CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SPOONS, FORKS, AND OTHER SIMILAR WARES, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN, PARTS OF WHICH ARE ALSO APPLI- CABLE TO OTHER MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
Year: 1846

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ALFRED
KRUPP, Principal of the House of Frederick Krupp, of Essen, in the Kingdom
of Prussia, but now of Leicester Square, in the County of Middlesex, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-sixth day of
August, One thousand eight hundred and forty-six, in the tenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Alfred Krupp, my exors, admors, and assigns, Her especial licence,
full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said Alfred Krupp, my
exors, admors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Alfred Krupp, my
exors, admors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times during the term of years therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England,
Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, in the Islands of Guernsey,
Jersey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, and also in all Her said Majesty's Colonies
and Plantations abroad, my Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF SPOONS, FORKS, AND OTHER SIMILAR WARES, AND IN THE
MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN, PARTS OF WHICH ARE ALSO APPLI-
CABLE TO OTHER MANUFACTURING PROCESSES;" in which said Letters Patent is
contained a proviso that I, the said Alfred Krupp, shall cause a particular
description of the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the

page_text: same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under my hand and
seal, to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said in part
recited Letters Patent, as in and by the. same, reference being thereunto
had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Alfred Krupp, hereby declare that the nature of the said Invention, and
in what manner the same is to be performed, are fully described in and
by the present Specification thereof, reference being had to the several Sheets
of Drawings hereunto annexed, respectively lettered, A, B, C, D, E, and F,
that is to say:-
My Improvement in the Manufacture of Spoons, Forks, and other similar
Wares consists in producing such articles of any suitable form or figure by
means of machinery alone (with the exception of the processes of filing,
bending, or bowling, and polishing), and in a more perfect manner than has
been heretofore accomplished. I propose, first, to exemplify in the following
description this improved mode of manufacture, by shewing its application to the
manufacture of spoons composed of silver or any other malleable metal or metal-
lic alloy capable of having form or figure given to it by cold pressure alone.
The sheets of the metal employed are first cut into strips of a breadth equal to
the length intended to be given to the rough blanks, and to the length of the
bowl part of another blank additional, and the strips are then cut into rough
blanks out of which the spoons are formed. When the spoon is of a plain
pattern the blank need not be of much greater thickness than the spoon itself
is intended to be in its thickest parts; but when the pattern is of an orna
mental character the blank should be from one twelth to one thirtieth of an
inch greater thickness than the thickest part of the spoon, according to the
height of the raised parts and the sharpness desired to be given to them.
Where the metal is of such a quality that any clippings or filings or other
waste can be cheaply remelted and rolled again into plates, the blanks may
be of such simple straight lined forms as are represented in Figure 1 of the
annexed Drawings. A is the strip of metal. B, B, the blanks cut out of it.
The part a, which forms afterwards the bowl of the spoon, is a very little
broader in the blank than in the finished article (before bending or bowling),
and exactly double the breadth of the handle part b, so that by alternately
reversing the positions of the two parts, as shewn in the Drawing, the entire
strip of metal may be cut into such blanks without leaving any residue except
at the ends; but when it is of importance to have as little waste as possible, I
give to the blank a form approaching more nearly to the general contour of

page_text: the article to be manufactured from it, as represented in Figures 7 and 8, and
also by the part B of Figure 2. In all these Figures d, e, and f, represent
respectively the parts convertable into the bowl, the shank, and handle of the
spoon. The bowl part (d) is in this case from one half to one quarter less in
breadth in the blank than in the finished article (before bending or bowling),
and of twice the averge breadth of the shank and handle parts e and f, and by
alternately reversing, as before, the position of the parts the entire strip of
metal may, in this case, also be cut into a number of such blanks without
leaving any residue, except it may be at the ends. The cutting machine may
be of any ordinary construction, and I claim nothing new in respect of it,
except the employment of cutters adapted to cut out the blanks of the shapes
before described. In the portion of this machine shewn in Figure 2, a repre-
sents the under cutter and 6 the upper cutter. i, i, are the screws by which
the under cutter is secured in its place. g, h, guides for preserving uniformity
in the blanks, and c, d, the piece of metal out of which the blanks B are cut.
