IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING AND APPLYING MOTIVE POWER, AND RAISING AND FORCING FLUIDS, AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1862

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Michael Henry, of 84, Fleet Street, in the City of
London, Patent Agent, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING
AND APPLYING MOTIVE POWER, AND RAISING AND FORCING FLUIDS, AND IN
APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN."-A communication from abroad by Louis
Coignard, of 33, Boulevard Saint Martin, Paris, France.
Sealed the 18th July 1862, and dated the 6th February 1862.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Michael Henry at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 6th
February 1862.
I, MICHAEL HENRY, of 84, Fleet Street, in the City of London, Patent
Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN OBTAINING AND APPLYING MOTIVE POWER, AND RAISING AND FORCING FLUIDS,
AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN," communicated to me from abroad by
Louis Coignard, of 33, Boulevard Saint Martin, Paris, France, to be as
follows:-
This Invention relates principally to obtaining and applying motive power
by means of fluids, and to pumping, raising, and forcing fluids. According to
this Invention, apparatus is constructed on this principle. If a wheel revolve
A

page_text: within a closed chamber and have water or a fluid travelling freely through it,
the fluid being admitted into it at the axis or centre, and expelled from it at
the circumference, then the dynamical effect of the steam when issuing from
the closed chamber will be to the force that drives the wheel round in inverse
ratio to the proportion or relation between the section of the delivery or outlet
opening (through which the fluid issues), and the sum of the sections of the
channels in the wheel (through which the fluid passes), so that supposing the
delivery opening to be of a certain section, and the wheel to have at its circum-
ference a certain velocity, then the amount of power required to keep up such
velocity will be so much the less in proportion as the velocity with which the
fluid moves from the centre of the wheel to its circumference is reduced. The
fluid issuing from the chamber may be applied to propelling and other motive
and useful purposes, or the apparatus may be used as a pump, or for raising
fluids and forcing them. The apparatus herein called an aqua motor, for
carrying out this principle, consists in its simplest form of a wheel constructed
to receive, to afford passage for, and to permit the ejection from it of the fluid,
such wheel revolving within a stationary close chamber, in which is developed
the power obtained by and transmitted from the centrifugal action of the fluid
passing through the wheel. Suppose such a wheel mounted on an axis, and
composed either of parallel discs set near together, or of two or more parallel
plates or surfaces connected other plates or vanes, forming passages or
channels, herein-after called fluid channels, leading from the centre to the
circumference, and open at each end, so that fluid may be admitted at the
centre or axis of the wheel, fill the channels, and be driven by centrifugal
action to the circumference. This apparatus is on the principle that forces are
one to the other as the velocities which they transmit to the same moving
body in the same interval of time. "Now, supposing this wheel charged with
fluid and revolving within a closed chamber or casing, the outlets of the latter
being closed, the wheel will only present the same resistance to its driving
power as if it were a fly wheel of solid material, but the cohesive attraction of
the molecules of the latter sort of wheel would prevent disruption under centri-
fugal action, except at very high velocities, whereas liquid, molecules tend
continually to yield to the centrifugal action, and to escape from the wheel and
the pressure which the liquid exerts in the casing and transmits to the body of
liquid therein, is equal to that which would be exerted by a column of the
same liquid of a height corresponding to the velocity of the wheel at its circum-
ference: Supposing that while the driving power keeps the wheel revolving
with uniform velocity, an outlet were opened for the liquid to emerge from the
'casing, it would escape therefrom, and the liquid in the wheel would acquire,

page_text: in addition to its rotary motion, a motion of transference or travel from centre
to circumference, to fill the space left in the casing by the escaped liquid. But
only so much liquid can be forced into the casing as is delivered therefrom, and
consequently the velocity with which the water moves from the centre of the.
wheel to its circumference will be reduced according as the excess of the sum
of the sections of the fluid channels in the wheel over the section of the outlet.
(or sum of the sections of outlets) from the casing is increased, that is to say,
taking it for granted that the sum of the sections of the "fluid channels." in
the wheel exceeds the section of the outlet or outlets from the casing, then the
greater such excess the slower will be the motion of the water through these.
fluid channels. The elementary resistance of the wheel to its driving power,
when the delivery outlet of the casing is opened, will be at at once proportionate
to the velocity of the motion of the liquid along the radius, and to the "circular.
velocity;" hence the liquid receives an accelerated motion in a direction at right
angles to the radius, and as that resistance is proportionate to the quantity of
liquid so accelerated, the work expended during, say, one second, to expel a
given body of water, is equal to the volume expelled, multiplied by the velocity
of travel from centre to circumference, the circular velocity, and the path
described by the radius of the moment of inertia. There thus enters into the
product of the quantities composing the resistance to the wheels' motion, in.
order to obtain a certain delivery through a given section and with a given
velocity, a factor, which may be determined as desired, namely, the velocity of
the fluid's travel from centre to circumference, and though the wheel may.
revolve with rapidity, and considerable pressure be exerted within the casing,,
thereby expelling the liquid with much velocity, the liquid may yet move
slowly through the wheel and present a feeble resistance to the vanes, less
power being expended than the working power produced by centrifugal action,.
the aqua motor thus constitutes a generator, the power it generates being more
than that applied to it.
of
I proceed to explain one construction of aqua motor more fully. A pair of
parallel end plates are mounted on a revolving shaft, between these plates and
connecting them are a number of other plates or vanes, straight or curved,
and set in directions radiating or diverging from the axis of the wheel to its
circumference, to which they are edgewise, and so form a number passages
or divisions herein called fluid channels, which gradually widen outward (i. e.,
towards the circumference) and are open through for the water to pass. There
may be other plates set at intervals between the two end plates and parallel
thereto: The wheel is enclosed in a close chamber or casing, with one or
more outlets, opened and closed as required: As the wheel revolves water

