IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF BREAKWATERS, PARTS OF WHICH ARE APPLICABLE PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION IN MAKING
Year: 1858

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Michael Scott, of 3, Stanhope Terrace, Hyde Park
Gardens, in the County of Middlesex, for the Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF BREAKWATERS, PARTS OF WHICH ARE APPLICABLE
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Michael Scott at the
Ollice of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
17th November 1858.
I, MICHAEL SCOTT, of 3, Stanhope Terrace, Hyde Park Gardens, in the
County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF BREAKWATERS, PARTS OF WHICH ARE
APPLICABLE IN MAKING OTHER STRUCTURES," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in the construction of break-
waters, and is applicable in cases where the work is to be constructed in
comparatively shallow water. In constructing such a breakwater, rows of
piles, either parallel or otherwise the one to the other, are driven or fixed in
such manner that those farthest seaward terminate at or below low-water
mark, and the piles to the landward of those rise more and more above low-
water mark, till the longest piles rise considerably above high-water mark.
These piles are connected by diagonal timbers, and on the tops of the piles an
inclined platform is constructed, such inclined platform being formed by trans-
Price 8d.1

page_text: verse planking, the several planks having spaces left between them, so that
the water of a wave may freely flow through the spaces between the planks.
The upper ends of the piles are connected by timbers placed on opposite sides
of the piles and bolted through, and the transverse planks forming the inclined
platform are laid on these timbers, and are fixed by other planks laid on
them at intervals, and notched to receive their angles, and these upper planks
are secured by bolts or fastenings passing through them to blocks placed
underneath the timbers, which connect together the heads of the piles. The
seaward edge of each plank of the inclined platform is narrower than the back
edge, which admits of the water flowing casily up the inclined surface, and
intercepts it more fully on its return, and such structure allows the flow of the
water freely under and also through the inclined surface. In order to lift and
move large blocks of stone or other heavy weights under the water, apparatus
is suspended to the ordinary lifting chains, consisting of a cylinder and piston.
Near the lower end of such cylinder a flexible pipe is applied communicating
with apparatus for supplying water under pressure. The piston rod of the
cylinder is by chains or suitable tackle attached to the weight by a diver, and
a cock or valve being opened by the diver, the piston and block of stone is
raised to the height desired; the diver then closes the stop-cock, and the stone
is moved over the position desired by similar hydraulic apparatus, and lastly
it is lowered by the diver opening a cock so as to allow the water to flow out.
In working above water or on land, a similar suspended hydraulic cylinder
may be employed for raising weights from the earth.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Michael Scott in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 17th
May 1859.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, MICHAEL
SCOTT, of 3, Stanhope Terrace, Hyde Park Gardens, in the County of
Middlesex, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Palent, bearing date the Seventeenth day of November, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, in the twenty-second year
of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
mc, the said Michael Scott, Her special licence that I, the said Michael
Scott, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said Michael, Scott, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at

page_text: any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF BREAKWATERS, PARTS OF WHICH ARE APPLICABLE
IN MAKING OTHER STRUCTURES," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the
said Michael Scott, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in
writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should par-
ticularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in
what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be
filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Michael Scott, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to bc
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, that is to say:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in the construction of break-
waters, and is applicable in cases where the work is to be constructed in
comparatively shallow water. In constructing such a breakwater, rows of piles,
either parallel or otherwise the one to the other, are driven or fixed in such
Inanner that those farthest seaward terminate at or below low-water mark.
and the piles to the landward of these rise more and more above low-water
mark, till the longest piles rise considerably above high-water mark. These
piles are connected by diagonal timbers, and on the tops of the piles an inclined
platform is constructed, such inclined platform being formed by transverse
planking, the several planks having spaces left between them, so that the
water of a wave may freely flow through the spaces between the planks. The
upper ends of the piles are connected by timbers placed on opposite sides of
the piles and bolted through, and the transverse planks forming the enclosed
platform are laid on these timbers, and are fixed by other planks laid on them
at intervals, and notched to receive their angles, and these upper planks are
secured by bolts or fastenings passing through them to blocks placed under-
neath the timbers, which connect together the heads of the piles. The seaward
edge of each plank of the inclined platform is narrower than the back edge,
which admits of the water flowing easily up the inclined surface, and intercepts
it more fully on its return; and such structure allows the flow of the water
freely under and also through the inclined surface.
Figure 1 of the annexed Drawing shows a transverse section of a break-
water constructed according to this part of my Invention; and Figure 2-is-a