The flat banks so formed are next passed through a rolling machine, such as
represented in Figure 3 front elevation), Figure 4 (a plan), and Figure 5
(an end elevation), in order that the same may be thinned and stretched or
elongated in the bowl part. This machine differs from other metal rolling
machines in this only, that the thinning and elongation are produced by the
pressure of the rollers on a die inserted in one of the rollers, which die may be
exchanged from time to time for other dies. Figure 6 is a plan of a roller
detached from the machine, with a die of the above description let into it..
9 is the roller, g the axis, a the die, and c, c, the screws by which it is held
fast. is a guide plate secured to the top of the die by the screws d, d,
between and within the projecting edges of which plate the blanks are passed
onwards to the die. Supposing the blank to be of the form Figures 7 and 8,
when it has passed through this machine the bowl part d becomes elongated
into the form represented in plan Figure 9, and in section Figure 10, by the
thinning of the portion g to the extent shewn in the sectional view Figure 10.
In order that the point where the die exerts the greatest pressure on the bowl
part of the blank may be varied according to the requirements of different
patterns, the guide plate 6 has several holes in it in a line with the screws
d, d, so that it may be fixed nearer to or farther from the die, according to
circumstances. The same effect may be obtained by employing a number of
guide plates of different sizes. The distance between the two rollers (R¹, R³,)
is regulated
screws e, e, after the manner usual in rolling mills, and the
distance so determined from time to time is registered on two dial plates P, P,
by means of two pointers f, f, which are attached to the ends of the screws

page_text: and turn with them. The dial plates are connected by a cross plate h, which
is supported on bearings z, z, formed on the ends or heads of the screws. In
the space L, Figures (8 and 5) between the bearings K, K, of the rollers
R', R³, there is inserted a spring of strength sufficient to keep the top roller
(R¹) tight against the lower ends of the screws. The blank, after having
been thus elongated, is next passed through a cross rolling machine of the
construction represented in Figure 13 (side elevation), 14 (front elevation),
15 (back elevation), and 16 (a plan). In order to widen it in the bowl and
handle parts (d, f), and to bring it more nearly to the general form and figure
which it is ultimately to bear, A, B, is a strong framework of iron, which
carries two axles of a conical form C, C. C, which is the driving axle, bas
attached to it at one end a pinion c, which works into and moves a similar
pinion c² on the end of the axle C². On the opposite or larger ends of the
axles there are fixed two hoops a, a, of hardened steel. The axles are kept
tight in their places partly by means of a double bent spring d, which presses
against the bearings e, e, partly by a wedge key p (see Figure 15), which is
forced between the bearings o, o, by means of a screw g turned by a winch w,
and partly by a vertical screw k. The distance between the hoops a, a, is
varied at pleasure by means of a vertical screw 2, which, during the working of
the machine is kept steady by two arms or half collars h, h, which are centred
on a pin k¹, and when brought round the neck of the screw are made fast by a
screw pin i passed crosswise through their two ends. The mode in which the
blank is pressed out at the two ends to the requisite breadth, and by which its
bounding lines are made either parallel, oblique, or curved, consist in varying
the curvature of the hoops a, a, as for example, from the form of perfect
cylinders to that of cones more or less acute, or making them broader or
narrower, and also by varying the inclination of the axles one towards the
other, which is readily effected by easing or tightening more or less the
bearings of the axles. A blank, for example, which has been elongated at
the bowl end into the form shewn in Figure 9, when passed through this cross
rolling machine would assume in the bowl part the shape represented in plan
and section in Figures 11 and 12, and in the handle part either the form
shewn in Figure 9, or that shewn in Figures 11 and 12, or any other required
form. The blank is introduced by hand between the hoops a, a, and
conducted crosswise between them, the bowl end being passed through first,
and then the handle end, or vice versa. m is a wedge-shaped guide or stop
against which the blank abuts as it passes through, and which is pushed, as
required, more or less forward between the hoops by the screw n. The blank
is next subjected to the action of engraved or otherwise figured rollers of the

page_text: peculiar construction represented in Figures 25 and 26, in order to have the
ornamental parts cut out, such as the fillets along the edges or shield or other
ornament at the top of the handle. Each pattern is produced by two cor-
responding matrices, one engraved on the upper roller and the other on the
under. Figure 25 shows one of a pair of rollers with a matrix for the handle
engraved upon it, and Figure 26 the reverse side of the roller with the matrix
of the bowl part.
