IMPROVEMENTS IN APPLYING HEAT FOR GENERATING STEAM AND FOR GENERAL MANUFACTURING AND OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES WHERE HEAT IS REQUIRED, AND ALSO POR AN IMPROVED MODE OF SUPPLYING STEAM BOILERS WITH HOT WATER, THE SAID IMPROVEMENTS HAVING FOR THEIR OBJECT THE ECONOMY OF STEAM
Year: 1838

page_text: FLUDES SPECIFICATION.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, CHARLES
FLUDE, of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Manufacturing Chemist,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters-Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at West-
minster, the Third day of November, in the second year of Her reign, did, for
Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant 'unto me, the said Charles
Flude, Her espècial license, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the
said Charles Flude, my exors, admors, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said Charles Flude, my exors, admors, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times during the term of
years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick upon Tweed, my
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPLYING HEAT FOR GENERATING STEAM AND FOR
GENERAL MANUFACTURING AND OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES WHERE HEAT IS REQUIRED,
AND ALSO POR AN IMPROVED MODE OF SUPPLYING STEAM BOILERS WITH HOT WATER,
THE SAID IMPROVEMENTS HAVING FOR THEIR OBJECT THE ECONOMY OF STEAM;" in
which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso that I, the said Charles
Flude, shall cause a particular description of the nature of my said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be inrolled in Her said'
Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and imme-
diately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by"
the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
1.
F.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, 1, the said
Charles Flude, do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention, and the
manner in which the same is to be performed, are fully described and ascer-
tained in and by the following Statement thereof, reference being had to the
Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters marked thereon,
that is to say:-
My Invention consists of certain modes and modifications of applying
heat for generating steam and for general manufacturing and other useful
purposes where heat is required, and also for an improved mode of supply-
ing steam boilers with hot water. The first part of my Invention consists
of further improvements consequent on a Patent taken out by myself, 'dated
Thirtieth January, One thousand eight hundred and thirty-eight, "For
Improvements in Applying Heat for the Manufacture of Alkalies and Salts, and
for Smelting or otherwise Working Ores, Metals, and Earths, whereby, in
addition to the Coal giving off the requisite Quantity of Heat for carrying on
such Manufacture, the useful Product of Coke is obtained." Having in that
Patent fully described the nature of the improvements by which the coke
oven is rendered efficient for the performance of processes by means of the
waste heat to which it was before incompetent, it will not here be necessary to
repeat them, but simply to premise that they consist of the employment of
"hot air" for burning the smoke, and the use of a hopper or feeding. hole
by which fresh portions of coal or slack (small coal) is introduced from time
to time to keep up and maintain the regularity of the flame. I shall there-
fore now proceed to describe the Improvements to which this Patent refers.
Figures 1 and 2, Sheet A, shew a mode of dividing the coke oven into two
fires. The floor is twelve inches high, being formed of one course of bricks
laid flat, and two courses set on edge; the side walls are three bricks or
twenty-seven inches thick, and the front and back walls two bricks or eighteen
inches thick; the space between the two side walls is eight feet nine inches,
and the distance between the front and back walls is seven feet; the arch is
one and a half bricks thick, or fourteen inches, and springs about twelve
inches high from the floor, the rise being two feet, making the under side of
the arch three feet from the floor; the space between the side walls is divided
by a nine-inch wall of fire brick, which gives two coking chambers of seven
feet by four feet in the clear; this wall I build about two feet high, as it is
unnecessary to carry it up to the arch. In the front wall are two doors about
twenty-two inches by twenty-two inches, for charging the coals and withdrawing
the cokes; above the dwarf wall a feeding hole or hopper is made about
four feet wide and ten inches deep; the fire arch is seven feet in length, being

page_text: built with a straight edge with the front and back walls, and taking no bearing
on them; the hopper should be furnished with an iron projecting plate, to
afford a better stop for the coals, a section of which is shewn at Figure 6.
