IMPROVEMENTS IN BLEACHING PAPER PULP OR OTHER MATERIALS
Year: 1884

page_text: "
I, JOHN HENRY JOHNSON, of 47 Lincolus Inn Fields, in the County of Middlesex,
Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN BLEACHING PAPER PULP OR OTHER MATERIALS which invention has been
communicated to me from abroad by Jean Baptiste Fessy, of Saint Etienne in the
Republic of France, to be as follows:-
Hitherto the bleaching of materials for paper making and the bleaching of other
materials has been effected by immersion in baths of different kinds whereby there
results a considerable loss of the bleaching agents in consequence of a great
quantity being required for the immersion of the materials.
This Invention has for its object to effect economy in the cost of bleaching by
reason of the small quantity of bleaching agents required and to save time owing
to the rapidity with which the process can be performed by effecting the thorough
utilization of the action which developes from the decolorizing agents when in a
nascent condition.
To attain these objects according to this Invention the bleaching or decolorizing
is effected by submitting the materials to be bleached to the action of a solution or
solutions of the bleaching or decolorizing Agents when in a state of pulverization
spray or fine division which may be effected by causing the said Agents whilst
under pressure to impinge or come in contact with a resisting medium or to be
dispersed by steam or compressed air and I submit the materials to be bleached to
the action of this finely divided agent or agents whereby the bleaching or
decolorizing can be effected readily and to any required degree. The bleaching
agents may be of the usual kind.
I may employ for the purposes of this Invention an apparatus analogous to the
pulverizer of Koerting Brothers but constructed as follows:-
The steam or other fluid passes through a tube and stop cock into a nozzle from
whence it issues under pressure into a funnel into which opens in front of the said
nozzle another nozzle through which the bleaching liquids to be pulverized pass by
separate branches provided with stop cocks so that the said liquids are instantly
combined in any required proportions capable of being regulated by the stop cocks

page_text: The said two nozzles constitute an arrangement resembling a spray producer
enclosed in a funnel or trumpet mouth and produces a thorough pulverization and
mixture of the bleaching agents which issue therefrom in a fine state of division
and act instantaneously upon the pulp or other materials to be bleached or
decolorized.
The stop cock on the pipe for the steam or other fluid under pressure enables
the supply and pressure to be regulated to give the proper pulverization of the
agents for their due action to be bleached or decolorized.
The steam or other fluid under pressure escaping by the one nozzle draws the
liquids or agents from their respective supply pipes and nozzles in regulated
quantities according to the adjustment of the stop cocks and instantaneously
pulverizes or sprays and thoroughly combines the same and this finely pulverised
or sprayed combination acts upon the matter to be bleached and effects the said
bleaching by instantaneous reaction.
I do not necessarily limit myself to the pulverizing apparatus hereinbefore
described, but it is the best with which I am acquainted for the purposes of this
Invention the essence of which is the instantaneous pulverizing and combination
of the bleaching agents which will give the reaction necessary for bleaching or
decolorizing.
The bleaching thus effected does not deteriorate and by its aid paper pulp usually
very difficult to bleach can be bleached with rapidity, and it is possible to bleach
pulp which hitherto could not be bleached in a practically available manner and
facility is also given for obtaining an absolutely regular and uniform bleaching to
any desired tint as the operation can be arrested at any desired stage. There is
great economy in the bleaching Agents as any surplus is not wasted,
I may use, as the means of pulverizing, Steam, or any other chemical or
mechanical agent, such as Carbonic Acid, compressed Air, electricity, atmospheric
pressure, or pressure of water, or any other Agent capable of producing the same
results.
The temperature of the Steam or Agent employed can be regulated in
accordance with the pressure and effect desired.

