matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR HEATING AND COOKING BY DIRECT RADIATION FROM SURFACES OF METAL OR OTHER SUITABLE MATERIAL HEATED BY THE PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION OF MIXED AIR AND GAS, OR OF GAS ALONE, ISSUING THROUGH A NUMBER OF SMALL ORIFICES PIERCED THROUGH SUCH SURFACES
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Ivory at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 2nd December 1881.
THOMAS IVORY, of 23, Walker Street, Edinburgh, in the County of Midlothian.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR HEATING AND COOKING BY DIRECT
RADIATION FROM SURFACES OF METAL OR OTHER SUITABLE MATERIAL HEATED
BY THE PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION OF MIXED AIR AND GAS, OR OF GAS ALONE,
ISSUING THROUGH A NUMBER OF SMALL ORIFICES PIERCED THROUGH SUCH
SURFACES."
This Invention is one of improvements in apparatus for heating (including
cooking) by direct radiation from surfaces of metal or other suitable refractory
material heated by the products of combustion of mixed gas and air, or of gas alone
issuing through a multitude of small orifices piorced through such surfaces, and the
object and effect of the Invention is to obtain with the smallest consumption of gas
the greatest amount of useful heat which can be produced by direct radiation into
the room or towards the substance intended to be heated.
The Invention relates to that class of gas burners to which the Hofinan tubo
burners belong, and which may be called the class of upright gas burners, and
consists,―
First. In making gas burners of the upright class of whatever material or
combination of materials, they may be made in the form of narrow boxes or cases
having one or more of their faces pierced with small holes for the issue of the mixed
gas and air or of gas alone, and at the same time having the pierced face or faces
inclined downwards towards the horizontal.
Second. In so arranging in regard to the pierced face or faces of such narrow
box gas burners when made of metal, whether such space or faces be perpendicular
or inclined, that between every two holes in the upright rows there shall be a
raised or projecting portion of the face, and also that every hole shall have a
slightly raised or projecting portion of the surface surrounding it.
Third. In graduating the size of the holes of such narrow box, gas burners of

page_text: whatever material made, and whether their faces be perpendicular or inclined, so
that those holes towards the top of the boxes or cases shall be smaller than
those towards the bottom, the object and effect being to make up for the decreaso
in pressure of the mixed gas and air or gas alone by the increase in the size of the
holes; and
Fourth. In making upright tube gas burners of pierced metal, and at the same
time of a conical form.
MENTS IN AIR PUMP BUCKETS
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Musgrave at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 2nd March 1881.
JOHN MUSGRAVE, of Bolton, in the County of Lancaster, Engineer.
MENTS IN AIR PUMP BUCKETS."
"
IMPROVE-
In performing my Invention I make use of a deep hollow metallic bucket,
in the bottom of which are apertures, the valve being placed in the bottom
of the bucket. I form an annular recess extending round the outside of the bucket,
and in this annular recess I place metallic packing rings and springs, or metallic
rings without inner springs. I secure these rings or springs in the recess by an
annular cover which forms part of the wearing surface of the bucket.
Buckets constructed according to my Invention will act more efficiently than
the ordinary deep buckets or the narrow metallic buckets commonly used.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said John Musgrave in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 29th August
1881.
JOHN MUSGRAVE, of Bolton, in the County of Lancaster, Engineer. “IMPROVE-
MENTS IN AIR PUMP BUCKETS."
In performing my Invention I make use of a deep hollow metallic bucket, in
the bottom of which are apertures, the valve being placed in the bottom of the
bucket. I form an annular recess extending round the outside of the bucket, and
in this annular recess I place metallic packing rings and springs or metallic rings
without inner springs. I secure these rings or springs in the recess by an annular
cover which forms part of the wearing surface of the bucket. Buckets constructed
according to my Invention will act more efficiently than the ordinary deep buckets
or the narrow metallic buckets commonly used.
And in order that my Invention may be fully understood and readily carried
into effect, I will describe the accompanying Sheet of Drawings, reference being
had to the Figures and letters marked thereon.
Fig. 1 is an elevation in section, and Fig. 2 is a plan partly in section of an air
pump bucket made according to my Invention. a is a deep hollow metallic bucket,
in the bottom of which are apertures b; c is the valve made of india-rubber or other
material; d is the guard; e, e, are packing rings, and f is the spring; g is the
annular cover, which is bolted to the upper part of the bucket a to secure the
packing in its place.
I have shown two packing rings pressed outward by an inner spring, but a
packing ring of any suitable metal or material may be used without an inner
spring.
Having stated the nature of my Invention, and described the manner of
performing the same,
I declare that I claim,-
The use or employment in an air pump bucket of packing rings, in combination
with a deep hollow metallic bucket, substantially as shown and described.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Musgrave, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Twenty sixth day of August, One thousand eight hundred
and eighty one.
JOHN MUSGRAVE. (L.S.)
APPARATUS FOR TEACHING MUSIC
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Maximilian Wagner at the Office of
the Cominissioners of Patents on the 27th December 1881.
