IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR CUTTING, TENONING, PLANING, MOULDING, DOVETAILING, BORING, MORTISING, TONGING, GROOVING, AND SAWING WOOD, ALSO FOR SHARPENING AND GRINDING TOOLS OR SURFACES, AND ALSO IN WELDING STEEL TO CAST IRON
Year: 1849

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME,
FURNESS, of Lawton. Street, Liverpool, Builder, send greeting.
ILLIAM
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Ninth day of August,
One thousand eight hundred and forty-nine, in the thirteenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said William Furness, my exors, adñiors, and assigns, Her especial licence,
full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said William Furness,
my exors, admors, and assigns, and such others as I, the said William
Furness, my exors, admors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and
no others, from time to time and at all times during the term of years
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, the Inven-
tion of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR CUTTING, TENONING, PLANING,
MOULDING, DOVETAILING, BORING, MORTISING, TONGING, GROOVING, AND SAWING
WOOD, ALSO FOR SHARPENING AND GRINDING TOOLS OR SURFACES, AND ALSO
IN WELDING STEEL TO CAST IRON," communicated to me from abroad; in
which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso that I, the said William
Furness, should cause a particular description of the nature of the said Inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument
in writing under my hand and seal, to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's
High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately
A

page_text: that is to say:-
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING No. 1.
Figures 1, 2, and 3 shew respectively a plan, a side, and an end eleva-
tion of machinery arranged for tenoning. A and B shew the lower frame;
C, the middle frame; D, the upper frame; and E, the top frame; F is a
band communicating motion from some to other of the parts of this machinery,
the band passing over and receiving motion from the pulley G on the driving
shaft; H are the revolving cutter heads; I, the weighted pulley; K, the
main or communicating pulley which receives motion from a steam engine or
other power; L, a weighted box to tighten the band F; M, the carriage; N,
the lever; O, columns that support the top frame E; P, the band staff; Q,
a carriage with inclines q, q; R, short posts upon which the carriage Q is
supported; 8, the back posts connecting the middle and upper frames. The
operation of this machine in cutting tenons is by means of two cutting irons,
and two spurs or cutters, hereafter described, placed (but not here shewn) in
each of the revolving cutter heads H, which revolve in opposite directions, as
shewn (by the band F), at a speed of about one thousand six hundred revolu-
tions per minute. The main or driving pulley K, fixed on the main shaft W,
receives the power and communicates it to the pulley G, which moves the
cutter heads H. The distance between the cutter heads is variable in this
machine from one eighth to four inches, by means of a crank handle on screw
shaft u, which moves the upper frame D up or down, and regulates the
thickness of tenon. The weighted pulley I in the top frame E is made to
rise by means of the weighted moveable box L, which is connected to the band
staff P by the cord V, and thus the weight of box L tightens the band F, and
the weight of the box is varied to correspond with the power required. In
taking out the cutter heads H, the top frame E is forced down by hand, which
raises the box L. This box has a spring latch v confined to it, which will
catch upon the cross piece x and hold up the box, leaving the band F slack
to admit of the cutter heads being taken out, or to allow the main shaft to

page_text: run without moving the cutter heads. N is a lever used to confine the piece
of wood 12 (on the.carriage) to be tenoned. The upright W has a number
of holes, through any one of which the lever pin may be introduced to confine
and regulate the distance of the lever N from the carriage M. This adjust-
ment further depends on the distance this upright is screwed into the flat
iron slide 11, upon the top of which slide a projecting piece is cast, in order
to obtain a deep nut; 11 shews another .nut which may be used in place of
the nut 11, when it is desired that, the fulcrum of the lever should be nearer
the work. At the opposite end of the lever N is the 'screw stud x, upon
which a handle o having the nut y is screwed up or down on the screw x, as
the thickness of the piece of wood to be tenoned may require. The workman's
hand grasps both the handle.o and the lever N so soon as he has pressed the
lever down to the handle o, and thus he is enabled firmly to confine the piece
of wood down to the carriage, and to retain it there during the movement of
the carriage when cutting a tenon. Upon the carriage M are confined two
guages Z moving in slots, and against which the piece of wood to be tenoned
rests. The plate T with a forked end is confined to the upper frame D by a
bolt, and it is supported by the brace p. The bottom of this plate T moves
up and down against the inner side of the middle frame C. Through the
curved slot or fork of this plate T a bolt with a thumb screw (10) passes,
which nut confines it when it is adjusted to the scale a: This scale a has a
stationary pointer fixed to the middle frame C, which indicates the distance
between the cutter heads. H.. .There is an adjusting wedge 6 placed between
the fork and middle frame C, for the purpose of making small adjustments or
variations of the upper cutter head, so as to cut the shoulders of the piece of
wood to the exact length. The direction in which the band F moves is shewn
by the arrow d.. On the under sides of the upper frame D, the bearings for
the axis of the upper cutter head are fixed by bolts and thumb nuts (5).
These boxes or bearings have slots which will admit of a variation of about
three quarters of an inch of the cutter head. s, the boxes or bearings of the
main shaft; (9), pulleys to the cutter head shafts XQ is the carriage frame
of the inclines q, q, which raise and lower the carriage M; 1, l, cross rails to
the upper frame. A hinge is made of one of these rails where the bolt t
passes through. .S,' a pulley, on the main shaft to drive a cutting or scribing
tool for such work, hereafter described. The carriage M is raised and lowered
by means of the crank handle k'on screw shaft d, which works' in a nut e
fixed on the carriage Q. The moving of the carriage Q to and fro causes the
rails. m on which the carriage M slides to rise or fall, by which the upper
carriage M may be adjusted to give the required depth of shoulder to the
ດ

page_text: piece of wood to be tenoned. A slide U moves on the carriage M any
distance from the cutter heads. In the lower part of this slide U are placed
two spring guage blocks n upon the slide iron (13), which can be adjusted at
any distance apart which the length of tenon may require; the one nearest
the cutters heads is adjusted at such a distance from cutter heads as the
length between the shoulders may require; both guages are confined by means
of the two thumb screws (6), (6). wis the weighted pulley shaft ; 9 is a
pin that passes through the heads of both columns O and the end of the top
frame E moves on the pin g. Two long bolts h, h, pass through the middle
frame C, the upper frame D, and through the back posts (8),. confining
altogether. shews an index fixed on the carriage Q. i is an index pointer;
it is stationary, being fixed to the post of the lower frame A. This pointer
indicates on the index the depth of shoulder to be formed on the piece of
wood to be tenoned. Y is one of two short posts which rest on the rail B of the
lower frame B, and these posts support the inner side of the middle frame C.
, the thumb nuts which confine the rails m to the middle frame C, and also
to the post A. The rails m have slots in them through which the bolts pass,
as shewn, to admit of the rails m rising and falling, One of the rails m has
a V-formed iron that fits into a V-formed groove made in the iron (11), which
iron (11) extends the whole width of the carriage M. The weighted box L
is made with a tongue on the back side; this tongue is made to slide up and
down in two guiding grooved pieces (2), which are fixed to the lower frame
A and B, and to the post Y. A slide (5) moves on the lever N, it being held
in connection therewith by a strap attached to the slide (3) passing over and
embracing the lever N. The shape of the under side of the slide (3) is to be
made according to the surface the work may require, such slide (3) resting
on the piece of wood to be tenoned, and the lever rests on it. The boxes or
bearings (4) are fixed to their respective frames by bolts and nuts, each
having a slot through which a bolt passes, as shewn. It is only necessary to
liberate the thumb nuts (5), and slide back the boxes (4), in order to take
out the two cutter heads H. It will be seen that the slide U has a lower
part that slides under the carriage M, from this the iron (13) with a long slot
projects. The screws (6) pass through this slot and are moveable in it to and
fro to set the guages n for the length of tenon required. The machine, when
for tenoning, is put in motion by bearing off the spring latch v from the cross
piece x, and the surfaces of the cutter heads which approach each other are
made to revolve towards the piece of wood (12), as shewn (the piece of wood
being represented partly tenoned). The piece of wood being placed upon
the carriage M face side down, rests at one end on the slide U, and at the