page_text: plan of a portion of the same. a, a, are piles firmly driven into the shore;
b, b, are diagonal timbers connecting the piles the one to the other; c, c, is
transverse planking, forming a platform on the top of the piles (a part of this
planking is removed in Figure 2); between the planks spaces are left, as is
clearly shown in the enlarged view, Figure 3, to allow the water of a wave to
pass freely between them, and the seaward edge of each plank is made
narrower than the back edge, with the object already mentioned. d, d, are
timbers fixed to the two sides of the piles at their upper ends to support the
planking c; e, e, are pieces laid on the upper surface of the planking c, and
secured by bolts passing through them and through the blocks placed
underneath the timbers d, d.
Another part of my Invention has for its object the facilitating the lifting
and moving heavy weights, more especially when under water. In order to
lift and move large blocks of stone or other heavy weights under the water,
apparatus is suspended to the ordinary lifting chains, consisting of a cylinder
and piston. Near the lower end of such cylinder a flexible pipe is applied
communicating with apparatus for supplying water under pressure. The
piston rod of the cylinder is by chains or suitable tackle attached to the
weight, and a cock or valve being opened, the piston and block of stone (in
the case supposed) is raised to the height desired; the diver then closes
the stop-cock, and the stone is moved over the position desired by similar
hydraulic apparatus, and lastly it is lowered by the diver opening a cock,
so as to allow the water to flow out. In working above water or on
land, a similar hydraulic cylinder may be employed for raising weights
from the earth. This hydraulic apparatus may, however, consist of more
than one concentric cylinder, whereby the height to which a weight may
be raised at one lift may be increased, the cylinder being by preference
made in several parts or sections, each of a cylindrical form, and these parts
are arranged in the manner of the parts of a telescope, as is shewn in
Figures 4 and 5, Figure 5 being an enlarged view of the ends of the con-
centric cylinders, on the supposition of there being three concentric cylinders.
A, B, C, are three cylinders; P is the piston working in the inner cylinder,
and having a piston rod to which the weight to be lified is attached. The
annular surfaces Q and R, between the cylinders C and B and B and A, are
made nearly equal in area to the piston P, but rather in excess, and R is made
slightly greater than Q, in order that when the weight is allowed to descend
by the flowing out of the water, the piston P may descend first, the excess
of pressure on the spaces Q and R retaining them in their places. Stops are
placed on the surfaces P, Q, and R, to prevent their descending so far as to

page_text: cover the apertures by which the water is admitted, the piston and rings of
the concentric cylinders are packed with leather in the usual manner. Now,
it will be observed that, when by the rising of the cylinder B, for instance, the
aperture V is brought opposite the leather packing, the pressure of the water
would be apt to force the leather into the aperture, thereby causing injury to
the leather, and occasioning an obstruction to the motion of the cylinder. To
obviate this, a small hole is made through the metal of the cylinder, as shown
at X and Z, so that the pressure of the water may be communicated through
it to the other side of the leather. The mode of working is then as follows:-
The rings R and Q and the piston P being down at their lowest points, water
under pressure is admitted by the orifice U. It presses upon the ring R, and
causes the cylinder B to rise as far as the stop S, in which position the orifice
V is open. The water enters the second cylinder, presses upon the annular
space Q, raises the cylinder C in the same manner until the orifice W is
opened, when the pressure being admitted below, the piston P causes it to
rise. When a weight is to be lowered, the cock H, which is made with three
ways, is turned so as to allow the water to escape by the orifice K, at the
same time cutting off the communication between the source of the water and
the cylinders. The piston P having, according to the arrangement of the
areas before mentioned, the least surface, descends first, then the cylinder C,
and lastly the cylinder B, the water being forced out through the same orifice
U during the whole descent. If only one cylinder is used the flexible tube
for conveying the water is attached to the orifice W of the single cylinder.
In witness whereof, I, the said Michael Scott, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this 14th day of May, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine.
Witness,
AND JOHN ROBERTSON.
MICHAEL SCOTT. (L.S.)

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