MAXIMILIAN WAGNER of Berlin, German Empire " APPARATUS FOR TEACHING
MUSIC"
This Invention relates to an improved apparatus or appliance for facilitating the
teaching and learning of scales, chords, transpositions and of "scoring" in music
and the said apparatus is specially devised for use with instruments which have a
keyboard such as pianofortes, organs, harmoniums and the like.
The apparatus consists of a flat serrated strip of metal or other suitable material
such as cardboard, (which latter is preferred,) the serrations being on one or on both
edges of the strip. The serrations are so arranged that the strip can easily be
fitted to the keyboard of a musical instrument of the class above referred to and
when the strip is applied, the last tooth on each side bears on the last key of the
board whilst the other keys have free play in the serrations. The strip has a ledge
projecting from its flat side and on this ledge small tablets or slides hereinafter
described are supported and can be shifted
The flat strip is marked on both sides with suitable inscriptions or signs corre-
sponding with the serrations and indicating the names of the various keys the
musical value of the tone produced by touching or striking each key and so
forth. The strip, without the already inentioned slides or tablets serves to enable
the pupil readily to become acquainted with the keyboard and with musical
notation.
The tablets or slides above referred to are preferrably of such length as to extend
across an octave on the keyboard and a number of them form a set together with
the strip.
They are marked, on both sides if desired, with indications which show the
succession of notes in various musical scales or keys, the chords corresponding to
each key together with the dominant chords for the same and the correct fingering
for the scales. One or more of them are so marked that they will serve to
facilitate the transposition of music from one key to another and also to ascertain
the true musical value of notes of the score written for a special instrument say
the b B clarionet.

page_text: These tablets are placed on the ledge of the strip in such a position that the
keys below the marks or signs on the same will indicate the note or chord
sought, whether for playing a scale for transposing or for "scoring" a piece of
music.
The strip (which may be made in parts hinged together) together with the slides .5
will form a handy and very useful device which will greatly facilitate the tuition
and acquiring of music as it enables the pupil to acquire certain rudiments of the
art by mnemotechnical means and to ascertain without the aid of the teacher
whether he has correctly understood the same.
AN IMPROVEMENT IN ELECTRIC LAMPS OPERATING BY INCAN- DESCENCE
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Frank Wright at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 8th August 1881.
FRANK WRIGHT, of Burlington Buildings, Regent Street, in the County of
Middlesex. "AN IMPROVEMENT IN ELECTRIC LAMPS OPERATING BY INCAN-
DESCENCE."
My Invention consists in means of securing to the conductors of an incandescent
electric lamp the ends of the wire, fibre, or filament which constitutes the bridge
that is rendered incandescent by the passage of electricity through it, the object of
my Invention being to obtain a simple and secure fixing, and good conduction at the
points of fixure, without the use of cements or other material liable to destruction
by the heat. For this purpose I provide two short terminals of platinum wire, on
the side of each of which I file a taper flat, leaving the end of the wire in the form
of an inverted wedge, thickest at the point. I bore in a small block of carbon a
hole, into which the platinum wire can freely enter. Pushing down this block
along the wire, I insert into the space afforded by the flat of the platinum wire
the end of the wire, fibre, or filament that is to form the bridge, and I then draw
back the small carbon block, so that the end of the wire, fibre, or filament is by
the wedge form of the flat firmly clamped between it and the interior of the hole
in the carbon.
IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING VELVET, SEAL SKIN, AND OTHER LOOPED PILED FABRICS
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henry Lister at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 21st January 1881.
"
HENRY LISTER, of Ashbrow Mills, near Huddersfield, in the County of York,
Manufacturer.. IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING VELVET, SEAL SKIN,
AND OTHER LOOPED PILED FABRICS."
This Invention has reference to that class of loom employed in the woollen trade,
and which is also employed in weaving looped fabrics such as those in imitation of
seal skin and carpets, or other looped or pile fabrics. For the purpose of weaving
these goods, wires or rods are employed, and in this class of loom the wires have
been withdrawn by the weaver or other person and introduced between the warp
by a second person, whose whole duty was to introduce the wires into such sheds
or openings of the warp as may be required according to the cloth intended to be
woven.
My Invention is intended to introduce these wires by self acting mechanism,
and thereby dispense with the second person referred to above, the improvements
being equally applicable to hand loom as well as power loom.
The mechanism employed consists in a swinging arm, at one end of which is a
nipping device composed of a hinged finger pressed down by a spring, and is made
to receive one end of the wires or rods. After the weaver has withdrawn the wire
from the fabric he introduces one end thereof into the nipping device, when the
swinging arm by means of cams and levers moves or operates in such a manner as
to take the wire the length of itself past the selvage of the woven fabrics, such
wire being taken up a circular guide or groove formed to the radius of the vibrating
arm, by which means the space occupied by the loom is not greater than before.
