IMPROVEMENTS IN AUTOMATIC SAFETY CAR ȘIGNALS
Year: 1883

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Henry Rushforth, Locomotive Engineer, of
Camden in the State of New Jersey, United States of America for an
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN AUTOMATIC SAFETY CAR ȘIGNALS"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Honry Rushforth
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 8th August 1883.
WILLIAM HENRY RUSHFORTH, Locomotive Engineer, of Camden, in the State of
New Jersey, United States of America, IMPROVEMENTS IN AUTOMATIC SAFETY
CAR SIGNALS
My invention relates to means for protecting standing trains from collision from
the rear.
As is well known upon the unexpected stoppage of a train it is
necessary that a brakeman should proceed some distance to the roar of the train
and display a danger signal.
In the event of failure to perform this duty the standing train is exposed to
the risk of collision by following trains, and to such extent is at the mercy of the.
brakeman. The object of my invention is to provide an automatically operating
device which upon the stoppage of the train shall occasion the display of a danger
signal upon the rear of the train.
A further object of my invention is to so construct the above danger signal
device that it shall be equally effective either by day or night. Heroinafter I have
fully described
my invention. In the accompanying drawings, Figure 1 is
an end elevation of a railroad car to which is shown applied an apparatus
embodying my invention in the position which the parts occupy when the danger
signal is exposed. Figure 2 is a similar view of the danger signal device, repre-
senting the parts in the opposite position to that of Figure 1 or when the danger
signal is not exposed. Figure 3 is a sectional elevational detailed view of a form
of pump cylinder which I find it convenient to employ. Figure 4 is a side
elevation of the car and apparatus shown in Figure 1.
In Figures 1 to 4 air-brake mechanism is assumed to be employed.
Figure 5 is a view representing the position of parts of the signalling device
when the danger signal is exposed and when said signal is operated by mechanism
connected with a vacuum brake system.
Figure 6 is a sectional elevational detailed view of a pump cylinder which I find
it convenient to employ in connection with the devices shown in Figuro 5 and in
connection with a vacuum brake system,

page_text: Figure 7 is a contral sectional detail view of a form of valve which I find it
convenient to employ in connection with the pipes leading to the pump cylinder.
Similar letters of referenco indicate corresponding parts. My invention consists
in a danger signal applied to the end of a car and which is connected with air or
vacuum brake systems under the control of the engineer, and which is also capable
of being operated by the breaking of the hose-brake-coupling, the arrangement
being such that upon the stoppage of the train either by the application of the
brakes by the engineer or by the breaking of the car coupling, the power which
has been utilized for the application of the brakes is also utilized through any
suitable connecting instrumentality to operate and display a danger signal applied
to the rear of the train.
Many convenient means of effecting the connection between the brake motor
and the signal light or signal arms or both, of constructing and operating the signal
light and signal arms themselves, of obscuring and exposing said light and of
raising and lowering said arms may be resorted to without departing from the
invention proper as above set forth. I have, however, devised the following means
of connection and construction which I recite as suitable to carry my invention
into practice. In the drawings which represent my invention as embodying in its
construction both a signal light and signal arms, A represents a car to which is
shown applied the said combined improvements.
Referring now, however, 'first to a construction in which a single light is alone
employed and which is the arrangement especially designed for use by night, as the
signal arms are of especial utility in the day time when a light cannot be so readily
scen, C is a signal lantern casing or enclosed chamber conveniently erected upon the
top or upper end or roof of a car and containing a lantern or other signal light.
This casing is provided with and enclosed in front (or as to that portion which faces
rearwardly away from the car) by a vertically sliding or moving plate H which is
provided with two openings or bull's eyes in alignment one above the other and at
-some-little-distance apart, the lower of which in the arrangement represented being
a red bull's eye of glass or other transparent medium designated D, of a character.
agreed upon to indicate danger, and the upper of which designated D₁ is a plate of
clear glass or other white transparent medium agreed upon to indicate safety.
In the signal lantern casing the light is after dark kept constantly-burning, and
according to the position of the slide with respect to its being raised or lowered
the red or danger bull's eye or the white or safety bull's eye is caused to register
in front of the lamp so as to cause a red or a white light to be exposed to the rear
of the car.
