A NEW MANUFACTURE OF LIME; OR, A NEW PROCESS FOR THE BURNING OF CHALK, MARBLE, AND LIME STONE, OR ANY OF THEM, INTO LIME
Year: 1801

page_text: EARL STANHOPE'S SPECIFICATION.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, CHARLES
Earl STANHOPE, send greeting.
of
WHEREAS His most Excellent Majesty King George the Third did, by
His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of His United Kingdom, bearing
date at Westminster, the Twentieth day of July, in the forty-first year
His reign, give and grant unto me, the said Charles Earl Stanhope, His
especial licence that I, the said Charles Earl Stanhope, during the term of
years therein mentioned, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my
Invention of "A NEW MANUFACTURE OF LIME; OR, A NEW PROCESS FOR THE
BURNING OF CHALK, MARBLE, AND LIME STONE, OR ANY OF THEM, INTO LIME;"
in which said Letters Patent there is contained a proviso, obliging me, the
said Charles Earl Stanhope, by an instrument in writing under my hand and
seal, to cause a particular description of the nature of my said Invention;
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be inrolled in His
Majesty's High Court of Chancery within one calendar month after the date
of the said recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same (relation being
thereunto had), may more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Charles Earl Stanhope, do hereby declare that the following description and
the Drawings thereunto annexed contain a particular description of the nature
of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed (that
is to say):

page_text: In the first place, the objects of my said Invention are, first, to make lime of
a. quality superior to that which is burnt in other kilns, by burning all the lime
in my line kiln with such a powerful degree of heat as not to leave in the lime
any core, or even the smallest particle of fixed. air or carbonic gas, without,
however, burning any part of the lime in my lime kiln unnecessarily overmuch;
secondly, to perform the said important and equable operation in a very easy,
regular, and certain manner; and thirdly, to perform it with much less fuel
than is commonly used, and also, in other respects, at a small expence.
.
And, in the second place, the nature of my said- Invention consists in the
following combination of scientific principles, by means of which the said
objects are effectually accomplished First, it consists in the method
invented by me, and herein-after explained, of supplying the fire in the lime
kiln with a regular and well-regulated draught of atmospheric air upon a new
plan; secondly, it consists in the method herein-after specified, which I have
discovered, of availing myself with advantage of such regular and well-regulated.
draught of atmospheric air in order to produce the proper degree of strong, re-
gular, and durable heat for making the best lime; and likewise to produce such
heat by means of a small quantity of fuel; and, thirdly, it consists in my newly-
invented compound method, herein after explained, of effectually excluding
from all those parts of the lime kiln where the chalk, or marble, or lime stone
is placed; not only all cold-air, but likewise all such air as is not heated to a
sufficient degree for making the best lime; and, fourthly, it consists in my
method, herein after specified, of causing air, which is -lieated to a proper
degree for making the best lime, to reach and to act sufficiently upon every
piece of chalk, or marble; or lime stone in the whole kiln, without niuch waste
of caloric or the matter of fire, without much expenditure of fuel, without
much time being expended in setting the kiln or in attending the fire, without
any great quantity of materials being used, or expence in workmanship being
incurred in the original construction of the kiln, and without burning any part
of the lime unnecessarily overmuch; and by my said methods the whole cal
careous earth in the kiln is thoroughly and properly burnt into lime of the best
quality.
And, in the third place, the manner in which my said Invention is to be
performed consists in the following manner, invented by me, of constructing
the line kiln, and also in the following method which I have discovered of
using the same, which manner of constructing the kiln and method of using it
are founded on the scientific principles herein-before specified, and obtain
compleatly the important objects first above mentioned....
Figure 1-represents the outside view of the front of the lime kiln as the said

page_text: lime kiln is seen above the surface A, A, of the ground before the shed herein-
after mentioned is erected. Figure 2 représents the outside view of the back
of the lime kiln as it is seen above the surface A, A, of the ground. Figure 3
represents the inside view of the lime kiln and of its ash-pit as it would be
seen when the kiln is filled with chalk, or marble, or lime stone, supposing
that the front part of the kiln, as far as the center of the kiln, were to be
removed, in order to see the interior parts; A, A, A, A, representing the surface.
of the ground. Figure 4 represents the inside view of one side of the lime
kiln and of its ash-pit as it would be seen when the kiln is filled with chalk, or
marble, or lime stone, supposing that the other side of the kiln, as far as the
center of the kiln, were, to be removed, in order to see the interior parts; 'A, A;
representing the surface of the ground. Figure 5 represents tlie bird view of.
the outside or top of the lime kiln when finished, and the bird view of, it's
ash-pit, as they are seen before the shed herein-after mentioned, is erected.
Figure 6 represents the bird view of the inside of the lime kiln and the bird
view of its ash-pit as they are seen when the lime.kiln is built only as high as
the dotted line B, B, in Figure 4. C, C, C, C, in Figure 6, represents the
grate, the bars of which are made of cast iron. The said grate is représented.
by C, C, in Figures 4 and 3 respectively. Two of the bars of the grate, placed
at their proper distance from each other, are represented in Figure 7, where.
c, c, c, c, and c, c, c, c, represent respectively a section of each of the two .bars;
and C, C, C, C, and C, C, C, C, represent respectively the shape of one end of.
each of those bars, the other end of each being similar; and D, D, D, D, in
Figure 7, represents a part of the carrying cast-iron bar by which the said
grate bars are supported at one end. There is a similar carrying cast-iron bar
to support the grate bars at the other end. The view of the side of one of the
ends of one of these grate bars is represented in Figure 8 at the samé letter's
as aforesaid, namely at c, c, c, c, and C, C, C, C, and the form of the section.
of the carrying bar which supports that end of the grate. bar is represented:
at D, D, D, D, in Figure 8. The carrying bars are represented at D and D.
in Figure 4, and the length of the carrying bars is represented by D, D, in
Figure 3. In Figure 6 the tops of the fire-brick benches whicli surround the
fire on the four sides are represented respectively by E, E, E, E, F, F, F, F,
F, F, F, F, and f,f,f,f. The front bench is represented by E, E, E, E, and
is best to be one course of bricks lower than the two side benches F, F, F, F,
and F, F, F, F, or than the back bench f, f. ff. In Figure 4, the tops of the
said benches are represented respectively by the same letters as in Figure 6.
In Figure 3, the line F, F, f, f, F, F, represents the top of the side and back.
benches. In Figure 4, e, e, and e, represent respectively three cast-iron bars
12

