FOR CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PROCESS OF, AND IN THE APPARATUS FOR TREATING FATTY
Year: 1848

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, PIERRE
ARMAND LECONTE DE FONTAINE MOREAU, of No. 1, Skinners Place, Sise Lane,
in the City of London, English and Foreign Patent Agent for Inventions,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-fifth day of
November, One thousand eight hundred and forty-eight, in the twelfth year
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs, and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said Pierre Armand Lecomte de Fontaine Moreau, my exors, admors,
and assigns, Her especial license, full power, sole privilege, and authority,
that I, the said Pierre Armand Lecomte de Fontaine Moreau, my exors,
admors, and assigns, and such others as I, the said Pierre Armand Lecomte
de Fontaine Moreau, my exors, admors, or assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times during the term of
years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in
the Islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, and in all Her
Majesty's Colonies and Plantations abroad, the Invention "FOR CERTAIN
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PROCESS OF, AND IN THE APPARATUS FOR TREATING FATTY

page_text: BODIES, AND IN THE APPLICATION OF THE PRODUCTS THEREOF TO VARIOUS USEFUL
PURPOSES," communicated to me from abroad; in which said Letters Patent
is contained a proviso, that I, the said Pierre Armand Lecomte de Fontaine
Moreau, should cause a particular description of the nature of the said Inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument
in writing under my hand and seal, to be enrolled in Her said Majesty's
High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the
same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Pierre Armand Lecomte de Fontaine Moreau, do hereby declare that the
nature of the said Invention, communicated to me, and the means of performing
and carrying out the same, are particularly described and ascertained by the
following statement thereof, reference being had to the several Drawings
hereunto annexed, and to the several Figures therein contained, in which the
same letters of reference in the different Figures refer to similar parts; that is
to say, the Invention communicated to me consists,―
Firstly, in improvements in the process and apparatus for treating fatty
bodies in general.
Secondly, in the application of the several products obtained by the said
improved process and apparatus to the manufacturing of candles and other
similar luminaries, and also to various other useful purposes.
And for the better understanding of the Invention communicated to me, I
will successively describe the different means for carrying into operation the
several improvements herein-before mentioned :-
FIRSTLY, IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING
FATTY BODIES IN GENERAL.
Before describing the improvements communicated to me for treating
fatty bodies, I must premise by observing that my processes and apparatus,
for carrying into operation the treating of fatty bodies, are in part founded
on principles either known or already patented, namely, the operations for
the acidification, distilling, and solidification of the said fatty substances,
I therefore confine my claim principally to the improvements herein-after
described for the mode of carrying these principles into operation, and also to
the operations themselves.
Acidification of fatty bodies.-The fatty bodies, having glycerine for basis,
are introduced into a sheet or cast-iron vessel set upon a furnace; or,
what is still better, I make use of an iron vessel, within which the enamelled

page_text: copper containing the fatty bodies is placed, and which is heated as in
balneum mariæ, by causing steam to circulate between the two vessels,
or by means of a molten metal forming a bath, or also by a solution of
caustic alkali, or of salineous substances, or of any fatty body, the tempera-
ture of which is carried to a very high degree; I also make use of granite.
or wooden troughs thickly lined with lead. These troughs, constructed of
granite or wood as before stated, are internally heated by worms, through
which circulates steam, or by any other convenient means herein-before de-
scribed. The lapse of time required to carry out the above operation, and the
quantity of acid necessary to ensure its success, depend on the nature of the
fatty body. I separate the deposit formed by the substances operated upon,
and I proceed to the washing of these fatty acids with boiling water; after
some rest the fatty acids separate from the water, and are subjected afterwards
to the following process of distillation.:-
Improvements in the processes of treating a fatty material, known in commerce.
by the name of vegetable tallow, croton sebiferum.-The first process relates
to vegetable tallow, and can be applied to animal tallow. I use for that
operation a leaden vessel or an enamelled metal boiler, which is heated
by any convenient means, or I make use of a wooden vat, which is heated
by an injection of steam carried from 316° to 352°, in order to avoid the
water condensing. Before injecting the steam, heated as before stated, I
take care that the substance has reached 2120, and in the vessel I pour
the fatty, animal, or vegetable substances, melted with a quantity of
water equal to a third of its volume. I put this solution in contact with
slacked lime, in the proportion of about three ounces of lime to about two
hundred and twenty-two pounds of greasy substance; the mixture is well
beaten together while it is kept at a boiling temperature; about a quarter of an
hour or twenty minutes after, I neutralize the lime with common azotic acid,
which must be added in excess, so that after the neutralizing operation of the'
lime, there will remain about sixteen ounces of acid for about each two hun-
dred and twenty pounds of grease in the boiler. After three-quarters of an
hour or thereabout boiling, I take care to replace what has escaped in the
form of vapor, by adding boiling water every twenty minutes until the opera-
tion is completed, and which is not to last more than two hours; when the
tallow is found sufficiently bleached and hard, I pour suddenly into the boiler
about six quarts of cold water to every hundredweight of greasy substance,
taking care at the same time to stop the fire. I allow then the grease to
deposit during one hour or two, and it is then fit for being made into candles.
The herein-above described process may be modified, as herein-after pointed"

