CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF TYPE FOR PRINTING, AND IN THE MACHINERY EMPLOYED FOR THE SAME;
Year: 1845

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, PHILIPPE
POIRIER DE ST. CHARLES, of Norfolk Street, Strand, in the County of Middle-
sex, Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most. Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the First day of July, One: thousand eight hundred and forty-
five, in the ninth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Philippe Poirier de St. Charles, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and
authority, that I, the said Philippe Poirier de St. Charles, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Philippe Poirier
de St. Charles, my executors, 'administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all, times during the
term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within England, Wales; and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and
in the Islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, and also in all
Her said Majesty's Colonies and Plantations abroad; my Invention of "CERTAIN
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF TYPE FOR PRINTING, AND IN THE MACHINERY
EMPLOYED FOR THE SAME; in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso

page_text: that I, the said Phillippe Poirier de St. Charles, shall cause a particular
description of the nature of my said Invention, and the manner in which the
same is to be performed, to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court
of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference
being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Philippe Poirier de St. Charles, do hereby declare the nature of my said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed and carried
into practical effect, to be as the same are described and ascertained in and by
the following statement thereof, reference being had to the four illustrative
Sheets of Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters marked
thereon respectively, that is to say :-
My Invention of "Certain Improvements in the Production of Type for
Printing, and in the Machinery employed for the same," consists,
Firstly, in a new and peculiar mode of producing type for printing, by
arranging or disposing a considerable length of a wrought or cast metallic
bar, or bar formed of a metallic alloy or alloys, and in passing the same in its
cold state around a cylinder or pulley, such said bar being caused to advance,
and being operated upon in the manner herein-after fully described, set forth,
and represented. And,
Secondly, in a new and peculiar mechanical combination and arrangement
of parts, constituting a machine, wherein the said metallic bar is operated
upon, and whereby the type are formed...
And in order to explain my said Invention as completely as possible, I will
proceed to describe the mechanical combinations and arrangements of parts
which I consider well calculated for carrying out my said Invention, and I
have found to answer extremely well in practice.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS..
The Drawing No.1 exhibits a side'elevation of the machine. The Drawing
No. 2 exhibits a top plan view of the machine.
The Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13. .of-the. Drawings
Nos. 3 and 4, exhibit several views of detached portions of the machine herein-
after referred to. Similar letters of reference are placed upon and denote
corresponding parts, in so far as such parts appear or can be seen in each of
the Figures respectively.
At the Drawings Nos. 1 and 2, A, A, marks a framing of case iron,"
supporting the table B, B, which is likewise of cast iron. "C; C; marks pullies:

page_text: around which are passed, wound, or coiled the metallic bars D, D, the transverse
section of which is of a rectangular form. E, E, marks rollers for straightening
the said metallic bars. The pullies E, E, which are mounted upon studs fixed
to the upright piece E*, have grooves or channels formed around them of corre
sponding width to the bars employed, which are of different widths, according
to the size of the type required to be formed, and such said grooves arc
employed to guide the bar in its proper course. F, F, marks screws for
adjusting the rollers E, E, to the required distance asunder. G, G, marks a
piece which I call a conductor, and which I employ to advance the said
metallic bar D a given distance from and between the rollers E, E, towards
the props or pieces A, M, and A i, as shewn at Figure 11 of Drawing No. 3.
The conductor G, which has to perform four distinct and different movements,
hereafter fully described, is composed of several distinct portions, the principal
of which are as follows:-Firstly, that part which I call the carriage,
marked H; secondly, that part which I call the bill bearer, marked i;
thirdly, the lower bill marked J; fourthly, the lever K; fifthly, the upper
bill bearer, marked L; and, sixthly, the upper bill marked M. The
carriage H, which is constructed of metal, supports the several parts of the
bar. conductor G, which latter piece is guided and slides in its proper course
between guide pieces N, N; fixed to and upon the table B, B. The said
carriage. is actuated or put in motion in the manner herein-after described.
Upon the upper surface of the carriage H are fixed four columns or guide
pins, which. extend in a vertical direction, and passing through ears or pro-
jections a, a, formed upon the lower bill bearer, ensure a perfectly perpen-
dicular motion thereof. P marks a stop plate, which governs or determines
the distance through which the carriage H moves, by means of the adjusting
screw A, A... The. lower bill bearer is constructed of a piece of metal, having
four ears or projections formed thereon, through which pass the four columns
or guide pins of the carriage, as before mentioned. In the direction of the
length of the piece i, and at its upper surface, there is a groove formed to
receive the lower, bill J, which is retained in its proper position by. a screw S.
The lower bill J is constructed of steel, and has a groove formed in its upper
surface, and in. the direction of the length thereof, and the width of such
groove is equal to the width of the metallic .bar to be held therein;' and the
depth of the said groove is somewhat less than the thickness of the bar D, which
it has to receive. Thus it will obviously occur, that as metallic bars of different
sizes will be used according to the size of the type required. to be formed, it will
be necessary to have lower bills formed of different sizes as regards the grooves
therein, so as to suit the size of the bar to be operated upon. The lever k is
:

