IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING AND APPLYING ELECTRIC CURRENTS, AND IN THE TREATMENT OF CERTAIN PRODUCTS DERIVED IN OBTAINING THE SAME, PART OR PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS IS OR ARE APPLICABLE TO THE PRODUCTION OF MOTIVE POWER
Year: 1854

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles Weightman Harrison, of Richmond, in the
County of Surrey, Electric Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN OBTAINING AND APPLYING ELECTRIC CURRENTS, AND IN THE TREATMENT OF
CERTAIN PRODUCTS DERIVED IN OBTAINING THE SAME, PART OR PARTS OF
WHICH IMPROVEMENTS IS OR ARE APPLICABLE TO THE PRODUCTION OF MOTIVE
POWER."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Weightnian
Harrison at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Peti-
tion, on the 4th August 1854.
I CHARLES WEIGHTMAN HARRISON of Richmond in the County of Surrey
Electric Engineer do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING AND APPLYING ELECTRIC CURRENTS AND IN THE
TREATMENT OF CERTAIN PRODUCTS DERIVED IN OBTAINING THE SAME PART OR PARTS
OP WHICH IMPROVEMENTS IS OR ARE APPLICABLE TO THE PRODUCTION OF MOTIVE
POWER" to be as follows
The first branch of my Invention relates to the production of currents of
electricity and comprises the following improvements therein First With
regard to the porous cells or divisions of the galvanic arrangement. 1 form
23160-4.

page_text: these wholly or in part of asbestos for this purpose the asbestos is pulped and
then formed according to the shape required or made into sheets, by processes
similar to the methods practised in making paper board. For application to
cells or vessels of earthenware glass gutta percha or other impermeable
material the sheets are cut to the required size and united to the cells during
the process of their manufacture-With glass it may be joined by placing the
edges of the sheets in the mould previous to pouring in the molten mass and
with earthenware by uniting its edges to the clay previous to baking or by
kneading the pulped asbestos and clay together.
Second With reference to the electrodes-It is well known that in order to
render the zinc employed as a positive element in batteries inactive in solutions
of the sulphuric and hydrochloric acids when the circuit is incomplete that it
requires to be coated or as it is termed amalgamated with mercury and this
operation must be repeated from time to time. To avoid this troublesome
process I melt the zinc and having covered it with a flux place the crucible
over a slow fire, then gradually add the mercury through an earthenware
funnel. This amalgam or compound is then heated up again and cast into
plates ready for use. They preserve their protective character to the last. I
also form a positive element of an alloy or compound of sodium zinc and
mercury by first very gently heating together in an iron crucible sodium
immersed in mercury these readily combine into a soft amalgam which I
afterwards add under a flux to zinc in a state of fusion. They unite in any
proportion but for general purposes the alloy or compound of 100 zinc,
4 mercury and 3 sodium or potassium will be found to give a current of great
power and remain entirely inactive in dilute sulphuric acid when the circuit
is interrupted. As a negative electrode I employ an alloy or compound of
iron and platinum formed by strongly heating the metals together in a covered
crucible. They unite in all proportions but I find one per cent. of platinum
is sufficient to give a product which is not attacked by nitric acid of the
ordinary strength.
Third With regard to the form and arrangement of the electrodes As the
quantity of electricity developed is proportionate to the surface of the negative
element I give a large superficial area thereto by forming grooves or furrows
in the plates. The positive plates are each formed of a like quantity of metal
and are therefore progressively thicker as their sizes diminish. Two negative
plates intervene between every positive plate and they are separated from each
other by gutta percha which is made to adhere to them by warming the plates
and pressing it between when in a plastic stata. It will be understood in
making the connections that the two negatives which enclose each positivo are

