IMPROVEMENTS IN LOCOMOTIVES AND IN APPARATUS FOR WARMING TRAINS OF CARRIAGES CONNECTED. THERETO
Year: 1859

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Peter Salmon, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark,
Merchant, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN LOCOMOTIVES AND IN
APPARATUS FOR WARMING TRAINS OF CARRIAGES CONNECTED. THERETO."
Sealed the 17th February 1860, and dated the 19th August 1859.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Peter Salmon at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 19th
August 1859:
I, PETER SALMON, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, Merchant, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
LOCOMOTIVES, AND IN APPARATUS FOR WARMING TRAINS OF CARRIAGES CONNECTED
THERETO," to be as follows:-
My Invention has for its object, in the first place, the adaptation and
application to locomotives of the principle of using the steam, notonly at high
pressure, as usual, but also expansively, and returning the steam' to the boiler
after having so acted, and after having been raised in température; and.
I accomplish this object by the use of additional or expansion cylinders and
steam force pumps with a heating chamber or chambers or sets of tubes within
these chambers, forming a continuance of the smoke box upwards. "The mode
of arranging and combining the high-pressure cylinder or cylinders with the
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page_text: expansion cylinder or cylinders, and also the mode of conveying the steamn
back to the boiler,may be varied so long as provision is made for allowing the
steam, after working at high pressure in one cylinder or cylinders, to pass
therefrom into another cylinder or cylinders,there to work expansively, and
afterwards to return from the latter into the boiler, passing through a heating
chamber on its way thereto. The tubes of the boiler are arranged in divisions
so as to admit of the flame and heat passing through a set of them from the
fire boxes, returning through another set, and passing thence through a
third set to the chimney.
And my Invention consists, in the second place,in conveying steam froman
exhaust pipe or boiler to the several carriages in a railway train by means of
jointed or flexible pipes and branches disposed so as to distribute the heat
over the interior of the carriages. The main pipe may be carried along the
bottom of the first carriage, and the heat distributed by branch pipes under
the seats; and in the second carriage the pipe being connected at the lower
part of the back of the said first carriage may be continued to the next or
second carriage,and after passing up its sides, along the upper part and down
the sides may be connected again at the lower back part to the next or third
carriage in which the heat may be distributed at the lower part; in all cases
branches being combined with the main pipe for effecting the required
distribution of the heat within the carriages; but the precise mode of
arranging the pipes may be varied.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Peter Salmon in the Great seal Patent Office on the 18th
February 1860.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, PETER
SALMON, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, Merchant, send greetings..
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Nineteenth day of August, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, in the twenty-third year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said Peter Salmon, Her special license that I, the said Peter
Salmon, my executors, administrators, and assigns,or such others as I, the
said Peter Salmon, my executors, administrators, and assigns,should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times there:

page_text: "
after during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise,and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
LOCOMOTIVES. AND IN APPARATUS FOR WARMING TRAINS OF CARRIAGES CONNECTED
THERETO, upon the coudition (amongst others) that I, the said Peter
Salmon, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, should par-
ticularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manuer the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in
the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and inme-
diat:ly after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Peter Salmon, do hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the saine is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to
the letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say):-
My Invention of "Improvements in Locomotives and in Apparatus for
Warming Trains of Carriages connected thereto" has for its object, in the first
place, the adaptation and application to locomotives of the mode or modes
herein-after described of using the steam not only at high pressure, but also
expansively,heating the feed water for the boiler.and returning the heated air
in the tubes of the same; and I accomplish this object by the use of addi-
tional or expansion cylinders and force pumps, with a heating chamber or
chambers, or sets of tubes within these chambers, forming a continuance of
the smoke box. The mode of arranginging and combining the high-pressure
cylinder or cylinders with the expansion cylin ler or cylinders, and also the
mode of conveying the steam to the chamber for heating the feed water, may
be varied so long as provision is made for allowing the steam after working at
high pressure in one cylinder or cylinders to pass therefrom into another
cylinder or cylinders, there to work expansively, and afterwards to pass from
the latter into the chamber for heating the feed water. The tubes of the boiler
are arranged in divisions so as to admit of the flame and heat passing through
a set of them from the fire-boxes, returning through another set, and passing
thence through a third set to the chimney.
And my Invention consists, in the second place, in conveying steam from an
exhaust pipe or boiler to the several carriages in a railway train by means "f
jointed or flexible pipes and branches disposed so as to distribute the heat
over the interior of the carriages. The main pipe may be carried along the
bottom of the first carriage, and the heat distributed by branch pipes under