page_text: constructed of a piece of metal of the form shewn at the Drawings Nos. 1 and 2,
having its fulcrum upon a pin or bolt Q, fixed to the upper bill bearer L.
The opposite end of the lever k is situate under the lower bill bearer i, to
which it imparts pressure, as also to the lower bill J contained therein, at
certain intervals of time previously determined upon, whereby the metallic
bar D is forced against the upper bill M, the construction of which is here-
after mentioned, immediately that the lever k receives pressure from the
roller R. The upper bill bearer is constructed of a piece of metal, fixed upon
the carriage II, and has a groove formed at its under surface and in the
direction of the length of the said piece, similar to that in the lower bill bearer,
to receive the upper bill bearer, which is retained in its proper position
by the screw S. The upper bill is constructed of steel, and is inserted
in the groove formed in the upper bill--bearer to receive it; and the
adjustment of the screw S determines the space or distance between tlie
upper and lower bills J and M, according to the size of the metallic bar
to be operated upon. The perpendicular movement of the upper bill is
maintained by guide pins T, T'; and the upper bill.M, being formed without a
groove, adapts itself to bars differing in size, and does not therefore require to
be changed as the lower bill. The action of the conductor G is as follows:-
The cutting. lever A, B, the construction of which is hereafter maintained,
raises the lever U, upon each end of the arms of which last-mentioned lever
there are antifriction rollers R, which being caused to press upon the lever k
effect the closing of the bills J and M, which having been thus brought into
close contact with the upper and under sides of the bar to be operated upon
by the means above described, the bar conductor is next advanced in the
following manner-Upon the shaft B, G, there is fixed a spur or projection V,
which, as the shaft B, G, rotates, is brought into contact with a steel tooth or
projection X, which slides between guide pieces Y, Y, fixed to the table B,
as shewn. To this tooth or projection is fixed one end of the rod 0², the
other end of the said rod being connected to the lever O, whose fulcrum is
a pin or stud O'. Thus, as the shaft B, G, revolves, the spur V, acting upon the
tooth or projection X, thereby imparts reciprocating movement to the rod and
lever O and O2, and to the carriage H, to which it is connected, as shewn at
Figure 12 of Drawing No. 4, and thereby advances the said parts a portion
of their entire course, the remaining portion being effected by the excentric Z
fixed upon the wheel B, P, coming into contact with the tooth X, whereby
the course of the carriage is completed. The rod O, and parts in connection
therewith, are caused to move in an opposite direction by the following
means: When the excentric Z has carried the tooth X to the full extent of