page_text: united to form one plate. This arrangement is capable of exhibiting high
effects of intensity with great quantity and it may be constructed to produce
an equable current for a long period for supporting the electrodes in a vessel
charged with a saturated solution of a suitable salt, as the muriate of ammonia
and placing a supply of the solid salt in perforated divisions.
The second branch of my Invention relates to various arrangements for the
application of electric currents for the production of a motive power suitable
to general purposes. I would however observe before proceeding to illustrate
this part of my improvements that the greatest difficulty in the construction of
an electro-magnetic engine of an available power and with a direct attractive
action which experience has proved to be the best consists as is well known
in the shortness of the stroke. To overcome this, various modes have been
devised whereby a number of electro-magnets are made to act successively on
sliding keepers but this principle of action has been found to introduco an
almost equally formidable impediment to the practical use of the power by
reason of the large amount of induced currents, which as well as the great
friction from the number of moveable parts materially reduces the power of
motion. Further in the construction of electro-magnetic engines, it has been
the practice to employ magnets which comparatively with their mass expose a
small surface to the action of the current and thus in a direct ratio with their
size does it require time to develope their maximum force-Such magnets too
are invariably surrounded with numerous convolutions of a single conducting
wire, which from its great length not only offers a considerable obstruction to
the passage of the current, but each successive series of convolutions over the
first increases the power of the secondary current in a much greater ratio than
that of the magnet. Now my improvements consist in obtaining a like direct.
attractive action between electro-magnets and their keepers or by the mutual
action of electro-magnets upon each other both fixed and moveable, but I'
obviate the greatly adverse influences which I have referred to by employing
instead of a long length of a single wire, wound over and over a comparatively
short length of a number of separate uninsulated wires or ribbons in a bundle,
by which means the transmission of the primary current is facilitated and that
of the secondary proportionately lessened. These bundles I dispose closely
around the poles of the magnets, which being near together completely fill
up the intervening space. To insulate the bundles I use thin strips of gutta
percha or other suitable non-conducting material applied longitudinally. In
place too of employing round wire, I use square or rectangular wires or
ribbons, whereby a much greater power is gained from the more abundant
intersections of the direct lines of magnetic force which this peculiar form

page_text: affords. The magnets I employ are formed of plates of iron bent or doubled
lengthwise with rectangular poles a convex or rounded face and of small
thickness their legs have therefore a large surface hence the current
throughout a great portion of its passage through the conducting medium is
brought close to the iron, and thus at the instant of its developement it induces
the full extent of its magnetising effect.
Lastly I arrange the magnets or magnets and keepers in such a way that
not only may a long stroke be obtained by a small number of magnets but the
rubbing parts are reduced to a minimum, and in consequence of the closeness
of the fixed and moveable parts at one end their attractive force is highly
augmented.
The treatment of certain products, which result from the chemical action in
obtaining electric currents, comprises the other branch of my Invention and
consists in producing colors or pigments from the solutions so formed of the
salts of zinc or iron or their alloys or compounds and thus render these
products more suitable for application to useful purposes and thereby of
sufficient value to recover the original cost of the materials employed. To
effect this I dilute the galvanic solutions with a larger quantity of water and
add thereto or mix therewith other solutions or salts as hereafter described
whereby new and insoluble combinations are formed suitable when washed and
dried for the purposes aforesaid.
Yellow is produced from the salts of zinc by adding an acid solution of the
chromate or bichromate of potassa, in proportion according to the tint required,
and afterwards precipitating with a solution of potash or other alkali.
Green is produced from the salts of zinc by adding thereto a solution of a
salt of chrome, in which the protoxido forms the base and precipitating as
in the preceding: This colour may also be formed by mixing the salts of iron
and zinc with an acid solution of the bichromate of potassa and precipitating
with a solution of the ferrocyanide of potassium.
Blue is produced of various tints from the mixed salts of iron and zinc
according to their proportions in the solution by adding a solution of ferrocyanide
of potassium.
Brown is produced in like manner of various shades from the mixed salts
of iron and zinc by adding a neutral solution of the chromate of potassa.
Red is produced of various tints by adding to a solution of a salt of zinc,
different proportions of caustic lime with a neutral solution of the chromate or
bichromate of potassa.
White is produced by simply precipitating the salts of zinc, with a solution
of potassa or the ferrocyanide of potassium.