page_text: which carry the front bench. The length of each of those cast-iron bars
is represented by c, e, in Figure I. In Figure 4, H; H; and h, represent
respectively the ends of three irons, which I call feeding-hole irons, and
which are again represented upon a larger scale in Figure 9, by H; H, H, H,
HH, H. H, and h, h, h, h, respectively. The two first-mentioned of these
irons, namely, H, H, H, Hand H, H, I, II, are made of cast iron, and
the other h, h, h, h, is made of the most infusible sort of wrought iron.
The shape of each of these three irons is exactly similar, and is represented
by H, H, in Figure 10, as it appears together with its six feeding holes,
when it is viewed in front. H, H, in Figure 1. represents one of those
same irons, reduced in the Drawing to a smaller scale. The said six feeding
holes are again represented at the dotted lines H, h, H, h, H, 'h, H, h
H, h, and H, , in Figure 6. The line K, K, in Figure I. represents the
bottom part of a kind of recess in the front wall of the lime kiln, and which
bottom part of the said recess I call the kiln shelf. This kiln shelf is also
represented by K, K, K, K, in Figure 6, and it is again represented at K, K,
in Figure 4. In Figure 6, M, M, M, M, represents the main walls of the
lime kiln, which are built with good common bricks laid in mortar. In
Figure 6, N, N, N, N, and n, n, n, n, represent respectively two separate
Jinings of the kiln, each of which is built with fire bricks laid in fire-brick
eartli. Between the said main walls M, M, M, M, and the outer lining
N, N, N, N, there is left a clear interval of about one inch, and between the
outer lining N, N, N, N, and the inner lining n, n, m, n, there is left a clear
interval of full half an inch. These main walls and these linings are so built
in order to prevent the lime kiln from cracking, as the cracking of it would
admit cold air into the kiln, which is very detrimental. In Figures 3 and 4,
the said main walls and the said linings are represented by M, M, M, M,
N, N, N, N, and n, n, n, n, respectively. M, M, M, M, in Figure I. repre-
sents the front main wall of the lime kiln, and M, M, M, M, in Figure 2.
represents the back main wall. In Figure 9, N, N, N, N, represents a part
of the aforesaid outer lining, and n, n, n, n, represents a part of the aforesaid
inner lining. In order to shew how those linings are respectively placed, rela-
tively to the feeding-hole irons, mentioned above, the same is represented on
a smaller scale at N, n. H, H,. h, in Figure 4. In Figure 9, the line K, E,
-represents the level of the top of the kiln shelf aforesaid, and also the level
of the bottom of the inside of the six feeding holes, and likewise the top of
the front fire-brick bench above mentioned. The different views of the ash-
pit are represented by P, P, P, P, in Figures 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6 respectively.
In Figure 2,7 9, 9. q, and r, r, rr, represent respectively two hatchways.

page_text: That same upper hatchway is also represented at O, q, Q, Q, Q, Q. q, O, in
Figure 4, and it is through this upper hatchway that the chalk, or marble, or
lime stone is introduced into the kiln. The aforesaid lower hatchway is like-
wise represented at I, r, R, R, R, R, r, I, in Figures 4 and 6, and it is through
this lower hatchway that the lime is taken out of the kiln. The upper hatch-
way is again represented at Q, Q, Q, Q, in Figure 3. Over the said hatchway
in Figure 3 is 'represented the mouth S, S, S, S, of one of the two chimney
flues, which mouth is again represented at S, S, in Figure 4, and which mouth
.communicates with an upright chimney flue, as represented at T, T, T, T, in
Figure 4. There is another similer chimney flue, which is represented at
3, s, t, t, t, t; in Figure 4. These two chimney flues are also respectively
represented in Figure 5 at T, T, T, T, and by the dotted lines at S and S, and
likewise at t, t, t, t, and by the other dotted lines at´s and s. The said chimney
flue T, T, T, T, is likewise represented at the same letters in Figure 2, and the
top of that same chimney is again represented at T, T, in Figure 3, and the
aforesaid chimney flue t, t, t, t, is again represented at the saine letters in
Figures 1. The lime kiln is compleatly inclosed, and is covered at top by a
.Gothick arch, as represented in Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, Figure 5 containing
the bird view of it. It is best for this arch to be built in two thicknesses,
and in the manner herein after mentioned. In Figures 1, 2, 3, and 5, a part
of the Gothick arch of the adjoining lime kiln is represented in order to shew
in what manner several of these kilns may be placed together with advantage.
The best and most convenient way to erect this lime kiln is for the work-
men first to dig out the ash-pit, and to build up the thin walls which surround
it, sce P, P, P, P, in Figures 3, 4, and 5. Secondly, to build the main walls
M, M, M, M, with good common bricks laid in mortar, see Figures 3, 4; and
6. The best way to build the said main walls, and also the inner thickness of
the above-mentioned Gothick arch, is to lay the bricks in what the bricklayers
term the English bond, that is to say, to lay all the bricks of one course
stretchers, and all the bricks of the next course headers, and so on, alternately.
This is stronger for this particular purpose than mixing headers and stretchers
in each course, as, is done in what the bricklayers term, the Flemish bond;
which method would also do tolerably well, although it be less good. Thirdly,
to set the feeding-hole irons II, H, and h, in fire-brick carth, and in their
proper places, as described above, see Figure 4, and also Figure 1. The feed-
ing-hole iron, which is represented at h in Figure 4, and which is of wrought
iron, should be placed the nearest to the inside of the lime kiln, as seen in
Figure 4. Fourthly, to build the outer lining N, N, N, N; with fire bricks
laid with very close joints in fire-brick earth, and to leave a clear interval of