page_text: other on the end piece (7) of the carriage M; it also rests against the two
guages Z with one end bearing against the outer guage block n, pressing
down the inner guage block n, the other end projecting beyond the carriage
M. It is thus passed between the cutter heads II, and the tenons will be
formed at that end; the ends are then reversed and the shoulder on the face
side is then reversed, and the shoulder on the face side is placed against the
inner guage block n, while the tenon will project over the outer guage block
n or fall short thereof, according to the length of the piece of wood to be
cut; and the piece of wood held, as before explained, is to be again passed
between the cutter heads H, and thus will the piece of wood be tenoned at
both ends without any previous setting out.
When tenons are required
longer than the width of the cutting irons, the ends of the piece of wood are
to be passed through between the cutter heads more than once, in which case
both guage blocks n will be pressed down for the first cut; should the work
require a bevelled tenon, the desired bevel can be given by moving one of the
guages Z in its slot. For raising door panels, rebating and cutting tenons
with only one shoulder, the carriage M is raised so high that the lower cutter

page_text: over the cutting end of the spur, resting upon the face and edge of the cutter
head; it is held by the hand and the edge of the spur set to it. The spurs
are sharpened by having a very short bevel on the face side of the same pitch
as the long bevel at the other side.
Figures 14 and 15 shew two views of an extension rod full size (except in
respect to the length), which is used when the wood to be tenoned is longer
than the carriage M, for extending the distance of the guage blocks n from
the cutter heads; for this purpose the guage blocks n before mentioned are to
be removed from the slide iron (13), and affixed to this rod as shewn; and the
straight part of this rod is made to pass through the outer end piece (7) of
the carriage M (in Drawing No. 1), and between the two centre rails of the
carriage M; and this rod is fixed to the slide iron (13) by its screw (30), and
the guage box n are employed when on this bar in the same way as when
used upon the slide iron (13) before described. The blocks n are fixed by the
screws (6); each of these blocks n is hollow, and into it a spiral spring is
dropped, upon the top of which rests the pin (26) with its square head; through
this pin and the slot in the block n the small pin (4) is passed, which prevents
the large pin from coming out of the block n.
Figures 10 and 11 shew two views of the swivel box and bed frame for the
main shaft. (14) is the bed frame or bearing; (15) is the box, (16) the hole that
receives the main shaft W. This bed frame (14) is confined to the rail B by a
screw bolt (17) which allows the box (15) to move on it as on an axis, while
the two screw bolts (18) (which screw through the bed frame (14) and enter
the box (15), allow the box (15) to move on them as on an axis; these screw
bolts are confined by their nuts (20). The cap of this (box 15) is cast with a cup
(19) to hold oil for the shaft W, and the cap is fixed by the screws (21).
I will now proceed to describe other uses of this machine, as it is capable
of doing other work than tenoning.
Figures 4 and 5 of this Drawing No. 2 shew an end elevation and part of a
plan of the machine shewn in Drawing No. 1, the cutter heads H being
removed, and boring and scribing or cutting apparatus introduced. The
boring shaft (31) is driven by the same band F and pulley G as used for
tenoning. In this arrangement, however, it passes round an extra pulley (32)
the axis of which turns in the lower cutter head boxes or bearings; the boring
shaft has different sized pulleys either of which may be used according to the
power and speed required. The band F is adjusted to the tension required
by the weighted box L, as before described. The boring shaft turns in hanger
boxes or bearings (33), (33*), bolted to the upper frame D; the shaft has a
square taper socket to receive the shank of any tool, and a steel set screw

page_text: (34), flat and hardened at the end, presses upon the angle of the shank of the
tool, and this screw (34) presses upon the tool at an angle of about thirty-
five degrees, which forces the shank into the socket and holds it firmly into the
opposite angle of the socket. This shaft (81) has a neck bearing with
shoulders by which it is retained in, the hanger box (83*). The other end of
the shaft (31) is formed to a point, which is supported in the other hanger
box or bearing. (33). These hanger boxes have slots in them through which
bolts (having thumb nuts) pass to confine them to the frame D; these slots
allow the shaft to be elevated in addition to that elevation which can be
obtained by the frame D, as described with respect to the machine as shewn
in Drawing No. 1. The hanger box (33*), through which the shaft passes,
has a projecting part through which the top guage rod (35) is passed, and it
is confined by the screw (7) at any distance from the end of the tool.
Figures 12 and 13 shew two views of a catch or holdfast which confines
the carriage M for boring; the point (52) enters into one of the holes (53)
in the iron (11); the fork (54) at the opposite end embraces the bolt (55)
between the washer and nut r, which confines it. The piece of wood to be
bored is placed upon the slide (36), which has a back fence (37) and a guide
(38), with an adjusting iron 38* that is confined to the guide (38) in its
centre while the ends of the iron 38* are pressed from the guide 38 by the
points of wood screws that screw through the guide and bear against it,
adjusting it to the space between the carriage rails, while the wood piece (39)
screwed to the top of this guide prevents it from dropping. This guide and
the iron correspond with the thickness of the carriage- rails. In boring naves
for wheels to be afterwards morticed, the nave is first confined upon the index
nave shaft, hereafter described; this shaft is placed in a wood frame, Figure 17,
and is to be fixed into this frame in the same manner as in the nave frame
hereafter described. The frame, Figure 17, is made to slide upon the carriage
M' instead of the slide (36) with a similar guide, and has also a spring like the
one hereafter 'described in the nave frame for spacing. In changing the
machine for sawing, I unscrew the thumb uut (40) off its. bolt, when the shaft
(31), the hanger 33* and the rod 35 will all be taken from the machine, and
a circular saw with a shaft similar to the cutter head shafts is applied to either
the upper or lower cutter head boxes, the saw in this case occupying the
position of one of the cutter heads H,,while the extra pulley 32 and shaft is
inserted in the opposite cutter head boxes, and the band F is used to give
motion to the parts, as shewn in the Figures of the Drawing No. 1; such saw
may be used for cutting pieces of wood of uniform lengths by use of the
guage blocks n, as described; for tenoning.

