AN IMPROVED METHOD OF COMBINING AND APPLYING MATERIALS APPLICABLE TO FORMATION OR CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS OR WAYS
Year: 1840

page_text: PINKUS SPECIFICATION.
TO ALL TO: WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, HENRY
PINKUS, of 36, Maddox Street, Regent Street, in the County of Middlesex,
Esquire, send greeting.
“
WHEREAS Her present. Majesty Queen Victoria, in and by Her Letters
Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at Westminster,
the Fifteenth day of October, One thousand eight hundred and forty, for Her-
self, Her heirs and successors, did give and grant unto me, the said Henry.
Pinkus, Her-especial licence, full, power, sole privilege and authority, that I,
the said Henry Pinkus, my executors, administrators,. and assigns, and every
of them, by myself and themselves, or by my, and their deputy or deputy's,
servants or agents, or such others as I, the said Henry Pinkus, my execu-
tors, administrators, or: assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times thereafter, during the term of years therein,
unexpired, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within
England, Wales; and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and also the Colonies
and Plantations abroad, my Invention for "AN IMPROVED METHOD OF COMBINING
AND APPLYING MATERIALS APPLICABLE TO FORMATION OR CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS OR
WAYS in which said Letters Patent there is, contained a proviso, obliging me,
the said Henry, Pinkus, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal,
particularly to describe and ascertain the nature of my said. Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, and to cause the same to be inrolled

page_text: in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said recited Letters Patent, as in and
by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Henry Pinkus, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and
the method of carrying it into effect, is set forth and described in the following
Specification, reference being had to the several Drawings, plans, sections, and
elevations, numbered from I. to (VII.) inclusive, accompanying the same;
and consists in the methods of combining materials so as to form foundations
as bases for superstructures of roads, ways, streets, or rail or tramways, and
applying to said combination fixtures so as to suit said combinations or
structures to the impelling of common or improved vehicles thereon.
With the objects, therefore, firstly, in order to form the paved ways of
streets for the use of superstructures of wood or stone or similar material, I
form a foundation of rough close-set rubble stones a, a, a, a, with their broad
faces down and their pointed ends up, sectional end view and elevation, Figure 1,
Drawing No. II. These should be of from five to eight inches broad on their
lower faces, and of from seven to twelve inches high in the middle part of the
road, and may gradually diminish in size towards the sides. The upper
interstices between the stones should be filled up compactly with chips of
broken stones, so as to form a compact mass, which, when laid along a street
or road, should have a proper curvature for drainage, equal to a declination
about nine inches in twenty feet. The surface should be rammed or rolled so
as to form an even surface; common grouting may be applied thereto. In
beds of foundations so formed, or on beds of broken stone, I lay in parallel
lines, all along said roads or streets, buttress sleepers b, b, b, b, b, of the form or
similar form shown; these constitute the abutments of arches of short span
by which the road or street is divided tranversely. Transums or ties may be
placed at convenient distances to maintain parallelism of the buttress sleepers
when necessary on loose soils, or the buttresses may be laid on ends of piles
a, a, a, Figure 2, Drawing No. II. When water or gas mains are laid, the
parallels of the buttress sleepers should be so arranged as that said mains
should be between any two buttresses, so as to get access to them without
disturbing the structures in other parallels; or, in lieu of said rough rubble
foundation, I form a foundation of broken stones a, a, a, Figure 8, Drawing
No. II., about four or five inches in depth, applying thereto the buttress
sleepers, as before; or, in lieu of said broken stones,. I form a foundation of
rough bricks a 1, a 1, a 1, elevation Figure 2, Drawings No. II., and A, A, A, A,