The device for controlling the vertical set of the slide is connected with the
brake system and is conveniently of the following character. E is an air pump
cylinder fixedly applied preferably to the end of a car, either inside or outside as
convenience of arrangement may dictate, and fitted internally with a piston F
from which is orected a piston rod or stem G which is at its upper extremity
connected with the sliding plate H. In the arrangement reprosented the piston
stem is bifurcated at its upper extremity beyond the cylinder and its bifurcated
arms directly connected with the plate. The stem of the piston is preferably in
alignment with the light in the lantern, and when the parts are in the position
represented in Figure 1 or the piston at the upper extremity of its stroko the stem
is elevated so as to cause the elevation of the slide and the presentation of the
danger bull's-eye light in frout of the light in the lantern. When, on the other
hand, the piston is in the position represented in Figure 2, or down within its
cylinder, the red bull's eye is lowered and the white or safety bull's-eye presented
in front of the light. The head plate of the air brake cylinder E is provided with
a small hole or perforation B to permit of the influx of air to allow of the slow
descent of the piston, K (Figure 1) is the auxiliary reservoir in a system of air
brakes, J is the brake cylinder, and A¹the pipe leading from the auxiliary
reservoir to said brake cylinder.

page_text: I is a pipe leading from the pipe A1, at a point between the auxiliary reservoir
and the. brake cylinder to a pipe I', which latter pipe extends the entire length
of the car and terminates at each of its ends respectively in vertical pipes I" and I
which lead to pump cylinders E at both ends of the car. In Figure 7 is represented
a valve designated by the letter a, one of which is conveniently placed in each
of the vertical pipes I" and I, and which is designed to permit the ready flow
of the air upwardly through said pipes into the cylinder E so as to permit of the
rapid lifting of the piston and display of the danger bull's-eye, while it is also
designed to cause the slow escape of the air from out the cylinder so that the
descent of the piston is not rapid but gradual.
In the above-named valve b is a plug or stopper fitted within the vertical pipo
and provided with a circumferential flange or shoulder c by which the plug seats
itself upon a throat in said vertical pipe. The plug is perforated by a vertical
hole d which is sufficiently small to permit of the gradual escape of the air from
out the cylinder below the piston upon the descent of the latter back through the
plug into the vertical pipe. e is a spring casing containing a spiral spring f, which
encloses within it a thimble g, which in turn contains the upper extremity of a
pin h the lower extremity of which is seated in the stopper. The lower extremity
of the spring abuts against a circumferential flange formed on the base of the
thimble, and the upper extremity of said spring bears against a cap i fixedly
supported within the spring casing. The entire contrivance is enclosed within
a tight valve chamber from out of which leads the continuation of the vertical
pipe.
The operation of the above device, which is a well known form of valve not
novel with me, is very simple, that is to say upon the sudden influx of air upwardly
through the vertical pipe to which the valve is applied, the stopper is lifted and
with the stopper the pin and thimble, whereby tho spring is compressed. The
lift of the stopper which is of larger diameter than the throat within which it is
placed permits of the free escapo of the air upwardly around the stopper and the
lange thereof into the continuation of the pipe I" above the valve, while upon
the relief of the upward pressure through the vertical pipe the spring causes tho
valve to suddenly resent itself, and the only.aperature for the escape of air which
has passed into the continuation of the pipe above the valve.is through the vertical
hole d in the stopper, which being, as stated, of small diameter renders the escape
of the air from the air pump cylinder very gradual and causes the gradual descent
of the sliding plate H so that it is some little time after the relief of the pressure
before the piston settles down in its cylinder, and the plato drops so as to expose
the white or safety bull's-eye. Whon air is forced into the pump cylinder E, either.
by the direct operation of the air or vacuum brakes from the engine or by the
breaking of a hose coupling, the piston F will be forced or drawn upward and the
danger signal be thereby displayed.
.
-
So long as the air or vacuum pressure remains applied the piston will remain
in this elevated position and the danger light will be displayed. Such-being a
convenient construction of my device as arranged for use by night, it is obvious
that upon the relief of the pressure the piston will gradually descend as the air
gradually enters the space in the cylinder above the piston through the holo B in
the cylinder head. -
'
By regulating the size of the above hole the rapidity of the descent of the piston
or the time before the safety light is exposed can be regulated with exactness.