page_text: The angle of the
entering at the inner ends of the fluid channels will be projected from the
outer ends (i. e., the circumference) into the casing. The proportions some-
times recommended are diameter of inlet and height of wheel diameter of
wheel; distance of circumference of wheel from casing height of wheel.
(The fluid channels widening proportionately to radii).
vanes may be sometimes 20°, and sometimes 15°. The shaft may sometimes"
be hung from above on friction rollers, and may be slung from two super-
imposed plates keyed to the shaft, and the shaft may turn on a ball in a step
(slung from the casing), fitted with blocks, and acting as a stuffing box, the
gland and collars being arranged so that the shaft may be adjusted by screws
and blocks for lubricating; the shaft is steadied, centred, and adjusted by
wedges and by screws. In hydraulic machinery hitherto constructed centrifugal
action has been applied, but not collected; whereas in some respects there is
the same difference between those machines and this Invention as between
boiling water in an open. vessel and collecting steam in a close vessel or boiler.
To apply the aqua motor for motive purposes, it must be supplied with
means for actuating its axis, and also with a dynamical, motive, or working
receiver, in which the stream is received and acts, the power generated by the
aqua motor being transmitted thereto. Various apparatuses may be used
as such receiver, but those mostly recommended are either turbines, or else
machines in which a continuously acting column of water is employed, and
especially an apparatus herein called a "rotative," in which is a hollow
drum, the configuration of the inner surface of which presents four arcs
a, b, c, d. The arcs a, b, and c, d, are concentric, but struck from different
radii; but the arcs a, c, and b, d, are eccentric. The drum is closed in by
covers, and has within it a cylinder extending to those covers, and having a
radius about equal to that of the curve a, b. This cylinder, which is connected.
by arms to a shaft passing through the covers, has slots in it, the planes of which
are at right angles to those of the covers; in these slots are moveable vanes
guided in their travel by the slots and covers, and sometimes by rods fitted
in the arms, and encircled by springs. Now as the cylinder is driven round,
the vanes are each in turn forced inward by the shape of the arcs, and are
forced outward again against the casing by the springs, or the centrifugal
action. The cylinder is driven by the stream of water which is admitted
through openings in the sides of the casing, and which impinging against the
first vane drives it partly round, moving the cylinder with it, until the next
vane comes round, closes the channel, and receives the pressure of the water;
whereupon the water that acted on the first vane begins to pass away through
openings in the other partition, the column of water thus presses against each

page_text: vane in turn,. and the cylinder is caused to revolve, transmitting its motion to
the shaft passing through it.
Aqua motors may be so arranged that the water after travelling in the wheel
from centre to circumference, may pass between two guide surfaces and
radiate in a reverse direction in the casing. For marine engines the working
stream may be received in propelling tubes, or in. apparatus mounted on a
screw or paddle wheel shaft.
A propelling engine may be constructed of, say, two aqua motors; the first
being started by a bandle or crank, and the current regulated by. a valve;
motion is thence transmitted by opening a valve in a pipe which carries off
the available excess of the stream from the first aqua motor into a turbine,
which transmits motion to the shaft of the second aqua motor, which commu-
nicates it to the centrifugal wheel, whence proceed streams that flow through
curved propelling pipes. The second aqua motor may be fed from above
through pipes, taking their supply from under the vessel, entering the water
at an acute angle, and taking the direction of the resultant of the water's
horizontal velocity in relation to the vessel's progress and of the vertical com-
ponent of the velocity due to the outward causes producing the rise of water
in the lifting pipes, which have in them gratings to keep down obstructions,
and holes for removing them.
In one arrangement four propelling tubes lead out of the casing, and within
it is fitted truly a cylinder, which (may be on friction rollers, and) is formed
with openings, so that on turning it by rack and pinion, or otherwise, it
always opens two and closes two tubes, (a dial repeating, the motion to the
steersman;) or two forked tubes may be used, the branches of the forks
leading in different directions. The vessel's direction of motion may be
altered by handles in gear with twin valves, whereof one opens a passage,
while the other closes another; the handle may also work doors,. which
slide in guide ways, and close on the outer side the recesses for the exit of the
propeller stream. they carry on the contour of the ship's sides to prevent tho
diaphragms through which the tubes issue from obstructing the vessel's
motion. These openings are closed by stanch fittings, the surfaces of which
are convex and concave.. To prime the aqua motor communication is
opened between the interior of the casing and the water outside."
5 In an arrangement suitable. for locomotives the current which feeds the
"rotative" follows a. forked pipe, of which one branch is opened whilst tho
other is closed,, so that the water may be brought to one.or other side of the
vane in the rotative accordingly, and it escapes from either side alternately
through pipes which are opened and closed inversely. to the inlets, and d return