page_text: Figures 6 and 7 shew two views of a cutter head for cutting or scribing
parts of sash bars at the same time that they are tenoned. It is affixed at the
end of the shaft 39 (shewn in its placé by blue lines in Figures 4 and 5).
The shaft 39 revolves as indicated by the arrow on the bands 41 and 42.
The band 42 receives motion from the pulley S on the main shaft W, and
communicates that motion to the drum h on the vertical shaft 43; upon this
shaft 43 is affixed the larger drum or pulley 44, which, by the band 41,
drives the shaft 39, to which is affixed the head 45.
this head by being placed in deep grooves cut in the
there held by the conically-headed bolts 46*. The cutters 46 shewn may be
removed and others introduced to suit different sizes and forms of sash bars.
The cutters are fixed in
head 45, as shewn, and
Figure 22 is an instrument for boring wood screw holes; part of it is made
in the form of a spiral screw gimlet, but with an enlarged part 1 to form a
hole to receive the body, and another (2) to form a countersinking to receive
the head of the wood screw, the part (2) being with a cutter edge to produce
the counter-sinking for the head of the screw. This tool may be applied to
the shaft (31), or it may be used with a common brace.
Figures 23 and 24 show an end and side view of a tool for cutting wood
plugs across the grain of the wood. This instrument is formed cylindrical or
hollow with cutting teeth upon the end; the stem is for the purpose of holding
it in the socket of the boring shaft 31. The wood is placed upon the slide 36,
and pressed against the end of the tool, which cuts into the wood, and in so
doing the wood comes in contact with the small cutter 5, which is so placed
and held by the small screw bolt 66 (within the cutter) as to cut round the
edge of the plug. The distance the wood is pressed up is adjusted by the
guage rod 35, the same as for boring.
Figures 25 and 26 shew two views of a panel guage used in place of the
guage blocks n upon the extension rod or slide iron 13 when rebatting, cutting,
or raising panels, and giving the exact length between the shoulders of the
panel. The part 47 is carried by the socket 48, and is held so as to be
capable of adjustment therein by the screw bolt 49. The projecting part
on the spring 50 is adjusted the required distance from the end of the part 47*,
and is retained by the screw bolt and nut 51, there being a slot or opening for
both the bolt and nut to move in. Supposing this panel guage to be affixed
to the slide iron 13 (Drawing No. 1) by one of the screws (6) at the required
distance from the cutter heads, one end of the panel to be cut is first placed
against the end 47* of the part 47 by raising the spring; the opposite end of
the panel projecting over the carriage M is passed under the upper cutter
head H, which being adjusted as for tenoning gives any depth of shoulder

page_text: required; the panel is then reversed and the shoulder placed against the pro-
jecting part 50 of the spring, and again passed under the cutter head, thus
shaping the other end of the panel.
Figures 27 and 28 show a longitudinal section and an end view of an auger
53 is a screw
with an instrument attached thereto to produce a square hole.
auger, the stem of which is passed through a round hole in the end of the
square cutter 56, where, it is held by the pin 54. The shank 53% of the auger
is made to fit the boring shaft 31 so as to be held thereby with a capability of
revolving within the square steel cutter 56, by which it first bores a round
hole, while the square steel cutter, being sharpened from the inside, presents
to the wood four square cutting edges, which cut away the wood so as to form
angles to the cylindrical hole cut by the auger. The cuttings or chips fall
into the twisted part of the auger, which then draws them along with the
cuttings or chips made by the augur, and empties them out, at openings 55
formed in the upper par of the square cutter, there being two of such open-
ings, one in each of the two opposite sides of the square cutter (56). 57 is a
collar formed upon the stem of the auger, and the pin 54 passing through the
shank of the auger retains the parts in position in relation to each other. In
using this auger I affix it by its shank 53* in the socket of the boring shaft
31, by which the instrument 53 will have rotary motion given to it to cut a
circular hole in wood, and the passing into the wood of the part 57* will draw
with it the cutters 53 and 56. The cutter 56 should be prevented turning
whilst the cutting is taking place, for which purpose I apply so as to press
against one of its sides a suitable flat bearing piece. If the screw 57* is not
sufficiently powerful to draw the instruments 53 and 56 after it through
the wood, I apply pressure against the wood to force the wood to the

page_text: the same length of link or bridle F answers whichever of the notches the
bridle F may be acting in for the time being. h are braces to the post
and side pieces of the framing, to steady the parts of the frame; dis
the slide, which is formed with a socket at its lower end to receive the shank
of the chisel b. c, c, are arms formed with eyes at one end to receive
the slide d; they pass through both posts, and through the eyes a of the
frame e, to which they are made fast by screws a', as shown, in order to
the slide d being adjusted to slide parallel; n is a hand wheel affixed to the
screw shaft m, which is carried by the frame e, and has a thread formed upon
it, which screws into the nut o affixed to the back post A. By this arrange
ment of parts the socket carrying the chisel 6 may be set to work up and
down nearer to or farther from the front post as the piece of wood to be
morticed may require. K is the rest upon which the piece to be morticed is
placed and held. This rest is affixed to the front post by the large bolt r.
t are rods to prevent the piece of wood (being cut) from rising with the
chisel 6; s are two irons confined in grooves, one on each side of the front
post, by a small bolt passing through slots in those irons and through the
post, the slots enabling them.to be moved. The rods t pass through the heads
of these irons s, and are made fast in them by thumb screws g. w are thumb
nuts and bolts, with eyes or sockets through which the arms pass, and after
the slide d has been adjusted so that the chisel may act properly on the piece
of wood to be mortised, the nuts w are tightened, by which the arms c will
be pressed tightly against the sides of the holes in the framing. The lever G,
slide d, arms c, and frame e, are all connected so as to be moved simultane-
ously for the adjustment of the parts by means of the wheel n. The lower
side of the lever G is formed with a metal bar, which rests upon the grooved
roller v. Upon the top of this lever is affixed an iron bolster L, the front end
of which is embraced by the sides of the
which it is made fast by a joint pin x*.
end of the slide d, and also the leather strap N.
through the ring 7, and through the top part of the
of the strap being fastened together by the clamp m and screw V after giving
to the spring E any required tension. The upper part of this spring' E is
affixed at each end to a beam (or whatever is most convenient) over head,
and one end of the lower part of this spring E is connected to the iron by the
cord J, P, in front of the post. A is a round, upright iron, fixed at each end
to the brackets, as shown. Upon this iron slides the two sliding irons Q;
the lower one has a thumb screw, to confine it at any height; the upper one
has an arm, which is capable of being turned under the treadle, in order to
upper part of the crown head X, to
To this crown head is affixed the
This leather strap passes
crown head X, the ends

page_text: limit its downward motion, and regulate the distance of motion of the chisel b
downwards at the same time the pin i is inserted into some one of the holes V
in the front post A, in order to regulate the distance to which the treadle D,
and consequently the chisel b, shall rise. It will be understood that the rest
K is so adjusted in its height that the end of the treadie D is to strike the
floor to give the chisel bits distance down for all ordinary work, and it is
only when work like the haunching of door stiles between the two mortises for
the middle and bottom rail, which requires a less distance for the chisel to
enter than the mortises through the stile, that the use of the sliding iron Q is
required, in which case the workman by his foot turns it under the treadle,
and in like manner removes it when it is no longer required. The connecting
links F are made to move upon the two levers G, G*, and treadle D, so as to
come into any of the different grooves X' which the power or motion of the
chisel 6 may require. R is the front board, against which the piece of wood
to be mortised is placed and moved by hand for each cut of the chisel; S are
two guiding pieces affixed to the rest K, causing the same to move up or
down square with the chisel; T is a latch embracing the slide D, and is
affixed to it by a joint pin T¹ forming a hinge, while the spring p forces up
the outer end of the latch T into a groove on the under side of the crown
head X, in which there are two such notches or grooves in opposite sides.
By shifting the latch T from one to the other of these notches a half rotary
guard pin T
motion will be given to the slide d and the chisel b. There is a
to the latch T, projecting from the slide d under the latch, to limit its down-
ward motion, and prevent breaking or straining the spring p. The chisel b is
made with lips or flanges, by cutting out the centre of the chisel on the back,
thus forming a groove. These lips are brought to an edge by equal bevels on
both sides, giving the chisel three cutting edges and a groove, which draws the
chips out of the mortise. The lips are about one sixteenth of an inch thick.
Their length and width is indicated by a dotted line upon the chisel b. W is
a round iron rod, which occasionally is passed through the front post A, for the
fingers of the hand to grasp in mortising very wide stuff, the top edge of
which is sometimes too far above the front board. R for the hand to reach.
Figures 21 and 22 shew two views of the main rest K, with a feeding rest
applied thereto, and tooth gear, in order to give motion to it. We must now
suppose the main rest K for the time being fixed to the front post A by the
large bolt r, which passes through the hole in the top of the rack 32, which is
introduced into the centre of the rest by a mortise, which is wider at its lowest
part, as indicated
dotted lines, in order to allow of the rest being capable of
an inclination when the guides S are off, for the purpose of mortising at any

