Shells and other Forged Metal Articles..
Year: 1886

page_text: Date of Application, 24th. Dec., 1886.
Complete Left, 11th June, 1887.
Complete Accepted, 12th July, 1887.
Shells and other Forged Metal Articles..
'
We, CLAUD THORNTON CAYLEY, Engineer, and REUBEN SAMUEL COURTMAN,
Engineer, both of 1 Appold Street, Finsbury, in the City of London, do hereby
declare the nature of this invention to be as follows
--
Our invention is chiefly designed to provide for the manufacture, in a simple
efficient and advantageous manner, of hollow projectiles or shells for guns of large or
small calibre. Our improvements are, however, applicable for the manufacture of
breech-screws or breach-plugs for ordnance, and other articles which are hollow or
tubular partially throughout their length.
Our said invention comprises an improved method of manufacturing a hollow
projectile or shell from a solid block or piece of steel or iron. For this purpose, we
first form a cylindrical block having a conical end, by forging, rolling or otherwise
working an ingot or bar of steel or iron. This block is made of the same, or approxi-
mately the same, diameter as the finished projectile, as its diameter is unaffected by
the operations required in the practice of our invention. We prefer that allowance
should be made in its diameter for turning and grinding or finishing. It must be
shorter than the finished projectile as will hereinafter appear. The proper length of
the block can be determined by the weight thereof.
In making an armour piercing projectile, according to our said invention, we heat
the said block and place the same in a die or mould, preferably in a vertical position
with its conical end downward. This die or mould is of such internal form and
diameter that the said block will fit therein with sufficient accuracy to prevent its
deformation when subjected to the treatment hereinafter described. The said die or
mould is of such length that, when the block is placed therein, the walls of the said
die or mould will extend a short distance above the upper end of the block. We place
in the said die or mould above the block a metal disc or cylinder having, a central
hole through the same. In this hole we insert a punch or mandrel, which we drive
into the said block by means of a hammer or by pressure, thus forming a hole or

page_text: cavity in the centre of the upper end of the block and providing a central entrance
for other punches or mandrels hereinafter referred to.
We then remove the said disc or cylinder together with the punch from the die or
mould, and, by hammering or by pressure, we drive a series of punches or mandrels
successively into the said hole or cavity in the block, using, in each operation, a punch
or mandrel of different form or of greater length than that used in the preceding
operation, the said block being reheated as often as may be required. By thus forcing
each punch or mandrel further into the block, we cause the metal thereof to rise or
flow endwise around the said punch or mandrel, and thus lengthen the walls of the
hollow block. By these successive operations, we gradually form a chamber or cavity
within the block of the desired size and shape or configuration, and thus convert the
solid block into a partially finished hollow projectile.
a
For the purpose of closing the open base of this partially made projectile, we place it
in a supporting die or mould such as that above described, but shorter than the said
projectile so that the open end of the same projects above the top of the die or mould.
We then place upon the open end of the projectile in succession a series of dies,
which, by hammering or by pressure, are caused to gradually close the base of the
said projectile leaving a small central hole which is afterwards closed. by inserting
screw-plug or otherwise. The die which we first use, in thus closing the base of the
projectile, is made with a conical recess or cavity which fits over the base, and pre-
ferably with a central projection within the said cavity. In the other dies which we
use for this purpose, the recesses or cavities are shallower than that in the first dic,
and the said dies are made either with or without a central projection. After the
walls of the projectile have been turned over or bent inward, it is subjected to the
action of a hammer or other suitable tool to complete the closing of its open end.
Just previous to this operation, the end of the projectile to be closed is reheated, but
care inust be taken to avoid heating the remainder of the projectile.
From the foregoing description, it will be seen that we make a hollow armour
piercing projectile from a solid block having the same, or approximately the same,
shape or configuration as the finished projectile. In this manner we can manufacture
very large and heavy projectiles. Moreover we can, by the same process, take solid
projectiles and convert the same into hollow projectiles.
It is obvious that, in making a projectile in the manner above described, the
repeated action of the punches upon the metal of the block will improve the quality
of tho steel and make the point or hoad of the projectile very dense and bard.
In making a shrapnel or other shell according to our present invention, we some-
times proceed as follows, that is to say :-We first form a block by forging, rolling or
otherwise working an ingot or bar of steel or iron; one end of this block is of the
same, or approximately the same, diameter as the base of the shell, the other part of
the said block has the form of an inverted truncated conc. We heat this block and
place it in a die or mould, in which we also place a metal disc or cylinder having a
central hole, in which we insent a punch or inandrel for forming a central hole or
cavity in the upper end of the block as above described. We then work the said
block successively in a series of dies, by means of punches or mandrels substantially
as above described, and thus form within the said block a conical chamber or cavity.