page_text: it into a tank into which liquids or soluble substances, as alcohol, glycerine,
neutral salts, such as hydrochlorates of lime and manganese, may be intro-
duced to render the water denser and prevent its freezing. Mercury.may
sometimes be used as the working fluid. Instead of a tank, pipes may
bring the water to and from the cylinder by gravity. Propelling tubes be
arranged in groups, and the currents divided into thin streams by partitions
therein. For backing locomoties two turbines may be mounted on one shaft,
and actuated from one casing, but each having its own exit, so that by closing
one exit the apparatus will only act on the other turbine, and the engine will
be reversed. The suction current may be used for motive purposes. The
water's motion in the pipes is produced by the centrifugal action, and by
atmospheric pressure, forcing the stream into the wheel in which a vacuum is
produced. If these two be combined, first, the atmospheric pressure lifting
the water over the working vanes of a turbine, and, secondly, the vertical
traction due to gravity, brings it down from the turbine outlet to the bottom
of the wheel, the vis viva due to the suction current in the aqua motor may
be collected and employed by pumps, or other means. In a form of turbine
suitable for this, the water is guided from the stationary platform to the
curved vanes by straight radial guides, which reverse the direction of motion
of the water, altering it to that of the vanes of the centrifugal wheel. The
passages through which the water travels from the bottom of the turbine. to
the wheel are sufficiently large to liberate the turbine, allowing the water
expelled by the aqua motor to pass the water travelling with a velocity (com-.
municated by gravity, calculating the height of the fall from the turbine to
the wheel, added to the elevation due to the velocity of the liquid issuing from
the turbine. When a turbine is not used for the inlet, the water is guided
in the same direction as the vanes of the wheel, with the same velocity, by
straight or helical guides fixed to the sides of the suction passage. The
66
"
crown or ring of the turbine is supported by arms, or a moveable plate.
connecting it to the aqua motor shaft. The aqua motor may also be driven by
a turbine on its shaft, or by a rotative, or by both. The water ejected by
rotation may assist in propelling.
When a rotative is to act in both directions with the same velocity, vanes
or floats may be fitted in the axis of the moveable cylinder, or two rotatives
turning in reverse directions may be mounted on one shaft; and when instead
of transmitting motion to it they receive motion from it, the apparatus
*becomes a continuous stream lift and force pump. Two such rotatives may
communicate by passages, the whole being made water-tight, and filled with
water. The first rotative is started by actuating a vane thercin by a driving

page_text: shaft; and this vane forces the water into the other rotative through one or
other of the communicating pipes according to the direction it is obliged, to
take, which is regulated by valves, and it thereby transmits motion to a vane
in the other rotative, and returns behind the first vane in the first rotative.
The aqua motors may be readily adapted as pumps; thus a single aqua motor
may be so applied, or two combined for the purpose.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Michael Henry in the Great Seal Patent Office on tho
6th August 1862.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, MICHAEL
HENRY, of 84, Fleet Street, in the City of London, Patent Agent, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Sixth day of February, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, in the twenty-fifth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Michael Henry, Her special licence that I, the said Michael Henry, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Michael
Henry, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others; from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and.
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING AND
APPLYING MOTIVE POWER, AND RAISING AND FORCING FLUIDS, AND IN APPARATUS
EMPLOYED THEREIN," communicated to me from abroad by Louis Coignard, of
33, Boulevard Saint Martin, Paris, France, upon the condition (amongst others)
that I, the said Michael Henry, my executors or administrators, by an instrument
in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particu-
larly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention; and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in
the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immo-
diately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Michael Henry, do, hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, as communicated to me, reference being had to the accom-

page_text: panying Drawings and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to
say:―
This Invention relates to obtaining and applying motive power by means of
fluids, and to pumping, raising, and forcing fluids. According to this Invention
apparatus is constructed on the following principle:-If a wheel revolve within
a closed chamber, and have water or other fluid travelling freely through it,
such fluid being admitted at the centre and discharged at the circumference,
it follows that the dynamical effect of the stream of fluid when issuing from
the closed chamber will be to the power that drives the wheel in inverse ratio
to the proportion or relation between the sectional area of the delivery opening
or outlet through which the fluid issues, and the sum of the sectional
areas of the fluid ways or channels in the wheel through which the fluid
travels, so that supposing the delivery opening to be of a certain sectional
area, and the wheel to have at its circumference a certain velocity, then the
amount of power required to keep up each velocity will be so much the less
in proportion as the velocity of the "motion of transference" with which the
fluid moves from the centre of the wheel to its circumference is reduced.
The fluid issuing from the chamber may be applied to propelling and other
motive and useful purposes, or the apparatus may be used for pumping or
raising and forcing fluids. The apparatus for carrying out this principle, and
which apparatus is herein called an aqua motor, consists in its simplest form
of a wheel so constructed or arranged that fluid may be admitted into it, pass
or travel through it, and be discharged from it; the said wheel revolving
within a stationary close chamber, in which is developed and from which may
be transmitted the power produced by the centrifugal action of the fluid
travelling through the wheel. A wheel of this description can be constructed
by mounting on an axis a number of parallel discs set near together, or two
or more parallel plates or surfaces connected by other plates or vanes in such
manner as to form passages or channels, herein-after called fluid ways or fluid
channels, which lead from the centre or axis of the wheel to the circumference
and are open at each end, so that fluid may be admitted at the centre of the
wheel (that is, at the inner ends of the fluid channels) may fill the channels,
and be driven by centrifugal action to the circumference. This apparatus is
in accordance with the law of mechanics, that "forces are one to the other
as the velocities which they transmit to the same moving body in the same
interval of time." This wheel is charged with fluid, and revolves within a
chamber or casing. Now, suppose all outlets from the latter were closed, the
wheel would then only present the same resistance to its driving power as if
it were a fly wheel constructed of solid material, but the cohesive attraction

