IMPROVEMENTS IN CARTS AND WHEELED VEHICLES."
Year: 1875

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Elijah Fisher, Machinist, and Thomas Marshall,
of the Firm of Thomas and Albert Marshall, Ironmongers, Agricul-
tural Engineers, and Seedsmen, all of Loughborough, in the County
of Leicester, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN CARTS AND
WHEELED VEHICLES."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by tho said Elijah Fisher and
Thomas Marshall at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 11th March 1875.
We, ELIJAH FISHER, Machinist, and THOMAS MARSHALL, of the
Firm of Thomas and Albert Marshall, Ironmongers, Agricultural
Engineers, and Seedsmen, all of Loughborough, in the County of
Leicester, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "Im-
PROVEMENTS IN CARTS AND WHEELED VEHICLES," to be as follows:-
-
The bodies of carts or other vehicles we construct with a framing of
wrought iron and malleable iron combined, or of either, to receive the

page_text: boarding to form the sides, ends, and bottom; the parts forming the
framing we either rivet, weld, or bolt together, and bolt, screw, rivet, or
nail the boarding thereto. When springs are required between the
bodies and the axles of the wheels, clips are formed on the under side of
the framing to secure scroll irons to in the usual way; when springs are
not required brackets are formed on the lower blades of the framing so
as to clip the sides of the wood bed carrying the axles, or to clip the
axle bar; the axles are of the usual construction. On the under side of
the lower blades of the body joints are formed or attached thereto to
which shafts are hinged.
When a tipping bar is employed we use an apparatus having a weighted
cam lever which throws two bolts, one to each shaft, in such manner
that the shafts are secured to or released from the body; such apparatus
we apply to the front or side of the cart or other vehicle.
The wheels we construct as follows:-The nave we make of cast iron,
malleable iron, gun metal, or other metal in two parts, one part has as
many recesses with one open side as there are to be spokes in the wheel;
the inner ends of the spokes are placed in the recesses, and when wedged
up are secured in position by a plate which covers the open sides of tho
recesses, being held to the recessed part by bolts or screws; such nave
may be bored out or otherwise formed for a bush for the axle, or it may
be formed of such shape that it can be shrunk on a chilled or other
bush.
The felloes we construct in two or more sections of malleable
iron or other metal, with plain or moulded sides; the ends of each
section are faced up and held in position by dowel pins whilo a tire is
shrunk on; the inner side of the felloes have wedged-shaped recesses
which receive the outer ends of the spokes which may be formed of
wood, malleable iron, or wrought iron.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, {
filed by the said Elijah Fisher and Thomas Marshall in the Great
Seal Patent Office on the 11th September 1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, ELIJAH
FISHER, Machinist, and THOMAS MARSHALL, of the Firm of Thomas and

page_text: as to clip the sides of the wood bed carrying the axles, or to clip the
axle bar; the axles are of the usual construction. On the under side of
the lower blades of the body joints are formed or attached thereto to
which shafts are hinged.
When a tipping bar is employed we use an apparatus having a §
weighted cam lever which throws two bolts, one to cach shaft, in such
manner that the shafts are secured to or released from the body; such
apparatus we apply to the front or side of the cart or other vehicle.
The wheels we construct as follows:-The nave we make of cast iron,
malleable iron, gun metal, or other metal in two parts; one part has as 1
many recesses with one open side as there are to be spokes in the wheel;
the inner ends of the spokes are placed in the recesses and when wedged
up are secured in position by a plate which covers the open sides of the
recesses, being held to the recessed part by bolts or screws; such nave
may be bored out or otherwise formed for a bush for the axle, or it may 1
be formed of such shape that it can be shrunk on a chilled or other
bush.
The felloes we construct in two or more sections of malleable
iron or other metal, with plain or molded sides; the ends of cach
section are faced up and held in position by dowel pins while a tire is 2
shrunk on; the inner sides of the fellocs have wedge-shaped recesses
which receive the outer ends of the spokes, which may be formed of
wood, malleable iron, or wrought iron.
The wheels of carts or other vehicles are constructed as follows:-The
nave, shewn in side view at Figure 1 and in section at Figure 2, we 2
make of cast iron, malleable iron, gun metal, or other metal in two
parts; one part A has as many recesses A' with one open side as there
are to be spokes in the wheel; in each recess the inner end of a spoke is
placed, and when wedged up the whole are secured in position by a
plate B which covers the open sides of the recesses, being held to the a
recessed part by bolts B¹ or screws; such nave may be bored out or
otherwise formed for a bush C to receive the axle D, or the nave may bo
formed of such shape that it can be shrunk on to a chilled or other bush;
the axle has a collar, upon each side of which is a leather washer D', the
axle being held in the nave by a plate or collar lying upon the larger 3
washer and secured to the inner flange of the nave by screws in the