The ovens are used thus:-They are first brought to a red heat by waste fuel,
as described in my former Patent of Thirtieth January, One thousand eight
hundred and thirty-eight, and is well known; the cinders, &c. being cleared
out, cach division is charged with about eighteen hundredweight more or
less of coal or slack (small coal) and the doors built up with bricks, and
plastered with clay or mortar, and when sufficiently coked (known by the
entire absence of flame) the coked charge is withdrawn by an iron rake or
peel, and a fresh charge of coal or slack is introduced, and the doors bricked
up as before; the above sized charge will work about twenty-four hours,
according to the draught, and one size should be charged about twelve hours
later than the other, by which means a greater uniformity of flame is obtained.
one side being fresh when the flame from the other is getting weak. The
ovens, though divided thus, act as one, both fires discharging their flame at
the back into the furnace or under the boiler or pan to be heated; the hopper'
is kept stopped with coal or slack, which is pushed in upon the coke from
time to time when it is requisite to augment the flame; the dimensions here
given are merely given as examples, as I do not confine myself thereto.. The
thickness of the walls will generally be the same, but the size of the fires will
vary according to local circumstances; the above sizes will, however, be
generally found most convenient and effective. The walls must be strongly
braced by iron wall plates and ties or braces, as is. usual in binding together
and securing large furnaces. Figures 3 and 4 shew the same construction,
with the addition of hot air flues for more effectually burning the smoke.
Now as this principle is fully described in my former Patent before recited, I
shall only now describe an improved mode of constructing them. This consists
in making a flue under the floor of the oven (near the side), and connecting
it at the back with the first flue in the said wall; the second turn is made to
rise at the front (see Figure 4), and returns again to the back; it then takes
three more turns on the arch, and eventually discharges through the arch in
front of the oven; the air then has to traverse through six turns of hot sur-
face, and then passes over the fire from front to back: the bottom flue under
the floor I make about four inches square; it is four and a half inches below
the fire; being covered by a brick on edge, the two turns in the wall I make
about one and a half inches wide and six inches deep, the lower flue being
partly below the back of the oven floor; these flues are separated by a course
of bricks laid flat, and are half a brick, thickness (four and a half inches)

page_text: from the fire; the three returns on the arch are separated from the fire nine
inches, or one brick's thickness, and are generally built of a triangular shape,
as shewn in Figure 3; they are about three inches diameter; they are separated
from each other by the thickness of a brick (two and a half inches); the
opening through the arch is obtained by leaving out one brick; the number of
turns may be increased by making additional flues under the floor, but I prefer
six turns on each side, as above, videlicit, one under the floor, two in the side
wall, and three on the arch.
A further improvement consists of placing the hopper above the arch of the
oven when built thus. I denominate the top arch the flashing arch." The
lower arch should not be less than fifteen inches (or one and a half brick) thick,
and must be levelled out to form the floor of the "flashing arch;". this is sur-
mounted by a nine inch arch, commencing in a line with the lower arch, and
ending at the back of the fire bridge; its height in the centre is about fifteen
inches, and it is reduced at the back (by raising the floor) to about six inches,
as shewn in Figure 6. This is to protect the end of the arch from the double
heat, and also to prevent the small coke resulting from the slack employed
for "flashing" the furnace from getting down among the coke below; the
hopper opening in front is reduced in depth to about ten inches..by a four
inch arch or ring nine inches in length, as also shewn in Figure 6. This
is to make a better stop for the coals when the ovens are built this way.. I
prefer making the hot air discharge through the arch in front. (above the oven
door), the mouths or entrances of the air flues being furnished with iron frames
and slides or registers to regulate the draught, the oven doors being tightly
luted up. The coke oven then works entirely by hot air passing over the
fire from front to back, where it encounters the smoke from the " "flashing
arch," and consumes it more or less. I prefer making the feeding hole or hopper
(of the flashing arch) large, say five feet wide by ten inches deep in the centre,
reducing in depth at each side; the flashing arch may also be built below the
floor of the coke oven: see Figure 7. Figure 8 shews the mode of applying
the flashing arch below the floor of the oven for heating a reverberatory
chamber, and Figure 9 shews the mode of applying the same for evaporating
fluids (as in the manufacture of. alum and alkalies), when the flame is made to
play over the surface of the liquid in question, percolater, or hollow, fire bridge.
A further improvement consists of constructing a small chamber to be filled
with the small coke resulting from a former operation at the back of the coking
oven (or in any other convenient part), so as to insure a clear fire for the smoke
from the raw coal in the hopper to pass over and amongst before passing into
the furnace or under the boiler or pan to be heated; the flame and smoke thus

page_text: passage.