The diameter of each roller is reduced, as shewn, at
the part where the pattern is engraved upon it, that is, from a to a, and the
outer lines of each figure or pattern consist of cutting edges (as c, c), which,
while the figure or pattern is in the act of being impressed on the blank,
cut away simultaneously the superfluous metal all round, which falls through the
vacant spaces b, b, left between the cutting edges c, c, and the projecting parts
a, a, of the rollers. The cutting edges do not project quite so far as the
parts a, a, so that they are protected by the latter from coming in contact.
Instead of the whole of the figure or pattern being bounded by cutting edges
it may be bounded by such edges in parts only. It is by the employment of
these, and the space allowed for the instant escape of the waste cut away by
them, that these rollers are particularly distinguished from and superior to all
others hitherto employed in this or similar branches of manufacture. When
a blank is passed between two figured rollers of one diameter, without any
such provision being made for the simultaneous separation of the superfluous
or waste metal, the impression is liable to be more or less distorted, in
consequence of the waste metal having a tendency to twist the blank out of a
straight line, and the more so as there may happen to be more waste on the
one side than on the other; but by causing the rollers to impress the pattern
and cut away the waste metal at one and the same time, all such distortion is
prevented. A high degree of uniformity is obtained in the shape and thick-
ness of any number of repeats of the same articles, and the rollers are worked
with not only less labour but with much less tear and wear.
As the cutting
edges which encircle a pattern necessarily terminate at each end in one
common point, as p in Figure 25 or p¹ in Figure 26, a single cutting edge c',
raised on the periphery of the roller, is carried forward from each end of the
pattern round to the other end, so that any waste which there may be at the
ends of the pattern may be also cut through and thrown aside.
When any
distinctive devices are required to be added to the spoon, as a crest or initials,
I prefer having these engraved either in relief or intaglio on separate dies, and
letting the dies into recesses made for the purpose in the centre of the shield
or other outline ornament of the spoon, as represented by the circular dotted
lines in Figure 25. The dię may be either in one piece or in two or more

page_text: pieces, or one die may be inserted within another die. Figure 28 represents
a die of one piece, and Figure 27 one of two pieces. d, d¹, are the top
surfaces, and d³, d, the bottom surfaces. e, e, are projecting studs which take
into sockets made for them in the bottom of the recesses that contain the dies,
and c, c, are holes into which a .binding screw rod passed lengthwise through
the roller (see Figure 25) is inserted. Figure 29 is a top plan of a circular
die in two parts. One die may also be inserted within another, or within two
or three dies. Figure 30 (a plan), and Figure 31 (a sectional elevation), show
how a circular die of one piece may be surrounded with a circle of types,
having letters and figures or other devices on their surfaces. t, t, are the
types, and e and c the bottom stud and hole for the binding screw rod, both as
before. Instead of the cutting edges (c and c, Figures 25 and 26) penetrat-
ing quite through the metals, they may be made to indent them only to such
an extent as to prevent the outer or waste parts from acting in the prejudicial
manner before described on the article rolled, and the waste parts may be
'afterwards readily detached by means of nippers. The blanks are passed
through a forming and cutting machine of the construction represented in
Figure 22 (a plan), Figure 23 (a side view), and Figure 24 (an end view).