page_text: the seats, and in the second carria re; the pipe being connected at the lower
part of the back of the said first carriage, may be continued to the next or
second carriage, and after passing up its sides along the upper part and down
the sides, may be connected again at the lower back part to the next or third
carriage, in which the heat may be distributed at the lower part in all cases,
branches being combined with the main pipe for effecting the required distri-
bution of the heat within the carriages; but the precise mode of arranging
the pipes may be varied.
Having thus stated the nature of the said Invention, I will proceed to
describe more particularly in what manner the same is to be performed by
the aid of the accompanying Drawings, which illustrate one mode of carrying
my Invention into effect, modifications of the same being herein-after
described.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Fig. 1 is a general outline of a locomotive in elevation; and Fig. 2 a plan
or horizontal view of the same, shewing my improved mode of working the
steam expansively as well as at high pressure, and heating the feed water
applied thereto. A, A, are a pair of high-pressure cylinders at the fire-box end
of the engine, which cylinders are supplied with the usual valves in connection
with the ordinary steam pipe for working the steam therein at high pressure;
B, B, are a pair of expansion cylinders at the smoke box end of the engine.
The piston rods C, C, extending from the cylinders A, A, are connected by
the rods D, 1), to the cranks of the front driving wheels E, E, and the piston
rods F, F, extending from the cylinders B,B, are connected
to the cranks of the hinder driving wheels H, H. By this arrangement the
pistons of the cylinders A, A, will be made to drive the wheels E, E, and
those of the cylinders B, B, will be made to drive the wheels H, H.
the rods G, G,
The steam is made to pass from the ordinary dome through the pipes 1, I,
into the reversing box K, whence it passes by the pipes L, L, into the
cylinders A, A, and works the pistons therein at high pressure, and after
cach stroke it escapes and returns by the pipes M, M, into the reversing
box K, and passes into the main pipe N, leading by the pipes O, O, into the
second reversing box K*, having pipes L.,L, and M*,M*, corresponding with
the pipes L, L, and M, M, of the box K. These pipes L, L, and M, M, and
L, L, and M, M*, are employed respectively as steam pipes or exhaust
pipes, according to whether they are required to produce the forward or the
backward motion of the engine, the pipes L, L, and L., L., being steam pipes,

page_text: and the pipes M, M, and M, M*, exhaust pipes for the one motion, and the
pipes being reversed for the reverse motion. The steam having entered the
second reversing box K passes from it by the pipes L*, into the expansion
cylinders B, B,and having worked the pistons therein by expansion,escapes and
returns to the reversing box K*, whence it escapes by the pipes M*, M*, and
passes along the main pipe N* to the exhaust chamber P, forheating the feed
water on its way from the tender to the boiler. The exhaust steam escapeg
froin this chamber by the blast pipe Q in the ordinary manner; R, R, are
force pumps worked by excentrics on a cross shaft by means of which the
water from the tender is forced into the heating chamber P. This chamber
is shewn detached in section at Fig. 3; S is the pipe through which the
cold water is forced by the pumps R, R; it is perforated as shewn, so as to
be capable of emitting the water in a kind of shower into the chamber P.
Thus by each stroke of the engines a shower of the cold water will be emitted
against the steam entering the chamber box through the pipe N*.
Fig. 4 shews the double fire-box which I prefer to use. It contains a
water partition having fire tubes through it, extending as shewn to the si le of
the fire-box, and there is a door opening into each furnace or division of the
fire-box; also in this Figure are indicated the ends of the boiler tubes, and
the back plate for causing the passage of the heat through the upper set of
tubes leading to the chimney. There is also a chamber at the smoke box
end of the boiler formed by a plate, by means of which the heat and flame.
passing from the fire-box along the lower sets of tubes are made to return
by the next set, before passing finally through the upper set just referred to.
Fig. 5 represents the fire-box end of the boiler; and Fig. 6 the smoke box
end of the same. It will be seen that the plate at the smoke box end is fitted
so as to turn on a hinge, being fastened down at the bottom, so as to adinit of
its being moved as required, in order to clear out the tubes. Fig. 7 represents
the furnace door which I prefer to use. It has openings in front for the
admission of external air, over which covers are made to slide as required, by
the following self-acting means:-The door on being opened is brought in
contact with a lever, through its action on which a piston in an air cylinder is
raised, and air admitted to the cylinder by a valve at the bottom opening
upwards. The door being closed, and a cock or valve opened for letting out
the air slowly from the cylinder, the covers are allowed to descend by their
gravity, pressing down the piston, and driving the air out of the cylinder in
their descent, and thereby closing the apertures in the door.
I will now proceed to describe various modifications from the above