A lever is arranged under the loom and operated upon by a cam which causes the
lever to act upon a stud fixed to a sliding plate connected to the circular guide,
so that when the "going part" of the loom moves backward it takes the lower
end of the circular guide with it and places the end of the wire opposite the open
"shed," when the swinging arm returns down the circular guide introducing the
wire into the open shed, and an incline or projection formed at the bottom of the
circular guide operates upon and opens the hinged fingers of the nipping device
which releases its hold of the wire. The ends of the wires rest upon another

page_text: sliding plate which is operated upon by one of the levers previously mentioned,
and causes it to move towards the reed previously to the introduction of a wire, and
on being liberated a spring causes the plate to return bringing the wires up to the
last shoot of weft and holding them there until again moved towards the reed.
Another sliding plate is placed at the opposite side of the fabric as a stop piece
to prevent the wires or rods being sent too far forward, such stop guide being
actuated by the same or a similar lever, which actuates the other sliding plate.
In order that the nipping device may retain its hold of the wires an enlargement
is made at the end of each wire.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BRACELETS AND OTHER LIKE ARTICLES OF JEWELLERY
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Alfred Bancroft and Walter
John Bancroft at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the
3rd November 1881.
WILLIAM ALFRED BANCROFT and WALTER JOHN BANCROFT, trading as Bancroft
Brothers, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Stampers and Piercers.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BRACELETS AND OTHER LIKE ARTICLES
OF JEWELLERY."
Our Invention has for its object the construction of bracelets and other articles
of jewellery or ornament, which are made in various lengths and fastened at the
meeting of the two ends in such a way as to increase the flexibility, and without
the use of solder in their formation.
And our improvements consist in manufacturing or compiling the bracelet or
other like article of a suitable number of plates of any desirable or ornamental
form, and hinging each of the said plates together by close transverse hinge joints,
the two end plates or parts being so bent, formed, and pierced as to provide the
necessary fastening for securing the two ends of the bracelet or like article
together.
In some cases we may leave sufficient metal on the edges of the hinged plates
to turn over and make the bracelet present a more solid and substantial
appearance.
A bracelet or other such like article constructed according to our Invention will
be found more flexible and fit the form better, and being wholly constructed
without solder the cost of construction is economized.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF PENCILS AND PENHOLDERS
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edward Wolff at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 9th May 1881.
EDWARD WOLFF, of No. 55, Great Queen Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the
County of Middlesex. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF PENCILS AND
PENHOLDERS."
My Invention consists in an improvement in the construction of cedar or other
wood pencils and penholders, to enable the same to be secured or attached so
as to avoid their being misplaced or lost, and this I carry out in the following
manner :-
At one end of the pencil or penholder I attach a swivel of metal, as shewn in the
annexed Drawings, Figs. 1, 2, 3, & 4. In Fig. 1 (a) is a flat metal loop having a
hole (b) at the top in the centre, and a hole on each side of the base (c, c). Between
the two ends of the base of the loop is placed a ring, having on each of its sides a
projection passing through the holes (c, c). A screw (d) is passed through the ring
and screwed into the end of the pencil or penholder. By this arrangement it will
be seen that the loop of the swivel has two actions, namely, a rotary one under the
head of the screw, and one at right angles to the pencil or penholder. Through the
hole (b) may be passed a cord, chain, or wire, or any other suitable material for
attaching or securing the pencil or penholder.
Another mode of carrying out the object of my Invention is represented in Fig. 2,
in which the loop before described is secured to a metal cap (e) placed and fixed
over the end of the pencil or penholder instead of being screwed into it.
Other modes of carrying out the object of my Invention are shewn in Figs. 3 and 4.
In Fig. 3 a hole (f, f,) is drilled through the side of the pencil or penholder near
to one end thereof, and a piece of wire (g) previously formed into a conveniently
shaped loop is inserted into the hole. The cord or chain for attachment is passed.
through the wire loop (g), and so secured. In Fig. 4, the pencil or penholder has a
bole drilled through it, as in Fig 3, and a piece of looped metal (i) is pinned through
the hole (h, h).
Having described some of the modes by which the object of my Invention may
be carried into effect, what I claim and wish to be secured to me by Letters Patent
is, the attachment of a swivel made of metal or other suitable material, to wood
pencils and penholders, and I do not confine myself to the above described methods,
which are those I consider the most convenient, and I do not include in my claim
pencils or penholders made of metal.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR WEAVING GAUZE, LENO, AND OTHER SIMILAR FABRICS
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Ecroyd at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents on the 23rd July 1881.
RICHARD ECROYD, of the Firm of William Ecroyd and Sons, Lomeshaye, near
Burnley, in the County of Lancaster. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF AND
APPARATUS FOR WEAVING GAUZE, LENO, AND OTHER SIMILAR FABRICS."
The object of my Invention is to dispense with doup healds in weaving leno,
gauze, and such like fabrics, the pattern of which require the warp threads to cross
each other, which I accomplish in the following manner :-
I form a metallic reed so arranged as to act as a heald in each space between
the dents or partitions, or in as many spaces as are required to form the pattern of
the piece, I secure a metal bar having an eye at the top, through which the warp
threads required to form the loop or crossing pass, the remainder of the warp
threads being free between the metallic partitions. A vertical reciprocating motion
is given to this metallic reed, and when a crossing of the warp threads is required
the reed is moved to the right or left, as the case may be.