page_text: about one inch between that outer lining N, N, N, N, and the main walls
M, M, M, M, 'see Figures 3, 4, and 6.. Fifthly, to build the inner lining
n, n, m, n, with fire bricks-laid in-like manner with very close joints in fire-
brick earth, and to leave a clear-interval of full. half an inch between that
inner lining n, n, n, n, and the said outer lining- N, N, N, N, see Figures 3, 4,
and 6: Great care should be taken that no loam or other thing be dropt down
any of the intervals above-mentioned. Sixthly, to join the main walls and the
two linings aforesaid, see Figures 3 and 4. The cill of each of the two hatch-
ways is paved with a course of bricks on edge, laid as heading courses.
Seventhly, to build the inner thickness of the Gothick arch above mentioned
(so far as it covers the inside, part of the lime kiln,) with fire bricks laid with
very close joints in fire-brick earth, and to point the outside of that arch with
mortar, see Figure 3. Eighthly, to strike the wooden Gothick center (as the
bricklayers term it), on which that part of the Gothick arch is built, and to
draw it out: Ninthly, to build up the end walls under the Gothick arches; in
two equal thicknesses, as seen in Figure 4, the inner thickness of each of
which, walls is built with fire bricks laid with very close joints in fire-
brick earth, and the outer thickness of each of which walls is built with
good. common bricks laid in mortar. Tenthly, to build up tlie two chimney
flues with fire bricks laid with very close joints in fire-brick earth, except
the upper course of bricks, which is laid-in mortar, and to point with
mortar the outside of the walls which form the chimney flues. Eleventhily,
to compleat the inner thickness of the Gothick arch with fire bricks laid
in fire-brick earth, so as to cope the end walls with it, and to lay the two
ends of such- Gothick arch in mortar for half a brick in, and also to point the
outside of that arch-with imortar. Twelfthly, to set the three cast-iron bars.
e, e, and-e, the two-carrying bars D and D, and the ten grate bars C, C, in fire-
brick earth, see Figures 4 and 3. Thirteenthly, to build up the four fire-brick
benches with fire bricks laid in fire-brick earth, and to pave the kiln shelf
K, K, with paving tyles, see Figure 4. The top of the said paving tyles and
the top of the front fire-brick bench should be exactly level with the bottom
part of the holes in the feeding-hole irons mentioned above. Fourteenthly, to
drive a strong wrought-iron staple, represented at a, in Figure 4, into the
center of the front inside lining n, n, of the lime kiln, just opposite to the
center of the upper hatchway, but two courses of bricks lower down than
the cill of the upper hatchway; the said staple projects about one inch and an
half beyond the face of that wall n, n. And fifteenthly, to build the outer thick-
ness of the Gothick arch with very sound bricks laid in mortar, and to cope
the walls with-it. This lime kiln may be built of a round or other form, and

