Year: 1886

page_text: I, CHARLES MARQUIS DE MONTGRAND of St. Menet near Marseilles in the Republic
of France do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
The invention consists in the application to industry of the discovery made by me
of the property common to all gaseform bodies in consequence of which their conducti-
bilities for heat depend on their calorimetric capacities, which latter are inversely
proportional to their tensions.
From this discovery it results that :-
1. Compressed air opposes to the transmission of heat an obstacle proportional to
the relation existing between its tension and the atmospheric pressure.
2. Rarefied air absorbs heat with an avidity proportional to the relation of the
atmospheric pressure with its own tension.
3. Atmospheric air opposes to the emission of heat coming from another body
an obstacle in proportion with the difference between their temperatures and by the
effect of the constant pressure of gravity acting without cessation upon it to compress
it, it co-operates with the avidity of rarefied air for heat to furnish it continuously
with that which the latter may be wanting.
From the first consequence it results that compressed air brought to the surrounding
temperature has lost all or nearly all calorimetric capacity and conductibility.
From the second, may be deduced in accordance with experience, that rarefied air
whilst continually absorbing heat corresponding with its dilatation (consequent on
the constant supply which under the pressure of gravity is continually furnished to it
by the atmosphere of all the heat which it absorbs) cannot in presence of the
atmosphere give any perceptible cooling effect.
Therefore in order that rarefied air may produce a perceptible cooling effect it is
absolutely necessary that it be surrounded on every side with a body incapable, by
its own condition of tension and temperature, of admitting the external heat. If this
body is hotter than the external air, it is, until it has attained the surrounding
temperature, at its expense that the cooling effect is obtained, if it is not hotter than
the external air; it is in the rarefied air itself that the cold becomes perceptible as
long as the surrounding body is incapable of admitting the heat of the exterior.

page_text: It is on these data, which are based as much upon experience as upon reasoning
that I have combined two arrangements of apparatus; the one serving to cool
substances hotter than the atmosphere such as grease, vapors of distillation to be
condensed &c.; the other serving mechanically to produce cold and by super-addition
heat, by means of atmospheric air simultaneously compressed and rarefied.
The Srst consists of an ordinary double action lift and force pump. On the suction
side is arranged a receiver which the rarefied air must traverse in passing into the
body of the pump.
This receiver is entirely surrounded by the liquid or gaseous body to be cooled.
The orifice of this receiver which gives access to the exterior air is furnished with
a cock enabling the admission of the external air to be regulated at will: and a
vacuum gauge enables observations to be taken of the degree of rarefaction obtained
and consequently of regulating the opening of the admission cock. During this
passage into the receiver, the rarefied air becomes charged with a quantity of heat
which in the compression of it effected by the pump is transformed according to the
degree of rarefaction to which it has been submitted into a current of air of at least
30° to 40° centigrade higher than the surrounding temperatue. This heat may be
utilized for industrial or domestic requirements.
The second is composed of several parts; the one which I have called "Diastole "
is intended to receive rarefied air; the second used for compressed air has received
the name of "Catapièse;" the third, resulting from the union of the two, that of
Compensator."
66
I will now give the complete description of this apparatus by referring to the
accompanying drawing.
5
On the same vertical axis a are arranged two cylinders b 6' of such diameters that s
the section of the lower cylinder b presents a surface double that of the upper
cylinder b'. These two cylinders are connected one to the other by a kind of ring c
forming a tie, having the same axis and provided with an orifice d large enough to
give the external air free access to the space which divides them.
The pistons e e¹ of these two cylinders are mounted on the same rod a; they have
therefore the same length of stroke.
The compressing cylinder b' the upper one, is surmounted by a valve box containing
a valve opening from below upwards; its piston e¹ itself carries two valve boxes
containing valves g g' also opening from below upwards.
The rarefying cylinder b the lower one surmounts a valve box containing valves h h¹
of which the one which draws rarefied air from the "diastole" v, opens from below
upwards; whilst that for the expulsion h' held by a small spring which has no other
object than to neutralize its weight, opens from above downwards.
These two pistons are grooved and furnished with leather packing.
On the side of this machine, and the nearest possible to it, is a reservoir, resting on
blocks and separated by the smallest possible space from all that surrounds it. It is
the "diastole r.
The absorption of heat taking place entirely as I have above described, during the
duration of the aspiration, the "diastole” should have at least the capacity produced
by the rarefying cylinder e.
At the top it is provided with two orifices; the one i for the introduction of the
external air under a tension of half an atmosphere differential between the atmospheric
pressure and that of the rarefied air in the "diastole" v; the other jintended to
receive a vacuum gauge permitting at any instant the degree of vacuum to be
observed, and consequently, regulating the opening of the admission valve so as to
have it in the tension of half an atmosphere.
The foundation plate of one part and the top of the upper part of the valve box
are prolonged in every direction, the one below the "diastole," the other above it, in
such manner as to project beyond this and the rarefying cylinder. Around the
" diastole
and the two cylinders I arrange an envelope m of sheet iron of from
7 to 8 millimeters in thickness, and of four pieces connected by means of angle irons n
with the foundation plate and the prolongation of the upper valve box.