Now I would have it distinctly understood that I do not claim originality as
far as regards the principle of burning smoke by passing it over the surface of
a clear fire, the same having to my knowledge been adopted many years since
to furnaces of various constructions, but I do claim the combination of this
principle with a coke oven when applied after the manner here shown. The
mode which I prefer is the following:-The back wall of the oven is built thicker
than ordinary, say twenty-seven to thirty-six inches, as shewn in Figure 10;
upon this nine inch pillars or piers of brick, stone, or other suitable material
are to be built across the back of the oven on the wall or bridge, leaving spaces
of three to four inches between them, as shewn in Figure 11; these piers are
to act as walls to keep the coke from falling down into the oven or chamber;
the flame and smoke passes through the spaces between them from the coke
oven to the chamber to be heated; the space between the two lines of piers is
eigliteen inches; dwarf wall or walls may be used to confine the coke or cinders
instead of the open piers, but, if so, a larger space must be left between them
and the arch to allow the free passage of the flame. A door is shewn on the
side, which should be about fourteen inches by fourteen inches, to be closed by
an eighteen inch fire tile luted up or made tight by clay. This door is for
charging and regulating the small cokes, or a mixture of coke, cinders, and coal
or slack used for the purpose described, or, instead of the door above described,
the opening may be made in the form of a hopper and kept stopped with small
coal or slack. It is sometimes convenient to have two such openings, one on
each side the furnace. This I believe to be the inost convenient situation and
arrangement, but the principle may be applied in various ways with a beneficial
effect. I prefer building the arch of the coke oven with a slight inclination to
rise from front to back, as sliewn in Figure 10; this arch should not be built
beyond the front of the bridge or commencement of the piers, a separate
arch of greater thickness and substance being carried over the portion occupied
by the piers and coke fire, which I denominate "the percolater." I prefer
building the piers and the arch over them of fire stone, as it withstands the heat
better than bricks. This arrangement will be found advantageous for balling
and puddling iron, for smelting metals, &c. Coke ovens may also be combined
with advantage with common furnaces working in the ordinary way with bars.
The coke oven being employed to give the greater part of the heat, the small
fires being merely used as auxiliaries to augment, increase, or maintain the
flame; these smaller fires may be built in or between the walls of the coke oven
or ovens, as shewn in Figures 12, 13, 13; or they may be applied externally,

page_text: consumption of fuel is large, the coke oven or ovens being employed to give
the greater part of the heat, and thus effect a great economy of fuel.
OVENS WITH BARS.
Fire bars may also be combined with the close floor of a coking oven, by
which means the combustion of the fuel is quickened at the expence of a portion
of the resulting coke, which is thus consumed. Figures 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,
and 19 shew this arrangement. Figure 14 shows a range of short bars in front
of the oven, (say six inches in length,) and Figure 15 shews the same arrange-
ment at the back of the floor, or they may be placed lengthwise, as in Figures
16 and 17, an opening being made under the floor to give a draught through
the said bars, as in Figures 18 and 19; the mouths of these openings may be
closed by doors, so as to regulate or shut off the draught. The application of
bars to a portion of the floor of a coke oven, in order to quicken the combustion
of the fuel, may be modified in a variety of ways, but the principle is the same
in all, a portion of the coke being sacrificed for this purpose. Figure 20, Sheet
B, shews a longitudinal section of the oven as applied for heating steam boilers
and evaporating vessels: The door and hopper may be placed either in front
or at the side (the former mode will generally be found most convenient); the
arch is built of the best fire bricks, and may be nine, fourteen, or eighteen
inches thick. I prefer a fourteen inch (1 brick) built about twelve inches in
advance of the front of the boiler to prevent the first strike of the flame from
injuring the bottom thereof. A portion of the same may also be protected by
a shield or casing of fire bricks or tiles. The fire bridge or exit flue is placed
in front of the oven, the flame passing between the arch and the front wall, a
The boiler is to bo
space of about twelve inches being left for the purpose.
