IMPROVEMENTS IN COLLECTING, RECEIVING, AND TREATING THE VEGETABLE AND ANIMAL REPUSE AND SEWAGE OF LARGE TOWNS, AND IN TREATING THE SAME FOR THE MANU- FACTURING OF MANURE AND THE PRODUCTION OF A FINE CARBONACEOUS POWDER TO BE USED AS AN AGENT FOR FILTERING SEWAGE WATER, HOUSE DRAINS, AND OTHER OBNOXIOUS FLUIDS, AS WELL AS ABSORBING AND DEODO RIZING EXHALATIONS PROM WATERCLOSETS, URINALS, AND OTHER PLACES, AND IN THE MEANS EMPLOYED THEREIN, AS ALSO THE APPLICATION OF THE AFORE- BAID POWDER TO THE PRESERVATION OF FOOD." PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION
Year: 1875

page_text: ETTERS PATENT to Daniel Wilks, of Bloxwich, in the County of
Stafford, Sanitary Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
COLLECTING, RECEIVING, AND TREATING THE VEGETABLE AND ANIMAL REPUSE
AND SEWAGE OF LARGE TOWNS, AND IN TREATING THE SAME FOR THE MANU-
FACTURING OF MANURE AND THE PRODUCTION OF A FINE CARBONACEOUS
POWDER TO BE USED AS AN AGENT FOR FILTERING SEWAGE WATER, HOUSE
DRAINS, AND OTHER OBNOXIOUS FLUIDS, AS WELL AS ABSORBING AND DEODO
RIZING EXHALATIONS PROM WATERCLOSETS, URINALS, AND OTHER PLACES, AND
IN THE MEANS EMPLOYED THEREIN, AS ALSO THE APPLICATION OF THE AFORE-
BAID POWDER TO THE PRESERVATION OF FOOD."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Daniel Wilks at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
29th May 1875.
I, DANIEL WILKS, of Bloxwich, in the County of Stafford, Sanitary
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention for "In-
PROVEMENTS IN COLLECTING, RECEIVING, AND TREATING THE VEGETABLE AND
ANIMAL REPUSE. AND SEWAGE OF LARGE TOWNS, AND IN TREATING THE SAME FOR

page_text: THE MANUFACTURING OF MANURE AND THE PRODUCTION OF A FINE CARBONACEOUS
POWDER TO BE USED AS AN AGENT FOR FILTERING SEWAGE WATER, HOUSE DRAINS,
AND OTHER OBNOXIOUS FLUIDS, AS WELL AS ABSORBING AND DEODORIZING
EXHALATIONS FROM WATERCLOSETS, URINALS, AND OTHER PLACES, AND IN THE
MEANS EMPLOYED THEREIN, AS ALSO THE APPLICATION OF THE AFORESAID POWDER TO
THE PRESERVATION OF FOOD," to be as follows (that is to say) :-
My improvements in collecting animal and other refuso consist in
special arrangements for position and condition of domestic receivers, as
for instance, the soap suds, liquor in which vegetables have been
cooked, and other refuse fluids carried off by the usual domestic sinks.
I purpose utilizing by the use of a compound filter and stink trap
arranged for intercepting the solid matter or particles floating in such
domestic refuse, so that the same may be recovered at stated times,
whilst the fluid becomes purified before entering the drain or local
outfall, without being deleterious to any river or watercourse into which
it may fall, this collected solid matter or particles will be referred to
hereafter.
This same apparatus is applicable to public urinals, slaughter-houses,
stables, cattle sheds, pig-styes, and other like places, the operation being
that before the urine or other fluids from such places can flow away it
passes through an ascending filter, thereby depositing all its fertilizing
properties for subsequent utilization, allowing the water thus filtered or
purified to flow away in a non-injurious condition. The deposit thus
made by the process of filtration I purpose collecting and treating as
hereafter described for the manufacture of manure.
In applying my improvements for the maintaining the healthy
sanitary condition of large towns or communities, I adopt (by pre-
ference) what is known as the intercepting principle, and so construct
the receiver that the urine deposited may be filtered and carried away,
leaving the fertilizing qualities behind with the solid matter to bo
removed to a suitable depot when required. These deposits so collected
I purpose storing or placing in a suitable receiver, that the natural
process of fermenting and solidifying such matter may proceed aided by
a process hereafter described.
In treating sewage matter I purpose erecting at the outfall a suitable
series of filtering tanks, which I purpose covering over to prevent
exhalation, applying my improved upward filtering system to such tanks