page_text: x.
The space left free between these various organs constitutes the " catapièse
It is intended to receive by the valve of the upper box the air first compressed, then
forced out by the small piston e' in its ascending stroke.
Its upper end or cover is pierced with a small orifice o communicating with a
pressure gauge serving to indicate whether the tension of the air in it is properly of
two atmospheres.
At its lateral part it carries a tube p the opening of which can be regulated at will
according to requirements.
According to this the small cylinder during the descending stroke of its piston
aspires atmospheric air from the space which separates it from the other piston; in
its ascending stroke, it commences by compressing this air, then it drives it into the
catapièse" which, by the tube just mentioned, allows to escape between each
ascension of the piston a weight of compressed air equal to that which the preceding
stroke of the piston has brought to it.
"
At the same time the lower piston after having in its descending stroke expelled to
the outside, after having brought it to the exterior tension, the air which it had
previously aspired in its ascending stroke, takes from the "diastole" by the aspiration
valve the equivalent of the air which it has just expelled. The upper orifice of the
"
diastole is regulated at will in such manner that the weight of the rarefied air
extracted by the large piston may be replaced, during the interval of two consecutive
aspirations, by an equal weight of external air. With respect to the lower discharge
valve, it is naturally held closed by the atmospheric pressure.
"
The lubrication of these two pistons is effected with water. For the upper piston
a compartment intended to receive a small supply of water is provided at the side of
the upper valve box. At its bottom this compartment carries a small valve opening
from above downwards during the aspiration and allowing the water to escape by a
narrow conduit upon the upper piston. The quantity of this water which might bo
found in it in excess will be carried away by the compressed air into the "catapièse'
where it is combined with that which may come from the condensation of the aqueous
vapours contained in the air.
"
For the large piston, by the large opening formed in the ring which connects the
two cylinders, for the introduction of the atmospheric air between the two pistons
I pass a small flexible or articulated tube communicating with an exterior reservoir
of water but closed, the flow of which is automatically regulated, as in the old
Argand" lamps by a thin body of water covering the large piston and following it
in its alternate motions.
66
I would here remark that I reserve the right to modify the application of the
above mentioned property of gases and the means of putting the same into practice..
Dated December 7th 1886.

page_text: Process and Apparatus for the Production of Heat and Cold.
1, CHARLES MARQUIS DE MONTGRAND of St. Menet near Marseilles in the
Republic of France, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in
and by the following statement:-
The invention consists in the application to industry of the discovery made by me
of the property common to all gaseform bodies in consequence of which their
conductibilities for heat depend on their calorimetric capacities which latter aro
inversely proportional to their tensions.
From this discovery it results that :-
1. Compressed air opposes to the transmission of heat an obstacle proportional to
the relation existing between its tension and the atmospheric pressure.
2. Rarefied air absorbs heat with an avidity proportional to the relation of the
atmospheric pressure with its own tension.
3. Atmospheric air opposes to the emission of heat coming from another body
an obstacle in proportion with the difference between their temperatures and by the
effect of the constant pressure of gravity acting without cessation upon it to compress
it, it co-operates with the avidity of rarefied air for heat to furnish it continuously
with that which the latter may be wanting.
From the first consequence it results that compressed air brought to the
surrounding temperature has lost all, or nearly all, calorimetric capacity and
conductibility.
From the second may be deduced in accordance with experience, that rarefied air,
whilst continually absorbing heat corresponding with its dilatation (consequent on
the constant supply which under the pressure of gravity is continually furnished to
it by the atmosphere of all the heat which it absorbs) cannot in presence of the
atmosphere give any perceptible cooling effect.
Therefore in order that rarefied air may produce a perceptible cooling effect it is
absolutely necessary that it be surrounded on every side with a body incapable, by
its own condition of tension and temperature, of admitting the external heat. If this
body is hotter than the external air, it is, until it has attained the surrounding
temperature at its expense that the cooling effect is obtained, if it is not hotter than
the external air; it is in the rarefied air itself that the cold becomes perceptible as
long as the surrounding body is incapable of admitting the heat of the exterior.
It is on these data, which are based as much upon experience as upon reasoning,
that I have combined two arrangements of apparatus: the one serving to cool
substances hotter than the atmosphere such as grease, vapors of distillation to be
condensed, &c.; the other serving mechanically to produce cold and by super-addition
heat, by means of atmospheric air simultaneously compressed and rarefied.
The first consists of an ordinary double action lift and force pump. On the suction