The above described arrangement is simply one of many mechanical arrangements
whereby my invention broadly as such can be carried into practico.
Referring now to the arrangement of signal arms, which is that arrangement
which is especially designed for use by day, the following is a description
thereof:-
;
SS are two signal arms of suitable shape and material, which are pivoted at
their inner extremities to the vertically moving sliding plate, and which, when the
plate is liſted or clevated so as to expose the danger bull's-eye, drop or fall

page_text: horizontally outward as shown in Figure 1 so as to stand at right angles to the
position which they occupy when the sliding plate is down so as to expose the
safety light and when the train is moving. The pivoting of the above arms
to the plate is preferably near the danger bull's-eye and on either side thereof, and
when the sliding plate is down in the position represented by Figure 2 the arms
are caused, by contact with the ways w within which said sliding plate moves, to
assume an almost vertical position as represented in Figure 2. In order to prevent
these arms when closed up from accidentally moving inward so as to partially
obscure the safety bull's-eye, a flange or other stop k is provided at the top of the
sliding plate against which flango the arms close when the plate moves downward.
The ways retain the signal arms in their closed position when the sliding plate is
down.
-
After the sliding plato has been lifted the upper extremities of the ways
constitute the support upon which the signal arms rest while standing at right
angles to the sliding plate. The signal arms may be painted red, and may if
desired carry at their outer extremities lights or other signalling devices. As long
as the arms are standing in a vertical position, which is only the case when the
car to which they are applied is in motion,-they indicate to a train in the rear
that the train, of which their car is a part, is in motion; but when the said arms
are dropped downward and extend at right angles they indicate to a train
approaching from the rear that the train to which they are applied is standing
upon the track. During the night the signal lantern takes the place of these arma,
but during the day the signal arms take the place of the lantern. The arms are
subject of course to the same motion as the sliding plate with which they are
connected, and they close up slowly in the same manner that the sliding plate
descends slowly, so that the train is perhaps at full speed before after exposure
they assume their vertical or safety position. For a short distance therefore after
the car is started in motion the arms remain at right angles, but by the time the
train has reached full speed the arms have closed up. Other devices kindrod to
-the-signal arms-may-of course-be-substituted in-their stead. I prefer howover to
use such arms, or in their stead some well known form of semaphore arm.
It will be now understood that my devico is wholly under the control of the
engineer upon the application of the brakes, and that a train equipped with my
improvement is upon stoppage at once guarded from the rear by an automatically
displayed signal.
In freight trains my dovice is of course to be applied to the caboose alone, but in
passenger trains it is of advantage to apply a signal lantern to both ends of every
car, and to connect them all with the brakes, as it is impossible to determine
which car will be at the rear of the train. In Figure 4, M and N are cocks by
which the connection of the air or vacuum brake system may be cut off from either
signal at will.
When the train is made up light is only required to be burning in the lantern
which is on the end of the last car and connection need only be made with the
cylinder of said lantern. It is of course competent for me to connect the signal
arms with a slide other than the sliding plate carrying the bull's eyes.
Thus for instance I can arrange a simple slide having no connection with a lantern
in combination with the piston rod of the air pump cylinder and connect the
signal arms with said slide so that the arms as a signalling devico may be by
themselves employed without a lantern.
I can also provide the arms with colored bull's eyes at their extremities and
provide lights in such situation as to be seen through the bull's eyes of the slides
when the latter are extended and so practically arrange the signal arms for use by
night. I prefer however to arrange my device in the manner herein before described
as represented in the drawings.
:

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said William Henry Rushforth in the Patent Office on the 7th February
1884.
WILLIAM HENRY RUSHFORTH, Locomotive Engineer, of Camden, in the State of
New Jersey, United States of America IMPROVEMENTS IN AUTOMATIC SAFETY
CAR SIGNALS
My invention relates to means for protecting standing trains from collision from
the rear.