page_text: angle required. It will at once appear evident, that when the piece to be mor
tised requires an angle of sixty or seventy degrees to the rest, that the piece
must necessarily be made secure for the time on the rest, and this is done by the
holdfast, which consists of an iron plate 82, the lower part of which is bent a
right angles, to pass through the feeding rest 31. It is against the uprigh
part 32 of this plate 32 that the piece of wood to be mortised is placed and
held by the screw 34, which screws through the inclined upright 35, and has
a loose collar upon its end, the lower end of which, being the most weighty
prevents it from turning with the screw, and causes it to present its parallel
surface to the piece of wood to be morticed. The inclined upright 35 has a
bolt cast into it, which passes through the slot in the horizontal part of the
plate 32, and it is there held by a nut at such a point as the size of the piece
of wood to be morticed may require. The feeding rest 31 is held down to the
main rest K, and guided in its traverse motion, by the four guides 36, the
flanges or turned parts of which pass into grooves in the feeding rest. The
guides 36 are secured to the main rest K by bolts, as shewn. The two rests
K and 81 are raised and lowered by means of the rack 32, which is connected
at its upper end to the rest K, and it has motion given to it by a pinion on the
shaft of the hand wheel 37, by which the pinion is moved. The bearings of
the axle of the wheel 37 are carried by the front post A of the machine, in
place of the iron upright P. The piece of wood to be morticed, being held on
the feeding rest, is moved for each succeeding cut of the chisel as it is brought
down and forced into the piece of wood by turning the hand wheel 38, upon
the shaft of which is affixed a small pinion, which works into the rack 39
affixed on the under side of the feeding rest 31. The chisel is reversed when
required. As before described, the hand wheel 38 is turned so as to bring
the moving rest and piece of wood carried thereby in the reverse direction to
form the other end of the mortice, which is then completed.
Figures 7 and 8 shew two views of a wood post, of which there may be one
on each side of the front post of the machine, about five feet distant therefrom,
and one fourth of an inch back of a line with the front board R, for the
purpose of carrying carrier rollers to aid in supporting long lengths of wood
while the same is being morticed. These posts I form with long slots to
receive screw bolts, by which the bearings z of the rollers are held at the
height required.
Figures 9 and 10 shew two views of an inclined extra rest, which may be
held on the main rest K (Figure 2) by the bolts f, for the purpose of bevelling
the head of the mortice, as required. I form this and other extra rests (for
cutting to particular angles) with double mortice holes, which meet and form a

page_text: T, one of which mortice holes receives the head and the other the stem of the
bolt f. The head of this bolt is passed through the round hole y at the end of
the mortice that receives the stem of the bolt when this inclined rest is placed
upon the main rest K. It is not necessary to remove the bolt f from the rest
K when no extra rest is used, as the head of the bolt f is made to sink into
the rest K, and thus leave a true surface."
Figures 5 and 6 shew two views of another extra rest, which is confined to
the main rest K, the same as the inclined rest just described. This rest is
used to mortice through from one side for making pins and guaging the
length of the mortice, as it is made in door rails. The latter is effected by
means of two sliding stops Z', these being confined to the back of this
extra rest by means of the two bolts, which, by passing through the two long
mortice holes, secure the stops at such a distance from the chisel as the length
of the rail and its mortise may require. Upon the upper part of these stops
a flange is formed which projects above the rests, and it is against these
flanges that the shoulders of the tenoned rail bears when the same is placed
rightly for the chisel to cut the mortise. T is a piece of very hard wood
passing through this. rest, and made fast to it by a strap bolt which passes
round three sides of it, and then through the rest in the form of two bolts with
nuts to make it fast, as shewn. This piece of hard wood, presenting its end
surface to the chisel, enables the workman to mortise through from one side
when the width of the stuff does not exceed, say, two inches. When by the
action of the chisel this piece of hard wood becomes worn in one place, it
is moved by moving the extra rest (upon the main rest). When the whole
of the surface of this piece of hard wood is worn it is taken and lifted out of
the extra rest a distance sufficient to saw off the indented or cut part, so as to
obtain a fresh surface to act upon when it is again made fast by the strap bolt.
Figures 17 and 18 shew two views of a tenoning tool which may be inserted
in the socket of the slide d instead of a chisel for making tenons for glass
frames and other like work, this tool, when adjusted and set by the block,
Figures 11 and 12, as hereafter described in respect to a chisel.
Figures 19 and 20 shew a tenoning rest which is to be fixed to the main rest
K in the same way as the extra rest, the line 28 being adjusted to a perpen-
dicular line with the face of the tool. The piece to be tenoned is placed upon
the hard wood piece 29 (the grain of which is preferred to be vertical), and
against the fence 30. The motion of the tool (produced by the foot treadle,
levers, &c.) is adjusted to cut through the piece of wood to be tenoned, and
close to the edge of the piece of hard wood 29. This piece of hard wood is
made capable of moving by short steps as it wears round on its upper side,

page_text: where it protects the shoulder of the tenoned piece of wood. When this is
the case it is to be moved, say one eighth of an inch, by a hammer blow, and
then cut through to form a new face or surface to protect the shoulder. The
piece of wood to be tenoned is moved by hand as for morticing. This
machine is also suitable for making dovetails, for which purpose, the piece of
wood having had inclined saw cuts made therein, the wood between the saw
cuts is to be cut by a chisel on either side, and the wood so cut is then to be
driven out as heretofore.
Figures 11 and 12 shew two views of a block of hard wood made with
shoulders or steps to set the chisel square. In order to this I place this block
with shoulders upon the rest K, so that the face of the chisel b may be
against one of its shoulders, when the shank of the chisel, which is round and
fits into a round socket in the slide d, is to be inserted, and having been
correctly adjusted by resting against one of the steps in this block, it is then
to be forced tightly into its socket, when it will hold itself in, as is well
understood.
Figures 18 and 14 shew two views of a wide chisel suitable to be used in
place of the chisel 6, Figures 1 and 2, for splitting blocks of wood into pins.
I prefer in using this tool or instrument so to arrange the parts that, when
the block of wood to be cut is placed upon the rest K, the instrument may
descend so far as during each descent to cut one portion without separating
it. When this has been done across the block in one direction, then the
block is to be turned one quarter round, in order to cut it across at right
angles to the first cuts. The block being thus cut, the parts are to be sepa-
rated; and I then submit each of them to the operation of the instrument,
Figures 15 and 16, which I affix to the slide d in place of the instrument 6,
and then bring the pieces of wood cut by the instrument, Figures 13 and 14,
under this instrument, which, being formed with a cylindrical cutting edge,
gives a cylindrical form to the lengths of wood. Such cylindrical lengths of
wood, if to be used for dowels, may be pointed by driving the ends into
suitably formed taper holes in metal dies.
Figures 3 and 4 shew a front view and an end view of a frame suitably
arranged for producing mortice holes in blocks of wood, such as the naves of
wheels. This frame is to be affixed to the front posts of the machine in place
of the rest K by means of a bolt which passes through the stationary part 11. s
This part 11 is affixed to a piece of wood 12, which causes the frame to
project or stand out from the front post sufficiently to receive a block of wood
on the round shaft 14. On the opposite side of this piece of wood 12 I form
two projecting surfaces 13, which, by fitting against each side of the front