In this manner, we produce a partially made shell. We then force this partially
mado shell successively through one or more dies, by pressure or by impact, by means
of a mandrel corresponding in shape and diameter with the chamber or cavity of the
finished shell, for the purpose of forcing the walls inward and making the same
parallel. We sometimes accomplish this result by other suitable means; for instance,
by rolling the partially made shell between dies subjected to. pressure, a mandrel
being inserted, if desired, to ensure the proper shaping of the chamber or cavity in
the shell and also to ensure uniformity, in the thickness of the walls thereof; or by
swaging the partially made shell between suitably shaped dies which act thereon in a
direction at right angles to its axis.
In some instances, we force only the base of the shell through the dies by means of

page_text: the mandrel, and then clamp the said base to a bar or rod which is operated by
hydraulic or other power to draw the shell completely through the dies.
To close the open end of the partially made shell and form the conoidal point or
apex, we heat the said shell and insert the same in a die or mould whereby it will be
suitably supported; and we place over the open end of the said shell in succession a
series of suitably shaped dies which are subjected to pressure or impact to gradually
bend or force inward the walls of the shell leaving an aperture at the apex for the
fuse. The open end only of this partially made shell must be heated the remainder
thereof being left as cool as possible to prevent up-setting of its walls. In some
instances we close the end of the shell by swaging the same between dies which act
thereon in a direction at right angles to its axis.
In making a shrapnel shell in this manner, we use a mandrel having a projection at
its lower end corresponding in shape with the chamber in the projectile for the
bursting charge.
We insert the diaphragm which covers the chamber for the bursting charge, before
closing the end of the partially made shell as above described, and we leave a
sufficiently large aperture at the apex of the shell to permit the introduction of the
bullets into the said shell, after its end has been closed with the exception of the said
aperture. We are thus enabled to fill the conical, conoidal or ogival part, as well as
the cylindrical part, of the chamber or cavity in the projectile, and to produce a
shrapnel shell containing a larger number of builets than a shrapnel-shell of the same
dimensions as heretofore manufactured. 'Moreover we can, by our improved method,
manufacture shrapnel-shells more cheaply than is practicable by the well-known
method of making them in two parts and uniting the said parts by rivetting, screwing
or otherwise.
Breech-screws or breech-plugs for ordnance have generally been made hollow by
boring out the solid metal. In making a breech-screw or breech-plug according to
our present invention, we first form a block of suitable shape by forging, rolling or
otherwise, and we heat this block and place the same in a supporting die or mould and
form a chamber or cavity within the said block by means of punches or mandrels
substantially in the manner herein before set forth. If desired, we partially close the
open end of the said block by means of dies as above described, or otherwise. We
then finish the exterior of the block and form the screw-threads thereon, thus
producing a finished breech-screw.
Dated this 24th day of December 1886.
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London, W.C.,
Agents for the Applicants.

page_text: +
Improvements in and relating to the Manufacture of Projectiles or
Shells and other Forged Metal Articles.
We, CLAUD THORNTON CAYLEY, Engineer and REUBEN SAMUEL COURTMAN,
Engineer, both of 1 Appold Street, Finsbury, in the City of London, do hereby
declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed,
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement:-
Our invention is chiefly designed to provide for the manufacture, in a simple,
efficient and advantageous manner, of hollow projectiles or shells for guns of large or
small calibre.
Our improvements are, however, applicable for the manufacture of breech-screws
or breech-plugs for ordnance, and other like articles, that is to say, such as are
partially hollow or tubular.
Our said invention comprises an improved method of manufacturing a hollow
projectile or shell from a solid block or piece of steel or iron of the same, or approxi-
mately the same diameter, and, though somewhat shorter than, of substantially the
same shape as the finished projectile or shell as hereinafter set forth. And the most
important feature of our said invention is the formation of the central chamber or
cavity of the projectile or shell by driving a series of punches or mandrels suc-
cessively into the said block, while the latter is held or supported in a die or mould
which prevents lateral expansion of the said block or enlargement of its diameter,
whilst permitting endwise flow or movement of the metal of the block around each punch
or mandrel as the latter is driven into the said block. By these means, a chamber
or cavity of the desired dimensions is gradually formed within the block, and the
said block is expanded endwise until it is of the required length.
