Improvements in the Manufacture of Paper, and in Machinery therefor.
Year: 1899

page_text: Date of Application, 21st July, 1899
Complete Specification Left, 19th Apr., 1900 - Accepted, 21st July, 1900
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Manufacture of Paper, and in Machinery
therefor.
I, JAMES HUNTER ANNANDALE, of l'olton Paper Works, Polton, Midlothian,
Paper Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as
follows:-
-
This invention comprises improvements in the art of paper making and in
the machinery used in the manufacture of paper and it has for its object the
production in continuous web form in a paper making machine run at a high
speed, of paper possessing the superior texture of hand made paper and that
from pulp which need not be subjected to the prolonged and expensive beating
or like treatment requisite to make a close texture machine made paper.
Under my invention I may employ a paper making machine of the improved
construction hereinafter described or a machine which may be of the ordinary
type except as regards the location of the first vacuum box.
In lieu of allowing the pulp, which is distributed over the "wire" by the
slice, to be carried along in the wet state or floating in water during the length
of travel in which the wire is affected by the shake or cross motion imparted
to it, and applying the vacuum box at a point where the shake or cross motion
reduced to a minimum, hardly affects the pulp, 1 subject the pulp to the action
of a vacuum box immediately upon its passage under the slice or other dis-
tributor and whilst it is under the influence of the shake of the wire 'so that the
paper is "
made" whilst the fibres of the pulp are undergoing the felting action
due to the shake.
This result I attain in an ordinary paper making machine by employing a
first vacuum box of larger area and more gentle and gradual action than usual
and locating it under the wire in proximity to the slice so that the bulk of
the water in the pulp is drawn off and the paper is thus made upon the wire
instantaneously even while passing over the comparatively small space of wire
covered by the first vacuum box at the point where the shake is most in evidence.
The result insures a close and even texture of paper being obtained, and any
cloudy effect is prevented.
Whilst paper having the characteristics of hand made paper may be thus
produced in existing paper making machines I prefer to employ a machine of
improved construction in which the wire is greatly shortened and the tube
rolls are for the most part removed and their place taken by a large first vacuum
box. The second vacuum box is or may be fitted beyond the dandy roll, but
instead of being carried through couch rolls the wire is led round tail rolls
which terminate the "wet end" of the machine, and the paper is lifted from the
wire by a blower placed between the tail rolls. The paper is thence led over
a second endless wire or felt and is thereon subjected to the action of couching
rolls to express the excess of moisture and which may displace the first press

page_text: rolls of the ordinary machine. Even when a second wire is used this will' serve
to obliterate the former wire mark.
The action of the vacuum in drawing off the water from the pulp whilst it
is subjected to the shaking motion of the wire is in effect the same as that
due to the shaking and raising of the moulds in making paper by hand and
the paper produced in the machine as above described is necessarily akin in
evenness and closeness of texture to the hand made paper produced from a like
quality or preparation of pulp. The rate of production, and that of thoroughly
well made paper is naturally by my invention enormously increased and the
process becomes invaluable in the making of strong paper and in the making of
good texture papers at almost any speed.
By observation and experiment I have proved that the production of close
texture in paper is dependent on the removal of the water simultaneously with
the fullest operation of the shake, and that it is this which gives such closeness
of texture and strength to hand made papers as the water in such case is rapidly
removed by the suction caused in lifting the mould from the vat.
The development of the machine up till now has been on directly opposite
lines and the machine wire has been extended from 20 to in some cases 70 feet
with the object of getting a better result in texture of paper. The effect has
actually been deleterious as the shake being applied only at the breast of the
machine it has practically disappeared by the time it reaches the first
vacuum box where the pulp has reached a consistency when alone the shake
can be of value. The shake only felts the paper when the quantity of water
is so reduced that the individual fibres rub against or jostle one another and
the instant this occurs the felting result is attained.
"
The ordinary idea is that machine made paper is made faster than hand made.
My observations and experiments have proved that while the latter is made
better it is made very much faster. The passage of the pulp over the "making'
part of an ordinary machine takes 10 to 15 seconds and the making is not so
good as might be. In a mould from the time the pulp is levelled the sheet can
be made perfectly in three seconds and it is this making that I propose exactly
to reproduce by my process on the machine.
Dated L
Բ . 1. 1000
WALLACE FAIRWEATHER,
Of the Firm of Cruikshank & Fairweather,
Chartered Patent Agents, 62, Saint Vincent Street, Glasgow,
Agent for the Applicant.
Improvements in the Manufacture of Paper, and in Machinery
therefor.
I, JAMES HUNTER ANNANDALE, of Polton Paper Works, Polton, Midlothian,
Paper Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement:-
:-
This invention comprises improvements in the art of paper making, and it
has for its object the production in continuous web form in a paper making
machine run at a high speed, of paper possessing the superior texture of hand
made paper and that from pulp which need not be subjected to the prolonged
and expensive beating or like treatment requisite to make a close texture
machine made paper.