page_text: post of the machine, act as guides to the piece 12. The bed 15 is supported
upon the top of the bracket 11, which is affixed to the part 1?, and at its
upper end is formed into a recess with a cap to receive the. pin 1 of the bed
15, by which the bed and parts carried thereby are capable of a certain
amount of inclination either way by rocking upon the pin (1). We will now
suppose a block of wood, suitable to form a nave of a wheel, is required to
have mortice holes formed in it. I first produce a hole through its centre to
receive the shaft 14, and I place the block to form the nave on the shaft 14
by unscrewing the thumb screw 16, by which I liberate the plate 3, which
supports that end of the shaft 14, and thus I am enabled to withdraw the
other end of the shaft 14 from the support 6*. I then take off the hand nut
17, and slido off both collars 18. These collars are each made with a formed
flange upon one surface, in order to embrace the nave; and these V-formed
flanges are forced into the end of the nave (after being correctly placed in
connection therewith) by a heavy blow of a hammer. The smallest collar is
intended for the smallest end of the end of the nave. The collars 18 being
now applied to the block of wood, I now pass the shaft 14 through the collars
18 and through the wood to form the nave. I, then press firmly, so as to hold
the block steadily by means of the hand nut 17, and replace the shaft (with
the nave upon it) into its bearings in the sliding frame 6. We must now
suppose. that the shaft of this frame (with the block of wood to form a nave
supported thereon) to be placed in position in the front of the machine above
described, and the chisel b to be adjusted in position over-the nave, previous
to which I shift the upper end of the upper bridle F (Figure 1) to the back
groove 20. I require one hole to be bored in the place of each mortice for
the chisel to enter; if this is not done previously, I bore them by hand, the
block of wood remaining in its place after spacing or dividing out by an under-
plate 10, and marking by the chisel b for the length of each mortise. It will
be seen that the shaft 14 has an index plate 10 affixed thereto at the left-
hand end. This index plate is best shewn by the end view, where may be
seen in it four sets of holes, varying in number from ten to sixteen. The
spring 8 has a point, and is capable of being placed in relation to the plate
10, so as to drop into any of these holes; it also has a stay guide 4, which is
used to hold the spring, and correctly guide its point (as. the index is turned
round) into the required set of holes. This stay guide 4 has a slot where it
crosses the spring, through which and the spring is passed a steel pin formed
with a point at one end to fit the index holes, and at the other with a screw
for a small thumb nut. This steel pin is confined in the spring, and when
the thumb nut is liberated the spring may be so set that its point will drop

page_text: into any one of the four sets of holes in the index plate 10, and when placed
for any set it is there held by screwing up the thumb nut, which confines the
spring to the stay guide. This guide, being connected to the sliding frame 6
prevents the point of the spring from changing into other sets of holes, and
leaves it free to move into other holes of the same sett. The point of the spring
8, as shewn in the Drawing by the end view of the frame, is set to drop into the
holes numbering fourteen, which will space or divide out the surface or cir
cumferance of the nave into fourteen equal parts, whatever the size of the nave
may be. The chisel 6 having been properly adjusted to enter the block of
wood, I now move the block of wood longitudinally, and adjust the centre of
the mortice perpendicularly under the chisel 6 by turning the screw shaft 21
by means of the handle 21*. This screw turns in the nut 7, which is formed
on or affixed to the under side of the sliding frame 6, and projects down
within the sides of the main frame 15. The sliding frame 6 is made with
two V-formed grooves at each end (on the under side), which are fitted on to
corresponding V-formed rails projecting up from the sides of the main frame
15, thus giving to the sliding frame which receives the nave a lateral motion.
The frame 6 is held down by the heads of two screw bolts (5), their stems
being passed through two slots in the sliding frame; they are screwed into the
main frame (15). I now apply a point to the chisel 6 to mark the nave for
boring, which is done by a small grooved iron having a point, which is applied
to the chisel by passing round three of its sides, and being affixed thereto by
a screw which screws against the chisel after adjusting its point to the centre
of the chisel (the workman's foot being applied to the treadle D of the machine).
This point is pressed down into the nave, and makes a small hole, representing
the centre, to receive the point of a screw auger bit, such as before described.
This point being drawn up by the spring E, the spring 8 is moved off from
the index 10 about one eighth of an inch, which withdraws its point from one
of the holes; and by turning the nave and index one fourteenth part of its
circumference, this point drops into the next hole of the set, when the chisel
point is again brought down by the foot, and another centre mark made for
another mortise, and so on round the block. I then make use of a common
brace and auger bit, placing the point in one of the holes made by the chisel
pointer. After boring the block and taking the point from the chisel, and
giving the block an inclination corresponding to the dished form to be given
to the wheel, the bed 15 is set to the required angle by means of the set
screw 22, which screws upon the bar 23 affixed to the bed 15, and capable of
sliding freely into a guide projecting from the part 12.

page_text: DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING No. 4.
Figures 1 and 2 shew a side view and front elevation of mortice-cutting
machinery capable of being worked by steam or other power. A is the main
or driving pulley to which motion is given by means of a driving band or
strap. B is a fly wheel on the main shaft b. C is the connecting rod con-
nected at the upper end to a stud on the fly wheel B, and at the lower end.
to the frame D, to which is attached the shaft E, which is formed with a
socket on its lower end to receive the stem of the chisel, as in the other mor-
ticing machinery. The frame D has four arms with V-formed grooves, which
slide on the V-guides d, one of which is formed on the framing, the other is
affixed thereto by screws with capability of adjustment, as shown. The
shaft E has two supports from the frame D, as shewn. When the chisel has
been worked so as to complete one end of the mortice in the piece of wood
under operator, the spindle E has to be turned half round, so as to bring the
chisel into position to cut the other end of the mortice. This is accomplished
in the following manner :-The spindle E has formed upon it the projection J,
and also the inclined surface f; when it is required to turn the chisel round
the spindle E is caused to rise, so that the projection J may pass the bar o,
(which is shown on a larger scale in plan at Figure 7,) and in so doing it acts
against one of the surfaces o¹ of the bar o, so as to cause the bar o to slide
in its bearings, by which one of the points o² will be brought into position to
act against the inclined surface f, by which the spindle E will be forced to
make a half revolution. The next time the chisel has to make a half rovo-
lution, the projection J will act upon the other surface o', and the opposite
point o will act upon the inclined surface f. The chisel shaft or spindle E
has likewise another up-and-down motion besides that given by each revo--
lution of the fly wheel B; this extra motion is given by the foot of the operator
acting upon the treadle G, and which by means of the connecting rod g is
connected to the sliding frame P, and this sliding frame P receives and
supports the bearings of the main shaft b, with a capability of its moving up
and down in the upper part of the main frame F, there being V-formed
guides 1, 1, formed on the framing F, on which the frame P slides. K is a
counter-balance weight on the back end of the treadle G, by which the sliding
frame P is supported. L is the main rest, which is confined to the main
frame of the machine F by bolts and nuts e, at such an elevation as the width
of the piece of wood to be morticed may require. M is the sliding rest upon
which the piece of wood to be morticed is held between the fence j and hold-
fast i, the standard which is formed with a female screw to receive the
screw of the holdfast.i. The fence; is formed on the sliding plate m, which