page_text: in various other ways, with a different number of chimney flues, or with other
materials upon the same principles. It is proper to have in front of the lime
kiln or lime kilns a pan-tyle shed or other shed. This shed is about seven
feet wide, and a part of the timbers of the roof of it is represented at U, U, in
Figure 4. In order to prevent the timbers of the roof of that shed from
being injured by the heat of the fire, they should not be let into the walls of
the kiln, but they may be supported upon what the bricklayers term brick.
cawble work, as represented at V, V, in Figures 4, 1, and 5: The said shed,
which may be inclosed in front, shelters the lime burners from the weather and
contains the coals. It may not be improper to mention in this place which of
the methods of using fire-brick carth and of making mortar I prefer, that is to
say, fire-brick earth may be mixed with an equal quantity of sand, but I know
from theory and have ascertained by experience, that pure fire-brick earth
made up stiff, and without any sand in it, is best for this purpose. The fire
bricks which are laid in the fire-brick earth should be well wetted before they
are laid in it, and they should be worked down in it to and fro very hard, in
order to fill compleatly all the horizontal joints and also all the cross joints of
the brick work with the fire-brick earth, and in order likewise to make the
joints very close. The best way to wet the bricks for this purpose is to plunge
them one by one into water, which has been thickened by means of fire-brick
earth, well stirred up in it, until it is about, as thick as milk. This fluid I call
loam water. Those joints which are made of fire-brick earth and those bricks
which are laid in fire-brick earth should then be washed over with fire-brick,
earth mixed with water, till it is about as thick as cream. This wash, which
I term the loam wash, is laid on with a stiff painters' brush. Now the best:
way of making up mortar for the purpose of building those parts of the kiln,
where mortar.is used as above mentioned, is as follows:-Let the lime slack
of itself under cover, or else (if it be wanted in a hurry before it is air-slacked)
sprinkle, it with a very few fine drops of water, just to make it slack, but
without wetting it much; the object being to obtain the slacked lime in the
form of a very fine and dry dust; sift this dust through a coarse sieve (such,,
for example, as one with about six or eight wires on an average in the length
of an inch); then sift this dust through a fine sieve (such, for example, as one
with about sixteen or eighteen wires on an average in the length of an inch);
this dust, being thus sifted, is terme: the lime dust; put about half this lime
dust into a vessel containing a sufficient quantity of water to cover it com-
pleatly, stir it well with a stick, and let it settle to the bottom of the water;
when it is settled it will be about the thickness of a very thick cream at the
bottom of the vessel, and in this state I term it the lime putty. Then take of

page_text: the dry lime dust, which after it is slacked has been sifted as above mentioned,
one measure, and of dry clean sand two measures, and mix these three measures
perfectly well together, in order that every particle of sand may be powdered
all over with the fine lime dust, and in order that the lime dust may be equably
and regularly distributed throughout the sand, add no water or lime water or
other fluid, but add to these three measures one measure of the thick lime
putty, mentioned above, but without any of the lime water which covers it.
Then mix these four measures intimately well together, and beat them up
regularly throughout, and the mortar is then ready for use. Those joints
which are made of mortar, and those bricks which are laid in mortar, should
be washed over with mortar mixed with water, till it is about as thick as
cream. This wash, which I term the mortar wash, is laid on with a stiff
painters' brush. Whenever any of the outer walls of the lime kiln or any part
of the outer part of its Gothick arch shall, from the kiln being violently heated,
happen to shew any small fire cracks, those cracks should always be closed by
brushing them well over with a stiff painters' brush thoroughly wetted with
the said stiff mortar wash. This the man who attends the fire should be
directed to do if wanted, and each time that the lime is taken out of the limo
kiln, the lime burner should observe whether there be in-the inside of the
kiln or on the under side of its Gothick arch any small fire cracks, and if that
should ever happen to be the case, those cracks should always be closed by
brushing them well over with a stiff painters' brush, thoroughly wetted with
the stiff loam wash above mentioned.
Having fully explained the best manner of constructing my lime kiln, I
shall now proceed to explain also the method which I have discovered of using
the same. That method consists in my peculiar manner of giving unto those
substances which are intended to be burnt into lime, that regular and superior
degree of heat which is necessary to make them into lime of the best quality
by means of what I term the ardent fire, after having dried those substances
compleatly by means of what I term the drying fire. Now, first, as to the
best manner of setting the kiln, that is to say, of placing the fuel and of filling
the kiln with chalk, or marble, or lime stone: after the grate, represented at
C, C, iu Figures 3 and 4, is cleared of all clinkers, and after the kiln shelf and
the feeding holes herein-before mentioned are also cleared, it is proper to cover
the intervals between the bars of the grate with clinkers of about the size of
an hen's egg. Those clinkers should be laid on the bars in the manuer which
is represented by the dotted line W, W, W, W, in Figure 7, excepting,
however, the places marked o, o, o, &c. in Figure 19, which places it is proper
to miss; the square c, c, c, c, in Figure 19, represents the form of the grate;

page_text: then build up the lower hatchway, which is represented at r, r, r, r, in Figure 2;
the best way to do this is to build up in that hatchway, and quite flush with
the inside of the kiln, a nine-inch wall with bricks without either loam or
mortar. This wall is represented at R, R, R, R, in Figure 4. Then to build
up close against this nine-inch wall a wall of half a brick in thickness with
bricks laid in loam or in some other plastic substance that will resist heat
sufliciently. This last-mentioned wall is represented at r, r, in Figure 4.
Then lay along the back inner lining of the lime kiln the pieces of chalk or of
marble, or of lime stone, represented by d, d, d, and d, in Figure 3, and repre-
sented by d in Figure 4; similar stones are laid all along that back inner
lining quite across the kiln from side to side; on those pieces are laid other
pieces, as represented by u, u, u, u, and u, in Figures 3 and 4, and similar
pieces are laid also all along the back inner lining of the kiln, quite across the
kiln from side to side. Then build up the front main arch, which, when chalk
is used, is a cut arch; one half of the inside of this front main arch, togetlier
with the key stone thereof, is represented in Figure 4 from a to k, the piece
marked being the key stone thereof. Then turn upon the said front main
arch, against the front immer lining of the kiln, a rough arch of chalk, or
of marble, or of lime stone, the key stone of which rough arch is represented
by in Figure 4. Then build up the back main arch, which, when chalk is
used, is also a cut arch; one half of the inside of this back main arch, together
with the key stone thereof, is represented in Figure 4 from m'to g, the piece
marked being the key stone thereof. The semicircular form of this arch,
when seen in the other direction, is represented at m, g, w, in Figure 3, a part
of it being represented in dotted lines. The semicircular form of the fruit
main arch above mentioned is similar to that of the said back main arch repre-
sented at m, g, w, in Figure 3. The most ready way to turn the said front
main arch and the said back main arch is to use two small semi-hoops of the
form represented in Figure 11. These semi-hoops serve as a convenient
substitute for what the bricklayers term a center for turning the arch upon.
In building, for instance, the arch represented at m, g, w, in Figure 3, the
ends of those semi-hoops rest on the two pieces marked m and w respectively
in Figure 3; the semi-hoops are then removed. All these arches are built
with chalk, or with marble, or with lime stone, and are set dry, that is to say,
are set without either mortar or loam; and the drier the individual pieces are
with which the arches are built the better. It is advantageous, where it can
be done conveniently, to keep the arch pieces under cover from the rain for
some days before they are put into the kiln. In Figure 4, between the front
inner lining of the lime kiln and the above-mentioned arch a, k, a clear interval