Our said invention, moreover, comprises various other improvements as hereinafter
set forth.
In the accompanying drawings
Figures 1 and 1 shew different forms of solid blocks such as we use in making
hollow armour-piercing projectiles in accordance with our said invention.
Figures 2 and 2ª are sectional elevations shewing the said blocks supported in dies
as hereinafter described, and illustrating the first step or stage in the formation of
the chambers or cavities in the said blocks.
Figures 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 are sectional elevations illustrating other steps or stages
in the manufacture of a hollow projectile from a block of the form shewn in
Figures 1 and 2.
Figure 9 is a side elevation of the said projectile previous to the turning and
finishing thereof.
Figure 10 is a side elevation of a solid block of steel or iron such as we prefer to use
in making a shrapnel shell according to our said invention.

page_text: Figures 11, 12, 13 and 14 are sectional elevations illustrating different steps or
stages in the manufacture of a shrapnel!shell according to our invention.
Figures 15 and 16 are vertical central sections illustrating different steps or stages
in the manufacture of a common shell according to our invention.
Figure 17 is a longitudinal central section illustrating means for drawing or
forcing a projectile or shell (partly finished as shewn in Figure 15) through a die to
make its walls parallel or to reduce the thickness thereof.
Figures 18 and 19 are vertical central sections illustrating a method or manner of
closing the open end of a partially made shell.
Figure 20 is a sectional elevation illustrating another method or manner of closing
the open end of a partially made shell.
Figure 21 is a longitudinal central section of an improved shrapnel shell hereinafter
described.
In making an armour-piercing projectile, we take a solid cylindrical block a,
Figure 1 or 1, having a conical or conoidal end a¹. This block may be formed by
forging, rolling or otherwise working an ingot or bar of steel or iron. The said.
block is made of the same, or nearly the same diameter as the finished projectile, as
its diameter is not substantially altered by the operations to which it is subjected in
the practice of our invention, except when allowance has been made in the forged
block for turning, grinding and finishing. The block must be shorter than the
finished projectile as will hereinafter appear; with the exception of this difference in
length, however, the said block or piece is similar in form to the complete projectile.
The proper length of the block can be determined by the weight thereof.
We heat the said block and place the same in a die or mould b. preferably in a
vertical position with its conical end downward, as shewn. This die or mould is of
such internal form and diameter that the said block will fit therein with sufficient
accuracy to prevent its deformation when subjected to the treatment hereinafter
described. The said die or mould is, moreover, of such length that, when the block
is placed therein, the walls of the said die or mould will extend above the upper end
of the block, as shewn in Figure 2 or 2". "We place in the said die or mould above
the block a, a metal disc or cylinder having a central hole c'. In this hole we
insert a punch or mandrel d so that it occupies the position indicated by dotted lines
in Figure 2 or 2º. We then drive this punch or mandrel into the said block by
means of a hammer or by pressure, thus forming a hole or cavity in the centre of
the upper end of the block, as indicated by full lines in Figure 2 or 2ª, and providing
a central entrance for other punches or mandrels hereinafter referred to.
The mould must be suitably constructed to resist the pressure or stress to which it
will be subjected during the treatment hereinafter mentioned.
We then remove the disc or cylinder c together with the punch d from the die or
mould b, and, by hammering or by pressure, we drive a series of punches or
mandrels d', d2, successively into the hole or cavity in the said block, using in each
operation a punch or mandrel of greater length than that used in the preceding
operation, as shewn in Figures 3, 4 and 5, the said block being reheated as often as
may be required. The positions of the several punches or mandrels previous to their
being driven into the block are indicated by the dotted lines in these figures, whilst
the positions which they occupy when fully driven into the block are shewn by full
lines in the said figures. The driving or forcing of each succeeding punch or mandrel
further into the block, causes the metal displaced from the centre thereof by the said
punch or mandrel to rise or flow end wise around the latter. The walls of the projectile
are, therefore, formed by the displacement of the metal from the centre of the block
and by such end wise flow or movement of the metal, the die & preventing lateral
expansion of the block or enlargement of its external diameter during the driving of
the punches or mandrels into it.
By these successive operations we gradually form within the block a chamber or
cavity of the desired size and shape or configuration, and thus convert the solid block
into a partially made hollow projectile.