page_text: has a nut formed in its under side, through which is formed a female screw
to receive the screw shaft n, the turning of which moves the plate m and
piece of wood carried thereby to be morticed, so as to guage it to the required
position for the chisel. p is a hand wheel affixed to the shaft r, upon which
is affixed the pinion u, which gears into the racks formed on the under..side
of the sliding rest M, in order to regulate the position of the wood to be cut
in relation to the chisel. The rest M is guided in its movement by. four
guides.v affixed to the main rest. When the holdfast i is not used to confine
the piece of wood to be morticed, the piece of wood is held down by the
holdfast rods, which rods are held with a capability of adjustment 'by
screws w.in the bracket q, which by means of bolts x is secured to the main
frame. F. The bracket 9 is hollow between the rods k to admit of the passage
of the chisel. In order to describe the operation of the machine, I will now
suppose the holdfast rods k to be taken out, the chisel to be inserted in its
socket E, and the piece of wood to be morticed held confined between the
holdfasts i and fence j, with its gauge properly adjusted to the chisel by the
thumb screw and shaft n. The fly wheel B being set in motion, the chisel
will be caused to move up and down by each revolution of the fly wheel B.
The frame P and parts carried thereby are brought down by means of the
operator's foot upon the treadle G; as the chisel vibrates and cuts down, it
is made to cut deeper each cut by the pressure of the operator's foot. The
piece of wood being morticed is gradually moved forward for each cut by
turning the hand wheel p, until the required length of one end of the mortice
is obtained, when the operator's foot being removed from the treadle G, the
counter-balance K on the opposite end of the treadle will cause the frame P
and parts connected therewith to ascend, when the spiral piece f on the
shaft E strikes the reversing plate o, which causes a half rotary motion to
be given to the shaft E, as above described, reversing the face of the chisel
to finish and cut down the opposite end of the mortice, the piece of wood
being moved in the direction by turning the hand wheel p in 'the opposite
direction. The height which the sliding frame P shall rise is adjusted by
means of the bolt t, which is screwed into the sliding frame P, and' moves
through a hole in the pieces S affixed to the main frame F; the head and
washer of the bolt t preventing the frame P being raised too high, and
thereby injuring the framing. The shaft E is held sufficiently firm (after
making its half rotary motion by the spring T affixed to the back of the
frame D, the end T being formed with a straight surface, so as to bear
against one of the flat surfaces formed (one on each side) upon the shaft E.
Figures 5 and 6 shew two views of a chisel suitable to be used with this

page_text: 10வ
depth of which is shewn by the dotted line. .
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING: No. 5.
This Drawing shews a side elevation and plan of a wood planing machine,
upon which the bed or carriage B is made to move to and fro by gearing.
C is the piece of wood to be planed, confined in the bed B. D are two
uprights bolted on the outside of the horizontal framing A, A, having a head-
piece E bolted on their upper ends. Fare two smaller uprights bolted to
the framing A, A, and framed together near their upper ends by cross
pieces G.. H is the driving pulley that first receives the power by a driving
band from a pulley driven by steam engine or otherwise; this pulley is fixed
on the main shaft L and also the driving pulley K, which has a band J
passing round the pulley M confined on the cutting shaft a, which has a
revolving head c fixed on its lower end. In this head at each end two
cutting irons e are fixed by eye bolts and nuts n; these eye bolts are passed
through slots or openings o, having a nut and washer at one end and a square
eye at the other. The cutters e are passed through the square eyes, and
there fixed by the nuts n. One of these cutters e is fixed at a greater
distance from the centre of the revolving head than the other cutter, and
as the head revolves the other cuts nearer the centre of the head, which
cutter is set to cut a fine shaving left by the first. The cutter head besides
revolving is made to move up and down to correspond with the thickness of
the piece of wood to be planed; its shaft a is made to revolve in two boxes
or bearings, their beds being formed in the frame b (a front view of this
frame is shewn by Figure 3); their caps are bolted to the frame b,
which has a nut projecting back, through which the screw shaft j screws.
This screw shaft is made to revolve by means of the pulley f (fixed on its
top end), from which the band p extends round the pulley d fixed on the
top end of the crank shaft s. This shaft is turned either way by the hand
of the operator applied to its crank handle u, and thus the frame b, which
has two V-formed grooves fitted to a slide fixed on one of the uprights D,
and two flat bearings which slide on a flat side fixed on the opposite
upright D, is made to move up and down, being guided by the V-formed
grooves, and held up to the V-formed slides and flat sides by means of two
hook bolts m, which hook into the frame b, and extending back, they are
passed through the cross piece N, having thumb nuts which screw
against the piece N, which has two small rolls which roll upon slides or
ways fixed on both uprights D. The cross piece N is made with a curve to

page_text: avoid its coming in contact with the band J, when the frame b and cutters e
are elevated for thick stuff. The piece of wood C, on the bed B, as shewn
undergoing the operation of being planed, is confined by eight keys, and this
number is generally reduced to two; and although I shew four keys each side
of the piece of wood which is being planed, it is only to keep the piece of
wood central. Generally, however, the keys will be used only on one side of
the piece of wood. These keys press against the pieces O, which are bolted to
the traversing bed B by long bolts passing through them and the bed, and are
adjusted to a horizontal or perpendicular position, as the stuff to be planed
requires. For planing thin stuff, they are placed horizontally, and not used.
The stuff or thin board is held down by two iron rolls P, carried by swing
frames Q. Four ends of these two swing frames are introduced into mortises
or openings in the two uprights D, and are there held by a joint pin 1, thus
forming hinges. In connection with these rolls P the stuff is held down by a
weight Z, which consists of a circular plate of metal around which the cutters
revolve. This weight Z bears upon the wood as fast as it is planed, and is
connected to the lever a by the two uprights 2, the lower ends of which are
united to the weight Z, and allow the cutters e to pass, and the uprights 2
are bolted at their top ends to the cross piece R, which is united to the lever
by a joint pin. The lever x has a fulcrum on the upright t fixed to the sliding
frame b. The weight Z is raised and held up, when desired, by pressing down
the handle of the lever x, and into the groove or opening of the upright S,
bolted to the sliding frame b. The direction of the bands are indicated by
arrows. The two uprights 2 slide against the ends of the sliding frame b,
and are guided by four grooved pieces y, which are bolted to the sliding frame
b, the bolts passing through slots or openings in the plates of the grooved
pieces y, which extend round the outer edge of the uprights 2, thus holding
them up to the sliding frame b, and guiding their course. The main shaft L
has two-sized pulleys 1, 1, fixed on it. These, by band, work with corre-
sponding pulleys fixed on the long shaft T, the larger or smaller in each case
being used, as the motion or feed for the piece of wood to be planed may
require. On the lower end of the shaft T the small pulley g is fixed around,
and from which extends the cross band h, shewn by blue lines as passing
round the pulley V, fixed to the small wheel 10, which gears into and turns
the wheel U, which is fixed upon the shaft P, as is also a small wheel which
gears into the rack X, fixed to the cross pieces Y, which are fixed to the under
bed B, having fixed on their under sides V-formed grooved bearings 11 fitting
V-formed guide ways 12 at. one end, and on the other end flat side bearings
13 are fitted to flat sideways or rails. These ways or rails 13 and 12 are