page_text: of about one inch and an half is represented, and which interval it is very
proper should be left; and in Figure 4, between the aforesaid pieces repre
sented by d, u, u, u, u, and u, and the above-mentioned arch m, g, an interva
of about two inches is represented. This interval should run quite across
the kiln from the inside lining on the one side of the kiln to the inside
lining on the opposite side of the kiln, in order the better to convey the
hot air to the two back angles thereof; then place the pieces which are
represented at b, b, b, and b, in Figure 4, and which are represented at
and in Figure 3, and place similar pieces on the other side of the
lime kiln, as represented at: y and y,in Figure 3; then put upon the top
of the clinkers which were laid upon the grate, as above described, as much
straw as would fill.a cylindrical basket one foot wide (inside measure) by one
foot deep. Then add successively one basket of faggot wood, one basket
of coals about the size of an hen's egg, and two baskets of clean cinders of
coal; then form a groin arch with pieces of chalk, or of marble, or of limestone,
laid as represented at 1, 1, 1, 1, in Figures 3 and 4. In each of those two
Figures respectively p represents the crowner or key stone of this groin arch.
The Figures 3 and 4 represent respectively the best manner of laying in the
kiln the other pieces of chalk, or of marble, or of limestone. The kiln
is filled with those pieces until they become quite level with the iron staple
represented at a in Figure 4; then cover over the said materials which are
intended to be burnt into lime, with a double platting, of brick-bats; the
Jower course of which brick-bats is represented between i and i in Figures 3
and 4, and the upper course of which is represented between. v and v. in
Figures 3 and 4. All these brick-bats are laid as close to each other as the
inequality of their respective forms will permit; no brick-bat of either course
of the platting ought to be laid directly over the iron staple which is represented
at a in Figure 4, on account of the shrinking of the lime, which will be men-
tioned liereafter. Then build up the upper hatchway, which is represented
at 9, 7, 7, 7, in Figure 2, in the same manner as the lower hatchway r, r; r, r,
was built up, as above described, but leaving in the dry nine-inch wall at
Q, Q, Q, Q, in Figures 3 and 4, an opening represented at j, j, j, j, in each
of those two Figures, and leaving in the half-brick wall, which is represented
at 7, 7, in Figure 4, an opening, which is represented at J in Figure 3,
and which is afterwards filled by means of a movable brick, which is repre-
sented at J, J, in Figure 4, and also at J in Figure 2. The use of this
movable brick is to enable the lime burner to look into the kiln for the pur-
pose that will be hereafter explained. Before the fire is lighted on the grate
it is proper to lay two paving, tyles as regulating tyles in the manner which

page_text: is represented. by the dotted lines at X, X, and, at. X,. X. respectively in
Figure 4, upon, the-tops. of the flues: represented in that Figure. by T, T, T, T,
and.t, t, t, t, respectively, so as to cover about: one. half of each flue: The fire
should then. be lighted; the most convenient way of doing this is from tlic
ash-pit represented at P, P, P, P, in Figures 3 and 4. The feeding holes
should all remain open for about seven hours after the fire is lighted. I call
the-fire the drying fire so: long. as. the feeding holes remain open; and I term
the fire the ardent fire from the time that the said feeding holes are closed; in
the manner which will be mentioned: hereafter.. As soon as. the. fire.upon the
grate begins to burn well (which it may do in about one hour after it is: lighted)
it
t'is proper to move the two regulating tyles which are represented at X, X,
and X, X, in Figure 4, forwards, that is to say, more over the flues T, T, T, T,
and t, t, t,t, respectively, so as to leave at the top of each flue a slit of nine
inches in length by only about one inch in breadth. This is done in order to
prevent the fire from burning too fiercely at first, which might endanger the
arches or cause them to scale. In about one hour after the two regulating
tyles are thus-moved forwards, it is proper to begin feeding the fuel, hereafter
to be mentioned, through the feeding holes gradually for the drying fire, by
means of the feeding tool which is represented in Figure 13. This feeding tool
is again represented in Figure 14, as it is seen sideways; it consists of a bar of
wrought iron, which is nearly three quarters of an inch square, and which, at
one-extremity, is about one inch square, and at its other extremity is formed
into a socket to receive a wooden handle. During the time of the drying fire
there ought not to be on the kiln shelf above one shovel-full of fuel at any orie
time, in order not to close any of the feeding holes or. to impede the free
draught of air through the feeding holes into the lime kiln. The drying fire
ought to be so fed that. the fuel on the grate be kept at the height of
In about
about four or five inches below the dotted line G, G, in Figure 4.
five hours after the two regulating tyles are moved forwards; as. was mentione:
above, they should be moved back again to their original situation, as
represented at the dotted lines at. X,.X, and X, X, in Figure 4; and those
regulating tyles should remain in their said. original situation during the
remaining time of the drying fire, and also during the whole time of the ardent
fire. In seven hours or thereabouts after the fire: is lighted. all the feeding
holes sliould be closed, by means of the fuel herein-after to be mentioned being
laid up in front of them on the kiln shelf K, K, as.represented by the dotted
line at L, Lin Figure 4. As the fuel, when it is thus laid on the kiln shelf
K, K, will hide the feeding holes, it is very convenient to have a white mark
upon the wall directly-over each feeding hole respectively, in the manner which