I can also accomplish my object by the formation of two or more half reeds,
the dents or partitions of which, when weaving the plain part of the piece, are
opposite to each other, but when a crossing of the warp threads is required one
of the half reeds is moved side ways to the right or left, the width of a dent
thereby crossing the warp threads.
AN IMPROVED METHOD OF TREATING PARAFFINE SCALE AND LIKE SUBSTANCES
Year: 1881

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Laurence Hislop, of 9, Hough Green, of the City of the
County of Chester, for an Invention of "AN IMPROVED METHOD OF TREATING
PARAFFINE SCALE AND LIKE SUBSTANCES."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Laurence Hislop at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 12th August 1881.
LAURENCE HISLOP, of 9, Hough Green, of the City of the County of Chester.
"AN IMPROVED METHOD OF TREATING PARAFFINE SCALE AND LIKE SUBSTANCES."
The object of this Invention is a special treatment of paraffine scale and like
substances in order to obtain a more pure and much clearer product than by the
present method.
My Invention consists in pressing paraffine scale or wax, fats, fatty acids, and
like substances under water or other suitable liquid raised to and kept at a
temperature within a few degrees of the melting point of the substance operated
upon, constantly agitating the water or other liquid, preferably by means of air,
by which means I obtain results superior to the ordinary mode of pressing the
separation of the liquid from the solid portions being practically perfect, and the
resulting solid products being whiter, sweeter, and harder than by the ordinary
mode of working, at the same time the amount of pressure required is very
much less.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Laurence Hislop in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 9th February
1882.
LAURENCE HISLOP, of 9, Hough Green, of the City of the County of Chester.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN PRESSING PARAFFINE SCALE & LIKE SUBSTANCES."
The object of this Invention is a special treatment of paraffine scale and like
substances in order to obtain a more pure and much clearer product than by the
present method.
My Invention consists in pressing paraffine scale or wax, fats, fatty acids, and
like substances under water or other suitable liquid raised to and kept at a
temperature within a few degrees of the melting point of the substance operated
upon, constantly agitating the water or other liquid, preferably by means of air,
by which means I obtain results superior to the ordinary mode of pressing, the
separation of the liquid from the solid portions being practically perfect and the
resulting solid products being whiter, sweeter, and harder than by the ordinary
mode of working, at the same time the amount of pressure required is very
much less.
Having now described the nature of my said Invention and in what manner the
same may be carried into practice, I declare that I claim,―
The special or particular treatment of pressing paraffine scale and like substances
under water in order to obtain a superior product than that obtained by the present
known operation, as above described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Laurence Hislop, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Third day of February, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and eighty two..
TATIONAR TTTCT AD
A NEW OR IMPROVED METHOD OF BLOCK SIGNALLING FOR RAILWAYS AND APPARATUS THEREFOR."
Year: 1881

page_text: "
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Jasper Wetter at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 19th April 1881. A communication from
abroad by Ralph Smith Jennings, of Baltimore, State of Maryland, United
States of America.
"
JASPER WETTER, of the Firm of Herbert and Company, Solicitors of Patents,
of 67, Strand, in the City of Westminster, Civil Engineer. A NEW OR IMPROVED
METHOD OF BLOCK SIGNALLING FOR RAILWAYS AND APPARATUS THEREFOR."
A communication from abroad. by Ralph Smith Jennings, of Baltimore, State of
Maryland, United States of America.
This Invention relates to block signalling apparatus for railways, and consists in
providing the locomotive with valve operating mechanism, and the railroad with
pipes running parallel with the latter, and with valves so arranged that when the
locomotive passes certain points of the line it automatically operates the valves,
thereby lighting or extinguishing an electric or gas lamp, and informing the engine
driver of the train which follows on the same track whether the line ahead is.
occupied or free. The lamps, when of gas, are kept always lighted, but with a
very small flame. The valves work a diaphragm or piston which impinges on
mechanism for turning the gas fully on or down, as the case may be. For electric
lamps electrical contact is made or severed in a similar way.
IMPROVEMENTS IN ARTIFICIAL-LIGHT APPARATUS FOR PHOTO- GRAPHING
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Simmonds at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents on the 28th November 1881.
RICHARD SIMMONDS, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain,
Photographer. "IMPROVEMENTS IN ARTIFICIAL-LIGHT APPARATUS FOR PHOTO-
GRAPHING."
This Invention has for its object the constructing of apparatus for applying
artificial light in photographing in an improved and simple manner, and so that a
sufficiently close approximation to the effects of diffused light may be obtained
without the use of expensive reflectors.
In carrying out the Invention, a lantern is employed which is of rectangular
form, with the front and sides of glass, and the top, bottom, and back of metal, the
back being by preference made as a door to open, and with the upper half of it
slightly inclined forward. The bottom is made with holes for the entrance of air,
and a pipe is fitted to the top to produce draught and carry off the smoke. For
producing the light there is employed a pyrotechnic composition of any suitable
kind, such as is in use for the same purpose. The main distinguishing features of
the Invention are the employment of three lights in the lantern, and the placing of
these in special relative positions whereby the diffused effect has on trial been found
to be satisfactorily obtained. The substance yielding the light is burned in metal
cups, and to receive these cups metal stands or supports are fixed to the bottom of
the lantern. For the middle light the stand is fixed so that the cup may be a
little below the middle of the lantern. The other two lights are placed near the
sides of the lantern, but one is placed several inches higher and the other several
inches lower than the middle light. When a portrait is being taken the lantern
is to be placed to one side of the line from the sitter to the camera and with the
highest of the three lights nearest the camera. For taking single portraits, the
lantern may conveniently be about two feet wide by three feet high, but for
groups or large subjects it may be made larger with advantage.