As is well known upon the unexpected stoppage of a train it is necessary that a
brakeman should proceed some distance to the rear of the train and display &
danger signal. In the event of failure to perform this duty the standing train is
exposed to the risk of collision by following trains, and to such extent is at the
mercy of the brakeman. The object of my invention is to provide an automatically
operating device which upon the stoppage of the train shall occasion the display of
a danger signal upon the rear of the train. A further object of my invention is to
BO construct the above danger signal device that it shall be equally effective either by
day or night. Hereinafter I have fully described and claimed my invention. In the
accompanying drawings, Figure 1 is an end elevation of a railroad car to which is
shown applied an apparatus embodying my invention in the position which the
parts occupy when the danger signal is exposed. Figure 2 is a similar view of the
danger signal device, representing the parts in the opposite position to that of
Figure 1 or when the danger signal is not exposed. Figure 3 is a sectional
elevational detailed view of a form of pump cylinder which I find it convenient to
employ. Figure 4 is a side elevation of the car and apparatus shown in Figure 1.
In Figures 1 to 4 air brake mechanism is assumed to be employed. Figure 5 is
a view representing the position of parts of the signalling device when the danger
signal is exposed and when said signal is operated by mechanism connected with a
vacuum brake system. Figure 6 is a sectional elevational detailed view of a pump
cylinder which I find it convenient to employ in connection with the devices shown
in Figure 5 and in connection with a vacuum brake system. Figure 7 is a central
sectional detail view of a form of valve which I find it convenient to employ in
connection with the pipes leading to the pump cylinder. Similar letters of
reference indicate corresponding parts. My invention consists in a danger signal
applied to the end of a car and which is connected with air or vacuum brake
systems under the control of the engineer, and which is also capable of being
operated by the breaking of the hose-brake-coupling, the arrangement being such
that upon the stoppage of the train either by the application of the brakes by the
engineer or by the breaking of the car coupling, the power which has been utilized
for the application of the brakes is also utilized through any suitable connecting
instrumentality to operate and display a danger signal applied to the rear of the
train. Many convenient means of effecting the connection between the brake
motor and the signal light or signal arms or both, of constructing and operating the
signal light and signal arms themselves, of obscuring and exposing said light and
of raising and lowering said arms may be resorted to without departing from the
invention proper as above set forth. I have, however, devised the following means
of connection and construction which I recite as suitable to carry my invention
into practice. In the drawings which represent my invention as embodying in its
construction both a signal light and signal arms, A represents a car to which is
shown applied the said combined improvements. Referring now, however, first to
a construction in which a signal light is alone employed and which is the arrange-
ment especially designed for use by night, as the signal arms are of especial

page_text: utility in the day time when a light cannot be so readily seen, C is a signal lantern
casing or enclosed chamber conveniently erected upon the top or upper end or roof
of a car and containing a lantern or other signal light. This casing is provided
with and enclosed in front (or as to that portion which faces rearwardly away
from the car) by a vertically sliding or moving plate H which is provided with
two openings or bull's eyes in alignment one above the other and at some little
distance apart, the lower of which in the arrangement represented being a red
bull's eye of glass or other transparent medium designated D, of a character agreed
upon to indicate danger, and the upper of which designated D¹ is a plate of clear
glass or other white transparent medium agreed upon to indicate safety. In the
signal lantern casing the light is after dark kept constantly burning, and according
to the position of the slide with respect to its being raised or lowered the red
or danger bull's eye or the white or safety bull's-eye is caused to register in
front of the lamp so as to cause a red or a white light to be exposed to the rear of
the car.
The device for controlling the vertical set of the slide is connected with
the brake system and is conveniently of the following character. E is an air
pump cylinder fixedly applied preferably to the end of a car, either inside or
outside as convenience of arrangement may dictate, and fitted internally with a
piston F from which is erected a piston rod or stem G which is at its upper
extremity connected with the sliding plate H. In the arrangement represented the
piston stem is bifurcated at its upper extremity beyond the cylinder and its
bifurcated aruis directly connected with the plate. The stem of the piston is
preferably in alignmont with the light in the lantern, and when the parts are in
the position represented in Figure or the piston at the upper extremity of its
stroke the stem is elevated so as to cause the elevation of the slide and the
presentation of the danger bulls-eye light in front of the light in the lantern.