page_text: is represented in Figure 1, in order the better to direct the lime burner where
to find each feeding hole with his feeding tool immediately, as it may be
required; the proper way for the lime burner to feed the fuel upon the grate
through the feeding holes is to feed them at regular intervals of time, to feed
each hole only once, that is to say, at one stroke; and (after a sufficient
pause, as the state of the fire may require it,) to feed another feeding hole,
which is not immediately next to the one last fed; one very good way is .to
feed the feeding holes in the following order, namely, to begin with the 1st,
then to feed the 4th, then the 2, then the 5th, then the 3d, then the 6th, and
then the 1st again, and so forth in regular succession. It will take the
first four hours of the ardent fire or thereabouts to raise the fuel on the
grate in the most advantageous manner to the regular height of the dotted
line G, G, in Figure 4, which dotted line is level with the top E, E, of the
front fire-brick bench represented in that Figure. During the whole of the
remaining time of the ardent fire the lime burner should.feed the fire so as to
keep the fuel on the grate to the said regular height which is last mentioned.
In order to ascertain this, he may, by way of trial, put the feeding tool occa-
sionally through some of the feeding holes in the position in which the feeding
tool is represcrited in Figure 15. No wood is necessary to be fed through the
feeding holes either during the drying fire or during the ardent fire. About
five baskets, of the size above mentioned, of clean cinders of coal (exclusive
of those used in setting the kiln) are sufficient for the drying fire; about three
more such baskets of clean cinlers of coal, mixed with about two such baskets
either of small coals or of the dust of coal, are sufficient, for the first four
hours of the ardent fire, and about fourteen of those same baskets, either of
small coals or of the dust of coal (without any cinders), are sufficient for the
remaining part of the ardent fire. The coal which, when it can be obtained
conveniently, ought to be preferred, is that sort which is the best for anchor
smiths and for forge fires; Pontop coals (as they are commonly called) are, for
example, excellent for this purpose. All the fuel which is fed through the
feeding holes into the kiln, either during the time of the drying fire or during
the time of the ardent fire, should be made quite wet before it is laid upon the
kiln shelf above described. The most regular way of doing this is to put the
fuel into the lower part of the. wooden box, of which a section is represented in
Figure 12. This box is filled with water up to the dotted line 2, 2, so that the
fuel is entirely under water; some of the fuel is, then laid for two or three
minutes upon the shelf y, y, of this box, in order for it-to drain a little before
it is laid upon the kiln shelf K, K, which is represented in Figures 1, 4, and 6.
During the whole time of the drying fire, and likewise during the said first

page_text: four hours of the ardent fire, or thereabouts, the lime burner should leave the
fire at the grate undisturbed; about the end of the fourth hour of the ardent fire
le should supply the fire of the line kiln with a regular and well-regulated
draught of atmospheric air by the following efficacious method. I have, by
long experience found that this is one of the greatest difficulties in the
burning of lime, so as to burn it uniformly and to make it all of the best
quality, for if the fire be always continued undisturbed it will grow very weak;
and if, on the other hand, any kind of poker or tool of that sort be used, then
one of two things will happen during some time of the ardent fire, namely,
either that the fire will become too hollow, or else, by the settling of the fuel, it
will become too compact. In the first case there will be a great quantity of
air, which is not sufficiently heated to burn lime of the best quality that will
enter into the lime kiln; and in the second case, the draught of air will be so
impeded that the fuel on the grate cannot be advantageously continued during
the whole time of the ardent fire of that sufficient and uniform thickness which
it is proper it should be of, in order to produce both that strong and, at the
same time, that regular heat which is required to obtain those important
objects which are neccessary to be obtained, and which were first above-
mentioned.
In order to avoid these complicated difficulties, I have discovered the follow-
ing method, which has, in all respects, compleatly answered my most sanguine
expectation, and enabled me to obtain those important objects which were thus
herein-before particularly described. My method is as follows:-Let not any
poker or any tool of that sort be used, but instead thereof, let that tool
be used which I have invented, and which I term the clinker drill: It is
represented in Figure 16; at one extremity it has a wooden handle; the
other extremity of it is represented on a larger scale in Figure 17, and is again
represented in Figure 18 as it appears when it is viewed angleways. This
extremity of the clinker drill may be made of wrought iron, but it is much
better that it should be made of cast iron, and be rivetted by means of two
rivets to a wrought-iron bar of about half an inch square, which is formed
into a socket to receive the wooden handle. The fire should not be either
struck with the clinker drill, or disturbed by levering or by poking with
it. But about five holes (such, for instance, as the four-corner holes and
the center hole represented in Figure 19,) should be drilled by means of
the clinker drill through the bed of clinkers on the grate; this may be
done by a man standing in the fore part of the ash-pit, either by means of
a rotatory motion given with the hand to the clinker drill round its axis,
or by means of an alternate semi-rotatory motion, which latter motion is