page_text: plan Drawing No. IV.; these are formed into squares B, B, B, No. IV., and
forming arches of slight curvatures resting against the buttress sleepers, the
arches having brick abutments d 1, d 1, d 1, laid longitudinally so as to form
interstices about two feet square; the bricks of the arches and their abutments
are laid with their longest narrow sides upwards, and with one or more layers
of bricks. The level part of the buttress sleeper is above the surface level of
the arches. The bricks may be pointed with mortar or cement. The spaces
or interstices may be filled in with earth well rammed in, or broken stones,
sand, or gravel, and form a level surface with the level of the arches. With
foundations so formed I combine and lay on 'a superstructure of wood, or stone
blocks, or blocks of similar material, which I construct in the following
manner: I use a simple cubical block c, c, c, c, Figure 8, Drawing I., Figure 3,
Drawing No. II., Figures 1, 2, Drawing No. III., or blocks of a rhomboidal
form d, d, d, d, Figure 1, Drawing No. II., and Figure 3, Drawing No. III.
and V. The blocks are formed so as that the cross section of their grain may
be set horizontally. The blocks may be six by six inches, or six by nine
inches, or any other dimensions on their faces or sides. These I form into
textile or woven masses in the following manner :-In one or more sides of the
blocks, near their middle part, I form circular or angular grooves e, e, c, e,
Figure 4, Drawing No. III., that are in a line with the upper face of the
blocks. This may be done economically by placing a series of blocks in rows
on a level platform similar to a plaining machine, on which may be suspended
a series of wheels parallel to one another, and on the peripheries of which may
be circular gouges. Revolution may be given to those wheels and the blocks
made to move under the wheels in straight lines by regulated motion, which
will bring the gouges by degrees in contact with the sides of the blocks, and
so cut circular grooves. Where angular grooves are to be formed on a similar
platform, the blocks may be arranged as before; but in lieu of the before-
mentioned wheels, a series of circular saws placed at an angle of 45° may be
suspended on an axis, and in advance of those circular saws may be placed a
similar set similarly suspended at an opposite angle of 45°, or standing at right
angles to the former series. These may be regulated to cut to any required
depth, so that when the blocks on the platform are made to move under the
circular saws, grooves are cut, the faces of which are at right angles one to
the other. These grooves may be cut on two opposite sides of the blocks, or
on two sides, the one being at right angles with the other. This I weave
together in masses, and lay them down on the foundations aforesaid, in such
manner as that when a series of the grooves are laid face to face they form long

page_text: grooves. Into these I insert long rods-9, 9, 9, 9, Figures 1, 2, 3, 4;-Drawings
Nos. I., II., III., of the form of the groove, being either roundish, or square:
The rods may be of from six to nine, feet in length, and may be about an inch.
and a half in diameter. When square rods are used they must, be so applied
as that the diagonal lines passing through their centres; shall be two-lines.
1, 2, and 3, 4, Figure 4, Drawing: No. HI, horizontal and vertical, so that
any vertical pressure on the blocks shall bear on the vertical diagonal
line 3, 4. The grooves and rods should be so laid down as that one series of
rods 5, 6, shall be at right angles with the line of, the street or road, and,
another set 7, 8, Figure 2, Drawing III., and Figure 3, Drawing: No. II., in a
line with the street or road, except where the blocks are laid diagonally with
the line of road or street. In that case the rods will cross one another. at
right angles and diagonally with the line of road or street, as in Drawing No..I.
When the blocks are laid down on said foundations, they form arches. in
single lines or masses, resting on said buttress; sleepers, the blocks in contact
with which conform to the beveled form of the buttress sleepers. where. the
said rods are inserted at right angles one with the other, as. in Figure. 8;
Drawing No. II., and Figure 2, Drawing No: IV., one series-of-grooves on the
sides of the blocks are below or above the lines of grooves opposite or at-right
angles with those lines. The rods 5, 6, 7, 8, may either pass along the four
sides of said blocks or along the sides of alternate blocks; in that case each
block in a series will be supported by rods on two of its sides, as in Figure 2,
Drawing No. III. When rods are inserted laying parallel to one another, as
in Figures 3, Drawing No. 3, the rods may be placed in said grooves-along
opposite sides of each block or alternately, so that each block is supported on
one side. In order to facilitate the repairing or temporary, removal of any.
part of the mass so. formed, I form, near to the curb stones or any of the
buttress sleepers, key blocks. 9, 10, 11, Figure 4, Drawing No. III. by cutting.
one of said blocks into three parts, the centre part 10, which is cuniform. or
wedged-shape, 9 and 11 may thus be placed on the rods, and then 10.inserted.
to fix them. In order to lessen the tendency of the slipping of horses on such.
pavements or roads, I bore on the vertical face of each block a circular indent
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, Drawing No. I.,.and Figures 1, 2, Drawing 8, about five inches
broad and one inch deep. Into each of these I put a composition, such as any
of the asphaltums mixed with coarse, gravel or sand, or what is called-artificial
granite. I fill the indentations to a level with the upper faces of the blocks,
or, in lieu of the said compositions, I insert into the indents a hard burnt tile,
which I cement by any of the aforesaid compositions. Flagstones, for- side