page_text: side is arranged a receiver which the rarefied air must traverse in passing into the
body of the pump.
This receiver is entirely surrounded by the liquid or gaseous body to be cooled.
The orifice of this receiver which gives access to the exterior air is furnished with a
cock enabling the admission of the external air to be regulated at will; and a vacuum
gauge enables observations to be taken of the degree of rarefaction obtained and
consequently of regulating the opening of the admission cock. During this passage
into the receiver the rarefied air becomes charged with a quantity of heat which in
the compression of it effected by the pump, is transformed according to the degree of
rarefaction to which it has been submitted into a current of air of at least 30° to
40° centigrade higher than the surrounding temperature. This heat may be utilized
for industrial or domestic requirements.
"
The second is composed of several parts; the one which I have called "Diastole
is intended to receive rarefied air; the second, used for compressed air has received
the name of "Catapièse;" the third, resulting from the union of the two, that of
Compensator."
«
I will now give the complete description of one form of this apparatus by referring
to the drawing accompanying my provisional specification.
On the same vertical axis a are arranged two cylinders b. of such diameters that
the section of the lower cylinder presents a surface double that of the upper
cylinder b. These two cylinders are connected one to the other by a kind of ring c
forming a tie, having the same axis and provided with an orifice d large enough to
give the external air free access to the space which divides them. The pistons e. e¹
of these two cylinders are. mounted on the same rod a : they have therefore the same
length of stroke.
The compressing cylinder 61, the upper one, is surmounted by a valve box
containing a valve f opening from below upwards; its piston e¹ itself carries two
valve boxes containing valves g. g¹ also opening from below upwards.
The rarefying cylinder b, the lower one, surmounts a valve box containing
valves h. of which the one which draws rarefied air from the "diastole
v opens
from below upwards; whilst that for the expulsion ¹ held by a small spring which
has no other object than to neutralize its weight opens from above downwards.
These two pistons are grooved and furnished with leather packing.
On the side of this machine, and the nearest possible to it, is a reservoir, resting
on blocks and separated by the smallest possible space from all that surrounds it. It
is the "diastole'
บ.
The absorption of heat taking place entirely as I have above described, during
the duration of the aspiration, the "diastole should have at least the capacity
produced by the rarefying cylinder b. At the top it is provided with two orifices;
the one i for the introduction of the external air under a tension of half an atmosphere
differential between the atmospheric pressure and that of the rarefied air in the
"diastole " v;
the other intended to receive a vacuum gauge permitting at any
instant the degree of vaccuum to be observed and consequently, regulating the
opening of the admission valve so as to have in it the tension of half an atmosphere.
The foundation plate of one part and the top of the upper part of the valve box
are prolonged in every direction, the one below the "diastole," the other above it, in
such manner as to project beyond this and the rarefying cylinder. Around the
"diastole" and the two cylinders I arrange an envelope m of sheet iron of from
7 to 8 millimeters in thickness and of four pieces connected by means of angle irons n
with the foundation plate and the prolongation of the upper valve box.
The space left free between these various organs constitute the "catapièse" x. It
is intended to receive by the valve of the upper box the air first compressed, then
forced out by the small piston e' in its ascending stroke.
Its upper end or cover is pierced with a small orifice o communicating with a
pressure gauge serving to indicate whether the tension of the air in it is properly
of 2 atmospheres. At its lateral part it carries a tube p the opening of which can be
regulated at will according to requirements,

