A METHOD FOR VENTILATING DWELLING HOUSES, THEATRES, HOS- PITALS, PRISONS, STABLES, AND SHIPPING, AND ALSO FOR VENTILATING, HEATING, AND CONSTRUCTING EVERY KIND OF BUILDINGS FOR FORWARDING OR PRESERVING TREES, PLANTS, SHRUBS, FLOWERS, FRUITS, ROOTS, AND OTHER VEGETABLES, ON AN IMPROVED PRINCIPLE; THEREBY REDUCING THE CONSUMPTION OF FUEL, SIMPLIFYING. THE MODE OF MANAGEMENT, AND RENDERING MORE CERTAIN THE PRODUCTION OF FRUITS AND FLOWERS
Year: 1801

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, J, DAVID
STEWART, of Woodlands, in the Parish of Greenwich, and in the County of
Kent, Gardiner and Hothouse Builder, send greeting.
WHEREAS His most Excellent Majesty King George the Third did, by
His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great:
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Third day of November,
in the forty-second year of His reign, give and grant unto me, the said David
Stewart, His special licence that I, the said David Stewart, during the term of
years therein mentioned, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my
Invention of "A METHOD FOR VENTILATING DWELLING HOUSES, THEATRES, HOS-
PITALS, PRISONS, STABLES, AND SHIPPING, AND ALSO FOR VENTILATING, HEATING,
AND CONSTRUCTING EVERY KIND OF BUILDINGS FOR FORWARDING OR PRESERVING
TREES, PLANTS, SHRUBS, FLOWERS, FRUITS, ROOTS, AND OTHER VEGETABLES, ON AN
IMPROVED PRINCIPLE; THEREBY REDUCING THE CONSUMPTION OF FUEL, SIMPLIFYING.
THE MODE OF MANAGEMENT, AND RENDERING MORE CERTAIN THE PRODUCTION OF
FRUITS AND FLOWERS;" in which said Letters Patent there is contained a proviso,
obliging me, the said David Stewart, by an instrument in writing under my
hand and seal, particularly to describe and ascertain the nature of my said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be inrolled in
His Majesty's High Court of Chancery within one calendar month next after

page_text: the date of the said recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, relation
being thereunto had, may more fully appear..
NOW KNOW YE that in compliance with, the said proviso, I, the said
David Stewart, do hereby declare that my, said Invention is described in
manner following, that is to say:
In order to obtain a free circulation of fresh air without permitting any more
of heated air to escape than is judged proper by the manager of the house,
let pipes or tubes of any shape, the size and number of which ought to be
regulated by the size of the house to be ventilated, and the degree of heat
the house is required to be kept at, be placed so that one end of each pipe or
tube may communicate with the open air as low as or lower than the level of
the floor of such house. In order to make each pipe or tube convey as much
fresh air as its diameter will admit, its lower end or external mouth should be
made in the shape of a trumpet's mouth, or a funnel turned up or not, as cir-
cumstances may require, and to prevent vermin from entering it, it should
be grated with brass or other wire; let the other end of each pipe or tube be
carried nearly to the highest internal part of the building intended to be
ventilated in any direction which may be most suitable in regard to the form
of the house and other collateral. circumstances of convenience. In each:of..the
aforesaid pipes or tubes let a valve..be placed near the upper end,i.which valve
must be made to open rand shut freely, and when shut be cas. nearly air-tight
as possible. At a distance not exceeding four inches over the upper end of
such, pipe or tube may be placed:a. piece of thin, copper, tinporfother.substance,
to prevent the current of. fresh air from, incommoding the people tor cbeing
injurious to plants, fruits, or,flowers,; in the,inimediate vicinity of such pipe or
tube; or the upper end of cach pipe or tube may be introduced into the side
of a horizontal pipé: or tube extending: along the highest: internal part of the
building, which said horizontal pipe..or..tube must have valves or holes rat
proper distances (that is to say), in proportion, to the number, and size, of the
perpendicular tubes or pipes so communicating, to let out the fresh air as may
be required. On. the aforesaid principle, a constant, current. of fresh air may at
all times be introduced into the building at the. very point where. it is most
requisite, without dimishing a particle more of the heated air already in the
building than the manager, of it may judges expedient. Iu. order to letrout
stagnated, or over-heated air, and to promote a constant spontaneous circulation
of air when required; letra sufficient number of pipes or tubes be placed so that
the upper end. of each pipe or tube may communicate with. the open air as high
as or higher than the upper..part of the glass'; near the upper end of each of
.

