suitable for this
purpose, such as torsion wie, springs, or balance beam &c., calebrated in such a
way that the instruments shall be, as far as possible, direct reading, and I may
use for this purpose several scales, for reading at different current strengths,
and the scale divisions of these scales may be connected by straight or curved
lines so that readings are possible at intermediate current strengths. I may also
introduce a pointer or rider of special design to be used with above or otherwise
I may also construct instruments in which the forces experienced between
iron, steel &c and a magnetic field, and also the forces between two or more
pieces of iron, are utilized together.
In conjunction with all the instruments I use or may use commutators and
current reversers of ordinary or special design and resistances for the purpose
of taking the iron through a complete magnetic cycle, and enabling me to
measure the forces at any or all stages of magnetisation, as also for the purposes
of conveniently manipulating the instruments
Da
L
CAL 1
1000
BOTTOMLEY & LIDDLE,
154, St Vincent Street, Glasgow, Applicant's Patent Agents.

page_text: I, JAMES RUSSELL, Bidge Park, Selkirk, North Butan, Gentleman, do hereby
declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement
This invention relates to instruments for the measurements of the magnetic
proper ties of iron, steel and other magnetic metals and materials My instru-
ments for these purposes depend upon the measurement of the forces experienced
between ron, steel, etc, and a magnetic field or fields at all or any stages of
magnetisation I now describe several alternative instruments on this principle.
D. Let a long straight solenoid be constructed and let a length-composed of
one or more strips, rods, or bais-of iron or steel &c., be placed symmetrically
along its axis and equidistant from each end and attached either duectly to a
balance beam or to a lever in connection with a balance beam or otherwise, tho
11on being capable of motion at approximately right angles to its own length
I now place a second solenoid (which may be excited by the same electic current
as that used for exerting the long straight solenoid, or it may be excited by an
independent elective cuilent) or a permanent or electio magnet, for the creation
of a second magnetic field, in such a way that a force will act on the iron at
approximately right angles to its length. When the long straight solenoid is
excited by an electric current (as also the second solenoid if this be preferred to
a permanent magnet) a force of attraction or repulsion will be experienced
between the length of iron or steel under test and the second magnetic field
This force is measured by the balance beam above mentioned or otherwise.
I may adopt other forms embodying the above principles
My instruments also depend upon the measurement of the forces experienced
between two or more pieces of you or steel &c., under test on comparison at all
or any stage of magnetisation for determining the magnetic properties of iron,
steel, &c. I now describe several alternative instruments on this principle
G. Let a long solenoid be constructed and let a length composed of one or
more strips, 1ods, or hars of iron or steel under test be placed symmetrically
along its axis and equidistant from each end attached either directly to a balance
beami on to a long lever in connection with a balance beam or otherwise, the iron
being capable of motion at approximately right angles to its own length I now
introduce into the solenoid a duplicate of the first piece of iron, parallel thereto
and equidistant from the ends of the solenoid I fix this duplicate piece igidly
and at a suitable distance from the first piece. When the solenoid is excited by
an electic curient, a foice of repulsion will be experienced between the two
pieces of iron, which force is measured
For comparing the magnetic properties of different samples of iron or steel
with one another or with a standard length or lengths, I introduce a third piece
of the same size and shape as the other two and likewise fix it rigidly in the
same manner as the second or duplicate piece already mentioned but on the
opposite side of the first piece from the second piece. It is therefore evident
that the first length of non in connection with the balance beam will experience
a force proportional to the difference of the two forces of repulsion acting upon