D, D, is a framework which is firmly bolted together and rests on a bed plate
E, supported by cross ribs O, O. H, H, is a pair of rollers mounted in the
framework D, on which are engraved in duplicate parts the pattern of the
spoon, as shewn in Figures 25 and 26 before described. F is a continuation
of the bed plate on which are raised the standards G and F', which carry the
'ends of the axles Q and r. A pinion C, which is affixed to the end of the
axle r, gears into a wheel d on one end of the axis of the undermost of the
'rollers H, while another pinion f, which revolves on the one end of the axle Q,
and is worked by the other pinion e, takes into and actuates the wheel. g
attached to one end of the uppermost of the rollers H. A crank k (Figure
22) is keyed on the axle r, and connected to the pinion e by a screw pin Q',
'which is passed through the head of it and through a piece I screwed into the
face of the pinion. The pinion e is simply fitted on to the axler (not keyed),
and is kept steady by means of the screw pin Q, as by means of this screw
pin Q the distance between k and can be encreased or diminished at
'pleasure. A perfect correspondence can be thus at all times established
between the engraved portions of the two rollers in the longitudinal direction
'round their peripheries. The degree of pressure to be given to the rollers is
regulated by the screws m, m, and a coupling piece n, which connects these
screws and keeps them from shifting. u, u, are a series of screws which
'regulate the position of the rollers H, H,'from the side, as shewn more clearly

page_text: In the detached views of this apparatus given in rigures 22, 23, and 24, and
40, 41, and 42. These screws are pressed up against a piece of iron or steel
a, which is in contact with the interior sides of the flanges of the bearings of
the rollers. 6 is a piece of iron or steel which is inserted to prevent the waste
or refuse produced by the operation of the machine from falling on the shafts
of the apparatus. The two engraved portions of the rollers are kept in perfect
correspondence with one another by means of the intergearing of the pinions
e, f, the regulating screw piece Q', and the crank k, as shewn on an enlarged
scale in Figures 32, 33, 34, and 85. To ensure the passing of the blanks in
a uniformly straight direction between the engraving rollers, Figures 25 and 26,
I employ a guiding machine of the construction represented in Figure 22, and
more in detail in Figure 36 (a plan), Figure 37 (a sectional elevation),
Figure 38 (a side view), and Figure 39 (a cross section). D, D, is a frame-
work which is represented in part only in order to exhibit more clearly the
other and more material portions of the apparatus. x is a sliding piece, which
in its inner breadth must always be equal to that of the handle part of the
blank intended to be rolled, and can be replaced at pleasure by other slides of
greater or less breadth. h is a strong coiled spring which is attached by a
connecting rod w to the hinder part of the slide, and which, when set free,
forces the slide forward towards the rollers. y is a hinged catch, which, when
down, prevents the slide from being acted upon by the spring. In the
Drawing this spring is represented as drawn back and ready for operation.
The blank is passed under the cover with the bowl end foremost, and
pushed forward till the handle part rests in the open space d, d, and the bowl
part abuts against the projecting edges h¹, h¹. A beut levers is centred in a
bearing a' formed on one side of the apparatus. One end (¹) of this lever is
weighted and rests on the top of the greatest diameter of a cam, which
encircles the periphery of the box of the driving wheel (which is supposed, as
in the case of Figure 38, to be the under wheel), and the other end (or tail)
rests on a spring z screwed to the back part I of the frame of slide.
Supposing a line to be drawn through the resting front of the end k¹ of the
lever s, it will be slightly in advance of another perpendicular line drawn
through the commencing parts of the engraved portions of the rollers, so that
as often as these engraved portions begin to come opposite to one another, the
larger diameter of the cam is carried by the corresponding revolution of the
box of the driving wheel from under the weighted end of the lever, which,
falling down on the lower diameter, tilts up the small end (assisted by the
spring), which, striking against the catch y, raises it up and liberates the
slide, on which the spring h drives it forward (with the blank. upon it)

page_text: towards the rollers. The slide is prevented from moving too far forwards by
means of a stud 1 on the under side of it, which catches against a stop m¹.