When, on the other hand, the piston is in the position represented in Figure 2, or
down within its cylinder, the red bull's eye is lowered and the white or safety
bull's-eye presented in front of the light. The head plate of the air brake
cylinder E is provided with a small hole or perforation B to permit of the influx of
air to allow of the slow descent of the piston. K (Figure 1) is the auxiliary
reservoir in a system of air brakes, J is the brake cylinder, and A' the pipe leading
from the auxiliary-reservoir to said-brake cylinder: Lis-the hose coupling leading
from one car to the next. I is a pipe leading from the pipe A¹, at a point between
the auxiliary reservoir and the brake cylinder to a pipe 1', which latter pipe
extends the entire length of the car and terminates at each of its ends respectively
in vertical pipes I" and 11 which lead to pump cylinders E at both ends of the
car. In Figure 7 is represented a valve designated by the letter a, one of which
is conveniently placed in each of the vertical pipes I and II, and which is
designed to permit the ready flow of the air upwardly through said pipes into the
cylinder E so as to permit of the rapid lifting of the piston and display of the
danger bull's-eyo, while it is also designed to cause the slow escape of the air
from out the cylinder so that the descent of the piston is not rapid but gradual.
In the above named valve, b is a plug or stopper fitted within the vertical pipe
and provided with a circumferential flange or shoulder c by which the plug seats
itself upon a throat in said vertical pipe.
The plug is perforated by a vertical hole d which is sufficiently small to permit
of the gradual escape of the air from out the cylinder below the piston upon the
descent of the latter back through the plug into the vertical pipe. c is a spring
casing containing a spiral spring, which encloses within it a thimble y, which in
turn contains the upper extremity of a pin h the lower extremity of which is seated
in the stopper.
The lower extremity of the spring abuts against a circumferential flange formed
on the base of the thimble, and the upper extremity of said spring bears against
a cap i fixedly supported within the spring casing.
The entire contrivance is enclosed within a tight valve chamber j from out of
which leads the continuation of the vertical pipe. The operation of the above

page_text: device, which is a well known form of valve not novel with me, is very simple,
that is to say upon the sudden influx of air upwardly through the vertical pipe to
which the valvo is applied, the stopper is lifted and with the stopper the pin and
thimble, whereby the spring is compressed. The lift of the stopper which is of
larger diameter than the throat within which it is placed permits of the free escape
of the air upwardly around the stopper and the flange thereof into the continuation
of the pipe above the valve, while upon the relief of the upward pressure through
the vertical pipe the spring causes the valve to suddenly reseat itself, and the only
aperture for the escape of air which has passed into the continuation of the pipe
above the valve is through the vertical hole d in the stopper, which being, as
stated, of small diameter renders the escape of the air from the air pump cylinder
very gradual and causes the gradual descent of the sliding plate H so that it is
some little time after the relief of the pressure before the piston settles down in its
cylinder, and the plate drops so as to expose the white or safety bull's-eye.
When air is forced into the pump cylinder E, either by the direct operation
of the air or vacuum brakes from the engine or by the breaking of a hose
coupling, the piston F will be- forced or drawn upward and the danger signal be
thereby displayed. So long as the air or vacuum pressure remains applied the
piston will remain in this elevated position and the danger light will be displayed.
Such being a convenient construction of my device as arranged for use by
night, it is obvious that upon the relief of the pressure the piston will gradually
descend as the air gradually enters the space in the cylinder above the
piston through the hole B in the cylinder head. By regulating the size of the'
above hole the rapidity of the descent of the piston or the time before the safety
light is exposed can be regulated with exactness. The above described arrangement
is simply one of many mechanical arrangements whereby my invention broadly
as such can be carried into practice. Referring now to the arrangement of signal
arms, which is that arrangement which is especially designed for use by day, the
following is a description thereof:-S S are two signal arms of suitable shape and
material, which are pivoted at their inner extremities to the vertically moving
sliding plate, and which, when the plate is lifted or elevated so as to expose the
danger bull's-eye, drop or fall horizontally outward as shown in Figure 1 so as to
stand at right angles to the position which they occupy when the sliding plate
is down so as to expose the safety light and when the train is moving. Tho
pivoting of the above arns to the plate is preferably near the danger-bull's eye
and on either side thereof, and when the sliding plate is down in the position
represented by Figure 2 the arms are caused, by contact with the ways w within
which said sliding plate moves, to assume an almost vertical position as represented.