page_text: By adding or mixing the above solutions with each other in various
proportions and afterwards adding them to the galvanic solutions it will be
readily seen that a great variety of colours may be produced.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Charles Weightman Harrison in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 3rd February 1855.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME I CHARLES
WEIGUTMAN HARRISON of Richmond in the County of Surrey Electric
Engineer send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent bearing date the Fourth day of August in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-four in the eighteenth year of Her
reign, did for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto mö
the said Charles Weightman Harrison Her special licence that I the said
Charles Weightman Harrison my executors, administrators and assigns, or
such others as I the said Charles Weightman Harrison my executors, admi-
nistrators and assigns should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands and Isle of
Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING AND APPLYING ELECTRIC
CURRENTS AND IN THE TREATMENT OF CERTAIN PRODUCTS DERIVED IN OBTAINING
THE SAME, PART OR PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS IS OR ARE APPLICABLE TO THE
PRODUCTION OF MOTIVE POWER" upon the condition (amongst others) that I the
said Charles Weightman Harrison by an instrument in writing under my
hand and scal should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I the said Charles Weightman Harrison do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto
annexed that is to say
My Invention consists First in obtaining currents of galvanic electricity by
the means and arrangements herein-after described;

page_text: Second in applying electric currents around electro-magnets through square
or rectangular formed conducting wires or ribbons, and in the use and arrange-
ment of certain electro-magnets formed as herein-after described for the purpose
of affording a motive power suitable to general purposes.
And Third in the manufacture of coloring matter or compounds from the
metallic salts derived in obtaining galvanic electricity by the treatment herein-
after described, such coloring matter or compounds being suitable for paints,
dyeing, paper staining and printing and other purposes of like kind.
These several branches of my Invention I perform as follows. In the
production of electric currents I use a galvanic combination in which the
positive electrodes consist of an amalgam or compound of sodium, zinc and
mercury. These metals may be united in all proportions and in place of
sodium potassium may be substituted but the former being cheaper and
possessing almost equally powerful affinities I prefer to use it for the most
part. To form the electrodes I first pour mercury into an iron crucible and
place the sodium divided into small pieces therein. I then expose the crucible
to the gentle heat of a sand bath and a soft amalgam is produced which I
combine with zinc by adding it in small portions at a time to that metal when
in a dull red state of fusion and covered with a flux. An alloy or compound
of three parts sodium or potassium, four parts mercury, and one hundred parts
zinc I find to afford a current of electricity of far greater power than zinc
alone, while it remains entirely unaffected by the acid solution of the battery
when the current is cut off. By increasing the proportion of sodium or potas-
sium I produce thereby still more powerful currents, but where much increase
in
proportion of mercury is introduced the compound becomes brittle.
Fv
r with regard to the positive electrodes, in ordinary galvanic combinations
ama gamated zinc plates are generally employed, these, it is well known, are
formed by immersing plates of rolled zinc in dilute sulphuric acid and then
rubbing them over with mercury, instead of such plates I use cast amalgam
plates produced by melting the zinc in a crucible and carefully adding the
mercury thereto in small portions at a time through a narrow earthenware
funnel with the end of the tube inserted in the molten metal. This amalgam
I expose for a short time to a slow heat and then cast it into the size and form
required for use. Plates formed of one part mercury and one hundred parts
zinc when galvanically arranged give a current of higher power than common
amalgamated zinc plates and retain a protective character throughout. As
negative electrodes I employ instead of platinum alone, an alloy or compound
of iron and platinum, formed by strongly heating the metals together in a
covered crucible; they unite in all proportions one part of platinum and one