page_text: either or neither of the wheels 10
The lever 14 is a spring lever, and
against a projecting iron 6 confined
fixed on the top of the framing A by screws. It will therefore be seen that
the main shaft revolving moves the bed B and piece of wood C upon the bed
gradually forwards towards the cutters e, which revolving at the same time at
a considerable speed, say, about one thousand two hundred revolutions per
minute, cut all the wood away down to a level. I will suppose the piece of
wood to have been planed its whole length; having passed under the cutters e,
the wheel 10 is to be moved out of gear by means of the upright lever 14,
which has a fulcrum at 3 formed by a pin passing through it, and through a
projection 4, fixed to the upright D. A connecting rod is attached to the
lower end of the lever 14, extending to a vibratory bar 14*, fixed by a
stationary pin 14** at one end, and at the other united by a pin to a sliding
piece or frame, from which extend upwards two studs or shafts upon which
the two wheels 10 and 15, with their pulleys g and z, revolve. This sliding
piece is moved by the lever 14, so that
and 15 will gear into the large wheel U.
has a tendency to bear near its top end
on the upright D. This iron has two studs or projections. If the lever 14
be placed between these studs, neither of the wheels 10 and 15 gear into the
large wheel U; but if the lever 14 is placed to the left of both projections
(as shewn by the Drawing, with its handle 16 to the right) in consequence of
a curve in lever 14, the wheel 10 will be in gear, and when placed to the
right of both flanges, the wheel 15 will be in gear, the object of which is to
move the bed B back, which is done by shifting the communicating band from
the pulley H to the loose pulley 17. On the shaft L a smaller pulley 19 is
fixed to and revolves with the loose pulley 17. The pulley 19, by a band,
gives motion to the pulley 20 fixed on the upper end of the shaft 22, (most of
which shaft is hid in the Drawing by shaft T), which shaft 22 has fixed on
the lower end the pulley 21, around which and the pulley Z a band extends,
by which connexion it will be seen that while the revolving head and main shaft
L are stationary, that the revolving of the loose pulley 17 is made to move
back the bed B. There are also means of moving the bed B by hand, as
follows:-The operator's hand is applied to the crank handle 5, which crank
is fixed on the end of the horizontal shaft 6, having a bevel wheel 7 fixed on
its opposite end, which is always geared into another bevel wheel fixed on the
upright shaft P, having fixed thereon the large wheel U and small wheel W,
which small wheel is always geared into the rack X; and thus, by revolving
the shaft 6 either way, the bed will be moved. This shaft 6 and crank
always revolve when the bed B is moved, whether by hand or otherwise.
Before the workman attempts to move the crank handle 5, he is to move the
lever 14 to the position between the two studs.

page_text: a band
Figures 1, 2, and 3 shew three views of a machine for. moulding, planing,
and sash sticking. A is the framing of the machine. B, the main pulley
(which first receives power by a band passing round it from a steam engine or
other source) fixed on the main shaft a, which revolves in boxes or bearings.n
on the framing A of the machine. Upon this shaft a is fixed the pulley d,
around which, and the pulley c (fixed on the cutter head shaft e)
extends which drives the cutter head shaft at a considerable speed, say, five
thousand per minute. Near the end of this shaft e is fixed either of the three
cutter heads (shewn by Figures 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9) by the six-square nut o.
The shaft e has pivot bearings fitting to and revolving in boxes r, which are
fixed in the frame t by the two screws 8, which screw through the frame t
against them. In taking the cutter head and shaft out of the frame t it is only.
necessary to loosen one of the screws s, and slide back the box or bearing 1.
The frame t is fixed to the frame of the machine A by four bolts passing
through the slots or openings u of the frame t and frame A. The frame t
has a projecting part g, through which passes and revolves the end of the
screw shaft h, which has a shoulder bearing against one side of the projecting
part 9, and a washer fits in on the other side of the projecting part g. The
screw shaft screws through the nut m, fixed on frame A, and thus moves
the frame t; and adjusts the cutter head to the piece of wood to be moulded.
The piece of wood to be moulded is placed upon the bed or surface C, which
is faced with iron under the frame t. The two screw shafts k, with crank
handles on their upper ends, revolve in the four bearings fixed on the
framing A, as shewn, and they screw through two nuts fixed on the under side
of the surface or bed C. They have shoulders resting on the top of their
lower bearings. When the bed or surface C is properly adjusted by the screw
shafts k it is made fast by two bolts i, having washers and thumb nuts H.
These bolts pass through the bed C, also through slots or openings in the
two uprights E. The main shaft a has a cone pulley F, around which, and its
corresponding cone pulley L, a band extends. The cone pulley L is fixed on
the shaft z, which revolves in boxes or bearings fixed on the top side of frame
A. Near the opposite end of this shaft z the pulley y is fixed, outside of
which is the loose clutch pulley 9, around which, and the pulley K, a band
extends and moves the pulley K. when in gear, as shewn in Drawing; but
when the clutch pulley q is moved from the fixed pulley y to the pin through
the shaft z, then its pins or dowels being withdrawn from their holes in the
fixed pulley y, it remains stationary while the shaft z and pulley y revolve.
The clutch pulley q is moved on the shaft z by means of the lever N, which

page_text: has a fulcrum at M, and a fork at its lower end which fits into a groove
turned into the nave of the clutch pulley 9. The pulley K is confined on the
shaft, which revolves in forked bearings or boxes 7. on the top of the frame
A. On the opposite end of shaft x a sharp, fluted, grooved, or furrowed feed
roller bis fixed... This feed roller b, bearing upon the piece of wood to be
moulded, moves the piece of wood along by its slow rotary: motion, and is
held down on to the piece of wood by the spring, p bearing upon the shaft x.
The pressure of the spring p is increased or diminished by the screw 2, which
bears upon its top surface after screwing through an iron staple fixed on the
frame A. The motion, of the roller 6 is increased, or lessened by 'changing the
band into different grooves in the cones pulleys F, L. After the piece of.
wood to be moulded has passed under the cutter head, it is held down to
the bed C and up against the frame A by the two springs 3 and 4, both of
which are fixed by screw bolts to the sliding iron 5, which is confined by a bolt
passing through its slot or opening 6 and through the frame A, which slot gives
it a lateral motion to adjust the springs 3 and. 4 to the piece of wood to be
moulded, which springs also have motion of their own. The spring 3 is held
by a bolt passing through the slot in the sliding iron 5, by which it is capable,
of a lateral motion, and can also be set angularly or diagonally. The spring
4 has an up-and-down motion at its end. The spring 7 is fixed at the top.
end of the round shaft 8, which shaft passes through the bed C, and is
made fast by the thumb nut P, which is on an eye bolt, introduced (by
means of a mortice or opening) into the bed C... through the eye of which
bolt the shaft 8 passes, which shaft gives to the spring. 7 two motions, by
its having a vertical and rotary motion given. to it by hand when adjusting it
for work.
Figures 4 and 5 represent the same moulding cutter head, as shewn in the
machine. The cutting irons 10 are confined by cap nut and screw bolt 11.
These irons 10 are exchanged for any other form or pattern of moulding irons
suitably arranged.
Figures 6 and 7 shew a sash or moulding cutter head, with cutting irons in
six different parts, held together by the two screw bolts 13, and fixed down to
the cutter head 16 by the caps 14, through which the screw bolts 15 pass and
screw into the cutter heads 16. Cutting irons of different forms may be
substituted, such as for tongueing and grooving..
Figures 8 and 9 shew a plaining cutter head. The two cutting irons 17
are fixed by the two screw bolts 18, which pass through the plate or washer.
19, and also the slots or openings 20 of the irons 17, and screw into the..
plaining head 21.