placed about fifteen inches above the top of the fire arch, the space between
constituting the flue. The flame then passes along the whole length of the
boiler, front to back, and then returns round the sides of the boiler in the usual
way; but when applied to very long boilers the oven need not extend the whole
length, as seven or eight feet will be found sufficient, a flue being carried under
the boiler the remaining distance, from which the flame rises and passes round
the sides of the boiler, as before described. The boiler thus receives the radiant
heat from the fire arch in addition to the heat given out by the flame. Z is a
chimney, to be used only when the heat is required to be shut off from the boiler
for the purpose of repairs, &c. This chimney, when not in use, is closed with
a damper. The front and back walls should not be less than two bricks and a
half, or twenty-two inches thick, and the side walls three bricks, or twenty-seven

page_text: inches. The extra chimney should also be two and a half bricks thick, except
the front, which may be eighteen inches, as shewn in the Drawing. .Figure 21
shews a horizontal section of the oven, shewing the fire bridge or mouth of the flue
where the flame first rises, and also shewing two openings in the side walls, each
to admit a fire tile or damper for shutting off the heat from the boiler during
repairs, &c. These openings may be closed by moveable bricks when the oven.
is at work.
shows one of two openings, five inches by three inches, at the
back of the oven, to be stopped also by moveable bricks, which are to be taken
out when it is requisite to cool the arch. The air flues formerly described are
not essentially. necessary when the oven is applied in this mode, as the holes !, !,
may then be used to induce a draught from back to front; but the said hot air
flues may be very beneficially used, being made to open either at the back of
the oven (the apertures 7, 1, being closed), or the said hot air flues may be brought
through the side walls at or near the fire bridge in front; the apertures l, l, are
then to be left open or partially stopped, according to the draught. It must be
understood that the chimney shewn in the Drawing is not the chimney ordinarily,
used when the boiler is at work, but only when it may be necessary to cool
down the boiler. Where this chimney is inconvenient (as in a building) a fluc
may be carried outside the boiler to the working chimney in lieu thereof. M
shews an aperture about fifteen inches by twelve, to be built up with moveable
bricks, which are to be removed when. the cooling operation is necessary; a
larger body of cold air then enters and circulates the flues of the boiler in passing
to the ordinary chimney shaft. Another mode. of heating steam boilers and
large evaporating vessels is as follows:-A space of about fifteen inches is left
between the arch of the coke oven and the bottom of the boiler. The oven
discharges its flame at the back, and a hopper is built in front above the arch
similar to that before described as the "flashing arch," but in this case no
brick arch will be necessary above the arch of the coke oven, as the bottom of
the boiler or pan supplies its place. This hopper is used in the same manner
as the flashing arch, the red hot fuel being pushed toward the back of the floor
from time to time to make room for a fresh supply of coals to the hopper; the
bottom of the boiler or pan then receives all the radiant heat from the clear fire
on the flashing floor, in addition to the flame given off from the hopper. Where
it is practicable it is advantageous to introduce a damper through the side wall
at the back of the coke oven, to shut off the heat from the boiler when requisite,
a flue being provided through the front or side of the oven to carry off the heat
externally, as before described. . The flashing floor may be discharged in front
through the hopper, or a side opening may be provided to extract the more
burnt and expended portions of fuel. from the back; this opening may, during

page_text: the time the boiler is at work, be kept stopped with small coal or slack.
Figures 22, 23, 24, Sheet B, show this arrangement: a, the coke oven; b, the
door for charging the coals and withdrawing the coke; c, the arch of the coke
oven; d, the fire bridge, with side openings to admit two damper tiles to shut off
the heat when required; e, the spare flue to be used when'd is 'shut off';f, the
hopper mouth; g, the flue under the boiler; h, the return flue round the sides
of the boiler; i, the flashing floor; k, the opening to extract the cinders: I have
now described what I consider to be the best mode of increasing and maintain-
ing the flame from a coke oven by means of the hopper or flashing. archi; but
various other means may also be adopted with a beneficial effect. Wood, oil,
tar, fat, or other combustible substances may be introduced into the oven or
furnace by pipes or any other convenient means for producing the same effect;
or a brick, stone, or metal chamber'may be constructed on the top of the arch
or in the furnace itself, or in any other suitable situation in connection with the
coking oven, as shewn in Figures 28, 29, 30, Sheet A, to be filled: (or nearly
so) with coal or slack and closed tightly by a door (luted up by clay, loom; &c.)