page_text: hundred parts of iron give a product which is unaffected by nitric or sulphuric
acids of the ordinary commercial strength. When cast it may be hammered
or rolled into thin sheets and cut into sizes convenient for use.
The form or shape of the negative electrodes which I employ is represented
in Figures 1 and 2 of the annexed Drawings. The peculiarity of this form
consists in its giving to the negative electrodes a large increase of effective
surface over the positive electrodes instead of their being formed with
nearly equal surfaces, as in the ordinary manner. I prepare plates of
the form shewn in Figure 1 by bending or folding them in a zig-zag
manner over their whole surface and then dividing the bends or folds to
within a short distance from one or both ends so as to afford openings
whereby the lines of electric induction may pass direct to the back of the
plates. The numerous small grooves or furrows thus formed on both sides
of the plates present a large available surface without materially increasing
the distance between the positive and negative plates in their arrange-
ment in the battery. The electrodes formed as shewn in Figure 2 are
prepared by partly dividing plates or sheets of metal into numerous bars or
segments. I obtain a powerful galvanic circle by bending or doubling across
the middle, a negative electrode formed as in Figures 1 or 2, so as to oppose it.
to both surfaces of a positive electrode as shewn in the transverse section
Figure 3, and then immersing them in a cell or vessel containing, in addition to
the usual excitants or electrolytes an oxide of chlorine. The oxide of chlorine
which I prefer to use for this purpose is the protoxide or as it is commonly
termed hypochlorous acid or "euchlorine" and such galvanic combination
from the characteristic properties afforded by the compound of oxygen and
chlorine I call "the euchlorine battery." The manner and proportions in
which I add the hypochlorous acid or euchlorine to the ordinary battery fluids
are principally as follows. I prepare an aqueous solution of hypochlorous acid
or euchlorine by heating gently in a Woulfe's or other suitable apparatus, one
part of chlorate of potassa, two parts of hydrochloric acid and two parts of
water and transmitting the gas derived therefrom through water until a satu-
rated solution is formed, which at ordinary temperatures will be about ten times
the volume of the water employed. To dilute sulphuric acid prepared by mixing
one part of acid with six parts of water, I add one part of the saturated aqueous
solution of hypochlorous acid or euchlorine making together eight parts by
measure. The solution of euchlorine may in like manner be added in suitable
proportions to hydrochloric acid electrolyte, or to solutions of the nitrogen acids
of which I prefer the nitrous and form a dark green solution thereof by adding
two parts of the anhydrous acid to nine parts of water, the use of such solution

page_text: in galvanic arrangements being attended with great advantage. The presence
of the euchlorine compound of oxygen in the exciting fluid of the battery gives
rise to the ready production of secondary results and thereby affords a powerful
developement of electricity equal to that of the nitric acid double fluid batteries
while it is free from the inconveniences attendant on their use and by proper
adaptations its operation may be maintained for a long period.
.
Figure 4 is a plan of an arrangement of electrodes formed of a number
of cylinders or plates bent in a cylindrical form and placed around each
other in a concentric manner,. each of the positive plates is formed of
a like quantity of metal and they are therefore progressively thicker as
their sizes diminish, two negative plates intervene between the positivo
plates and these are separated from each other by some non-conducting
material such as gutta percha which I cause to adhere to them by warming
the plates and pressing it between them when in a plastic state. It will
be understood in making the connections that the pair of negative plates
which surround each positive plate are united to operate as one plate. The
exciting solution which I employ in charging this "concentric battery"
where long continued action of moderate power is required, suitable for
telegraphic and other like purposes is a saturated solution of the muriate of
ammonia, and I place a supply of the solid salt in perforated divisions as
shewn in the Figures at a, a, a, a. Other of my improvements in this branch
of my Invention refer to the diaphragm cells or divisious employed in galvanic
batteries and electrotype operations for the purpose of separating the different
solutions of salts or acids. Porous earthenware cells are rarely alike permeable
by liquids, it is well known that the more porous they are, the greater is the
quantity of electricity which passes and that the introduction of one bad or
over-baked cell in a series injuriously influences the whole. To avoid this I
employ asbestos or other incombustible amphibolite mineral of which I form a
pulpy mass and by means of processes similar to those practised in making
paper which are well understood, I manufacture it into sheets. These sheets
I afterwards cut to the sizes required for diaphragms and unite them to cells
of earthenware, glass, gutta percha or other material by joining the edges
thereto with gutta percha or in any other suitable manner.
I perform the second branch of my Invention as follows. I improve the
form and arrangement of the conducting medium through which the electric
currents are conveyed for motive power or other purposes by the employment
of square or rectangular wires or ribbons disposed in bundles of several sepa-
rately uninsulated single wires closely around the poles of electro-magnets.
The advantages derived from the use of this particular form of conductor are