in Figure 2. In order to prevent these arins when closed up from accidentally
moving inward so as to partially obscure the safety bull's-eyo, a flange or other'
stop is provided at the top of the sliding plate against which flange the arms
close when the plate moves downward. The ways retain the signal arms in their
closed position when the sliding plate is down. After the sliding plate has been
lifted the upper extremities of the ways constitute the support upon which the
signal arms rest while standing at right angles to the sliding plate. The signal'
arins may be painted red, and may if desired carry at their outer extremities
lights or other signalling devices. As long as the arms are standing in a vertical
position, which is only the case when the car to which they are applied is in;
motion, they indicate to a train in the rear that the train, of which their car is
a part, is in motion; but when the said arms are dropped downward and extend'
at right angles they indicate to a train approaching from the roar that the train
to which they are applied is standing upon the track. During the night the.
signal lautern takes the place of these arins, but during the day the signal arms
take the place of the lantern. These arms are subject of course to the samo motion
as the sliding plato with which they are connected, and-they close up slowly in the
same manner that the sliding plate desconds slowly, so that the train is perhaps at
full speed before after exposure they assume their vertical or safety position. For

page_text: "
a short distance therefore after the car is started in motion the arms remain at
right angles, but by the time the train has reached full spoed the arms have closed
up. Other devices kindred to the signal arms may of course be substituted in
their stead. I I prefer however to use such arms, or in their stead some well known
form of semaphore arm. It will be now understood that my device is wholly
under the control of the engineer upon the application of the brakes, and that a
train equipped with my improvements is upon stoppage at once guarded from the
rear by an automatically displayed signal. In freight trains my dovice is of
course to be applied to the caboose alone, but in passenger trains it is of advantage
to apply a signal lantern to both ends of every car, and to connect them all with
the brakes, as it is impossible to determine which car will be at the rear of the
train. In Figure 4, M and N are cocks by which the connection of the air or
vacuum brake system may be cut off from either signal at will. When the train
is made up light is only required to be burning in the lantern which is on the
end of the last car and connection need only be made with the cylinder of said
lantern. It is of course competent for me to connect the signal arms with a slide
other than the sliding plate carrying the bull's-eyes. Thus for instance I can
arrange a simple slide having no connection with a lantern in combination with
the piston rod of the air pump cylinder and connect the signal arms with said
slide so that the arms as a signalling device may be by themselves employed
without a lantern. I can also provide the arms with colorod bulls'-eyes at their
extremities and provide lights in such situation as to be seen through the bull's
eyes of the slides when the latter are extended and so practically arrange the
signal arms for use by night. I prefer however to arrange my device in the
manner herein before described and represented in the drawings. Having thus
described my invention, I claim:-1 The method of automatically displaying
a danger signal from the end of a train, which consists in connecting a danger
signal with a system of pueumatic brakes adapted to be operated from the engine
or by-the-breaking of a hose brake coupling, whereby upon the application of the
brakes from the engine or the stoppage of the train by reason of the breaking of a
hose coupling the danger signal is automatically exposed. 2nd. In a railroad train,
in combination, a system of air or vacuum brake tubes, a fixed danger. signal.
applied to the end of a car, a device which when the train is in motion obscures
the light of said signal, and means for connecting the obscuring device with the
system of air or vacuum brake tubes, whereby upon the application of the brakes
from the engine or upon the breaking of a coupling the air is enabled to operate
the signal. 3rd In a rail-road train the combination of a system of air or vacuum
brake tubes, a fixed signal lantern applied to the end of a car, an obscuring plate
or kindred obscuring device connected with a piston playing in a pump cylinder
and adapted when tho train is in motion to obscuro the light, a pump cylinder also
applied to the car, and connecting tubes for conveying the pressure from the air or
vacuum brake tubes into the cylinder for operation of the piston and signal.
4th The combination of a suitable operating mechanism connected with a system
of pneumatic brakes, a slide connected thereto and adapted to be raised and lowered
thereby, signal arms pivoted to said slide and adapted to be operated thereby so as
to be either extended or closed, substantially as set forth. 5th The combination of
a suitable operating mechanism, a slide connected thereto adapted to be raised and
lowered thereby and provided with suitable flanges or stops, pivoted signal arms,
and guides for closing said arms when the slide is lowered, substantially as set forth.
In Witness Whereof I the said William Henry Rushforth have hereunto set my
hand and seal this Twenty fourth day of October,-1883.
WITTTAK TTON DY
חתגזזת