page_text: that the water draining over the bar of the subsiding tanks will fall
down and rise up through my special filtering arrangement before it
escapes into the common channel to flow to the river or brook; thus no
water can possibly escape until it is thoroughly pure, while the sludgo
that has subsided in the said tanks I remove in rotation to an elevated
receiver, which I also purpose arranging with a suitable cover; and
when the sludge is sufficiently dry, this tank may be tapped and the
partly dried sludge by the force of gravitation will descend and bo
deposited on a suitable floor to be utilized as hereafter described.
Through all the means and processes herein-before described I purpose
using largely a powerful absorbing carbonaceous powder, which has the
quality not only of deodorizing, but also the absorption of all remaining
moisture. This powder I manufacture from surface refuse, such as stalo
vegetables, collections and sweepings from streets and markets with the
animal manure, together with ashes, which may be collected from house
rofuso; thus this essential element of my Invention is unlimited in its
supply. The refuse thus mentioned I place in a suitable kiln or other-
wise, and burn until the whole entire mass has been calcined or
thoroughly burned and reduced to a fine powder, which may be further
treated by sieving. The powder is an absolute and complete absorber
and deodorizer; therefore in preparing my filtering bed or beds, whether
for domestic sinks, private or public urinals, or lavatories, slaughter-
houses, sewage outfalls of large towns or otherwise, I purpose using this
powder largely, so that when collecting the deposit from any of these
situations, its use has the effect of absorbing all foul exhalations, offensive
odour or smell, and rapidly absorbing moisture from which such
exhalations arise, as also when commingled with the excretions or other
matter becomes an essential element in reducing this matter to a
suitable condition for manure; so also its utility is invaluable in the
general treatment of sewage, and renders the use of lime as a precipitate
unnecessary.
In practice I may say that the subsiding tanks herein-before described
may be provided with a porous covering, such as cocoa-nut matting or
other material, on which I distribute a layer of the aforesaid deodorizing
powder, and again I apply this to the elevated sludge tanks which
prevents all obnoxious exhalations, and when the said sludge tanks are
in condition to be emptied as before described, by allowing the sludge to
descend on a driying floor, I prefer dredging the said sludge with this

page_text: powder, and when sufficiently dried this sludge may be cut or divided up
into suitable lumps or bricks, that will admit of being placed in an open
form for heat to pass through them in a suitable drying kiln somewhat
like the burning of bricks, the effect of which will be to dry and reduce
such lumps or bricks to a condition, that they may be readily reduced to
a deodorizing and filtering powder, but if sewage matter thus treated be
required for fertilizing purposes, I allow it to lie together in large
quantities to ferment and prepare itself by natural means to the
condition required, by which process ammonia and other gases are not
evolved, but retained for their valuable qualities in such manure.
And lastly, I purpose utilizing my deodorizing and absorbing powder
for the packing or reserving of eggs, fish, flesh, poultry, as well as fruit
and vegetables, for which purpose it will be found invaluable, as by its
absorbing properties it takes up all damp or moisture that may be in or
about the food to be preserved, and from its fineness it will fill up every
void in and about the article or articles to be preserved, that when
covered up by the outer protection (which may be an ordinary box or
cask), no room will be left for air to occupy, which being thoroughly
excluded, the composition will become a complete preserver, and be of
great value in preserving fresh food for long voyages at sea, or for
innumerable other purposes where preserving is required.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Daniel Wilks in the Great Scal Patent Office
on the 29th November 1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, DANIEL 2
WILKS, of Bloxwich, in the County of Stafford, Sanitary Engineer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-ninth day of May, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, in the 8
thirty-eight year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-
cessors, give and grant unto me, the said Daniel Wilks, Her special
license that I, the said Daniel Wilks, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said Daniel. Wilks, my executors,
.

