Improvements in Apparatus for Cooling Air and other Fluids.
Year: 1892

page_text: Date of Application, 23rd Dec.. 1892
Complete Specification Left, 25th Sept., 1893-Accepted, 28th Oct., 1893
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Apparatus for Cooling Air and other Fluids.
We, FREDERICK NOEL MACKAY, of 242 York Road, Kings Cross, in the
County of Middlesex, and JOHN FREDERICK JONES, of 59 Haldon Road,
Wandsworth, in the County of Surrey, Engineers, do hereby declare the nature of
this invention to be as follows:-
―:
Our invention relates to improvements in apparatus for cooling air and other
fluids.
In certain types of cooling-apparatus as hitherto usually constructed, it has been
customary to employ brine or other liquid upon the cooling-surfaces, on which
is
snow would otherwise collect. The use of any liquid medium for such a purpose
sometimes disadvantageous, inasmuch as the air which is to be cooled by coming
into contact with the said cooling-surfaces, is moistened by the liquid which is
present thereon, and thereby rendered unfit for the many cooling operations in
which a dry cooling medium is a desideratum. Moreover, when brine is thus used,
the constant addition of salt thereto is a source of expense, and in cases where no
brine is used on the cooling surfaces the presence of snow is a source of
inconvenience and the cause of considerable loss of cooling effect.
One object of our said invention is to provide improved apparatus for effecting
the cooling of air, for example, by means of simple apparatus in which the snow
formed during the operation can if desired be dealt with otherwise than by the use
of a liquid, and in such a manner that it assists and expedites the operation of the
apparatus instead of, as hitherto, impeding it.
Another object of our said invention is to construct improved cooling-apparatus
of other types, as will be hereinafter fully set forth.
According to one part of our invention we provide a pipe or pipes through which
the ammonia or other cooling medium is passed, and we place a series of drums or
cylinders on or around the said pipe or pipes in such a manner that they may
rotate thereon or around the same. On each of the said drums or cylinders one or
more helical or spiral refrigerating plates, solid or hollow flanges, corrugations, or
other refrigerating surfaces are provided.
Alongside each drum or cylinder are suitable guides, and upon the said guides a
brush or scraper is supported which enters between the helical refrigerating-plates
or surfaces. The said helical plates or surfaces, when the cylinder or drum is
rotated, cause the scraper to travel along or upon the guides, and during its
progress to scrape the accumulated snow off the said plates or surfaces, whereby
their efficiency for cooling purposes is maintained. The said drums or cylinders
are enclosed in a suitable chamber, and the air to be cooled is circulated around the
drums or cylinders. by any suitable means, such for instance as a fan or air propeller
in the inlet passage or in the outlet passage of the chamber. Preferably the said
drums or cylinders are arranged one above the other in a vertical series so that the
snow removed from each of them is delivered in succession upon the drums or
cylinders below it, and finally falls to the bottom of the chamber; the passages by.
which the air to be cooled is led into and out of the said chamber are so arranged
that the said air in its passage therethrough and through the chamber, meets the
falling snow, and is cooled thereby in addition to being cooled by the cooling
cylinders or drums. Thus the snow, which in other cooling plant impedes the
cooling action of the parts, is according to this invention utilized to increase the
efficiency of the apparatus. A snow-box is provided to receive the cold air as it
issues from the aforesaid chamber. A suitable baffle is provided in the said snow-

page_text: box to separate from the air any snow which may be brought out from the chamber
thereby, so that there may be no deposit of snow in the chambers to which the
cooled air is supplied. The said snow-box is provided with a sloping bottom, and
the snow separated from the air by the action of the aforesaid baffle, falls on to the
said bottom and returns under the action of gravity, through a suitable opening
provided with a slide or other regulating-valve, into the chamber to be further
utilized. Or it is allowed to remain in the snow-box, the sides of which, when made
of nietal assist in cooling the air and also constitute a reserve of cold which is
utilized in maintaining the air at the required low temperature when the rest of the
refrigerating apparatus is not working. The rotation of the cylinder or drums can
be effected by any suitable means either intermittently, or at a slow speed con-
tinuously; for instance sprocket-wheels may be provided on each cylinder or drum
and geared by chain gear with similar wheels adapted to turn in bearings on the
outside of the chamber, and rotated together or separately, by hand or mechanically,
at suitable intervals.