page_text: its range, it retains it in that position by its peculiar formation, shewn at
Figure 3 of Drawing No. 4, during the time necessary for the props A, M,
and Ai, to perform their office of closing upon the metallic bar D, to prevent
it from receding, which having been effected the excentric Z sets free or
5 disengages the tooth X, which, being acted upon by pressure of a steel spring
situated under the table B, restores the tooth X, and parts in connection
therewith, to their original positions. Motion being thus imparted to the
carriage H causes the bar D to be advanced towards the props Ai and A, M,
and places a certain length of the bar D proportionate to the type to be
formed between the said props, after which the bar D is disengaged from
the upper and lower bills M and J, the said bar being prevented from.
recoiling or moving backwards by pressure of the prop A, M, thereon, the
carriage H then recedes to receive and advance another similar length
of the bar D, whence the necessary motion for effecting this part of the
operations of the machine. And I would here remark, that in order to
prevent bending of the bar D, I cause the motion of the rod O to increase
gradually by being first acted upon by the spur V, which being nearer to the
centre of the shaft B, G, then the excentric Z causes the rod O to be moved
through considerably less space than when acted upon by the excentric Z,
whence the necessary acceleration in the speed of the carriage H. The
pressure lever A, B, whose fulcrum is a pin A, R, and which lever extends
from the shaft B, G, by which it is actuated, imparts motion to the links A, C,
which are attached to the said lever by means of the screw A, D, which:
passing through a hole formed in the link A, C, serves also to regulate or
govern the amount of pressure exerted upon the sliding block A, E, to which
the link A, C, is attached by screws 1, 2, employed for raising the said sliding
block, the construction of which block is as follows:-A, E, marks a solid
block of metal placed between two parallel pieces of metal A, P, which serve
as guides to maintain the perpendicular movement of the block A, E, to which
is attached the dove-tailed slide A, F, carrying the punches A, E, the con-
struction of which is shewn at Figure 8 of Drawing No. 4, which punches
are rivetted or otherwise attached to the said piece. The slide A, F, is firmly
held in its proper position by a screw G. The flat punch 3 is constructed
with a notch in the middle of one side thereof, as shewn, whereby it produces
the following effects:-The straight side of the punch cuts the bar D per-
fectly square with the sides thereof, and of the precise length of the body
of the type, while the notched side prepares the bar to penetrate into the
engraved inould or matrix, thereby facilitating the action of the said engraved
mould. or matrix in making the impression. This form of punch is only

page_text: employed in forming letters or characters which occupy the centre of the end
of the bar, such as M, N, O, &c. For those letters or characters that
occupy the whole width of the bar, such as gl, i, j, &c., the punchi used is
of rectangular form without a notch, as 'shewn at Figure 13 of Drawing
No. 4; at the Figure 9 of which Drawing the prop A i is represented with
apertures formed therein, through which pass the punches 3, 4, or 3, 5; the
punch 4, which is formed of a piece of round steel, presses with balf its cir-
cumference upon the edge of the bar, and thus forms or cuts a small groove
in the body of the type, which is designated by printers the "nick." These
punclics, after having passed through the metallic bar D, and penetrated into
the groove formed in the lower prop A i, and acting as a cutting plate, remain
in that position until the pressure of the engraved mould or matrix has been
exerted upon the end of the bar D, the said punches forming an abutment for
one end of the type under formation, while the other end is being impressed
with the letter or character. I would here remark, in the construction of
hollow type, that as a flat surface, and not a relief, is required, I do not
employ the notched punch above mentioned, but the punch formed without a
notch, as shewn at Figure 13 of Drawing No. 4. The construction of the
lower prop Ai, which is dovetailed into the prop bearer A.J, is constructed as
follows: In the middle of the piece A there is a recess, cut or formed with
mathematical precision, and of the precise width of the bar of which the type
is to be formed, according to the size of the body of the type required. That
part of the recess which extends beyond the joint or abutment is formed
wider than the other part of the recess, in order to facilitate the course of the
metallic bar D thereon. The abutment b', shewn at Drawing No. 4, serves
to protect the upper prop A, M, against the force of the pressure exerted by
the rammer B, E, hereafter mentioned, thereon. The round and and square
holes formed through this prop are to receive the two punches A, H, shewn
at Figure 8 of Drawing No. 4. The upper prop A, M, is constructed with
two notches, through which pass freely the two punches A, H, as shown at
Figure 10, Drawing No. 4. The special use of this prop is to exért, in con-
junction with the lower prop A i, pressure upon the metallic bar D under
operation, which pressure maintains the perfect parallelism of the body of the
type as far as the point where the cutting punch is, which divides the bar D,
and likewise screws the said bar from such said point of division to the
abutment b', so as to prevent it from recoiling whilst the bar conductor G
is performing its retrograde movement, so as to present another length
or portion of the bar D to the action of the engraved mould or matrix. This
upper prop, which is acted upon by pressure of the lever A, S, by being