The block by which the end k¹ of the lever s is weighted is made to slide upon.
the lever, and may be fixed at any distance from the extremity which may be
required by the position of the terminating points of the engraved patterns by
means of the regulating screws p², p¹, and 9". After the blank has passed
from the slide between the rollers the slide is withdrawn by application of the.
hand to the ring n, in order to be ready for a repetition of the preceding
operation. A modification of the conducting apparatus last described is
represented in Figure 43 (sectional elevation), Figure 44 (end view, and
Figure 45 (plan). There is a slide actuated by a spring h, a cover c' which
secures the blank to the slide, and a lever which sets the spring h free to act
at the proper moment on the slide, all as before; but there are several
alterations in the subordinate details, having for their object to give the
apparatus a command over the smallest parts of the blank equally with the
largest. k is one of two bars which are moveable on a cross pin, and free to
rise and fall within a recess cut out of the framework I. The free ends
of these bars rest on the top of a bar s, which passes by a prolongation
through the part of the framework F, and terminates at bottom in a crutch
which rests on a crank pin H¹. t is a ball or sort of universal joint through
which the prolongation u is passed, in order to keep it always in its proper
position. is a counterpoise to the bar s, which is attached to the crank pin
H'. x is the sliding piece in which the blanks are laid. a is a spring which,
instead of being of an equal thickness, is increased in thickness towards the side
on which the blanks are placed, and terminates in two prominent cheek pieces
0, 0. The blank is passed with the bowl and foremost under the cover c³,
and pushed forward till the top abuts against the cross piece f, which is
secured to the slide by the screws g', g', by which operation the broadest part
of the handle is gripped between the sides d' of the bed plate, and the
narrowest between the cheek pieces o, o, while the bowl part remains wholly
outside of the slide and next to the rollers. When in the forward progress of
the blank between the rollers the broad end of the handle comes in contact
with the cheeks o, o, being prevented by the cover c¹ from inclining upwards,
it presses of necessity these cheeks down, and with them the bars k and s,
raising the counterpose v from a horizontal position to the degree of perpen-
dicularity shewn in the Drawing. The bar s is kept in this depressed position
while the broad end of the blank is gliding over the cheeks o, o, by means of a
curved lever P hinged to the back of the bar S, the upper end of which is
brought by the depression of the lever under the part I of the framework, and

page_text: the lower end upheld by a strong spring r, also bolted to the back of the bar 8.
After the blank has passed quite free of the feeding apparatus at the point z,
the slide is drawn back by the application of the hand to a ring ( ) as before,
and as the connecting rod w recedes, it draws with it a cross bar s', which
pulls back the curved lever P from under the part I of the framework, and
allows the levers to be thrown up again by the counterpoise into its original
position. In all cases, except when the levers is forcibly depressed, as has
been just explained, it serves to keep the cheeks o, o, firmly pressed upwards
against the cover c', so that however narrow any part of the blank may be, it
must be conducted with unerring exactness between the rollers. An encrease
in the thickness of the blanks will make it necessary to encrease the distance
of the pin q, on which the curved lever P is centred, from the part I of the
framework, and this may be effected by means of the adjusting screws g
and L. The screws g¹ and 9" are employed to steady the apparatus and
prevent it from being shaken by the action of the spring or counterpoise v.