For the purpose of closing the open base of this partially made projectile, we adopt

page_text: the principle of up-setting the end of the cylindrical part of the same referred to in
the specification of Letters Patent granted to R. A. E. Scott and dated 18th August
A.D. 1866, No. 2124, that is to say, we heat the base of the projectile taking care to
keep the remainder thereof as cool as possible to avoid up-setting of its walls except
at the base, and we place the said projectile in a supporting die or mould,
Figures 6, 7 and 8. This die or mould is similar to that above described, but is shorter
than the projectile, so that the open end of the latter projects above the top of the die or
mould as shewn. We then place successively upon the open end of the projectile a series of
dies e, e, e, which, by hammering or by pressure, are caused to gradually close the base of
the said projectile leaving a small central hole a² which is afterwards closed by inserting
a screw-plug or otherwise. The full lines in each of these figures shew the form of
the projectile and the position of the die previous to the action of the latter upon the
said projectile, whilst the dotted lines indicate the form of the projectile and the
position of the die after the action of the latter. The die e which we first use, in thus
closing the base of the projectile, is made with a conical recess or cavity e³ which fits
over the base of the projectile, and with a central projection et within the said cavity.
The other dies e¹, e² which we use for this purpose have recesses or cavities e³ which
are shallower than that in the first die, the cavity in the die e² being shallower than
that in the die e¹. The die e is shewn with a central projection e and the die e is
shewn without a central projection. We may use any desired number of these dies,
and all or any of the said dies may be made either with or without such central
projections. After the walls of the projectile at the base thereof have been turned
over or bent inward by means of the said dies, the projectile (while still supported in
the die ) is subjected to the action of a hammer or other suitable tool to complete
the closing of its open end with the exception of the hole a².
If desired, the end of the partially made projectile be closed by means
a screw-plug or otherwise without up setting or bending inward the metal at its ba of
Or the said end of the projectile may be left open.
From the foregoing description, it will be seen that we make a hollow armour-
piercing projectile from a solid block having the same, or approximately the same
shape or configuration as the finished projectile. In this manner, we can manufacture
very large and heavy shells or projectiles without the necessity for using boring tools
in the formation of the chambers or cavities within the same, and without the necessity
for reducing the diameter of the block by hammering or by drawing or forcing it
it through dies, after the chamber or cavity has been formed, or partially formed
therein.
Moreover we can, by the same process, take finished solid projectiles and convert
the same into hollow projectiles.
It is obvious that, in making a projectile in the manner above described, the
repeated action of the punches upon the metal of the block will improve the quality
of the steel and make the point or head of the projectile very dense and hard,
thereby capacitating the said projectile for the penetration of very heavy or thick
armour-plates against which it may be fired. Moreover, the tenacity of the walls of
the projectile will be increased by the working of the metal in the manner above
specified.
In making a shrapnel shell according to our said invention, we take a block f,
Figure 10, which may be formed by forging rolling or otherwise working an ingot or
bar of steel or iron; the lower part of this block is cylindrical and of the same, or
approximately the same diameter as the base of the finished shell; the upper part of
the said block has the form of an inverted truncated cone. We heat this block and
place it in a die or mould 62 of such internal form and diameter that the said block
will fit therein with sufficient accuracy to prevent its deformation when subjected to
the action of the punches or mandrels. We also place in the said die or mould, above
the block, a metal cylinder c² having a central hole c³, in which we insert a punch or
mandrel d for forming a central hole or cavity in the upper end of the block as, and
for the purpose, above specified. We then place the said block successively in dies

page_text: such as those shewn at 63, 64, Figures 12 and 13, and work the said block substantially
in the manner above described, by means of punches or mandrels such as those shewn
at d³, d in the said figures. We thus form within the said block a conical chamber
or cavity and produce an incomplete or partially made shell. We then force this
partially made shell through a die such as that shewn at in Figure 14, or successively
through two or more of such dies, by pressure or by impact, by means of a mandrel d'
corresponding in shape and diameter with the chamber or cavity of the shell when
ready for closing and finishing; we thus make the walls of the shell parallel, that is to
say, we make the said shell cylindrical. Each of the punches or mandrels do, do, d
is made with a projection ds at its lower end for the purpose of gradually forming in
the block the chamber for the bursting charge of the shell.
:
The shrapnel shell shewn in Figure 14 is designed to have a conical or conoidal end
secured thereto by rivets or otherwise in a well known manner.
In making a common shell according to our said invention, we proceed in a similar
manner to that above described with reference to the shrapnel shell, using punches or
mandrels such as those shown in Figures 11, 12 and 13, but without the projections
at the lower ends thereof.