page_text: forced into close contact with the wide sides of the metallic bar which
rests upon the lower prop Ai, holds the said bar. firmly until the .prongs
or projections A; L, have been imprinted in the said bar. This i prop is, also
constructed. with a recess similar to that in the lower prop, so that when
the faces of these, props are brought together, the said recesses present the
figure; of a perfect parallelogram. whose area is equal to the area of the
metallic bar of which the body of the type is composed; and, it is at this
precise period of time that the sliding block of metal A, E, descends, and puts
in' action the punches A, H, and operates upon the upper and lower props;in
the following manner:-The punches descending cut the metallic bar asunder,
and at the same time form the nick in the body of the type under formation,
and the sliding block A, E, continuing its descent, exerts., vertical pressure
upon the upper prop and upon the metallic bar D, between.it and the under
prop, 'the lateral pressure against the prop A, M, remaining unaltered during.
this period of time; and it is now that the impression of the engraved mould,
matrix, or punch takes place, as hereafter described,. which having been
effected, the sliding block A, E, is caused to ascend with its punches, and tlie
lever A, S, receiving a retrograde movement, ceases its lateral pressure
against the props, and sets free the body of the letter, character, or type thus
formed, when, the length of bar which has been firmly held from its point. of
section or division of such said bar to form the body of the last-mentioned
character being advanced towards the props A, M, and. A, i, by the bar con-
ductor G, pushes forward the letter, character, or type just formed, and occupies
its place, to be similarly acted upon, and thus is each length or portion of the
said metallic bar D advanced and acted upon in succession during the working
of the machine. It will obviously occur that as metallic bars of different
sizes will require to be employed according to the size of the type, letter,: or
character to be formed, it will be necessary to have the recesses in the props
formed of different sizes, in accordance with the sizes, of the metallic bars to"
be operated upon, such said props being readily adjusted to the machine in
the manner before described. A, K, marks a screw for supporting that
end of the upper prop which receives pressure from the lever A, S, and for
adjusting the said props in a horizontal position with the metallic bar and the
lower prop upon which the said bar rests. The upper and lower props are
furnished with prongs, teeth, or. projections A, L, fixed to or formed upon the
said props and opposite to each other, the one being situate at the under side
of the upper prop; and the other at the upper side of the lower prop, as
shewn at A, L, Figures 9 and 10 of. Drawing No. 4. Thus, as the metallic