IMPROVEMENTS IN SHIPS' WATER CLOSETS
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Fraser at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 27th May 1881.
WILLIAM FRASER, of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Brass Founder.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN SHIPS' WATER CLOSETS."
My Invention relates to such water closets as have a series of seats, that is, two
or more contiguous to each other, and has for its object to effectually flush the parts
necessary periodically and automatically, and consists essentially in employing in
combination a trough receptacle, common to two or more seats or a series of pans
emptying into a pipe common to the series, and an automatic water tumbling
flusher.
The trough is made of earthenware or other material, and is arranged under the
seats in any ordinary or convenient way. Pans when these are used connect into
a common pipe. In both cases the discharge is to the sea usually past a storm
valve. The water tumbling flusher is hung on pivots or centres, and is balanced
by a weight or by a duplicate flusher. Water from the supply cistern is allowed
to flow at any desired speed into the water tumbling flusher. When filled to the
required height it overbalances itself and discharges a full flush through the
trough or series of pans. It will be observed that the apparatus is from the
balancing of the water container and the rate of supply of water thereto automatic
in its action and that it flushes freely at intervals. The importance of apparatus
of the kind can scarcely be overestimated in ships carrying large numbers of
emigrants.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MAIN AND THRUST BLOCK BEARINGS OF THE MAIN CRANK SHAFT AND PROPELLOR SHAFT OF STEAM VESSELS, AND IN PREVENTING SUCH SHAFTS & BEARINGS FROM BECOMING OVERHEATED
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Martin Henry Gerring and Robert
Edwin Rumsey at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 4th May
1881.
MARTIN HENRY GERRING, of Lodge Farm, Farringdon, in the County of Berks,
and ROBERT EDWIN RUMSEY, of Albion Terrace, Lewisham, in the County of
Kent. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MAIN AND THRUST BLOCK BEARINGS OF THE
MAIN CRANK SHAFT AND PROPELLOR SHAFT OF STEAM VESSELS, AND IN
PREVENTING SUCH SHAFTS & BEARINGS FROM BECOMING OVERHEATED."
This Invention has for its object improvements in the main and thrust block
bearings of the main crank shaft and propellor shaft of steam vessels, and in
preventing such shafts and bearings from becoming overheated.
For these purposes we form the bearings with a water jacket surrounding them,
through which a stream of water is passed continuously so as to convey away heat
from the bearing. In the body of each part of the bearing a hollow chamber is
cast or formed, to which an inlet is provided for the admission of water, and an
outlet for its escape from the chamber.
A tap from the water jacket is provided in order to admit water if required into
the grease cup of the bearing.
Through the main crank shaft and propellor shaft, which are now frequently
made hollow, we also make provision for conducting a stream of water so as to
keep them cool. The stream of water may either be led through the shaft only,
or it may also be led through the crank arms and crank pins of the crank shaft,
which we should then make hollow to form one continuous water way.
IMPROVEMENTS IN REGISTERING APPARATUS FOR PREVENTING FRAUD BY THE CONDUCTORS OF OMNIBUSES, TRAMWAY CARS, AND FOR SIMILAR PURPOSES
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henry John Broughton Kendall at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 9th February 1881.
A communication from abroad by Carlos E. Wilson-Bunster, of Valparaiso,
Republic of Chili,
<<
HENRY JOHN BROUGHTON KENDALL, of Great Winchester Street, in the City
of London. IMPROVEMENTS IN REGISTERING APPARATUS FOR PREVENTING
FRAUD BY THE CONDUCTORS OF OMNIBUSES, TRAMWAY CARS, AND FOR SIMILAR
PURPOSES." [A communication from abroad by Carlos E. Wilson-Bunster,
of Valparaiso, Republic of Chili.]
This Invention relates to apparatus chiefly designed for registering or recording
the number of passengers entering and leaving a public vehicle, such as a tram-car,
an omnibus, or the like, and thus to provide means for preventing fraud on the
part of conductors or others. The said apparatus may however also be used
advantageously in theatres, public gardens, or other places for the same purposes.
In carrying the said Invention into practice I place a bar or turnstile in a
suitable position at the entrance of the omnibus or car in such a manner that every
passenger who enters or leaves the vehicle will be compelled to cause the bar or
turnstile to move or rotate a certain distance, that is to say, no person will be able
to enter or leave the vehicle unless the said bar or turnstile is operated.