page_text: administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
COLLECTING, RECEIVING, AND TREAting the Vegetable and Animal Refuse and
SEWAGE OF LARGE TOWNS, AND IN TREATING THE SAME FOR THE MANUFACTURING
OF MANURE AND THE PRODUCTION OF A FINE CARBONACEOUS POWDER TO BE USED AS
AN AGENT FOR FILTERING SEWAGE WATER, HOUSE DRAINS, AND OTHER OBNOXIOUS
FLUIDS AS WELL AS ABSORBING AND DEODORIZING EXHALATIONS FROM WATER-
CLOSETS, URINALS, AND OTHER PLACES, AND IN THE MEANS EMPLOYED THEREIN, AS
ALSO THE APPLICATION OF THE AFORESAID POWDER TO THE PRESERVATION OF FOOD,"
upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Daniel Wilks,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, by an instrument in writing
under my or their hands and scals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Scal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Daniel Wilks, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings
and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say :-
―:
My improvements in collecting animal and other refuse consist in
special arrangements for position and condition of domestic receivers,
as for instance the soapsuds, liquor in which vegetables have been
cooked, and other refuse fluids carried off by the usual domestic sinks I
purpose utilizing by the use of a compound filter and stink trap arranged
for intercepting the solid matter or particles floating in such domestic
refuse, so that the same may be recovered at stated times, whilst the
fluid becomes purified before entering the drain or local outfall without
being deleterious to any river or watercourse into which it may fall; this
collected solid matter or particles will be referred to hereafter.
The same apparatus is applicable to public urinals, slaughter-houses,
stables, cattle sheds, pig-styes, and other like places, the operation being
that before the urine or other fluids from such places can flow away it

page_text: passes through an ascending filter, thereby depositing all its fertilizing
properties for subsequent utilization, allowing the water thus filtered or
purified to flow away in a non-injurious condition. The deposit thus
made by the process of filtration I purpose collecting and treating as
hereafter described by the manufacture of manure.
In applying my improvements for the maintaining the healthy sanitary
condition of large towns or communities I adopt (by preference) what is
known as the intercepting principle, and so construct the receiver that
the urine deposited may be filtered and carried away, leaving the fer-
tilizing qualities behind with the solid matter to be removed to a suitablo
depôt when required. These deposits so collected I purpose storing or
placing in a suitable receiver that the natural process of fermenting
and solidifying such matter may proceed, aided by a process hereafter
described.
In treating sewage matter I purpose crecting at the outfall a suitable
scries of filtering tanks, which I purpose covering over to prevent
exhalation, applying my improved upward filtering system to such tanks
that the water draining over the bar of the subsiding tanks will fall down
and rise up through my special filtering arrangement before it escapes
into the common channel to flow to the river or brook; thus no water
can possible escape until it is thoroughly pure, whilst the sludge that has
subsided in the said tanks I remove in rotation to an elevated receiver,
which I also purpose arranging with a suitable cover, and when the
sludge is sufficiently dry this tank may be tapped, and the partly dried
sludge, by the force of gravitation, will descend and be deposited on a
suitable floor to be utilized, as hereafter described.
Through all the means and processes before described I purpose using
largely a powerful absorbing carbonaceous powder, which has the quality
not only of deodorizing but also the absorption of all remaining moisture.
This powder I manufacture from surface refuse, such as stale vegetables,
collections and sweeping from streets and markets, with the animal
manure, together with ashes which may be collected from house refuse;
this essential element of my Invention is unlimited in its supply. The
refuse thus mentioned I place in a suitable kiln or otherwise, and burn
until the whole entire mass has been calcined or thoroughly burned and
reduced to a fine powder, which may be further treated by sieving.
This powder is an absolute and complete absorber and deodorizer; there-