It is an important feature of our invention that the pipe through which the
cooling medium passes, and upon different portions of which the said drums or
cylinders rotate, can be continuous, that is to say, the continuity of the pipe need
not be broken inside each drum or cylinder, and the ends of each said portion can
be connected by bends to the portions upon which adjacent cylinders or drums
rotate, so that leakage therefrom is prevented.
Instead of a single pipe passed through each drum or cylinder, a series of
parallel pipes can be arranged to pass therethrough. Suitable multiple stuffing-
boxes or other devices are provided at the ends of the cylinder, through which
the pipes pass to connecting-boxes, and from the said connecting-boxes single pipes
pass to the connecting-boxes appropriated to other druins or cylinders of the
series.
In the space in the interior of each said cylinder or drum, around the pipe or
pipes conveying the cooling medium therethrough, brine, glycerine or other non-
freezing fluid is placed, to conduct to the said pipe or pipes the heat taken from the
air by the said cylinder or drum. Suitable stuffing-boxes are provided at the ends
of each of the said cylinders or drums through which pass the said pipe or pipes, so
that no loss of the brine or glycerine can occur, and suitable openings are provided
for the admission of the brine, glycerine, or other fluid to the said interior; each
of the said openings is normally kept closed by a screw plug or other suitable
device.
Instead of the pipe or pipes conveying the cooling medium through the drums or
cylinders we may arrange them to deliver the same into the cylinder and afterwards
withdraw it therefrom.
As an alternative, the aforesaid rotatable cylinders or drums are provided with
tubular extensions constituting trunnions, adapted to turn in bearings in hollow
castings. The said castings in addition to forming supports for the cylinders or
drums, form also connections through which the cooling medium passes from one
cylinder or drum to another. Stuffing-boxes are provided upon the said castings
at points where the tubular extensions enter thereinto, and scrapers of the kind
herein before described, or stationary brushes or scrapers, are employed to keep the
exterior surfaces of the said drums or cylinders clear of snow.
As a further alternative the aforesaid cylinders or drums may be provided with,
circular solid or hollow flanges, corrugations or refrigerating-surfaces, and supported
by trunnions formed upon their ends and adapted to turn in suitable bearings so that
the cylinders or drums may be rotated. Inlet and outlet pipes for the cooling
medium pass through stuffing-boxes in the said trunnions and either carry the
cooling medium through, or deliver it into and afterwards withdraw it from, the
interior of the cylinder or drums.
Instead of arranging the refrigerating-plates, flanges or other surfaces, upon
cylinders or drums carried upon a pipe, portions of the said pipe may have the said
surfaces provided directly thereon and be made rotatable in end boxes; the said

page_text: end boxes are secured to intermediate sections of the pipe, which are stationary and
provided with suitable stuffing boxes.
Standards or other fixed supports are provided for the purpose of carrying the
said end-boxes and intermediate sections of pipe.
To enable any of the apparatus hereinbefore described to be employed in the
obtainment of a moistened cold air, means are provided whereby the cooling medium,
after circulating through the aforesaid cooling pipes, cylinders, or drums is delivered
in a spray or in thin streams either into the pipe or conduit conveying the air or
other fluid to the cooling surfaces, so as to moisten the air or other fluid before
the same comes into contact with the cold surfaces, or it is delivered upon the
uppermost one of the series, whence it trickles over the remaining pipes, cylinders,
or drums to moisten the air for example while in contact with the cooling surfaces,
in the latter case it goes finally into a tank placed below the lowermost member of
the series. From the said tank it is drawn by a suitable pump and re-circulated
through and over the said pipes, cylinders, or drums as before. When the said
cooling medium is thus used the removal of the snow will be effected thereby and
the scrapers may not be needed.
Instead of the brushes or scrapers hereinbefore referred to, we may if desired
employ brushes or scrapers arranged to turn about the aforesaid drums or
cylinders, or to rotate in suitable proximity thereto. It is obvious that the
aforesaid helices and brushes or scrapers may be within a cylinder instead of
outside the same.
Within the said rotatable drums or cylinders in which the pipe or pipes conveying
cooling medium therethrough is or are continuous, we in certain cases provide
pockets, or we arrange blades within the depressions or cavities in the internal
periphery of the drum or cylinder, so that the liquid medium within the same is
continually elevated by the said blades or pockets to the upper part of the said
interior and thence poured over the pipe or pipes as the cylinder rotates.