We thus produce a partially made shell having the conical form shewn in Figure 15.
We then force the said shell in any well known manner through a die, for instance
such as that shewn at 6 in this figure, by means of a punch or mandrel do, thereby
reducing the diameter of the walls and making them parallel with each other, so that
the shell has the cylindrical form shewn in Figure 16.
We sometimes employ other means than those above described for forcing inwards
or reducing the diameter of the walls of a partially made shell having the conical form
shewn in Figure 15, and thus making the said walls parallel or cylindrical. For
instance, we accomplish this result by rolling the said shell between smooth platens
or suitably shaped dies which are subjected to pressure, and to which reciprocating
motion is imparted so that the said platens or dies move in opposite directions, or
we effect the desired result by rolling the said shell between suitable rotating rollers.
We prefer to place the said shell upon a mandrel before subjecting it to the rolling
operation, in order to ensure the proper shaping of the chamber or cavity in the shell
and also to ensure uniformity in the thickness of the walls thereof. In other instances,
we accomplish the desired result by swaging the partially made shell between suitably
shaped dies which act thereon in directions at right angles to its axis.
In some instances, we force the base only of the partially made shell through a die h,
Figure 17, by means of a mandrel , and then clamp the said base in the end of a
bar or rod i, which is operated by hydraulic or other power to draw the said shell
completely through the die, while the mandrel is held stationary in the position shewn
in Figure 17. By these means, we provide for stripping the projectile or shell off
the mandrel whilst making the walls of the projectile or shell truly parallel or
cylindrical, and, at the same time, ensuring uniformity in the thickness of the said
walls. We thus obviate the disadvantages arising from the use of a taper mandrel,
as in some of the methods heretofore practised, which necessitates the formation of a
taper chamber or cavity within the projectile or shell.
We may, however, employ any other suitable means for making the walls parallel
or cylindrical.
To close the open end of the partially made shell and form the conoidal point or
apex, we heat this end of the shell, taking care to leave the remainder thereof as cool
as possible to prevent up-setting of its walls except at the end thereof, and we insert
the said shell in a die or mould 77, Figures 18 and 19, resting upon an anvil or bed,
which die and anvil support it in such a manner as to prevent its deformation. We
then place over the open end of the shell a die g, which we drive or force downward
upon the shell by pressure or by impact, so that the walls at this end of the said
shell are gradually bent or forced inward, leaving an aperture at the apex for the
fuse.
In Figure 21, we have shewn a forged shrapnel shell which is formed from a solid

page_text: block or piece of steel in accordance with our invention, the open end of the said shell
being closed in the manner above described with reference to Figures 18 and 19. In
making a shrapnel shell of this description, we insert the diaphragm which covers
the chamber for the bursting charge, before closing the end of the partially made
shell as above described. We make the aperture at the apex of the shell large
enough to permit the introduction of the bullets or shot into the said shell after its
end has been closed with the exception of the said aperture. We prefer to fill the
conical or conoidal or ogival part as well as the cylindrical part of the chamber or
cavity in the shell. We then introduce the bursting charge and insert the fuse.
thus produce a forged shrapnel shell containing a larger number of bullets than a
forged shrapnel shell of the same dimensions as heretofore manufactured, and we are
enabled, if desired, to use steel instead of lead bullets, the larger quantity employed
making up for the difference of specific gravity between the two metals. Moreover,
we can, by our improved method, manufacture shrapnel shells more cheaply than is
practicable by the well known method of making them in two or more parts and
uniting the said parts by rivetting, screwing or otherwise.
We
We sometimes close the open end of the partially made projectile or shell by com-
pressing or hammering the same between dies or swages such as those shewn at k, k¹
in Figure 20, which dies act upon the said projectile or shell in directions at right
angles to its axis. For this purpose, the partially made shell is clamped in a holder /
fitted in a bearing and provided with a hand wheel 12 so that it may be turned in
either direction as desired. The bearing is formed in a block m fitted to slide in
suitable guides and provided with a rack m². A pinion n fixed upon a shaft n¹ is
geared with the said rack. A lever o is also fixed upon the shaft n'. By these means,
the said shell may be moved forward as the end thereof is gradually closed by the
dies k, k¹.