page_text: I JOHN HENRY JOHNSON of 47 Lincolns Inn Fields in the County of Middlesex
Gentleman do hereby declare the nature of said invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
BLEACHING PAPER PULP OR OTHER MATERIALS" which invention has been com-
municated to me from abroad by Jean Baptiste Fessy of St Etienne in the
Republic of France and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
Hitherto the bleaching of materials for paper making and the bleaching of other
materials has been effected by immersion in baths of different kinds whereby there
results a considerable loss of the bleaching agents in consequence of a great quantity
being required for the inmersion of the materials.
This Invention has for its object to effect economy in the cost of bleaching
by reason of the small quantity of bleaching agents required and to save time
owing to the rapidity with which the process can be performed by applying the
decolourizing or bleaching agents in a nascent condition as hereinafter explained.
To attain these objects according to this Invention the bleaching or decolourizing
is effected by submitting the materials to be bleached to the action of a solution or
solutions of the bleaching or decolourizing agents when in a state of pulverization
spray or fine division which may be effected by causing the said agents to be
dispersed by steam or compressed air and I submit the materials to be bleached to
the action of this finely divided agent or agents whereby the bleaching or
decolourizing can be effected readily and to any required degree.
I may employ for the purposes of this Invention an apparatus analagous to the
pulverizer of Koerting Bros but constructed as hereinafter described with reference
to figs 1 and 2 of the accompanying drawings.
The steam or other fluid passes through a tube A CD and stop cock B into a
nozzle E from whence it issues under pressure into a funnel F G H J into which
opens in front of the said nozzle E a nozzle O to which the bleaching liquids to be
pulverized are supplied by a pipe L connected to separate branches L' L2 provided
with stop cocks M K so that the said liquids are instantly combined in any required
proportions capable of being regulated by the Stopcocks M K.-The said two
nozzles constitute an arrangement resembling a spray producer enclosed in the
funnel or trumpet mouth F G H J and producing a thorough pulverization and
mixture of the bleaching agents which issue therefrom in a fine state of division
and act instantaneously upon the pulp or other materials to be bleached or
decolourized.
The stop cock B on the pipe for the steam or other fluid under pressure
enables the supply and pressure to be regulated to give the proper pulverization
of the agents for their due action on the materials to be bleaclied or decolourized.
The steam or other fluid under pressure escaping by the one nozzle draws the
liquids or agents from their respective supply pipes and nozzle O in regulated
quantities according to the adjustment of the stop cocks and instantaneously
pulverizes or sprays and thoroughly mixes or combines the same and this finely
pulverized or sprayed combination of steam and liquids acts upon the matter to be