Instead of enclosing a pipe or a coil or series of pipes within a cylinder they may
be enclosed within a chamber through which the air to be cooled is passed. In the
bottom of the chamber a brine or equivalent solution is placed, and a rotatable
frame carrying a series of buckets is arranged to dip into and elevate the solution
and to discharge it over the pipe, or coil or series of pipes. By this arrangement
the air which passes through the chamber is cooled by contact with the pipes
through which a cooling medium is flowing, and is also cooled by the solution in
the chamber and by the portions thereof which descend over the pipe or pipes and
prevent the accumulation of snow thereon.
Stationary cylinders or chambers may be employed, within which pipes conveying
the cooling medium are rotated so as to dip into a brine or other solution contained
within the cylinder or chamber. Or the said cylinders or chambers as well as the
pipes can be made rotatable if desired.
Instead of a pipe or of pipes we may employ in any of the aforesaid apparatus
any suitable form of cells, hollow corrugated chambers or other appliances through
which a cooling medium can be passed.
The employment of a snow-removing liquid within the cylinders or chambers
and around the said pipe, pipes or cells or the like has a further advantage in that
it provides, by reason of its bulk and temperature, a reserve of cold which when
the cooling apparatus is not working tends to maintain the air at the required
temperature. This feature as well as the utilization of snow as aforesaid is an
important portion of our invention.
We may employ any of the before-mentioned apparatus for cooling other fluids
than air; for example the fluid to be cooled may be passed through or over any of
the internal or external surfaces of the apparatus, and in cases where cooling fluid
is ordinarily employed both inside and outside the pipes, or in the pipes and in or
upon other parts of the apparatus, a liquid to be cooled can be caused to come in
contact with some of the surfaces ordinarily reserved for the contact of cooling
media alone,

page_text: Or the fluid to be cooled may be contained in an outer chamber case or cylinder
which more or less closely encircles any of the arrangements of cooling apparatus
herein before specified.
Dated this 23rd day of December 1892.
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London, W.C., Agents for the Applicants.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Apparatus for Cooling Air and other Fluids.
We, FREDERICK NOEL MACKAY, of 242 York Road, Kings Cross, in the County
of Middlesex, and JOHN FREDERICK JONES, of 59 Haldon Road, Wandsworth, in
the County of Surrey, Engineers, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and
in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement:-
Our invention relates to improvements in apparatus for cooling air and other
fluids.
In certain types of cooling-apparatus as hitherto usually constructed, it has been
customary to employ brine or other liquid upon the cooling-surfaces, on which snow
would otherwise collect. The use of any liquid medium for such a purpose is
sometimes disadvantageous, inasmuch as the air which is to be cooled by coming
into contact with the said cooling-surfaces is moistened by the liquid which is
present thereon, and thereby rendered unfit for the many cooling operations in
which a dry cooling medium is a desideratum. Moreover, the constant addition of
salt to the brine is a source of expense, and in cases where no brine is used on the
cooling surfaces the presence of snow thereon is a source of inconvenience and the
cause of considerable loss of cooling effect.
One object of our said invention is to provide improved apparatus for effecting
the cooling of air, for example, by means of simple apparatus in which the snow
formed during the operation can, if desired, be dealt with otherwise than by the
use of a liquid, and in such a manner that it assists and expedites the operation of
the apparatus instead of, as hitherto, impeding it.
Another object of our said invention is to construct improved cooling-apparatus
of other types, as will be hereinafter fully set forth.
In order that our invention may be clearly understood we will now proceed to
describe the same with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein :-
Figure 1 is an elevation,
Figure 2 a plan, and
Figure 3 a vertical section, of one form of improved apparatus constructed
according to our invention.
Figure 4 is a view, partly in elevation, and partly in longitudinal central section,
of an alternative construction of certain details of our improved apparatus, herein-
after fully described.
Figure 5 is an elevation, showing a device for connecting and supporting rotatable
drums by which the operation of cooling is effected.
Figures 6 and 7 are views, partly in elevation, and partly in longitudinal central
section, of alternative constructions of the said drums.
Figure 8 is a vertical section of apparatus employed for obtaining moist
cold air.