page_text: these pipes or tubes 'must be a valve, to shut and open in'the same manner
as those already described in the fresh air pipes or tubes. Each of the foul or
hot air pipes or tubes should also have openings at proper distances, according
to the heat required at different heights of the house from each other, below
the said valves till within six inches of the floor of the 'house, on which floor, or
near it, the lower end of 'the said pipes or tubes should rest; these values must
be made to shut and open freely and be as nearly air-tight as possible when
shut... By reason of these openings, the foul stagnated or over-heated air may
at all times: be;let off or out of the house at any height required, and a constant
spontaneous circulation of air kept up without opening the sashies. In order to
obtain the greatest heat from a given quantity of fuel, let a fire furnace be con-
structed in the following. mannèr:-The. furnace doors must be as nearly air-
tight as possible, the lowest of which doors must have a register of a shape and
size in proportion to the shape and size of the-said furnace; to this register the
open air must have, free access. By this method, the whole of the air that
enters the flue-or flues must, necessarily pass through the body..of the fire, con-
sequently none but heated air can enter the flue or flues while the doors of the
fire furnace are kept closed. These flues or smoak passages should be so con-
structed as that the internal air of the house may circulate freely round thein;
at the extremity: or, any proper part of the said flues or smoak passages should
be placed a valve or register, as nearly air-tight as possible, which said valve
or register should be so made as to open more or less, as circumstances may
require.. In order to obtain the greatest possible benefit in point of. regular heat
from the fuel intended to be consumed in, the said fire furnace, let the flue or
smoak passage be constructed or, built as near the outside walls of the house:
and as low as circumstances will admit. Its direction from the fire place should
be as streight towards the further end of the building intended to be heated as
may be convenient, rising gradually all, the way to the further end. of the house,
then crossing nearly on a level to the opposite side, when it should, return to
the end at which the fire is placed, descending as it returns nearly in. the same
proportion as it ascended on, the opposite side. It should, then cross the said
end and pass close or as near as, possible to the fire, when it.should continue to
revolve, round the house as many times as can be done with convenience,
always ascending and descending as before 'described. When the smoak as
passed through the whole of the said flues or smoak passage of the aforesaid
house it, may, then pass into one or more houses of a similar description,
and be conducted through flues constructed in the manner before described,.
should occasion require, previously to its escape into the open air. By the

page_text: aforesaid method the utmost possible advantage will be derived from the
flues, as no part of the heated air can escape out of the said flues or
smoak passages, except what is necessary to keep up a proper circulation
if the air and smoak therein contained, which circulation may likewise be
stopped by means of the valve or register above mentioned. In order to
expel damps, prevent mildew, and other discases incident to stove and other
plants contained within glass, arising from too much humidity in the air or
similar causes, and to obtain the whole of the heat which passes from the fire
outwards through the brickwork of the furnace, let the said furnace be built
with a cavity of two inches or more (according to the size of the furnace),
which said cavity should have a communication with the open air under the
grate that supports the fire, and be continued all round and over the top of the
furnace except where the flame and smoak pass into the flues, and to be con-
tinued opposite to the upper door of the furnace by an additional door, to be
placed at a distance of two inches or more from the door next the fire, which
said additional door may be dispensed with in cases where a great heat is not
wanted, but the other two doors are in all cases absolutely necessary. This
cavity should communicate with a pipe or tube, which should pass round the
inside of the house intended to be heated, the said pipe or tube should have
valves to permit the hot air within it to enter the said house where and when
required. In green houses, peach houses, and other situations where only a
moderate heat is required, the said cavity, instead of communicating with a
pipe or tube as before directed, may, in order to save expence, communicate
with another cavity in the external wall of such green house, peach house, or
other building, which cavity also should have valves to permit the hot air con-
tained within it to enter sucli house, such cavity should be left in every building
(where preventing the entrance of frost or damp is an object), from the ground
levels upwards to the plate, whether it is intended to introduce hot air into the
said cavity or not. By these means dry hot air can always be obtained in any
part of the building where it is required while the fire is burning, and for some
time after it is extinguished the damp and mildew will be in a great measure
if not wholly prevented, and every particle of heat arising from the fuel
consumed, preserved and applied in the most beneficial manner... The outside
or shell of the house or building should be proportioned and shaped consistently
with the use it is designed for and its local situation, observing at the same
time that in case it is intended for forcing or preserving trees, plants, shrubs,
fruit, flowers, roots, or other vegetables, that the external inclosure should be
prepared to admit as much light as possible consistently with the strength of

page_text: the building, the roof sashes of which house should be screwed or fastened
down to the rafters, and be glazed in such a manner as to render them air and
water-tight.
In witness whereof, I, the said David Stewart, have hereunto set my
hand and seal the Thirtieth day of November, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and one.
Signed and sealed by the within-named
David Stewart, (being first duly
stampt), sixteen words being added
to, and two words cancelled in the
thirteenth line from the bottom of this
DAVID (L.S.) STEWART.
Inrolled the same Thirtieth day of November, in the year above written.