This chamber then acts as a retort, and discharges the gas and' volatile matters
from the coal contained therein into the coking oven, or at the. bridge thereof,
or into the furnace or chamber attached to the same; when the flame is
expended the retort must be drawn (emptied) of the coke resulting from the
carbonization of the coal and a fresh charge introduced, repeating the operation
as often as necessary; hydrogen gas or carburretted hydrogen gas, obtained by
any known chemical means, as the decomposition of water, passing steam over
and through ignited charcoal or coke by means of pressure or otherwise, the
destructive distillation of coal or other. combustible substances, may also be
beneficially employed as a. means of increasing the flame of a 'coké oven for
obtaining heat for smelting. and manufacturing or other useful purposes, the
retorts, &c. being placed outside the coke oven & heated by separate fires;: but
I prefer the mode above described of feeding the coke oven or the flashing
furnace in connexion therewith, through a hopper with coal or slack (small coal)
in the manner already pointed out...Figures. 31 and 32, Sheet B, are outline
Drawings, shewing the mode of applying coke ovens for those operations requir-
ing very excessive heats, as in the manufacture of glass; porcelain, pottery; and
earthenware, &c.; the ovens are here placed below. the kilns, &c., and four,
eight, twelve, or any requisite number may be thus made to throw their com-
bined heat immediately into the centre of the furnaces, kilns, &c. built above
theni; the draught of the whole being upward, no divisional walls in the throat
or flue will be necessary; they may, however; be used as shewn in the Drawing,
but such walls must be built entirely of the best description of fire bricks, or

page_text: lumps and fire clay, and should not be connected above with any portion of the
work, as they are sure either to fuse or porcelainize more or less. The air flues
may then be made to discharge into the glass furnace direct. This mode of
applying the ovens for the operations described I consider the most convenient,
as they are then separated by a floor from the manufactory, which is thus freed
from all dust; smoke, &c., and the arch formerly occupied by the "tieze hole"
or fire door may be occupied by an additional crucible or pot, but the ovens
may be beneficially employed above as well as below by attaching any number
of them to the outside of the kilns or furnaces employed. Figures 33, 34, 35,
Sheet A, shew the mode of heating glass furnaces from below more in detail.
I have hitherto described the oven with its improvements' as employed for
converting the fuel into coke, but in some localities "cokeing" or "solder-
ing" coal or slack is difficult to obtain and expensive in the carriage: In such
situations the oven 'may still be used with considerable advantage, working it in
the following manner: -The oven is to be charged with coal or slack as if
intended for cokeing (free burning or "swift". coal or slack is best adapted for
this purpose); when the flame is burnt off and exhausted the charge in the
oven is not drawn as in coking; but the flashing arch or hopper is worked as
before described, fresh portions of coal or slack being supplied as may be requi-
site to increase the heat of the furnace; when too large an accumulation of
cinders arises a portion must be withdrawn to make room for a further supply
of slack or coal for maintaining the heat.
If the oven is provided with a "flashing arch" it is advantageous to close
the mouths of the air flues (or nearly so) as soon as the flame is burnt off from
the first charge of coal, by which means a strong dead heat is obtained, which
lasts for several days, the flame being renewed as often as requisite by the
flashing arch. But the construction best adapted for this mode of working is
that where the feeding hole or hopper opens direct into the oven, as in Figure
3, shcet A, through which a portion of the cinders may be discharged when
requisite to make room for a further supply, or the cinders may.be discharged
by an opening at the side or back. of the oven, where strong heats are requisite,
as in working iron, &c. I have found that it is unnecessary to charge and draw
the oven more than once a week, the flame having been kept up during that
time by feeding with small quantities of coal or slack by means of the
hopper, by which means a saving of nearly fifty per cent. in the expence of fuel
was affected, and a large quantity of useful cinders was produced at the same
time, and a considerable advantage also arose from the saving effected in the
ordinary waste of scrap iron worked in the furnace, by preventing oxidation
from the unburnt air passing through furnaces of the ordinary construction,

page_text: the air being by the above mode of working nearly entirely burnt and deoxidized.
I therefore claim the combination of a close hearth or floor, and an arch with a
hopper or feeding means, working in the way described, whether accompanied
with air flues or not. I have now to describe a furnace of a peculiar construc-
tion for burning slack or coal without converting the sanie into coke, or only
producing very small coke of inferior quality; it consists essentially of a close
floor covered in by an arch; I construct it as shewn in Figure 27, Sheet A. This
furnace is built in the same way as the "flashing arch" before described
when in combination with the coke oven. The arch, however, in this furnace
is about eighteen inches from the floor in the highest part, and gradually slopes
down towards the back, as shewn in the Figure 27, where the height reduces to
about twelve inches; an arch is built across the back of the floor so as to give a
clear passage beneath it of about two feet six inches; this is for the purpose of
extracting the cinders, &c.; an aperture, Figures 25 and 26, of about twenty-
four inches by twelve inches being made through the floor for that ]
purpose. This
aperture may be closed by a fire tile or by an iron plate secured by a cross bar.