Figure 9 is a longitudinal central section and
Figure 10 a transverse section, of another alternative construction of apparatus,
also intended for the production of moist cold air, and Figures 11 and 12 are alter-
native details thereof, also in transverse section.
'Like reference letters indicate corresponding parts throughout the drawings
In the apparatus illustrated by Figures 1, 2, and 3, a suitably-supported pipe A

page_text: is provided, through which ammonia or any other suitable cooling-medium is passed,
and upon which a series of drums B are placed one above the other and in such a
manner that they may rotate thereon.
It is an important feature of our invention that the said pipe can be continuous,
as in the present instance, that is to say the continuity of the pipe is not broken
inside each drum, and the ends of the portions upon which adjacent drums rotate
are connected to each other by bends, so that leakage is avoided.
C is a sprocket wheel on the end of each drum, so that it may be rotated by
means of the chain C¹ which is led round a sprocket wheel C2; the latter is fixed
on a shaft C' journalled in suitable bearings upon the exterior of the apparatus and
rotatable by the handle C. A set of this gearing is provided for each drum. The
several sets can be geared together and rotated by hand or by other suitable means,
either intermittently, or at a slow speed continuously. On each said drum two helical
or spiral refrigerating-plates B₁ are formed. For the said refrigerating-plates we
may substitute solid or hollow flanges, corrugations, or other suitable refrigerating-
surfaces, some examples of which are hereinafter described.
In the space in the interior of each said drum, around the pipe A which conveys
the cooling medium therethrough, brine, glycerine, or other "non-freezing" fluid is
placed, to conduct to the said pipe the heat taken from the air by the said drum.
Suitable stuffing-boxes B' are provided at the ends of each of the said drums,
through which the said pipe passes, so that no loss of the brine or glycerine can
occur; suitable openings closed by a screw plug, as at B³, for instance, are
provided for the admission of the brine, glycerine, or other fluid to the said
interior.
DD are guides, two of which are held parallel with each drum B on suitable
supports. Each pair of guides carries scrapers E which enter between the helical
refrigerating plates or surfaces, and bear thereon.
F (Figure 3) is a chamber, which encloses the said drums; Fo Fo are baffles
therein for a purpose hereinafter specified; F¹ is an inlet orifice, through which
the air to be cooled enters the chamber; G is a fan in the inlet passage for forcing
air therethrough into the chamber F, circulating it, under the guidance of the
baffles Fo, round the cooling-drums B, and finally forcing it out through an outlet
channel into and through a snow-box H. H' is a baffle provided in the snow-
box to separate from the air any snow which may be brought out from the
chamber F thereby, so that there may be no deposit of snow in the chambers to
which the cooled air is supplied. The said snow-box has a sloping bottom, as
shown; H' is a slide provided at the lower portion of the said sloping bottom, at an
opening F in the wall of the chamber F for a purpose hereinafter specified.
The said helical plates B', when the drums B are rotated, cause the scrapers E
to travel along the guides and during their progress to scrape off the snow which
accumulates on the said plates or surfaces, so that their efficiency for cooling is not
impaired. The snow thus removed from each drum drops on to the drum next
below it and finally falls to the bottom of the chamber F as shown. The snow
separated from the outgoing air by the action of the baffle H¹ falls on the sloping
bottom of the snow-box H and returns, under the action of gravity, through the
opening F, into the chamber F. Or it is allowed to remain in the snow-box H,
the sides of which, when made of metal, assist in cooling the air and also, in
conjunction with the accumulated snow constitute a reserve of cold which is
utilized in maintaining the air at the required low temperature, when the refrige-
rating apparatus is not working. The air to be cooled, entering the said chamber
by the passage F' meets the falling and deposited snow, and is cooled thereby, in
addition to being cooled by the cooling drums B. Thus the snow, which in other
cooling-plant impedes the cooling action of the parts, is, according to this invention,
utilized to increase the efficiency of the apparatus.
Instead of a single pipe A passed through each drum or cylinder I may employ
the device illustrated in Figure 4 wherein a series of parallel pipes A' or a coil of
pipes is arranged to pass through each drum B. A multiple stuffing box B is

page_text: provided for the pipes A', at each end of the drum, in one end of a cylindrical
boss B which is received in a large stuffing box B and forms a bearing upon
which the drum B turns. The several pipes A' are connected at each end of the
drum, by a connecting-box I, and from the said connecting-boxes, single connecting-
pipes A lead to similar connecting boxes appropriated to other drums of the
series.