page_text: of solid molecules is such as to resist disruption under centrifugal action,
except at very high velocities, where as liquid molecules tend continually to
yield to centrifugal action, and to escape the pressure which the liquid exerts
in the casing, and transmits to the body of liquid therein is equal to that
which would be exerted by a column of the same liquid of a height corre-
sponding to the velocity of the wheel at its circumference. But now suppose
that while some driving power keeps the wheel revolving with uniform velocity
an outlet were opened in the casing for the liquid to emerge therefrom, the
liquid in the casing would at once escape through such outlet, while the liquid
in the wheel would acquire in addition to its rotary motion, a motion which I
call a "motion of transference," or travel from the centre of the wheel to its
circumference (that is to say, through the fluid channels) to fill the space left
in the casing by the escaped liquid. But as only as much liquid can be
forced into the casing as is delivered therefrom, and consequently the velocity
with which the water moves from the centre of the wheel to its circumfer-
ence will be reduced according as the excess of the sum of the sectional
areas of the fluid ways or fluid channels in the wheel over the sectional area.
of the outlet (or sum of the sectional areas of outlets) from the casing is
increased, that is to say, taking it for granted that the sum of the sectional
areas of the "fluid ways or fluid channels" in the wheel exceeds the sectional
areas of the outlet or outlets from the casing then the greater such excess,
the slower will be the motion of the water through the fluid channels.. The
elementary resistance presented by the wheel to its driving power, when the
delivery outlet of the casing is opened, will be at the same time proportionate
to the velocity with which the liquid travels along the radius, and to the
circular velocity, that is, the velocity of rotation at the wheel's periphery,
hence the liquid receives an accelerated motion in a direction at right angles
to the radius, and as that resistance is proportionate to the quantity of liquid
so accelerated the work expended during, say, one second, to expel a given
body of liquid will be equal to the volume expelled, multiplied by the velocity
of the "motion of transference" from centre to circumference. The circular
velocity, that is, the velocity of rotation at the wheel's periphery, and the
path described by the radius of the momentum of inertia. It follows, therefore,
that there enters into the product of all the quantities which make up the
resistance presented to the wheel's motion, when a required delivery of liquid
is to be obtained through an opening of given section or sectional area and at
a given rate of speed, a factor,. which may be determined beforehand, namely,
the velocity at which the liquid is to travel from centro to circumference, (this
velocity may be reduced as low as desired, and practically may be a small

page_text: fraction;) and though the wheel may revolve rapidly, and considerable pressure
be exerted in the casing, so that the liquid may be discharged therefrom with
velocity, the liquid may be nevertheless caused to travel slowly through the
wheel, and present but little resistance to the vanes expending for that object
less power than it produces by its centrifugal action; the aqua motor thus
constitutes a generator generating more power than is applied to work it. In
hydraulic machinery, as at present constructed, centrifugal action has been
applied, but not collected or accumulated, so that there is in some respects
the same difference between the principle of those machines and that of
machinery constructed according to this Invention, as between boiling water in
an open vessel and collecting steam in a closed vessel or boiler.
I now proceed to describe one construction of aqua motor more fully :-A
pair of parallel end plates are mounted on a revolving shaft, between these plates
(and connecting them) are a number of other plates, leaves, or vanes straight
or curved, and set in directions radiating or diverging from the axis of the
wheel to its circumference, to which they are set edgewise, and they thus form
a number of passages, divisions, fluid ways, or "fluid channels," which
gradually widen outward, that is, towards the circumference, and are open
through to allow liquid to pass. There may be other plates set at intervals
between the two end plates and parallel thereto. The wheel constructed as
described, and called by me the "centrifugal wheel" is enclosed in a close
chamber or casing formed with one or more delivery outlets opened and
closed as required. A, Figure 2, and A', Figure 6, are views in section of
this centrifugal wheel; B are the end plates, connected by plates, leaves, or
vanes b', which divide the wheel into the fluid ways or fluid channels; D is
the axis of the wheel driven by any ordinary power; C is an opening, through
which water is admitted into the channel.
In another modification a number of plates may be set closely together on
the axis without connecting plates or vanes, but the former arrangement is
preferred. E, Fig. 6, E, F, Fig. 2 is the closed chamber or casing, within
which the wheel is placed; G, the delivery outlet of the casing. Rapid rotary
motion is communicated to the axis D, and hence to the wheel A or A¹, and
as it revolves liquid drawn into the wheel through the inlet C, and entering
at the inner end of the fluid channels will fill the channels, and will be pro-
jected or expelled by centrifugal force at their outer ends, that is, at the
circumference of the wheel into the casing E, F, or E. When the outlet G
is open the liquid will be discharged through it. The axis D may sometimes
work against friction rollers, and be slung from surperimposed plates, as shewn
in Figures 17 and. 18. a, b, are the two plates keyed on the axis D; and c