A feeding hole or hopper is shewn in front furnished with a projecting iron plate
or shelf, or the front wall may be built about eighteen inches before the front of
the arch to afford sufficient lodgment for the slack or coals. The furnace is
used thus: It must be first brought to a red heat by throwing in ignited fuel,
as before described with regard to a coke oven; the hopper is then to be filled
with slack or coal, and as the flame becomes burnt off, the coal or slack is
pushed forward by a rake and the hopper refilled, as before described in reference
to the flashing arch of the coke oven. A door about fourteen inches is shewn
in the side wall through which the workman adjusts the ignited fuel, which
(when all the flame is burnt off') should be pushed back till it nearly touches
the depressed part of the arch at the back, the raw smoke and flame from the
hopper then passes over and amongst the fuel, as before described with regard
to the "percolater" of the coke oven. When the furnace becomes filled the
plate or tile is removed from the discharging hole at the back, and the more
burnt and exhausted portions are pushed through the discharging hole in the
floor by a rake by means of the side door before mentioned; the aperture is
then closed, and the remaining portion of the clear fuel is pushed on so as
nearly to refill the space at the back of the arch; to obstruct and thereby
increase the heat of the flame and smoke in its passage to the reverberatory
chamber or furnace to be heated; the side door being replaced, the hopper is
refilled, and the operation goes on as before, the fresh fuel being supplied in front,
and the more exhausted portions being removed at the back. This, I believe,
e most simple and convenient mode of constructing and applying the

page_text: furnace, which may either be used singly, or two or three may be combined so
as to throw their united flame into the furnace or under the boiler or pan to be
heated. Hot air flues may also be beneficially added, making a flue under the
floor (covered by thin tiles) from front to back, rising through the side walls
and returning over and above the arch, discharging the heated air through the
same in front just behind the hopper. See Figure 27. An arch of common
bricks may be employed to form the fluc above the fire arch, which should be
of fire bricks, as should the inside of the walls next the fire. The mouth of this.
air flue may be regulated by a slide or register, as before described; in some
situations it will be more convenient to discharge the cinders through the side
opening before described, instead of the trap in the floor; this will be regulated
by local circumstances. Now various sizes, shapes, and forms of constructions
may be contrived for attaining the end here proposed; but I believe the form
described is the simplest and best calculated for the purpose; fire bars may be
introduced in a portion of the floor to quicken the combustion of the fuel, as
shewn and described at Figures 14 to 19 in reference to the coke oven, but they
will seldom be necessary, and for many purposes inconvenient. What there-
fore 1 claim is the combination of a close hearth and arch, whether a portion of
the same be combined with fire bars in the way described or not, so long as the
close hearth occupies the greater surface, as by this arrangement a much more
gradual and perfect combustion of the coals or slack is obtained, and the dead
heat is easily maintained even when the furnace is not fed for hours, particularly
when no fire grate or bars are used. Another important advantage is, that it
admits of nice regulation with respect to the quantity of air passing into and
through the furnace, which I have found of great advantage in smelting and
working metals, particularly with regard to iron when no bars were used, and
considerable saving in the waste of material will be found to take place by pre-
venting the oxidation produced by the unburnt, and passing through the bars
of furnaces of the ordinary construction.
MODE OF SUPPLYING STEAM BOILERS WITH HOT WATER.