page_text: for in preparing my filtering bed or beds, whether for domestic sinks,
private or public urinals or lavatories, slaughter-houses, sewage outfalls
of large towns or otherwise, I purpose using this powder largely, so that
when collecting the deposit from any of these situations its use has the
effect of absorbing all foul exhalations, offensivo odour, or smell, and
rapidly absorbing moisture from which such exhalations arise; as also
when commingled with the excretions or other matter becomes an
essential element in reducing this matter to a suitable condition for
manure; so also its utility is invaluable in the general treatment of
sewage, and renders the use of lime as a precitate unnecessary.
In practice I may say that the subsiding tanks herein-before described
may be provided with a porous covering, such as cocoa-nut matting or
other material, on which I distribute a layer of the aforesaid deodorizing
powder, and again I apply this to the elevated sludge tanks, which
prevents all obnoxious exhalations, and when the said sludge tanks are
in condition to be emptied, as before described, by allowing the sludge
to descend on a drying floor I prefer dredging the said sludge with this
powder, and when sufficiently dried this sludgo may be cut or divided up
into suitable lumps or bricks that will admit of being placed in an open
form for heat to pass through them in a suitable drying kiln somewhat
like the burning of bricks, the effect of which will be to dry and reduce
such lumps or bricks to a condition that they may be readily reduced to
a deodorizing and filtering powder; but if sewage matter thus treated be
required for fertilizing purposes I allow it to lie together in large
quantities to ferment and prepare itself by natural means to the
condition required, by which process ammonia and other gases are not
evolved, but retained for their valuable qualities in such mannure.
And, lastly. I purpose utilizing my deodorizing and absorbing powder
for the packing or preserving of eggs, fish, flesh, poultry, as well as
fruit and vegetables, for which purpose it will be found invaluable,
as by its absorbing properties it takes up all damp or moisture that may
be in or about the food to be preserved, and from its fineness it will fill
up every void in or about the article or articles to be preserved, that
when covered up by the outer projection (which may be an ordinary
box or cask) no room will be left for air to occupy, which being
thoroughly excluded the composition will become a complete preserver,
and be of great value in preserving fresh food for long voyages at sea,
or for innumerable other purposes where preserving is required.

page_text: But in order that I may be practically understood as to the nature of
my Invention, and the manner of carrying the same into effect, I will
further elaborate the description by aid of the Drawings hereunto
annexed, and to which I will now refer.
Fig. 1 represents a top view of a common domestic sink marked A,
surrounded at the back and end by the house wall marked B, so that
the sink, as here shown, stands as it were in a corner. The sink is
simply shown surrounded at the free front and end by wood framing,
the end of which projects into the wall, the floor of the sink being laid
with brick quarries set in cement, which will be found economical and
enduring; C is the ordinary cast-iron drain, which may be either fitted
underneath with an ordinary stink trap or simply with a flow way, here-
after to be referred to; D is a reservoir conveniently placed on the
outside of the wall B. This reservoir can be constructed of any suitable
material, but I have found galvanized iron to be economic and durable.
I prefer a portion of the top or cover to be so constructed that a small
part of it can be readily opened in order that chamber or other slops
may be easily emptied in and the cover again closed; but this arrange-
ment I have not shown, as it may be omitted or variously constructed
by easily removing a part of the permanent cover, which is exhibited
at a, a. The open portion is fitted with a flange, as at b, b, b, b, set
down, say, about two inches, more or less, from the top edge of the
reservoir, and in this condition the reservoir may be readily cleaned out
when occasion requires, to facilitate which I purpose fitting a loose plug
in the bottom, so that the mud or sediment may be removed; but when
in use I (by preference) lay a galvanized wire frame on this open part,
the said frame resting on the flanges before mentioned, marked b; and
on this wire frame I purpose laying a coarse cocoa-nut or other thin
matting, over which may be strewed a layer of my deodorizing compound
(hereafter to be more particularly referred to), which will absorb all
effluvia or exhalations arising from the contents of the reservoir, in close
proximity to which reservoir I place two filters, not that the number is
arbitrary, as one may be used, but perhaps not so effectively as two or
more, according to space or convenience that situation may offer. These
filters are marked E and F, and are constructed with internal perforated
bottoms, which bottoms are represented in dotted lines marked c, d, and