page_text: are wedges, driven between them to the required extent by screws d, whereby
the axis is adjusted as it becomes displaced by wear. The axis passes through
a stuffing box in grooves, in which lic wedges b interposed between parts of
the gland f, and adjusted by screws i, so as to centre the axis. In land engines
the arrangement shewn in Figure 19 may be employed, in which a step is
screwed at 6 to a plate a" at the centre of the under side of the casing, and
receives a block d, on which the foot of the axis rests, and which is adjusted
by a wedge e; the axis is centred by blocks f, f, adjusted by screws g, g;
h and c are gland and gland rings, sufficient play is left to allow of the axis
being adjusted and lubricated between its foot and block. E, Figure 6, is a
step or socket, in which are wedges worked by screws to adjust the axis.
The aqua motor is applied for motive purposes by combining it with arrange-
ments for driving its centrifugal wheel, and also with a receiver or apparatus.
herein called a working receiver, into which the stream issuing from the
aqua motor, which stream I call the working stream, is conveyed, and in
which it acts in such manner as to apply the power which the aqua motor
generates.
Various apparatuses may be used as such working receiver, but those which
the Inventor more particularly recommends are either turbines or else machines.
in which a continuously acting column, or impinging stream of water, is em-
ployed, and especially an apparatus which is herein called a "rotative," which
is exemplified in Figures 2, 5, 8, and 10, and is thus constructed :-H is a
stationary hollow drum, the inner sides or surfaces of which are so shaped as
to present four curves or ares a, b, c, d, of these a, b, and c, d, are concentric,
but struck from radii of different lengths, but the arcs a, c, and b, d, are
excentric. The drum is. closed at both ends by covers I, and within it is a
cylinder K extending to the covers I, so as to be closed by them, the external
radius of the cylinder K is about equal to, that of the curve a, b. The
cylinder K is connected. by arms L and boss M to a shaft J passing through
stuffing boxes in the covers I. In the cylinder K are slots, the planes of
which are at right angles to the covers I; e are moveable vanes or plates
working in and guided by the slots; e¹¹ is a strong metal rod working
truly in one of the arms L for supporting and guiding the cylinder when the
latter is horizontal, other rods for a like purpose are fitted in recesses in
the arms L encircled by spiral springs when the cylinder K is driven round
as afterwards described, the vanes e will be forced inward and outward one.
after the other, being driven inward by the shape of the curved sides or ares
a, c, b, d, and forced outward either by the centrifugal action of the revolving
cylinder, or by the springs, when springs are used, and when so driven,

page_text: outward they are forced against the sides of the drum H. G', Figures 2 and.
5, is an inlet pipe for admitting water. The cylinder is driven by the stream
of water which proceeds from the aqua motor through the pipe G1, Figures 2
and 5, and passes through openings G, Figure 10, in the sides b, d, and impinges
on each of the vanes e in turn, thus when it impinges against the first vane,.
say e, Figure 5, it drives it round from e to e', moving the cylinder K with it,
whereupon the next following vane will close the passage from e to e', and
come into a proper position to receive the pressure of the water, while the
body of water which had just moved the first vane e, as described, will begin
to escape through outlets. in the partition c, a column or body of water thus
presses against each vane in turn, and the cylinder is thus caused to revolve,.
its motion being communicated to the shaft J, through the arms L. The
aqua motor may be applied for marine propulsion by conveying the steam from
the aqua motor into propelling tubes G, Figure 6, constructed according to
Coignards' method of propulsion, or in vessels propelled by screw or paddle; the
stream may be received in an apparatus mounted on and transmitting rotary
motion to the screw or paddle shaft in like manner as in Figures 8, 9, 10; a
working receiver is shewn as mounted on the shaft P of the driving wheels of
a locomotive.
In one arrangement a propelling engine may be constructed by combining
two or more aqua motors, as exemplified in Figures 6 and 7, the first of
these is started by a handle or crank, and when fairly in motion the available
excess of the working stream is transmitted to a turbine, which transmits.
motion to the second aqua motor, from which the working stream is discharged
into curved propelling pipes. The machine may be started by manual or
other power, sufficient to overcome the vis inertia. Q, Figs. 6 and 7, is a
crank handle, for starting the apparatus through a bevel wheel. R. on the axis
D of the centrifugal wheel of the first aqua motor, on which axis are also
mounted a fly wheel and a rotative I; a few seconds after the starting of the first
aqua motor a column of water is raised sufficient to press upon and move the
vanes of the rotative, and though the power so obtained is at first inconsiderable,
it nevertheless adds to the initial or starting power, and the motive power
produced, and the speed of the aqua motor thus increases gradually and
proportionately; when the attendant finds the power thus generated too much
for him to control, and the machine fairly at work, he releases the handle; and
by means of a valve f, worked by a hand wheel g, or otherwise, he regulates
the flow of the stream, and hence the motion of the machinery; the disposable
excess of the stream from the first aqua motor is carried away through a pipe
controlled by a valve finto a turbine S, which, through a pinion J and wheel.