The ejection steam from the cylinder, instead of being blown off into the
atmosphere, as is usual in locomotive engines, is conducted into the water tank
either on the surface of the water or by allowing the pipe to dip two or three
inches into the same. See Figure 36, sheet C. The uncondensed steam passing
through a chamber about three feet high, divided into a series of partitions by
thin plates of iron or other suitable material, the partitions being one inch and
a half and one inch in diameter; the larger partitions being closed at each end,

page_text: and communicating at each alternate end laterally by a line of 6 or 7 two-inch
pipes. See Figure 37. The partitions are to be placed in a right line with the
carriages, by which means every alternate division will constitute a wind flue,
the velocity of the draught being increased by the speed of the engine; it is for
this reason that the communication between each steam chamber or box at
the ends is made by pipes instead of closed steam boxes. As the open spaces
between the pipes allow the passage of cold air, by which means both surfaces
of each partition or steam box is considerably refrigerated, a three-inch pipe
is carried from the top of the last steam box (outside the tank) to a second con-
denser of the same construction (but only about eighteen inches deep), placed below
the tank, the last steam box of which is furnished with an escape pipe, regulated
by a stop cock, to allow the small portion (if any) of still uncondensed steam to
escape. A pipe is also attached to the bottom of this condenser to carry off the
condensed water to a small cistern shewn in Figure 36, from which it may be
raised to the supply tank by a force pump worked by the engine. A series of
pipes may be substituted instead of these steam boxes on the same principle,
each pipe of the upper condenser being laid with a trifling inclination toward
the tank, to conduct back the condensed water; or the steam may be conveyed
from the cylinder through a coil of pipes placed in the tank (as in ordinary
condensers as applied to stills), so as to beat the water in its passage. The lower
end of this pipe communicates with the lower condenser from the last pipe, a
steam box of which a connexion is made with the upper condenser, which in its
turn discharges its condensed water into the tank, as shown in the Drawing;
but I prefer the steam boxes as above described, formed of one eighth of an
inch plate iron, zinc, or other suitable material. Figure 36 shews too cocks,
the small one to be used as a jet to ascertain the presence of water, and the
larger one to let off the same (when accumulated) into the tank; or dip pipes
may be employed to discharge the condensed water from the bottom of the
condenser, the said pipes being carried nearly to the bottom of the tank, as
will be easily understood by engineers; the dimensions & admeasurements here
given may be varied according to circumstances, as I do not confine myself
thereto.
:
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the manner of perform-
ing the same, I would have it understood that what I claim as my Invention is,--
First, I claim the mode of dividing coke ovens into two or more compart-
ments, as shewn at Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, Sheet A, whether the same be accom-
panied by hot air flues and feeding means or not.
Secondly, I claim the combination of a coke oven with a flashing arch or
feeding means, as shewn and described at Figures 5; 6, 7 8, and 9, Sheet A.

page_text: Thirdly, I claim the mode of increasing the heat and burning the smoke of
coke ovens, shown and described at Figures 10, and 11, Sheet A.
Fourthly, I claim the combination of common fires and coke ovens, as shewn
and described at Figures 12, 13, and 13, Sheet A.
Fifthly, I claim the combination of fire bars or grates with a coking hearth
or floor, as shewn and described at Figures 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and .19..
Sixthly, I claim the mode, of heating steam boilers and evaporating vessels,
as shewn and described at Figures 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24, Sheet B, whether
the same are furnished with side flues or not, and whether the draught is from
front to back, or in any other convenient direction.
Seventhly, I claim the general application of the oven to steam boilers and
evaporating vessels when combined with hoppers or feeding means, or air flues,
or both.
Eighthly, with respect to the manufacture of glass, porcelain, pottery, and
earthenware, I claim the general application of the waste heat of coke ovens to
the particular purposes aforesaid.
Ninthly, I claim the mode of heating glass furnaces by fires situated beneath
the glass furnace, instead of being placed in the furnace itself, as hitherto
practised, whether such fires be of the ordinary construction, or any of the con-
structions above described, plans of which are shewn in Sheets A and B.
Tenthly, I claim the combination of coke ovens with "feeding means," when
the heat of such ovens is employed for smelting or manufacturing purposes, or
for heating steam boilers or evaporating vessels, whether such end be obtained by
introducing combustible substances, gasses, or any of the means above described.
Eleventhly, I claim the mode of constructing furnaces for the combustion of
slack or coal shewn and described at Figures 25, 26, and 27, Sheet A.
Twelfthly, I claim the mode of condensing stean, shewn and described at
Sheet C, and thus obtaining hot water for supplying the boilers of locomotive
engines on railways.
Thirteenthly, I claim the combination of a close floor or partially close floor
and arch and feeding means, or common fires, or both, as before described,
whether the same be employed for making coke or not, so long as the same is
used & employed for heating purposes, according to the mode and description
above specified and explained.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Flude, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this First day of May, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and thirty-nine.
(L.S.) CHA FLUDE.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the First day of May, in the year of
our Lord 1839, the aforesaid Charles Flude came before our said Lady the
Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification aforesaid, and all
and everything therein contained and specified, in form above written. And
also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of the
Statute made for that purpose.
Inrolled the Third day of May, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and thirty-nine.