page_text: walks or pavements, may be supported by rods in a similar manner, and
thus I construct what I denominate the textile or woven pavement. When
stone blocks are used, the grooves may be either cut in their sides, as in the
wooden blocks, or a facing of artificial granite put on and moulded in the form
of the grooves. When the structures berein-before described, or any of them,
is applied to turnpike roads, tram or wheel ways A, A, A, Figures 1, 2,
Drawing No. 5, may be formed. The centre track may be, say, three feet
wide, and the outside tracks, say two feet each.. Metal tramways having a
slight concave surface may be laid on to the tracks, and let in flush with the
surface level; the form of the block rhomboidal, the angles of which, say, 12°
in two of its faces, the angles laying in a line with the line of road, the rods
laying in the same line, or in the same line and crossing, as in the woven pave-
ment; the parallelism of the tracks maintained by paving stones or broken
stones; the foundation formed by any of the aforesaid foundations. When the
aforesaid brick foundations is used, the textile superstructure should be so.
applied as that the rods 5, 6, 7, 8, Figure 2, Drawing 3, should cross the
centres of the squares that are filled in with earth or stones. On lines of railway,
on embankments, or cuttings, where loose soils occur, the toxtile pavement
aforesaid may be applied with advantage in lieu of ordinary ballasting; the
railway bars may lay along on the pavement. In order to facilitate the impel-
ling of carriages or trains over ascending planes, I combine, with an inclined
plane on a road or railway, a fixed rail or centre rail A, Figures 1, 2, Drawing
No. VI., by laying down a continuous, sleeper a, on which I fix a rail b at A,
whose vertical section is the frustrum of a cone. This I fix by any convenient
means to the continuous sleeper, and may be placed on the ascending tracks of
railways. At the foot of the plane the rail is tapered to a thin section, and
gradually increases for one hundred feet. To a locomotive engine or impeller
I apply an adhesion apparatus, put in, motion by the impelling power of said
locomotive. This I construct in the following manner, as one method, the
principle of which, however, may be varied by any other varied mechanical
arrangement:-On the crank axle of the locomotive impeller I fix two bevel
wheels B, B, gearing or working into two pinions C, C; these pinions are
fixed I upon a crutch or frame D, D, affixed in any convenient manner to the
framework or otherwise of the locomotive. On the axles of the pinions C, C,
I affix two adhesion wheels E, E; these wheels are put in motion by the
wheels B, B, on the crank, axle, working in the pinions C, C, and these adhe-
sion and bevel wheels must be so arranged as that the peripheries of the
adhesion wheels must move through the same space as the driving wheels of