page_text: i transmits motion to the axis D₁ of the second aqua motor, from which
the working streams flow through outlets G, into propelling pipes h, arranged
according to Coignards' method, and so propel the vessel. Figures 6 and 7bis
shew a modification in which a rotative T is used instead of a turbine S; this
rotative is fixed direct on the axis D' of the propelling aqua motor, so that
the gearing i, J, is dispensed with. In the arrangement shewn in Figures 6 & 7,
the water is drawn into the first aqua moter from below through an inlet C
from a tank U into which it returns after working in the rotative or turbine.
The second aqua moter draws its water from above through two pipes V, which
are supplied from under the vessel, and enter the water at an acute angle follow
ing the direction of the resultant of the water's relative horizontal velocity in
relation to the vessel's progress, and of the vertical component of the velocity
due to the outward causes producing the rise of water in the suction pipes:
In these pipes are fitted gratings (with wide interstices) to prevent marine
plants and other obstructions from being drawn up into the pipes; such
obstructions being afterwards removed through holes in the pipes below the
gratings. The water is drawn into the centrifugal wheel at the centre either
from above or below, as found most convenient, and generally travels very
slowly through the fluid channels.
1, m, Figures 6 and 7, are stationary deflecting guide plates or surfaces, through
which the water passes from the wheel A into the vessel F, and which deflect
it, causing it to enter this vessel in a reverse direction to that in which it
passes through the wheel. This arrangement may be adapted to other aqua
motors. The fluid channels should be so arranged that the work be divided
as equally as may be between all the vanes, and the size of the channels
should be such that the water shall travel from the wheel into the vessel F
with an uniform and gradually accelerated velocity. The vessel F, which is
part of the casing, forming a reservoir of forced fluid, should generally be
of less diameter than the centrifugal wheel, and when the water is drawn
into the wheel from above, the suction pipe passes through it, but in the
propelling aqua motor a different arrangement, as shewn in Figure 13;
may be adopted, in which F' is the reservoir of forced fluid or vessel into
which the working stream is forced; it consists of a broad cylinder a,
from which branch four short tubes b, forming sockets, in each of which
is fitted a propeller tube c; each tube b may conveniently occupy one-
sixteenth part of the whole cylindrical surface of the vessel F. Within the
cylinder a is a second cylinder d, turned true to fit it accurately; this
cylinder d, which is preferably supported on friction rollers, is free to .turn
when actuated by rack and pinion working within it, or other ordinary means,

page_text: and is formed with openings e, f, so arranged that, as the cylinder turns, it shal
always open two of the tubes c, and close the other two in turn; these may
either be the two that are bent in the same direction, or the two placed
diagonally to each other, and bent in opposite directions; the cylinder d thus
forms a valve. By these means the vessel may be propelled in a forward
direction, or may be backed or swung round when in progress or otherwise.
A dial repeats the motion to the steersman; this may be thus worked:
The axis of the pinion g may extend upward to the deck or the "tween
decks, and work the pointer of the dial placed under the steersman's eyes,
thereby indicating the motions of the cylinder d, and guiding him in steering
the vessel.
But the Inventor prefers the arrangement in Figures 6 and 7, in which
the force vessel F is of less diameter, and is provided with only two socket
pipes, into which lead tubes forked at n, the two branches leading in different
directions. The vessel's direction of motion may be altered by handles in gear
with twin valves, whereof one opens one passage while the other closes the
other, by which means the vessel may be moved forward, astern, or round.
This is exemplified in Figure 7, wherein O are the handles which are worked
by the steersman, and simultaneously actuate through gearing the twin valves
P, P¹, which are on each or either side of the vessel, which are connected by
a rod q. The shanks r, Fig..7 & Fig. 7ter, of the handles. O also actuate
through ordinary gearing valves, doors, or dead lights s, s, Fig. 7ter, which are
placed within and along the sides of the vessel, and follow its form; they slide
horizontally in guide ways in the ship's sides, and thus close the opening formed
therein for the discharge of the propelling stream at that side of the vessel on
which the stream is not being discharged, and so carry on the external con-
figuration or contour of the vessel, thereby preventing the diaphragm, through
which the delivery ends of the propelling tubes pass from presenting a surface
of resistance to the vessel's progress. These doors close the openings on the
outer side, while on their inner side they are closed by staunch fittings con-
sisting of boards or plates, the surfaces of which are shaped convex and
concave; their convex portion being formed as if generated by a right line
turning on a fixed point u, Figure 7 and 7ter; round a diaphragm t from v to,
and the concave face as if a right line turned on the point y, Figure 7, from
u to u following the sweep of the ship's sides. To prime the aqua motor,
communication is opened between the interior of the casing and the water
outside; this may be done by a pipe, Figure 6, furnished with a stop-
cock.
In an arrangement suitable for locomotives, the working stream may feed