page_text: describe! mode of arranging and combining the high-pressure and expansion
cylinders, with their appurtenances.
The first modification which I will describe is, that of combining a high-
pressure and an expansion cylinder, the former above and the latter below ou
each side of the engine, at or near the centre thereof, the chamber for
heating the feed water being under the boiler and between the two combined
cylinders on either side. The piston rods extending from the high-pressure
cylinders are connected to the crank of the front wheels, and made to drive
them while those of the expansion cylinders are, by similar connections,
made to drive the hinder wheels, the centre pair being merely running
wheels. In this case the blast ipe leading from the chamber to the
chimney would have to be lengthened.
The next modification is intended mainly for the purpose of altering engines
originally constructed for working only at high-pressure. In this case the two
high-pressure cylinders are in their usual places outside the boiler in front,
and the two expansion cylinders are fixed between them under the boiler, and
far enough backward to admit of the heating chamber being placed trans-
versely in front of the latter cylinders. All four of the cylinders are made to
drive the ordinary driving wheels, the two piston rods of the expansion
cylinders being connected with the crank shaft between the wheels.
The next modification is the same as that represented in the Drawings,
and described above, except that both the high-pressure and the expansion
cylinders are made concurrently to drive the same pair of wheels by the
connection of their rods with the same crank pin belonging to each wheel.
The next modification consists in placing one high-pressure cylinder under
the boiler, and making it to communicate with an expansion cylinder on each
side of it outside the boiler. The heating chamber is also under the boiler.
By this arrangement the three cylinders and the heating chamber are in a
line across the engine in front. All three cylinders are made to drive one
pair of wheels.
The last modification which I will describe consists in placing one high-
pressure cylinder and one expansion cylinder underneath the front end of the
boiler, with the heating chamber more backward and midway, or nearly so
between the two side frames of the engine. Both the cylinders have thei
rods connected to the cranks inside the frame, so as to drive the one pai
of wheels; or the cylinders may be placed outside the boiler instead of
underneath the same, and have their rods connected to the crank pins
outside the wheels,

page_text: It is intended that in the several modifications just described, the arrange-
iments previously described are to be included, except that they will have to be
varied in some cases, in order to adapt them to the altered positions of the
cylinders and the heating chamber. I would also remark, that the several
arrangements of the cylinders and the heating chamber herein-before
described may be combined with other intermediate mechanism for conveying
the steam and reversing its action besides that described.
Fig. S represents a train of carriages with any improvements applied thereto.
T is a pipe communicating with the boiler or exhaust steam chamber, through
which steam or hot water may pass for the purpose of warming the carriages.
It will be seen that the pipe is jointed at the ends of each carriage at U, U,
and the pipe of each carriage is distinct and formed with a socket at one end,
the several pipes being brought together with their respective carriages, and
united by the front end of the one pipe passing into the socket of the pipe in
front of it. The joints U, U, are so constructed that the steam will be
prevented from escaping when the pipes are disconnected,and the portions of
the pipes between the said joints are flexible. V, V, are boxes or chambers
extending across the carriage, which may be used as feet warmers; W, W, are
branch pipes placed in different positions under the seats, for the purpose of
distributing the heat across and throughout the carriage. These branch pipes
are shewn in different positions in the two carriages; when placed in the upper
part of the carriage they may be made ornamental.
I do not confine myself to the arrangements of the pipes represented.
Fig. 9 represents a mode of connecting the pipes of two carriages by a metal
pipe with joints, affording both vertical and horizontal play, the ends of each
pipe being enlarged to receive the connecting pipe; Xis the connecting pin or
cock. Pipes so connected may be used for communicating with the breaks of
the several carriages in a train.
Having thus described the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I do hereby declare that what I claim as
of my Invention with reference to locomotives is,―
First, the node or modes herein-before described of arranging and com-
biuing the high-pressure cylinder or cylinders and the expansion cylinder or
cylinders and the heating chamber for the feed water, for the purposes
described.
And, secondly, the arrangement of the boiler tubes and application of the
plate at each end thereof, so as to cause the heat and flame to return to the
fire-box end of the boiler before passing to the chimney.

page_text: And, with reference to the warming of carriages connected to locomotives.
I claim as of my Invention the application thereto of a system of main pipes
and branch pipes or heat distributors, as described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Peter Salmon, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, the Eighteenth day of February, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty.
Witness,
WILLIAM SPENCE,
50, Chancery Lane, London,
Patent Agent.
PETER SALMON. (L.S.)