page_text: bar is pressed between the upwer and lower props, these prongs, teeth, or
projections being caused to penetrate into the body of the type.under forma-
tion will have the effect of condensing the metallic particles contained
between these prongs and that end of the body of the type which has to
receive the impression from the engraved mould or. matrix, or, in other words,
that which produces the letter or character. By the use of these teeth, prongs,
or projections the metal will have acquired a greater degree of density at that
extremity of the bar D which has to receive pressure from the engraved mould
or matrix than the other portion of the bar, by which great neatness of relief
and perfect reproductions or facsimiles of the engraved mould or matrices are
obtained. I would further remark, that the depth to which these prongs,
teeth, or projections are inserted into the metallic bar must be in proportion to
the thickness of the said bar, and such as to leave sufficient substance of
metal at this part of the body of the type, letter, or character to withstand
the necessary pressure when "set up," and in the printing press, as, for
instance, in the formation of certain letters or characters, such as i or 1, which
do not occupy so much substance of metal as thicker letters or characters, the
teeth should be less prominent than those letters or characters that require a
greater thickness of metal, and I have found it advisable in practice to employ
three sets or pairs of upper and lower props, according to the size of the
body of the type to be formed; and these I employ in the following order:
For thick letters or characters, such as M, W, &c., I employ props having large
teeth or projections fixed to or formed thereon; for the letters or characters
a, o, u, &c., I employ props having teeth, prongs, or projections somewhat
less in depth than the last-mentioned ones; and for the letters or characters
i, j, &c., I employ props having prongs still smaller than those lastly above
mentioned, and these prongs or projections should be formed perfectly smooth,
so as not to retain the body of the type, letter, or character after the pressure
is removed therefrom. It will appear evident that these teeth, prongs, or
projections thus arranged and proportioned are indispensable conditions whereby
to obtain with neatness the perfect reproduction or facsimile of the engraved
mould or matrix in every description of letter, character, cipher, and type in
relief. In the formation of concave type, or the reproduction of impressions
from punches having letters or characters engraved or cut thereon in relief,
and which punch is substituted in the place of the engraved mould or matrix
above mentioned, I employ props the recesses of which are proportioned to
the size of the bars to be operated upon, and such said props I form without
teeth, prongs, or projections upon their surfaces, and unlike those employed in

page_text: the construction of letters or characters formed in relief, as above mentioned.
A, J, marks the lower metal prop holder, situate in a square hole formed in
the table B, B. This prop holder, together with the lower prop which is
placed therein, is adjusted to the required height, so as to bring the end of
the metallic bar exactly opposite to the engraved mould, matrix, or punch,
which I effect by means of the screw A, N, which screw passes through a
hole formed in the table, such said screw being actuated by a lever wheel
attached thereto. A, O, marks a hole formed through the prop holder and
table for the passage of the scraps of metal produced by the cutting punches
before mentioned. A, Q, A, Q, marks screws for securing the block A, E, in
the guide pieces, and for securing the vertical pieces A, P, to the table. A, S,
marks a lever mounted upon an axis or fulcrum A, V, and employed to impart
lateral pressure to the upper prop A, M, by means of the cam B, P, shewn
at Figure 3 of Drawing No..4, which is mounted upon the shaft B, G. A
reverse movement of the said lever is effected by pressure of the spring A, T,
against it. A, U, marks a screw passing through a hole formed in the end of
the lever A, S, as shewn at Figure 11 of Drawing No. 3, by which is
regulated the amount of presure of the said lever upon the prop A, M.
A, X, marks a pressure lever which is acted upon by the lever A, S. The
upper prop A, M, is prevented from rising too high by coming into contract
with the screw A, Y. Thus, as the lever A, S, exerts pressure upon the prop
A, M, in one direction, the lever A, X, exerts a pressure opposed to the
direction in which the metallic bar is moving, so as to retain the said prop in
its proper position, as shewn at Figures 4 and 7 of Drawing No. 4. The
screw A, Y, which passes through the lever A, X, serves also to adjust the
height to which such prop is allowed to rise, thereby ensuring the egress of
the finished type by the pressure of the metallic bar as it advances to occupy
its place to be similarly operated upon. The retrograde movement of the lever
A, X, is effected by pressure of a spring attached to the under side of the
lever A, S. A, Z, marks a brush employed to remove any metallic fragments
or other extraneous matter that may have adhered to the metallic bar. This
brush receives reciprocating movements by means of a rod B, A, which is
attached to the brush, being acted upon by a notched wheel B, B, shewn at
Figure 1 of the Drawing No. 4. B, C, marks guide pieces, between which
the rammer B, E, of the construction herein-âfter mentioned, moves, and is
guided in its proper course, and by which the matrix or punch may be
moved from right to left, so as to be brought into a direct line with the
end of the metallic bar to be operated upon. B, D, marks screws for