page_text: Albert Marshall, Ironmongers, Agricultural Engineers, and Seedsmen,
all of Loughborough, in the County of Leicester, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Eleventh day of March, in tho year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, in the
thirty-eighth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-
cessors, give and grant unto us, the said Elijah Fisher and Thomas
Marshall, Her special licence, that we, the said Elijah Fisher and
Thomas Marshall, our executors, administrators, and assigns, or such
others as we, the said Elijah Fisher and Thomas Marshall, our cxccu-
tors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and
no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN CARTS AND WHEELED VEHICLES," upon the condition (amongst
others) that we, the said Elijah Fisher and Thomas Marshall, our
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under our,
or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Elijah Fisher and Thomas
Marshall, do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement, reference being had
to the accompanying Drawings forming part of this Specification:-
The bodies of carts or other vehicles we construct with a framing of
wrought iron and malleabe iron combined, or of either, to receive the
boarding to form the sides, ends, and bottom; the parts forming tho
framing we either rivet, weld, or bolt together, and bolt, screw, rivet, or
nail the boarding thereto. When springs are required between the
bodies and the axles of the wheels, clips are formed on the under side of
the framing to secure scroll irons to in the usual way; when springs are
not required, brackets are formed on the lower blades of the framing so

page_text: usual way; the outer end of the nave is covered by a cap C' screwed
into the bush.
The felloes we construct of two or more sections of malleable iron or
other metal, with plain or moulded sides; the ends of each section are
faced up and held in position by dowel pins while a tire F is shrunk on;
portion of a wheel so constructed is shown at Figure 22, partly in side
view and partly in longitudinal section, the faced ends and dowel pin being
seen at E'; the inner side of the felloes E have wedge-shaped recesses E³,
cach of which receive the outer end of a spoke E' which may be formed
of wood, malleable iron, or wrought iron. An outer view of portion of
such felloe and tire is shown at Figure 3; and a under or inner view
of portion of a felloe at Figure 1; Figures 5 and 6 are respectively
transvere sectional views of a felloc at E and E², E being the felloc;
E², the recess for a spoke; and F, the tire.
The bodies of carts or other vehicles we construct with a framing of
wrought iron and malleable iron combined, or of cither, to receive the
boarding to form the sides, ends, and bottom. The body of a cart so
constructed is shown in side view at Figure 13, and a back view at
Figure 14; the parts forming such framing wo either rivet, weld, or
bolt together, and bolt, screw, rivet, or nail the boarding thereto. When
springs are required between the bodies and the axles of the wheels, clips
are formed on or rivetted to the under side of the framing to secure
scroll irons to in the usual way. When springs are not required
brackets G are secured on the lower blades of the framing so as to clip
the sides of the wood bed carrying the axles, or to clip the axle bar, as
shown at Figure 13. An enlarged view of such bracket is shewn in
side view at Figure 15, and a full sized end view of a bracket rivetted to
the framing at Figure 16.
Figures 17 to 21 are full sized sectional views of parts of the framing
marked by corresponding letters at Figures 13 and 11.
For light vehicles we employ a bracket H, seen in side view at
Figuro 7; in part plan at Figure 8; an end view at Figure 9; and an
under side view of the slotted portion at Figure 10. In the slot II' the
axle bar H is free to rise and fall; the upper portion of the bracket
over the slot forms a box H, which is divided from the slot by a stud
plate H' dropped in it, shewn by dotted lines in Figure 7; in the box H

page_text: we place a convoluted spring, one end of which bears on the top of
the plate H³, and its other end on the under side of the framing to which
the bracket is rivetted; the stud on the lower side of the plate H³ takes
into the top of another convoluted spring, the lower end of which bears
upon the top of the axle bar. These springs are not shown in the
Drawings as their shape will depend upon the load required to be
carried, but when in place a light load, say, six hundredweight, will
compress the lower spring before compressing the upper one, the double
pair carrying from 4 to 12 hundredweight. Such spring boxes and slots
we make of a size to receive springs to carry any load required.
On the under side of the lower blades of the body of a cart or other
veliicle we form or attach joints thereto to which shafts are hinged, as
shewn at Figures 13 and 24. At Figure 24 portion of the side framing
of a vehicle is shewn with the shaft hinged thereto, and in front of the
hinge we secure a stud on the upper side of the shaft, and to the under
side or side of the framing we attach a clip I in which the shaft is free
to rise and fall; the stud on the shaft and the sides of the clip keep in
place a shallow convoluted spring, shewn by dotted lines, which
effectually prevent the sudden shocks and jolts experienced when passing
over ruts or a rough road.
When a tipping bar is employed we use an apparatus shown in front
view at Figure 11, and in side view at Figure 12, having a weighted
cam lever K, shewn in the position it occupics when the bolts are holding
the shafts secured to the body of the vehicle, but upon the lever K being
pushed over in the direction indicated by the arrows the shafts will be
released from the body; such apparatus we apply to the front or side of
a cart or other vehicle.
Figure 23 is a sectional view of a nave we employ for heavy carts;
such nave is similar in construction and material to that shewn at
Figures 1 and 2.
A is the nave; A', the recess for the spokes; C, the
bush; D, the axle. The nave is hollowed at the back to keep in the
lubricant employed, and is held on the axle by a collar and nut C¹
secured on the outer end by a cotter and split pin, a small slot being
formed in the outer end of the nave for inserting the cotter.
Having thus fully described the nature of the Invention, and the
manner of performing the same, we wish it understood that we claim,

page_text: the general arrangement and combination described and illustrated in
the foregoing Specification.
In witness whereof, we, the said Elijah Fisher and Thomas
Marshall, have hereunto set our hands and seals, this Ninth
day of September, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight
hundred and seventy-five.
Witness,
H. W. GOUGH, O.E.,
Nottingham.
(L.S.).
ELIJAH FISHER.
THOMAS MARSHALL. (L.S.)