Having now exemplified the nature of my Invention in its application to
the manufacture of spoons, I now proceed to point out in what respects
the preceding operations are respectively modified when applied to forks,
composed also like the spoons of some metal or metallic alloy capable of
having form or figure given to it by cold pressure alone. The rough blanks
are in this case cut in parallel lines, as represented in Figure 21, and of a
little greater width than the article in its finished state, or of the more exact
form represented in Figures 17 and 19. The average breadth of the
handle part in such blanks, as Figures 17 and 19, must be half that of the
largest or prong part, and is consequently in general smaller than the same
part in the blanks for the spoons which the finished fork is to match, but it
must then be at the same time thicker, as it has to be afterwards pressed by
cross rolling throughout its entire length to the extent indicated by space
between the cross and full lines in Figure 18, and by the edge view,
Figure 20. The blanks (whether of the form Figure 21 or 17) are, as in
case of the spoons, first passed through the elongating machine (Figures
3, 4, and 5), which imparts to them the shape represented in Figures 18
and 20, and then through the forming and cutting machine, Figures 22,
23, and 24. A guiding machine is used in the same way as in the case of
spoons, to lead the fork blanks to the rollers, either of the construction
represented in Figures 22, 36, 37, 38, and 39, or of that represented in
Figures 43, 44, and 45, with this difference only, that a piece of iron is
secured to the screw f in order to push the rough blank towards the rollers.
In the same way in which spoons and forks are thus manufactured, a great

page_text: many similar wares may be produced, as sugar and asparagus tongs, frui
knives, some sorts of scissar blades, snuffer pieces, &c., or at least with such
obvious modifications only as will readily suggest themselves to any competent
workman. I have assumed in the preceeding descriptions that the metal or
metallic alloy employed is of such a quality as to be capable of receiving any
form or figure by cold pressure alone, but the whole of the machinery and
processes described will be found equally applicable whether the metal is
used in a warm or cold state, taking care only to employ a quicker motion
when the metal is warm. Spoons, forks, and other like wares may be pro-
duced in the same perfection by means of my Invention (with the exception,
as before explained, of the filing, bowling, and finishing processes in iron and
steel, when duly heated for the purpose), as in the more ductile metals of
silver and gold. I have herein-before directed the rough blanks to be first
elongated and then widened; but in certain cases, as, for instance, where the
finished bowl of a spoon is required to be of different thicknesses in the
breadth, the cross rolling may be executed first, and the operation of elonga-
tion afterwards performed by means of a die with a curved surface let into
one of the rollers, as before described. The power required to work the
rollers will depend partly on the size of the articles to be manufactured, partly
on the quality of the metal employed, partly on the degree of pressure
necessary to produce the givern pattern, and partly on the rapidity with which
the articles are required to be produced. In general steam power will be
the most suitable, but where the articles are small, and quick work is not
<desired, hand power will suffice. The rollers and also the dies inserted or
used in combination with such rollers should be of a good quality of steel, and
hardened in the same way as rollers and dies used in coining. Instead of a
rotary motion being given to the rollers, a semirotary or oscillating motion
may be occasionally preferable, as, for example, in the case of short articles
.or figures where the rollers have but to make a short longitudinal traverse.
Instead of using rollers at all, as in the machine before described; the same
effects may be accomplished by means of flat oscillating blocks in the manner
represented in Figure 46 (a back elevation), Figure 47 (a plan), and
Figures 48 and 49 (sectional elevations). A, A, is the framework of a machine,
.constructed on this reciprocating or oscillating principle. B, B, are two semi-
.circular blocks which oscillate on axes A¹, sustained by bearings b, b. The ends
.of the axes A² have recesses cut in them in which rest the ends of two smaller
axes, c, c, which, by means of the screws g, g, regulate laterally the position of
.the blocks B, B¹. A sliding piece k, which moves on the face of an additional
framework C, C, C,.is.connected with the framework A by links a, a, and two

page_text: levers h, h, are attached to the blocks B, B', and connected by pins i, i, to the
ends of two rods (the form of one of which is shewn separately in Figure 70),
which rods again are connected by their opposite ends to the sliding piece k,
at the points 1, 2, while a third rod, which passes from the centre n of the
sliding piece k, connects it to the pin m of a crank o, of which a front view
and section are given separately in Figures 61 and 62. Motion is given
to 'the crank o by means of the shaft r, and two excentric toothed wheels p, q,
which have the excentricity given to them in order that the blocks when
pulled forward may move with comparative slowness and move quickly on
their return. The pattern required to be given to the spoons, forks, or other
articles is engraved in duplicate on dies, and surrounded with cutting edges in
the same way as in the case of the rollers before described; or where the
article is without any ornament, the dies present the cutting edges necessary
to give it its intended shape. These dies are set in frames t, a plan and
elevation of one of which are given separately at Figures 50 and 51, and
these frames are secured 'to the surfaces of the blocks by inserting them
between flanges s, s, (Figures 47 and 48,) and kept steady there by means of
binding screws w, u, which pass in a lateral direction through the blocks.