page_text: e, f, in Fig. 2, which exhibits a front view of the sink A, section of the
parting wall B, and in end viow the reservoir D and filters E and F.
As before referred to the dotted lines c, d, and e, f, show the position of
the false bottoms of the filters, which filters I purpose nearly filling with
my purifying deodorizing powder.
The action of the sink will be best understood from following the
directions as here stated. The fluid, whether from vegetable cooking,
soapsuds, or other kitchen slops, is emptied on the sink and flows
through the stink trap C (seen only in Figure 1, which is connected to
a wasto pipe marked g (partly shown in dotted lines), which pipe enteres
the reservoir D as close to the top as is convenient, and may be cut
off there, or (by preference) carried down, as shewn by the dotted
lines near the bottom, which will entirely prevent any exhalations
escaping through the same, and render the stink trap before referred to
unnecessary. In this view of the reservoir D I have represented the
cover a as being also of galvanized iron; the deflected flanges for
receiving the wire frame (before referred to) being shown in dotted lines
marked h, h. The fluid contents of the reservoir flow down the pipe k, k,
and enter the filter E below the internal perforated bottom c, d, in which
filter it rises through the mass of purifying deodorizing compound to
the top, and again descends through the pipe 1, 1, entering the second
filter (as in the former case) below the perforated bottom, from whence
it ascends through the mass of purifying compound with which this
filter (as at E) has also been charged, and rises on the surfaces pure and
limpid, being deprived of all putrescent matter with which it had been
before mixed, and in this caso escapes through the waste pipe m, which
may be near the surface of the ground line marked n, from whence it may
flow to any common watercourse in a pure and inoffensive condition,
so that the water in the river or stream with which it commingles will
not be poluted from such effluent tributaries. The filtration thus con-
ducted may be regulated, or made more or less active, by partially
closing the flow way in the descending pipe k, k, by applying to it a
tap controlled (by preference) by a lever key, for as the poluted water
poured down the sink is generally intermittent the action of the filters
may be made sufficiently continuous by contracting the orifice in the
manner described.
This same arrangement without the sink may be beneficially used in
all situations where animals are herded together, such as cattle sheds

page_text: stables, or pig-styes, slaughter-houses, and other places, such as washing
establishments, public urinals, or urinals belonging to large establish-
ments, the general construction being arranged of suitable capacity and
concentrated for receiving deleterious fluids from different aproximating
sources.
For private urinals I have found a receptacle constructed as shewn in
front and end view at Fig. 3, drawn to a scale of one inch to the foot
(also made of galvanized iron) to answer well. The top may be made
of any shape, and readily removed for applying my purifying deodorizing
compound within, and these urinals may be emptied after the deodoriz-
ing compound becomes fully saturated with urine, to be utilized as
hereafter explained, and the portable top as before stated) may be made
in any other suitable way in one or more parts.
In applying my approvements to conserve the health and sanitary
economy of large towns I adopt to the fullest extent convenient the
intercepting principle, by keeping all fluids away from commingling
with focal deposits. In effecting which the details may be much
varied, but the system I have found to answer I have exhibited in plan
at Fig. 4, drawn to a scale of half an inch to the foot, which may be
considered as being constructed for male and female users.
Fig. 5 is a vertical section of the closet taken through the dotted lines
o and p, and Fig. 6 a similar section taken through the dotted lines q
and ; but I will first describe the section Fig. 5, which is arranged
and adapted for female use. The vessel or receiver G (as in the former
case) I have made of galvanized iron, and which can be made with a
solid bottom, and with an outflow pipe near the top, but I prefer
adopting the plan herein exhibited. The said receiver G has a perforated
bottom that the urine as deposited may permeate the purifying compound
(of which the vessel may be nearly full), escape through the perforations
in the bottom, and flow into the cemented reservoir H, H. The
receiver is slightly elevated, and the reservoir is connected by an arch
constructed in the brickwork forming the back of the closet marked 8, 8.
The part marked H' is for the convenience of dipping the purified urine
from the said reservoir; thus it will be seen that this department of the
closet is adapted for the use of females, and intended only for the deposit &
of urine.
The section, Figure 6, is adapted for male and female use. the