page_text: in the additional space or body through which the current is propagated and
in bringing it closer to the magnet. By placing the wires or ribbons in
bundles the resistance to the passage of the current is lessened and its mag-
netic power increased by its division. In the construction of electro-magnets
for all purposes and coils for telegraphs I find the square or rectangular con-
ductor to possess great superiority over the common round wire. In the
application of electric currents for the purpose of affording a motive power I
employ a peculiar form of electro-magnet which I term "The plate horse-shoe
electro-magnet." It is manufactured of drawn plates of decarbonised soft
iron such drawn fibrous iron I have found from numerous experiments much
more suitable for the formation of electro-magnets than iron which has been
hammered in every direction and is of a granular structure. These plates are
first cut to a proper size according to the magnet it is required to form but
I prefer in all cases to have them about one-fourth part of an inch in thick-
ness. When intended for magnets to be employed for motive power purposes
then I prefer a breadth of about eighteen inches whilst their length may be
of any desired extent. To form the magnets I bend or double the plates
along the middle across the direction in which they have been drawn to the
shape of an ordinary horse-shoe magnet and until the flat arms are about
one-third of an inch distant from each other, the edges of the plates forming
extended narrow poles. In this great length of poles and in their large and
comparatively thin rectangular arms it will be seen the peculiarities of my
magnets mainly consist.
Figure 5 is a plan and Figure 6 a transverse section of one of these
magnets with its surrounding conducting medium which is wound closely
around the upper part of the arms of the magnet to about one-third of their
length and until the intervening space is filled up so that each arm may alike
participate in the magnetizing effect of the entire currents passing therein.
The conducting bundles I insulate from each other by winding over two of
their sides thin strips of gutta percha, or cloth which has been saturated with
a solution thereof, and I place a broad strip of the same in the centre between
the arms.
The manner in which I arrange and use these magnets, in carrying
this part of my Invention into practice is as follows,
Figure 7 represents an elevation of an arrangement of magnets and keepers
with a reciprocatory motion and Figure S is a plan of the same with the
upper magnets removed.
a, a, are keepers formed of plates of drawn iron,
and secured by means of screws to the arms of a driving beam c, which is
united by means of a connecting rod at its extreme end to a crank on the axis
of a fly wheel. This beam is balanced on its axis b, the greater length on

page_text: the one side being counterpoised by the number of arms and keepers on the
other. d, d, are clectro-magnets fixed by any suitable means in an inclined
position so that the faces of their poles at one end approach close to the ends
of the keepers nearest the axis b, whilst their other ends are separated to a
distance from each other and thus afford space for the keepers to vibrate
between, according to the length of stroke required. c, is an electrotome or
cut-off which directs the current around the magnets, the conducting medium
of the upper magnets on one side of the axis being joined to that of the lower
magnets on the other side of the axis; the spring is connected with one of
the poles of the battery and preserves constant contact with the clectrotomé
whilst the springs g, and 4, are alternately brought into contact with it, as it
revolves and divert the current without entirely interrupting it; theso two
springs are united to the conducting medium of the magnets on one side of
the axis, one to the upper and one to the lower magnets the ends of the
conductor around the magnets on the other side of the axis being connected
with the other pole of the battery which renders the circuit complete.
Figure 14 represents a cross section of one of the driving beams a, and
the manner in which its arms 6, and keepers c, are secured thereto. Engines
may be constructed on this plan with any number of driving beams, the mode
of their operation will be readily understood.
Figure 9 represents a plan and Figure 10 a side elevation of another
arrangement by which a like reciprocatory motion is obtained. a, a are
moveable keepers secured on an axis which works in the plummer block
bearings mm to the upper ends of these keepers are attached cross heads
or braces i, i, (shewn on a larger scale in Figure 13) which fit on the
horizontal driving shaft n, and are there secured in suitable positions by
means of pins or blocks. b, c, d, and e, are electro-magnets fixed in an
inclined position with the face of their poles at the lower end closely
approaching to the keepers and with their upper ends at a distance there-
from; the distance of the electro-magnets from each other in cach series is
equal on both sides of a perpendicular line passing through the centre of the
axis, but one series of magnets is separated to twice the distance of the others.
f is an electrotome on the main axis, the construction of which will be
understood by a description of the manner of operation, which is as follows-
Upon the passage of the current from the battery to the electrotome it passes
therefrom around the magnets b, b, which immediately attract their keepers
and these by means of the cross head working against a pin or block at the
end of the shaft actuate it onwards, the electrotome then passes the current
around the magnets d, d, the cross head of whose keeper being secured. to one