When my Invention is applied to vehicles constructed to carry passengers on
the top thereof as well as in the interior, I place the bar or turnstile upon a suitable
platform and in such a position that no person can reach either the inside or the
top of the vehicle excepting by passing through the bar or turnstile. Within the
vehicle I fix two dials, with which the bar or turnstile is connected, and the
mechanism is arranged in such a manner that whenever a person moves the bar
or turnstile sufficiently to enter the vehicle or to pass to the top thereof a unit is
recorded on one of the dials, and whenever a person leaves the vehicle, that is to
say, passes in the opposite direction, a unit is recorded on the other dial, and the
difference between the two numbers will shew the number of passengers at any
given moment in the vehicle. My Invention differs from others of the same class,
in the fact that the same bar or arm causes record to be effected upon one dial

page_text: of each passenger who enters the vehicle, and a record to be effeeted upon another
dial of each passenger who leaves the vehicle. Both the entrance dial and the exit
dial may be ordinary discs of enamelled metal with the numbers arranged around
the same, a pointer or hand being arranged to travel around the same; or one
disc with an aperture therein may be arranged to travel over a stationary disc in
such a manner that a higher number will be exhibited through the aperture at
each successive movement; or the dials may be made in any other suitable manner
and of any suitable material.
The mechanism will be so protected that the conductor or money receiver cannot
tamper with the same.
METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR BINDING THE SAME TOGETHER IN BUILDING
Year: 1881

page_text: THE
LETTERS PATENT to Miles Edward Dearnaly, of Mirfield, in the County of
IN
'IMPROVEMENTS IN BRICKS, AND
York, for an Invention of “
METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR BINDING THE SAME TOGETHER IN
BUILDING."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Miles Edward Dearnaly at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 14th March 1881.
MILES EDWARD DEARNALY, of Mirfield, in the County of York. "IMPROVEMENTS
IN BRICKS, AND IN THE METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR BINDING THE SAME
TOGETHER IN BUILDINGS."
My improvements in bricks consist in forming them with a T-shaped or dove-
tailed recess upon one side, and for binding them together when building a double
wall, I employ iron binders shaped at each end to correspond with the recess in the
bricks. In building, a space may be left between the two single walls, which
prevents the passage of moisture from one to the other, and thus damp internal
walls are avoided.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Miles Edward Dearnaly in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
14th September 1881.
MILES EDWARD DEARNALY, of Mirfield, in the County of York. "IMPROVEMENTS
IN BRICKS, AND IN THE METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR BINDING THE SAME
TOGETHER IN BUILDING."
My improvements in bricks consist in forming them with a T-shaped or dove-
tailed recess upon one side, and for binding them together when building a double
wall, I employ iron binders shaped at each end to correspond with the recess in the
bricks. In building, a space may be left between the two single walls, which
prevents the passage of moisture from one to the other, and thus damp internal
walls are avoided.
In order that the Invention may be better understood, I herein give reference to
the accompanying Sheet of Drawings, wherein Fig. 1 represents a plan view of four
bricks bound together by T-shaped iron binders, marked A on the Drawings. Fig. 2
is section of a wall shewing the iron binders, and the space B left between two
single brick walls C and D. Figs. 3 and 4 are details of the parts detached. It
will be observed that a recess is formed in each brick to receive the T headed
binder, which serves to keep the said binders in their place, and to keep the
walls erect. The binders are formed angular in their middle part, shewn more
clearly in cross section, Fig. 4, so that the bits of mortar which fall when building,
will not be supported by the binders.
Having now described my Invention, and shewn by Drawings how the same is
to be performed or carried into practice, I would have it understood that what I
believe to be new and therefore claim as my Invention is,―
The employment of the T headed binders A fitting into recesses formed in bricks,
substantially as and for the purpose shewn and described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Miles Edward Dearnley, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Eighth day of September, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and eighty one.
MILES EDWARD DEARNALV
MILES EDWARD DEARNALV (10)
IMPROVEMENTS IN ROOT CUTTING MACHINES, APPLICABLE ALSO TO ROOT PULPING MACHINES
Year: 1881

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Hornsby, of Grantham, in the County of Lincoln,
-
Agricultural Engineer, and Jeremiah Money, of Grantham aforesaid, Fitter,
for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN ROOT CUTTING MACHINES, APPLICABLE
ALSO TO ROOT PULPING MACHINES."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Hornsby and
Jeremiah Money at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the
10th May 1881.
JAMES HORNSBY, of Grantham, in the County of Lincoln, Agricultural Engineer,
and JEREMIAH MONEY, of Grantham aforesaid, Fitter. "IMPROVEMENTS IN ROOT
CUTTING MACHINES, APPLICABLE ALSO TO ROOT PULPING MACHINES."
This Invention has for its object improvements in machines for cutting roots, and
especially refers to machines of the type known as "Gardners," in which a horizontal
axis (mounted in bearings, one on each side of the machine) carries a barrel, having
openings in the periphery through which knives or cutters project.
The roots which are contained in a hopper rest upon the barrel, and being cut
by the knives the pieces pass into the barrel through the openings, and are
delivered at the ends.
.
In this class of machines the whole space under the barrel to which the knives
are fixed is usually left open, and the last piece of each root which is carried
downwards uncut in the space in front of the knives falls off the barrel amongst
the cut roots.