page_text: According to this the small cylinder during the descending stroke of its piston
aspires atmospheric air from the space which separates it from the other piston; in
its ascending stroke, it commences by compressing this air, then it drives it into the
catapièse" which, by the tube just mentioned, allows to escape between each
ascension of the piston a weight of compressed air equal to that which the preceding
stroke of the piston has brought to it.
"
At the same time the lower piston, after having in its descending stroke, expelled
to the outside, after having brought it to the exterior tension, the air which it bad
previously aspired in its ascending stroke, takes from the "diastole " by the aspiration
valve the equivalent of the air which it has just expelled. The upper orifice of the
"diastole" is regulated at will in such manner that the weight of the rarefied air
extracted by the large piston may be replaced, during the interval of two consecutive
aspirations by an equal weight of external air. With respect to the lower discharge
valve it is naturally held closed by the atmospheric pressure.
The lubrication of these two pistons is effected with water. For the upper piston
a compartment intended to receive a small supply of water is provided at the side of
the upper valve box. At its bottom this compartment carries a small valve opening
from above downwards during the aspiration and allowing the water to escape by a
narrow conduit upon the upper piston. The quantity of this water which might be
found in it in excess will be carried away by the compressed air into the "catapièse"
where it is combined with that which may come, from the condensation of the aqueous
vapours contained in the air.
For the large piston, by the large opening formed in the ring which connects the
two cylinders, for the introduction of the atmospheric air between the two pistons, I
pass a small flexible or articulated tube communicating with an exterior reservoir of
water but closed, the flow of which is automatically regulated as in the old "Argand
lamps by a thin body of water covering the large piston and following it in its
alternate motions.
I will now, aided by the accompanying drawing, describe a modified form of
apparatus which I prefer to employ in carrying my invention into effect. In the
said drawing Figure 2 is a front elevation partly in longitudinal section, Figure 3 is
a transverse section drawn on the line A. B of Figure 2 and Figure 4 is a transverse
section drawn on the line C. D of Figure 2.
A first receiver or "Diastole" of any suitable form is surrounded on every side by
a second receiver or "Catapièse" large enough to leave all around between the two a
regular interval or free space whose proportions in relation to the capacity of the
"Diastole " must be, as nearly as possible, inverse to that of the tensions of the
contained air.
The "Diastole" communicates on one side with the atmosphere by means of a tube
or way whose end is provided with a valve which enables the admission of air to be
regulated aecording to the indications of a vacuum gauge; on the other side of the
"Diastole" communicates with the rarefying cylinder.
66
The catapièse" on one side receives the air driven back by the compressing
cylinder; on the other side it communicates with the space to be cooled by means of
a tube or way provided with a valve enabling the escapement of the compressed air
to be regulated according to the indications of a pressure gauge.
The "Diastole" thus wholly surrounded by its "Catapièse" forms with the latter
my "Compensator."
"
In the modified form of apparatus now being described with reference to
Figures 2, 3 and 4, a is the compressing cylinder, b is the rarefying cylinder, 6' slide
boxes, c Catapièse," d "Diastole," e inlet for air to be compressed, aspiration inlet
of the "Diastole," a passage conducting the compressed air into the "Catapièse,'
h passage leading the air into the rarefying cylinder, i outlet for the compressed
cooled air, outlet for the heated rarefied air, k pressure gauge, vacuum gauge,
m valve enabling the escape of air from the " catapièse" to be regulated according to
the indications of the pressure gauge k, n valve enabling the admission of air to the
l

page_text: "Diastole
o conical plug of the "Diastole," p ends of the "compensator."
to be regulated according to the indications of the vacuum gauge 1,
I would here remark that. I reserve the right to modify the applications of the
above mentioned property of gases and the means of putting the same into practice.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I claim is :-
1. The application to industry, by the means substantially as herein described, of
the property common to all gaseform bodies in consequence of which their conducti-
bility varies like their calorimetric capacities which latter are inversely proportional
to their tensions.
2. The application, which I make, of the above property, by employing rarefied air
to absorb heat from any liquid or gaseous body hotter than the surrounding
temperature, by employing apparatus so arranged and constructed that this body is
used as an envelope around the rarefied air substantially as herein described.
3. The special application which I make of the above mentioned property of
gaseform bodies to the cooling of hot liquids by means of the apparatus substantially
as herein first described and to the mechanical production of cold by the aid
of compressed air by means of apparatus substantially as herein secondly described.
4. The utilization for any required purpose of the heat with which rarefied air is
charged by the process and apparatus substantially as herein described.
.
Dated this 7th day of September 1887.
CHARLES MARQUIS DE MONTGRAND.
By Harris & Mills,
23, Southampton Buildings,
Agents.