page_text: it I measure this force, and so determine the magnetic properties of one piece
of iron in terms of another piece or pieces, which may or may not be standard.
H. Let three long solenoids be constructed and let any two of them be placed
on opposite sides of the third or central solenoid all their axes being parallel
the one to the other Into the central solenoid I introduce a length composed
of one or more strips, rods or bars of iron or steel &c, attached to a lever or balance
beam or otherwise as has already been described under instruments D and G.
1 further introduce into one of the outside solenoids a duplicate of the first
piece of on, both pieces of iron being placed symmetrically along the axes
of their respective solenoids, equidistant from each end and parallel to each
other. When the solenoids are excited by an electric current, (the terminals
of their coils being connected in such a way that the magnetic fields of the two
outside solenoids have the same polarity, while the central solenoid has opposite
polarity) a force of attraction is experienced between the two pieces of iron,
which is measured.
For comparing the magnetic properties of different samples of iron or steel
with one another, I introduce a third piece of the same size and shape as the other
two into the hitherto vacant outside solenoid and fix it rigidly in the same
symmetrical position therein, as has already been described. It is therefore
evident that the first length of iron in connection with the balance beam will
experience a force proportional to the difference of the two forces of attraction
acting upon it. I measure this force and so determine the magnetic properties
of one piece of on in terms of a standard or otherwise
For the measurement of the forces experienced by the iron under test in all
the above instruments, I may use any method which I find most suitable for this
purpose, such as torsion wie, springs, or balance beam &c, calebrated in such a
way that the instruments shall be, as far as possible, direct reading, and I may
use for this purpose several scales, for reading at different current strengths,
and the scale divisions of these scales may be connected by straight or curved
lines so that readings are possible at intermediate current strengths I may also
introduce a pointer or rider to be used with above or otherwise.
I may also construct instruments in which the forces experienced between
iron, steel &c., and a magnetic field, and also the forces between two or more
pieces of iron, are utilised together
In conjunction with all the instruments I use or may use commutators and
current leversers of ordinary or special design and resistances for the-purpose
of taking the iron through a complete magnetic cycle, and enabling me to
measure the forces at any or all stages of magnetisation, as also for the purposes
of conveniently manipulating the instruments
In order that my invention may be properly understood and readily carried into
effect I have hereunto appended sheets of diawings, of which,
Figures 1, 2, 3, shew one modification of au mstrument for the measurement
of the forces experienced between the piece or pieces of iron or steel under test
and a magnetic field.
Figure I shews the top view of the instrument.
Figure 2 shews a section through the line x, y, (Figure 1).
Figure 3 shews an end view as seen from b, the coils &c, being supposed to be
cut through the line a, b, c, (Figures 1 and 2).
A A A A shews the framework of the instrument, which may be fixed to any
suitable baseboard. The long coils or solenoids of insulated wile B B and C C
may be slipped into grooves in the framework, as shewn, and fixed by means of
set screws, or otherwise or the solenoids may be fixtures. They are parallel
to each other and at a suitable distance apart Between them is introduced a
balance beam D D, free to move about E, which carries a solenoid of insulated
wire FF, balanced by any suitable adjustable counterpoise weights or nuts & G
The other end of the beam carries a pointer I and the usual arrangements may be
made to avoid parallax in taking the readings HH 18 the scale which is shewn

page_text: The
cut away in Figure 2, and J a rider, of which there may be more than one.
beam is suspended by a sufficient number of fine wires indicated at L L, which
also serve the purpose of introducing the electric current into the solenoid F F,
after the manner adopted in the Kelvin ampere balances. Necessarily the two
sets of wues must be insulated from each other and from the framework of the
instrument. M M, M M, are slides so fitted that they may slip into the sole-
noids B B, C C for the purpose of conveniently introducing and supporting the
piece or pieces of iron N N N N, under test, the section of the slides being
Shown in Figure 3, and 0 0 are stops against which the pieces of iron or steel
ale pushed and the pieces of iron may be held in position by springs of non-
magnetic material or otherwise.
If now these three solenoids be excited by an electric current, it is evident that
they may be so connected that a force of repulsion will be experienced between
the beam and the iron on the upper solenoid and a force of attraction between
the beam and the iron on the lower solenoid. These forces therefore supplement
each other, and by means of the seale and rider I determine the magnetic pro-
perties of the iron at all or any stages of magnetisation If however it be desired
to make a simultaneous comparison of two different qualities of ion of the same
dimensions, the solenoids must be so arranged that a force either of attraction
or repulsion be experienced between the beam (carrying the solenoid F F) and
both of the pieces of non on the external solenoids It is therefore a difference
of forces that will be measured by the rider and scale, at all or any stages of
magnetisation.
In using the instrument in such a way that the forces supplement each other,
I may have the beam nearer the iron which experiences repulsion, so that a true
balance may be obtained; if however, the beam were nearer the iron which
experiences attraction, I would arrange matters so that I measured the force by
means of the least weight that would move the beam away from a stop on which
it just rested.
It has been previously stated that I might use an independent electric current
for exciting the solenoid (F F) and these curients may also be alternating ones.
If the current used for exciting F F differ by a quarter phase from the current
used for exciting B B, C C (or one of them only, as it is obvious the instrument
may be used in its single form without the force being supplemented by means
of a second external solenoid), the force experienced by the beam will measure
the sum of the instantaneous values of the positive and negative forces When
the magnetisation of the iron is decreasing (under the influence of the alternating
ourrent in the solenoid in which the iron is placed) the force experienced by the
beam will be always in one direction, say positive, and when the magnetisation
of the iron 18 increasing, the force experienced by the beam will always be in
the opposite direction, say negative. If the iron under test followed the varia-
tions of the alternating current without reference to its preceding magnetic con-
dition, the positive and negative forces would balance each other but owing to
hysteresis in the on this balance is disturbed and the positive force will be
greater than the negative force to an extent depending upon the hysteresis in
the iron under test It is therefore evident that the force as measured by the
acale and rider will indicate or measure the loss from hysteresis in the iron under
test, under the conditions
In order that the maximum magnetisation may be as far as possible indepen-
dent of the quality of the iron, I may reduce the length of the iron under test,
and if it is in thin strips, use a number of them together to increase the sectional
area, according to the well-known principle of magnetisation. The alternating
currents in quarter phase may be supplied by a dynamo, or they may be supplied
from a source giving a continuous current by a revolving commutator or by the
introduction of inductances and resistances in shunt circuits so that these circuits
shall differ from each other by a quarter phase, as is well known.
When uni-directional cuments are used with this instrument I might sub-