The object of our Invention is to prevent these pieces of roots escaping from the
machine until they have been properly cut, and this we do as follows:-
We fix close to the underside of the barrel a retaining surface, it may be a plate,
either perforated or plain, or a grating of curved bars serving as a guide or guides

page_text: *to prevent the uncut portions of the roots from falling from the surface of the
barrel, and direct them round and up again into the hopper. When the piece has
thus been brought back into the hopper, the resistance of the roots therein prevents
the knives from continuing to drive the piece in front of them, and insures its being
properly cut before passing from the machine.
As the outer surface of the barrel to which the knives are fixed does not form a
true cylinder, that part of the barrel in front of the knives being sunk towards the
axis of the barrel so as to allow the roots to fall in front of the knives, there are
openings at the end of the barrel by which uncut portions can pass off and fall
amongst the cut roots. These openings also we fill in with a rib at each end of the
barrel, extending so far round it as the sunk parts extend, and making the two
outer edges of the barrel circular, although the face of it is sunk as stated. These
ribs prevent any portion of the roots from passing off the face of the barrel.
The pulping machines of the same class in which teeth on the barrel take the
place of knives, the pulping of the entire root without allowing a last piece to
escape is insured by similar means.
IMPROVED ADJUSTABLE APPARATUS FOR THE USE OF INVALIDS WHEREBY THEY MAY BE SUPPORTED IN RECLINING OR OTHER ATTITUDES
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Hort at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 23rd May 1881.
THOMAS HORT, of 4, Castle Bar Villas, Castle Bar Road, Ealing, in the County
of Middlesex. "IMPROVED ADJUSTABLE APPARATUS FOR THE USE OF INVALIDS
WHEREBY THEY MAY BE SUPPORTED IN RECLINING OR OTHER ATTITUDES."
According to this Invention I produce a combined reclining board (or bedstead)
and chair, very suitable for the use of persons suffering from affections of the
spine as well as for other invalids, and which is so arranged that a person using it
can himself make the necessary adjustments of the various parts of the apparatus
according as he wishes to use it as a reclining board (or bedstead), or as a vertical
support, or as a chair.
For this purpose a reclining board is supported on suitable hinges, pivots, or
centres, and is balanced by weights and springs, and provided with adjustable
parts forming (when the apparatus is to be used as a chair) arms, a seat, and a foot
board. Also means are provided for supporting the invalid under the arms, and
also for raising the reclining board into an approximately vertical position when
the apparatus is to be used as a chair or vertical support.
One arrangement is as follows:-
I provide a frame on which a reclining board is hung by hinges; this board is
furnished with a foot board on to which the patient can step, so that he can
whilst resting against the board swing himself from a perpendicular to a hori-
zontal position by exerting a slight pressure on a suitable hand rail, and he can
fix himself at any angle required by making fast a line that passes round a pulley
which with the handrail is supported by a suitable post. There are two posts
with handrails. Adjustable arm rests by which the patient can be suspended by
the armpits are secured to the reclining board, as are also lifting boards to form a
seat and a foot rest; likewise side irons or devices which lift and support the
seat to form a chair; these side irons or devices are so arranged that the patient
can while lying in a horizontal position raise the seat and adjustable foot rest, and
then by pulling the cord already mentioned and holding the hand rail or rails he
can bring himself into a sitting position. Under the fixed foot board is a box to
ГО... 021

page_text: hold weights, and under the foot end of the reclining board is another box to
hold weights, the weights being regulated according to the weight of the patient.
India rubber springs connect this box with the frame work of the apparatus,
which may be provided also with buffer springs.
As is obvious, various arrangements of apparatus may be constructed to operate
on the principle of my Invention, as above set forth, and in some cases those parts
whereby the apparatus is made convertible into a chair may be dispensed with.
IMPROVEMENTS IN WATCH CASES AND IN SPRING FASTENING AND OPENING DEVICES THEREFOR.”
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Hugh Gearing Grant at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 1st March 1881. A communi-
cation from abroad by Georg Friedrich Mertz, of Mitau, in the Empire of
Russia.
HUGH GEARING GRANT, of the Firm of Messrs. Bosshardt & Grant, Patent
Agents, of 24, Bull's Head Chambers, Hopwood Avenue, Market Place, Manchester,
in the County of Lancaster. "IMPROVEMENTS IN WATCH CASES AND IN SPRING
FASTENING AND OPENING DEVICES THEREFOR.” A communication from abroad
by Georg Friedrich Mertz, of Mitau, in the Empire of Russia.
The Invention relates to the construction of the cases for watches, and has for
its object to prevent dust and dirt entering into the inside of watches, as is now
the case. To this end the spring and lock spring is fixed outside of the case instead
of inside as heretofore, by which means the case can be closed more readily and be
perfectly tight. By these means the watches will not require repairing so often as
is now the case through the cases admitting dust when the watch is being worn.
When carrying out the Invention a lock spring is attached to the outside of the case,
the head of which spring is of a hooked form, slightly bent to economise space, and is
curved to correspond with the form of the rim in which the glass is sprung, which
spring when the lid is closed will press back a spiral spring formed round a pin. A
small space is provided to allow of the spring being pressed back. A pin is fixed
in the pendant, as is usual, and carries a smaller pin, which when depressed by the
first named pin presses against the lock spring and disengages the lid of the case.
