AN IMPROVED MODE OF MANUFACTURING CARPETS
Year: 1854

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Alfred Vincent Newton, of the Office for Patents,
66, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Mechanical Draughts-
man, for the Invention of "AN IMPROVED MODE OF MANUFACTURING
CARPETS."A communication.
Sealed the 16th June 1854, and dated the 31st March 1854.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Alfred Vincent Newton
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
31st March 1854.
I, ALFRED VINCENT NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane,
in the County of Middlesex, Mechanical Draughtsman, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED MODE OF MANUFACTURING
CARPETS" to be as follows:-
The object of this Invention is to produce a carpet with a cut pile that
cannot be torn or swept out, and at the same time which may be woven upon
a plain loom. For this purpose a heavy linen or cotton warp is used, the same
being kept at all times tightly strained and forming one side or other of the
shed. The opposite side of the shed is formed by a woollen warp, which is
allowed to remain loose or but slightly strained. These two constitute the
only warp of the carpet, and they are constantly upon opposite sides of the
shed. A fine linen or cotton filling is shot below the coarse warp, and a similar
filling is shot upon the upper surface of the linen warp.
The operation of weaving of this carpet is as follows:-The shed is opened
by depressing the middle warp and raising the coarse warp; a shuttle thread is

page_text: then thrown in, and in beating up, the woollen warp, being comparatively loose,
is drawn down to the lower surface of the cloth. The woollen warp is then
raised and the linen warp depressed; a second shot of filling being thrown in,
the beating up draws up the woollen chain around the last shuttle thread, as
before, and the shed is changed again, the woollen passing down and the linen
up, and the third shuttle thread is thrown in; the shed is then changed, and
the wire is put in to form a loop of the pile. The woollen warp then descends
again, and a fourth shuttle thread is thrown in, and so on, as before. By this
means the pile is firmly woven into the body. of the carpet, while, by means of
the peculiar arrangement of the shuttle threads above and below the ground
warp, the tufts are not separated so far from each other as to make a loose
pile, as would be the case were the woollen yarn woven in the ordinary manner
into the surface of a plain fabric.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Alfred Vincent Newton in the "Great Seal Patent Office on
the 30th September 1854.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, 'ALFRED
VINCENT NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane, in the County
of Middlesex, Mechanical Draughtsman, send greeting.
at any.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Thirty-first day of March, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-four, in the seventeenth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Alfred Vincent Newton, Her special license that I, the said Alfred Vincent
Newton, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said Alfred Vincent Newton, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times there-
after during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "AN IMPROVED MODE
OF MANUFACTURING .CARPETS," being a communication from abroad, upon the
condition (amongst others) that I; the said Alfred Vincent Newton,. by an
instrument in writing. under my hand and seal, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the. said Invention, and in what, manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be..filed in the Great Seal; Patent
Office within six calendar months next, and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Alfred Vincent Newton, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, reference being had to the Drawing hereunto annexed,
and to the letters and figures marked thereon' (that is to say) :-
The fabric which the present Invention is calculated to produce most nearly
resembles that manufactured in Turkey, and known as. the Turkey carpet
The process by which it is made is slow and expensive, every individual thread
of the tuft or pile being knotted into the body of the carpet by hand, so that
it cannot be drawn out; and in consequence, this carpet is strong and durable
.beyond everything which has heretofore been attained in carpets or pile fabrics
that are produced by the process of weaving in the loom. In the accom-
panying Drawing, Fig. 1 shews two longitudinal sections of the fabric of tapestry
carpets, the left hand portion being upon the line A, A, and the right hand
portion upon the line B, B, of Fig. 2. Fig. 2 is a transverse section of the
same upon the line C, C, of Fig. 1. a is the coarse linen warp, which is strained
tight in the loom; 6, the fine warp; c, the lower shoots; d, the upper shoots
of the filling and f, the tuft or pile.
The back of this carpet is composed wholly of linen or cotton, the fine warp
being generally made to cross at every two shoots of the shuttle. In the above
described specimen it crosses at every third shoot. The pile is held down upon
the surface of the cotton or linen cloth by a single shoot, or at most by two
shoots (as seen at d, in Fig. 1).
.
The material which forms the pile is not woven into the body of the cloth,
of which it in no case forms a part; carpets of this description are therefore
speedily injured by wear, for the operation of sweeping has to be performed
very thoroughly, in order to remove the dirt from the tuft or pile, while the
latter, being but imperfectly secured to the body of the carpet, is easily dis-
turbed or torn out altogether.
Fig. 3 represents a longitudinal section of an uncut Brussels carpet upon
the line D, D, of Fig. 4; and Fig. 4 is a transverse section of the same
through the line E, E, of Fig. 3. g is the linen warp; h, the upper shoot of
linen, filling h', the lower shoot; k, the pile; m, the dead or stuffing chain,
which will be hereafter referred to.
In carpets of this description, whether cut or uncut in the pile, the different
colored threads not required in the figure upon the face of the goods are made
to run longitudinally through the back of the fabric, where they lie, as it were,
dormant, and form what is called the "dead or stuffing chain," serving only to
give body to the back of the goods. This is rendered necessary in Brussels