Figure 4 shows also an alternative construction of the drum B, provided with
hollow circular flanges B7 with paddles Bs therein, which, in the rotation of the
drum, carry round the liquid received in the interior of the flanges so that it
pours out from between the paddles as the drum rotates, and falls down on to
the pipes A¹, to cool the exterior thereof and to prevent the deposit of snow
thereon.
In the alternative construction illustrated in Figure 5 the drums B are provided
with tubular extensions B constituting trunnions, adapted to turn in bearings in
hollow castings A. The said castings, in addition to forming supports for the
cylinders or drums, form also connections by which the cooling medium passes
from one cylinder or drum to another. Stuffing-boxes A' are provided upon the
casting A at points where the tubular extensions B enter thereinto.
In the further alternative construction of the drum B shown in Figure 6, the
inlet pipe A passes centrally through one end of the drum and is secured therein,
and is perforated as shown to deliver the cooling medium into the interior of the
drum. The said medium is drawn therefrom through an outlet pipe, not shown in
the drawings which is similarly secured in the opposite end of the drum.
In this figure is shown a scraper J, suited for use upon drums with cylindrical
flanges. The said scraper is attached to the framing of the apparatus, in proximity
to the drum, and is provided with fingers J¹, which enter between the flanges and
scrape the snow therefrom as the drum rotates.
Figure 7 shows one of two similar ends of a corrugated drum B, the corrugations
of which are conical. The said corrugations are kept clear of snow by the
scraper J, the teeth of which are shaped to fit between the conical corrugations.
In this example, hollow trunnions B form part of the drum and rotate in bearings K,
and are provided with stuffing-boxes L through which the stationary inlet and
outlet pipes A and A pass to the interior of the drum. The inlet pipe A' is per-
forated as shown, and delivers the cooling-medium, through the perforations, to the
interior of the drum, whence it is withdrawn by the outlet pipe A°. M M' are,
respectively, fast and loose pulleys placed upon one of the trunnions; the drum is
rotated in the bearings K by means of the fast pulley M.
Instead of arranging the refrigerating-plates, flanges or other surfaces upon
cylinders or drums carried upon a pipe, portions of the said pipe may have the said
surfaces provided directly thereon, and be made rotatable in end-boxes; the said
end-boxes are secured to intermediate sections of the pipe which are stationary and
provided with suitable stuffing-boxes. Standards or other fixed supports are
provided for the purpose of carrying the said end boxes and intermediate sections
of pipe.
To enable any of the apparatus herein before described to be employed in the
obtainment of air which is not only cooled but is moistened as well, means are
provided such as those which we will now describe by way of example with
reference to Figure 8. In such apparatus the brine or other cooling medium after
circulating through the pipe A' is delivered from a perforated portion A7 thereof,
in thin streams, upon the uppermost drum B, whence it trickles over the remaining
drums into a tank F below them, from which it is withdrawn by any suitable
means, to be re-circulated through the pipe A and over the drums B as before.
When the said cooling medium is thus used the removal of the snow will be effected
thereby and the scrapers may not be needed. Or as an alternative the cooling
medium may be circulated through the pipe A and brine circulated through all the
drums B which would in such a case be stationary and connected to each other by
suitable connections; finally the brine having been cooled by its contact with the

page_text: pipe A would be sprayed on to the topmost drum whence it falls down over the
others, as in the preceding example. The said brine may be delivered into
the conduit which conveys the air or other fluid to the cooling surfaces so as to give
the said fluid a preliminary, moistening.
Instead of the brushes or scrapers herein before referred to, we may if desired
employ brushes or scrapers arranged to turn about the aforesaid drums or cylinders,
or to rotate in suitable proximity thereto. It is obvious that the aforesaid helices
and brushes or scrapers may be within a cylinder, instead of outside the same.
Instead of enclosing a pipe or a coil or series of pipes within a drum as aforesaid,
it or they can be enclosed within a stationary chamber and arranged and employed
in the manner now to be described by way of example with reference to Figures 9
and 10, wherein F is a chamber through which the air to be cooled and moistened
is passed. F is the inlet passage and F the outlet passage for the air.
N is a rotatable frame, trunnioned in bearings supported by the walls of the
chamber F. One of the trunnions of the frame has a pulley N₁ keyed thereon so
that it may be conveniently rotated.