page_text: adjusting the said guide pieces. against the sides of, the rammer.. Upon
one end of each of these. screws there is fixed, a pinion, the central one
of which. serves to impart an equal amount of, motion to the, screws on either
side of it, whereby the perfect parallelism, between the inner edges of the
slides is maintained.. B, E, marks a rammer. furnished.. with metal slides.
B, F, marks. an engraved matrix, mould, or .punch,, securely fixed to the
'rammer by a screw B, X,.the proper position of the letter or character.formed
in or upon the matrix or punch, and that of the metallic bar to be operated
upon, being adjusted: by. turning round the piece B, F, which is securely, held
in the required position by. the set screw B, X, passing through the upper
part of the rammer, as shewn at the Drawing No. 2. B, H, marks a cam
shewn at Figure:2 of Drawing No. 4, fixed upon the shaft B, G, and employed
to actuate the pressure lever A, B, and parts in connection therewith. B, i,
marks a spur or projection fixed upon the shaft B, G, which spur or projection
as the shaft rotates is brought into contract with the projecting part or curved
surface formed upon the piece B, J, such piece being connected to the lever
A, B, by a pin A, R, as shewn at Figure 6 of Drawing No. 4, whereby
motion is imparted to one end of the pressing lever, A, B,-in a downward
direction, the upper movement. thereof being effected by the cam B, H, fixed
upon the shaft B, G. B, K, marks a lever or eccentric fixed. upon the shaft
B, G, which shaft as it rotates causes pressure of the excentric B, k; against
the lever B, L, mounted upon an axis B,.L', and of..the rammer. B, E,
whereby the impression of the matrix or, punch is effected in or upon the end
of the metallic bar, as before mentioned. B, M, marks a screw, attached to
the rammer, for regulating the amount of pressure to be exerted, thereon.
B, N, marks a piece of metal, one part of which is attached to the under side
of the rammer, as shewn at Figure 5 of Drawing No. 4, and the opposite
end of the piece B, N, which is bent at right angles, or nearly so, thereto, is
acted upon by a tooth or projection B, O, fixed upon the shaft B, G, as shewn
at Figure 5 of Drawing No. 4. Thus, as the said shaft rotates, the tooth or
projection B, O, being brought into contact with the bent end of the piece
B, N, draws back the rammer B, E, immediately after the excentric.B, k, has
produced its effect. B, Q, marks a ratchet wheel fixed upon one end of the
shaft B, G. B, R, marks a pall taking into the said ratchet wheel, by which
the recoil of the shaft B, G, is prevented.. B, S, marks a fly wheel mounted
and keyed upon the shaft B, G, upon which is mounted the fixed pulley B, U,
and loose pulley B, T. B, V, marks a box for holding matrices, punches, &c.
The operations of this machine are as follow:-Having first charged the