page_text: the "rotative" through a forked pipe, of which one branch is opened while
the other is closed, so that the stream may be brought to one or other side of
the rotative vane accordingly, and it escapes from either side alternately
through pipes opened and closed inversely to the inlets, and is thence returned
into the feed tank. Figure 8 exemplifies this arrangement; the working
stream is forced from the aqua motor to the rotative through the forked pipe,
G, G', G, whereof the branches G¹, G", are opened and closed by valves f so
worked that only one of these branch pipes is opened at a time while the
other is closed; the working stream will consequently pass along only one of
the branch pipes at a time, vizt., that one G or G", which is opened, and
will be thus conveyed to the corresponding side of the working vane of the
rotative, and move it in the corresponding direction, so that the direction of
rotation of the rotative may be varied accordingly. The water is discharged
on either side alternately through one or other of the two pipes M, M';
Figure 8, opened and closed at the same time as are the inlet pipes, but con-
versely thereto, that is, when one inlet is opened the corresponding outlet is
closed, and vice versa. These pipes M and M' meet at M" in a main
pipe, through which the water is returned to the tanks that feed the aqua
motor.
As the arrangement allows of the water being returned into the feed tank;
liquids or soluble substances, such as alcohol, glycerine, neutral salts, such as
hydrochlorates of lime and manganese, may be placed in the feed tank to
render the water denser, and prevent it from freezing. Mercury may some-
times be used as the working fluid; instead of a tank, pipes may bring the
water to and from the cylinder by gravity. Propelling tubes may be arranged
in groups, and the currents divided into thin streams by partitions in them.
Locomotives may also be worked in either direction at pleasure by using
turbines instead of rotatives; such an arrangement is exemplified in Figure 12,
in which a pair of turbines, having their vanes inclined- in contrary directions;
are mounted on one shaft c, and fed from a single reservoir, into which water
is forced by an aqua motor. The turbines have separate delivery pipes e, e¹;
in each of which is a valve; if the delivery pipe of either turbine be closed;
the water being prevented from passing through it will exert its whole power
in the other, and vice versâ, and the direction of the locomotive will be
reversed according as to which one of the turbines is closed.
The vis viva of the suction current (in aqua motors, pumps, and other
apparatus) may be collected and applied to motive purposes by combining two
well-known actions producing motion in fluids, namely, the force of atmo-
spheric pressure and the force or attraction of gravitation; thus, for example,

page_text: in Figure 6bis, the former force lifts the fluid to B above the working vanes of
a turbine, and the latter carries the fluid down to C, that is, from the turbine
to the bottom of the centrifugal wheel.
A is a
Figures 15 and 16 exemplify an improved form of turbine for utilizing the
suction current, in which the water is guided from the stationary platform to
the curved vanes by straight radial guides, which reverse the direction of
motion of the water, altering it to that in which the centrifugal wheel is
working. Figure 16 is a horizontal section of one-half of the crown.
stationary platform, on which are a number of straight guide plates E disposed
radially from the centre to the circumference, and intended to direct the
water with an uniform and regular motion towards the periphery of the plat-
form, and to prevent it from being disturbed or agitated when forced into the
reservoir B of the turbine; the stream is by this arrangement of guide floats
duly guided to the working floats, for which purpose these latter are shaped
and arranged as shewn at C, Figure 16.
Figure 6 exemplifies the method of adapting this turbine to the aqua
motor. As the stream leaves the turbine it retains a velocity, the resultant of
which is in an opposite direction to the direction of the centrifugal wheel A,
but being caused to fall on to the guide plates E it is deflected, and its
direction altered to that of the centrifugal wheel. When a turbine is not
used at the inlet, the water is deflected into the same direction as the
centrifugal wheel, and with the same velocity, by fixing to the internal sides
of the suction pipe straight guides, as in Figure 6bis, or spiral or helical guides,
as C, Figure 6. The moveable "crown" or ring of the working vanes C of
the turbine, Figure 16, is supported by arms, or by a plate moving with it,
and connecting it to a boss keyed on the aqua motor shaft. The centrifugal
wheel of the aqua motor may sometimes be driven by a turbine on its axis, or
by a rotative, or by both. If driven by a turbine mounted directly on its
axis, as in Figures 6, 7bis, 15, and 16, large bodies of water may be delivered;
but not at high velocities. If by a single rotative the body of water dis-
charged is less than when a turbine is used, but the delivery can be accelerated
as desired. If driven by both a turbine and rotative mounted on one axis,
say, that of the wheel A, the delivery will be greater than when a rotative is
used alone, and the speed higher than when a turbine is used alone. When
the aqua motor is used for marine propulsion, the water expended in driving
the centrifugal wheel may assist in the propulsion of the vessel by ejecting it
through bent propelling pipes, similar to those before described, and placed in
juxtaposition thereto. Two or more aqua motors may be placed on the same
axis, and turbines or rotatives mounted thereon alternately, or otherwise. The