page_text: point on the shaft will have brought them by the previous motion to a mid-
way or perpendicular position from whence they are attracted, and thus draw
on the shaft which now slides through the aperture in the first cross head to
the pin or block
g. In like manner the magnets c, and e, operate on their
keepers carrying the shaft back again and thereby completing the revolution
of the fly wheel with which it is connected. To avoid the injurious influence
resulting from repeated shocks the magnets are prevented from making abso
lute contact with the keepers by means of vulcanized india-rubber buffers
placed over them against the cross heads. A greater number of magnets than
is shewn in the Figures may be employed in like manner and by their
successive operation will produce a more extended action.
9.
Figure 11 is a sectional elevation and Figure 12 a plan of an arrangement
by which I obtain a direct continuous rotary motion. a. a. are electro-magnets
placed in a circle with their poles side by side and held together at the ends by
two strong discs b, b, and the bolts f, f, one side of each disc being provided
with a row of projections or teeth e, e, between which the arms of the magnets
fit and are thus firmly retained in their proper positions. c, c, aro triangularly-
formed keepers supported with one of their flat sides closely approaching the
faces of the magnets by the arms d, d, which are secured to the main axis
The conducting medium passing around the magnets is connected at each end
to an insulated platinized copper plate or bar on the opposite fixed electrotomes
h, h. On the axis outside the arms d, d, insulated rings aro secured one at
cach end, each ring being in contact with a spring from the battery one to
the positive pole and the other to the negative pole these springs are also in
contact with the electrotomes 1, h, through which by means of other springs
fixed in the arms d, d, the current is conveyed in the same direction simul-
taneously around four of the magnets equally distant from each other in the
series. Each spring is regulated by a screw and placed so as to form contact
with the copper plates on the electrotome in such manner as to throw on a
current successively around the magnets immediately preceding the keepers
which are thus uniformly attracted onwards during their continuous rotary
motion. In this arrangement I prefer to round off the faces of the magnets
as shewn in Figure 15 in such manner that the flat side of the keeper when
immediately in front of the poles shall present a tangent plane to their curves.
By the arrangements hercin-above described this part of my Invention may
be adapted to the movement of machinery either as single or double acting
engines for stationary locomotive or marine purposes and in place of keepers
electro-magnets may be mounted on an axis to operate with the fixed electro-
magnets.

page_text: I will now proceed to explain the Third and last branch of my Invention
which consists in the production of coloring matter or compounds from the
metallic salts derived in obtaining galvanic electricity by the treatment hercin-
after described, and here I wish it to be understood that I am aware that
there are certain modes in practice for producing coloring materials from
galvanic solutions by the addition thereto of the alkaline salts of chromium
and ferrocyanogen the use of these I do not therefore claim as of my
Invention. I employ instead acid solutions of these coloring bases and cause
the chromic and ferrocyanic acids to combine with or be taken up by the
metallic salts or oxides as will be understood by the following description of
the several colors produced.
Yellow. In the manufacture of this color I use the oxide of zinc obtained
by decomposing the galvanic salts by an alkali and afterwards exposing them
to a red heat. To every pound of this oxide I add about three pints of water
I then place the mixture in a copper and having brought it to the boiling
point I add a solution of chromic acid in proportion to the tint required; to
produce a bright yellow I add one fluid ounce of a strong solution of chromic
acid to each pound of the zinc oxide. I then again boil the liquid mass for half
an hour stirring it frequently after which I remove it into pans and let it stand
on one side. When cool I pour off the supernatant liquor place the pans
containing the subsided matter in a sand bath and expose them for one hour
to a heat of about 400° after which it is ready for use.
The supernatant
liquor derived as above described I again employ instead of water in the
manufacture of additional quantities of yellow colors proceeding as herein-
before stated.
Red. I produce red colors of great body by mixing the bright chrome
yellow solution above described with carbonate of lead and chromic acid in
like proportions boiling and stirring the mixture in lime water for half an
hour. When dried it is ready for use.
Blue. To produce a dark blue I add to three parts of the mixed peroxide
and protoxide salts of iron in solution one part of a solution of ferrocyanic
acid with sufficient potassa to neutralize. Upon the addition of hydro-
chloric acid a rich blue coloring matter precipitates. By adding in various
proportions a salt of zinc to the iron salts I obtain lighter shades of blue.
Green. In order to produce green colors I mix together forty-eight parts
of sulphate of zinc four parts of sulphuric acid solution of oxide of
chromium and one part of sulphate of cobalt each in saturated solutions,
adding thereto an equal bulk of water after which I precipitate the oxides
by potash or other alkali; and having thoroughly dried the mass place it in