page_text: Grinding Machine. In this machine A is the framing on the splayed legs
B, B, which are to be firmly bolted to the floor; C, C, is a bed similar to a slide
lathe bed provided with a flat and V-formed slide, on which traverses the carriage
D. The carriage has a head E at either end, with adjusting screws on the hand
bolts and springs, as shewn in Figure 4, for the purpose of making minute
variations in the position of the knife or other article to be operated on. F is
a moveable carrier working in socket blocks k, Figure 4, placed in the heads
E, E. This carrier is provided with bolts r, and bolt slots or slides for securing
the article to be ground. 7 is a lever handle screwed to the carrier F, and is
connected with the spring m and hand bolt n for the purpose of setting the
chamfered or cutting edge of the knife or other article at the right angle with
the grinding wheel hereafter to be described. G shews the grinding wheel
with lead or soft metal rim, and is bolted on the main shaft H. This shaft is
carried by an angular-shaped pedestal J, which rises from and is bolted to a
frame K. This frame is bolted down to the woodwork A and to the bed C at
o, Figure 3. This frame K also carries a shaft L, on which is placed the
gearing or bevel wheels P for creating the traversing motion of the carriage
D by means of a rack p running under and bolted to the carriage, and a
pinion q placed on the end of the shaft L. On the main shaft H also are
placed the fast and loose pulleys 0; these receive the power, which is then
transmitted by means of the small pulleys M; these have endless belts t, t,
working on the pulley N on the shaft K; these pulleys are placed loose on
the shaft, and are made fast and loose alternately by the means shewn on
Drawing, Figure 5, and are confined sideways on the shaft by the inside of
the frame K and the washer and screw Q. On the edge of the carriage D
are bored a number of holes, say three eighths of an inch diameter, or other
convenient size; two moveable pins with convenient hand knobs a, a, are
provided; these pins are placed perpendicularly in the holes corresponding
with the length of knife or other article to be ground, and by reference to the
Drawing, Figure 3, it will be seen that the carriage D in its course must
bring one of these pins into contact with the horizontal stud b, which is rivetted
to the slide i, and carries it with it until it has thrown the lever arm and
balance weight C over the centre. The lever arm and balance weight c and
the slide i are connected together by the lever j and shaft h running through
the bed C. In the lever arm c is placed the end of another long lever or rod
d, which is secured in its place at about two thirds of its length from the lever
arm c by a stud on the frame K, so that when the lever arm c is thrown over,
the rod d must necessarily be reversed. The opposite end of this rod is placed

page_text: between the leaves of the sliding part e of the apparatus at N, Figure 5. These
leaves are provided with studs W, which fit into holes in the fixed part g, Figure
5, and into slots or slides in the loose pulleys N; one of the endless belts t, t, of
this arrangement being crossed between the pulleys M and N, the motion of the
carriage D is consequently reversed without altering the power or first mover.
Figures 6 and 7 shew an alternate method of arrangement for reversing
the traversing carriage. On the shaft L are placed three pulleys, same
size as those employed in the other method; the two outer pulleys are con-
fined on the shaft L by pins or bolts through their boss, and the inner or
centre pulley placed loose on the shaft. In this method the rod D is made
with a double fork end, which forks are made so as to embrace the two bolts t,
so that when this rod is reversed, as before explained, the same effect is
obtained. R in each Figure of the Drawing shews the position of the knife
or other article just previous to being screwed up to the face of the grinding
wheel by means of the hand bolts f, f; S, S, are two bracket ends on the
frame K for carrying the shaft L; x shews one of the bolts for securing the
frame K to the bottom frame or stand; T, T, shews heads of joint bolts for
securely tying together the under frame or stand; s shews the studs for
carrying the slide i; t, t, shews the endless belts between pulleys M and N.
Figure 4 is a view of the head E with the inner plate or covering removed so
as to expose the arrangement of the spiral springs U and socket blocks K. By
this arrangement it will be seen that the carrier F may be brought back as
well as forced forward; this is effected by the bolt V, which has a large flat
head against which the spring expands when the hand bolt is screwed back;
the other end of the bolt V is attached to the socket block k, and thus draws
back the carrier. The purpose of this machine is to grind knives, or other
surfaces; the operation is as follows:-The knife or article to be ground is se-
cured by bolts to the carrier, and is then screwed towards the face of the grinding
wheel, which is made of lead or soft metal cast on spokes and nave of iron, or
other suitable materials, by the hand bolts described; the article is then care-
fully set by the lever and spring-bolted to the carrier, so that the angle formed
by the periphery of the wheel may correspond with the chamfered or cutting
edge of the article to be ground. The machine being set in motion by manual,
steam, or other power, a horizontal movement is obtained on the carriage, and
a circular one on the wheel which is working on the edge of the article
grinding; any requisite degree of pressure required to bring an even edge may.
be applied by means of the hand bolts. To create a sufficient biting or
grinding surface of the lead or soft metal wheel on the article ground, a small
quantity of grained emery or other sharp material is then applied, and a con-
stant but slow supply of water is obtained from a can suspended over the

page_text: ment.
wheel, provided with a stopcock and pipe, or some other convenient arrange-
When the article in the machine is brought to a straight and even
edge, the carriage is allowed to traverse several times without additional
emery, still retaining the supply of water, which ultimately brings a sharp
.cutting edge or bevel face on the article so operated on.
I will now describe that part of the Invention which consists of welding steel
to cast iron. The surface of the steel that is to be welded to cast iron must
be made clean and bright by turning, filing, or otherwise, then it must be so
placed in a mould that the melted iron will rest upon it as required. If the
amount of steel is too large for the quantity of cast iron that is to be welded to
it, then make a waste gate by which a certain amount of melted iron will have
to be carried off, after having been first poured upon the steel for the purpose
of imparting to the steel the necessary amount of heat that is required to
make a perfect weld with the small quantity of cast iron left remaining on the
steel. Any kind or description of steel may, I believe, be welded to cast iron
by the above method. The union. of the two metals may also be effected by
laying on the surface of the steel a portion of finely-powdered calcined borax,
and then pouring on the melted cast iron, allowing a sufficient quantity to
flow over the waste gate until the union is completed.
Having thus described the nature of the Invention, and the manner in
which the same is to be performed, I would remark that I make no claim to
any of the mechanical detail separately, nor to any parts of the several com-
binations other than as hereafter particularly stated, nor do I confine myself
to the precise details so long as the peculiar character of any part of my
Invention be retained; but what I claim is,
First, in respect to the Drawings Nos. 1 and 2, the so arranging rotatory
cutters and apparatus working therewith that a tenon may be cut complete at
one operation. I also claim the peculiar arrangement of the parts of the
cutter heads, and the form and means of setting the cutters. I also claim the
arrangement of the band F and parts working therewith, that the same may
be used for tenoning, boring, and sawing, as described. I also claim the mode
of combining and arranging of two carriages with the parts and index, together
with the guages and parts connected therewith. I also claim the mode of
adjusting the upper cutter head to produce the desired length of both shoulders
and thickness of tenon. I also claim the so arranging a machine that it may
be convertible, as herein explained, to a tenoning and boring machine. And
I also claim the mode of cutting or scribing sash bars.
Secondly, I claim, in respect to the Drawing No. 3, the mode of combining
parts into a machine for mortising, tenoning, and pin-making or cutting. I
also claim the mode herein-described of obtaining the required half turn of the

page_text: tool and parts carrying the same, together with the means of feeding and
preventing the work rising. I also claim the. mode herein described of con-
structing chisels with cutting lips and outward bevils, and the manner of
setting with shoulder blocks. I also claim the means of applying and holding
extra rests; and I also claim the mode of mounting, spacing, and mortising
naves of wheels herein described.
Thirdly, I claim, in respect to Drawing No. 4, the mode of arranging the
upper parts of the machine, so that the same may have motion communicated
thereto by power, and controlling and governing the working of the machine
by a treadle acted on by the foot of the workman when attending to the
operation of the machine on the work.
Fourthly, I claim, in respect to Drawing No. 5, the mode herein described
of combining and arranging of the rotatory cutter head and parts working
therewith, and means of pressing on the work, together with the to-and-fro
motion by hand, as explained.
Fifthly, I claim, in respect to Drawing No. 6, the mode herein-described of
combining parts of a cutter head, and the means of holding and changing the
tools, and also the means of holding and grinding the work.
Sixthly, I claim, in respect to Drawing No. 7, the mode herein described of
arranging parts into a machine for grinding, by which the grinder will be
readily enabled to grind a long even edge truly. And,
Seventhly, I claim the mode herein described of welding cast iron to steel,
as explained.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Furness, have hereunto set my
band and seal, this Ninth day of February, in the year of our
T