page_text: the locomotive. To regulate the pressure or adhesion of the wheels E, E, upon
the inclined sides of the conical rails at A, I affix two levers F, F, attached to
the crutch or frame D at the point G, where they cross each other, the point
G acting as a fulcrum for both. To the long ends of the levers F, F, I attach
a guide bar H by a moveable joint 2, 2. This guide bar is constructed of
three parts, the centre being composed of a right and left handed screw 3, 3,
working in the nuts 4 of the end parts K, K, of the bar H. Upon the centre
part I, I affix a double ratchet wheel L, having pauls 5, 5, working in their
teeth; these pauls I put in motion by means of the handle M, and so move the
ratchet wheel either way at pleasure. The ratchet wheels being fixed to the
screws 3, 3, will lengthen or shorten the guide rod H, and hence the long ends
of the levers F, F, will approach each other; but the short ends 6, 6, of the
levers F, F, will likewise approach each other, and the axles of the adhesion
wheels being permitted to move backwards and forwards, the adhesion wheels
will be brought into contact with the sides of the bar at A, or detached from
it at pleasure, by the ratchet wheel handle placed near the engine driver of the
locomotive. When the locomotive approaches the foot of an inclined plane,
the bar 6, 6, entering between the adhesion wheels and gradually getting under,
prevent any shock on the entry of the rail at A. The bevel wheels B, B, being
put in motion by the engine motion on the pinions C, C, and hence on the
adhesion wheels E, E, which will roll on the sides of the conical rail. The
adhesion of these wheels on the rail will assist the bite or adhesion of the
driving wheels of the locomotive, and enable the engine by its power to over-
come the gravity of the load when on the inclined plane. When the train
reaches the summit of the incline, the rail 6, 6, gradually decreases in width,
and is discontinued, and the adhesion wheels will then approach and roll upon
each other. The levers F, F, are made slightly flexible, to admit of the
latteral motion of the carriage. And so I construct an improved locomotive
impeller, which I apply to any kind of locomotive engine, whether of steam,
gaso-pneumatic, or electro-magnetic.
And further, the better to regulate the working of roads or ways, I combine
with said roads or ways self-acting or self-regulating indicators for marking the
times of arrivals and departures of carriages or trains at and from stations, by
applying as fixtures at or near stations stamping or printing apparatus herein-
after described, and applying to locomotive engines or carriages apparatus index
or indices, which unite at said stations with said indicators for the purpose of
stamping or printing the times of arrival and departure of trains at stations, or
the times of the passing of stations by quick trains, on the latter of which is

page_text: "
recorded, whilst passing said stations, the time of departure of a preceding
train, and which record is made visible to the engine driver of said passing
quick train after be shall have passed station. With that view I form said
road or way by combining with it at or near stations, say, within five hundred
feet on either side of a station, that shall denote the points of arrival and
departure of trains on an up and down line, an indicator of time A, Figure 1,
Drawing No. VII., I fix a conveniently formed frame a, a, between the tracks
of a line of rails, the upper part of the frame being a little above the surface
level. On the side of the railway, near the indicator, I place a common clock B,
from the hour and minute spindles of the clock B, I carry pitch chains to the two
circular revolving hour and minute spindles of the dials 6, 6, on the line of rail-
way; these pitch chains move over pitch pullies on the spindles, and hence the
hour and minute spindles of the clock put the revolving hour and minute dials
of the indicator in motion, in the same manner and in the same time as the
hour and minute spindles of a clock. These dials form a part of the frustrum
of a cone, and placed in such a position as that one of the slanting sides shall
be parallel to the horizon. The moveable dials have a case and cover, with a
small opening on the upper or horizontal side. The cover to this opening is
attached to a moveable axle, having a spiral spring wound round it, the action
of which closes the dial. To the cover is attached a lever 'd, standing at an
obtuse angle with the handle of the cover d 1. To the extreme end of the
lever e, I attach a rod f, having a hook or tooth upon its end at g, which
catches in the teeth of a ratchet wheel h; on the axis of the ratchet wheel I
affix a cylinder i. The moveable dials are made of some thin flexible
substance, being numbered on both sides by raised numbers of figures, that is
to say, on the upper and lower surface. The letters and numbers, in the
course of their circuit, pass under and over ink rollers, and the letters and
numbers being raised take the ink as types. Upon a locomotive impeller, or
other vehicle of a train, I affix a circular wheel D; Drawing No. 6, supported in
a vertical position by a flexible spring. On the periphery of this wheel I put
a band of felt or other soft substance, and on the outside of it, and affix a band
of paper or other substance capable of taking an impression from the numbers
on the hour and minute circles of the moveable dials; this wheel, which I call
the register, I enclose in a case, having an opener in front of it. Suppose a
train approaches the station A in the direction of the arrows, the opener will
come in contact with the moveable cover on the exposed part of the moveable
dials, and force it open in the direction of the bent arrow. The register wheel
coming directly after, will roll over the letters on the exposed part of the