A plan and section of one of these dies are given separately on an enlarged
scale in Figures 55 and 56. The space in the frame t appropriated to the
dies is made large enough to admit of dies of various sizes being introduced;
they are held fast by screws w, w, and their raised circumference all serves
the same office of protecting the cutting edges as the projecting parts a, a, of
the rollers in Figures 25 and 26. The dies may consist of one, two, or more
pieces, either combined laterally or inserted one within the other in the same
way as before explained in the case of dies let into rollers, and as again
exemplified in Figures 57, 58, 59, 60, and 61. According as the dies are
longer or shorter a corresponding difference must be made in the length of
traverse of the blocks, and this is effected by moving the pin:m.of the crank
farther from or nearer to the axis of the crank. In order to facilitate the
substitution of one die for another, the upper block has counterweights
attached to it on each side of its bearings, as shewn in Figure 49, iby which it
may be raised or lowered. The screws a, a, having loosened the top bearing
of the upper block, it is raised till it is on a level with the surface of a pair of
brackets z securely fixed to the framework along which it is slid. .Access
being thus obtained to the under block, the die which has been in use is
removed, and after it has been replaced by another, the top block is restored to
its former position, when the apparatus is again ready for work. The :blanks
are supplied to this oscillating machine by a conducting machine constructed

page_text: on the same principle as both of these before described, but differing a little in
the details. The relative position of the conducting machine to the oscillating
apparatus when in operation is particularly shewn in Figure 48, in which the
die frames are represented. Figure 68 is a plan of the upper part of this
conducting apparatus, Figure 64 an end view of it, and Figure 68 an under
plan. D is a frame which is attached by means of flanges and of screws E
to the bottom of the block B. F is a recess cut out in the frame D, which
is closed more or less by a slide H, of which a separate view on an enlarged
scale is shewn in Figure 65. I is a vertical bar, which moves up and down
in an opening made, according as it is actuated by a spiral spring k¹ on
which it rests. When the block B is moved in the direction of the arrow M,
the blocks are in a position ready to receive a blank. The conducting
apparatus is therefore drawn back (by hand) into the position indicated by the
dotted lines (Figure 48), while at the same time the spring.N causes the
slide H to close one half of the recess T, leaving the other open. On a reverse
or forward motion being now given to the block B', that is to say, in the
direction of the arrow L, the spiral spring K', being more powerful than N,
presses down the slide H and completes the circle, allowing the top part of the
bar I to glide along it on to the surface of the piece D. But as soon as the
pressure of the bar I is removed from off the slide H, the spring N again
forces down and closes the end M, leaving the other end L open, so that when
the slide H comes up to the bar I, it slides into the recess a cut in its upper
part, which allows the bar to rise into the recess F, carrying with it the short
arm of the lever R, and consequently depressing the long arm, which, through
the medium of the wire S¹ and lever T (Figure 64), raises the catch u of the
sliding piece of the conductor, and allows the spring V to act upon it, and
carry forward the blank between the dies or blocks B, B¹. The inclined
part C of the recess allows the bar to emerge from it as the block B¹
advances. The spring N on this immediately causes the slide H to close the
whole of the recess, and thus again complete the circle of operations. The
length of the oscillating motion must slightly exceed the length of the
engraved dies in order to allow of sufficient time to draw back the sliding part
of the conducting apparatus, or to insert another blank. The proper moment
for raising the catch a is determined by the screw G, and must of course
correspond with the commencing parts of the engraved portions of the dies.