page_text: usual regulating arrangements may be employed if it be feared that from the
weight varying the velocity may increase unduly, but usually a valve is
sufficient to keep the work regular. When a rotative is to work in both
directions with the same velocity and facility, its vanes must be fitted in the
axis of the radius of the moveable cylinder, but as then the vane when forced
back would exert some friction against the sides of its guide, occasioning loss
of power at high speeds, it is advisable that when the rotative is to work
rapidly the configuration or outline shewn in Figure 5 should be adopted.
An improved continuous stream lift and force pump may be constructed
thus, two rotatives turning in contrary directions are mounted on one and the
same axis, but instead of their transmitting motion to such axis as in respect
of the rotative before described, the axis is driven by ordinary power, and
transmits motion to the rotatives, the apparatus thus works as a continuous
stream lift and-force pump.
In an arrangement which I call the hydraulic transmitter, and which is
exemplified in Figure 21, A and B are two rotatives communicating by
passages C, D, E,.F. The rotatives and passages are both made stanch, and
filled with the liquid. a is a working vane in the rotative A, and a', working
vane in the rotative B; D, C, are. valves similar to thause described in
reference to the aqua motor, Figure-14, one of which is open, while the other
is closed. The vane in the first rotativo being started by the driving shaft
wforce water into the other rotative through one or other of the
passages D, F, or D, I, according to the direction it is caused to take, which
depends on the valves, and it thereby transmits motion to the vane in the
other rotative, that is to say, on motion being transmitted to the vane a by the
axis G, this vane will travel round the channel a, c, b, and will force the water
either through the passage D, F, or through the passage D, I, according to
which of these passages is opened by its valve; the water so forced transmits
motion to the vane a³, and returns to act behind the vane a by one or other
of the pipes E or H. The aqua motors may be readily adapted as pumps,
either singly, or by combining two of them.
The aqua motors may be applied for working machines or tools, or as
stationary engines, and also as pumps, and when so applied do not materially
differ from the aqua motors represented in Figures 2, 6, and 8. For example,
the power of the working stream which in the propelling engine, Figure 6,
has been described as driving a second aqua motor, may be applied to perform'
any other required work, so also the pipe G, Figure 2, instead of serving as a
propeller tube may act as a force pipe, through which water may be lifted; in
this case if a single aqua motor were arranged as a lifting pump there. need
B

page_text: be no tank, and the suction pipe would be carried into the liquor to be raised.
Or again, two aqua motors may be used, and the second aqua motor act as a
lifting pump, by, causing it to raise the liquid, which it moves to any desired
height by regulating the speed of the centrifugal wheel accordingly.. The: aqua
motor may also be used as a stationary engine by carrying.its working streami
into any convenient working receiver, (instead of into pipes, Figures 6 and 7;)
and thereby causing it to drive tools or machinery to which,such-receiver is
adapted.
Having now described, the. nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same may be performed, I declare that I claim,-..
First, arranging and combining apparatus on the principle of construction
herein-before set forth, so as to constitute a centrifugal generator of force, and
deliver a stream of fluid, such principle of construction being as follows:-1f
a wheel revolve within a closed chamber, and fluid travel freely through it,
being admitted at the centre, and discharged at the circumference, the
dynamical effect of the stream of fluid issuing, from the closed chamber will
be to the power that drives the wheel in inverse ratio to the proportion or
relation between the sectional area of the opening through which the fluid is
delivered and the sum of the-sectional areas of the fluid ways or channels in
the wheel through which the fluid travels, (so that supposing the delivery
opening to be of a certain sectional area, and the wheel to have at its cir-
cumference a certain velocity, the power required to keep up such velocity
will be reduced in proportion as the velocity of the "motion of transference"
with which the fluid travels from the centre of the wheel to its circumference
is reduced.
Second, the arrangement and combination of parts constituting the apparatus
berein called aqua motor, in which a wheel so constructed that fluid may enter
it, travel through it, and be discharged from it, revolves within and delivers its
fluid into a stationary close chamber or casing, in which is developed and from
which may be transmitted the power generated by the centrifugal action of the
wheel, substantially as described.
Third, the combination of the aqua motor arranged, and combined as
described with a working receiver, in which it applies, or whereby it-transmits
its power, as and for the purposes set forth.
Fourth, the arrangement and combination of parts constituting the
apparatus herein called rotative, and herein-before described.
Fifth, the arrangement and combination of parts constituting the improved
turbine, herein-before described, and exemplified in Figures 15 and 16 of the
accompanying Drawings.

page_text: Sixth, the adaptation of the aqua motor for pumping purposes, in manner
herein described.
Seventh, the arrangement and combination of parts constituting the con-
tinuous stream lift and force pump, herein-before described.
Eighth, the arrangement and combination of parts constituting the
apparatus herein called hydraulic transmitter, and herein-before described.
Ninth, the combination of aqua motor and turbine, in manner described.
Tenth, the combination of the aqua motor and rotative in manner described.
Eleventh, the arrangement and combination of apparatus for propelling
ships and other vessels, herein-before described, in which the aqua motor,
curved propelling tubes, and appliances in connection therewith are arranged
and combined, substantially as herein described.
Twelfth, the arrangement and combination of aqua motor, herein-before
particularly described and represented in the accompanying Drawings, in
which plates, vanes, or leaves are arranged to form fluid channels (in a wheel
revolving within a casing), as described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Michael Henry, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Sixth day of August, in the year One thousand eight
hundred and sixty-two.
Witness,
S. E. A. NEWSOME,
Patent Office,
84, Fleet Street, London.
M. HENRY. (L.S.)