page_text: pullies (C) C, with the metallic bar or alloy, of which the said type is to be
formed, motion being imparted to the driving shaft B,.G, by any adequate
prime mover, will cause motion of the tooth B, i, which, pressing upon' 'tlie
inclined curved surface of the piece B, J, will depress one end of the lever
A, B. The opposite end of this lever being connected to one end of the
lever U by a pin, as shewn, will depress the opposite end of this last-mentioned
lever, which will depress the lever I and have the effect of closing the upper
and lower bills M and J mounted upon the carriage H, which being actuated
in the inanner before described will, after the upper and lower bills have been
brought into close contract with the metallic bar, be advanced towards and
between the upper and lower props, when that end of the levér A; B, nearest
to the shaft B, G, being raised by the micans herein-before described,' will
cause the opposite. end of the said lever to be depressed, together with: the
sliding block A, E, and the punches and piece A, F, to which they are
attached; by which the metallic bar will be divided, and a given length will be
cut off the required length. to form the body of the type, and the piece A, F,
pressing upon the prop A, M, will hold the piece thus separated firmly betweci
the
e upper and lower props, and whilst thus held the rammer B, E, and the matrix
or punch attached, thereto, will be forcibly pressed by the means before described
against the end of the body of the type, and the facsimile of the impression or
re-production of the engraved matrix, mould, or punch bé thereby produced in or
upon the end of the said metallic bar. The carriage H, which has now per-
formed its retrograde movement, and when the upper and lower bills M and J
have been brought into contact with the bar D, the said carriage will now
be ready to advance therewith, at which precise period of time the pressure
will be removed from the type just formed, the rammer B, E, will be drawn
back, and the bar D, as it is 'moved onwards, will force out the type with the
newly-formed letter or character thereon, which type, being ejected, will have
its place supplied by another length of bär, to be similarly acted upon.
And it will be seen, upon referring to the Drawing No. 2, that the 'machine
there represented exbibits two precisely similar mechanical combinations and
arrangements, which are described by similar letters of reference being placed
on each of the parts respectively. The machine thus arranged and combined
is capable of forming two distinct impressions or type, either similar or dissi-
milar, as regards the letter or character, at one and the same time. And this
principle of action it will appear evident may be extended ad infinitum; but
for general purposes I have found the machine above mentioned and repre-
sented to answer extremely well.

page_text: Having now described the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed and carried into practical effect, I wish it to be
distinctly understood that I do not claim the exclusive use of any of the
separate parts above mentioned and referred to, except in so far as the same
may be employed in combination and for the purposes of my said Invention,
which I hereby declare to consist in, and I claim,
Firstly, the producing of metallic bodies or implements known and dis-
tinguished by printers as "type," from wrought or cast metal when in a cold
state, whether such metal be in a simple state, or alloyed or compounded with
any other metal or metals; but as the metallic substance or substances to be
employed in the production of such said "type" forms no part of my said
Invention, I do not therefore limit myself to the use of any particular metal
or metallic alloy or alloys for the purposes of my said Invention.
Secondly, I claim the modes of arrangement, principle of construction, and
mechanical combinations of the several parts composing the machine above
mentioned and referred to, and whereby. the several operations necessary for
the proper formation of the "type" are effected. And,
Thirdly, I claim the means employed for increasing the density of the metal
at that part of the body of the "type" which receives the impression from the
engraved matrix or punch, as particularly described, set forth, and repre-
sented as constituting improvements in the production of type for printing.
And such my Invention being, to the best of my knowledge and belief,
entirely new, and never before used within that part of Her said Majesty's
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called England, Her said
Dominion of Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in the Islands of
Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, and also in all Her said Majesty's
Colonies and Plantations abroad, I do hereby declare this to be my Specifi-
cation of the same, and that I do verily believe this my said Specification
doth comply in all respects, fully and without reserve or disguise, with
the proviso in the said herein-before in part recited Letters Patent contained,
wherefore I hereby claim to maintain exclusive right and privilege to my said
Invention.
In witness whereof, I, the said Philippe Poirier de St. Charles, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Twenty-fourth day of December,
in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty-five.
P. DE (L.S.) ST CHARLES..

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-fourth day of Decem-
ber, in the ninth year of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, the said
Philippe Poirier de St Charles came before our said Lady the Queen in
Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Instrument aforesaid, and all and every
thing therein contained and specified, in form above written. And also the
Instrument aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of the Statute
made in the fifty-fifth year of the reign of His late Majesty King George
The Thin
Inrolled the First day of January, One thousand eight hundred and
forty-six.