page_text: carpets (the yarns not being dyed in the loom), by the fact, that while but one
color is in use upon the surface of the fabric at a time, the others must be at
hand, to be brought up when required.
The yarns which form the stuffing chain are not woven up and down through
the cloth, nor do they form a part of the woven fabric, but lie concealed within
it; at no time therefore can a greater proportion than one-fifth of the worsted
be used upon the surface, the remaining four-fifths being thrown into the back,
as before stated. Thus it will be seen that a large proportion of the most
expensive part of the stock is made to lie dead within the body of the cloth.
It will also be seen, upon an inspection of Fig. 3, that except where the colors
change, the loops of the pile are held to the surface of the carpet by a single
shoot of filling; the pile is therefore very liable to be withdrawn or swept out
where it is cut; and were the attempt made to fasten it more securely by
passing a greater number of shoots over it, or by weaving it into the fabric,
the loops would be thrown too far apart, and the pile would not be sufficiently
close.
Both of the above description of carpets require to be woven upon very
complicated and expensive looms; the Brussels requiring a jacquard machine,
and the tapestry a costly apparatus for printing the yarns in the loom.
a
To avoid these inconveniences, and to produce a carpet with a pile that
cannot be torn or swept out, and at the same time which may be woven upon
plain loom without jacquard or dyeing apparatus, is the object of the present
Invention, which may be described as follows:-Fig. 5 is a cross section of the
carpet upon the line F, F, of Fig. 6; and Fig. 6 is a longitudinal section of
the same, the left hand portion being cut upon the line G, G, and the right
hand portion upon the line H, H, of Fig. 5; n is a heavy linen or cotton warp,
which is kept at all times tightly strained, and which forms one side or other
of the shed, the other side of which is formed by a woollen warp, which is
allowed to remain loose or but slightly strained. These two constitute the only
warps of the carpet, and they are constantly upon opposite sides of the shed;
o is a fine linen or cotton filling which is shot below the coarse warp n; p is a
similar filling upon the upper surface of the linen warp. The weaving of this
carpet is effected as follows:-The shed is opened by depressing the middle or
woollen warp and raising the coarse warp; the shoot 1 is then thrown in, and
in beating up, the woollen warp, being comparatively loose, is drawn down to the
lower surface of the cloth. The woollen warp is then raised and the linen warp
depressed, the shoot of filling 2 being thrown in; the beating up draws up the
woollen chain around the last shuttle thread, as before, and the shed is changed
again, the woollen warp passing down and the linen up, and the third shuttle

page_text: thread 3 is thrown in; the shed is then changed, and the wire is put in to form
a loop of the pile. The woollen warp then descends again, and the shuttle
thread 4 is thrown in, and so on, as before. It will be perceived that the pile
is thus firmly woven into the body of the carpet, and cannot be eradicated
therefrom, while by means of the peculiar arrangement just described of the
shuttle threads above and below the ground warp, the tufts are not separated
so far from each other as to make a loose pile, as would be the case were the
woollen yarn woven in the ordinary manner into the surface of a plain fabric.
And it is this peculiar construction of the fabric which constitutes the novelty,
and which forms the basis of the present Invention, by which I am enabled
to produce a fabric with the pile standing close all over its surface, at the same
time that if is securely interwoven through the body of the carpet.
By weaving this fabric of uncolored yarns, and printing it after shearing the
pile, a rich velvet carpet will be produced at a comparatively small cost, having
all the beauty of the most expensive tapestry carpets printed in the loom, with
the additional advantage, that the pile, though dense and close, cannot be swept
or torn out from the back ground, an item of the first importance in a carpet
of this description, and one which will render this carpet far more durable than
any cut pile carpet heretofore made, the Turkey carpet alone excepted.
Having now set forth the nature of the Invention of "An Improved Mode
of Manufacturing Carpets," as communicated to me by my foreign corre-
spondent, and explained the manner of carrying the same into effect, I wish
it to be understood, that under the above in part recited Letters Patent I
claim, the above-described method of weaving a cut pile fabric (that is to say)
interweaving the pile into the body of the cloth, and confining it by means of
the shuttle threads above and below the foundation warps, in the manner
described and for the purpose set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Alfred Vincent Newton, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, the Twenty-sixth day of September, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-four.
Witness,
FRED. WALKDEN,
66, Chancery Lane.
A. V. NEWTON. (L.S.)

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