page_text: waste pipe suitably placed that its contents after being purified may
flow into the reservoir H and H', whilst the faces is deposited in the
cemented reservoir marked J, J, which (as stated at H, H,) is connected
by the brickwork being formed into an arch, and is isolated from the
reservoir in which the receiver I is placed by the slanting corrugated
plate of galvanized iron (or other suitable material) marked t, t; but
if preferred brickwork may be substituted instead. The fœces as
deposited fall into the reservoir J, J, by being first deposited into
the galvanized iron pan principally shown in section marked K, the
lower or delivery part of which is fitted with a valve shown in a separate
view at Fig. 7 (drawn to a quarter scale), which valve may be acted on
by a lever working on a fulcrum secured to the back of the pan K, not
shown, but the normal position of the valve is to be closed, so that the
focal deposit may lie on it.
In the hopper L my deodorizing compound is placed, and descends
through the funnel u, but to which funnel just above the seat
(marked M, M,) or otherwise I apply a compound valve (shown
also in an enlarged or half sized view at Fig. 8), which valvo has
the effect of measuring the compound that escapes, the supply being
cut off when the desired quantity has been delivered, so that the user
(after use) will open and close this valve, which will distribute on the
faeces deposited a charge of my deodorizing compound before the faces
is allowed to descend into the reservoir J by opening the valve shown
in dotted lines at v, as before described, thus the fœces are commingled
with the deodorizing compound as deposited; but instead of operating
on the lower valve v by a vertical lever attached to the back of the
pan K, as before stated, this valve may be worked by the action of
the closet door, and to prevent waste of the deodorizing compound the
valve that regulates the supply may be actuated by the action of the
foot applied to a lever conveniently placed in the step in front of the
seat marked 10, or by other suitable means; thus the focal matter
will not only be deodorized, but will become a solid mass, and be
neither offensive or disagreeable of removal (which applies to other
animal refuse).
This intercepting principle will be found highly beneficial for a
sanitary closet system in thickly populated districts; but in positions
where the urinal and focal deposits are conducted with other matter
and effulent water into the common drain or sewer, I purpose applying

page_text: at the outfall a suitable series of reservoirs and filtering tanks carried
to any desired depth, by which my system of upward filtration may be
carried on, and by charging my filtering tanks with my deodorizing
and purifying compound all organic and offensive matter will be
deposited and absorbed in the carbonaceous compound through which
it permeates, so that it becomes thoroughly pure before escaping to the
neighbouring river or watercourse.
The collection, preparation, and manufacture of my powerful
absorbing and purifying carbonaceous powder is obtained in the
manner herein-before described; but having at present only prepared
it in comparatively small quantities, I have not thought it necessary
to exhibit any particular mode of fermenting, drying, and burning
or calcining the said refuse mass of which my deodorizing absorbing
compound is composed, but which compound when so used as herein
described and exhibited in the urinal receivers, focal deposits, sink
purifiers, as also at the outfalls of any sewage system, in each case
becomes largely mixed with organic matter, which being collected in
large quantities from the filtering vessels connected with domestic
sinks, cattle sheds, piggeries, stables, urinals, or other receptacles in
which my deodorizing powder has been used becomes largely impreg-
nated with organic or other gross matter valuable as manure, and such
compound matter being prepared partly by evaporation, partly by
absorption (by the admixture of any addition of my deodorizing powder,
which of itself is a powerful manuring stimulant), and partly by fer-
mentation of kiln drying, I am enabled to utilizo this gross refuse
matter as a valuable regenerator to the land by giving back to it its
natural stimulant, which I effect by preparing and reducing such
compound to a powder for distributing over land, according to its
nature and requirement, and of various degrees of strength, as focal
matter connected in the manner herein-before described by my inter-:
cepting principle from closets or privies will have much stronger
regenerating power for the land than the refuse matter collected at
the outfall of any system of sewage through which great quantities of
water are always flowing.

page_text: unoccupied by the eatables so packed, but it excludes the action of the
atmospheric air.
Having thus given a general description of my Invention, and the
manner in which the same may be variously carried into effect,
according to requirements or position, I wish it understood that tho
whole description, details, and Drawings may be variously arranged
and extended without affecting the spirit of my Invention.
In witness whereof, I, the said Daniel Wilks, have hercunto
set my hand and seal, this Twenty-seventh day of November,
in the year of our Lord Ono thousand eight hundred and seventy-
five.
Witness,
JAMES S. COCKINGS,
Patent Agont,
Ann Street,
Birmingham.
DANIEL WILKS. (L.S.)