We
may, however, employ other suitable means for closing the open ends of the
partially made projectiles or shells.
or
Breech-screws or breech-plugs for ordnance and similar forged articles have
generally been made hollow by boring out the solid metal. In making a breech-screw
breech-plng according to our invention, we first form a metal block of suitable
shape by forging, rolling or otherwise, and we heat this block and place the same in
a supporting die or mould and form a chamber or cavity within the said block by
means of punches or mandrels substantially in the manner hercin before set forth. If
desired, we close the open end of the said block by means of a screw-plug or other-
wise. We then finish the exterior of the block and form the screw-threads thereon,
thus producing a finished breech-screw.
It is obvious that, in practising our invention, we may use any desired number of
dies or of punches or mandrels, and that the shape or configuration and dimensions
of the said dies and of the punches or mandrels must be varied according to the desired
size and shape or configuration of the projectile, and other circumstances.
In some instances, the central chamber or cavity of the hollow article is formed by
driving or forcing a single punch or mandrel into one end of the block, the said block
being reheated as often as may be required. •
The cavity in the die or mould should, as above stated, be of the same, or approxi-
mately the same diameter and shape or configuration as the exterior of the finished
projectile or shell. The metal block from which the projectile or shell is to be made
is preferably of such diameter that it will accurately fit the dic or mould, so that,
although the said block is increased in length by the endwise flow or expansion of the
metal, its diameter will remain unchanged throughout the operations necessary in
forming the chamber or cavity within it.
The blocks which we use for large projectiles may be advantageously made from
cogged or hammered ingots of steel or iron; the blocks for projectiles of small size
may be advantageously produced from bars of steel or iron by the method or process
described in the specification of former Letters Patent granted to G. F. Simonds and 5
dated 9th June, A.D. 1885, No. 7028.

page_text: Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed, we wish it understood that we are
aware of the methods or processes of manufacturing hollow projectiles or shells
described in the specifications of Letters Patent granted to M. Delmard and dated
4th December, A.D. 1882, No. 5770, and 31st January A.D. 1884, No. 2466, and
25th November A.D. 1885, No. 14,480, and of Letters Patent granted to J. Baldie and
dated 9th February A.D. 1884, No. 3047, and 5th March A.D. 1885, No. 2932, and of
Letters Patent granted to W. Deakin and J. B. Johnson dated 30th April 1866,
No. 1221. We are also aware of the method of manufacturing hollow or tubular
articles described by James Thompson in the specifications of Letters Patent granted
to him and dated 19th January 1864, No. 139, and 22nd April 1864, No. 1018. And
we wish it understood that we make no claim to the methods or processes already
claimed or described in any of the specifications hereinbefore mentioned, nor do we
claim the drawing or forcing of a partially formed projectile or shell through a die
while a mandrel is held stationary within the same, as we are aware that this method
has already been adopted in the manufacture of gun-barrels and other tubes or tubular
articles, but we claim :-
First. In the manufacture of a hollow projectile or shell or similar forged metal
article from a solid block or piece, the formation of the chamber or cavity therein by
displacing the metal from the centre of the said block while it is confined in a die or
mould fitting around the same so as to prevent the enlargement of its diameter and
thereby cause the displaced metal to flow or expand endwise, substantially as herein
described.
Second. The manufacture of a hollow projectile or shell or similar forged metal
article from a solid block or piece by driving punches or mandrels successively into
one end of the said block while it is confined in a die or mould fitting around the
same so as to prevent enlargement of its diameter and thereby cause the displaced
metal to flow or expand endwise, and subsequently closing or partially closing the open
end of the hollow block thus produced, and turning or otherwise finishing the said
block, substantially as above set forth.
Third. A hollow projectile or similar forged metal article formed, substantially in
the manner above set forth, from a solid block or piece having the same, or approxi-
mately the same diameter and shape or configuration as, though shorter than, the
finished article.
Fourth. The manufacture of a shell by driving punches or mandrels into a solid
block or piece of metal held in a die or mould, drawing or forcing the partially made
shell through a die or dies and then closing its open end, substantially as above set forth.
Fifth. The improved method of manufacturing a shrapnel shell, consisting in
forming, as above described, from a solid block or piece, a hollow cylinder closed at
one end, inserting the diaphragm therein and then closing the open end of the said
cylinder with the exception of an aperture for introducing the bullets, the bursting
charge and the fuse, substantially as set forth.
Sixth. A forged shrapnel shell the body of which is formed of a single piece of
metal with the diaphragm inserted therein as above described.
Dated this Tenth day of June 1887.
CLAUD T. CAYLEY.
REUBEN SAMUEL COURTMAN.
Haseltine, Lake & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London, W.C.,
Agents for the Applicants.