page_text: a close retort and expose to an intense heat until it assumes a rich green
color which I ascertain by occasionally abstracting a small portion of the
compound. By varying the proportions of the salt of zinc different hues are
obtained.
Brown. I prepare brown colors of various shades by mixing different pro-
portions of the galvanic solutions of iron and zinc evaporating and calcining
the dry compound.
White. To produce white I use a galvanic solution of the muriate of
zinc and boil it in lime water until its oxide is precipitated. When dried
and then calcined this oxide ground in oil forms a superior white pigment.
All the above colors are adapted for use in the manner of ordinary colors
and from the fact of their being principally composed of the oxide of zinc
possess a more permanent character than common colors or paints.
And having now described the manner in which my Invention is to be
performed I would have it understood that I do not confine myself to the
precise details herein set forth so long as the peculiar character of my said
Invention or any part thereof be retained but what I do claim is
First. The employment of sodium or potassium in combination with zinc or
with zinc and mercury or with any other metal or metals whatever as positive
electrodes in galvanic arrangements.
Second. The employment in galvanic arrangements of positive electrodes
consisting of an amalgam or compound of mercury and zinc formed in the
manner herein-before described.
Third. The employment of an alloy or compound of iron and platinum as
negative electrodes in galvanic arrangements.
Fourth. The employment in galvanic arrangements of negative electrodes
formed of divided or partly divided plates or sheets of metal in the manner
herein-before described.
Fifth. The construction and use of a concentric galvanic battery of the form
and arrangement herein-before described.
Sixth. The use in galvanic single fluid arrangements of a solution of
nitrous acid the said solution consisting of equal or nearly equal parts of
nitrous acid and water.
Seventh. The use in galvanic arrangements of hypochlorous acid or euchlorine
either as an exciting or secondary agent or both as an exciting and secondary
agent and irrespective of any mode in which it is added to or produced in such
galvanic arrangements.
Eighth. The employment in galvanic and electrotype arrangements of cells
or divisions formed wholly or in part of asbestos.

page_text: Ninth. The employment of square flat or rectangular wires or ribbons in
the construction and use of electro-magnets.
Tenth. The employment of bundles of any number of separately uninsulated
square flat or rectangular wires or ribbons in the construction and use of
electro-magnets.
Eleventh., The employment in the application of electric currents for pro-
ducing motive power of the "plate horse-shoe electro-magnet" herein-before
'described of any proportions or dimensions in which such electro-magnet may
be constructed.
Twelfth. The employment of electro-magnets with convex or rounded poles
or faces in the production of electro-magnetic motive power.
Thirteenth. The mode or modes of arranging "plate horse-shoe electro-
magnets" and keepers or fixed and moveable electro-magnets whereby a
reciprocatory or vibratory motion may be obtained as herein-before described.
Fourteenth. The circular or cylindrical arrangement of "plate horse-shoe
electro-magnets" herein-before described to operate upon keepers or electro-
magnets whereby a continuous rotary motion may be produced.
Fifteenth. The use of triangularly-formed keepers or armatures in arrange-
ments for the production of electro-magnetic motive power as herein-before
described.
Sixteenth. The employment of square flat or rectangular wires or ribbons
in the construction of galvanometer coils for electric telegraph instruments.
Seventeenth. The use of ferrocyanic acid in the production of colouring
materials from products of galvanic action.
Eighteenth. The use of chromic acid in the production of colouring matter or
compounds from products of galvanic action.
Nineteenth. The use of oxides of chromium and salts of cobalt as herein-
before described for the production of green colors or compounds from products
of galvanic action.
And Twentieth. The mode herein-before described for the production of
brown colors or compounds from the products of galvanic action.
In witness whereof I the said Charles Weightman Harrison have here-
unto set my hand and seal this Second day of February One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-five.
CHARLES WEIGHTMAN HARRISON. (L.S.)