page_text: stitute a permanent steel magnet (simple or compound) for the solenoid F F on
the balance beam.
It is also obvious that the iron or steel under test might be attached to the beam.
as already described under paragraph D.
Figures 4 and 5 shew a modification of an instrument for the measurement of
the forces experienced between the pieces of non or steel under test.
Figure 4 shews a vertical section through the length of the instrument.
Figure 5 shews the section of the balance beam and its surrounding solenoid.
A A A A shews the framework of the instrument which may be fixed
directly to a base board or the framework may be in two parts which may move
in slides fixed to the baseboard in such a way that the framework on each side
The
may be slipped away from the centre without disturbing the balance beam
long coils oi solenoids B B, B B³, CU and B B may be slipped into grooves
in the framework as shown (reference may be made to Figures 1 and 3, the frame-
work being the same as in the instrument described immediately preceding)
Solenoids B B and B B are placed in line, and a balance beam D D 18 intro-
duced into both solenoids, as shewn, turning about centre E This balance beam
carries two pieces of the iron or steel under test in a symmetrical manner. These
pieces of non may be introduced on to the beam from the ends of the solenoids
in any convenient manner and may be held in position by springs. If sole-
noid B B is above the central solenoid on the left side, then the solenoid C C
may be placed below the central solenoid on the right side On the introduction
of the slides M M, M M cariying similar pieces of non or steel of the same
material (these slides having already been described) it is evident that the
solenoids may be so connected that, when they are excited by an electric current,
the beam experience a force of repulsion from or attraction to the adjacent and
parallel pieces of iron in the solenoids B B and C C. This force is measured
by means of scale and rider similar to what has already been described and illus-
tiated (see Figures 1 and 2) and the magnetic properties of the iron determined
at all or any stages of magnetisation The beams may be divided equally or may
be calebrated to read directly at say a maximum curient strength, and weighing
the forces experienced at many current strengths during a complete cycle of
magnetisation, curves may be plotted which will enclose an area proportional to
the hysteresis loss in the iron for the cycle whose maximum of maguetisation
has also been determined
It is evident that in this instrument the forces on the beam may be increased
by coils on both sides of the pieces of non on the beam connected up in such a
way that the forces of attraction and repulsion augment each other. The pieces
of iron tested may be all of one quality or they may be of different qualities and
matters so arranged that a direct comparison of the two different magnetic
qualities may be obtained
The solenoid P P is a compensating coil and by adjusting its position up on
down may be used to annul any pull that may be found to exist between the
piece or pieces of iron on the balance beam and the magnetic field of the sole-
noids, it must be connected in series with the other coils The instrument need
not be in duplicate on both sides of the beam, but may be arranged as described
previously where the beam is balanced by means of counter poise weights In
this case I may use in any of the instruments a permanent steel magnet to com-
pensate the force that will be experienced between the non on the beam and
perpendicular component of the earths magnetic field
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said in-
vention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is:-
:―
Instruments for the measurement of the magnetic properties of iron and other

page_text: magnetic bodies, substantially as described and illustrated on the accompanying
drawings
Dated this 7th day of March 1899.
BOTTOMLEY & LIDDLE,
154, St Vincent Street, Glasgow, Applicant's Patent Agents.