page_text: bleached and effects the said bleaching by instantaneous reaction.-The bleaching
action is promoted by the speed with which the agents are delivered and by the
heat of the steam supply which may be further controlled by means of a cone or
regulator such as is commonly employed in the Körting apparatus.
I do not necessarily limit myself to the pulverizing apparatus constructed as
herein before described, but it is the best with which I am acquainted for the
purposes of this Invention.-Any other mechanical arrangement may be employed
which is capable of producing the instantaneous pulverizing and combination
of the bleaching agents which will give the reaction necessary for bleaching or
decolourizing.
I will now proceed to describe as an example of the application of the invention
the bleaching of paper pulp with the employment of two liquids hereinafter
referred to as 1 and 2 which when combined form chlorous acid being prepared as
hereinafter described or otherwise.
.
The action of the apparatus as regards the pulverizing and mixing of the
bleaching agents and the effect produced on the materials is regulated and controlled
by manipulating the cocks B K M the cock B controlling the steam jet and the
cocks K M the supply of the liquids 1 and 2 respectively.-These liquids meeting
in the pipe L at the junction of the pipes L¹ L³ pass through the nozzle O and
are broken up and reduced to a fiue state of division or spray by the action of
the jet of steam delivered from the nozzle E at right angles to the stream of
liquid.
The fine spray or vapour thus produced in the funnel F G H J is caused to
impinge against and disperse or spread itself over the surface of and penetrate the
pulp which instantaneously loses its color-An average degree of whiteness is thus
obtained immediately but the bleaching effect may be heightened as required by
simply continuing the treatment.
This system of bleaching can be readily applied by utilizing the apparatus
ordinarily employed in paper mills and requires no special skill or training on the
part of the workman.-The effect produced on the materials is permanent and
paper pulp usually very difficult to bleach can be bleached with rapidity the
operation lasting from a few minutes to a few hours according to the nature of
the materials Pulp which owing to the chemical nature of the colour or the
mechanical condition of the materials (wood pulp, for example) hitherto could
not be bleached in a practically available manner can be successfully treated
by means of this process and facility is also given for obtaining an absolutely
regular and uniform bleaching to any desired tint or degree as the chemical and
mechanical action can be arrested at any desired stage-There is great economy
in the bleaching agents as the surplus may be rensed after purification and
regeneration.
The Chemical combinations being formed and applied simultaneously are
enabled to act under the most favourable conditions possible thus producing a
more rapid, powerful and economical effect than in the ordinary. processes The
decolorizing agent being employed in the nascent state each molecule of the
bleaching compound is enabled to instantaneously bleach a molecule of the material
under treatment an effect which it would be impossible to produce even with much
stronger compounds mixed before-hand.
I may use as the means of pulverising steam or any other chemical or mechanical
agent such as Carbonic acid compressed air electricity atmospheric pressure or
pressure of water or any other agent capable of producing the same results.
The temperature of the steam or agent employed can be regulated in accordance
with the pressure and effect desired by the employment of special heating appliances
or otherwise.
The nature of the chemical ingredients employed in preparing the bleaching
solutions to be applied in the form of spray or vapour as herein before described
necessarily varies according to the nature of the materials to be treated and.
the effect to be produced by the instantaneous combinations or reactions-Any.

page_text: bleaching agent capable of producing the required reactions may be employed.―
As an example of a bleaching agent which may be advantageously employed in
carrying out this invention in practice I will describe two solutions which
correspond with the liquids herein before referred to as 1 and 2..
The Liquid No 1 is composed of one part of commercial Chloride of Lime and
one hundred parts water care being taken that the water employed completely
exhausts the chloride.
The Liquid No 2 is composed of two parts of carbonate of soda and one hundred
parts water the temperature being maintained at a point between about ninety five
and one hundred and four degrees Fahrenheit.
When these solutions (liquids 1 and 2) are mixed in presence of steam and at
the aforesaid temperature carbonate of lime is precipitated which however does not
injure the pulp and which may be readily removed from woven fabrics also soda
which being set free combines with the nascent chlorine and forms a compound
possessing very great bleaching or discolorising power being an alkaline chlorite
and not a hypochorite-In the presence of air this powerful but unstable compound
does not preserve its properties in the same high degree and is probably converted
into hypochorite and into chloride of sodium.
By the employment of liquids thus prepared a maximum of decolorising or
bleaching power is obtained with a minimum of chloride of lime-This deco-
lourising power is equal to that afforded by the action of caustic soda upon liquid
chlorine but does not attack cellulose as does the latter so that this improved
bleaching process is applicable to the most deeply and strongly coloured materials
as well as the finest cotton goods-The necessary ingredients for the preparation of
the solutions are readily obtained and in paper mills a saving of at least sixty
per cent of the chloride of lime usually employed is effected. According to the
improved process the usual quantity of chloride is replaced by soda which is much
less expensive and the greater part of which may be readily provided for by the
saving resulting from the absence of the preliminary washings usually required.-
Moreover a large proportion of the soda may be recovered after the operation
from the liquid which is clarified mixed and used again and again as solution
No 2.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said
Invention and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what
I claim is
First The improved process of bleaching or decolourising paper pulp & other
materials vegetable or animal consisting in causing the bleaching or decolorizing
agent to be pulverized or converted into spray and employing the same for
bleaching or decolourising substantially as hereinbefore described.
Second: Bleaching paper pulp and other materials by submitting them to the
decolorising action of the spray or vapour produced by the employment of the
bleaching solutions prepared and pulverized as hereinbefore described.
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