page_text: the most conveniently performed, as it does not require that the lime burner
should take his hand out of the handle of the clinker drill in order to perform
it. This same operation should be repeated in the same places about every
hour during the whole remaining time of the ardent fire, in order to drill those
holes through the clinker cake only, but not through the fuel over it; when the
wind and weather are very favorable, these five holes so drilled will be sufficient
to produce upon my new plan-the-very-important effects-which are requisite..
The fuel on the grate will not be improperly disturbed by this operation; it
will not be shaken and packed thereby; the advantageous clinker cake will
be properly preserved; clinkers (which spoil the fire) will not be raised up in
amongst the fuel; the fire will gradually and continually increase in heat by
the regular and well-regulated draught of air which will be obtained by this
new method of burning lime; the fire will not be rendered too hollow-any-
where; it will be preserved of a proper and regular thickness, without becoming.
anywhere too compact; it will shed fast enough to clear itself of its ashes to
a proper pitch, and thereby prevent over-clinkering, and it will not shed so fast
as to waste the fuel or to channel the fire on the grate. When the wind or
weather are unfavorable (which will bo percived either by an unusual degree of
heat in the ash-pit, or by the less white appearance of the fire if it be looked
at through one of the feeding holes), then more holes should be drilled with the
clinker drill in the manner above described. It will sometimes be proper to drill
the whole number of holes which are represented in Figure 19. The drilled
holes ought to be so situated as to produce a regular draught in the different parts
of the fire; one very proper arrangement of them is represented in Figure 19;
but there is not any number of drilled holes which will answer well, unless
the lime burner be careful to avoid drilling the holes beyond that depth which
a well-regulated draught of air requires; he should only just pierce the clinker
cake. A great advantage is derived from making the working end of the
clinker drill of cast iron, as described above, for if from there being several
lime kilns constructed together, several clinker drills should be required, the
working ends may all be cast of one exact size from one pattern; and I find that
the size is very important to be duly attended to, especially when certain kinds
of fuel are used. For although I can burn any number of kilns in succession,
without having in any of them a single grain of core, by causing the above-
mentioned clinker drill to be properly used and the other circumstances herein
described to be duly attended to, yet when, by way of experiment, I once
reduced the working end of the clinker drill to only one half its diameter, there
were in the kiln no less than between twenty and thirty baskets of core. It
is therefore of consequence to prevent any unnecessary wear in the working

page_text: end of the clinker drill, which, if it be overheated, will take place. In order
to prevent this from happening, a pail of cold water should be placed in the
ash-pit; and the lime burner should dip the working end of the clinker drill in
it very frequently to keep it from ever growing hot. The cast-iron working
end of the clinker drill ought to be replaced by another when it is much worn:
I can vary the shape and size of the clinker drill, and also the form of its
working end, in various ways, founded upon. the same principles as are
described above. It is convenient to the line burner to have a small looking-
glass, about four or five inches square, in order the better to examine from the
ash-pit the state of the fire on the grate. A short common ladder is used at
the ash-pit, but a broad step ladder is inore convenient for the man who carries
the chalk, marble, or limestone to the upper hatchway; at the end of the
ardent fire all the coals which remain upon the kiln shelf should be hastily fed
upon the grate through the feeding holes, which ought then to be inmediately
closed by means of ashes or earth laid upon the kiln shelf, and leaped up in
front of the feeding holes, as represented by the dotted line L, L, in Figure 4.
I term this the stopping up. The fire is then left to burn out by itself and the
kiln to cool gradually. The two hatchways continue closed for about twelve
hours after the stopping up, and then the upper hatchway is opened, and in
about thirty-six hours after the stopping up the two courses of platting bricks
are taken out of the kiln through the upper hatchway, and the lower hatchway
is then opened in order to draw out the lime. The ardent fire is continued in
general about twenty-four hours; but the most accurate way to determine the
time of stopping up is by observing the shrink of the lime. This is done
towards the end of the ardent fire by the lime burner looking into the kiln
through the opening which is represented at J in Figure 3. The brick
represented at J in Figure 2 is then immediately replaced. Each sort of
lime stone will have its particular shrink, which experience will determine;
chalk, for example, when burnt into lime, should be made to shrink about
three courses of bricks and an half before the stopping up, which shrink is scen
by the top of the upper platting (represented at u, v, in Figure 4,) appearing
one course of bricks and an half below the iron staple, which is represented at
a in Figure 4. The line will shrink about another half course after the
stopping up before the kiln is drawn. Four courses of bricks laid in fire-brick
earth, with very close joints, make about ten inches and an half. Two or three
baskets of coals fed towards the end of the ardent fire affect the shrinking more
than twice that quantity docs about the middle of the time of the ardent fire.
I can easily cause chalk lime to shrink six courses; but that is, for most pur
poses, rather too much. One great excellency of my new manufacture of lime