And having now described the nature of my said Invention in the different
parts of which the same consists, and in what manner the same consists, I
declare that what I claim is as follows:
First, I claim the mode or modes of cutting out and shaping in the rough

page_text: the blanks for spoons, forks, and other the articles herein-before described,
whether the bounding lines are parallel or oblique or curved, or whether the
corners are sharp or rounded, or however else the form of such blanks may
be varied.
Second, I claim the employment of the machines for elongating the rough
blanks of spoons, forks, and other like wares represented in Figures 3, 4,
and 5, and before described, in the general arrangement and combination of
parts of which the same consists, that is to say, in so far as the employment
of dies inserted into rollers forms part of such arrangement and combination,
and whether such rollers have a rotary or an oscillating motion given to them..
Third, I claim the application of dies inserted in rollers, as exemplified in
Figures 3, 4, and 5, to all other manufacturing processes to which the same
may be applicable.
Fourth, I claim the employment, for the purpose of enlarging and shaping
the rough blanks of spoons, forks, and other like wares, of the cross rolling
machine, represented in Figures 18, 14, 15, and 16, and before described, in
the general arrangement and combination of parts of which the same consists,
that is to say, in so far as the employment of hoops fitted to the ends of
the rollers on the outside of the framework, between which rollers the blanks.
are passed, forms a part of such arrangement and combination.
Fifth, I claim the application of the cross rolling machine, to the extent
to which the same is last herein-before claimed, to all other manufacturing
processes to which the same may be applicable.
Sixth, I claim the employment in the manufacture of spoons, forks, and
other like wares, of figured rollers of the peculiar shape represented in
Figures 25 and 26, whereby the blanks may be impressed, and the water
cut away or nearly detached at one and the same time, (that is to say,) of
rollers having engraved devices wholly or partially surrounded with cutting
edges, or, where there are no such devices, having cutting edges to produce
the article of a plain form, and having projecting parts to protect the said
cutting edges, as also open spaces for the waste metal to fall through, all as
before described, and whether the said edges cut quite through the metal, or
cut it partially only, or indent it only.
Seventh, I claim the application of engraved rollers of the peculiar shape
last herein-before claimed to all other manufacturing processes to which the
same may be applicable.
Eighth, I claim the employment in machinery and apparatus for the manu-
facturing spoons, forks, and like wares, of dies let into devices or patterns
engraved on rollers, as before described.

page_text: Ninth, I claim the employment in machinery or apparatus for the manu-
facture of spoons, forks, and other like wares, as also in all other manufac-
turing processes to which the same may be applicable, of the peculiar crank
and pinion movement represented in Figures 32, 33, 34, and 35, and before
described.
Tenth, I claim the two several machines for supplying the rollers with
blanks, or conducting the blanks thereto, represented in Figures 36, 87, 88,
and 39, and Figures 43, 44, and 45, and before described, each in the peculiar
system of operation and general combination of parts of which the same
consists.
Eleventh, I claim the employment in the manufacture of spoons, forks,
and other like articles, of oscillating blocks having dies attached thereto, as
before described, whether such dies are used with or without cutting edges,
and whether these cutting edges surround the whole of the engraved figure
or parts only.
Twelfth, I claim the modification of the feeding or conducting apparatus
employed in the case of rolling, machines, which is set forth under the last
head of this Specification as being applicable to oscillating blocks, as before
described. And,
Thirteenthly, I claim the application of oscillating blocks, carrying dies
as aforesaid, to all manufacturing purposes to which the same may be
applicable.
In witness whereof; I, the said Alfred Krupp, have hereunto set my.
hand and seal, this Twenty-sixth day of February, One thousand eight
hundred and forty-seven.