N' N are buckets or dippers secured to the rotatable frame.
The lower portion of the chamber F forms s trough for brine or any equivalent
cooling-solution.
O is a coil or nest of pipes, which is stationary. The inlet and outlet cou-
nections O¹ and O2 respectively which communicate with the said coil and enable a
cooling medium to be circulated therethrough, pass centrally through the trunnions
of the frame N.
The frame N, when rotated, dips the buckets or dippers N into the solution at
the bottom of the chamber F so that they are filled with the aforesaid solution, and
the contents of the said buckets or dippers, as they are raised towards the upper
part of the chamber, are discharged over the coil O. By this means the air which
passes through the chamber F is cooled by contact with the internally-cooled coil
and also by the solution in the chamber and by the portions thereof which cling to
and drop from the exterior of the coil, and prevent the deposit of snow thereon.
Stationary cylinders or chambers may be employed, within which pipes conveying
the cooling-medium are rotated so as to dip into a brine or other solution contained
within the cylinder or chamber. Or the said cylinders or chambers, as well as the
pipes, can be made rotatable, if desired.
Instead of a pipe or of pipes we may employ in any of the aforesaid apparatus
any suitable form of cells such as those shown in Figure 11, or hollow corrugated
chambers such as those shown in Figure 12, or other appliances through which a
cooling-medium can be passed. We may employ any of the aforesaid apparatus
for cooling other fluids than air. The fluid to be cooled can be passed over any of
the internal or external surfaces of the aforesaid cooling devices. When a liquid
is to be cooled it can be caused to travel over or in contact with some of those sides of
the surfaces which are ordinarily reserved for the contact of cooling-media alone; in
such case the cooling-media would be brought into contact with the opposite sides
of the said surfaces.
The employment of a snow-removing liquid within the cylinders or chambers and
upon the said pipe, pipes, or cells or the like, has a further advantage in that it
provides by reason of its bulk and temperature a reserve of cold which when the
cooling apparatus is not working tends to maintain the air at the required tem-
perature. This feature, as well as the utilization of snow as aforesaid, is an
important feature of our invention.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, we declare that what we
claim is :-
1. In cooling-apparatus the combination of a snow-remover and cooling device,
movable relatively to each other, substantially as herein before described, for the
nuphases svecified

page_text: 2. The combination with cooling tubes, of cooling devices rotatable thereon, for
the purposes specified.
3. In cooling-apparatus, a closed chamber charged with fluid and having a
continuous tube or series of continuous tubes passed therethrough, said tube or
tubes being charged with a circulating cooling fluid, substantially as hereinbefore
described for the purposes specified.
4. In cooling-apparatus, removing the snow from the cooling-drums or the like
and from the air issuing from the apparatus and collecting the same in the path of
the air or other gas which is to be cooled, substantially as herein before described.
5. The combination, with rotary cooling devices, having spiral or helical
projections thereon, of a scraping device, adapted to be moved along suitable guides
by the said projections, substantially as, and for the purposes, specified.
6. The arrangement of cooling devices in a vertical series so that the snow and
liquid removed from each device is received upon the cooling-device next below it,
substantially as hereinbefore described, for the purposes specified.
7. The combination, with cooling-apparatus, of a snow-box provided with baffles
to divert the snow from the issuing cooled air, and with means for collecting the
snow thus diverted and returning it when desired to the air-cooling chamber,
substantially as, and for the purpose specified.
8. The cooling-drums or chambers provided with hollow flanges, corrugations or
the like, in which a cooling medium can circulate, substantially as described for the
purposes specified.
9. The combination, with cooling chambers or pipes through which a cooling
solution is circulated, of means of cooling circulating and for spraying the said
solution or another cooling solution on to the exterior of the said cooling surfaces or
pipes, substantially as described.
10. In cooling-apparatus, the employment of a chamber partially filled with a
cooling solution in combination with rotatable hollow cooling devices partially
immersed in said solution, or which dip thereinto at intervals, substantially as
described.
11. Cooling apparatus substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to
Figures 1, 2 and 3, Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure 7, Figure 8, Figures 9
and 10, Figure 11, or Figure 12 of the accompanying drawings for the purposes
specified.
Dated this 23rd day of September 1893.
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London, W.C., Agents for the Applicants.