page_text: is the very equable manner in which the lime shrinks upon being burnt, for
after the two courses of platting bricks (represented at v, v, and i, i, in Figure
4,) have been entirely removed, just before the kilu is drawn. the upper course
of lime in the middle of the kiln, at the four sides of the kiln, at the four
corners of the kiln, and in every other part of it, has been found to be level
within a quarter of an inch, which proves how equably the shrink may be
obtained by my new method. If the lime burner should perceive that the
upper course of lime under the platting is not sufficiently level, he should in
the next kiln correct the defect in the following manner, namely, by laying the
pieces of chalk, or of marble, or of lime stone, rather closer to each other, where
the shrinking downwards was too much, or by laying them rather less closo
to each other where the shrinking downwards was too little. This may be
properly regulated by means of the upper courses. I can use methods of
setting the kiln different from that which is above described, but founded on
the same principles, such as treble, quadruple. or quintuple arches, or else as
Gothick arches, formed of the materials intended to be burnt into lime, or even
as arches formed of burnt or of unburnt bricks, made of such excellent sort of
fire-brick earth as would be capable of resisting sufficiently such an ardent fire,
if any such earth can be found in the vicinity of the lime kiln. But those
methods are less advantageous than the method which is herein-before particu-
larly described. I can set the kiln by means of cinders alone, by means of
cokes alone, or by means of coals alone, instead of using both cinders and coal
in setting the kiln in the manner above described. One basket of the size
aforesaid of coals, followed by one such basket of the dust of coal, will do well
for the setting of the kiln, though less well than the method above described.
But if either cinders alone, or cokes alone, or coals alone, be used for that
purpose, the regulating tyles represented at X, X, and X, X, in Figure 4,
ought to be moved forwards in a very few minutes after the fire is lighted, and
at the end of about six hours those regulating tyles should be moved back
again, and if either cinders alone, or cokes alone, or coals alone, should happen
to be used for the setting of the kiln, and moreover for the drying fire, then
those regulating tyles ought not to be moved back again all at once, but only
about one inch, and to remain so during the drying fire, or so long as the state
of the fire may, from the nature of the fuel, require it. The regulating tyles
should, in such case, be moved back again to their original situation about the
beginning of the ardent fire; I can even do without the regulating tyles at all,
by using some ashes occasionally amongst the fuel; but the using the regulating
tyles is, upon the whole, the best method. I can vary the number of the feed-
ing holes; I can close the feeding holes cither in succession or all at once.

page_text: this last is the better method...Ican vary the quantity fof fuel and the time of
burning according to the nature and state of the materials to be burnt into
lime, and also according to the nature and strength of the fuel. The lime pro-
duced by any of my methods herein explained::can be made to have the same
proper degree of shrink. I can obtain in one kiln about one hundred and
twelve baskets: (of the size above mentioned) of chalk lime; for example, of the
very best quality; If cinders alone be used during the first two hours of the
ardent fire, then, instead of its taking about four hours to raise the fuel on the
grate to the regular height of the dotted line G, G, in Figure 4, it will take
about two hours only to raise the fuel with advantage to that regular height,
and about three baskets (of the size aforesaid) of cinders alone will, in general,
be sufficient for that purpose. This is an economical method, and in such case
the lime burner may begin to use the clinker drill with advantage, as soon as
the fuel shall be so raised, and there ought then to be drilled therewith at least
nine holes, such, for example, as the center hole, and also the eight outside holes,
which are represented in Figure 19. I can regulate the burning of the lime
by the quantity of fuel used, and by the degree of shrinking of the lime; exclu-
sively of the number of hours above mentioned. I can also, 'by means of this
lime kiln, and of the peculiar kind of management herein described, burn the
best of lime (without either a single coal or any of the dust of coal) by means of
cinders alone, or by means of cokes alone; and I can do the same (without either
any cinders or cokes) by means of coals alone, or by means of coal slack only,
or by means of the meer dust of coal thoroughly well wetted, as directed above.
I can, upon the same principles, use the aforesaid sorts of fuel mixed together
in any proportions. By the application of my aforesaid principles and methods,
I have the advantage of saving a great part of the fuel which would otherwise
be used for the burning of a given quantity of chalk, or marble, or lime stone
into lime, exclusively of the excellent and superior quality of my lime, and
exclusively of the other peculiar advantages of my new Invention; several of
my said principles and methods are also applicable to other processes and
manufactures of great consequence to the commercial world and to private
individuals, such as to divers works of iron, copper, and other metals, to sundry
manufactures of glass, china, bricks, tyles, and earthenware, to reverbatory
and many other chemical and wind furnaces, to the better production of steam
for steam engines, to distilleries, to breweries, and to a vast variety of other
processes and manufactures.
Now, as my wish is that my various Inventions for producing infallibly a
regular and very ardent heat by means of a very small quantity of fuel, may be
freely used by the public at large for their benefit, so far as the same aro
B

page_text: applicable to the said last-mentioned processes or manufactures, I have not
.applied for any exclusive privilege relative to any of those processes or
.manufactures, or relative to any of a similar kind, and I reserve to myself
the benefit of my said discoveries in respect only to my new manufacture of
lime, above mentioned.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Earl Stanhope, have hereunto set
my hand and soul this Twelfth day of August in the roar of our Lord
ALEX. MURRAY, of Symonds Inn.
SAMUEL FLEET, Clerk to Mr Murray.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twelfth day of August, in the
year of our Lord 1801, the aforesaid Charles Earl Stanhope came before our
said Lord the King in His Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form
above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stampt according
to the form of the Statutes made for that purpose.
Inrolled the Twelfth day of August, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and one.