In order to gain the required spring force to throw the lid of the watch full open,
two springs are arranged to act each against the other, one spring being flat and
the other spiral. The flat spring is fastened in the lid by means of small screws,
and presses with the hooked shaped bend against a pin which projects from the
inside of the case. To prevent the end of the spring slipping of the said pin, a
small recess is made to receive the end of the said pin which is made of a corre-
sponding shape. The said pin is formed with two plates between which the said
spiral spring is connected. When the lid of the watch is closed, the spring is
depressed, and by depressing the lock spring will be released, and the case thrown
readily open.
One end of the said pin passes through a slot in the case, the other
end being connected to a second plate, and is pressed against the rim when the lid
is opened. The herein before described arrangement is applicable to all kinds of
watches.
IMPROVEMENTS IN SLEEPERS FOR PERMANENT WAY OF RAILWAYS
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Herbert John Haddan at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 12th August 1881. A communi-
cation from abroad by Philibert Paquet and Gabriel Guidon, both of Lyons,
France.
HERBERT JOHN HADDAN, of Kensington, Middlesex.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN
SLEEPERS FOR PERMANENT WAY OF RAILWAYS." A communication from abroad
by Philibert Paquet and Gabriel Guidon, both of Lyons, France.
The Invention consists in forming sloepers of an iron T or other shaped plate
bent at its extremities, and fixed on an iron T or other shaped sleeper piece
having the same length as the plate. The extremities of the plate and the
sleeper on which the former rests are placed in and under the ballast. To the
plate two inner and two outer cramps or clips are supplied for clipping and
holding the rails. The two outer cramps are fixed to the plate and sleeper by
rivets, but the two inner cramps are held by springs, and thus exert when
pressed down and held by nuts and bolts a strong pressure against the rails and
keep them firmly in proper position.
IMPROVEMENTS IN AND APPLICABLE TO THE AXLE CAPS OF VEHICLES
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joseph Crowther at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents on the 12th August 1881.
JOSEPH CROWTHER, of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster, Mechanic.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN AND APPLICABLE TO THE AXLE CAPS OF VEHICLES."
My Invention relates to the caps which are screwed within or attached to the
hubs of the wheels of vehicles to retain the lubricant, and to exclude dust from the
bearings, as is well understood. Previously to my Invention the lubricant has been
poured into the cap before the latter has been inserted into its place in the hub,
and some of the lubricant has usually been wasted before the cap has been screwed
up. According to my Invention I drill or form a hole in the cap, and preferably
in or about in the centre of the face thereof, through which the lubricant can be
introduced after the cap has been screwed into position, and at any time when
considered to be desirable without removing the cap. In order to prevent loss of
lubricant through the aperture, and also to prevent the entry of dust, I apply to
the aperture a small valve made of metal or of leather, or other suitable material or
materials, and I employ a spring to keep the said valve closed. The spout of an
oil can when pushed into the aperture pushes open the valve, so that the lubricant
can be introduced. In addition to the saving in lubricant there is a saving in
time, and also more lubricant can be introduced as compared with the ordinary
system.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF WHITE ZINC PIGMENT
Year: 1881

page_text: ETTERS PATENT to William Robert Lake, of the Firm of Haseltine, Lake,
& Co., Patent Agents, Southampton Buildings, London, for an Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF WHITE ZINC PIGMENT." A com-
munication from abroad by John Cawley, of Newark, New Jersey, United
States of America.
(Void by reason of the Patentee having neglected to file a Specification in
pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent.)
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Robert Lake at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 3rd May 1881.
WILLIAM ROBERT LAKE, of the Firm of Haseltine, Lake, & Co., Patent
Agents, Southampton Buildings, London. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE
OF WHITE ZINC PIGMENT." [A communication from abroad by John Cawley,
of Newark, New Jersey, United States of America.]
This Invention relates to the manufacture of white zinc pigment for use as paint
and for other purposes, and consists essentially in an admixture of precipitated
sulphide of zinc, or precipitated sulphide of zinc and precipitated sulphate of
barium or calcium, or both, with oxide of magnesium prior to ignition or calcination
of the mass.
When precipitated sulphide of zinc, or precipitated sulphide of zinc and precipitated.
sulphates of barium or calcium, or both, are intimately mixed with above five (5)
per cent. of oxide of magnesium, and the admixture is ignited or calcined at a red
heat, the resulting pigment will not readily become discolored on exposure to light,
even to sunlight, which would be the case if the oxide of zinc were not present
during the operation of ignition or calcination.
When precipitated sulphide of zinc and precipitated sulphates of barium or
calcium, or both, are mixed with oxide of magnesium, as above described, and then
ignited at red heat, not only will the resulting pigment possess greater permanence
of color, but will also have superior covering power or body, as well as greater
whiteness and friability than when native sulphates of barium or calcium are
mixed with sulphide of zinc as adulterants or diluents, as has heretofore been
done.