page_text: moveable dials, and, take an impression from the ink or indentation, when
stamped, or both; as soon as the wheel has passed over the exposed part of
the dials it loses contact, and hence stops in its motion or revolution, and the
moveable.cover, by means of the spiral spring, returns back and covers up the
exposed part of the dials. To the same locomotive impeller, near the seat of
the conductor of the train,. I attach a vertical wheel, similar in construction to
the one. already described. This wheel I call the reporter; the purpose of this
wheel is to inform the conductor. what time the former train passed. To effect
the purpose I pass an endless band of paper or other substance .under the
exposed. part of the moveable dials, and at the moment the register wheels pass
over the dials, the raised figures on the under side of the dials will be pressed
down-upon the paper band, and leave the same impression upon it that was
left on the register wheel; but the band must move from under the dials after
it has been printed to the point kc, having a similar cover to that on the dial.
I effect this in the following manner:-When the cover of the exposed part of
the dials of the indicator is pressed, in the direction of the bent arrow, the
opposite end of the bent lever will move in the direction of the red arrow. The
rod (f). will.move along. the periphery of the ratchet wheel (h), but when the
cover returns to its fixed position, after the register wheel has passed over the
indicator,' the end of the bent lever will return to its first position, and the hook
or tooth of the rod (f).catching one of the teeth of the ratchet wheel, it will
draw round the periphery of the ratchet wheel a like distance; the cylinder i
will likewise be drawn round, being fixed upon the same axis or spindle as the
ratchet wheel, and hence draw the paper band forward under the opening,
where the reporter passes over it; the paper band passes over a similar
cylinder at the opposite side of the railway. Suppose a train approaches to the
station, an opener in front of the reporter will remove the cover in the
direction of the curved arrow, and the reporter rolling over it, will take an
impression from the paper band, the ink of which being of such a nature as will
not soon dry. The conductor, without stopping at the station, may. see the
time the former train is passed that station, by turning the reporter round; the
same action taking place after this train has passed will leave the time exposed
to the next train that may pass,, which will, in like manner, receive an
impression. In the combination of the indicator with a line of way, I have
shewn one simple method of construction, which, however, may be varied by
any mechanical.means to effect the objects aforesaid. The indicator will also
be marked with the name of the station at which. it is placed, and will mark a
like impression...

page_text: Having in the foregoing Specification set forth and described my improved
nethod of combining materials, and exhibited the varied applications thereof, I
laim the method herein described, and shewn in Drawing No. 1, Figures 1, 2,
and 8, and in Drawing No. III.
I claim the method herein described and shewn, Drawing No. II., Figures
1, 2, 8, and Drawing No. III.
I claim the method herein described, and shewn in Drawing No. IV.
I claim the method herein described, and shewn in Drawing No. V.
I claim the method herein described, and shewn in Drawing No. VI.
I claim the method herein described, and shewn in Drawing No. VII.
In witness whereof, I, the said Henry Pinkus, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Fifteenth day of April, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and forty-one.
H. (L.s.) PINKUS.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Fifteenth day of April, in the
ourth year of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, the said Henry
Pinkus came before our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknow-
edged the instrument aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained
nd specified, in form above written. And also the instrument aforesaid was
tamped according to the tenor of the Statute made in the fifty-fifth year of
he reign of His late Majesty King George the Third.
Inrolled the Fifteenth day of April, One thousand eight hundred and