page_text: Under my invention I may employ a paper making machine of the improved
construction hereinafter described or a machine which may be of the ordinary
type except as regards the location of the first vacuum box.
The accompanying drawings illustrate in longitudinal section at Fig. 1, and
in transverse section at Fig. 2, the "wet end" of a "Fourdrinier" paper making
machine in which my invention may be carried out.
In lieu of allowing the pulp, which is distributed over the wire A by the
slice B, to be carried along in the wet state, or floating in water, during the
length of travel in which the wire A is affected by the shake or cross motion
imparted to the wet end of the machine, and applying the first vacuum box at
a point where this shake or cross motion, reduced to a minimum, hardly affects
the pulp, I subject the pulp to the action of a vacuum box Cimmediately upon
its passage under the slice B or other distributor and whilst it is under the
influence of the maximum shake of the wire so that the paper is "made" whilst
the fibres of the pulp are undergoing the felting action due to the shake.
This result I attain in an ordinary paper making machine by employing a
first vacuum box C of larger area and more gentle and gradual action than
usual and locating it under the wire A in proximity to the slice B so that the
bulk of the water in the pulp is drawn off and the paper is thus made upon the
wire A instantaneously even while the wire A is passing over the comparatively
small space between the slice B and the furthest side of the first vacuum box C
at the point where the shake is most in evidence. The result insures a close
and even texture of paper being obtained, and any cloudy effect is prevented.
Whilst paper having the characteristics of hand made paper may be thus
produced in existing paper making machines I prefer to employ a machine of
improved construction in which the wire A is greatly shortened and the tube
rolls D are for the most part removed and their place taken by the large first
vacuum box before referred to. The second vacuum box E is or may be fitted
beyond the dandy roll F, but instead of being carried through couch rolls the
wire is led round tail rolls G which terminate the "wet end of the machine,
and the paper may be lifted from the wire by a blower placed between the tail
rolls G. The paper is thence led over a second endless wire or felt H and is
thereon subjected to the action of couching rolls to express the excess of mois-
ture and which may displace the first press rolls of the ordinary machine. Even
when a second wire is used this will serve to obliterate the former wire mark.
The shortening of the wire and the dispensing with the couch rolls permits of
the wire frame being poised independently of the ordinary fixture between the
two heavy couch rolls and consequently makes it possible to apply the shake
either to the whole wire or to either or both ends of it as desired.
The action of the vacuum box C in drawing off the water from the pulp
whilst it is subjected to the shaking motion of the wire is in effect the same
as that due to the shaking and raising of the moulds in making paper by hand
and the paper produced in the machine as above described is necessarily akin
in evenness and closeness of texture to the hand made paper produced from a
like quality or preparation of pulp. The rate of production, and that of
thoroughly well made paper is naturally by my invention enormously increased
and the process becomes invaluable in the making of strong paper and in the
making of good texture papers at almost any speed.
By observation and experiment I have proved that the production of close
texture in paper is dependent on the removal of the water simultaneously with
the fullest operation of the shake, and that it is this which gives such closeness
of texture and strength to hand made papers as the water in such case is rapidly
removed by the suction caused in lifting the mould from the vat.
The development of the machine up till now has been in directly opposite
lines and the machine wire has been extended from 20 to in some cases 70 feet
with the object of getting a better result in texture of paper. The effect has
actually been deleterious as the shake being applied only at the breast of the

page_text: machine it has practically disappeared by the time it reaches the first
vacuum box where the pulp has reached a consistency when alone the shake
can be of value. The shake only felts the paper when the quantity of water
is so reduced that the individual fibres rub against or jostle one another and
the instant this occurs the felting result is attained.
The ordinary idea is that machine made paper is made faster than hand made.
My observations and experiments have proved that while the latter is made
better it is made very much faster. The passage of the pulp over the "making"
part of an ordinary machine takes 10 to 15 seconds and the making is not so
good as might be. In a mould from the time the pulp is levelled the sheet can
be made perfectly in three seconds and it is this making that I propose exactly
to reproduce by my process on the machine.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is:
ו'
1. The method of producing paper, analogous in texture to hand made paper,
which consists in applying to the paper pulp, whilst spread over the travelling
wire of a Fourdrinier machine, a shake or vibratory motion, and simultaneously
subjecting it to the suction of a vacuum box in order that the paper may be
"made" whilst the pulp is under the influence of the maximum shake.
2. A Fourdrinier paper making machine constructed and operating as described
to produce paper analogous in texture to hand made paper."
1011
f
1000
WALLACE FAIRWEATHER,
Of the Firm of Cruikshank & Fairweather,
Chartered Patent Agents, 62, Saint Vincent Street, Glasgow,
Agent for the Applicant.