page_text: out, and usefully employed for treating a material known in commerce by the
name vegetable wax, and in that case I operate as follows:-I melt about two
hundredweight of vegetable wax with about a quart of water, and I pour in
the boiler about-two pounds and a quarter of an alkaline azotate, for instance,
that of soda; I cause the solution to boil, and I add little by little some con-
centrated sulphuric acid, until the azotate be decomposed, care being, however,
taken that the sulphuric acid should be slightly in excess. During the above-
described operation a certain quantity of azotic or hypoazotic acid is dis-
engaged, and when redhish vapors appear and become more and more abundant
as the boiling is continued, I am certain that very little water remains in the
boiler; I must then gradually pour in some of that liquid until the vapours
assume a whitish color, and I allow the evaporation to continue by introducing
some sulphuric acid in the same manner as I have herein-before stated. The
redish vapours reappear, which I instantly stop by pouring water, as I have
already described, and I continue this mode of operating until the substance
seems to be sufficiently white and purified; at this moment I stop the opera-
tion by adding an excess of water at one hundred and forty degrees, and I
put out the fire. The wax thus prepared is well stirred up, with its volume
of warm water, to purify it completely. I must remark, that in the herein-
before described operation, I may replace the sulphuric acid and alkaline
azotate by azotic acid alone, which decomposition would be rendered more.
easy by the addition of a suitable animal or vegetable substance.
SECOND PROCESS FOR TREATING VEGETABLE WAX AND TALLOW.
During the herein-before described operation, it may happen that the
substance is not sufficiently bleached; I then make use of chlorine combined
with oxigen in the state of an alkaline hypochorite for that operation; the
matter is to be melted and the liquid gradually added, taking care to agitate
constantly. The whole forms a paste, which soon acquires a very remark-
ably white appearance, if the operation has been properly attended to and
a sufficiently concentrated liquid has been employed; about one pint and
a half of hypochlorite suffices to about two pounds of substances; if it is
found necessary to increase the quantity, it is because the compound chlorine.
is not sufficiently concentrated. When the paste is satisfactorily white, I add
the quantity of sulphuric acid to neutralize the alkali, and that quantity
is easily determined; it happens at a certain moment that all the water
separates from the substance, I infer from that fact that the sulphuric acid
is in sufficient quantity. I must observe that I use sulphuric acid as long
the paste is still warm; this is very important, for as long as the separation
as

page_text: of the particles is maintained, I can effect immediately the washings, which
are made merely with water, and two hours at least after the sulphuric acid
has been introduced, I agitate at the same time that I pour the water,
and then let the whole repose; by that contrivance the water which is
at the bottom of the trough can be easily reduced and replaced by
fresh water; the washings are continued until all smell has ceased from
the trough; the matter is then clarified by being melted in the boiler where
the bleaching and purification have taken place. But it is always necessary to
add a small quantity of sulphuric acid by mixing the brittle vegetable wax,
known by the name of carnanba wax, with about its equal weight of a suitable
fatty substance, and by operating as herein-before stated, I obtain a product
very similar to bees'-wax, and capable of being applied to various useful pur-
poses. The fatty bodies having been asidified, as herein-before stated, are
after distilled by various modes of distillation, and those which I have found
more advantageous are-
Distillation of the Fatty Bodies.-Firstly, that which is obtained under
the influence of a current of steam, the pressure of which must not exceed
half an atmosphere before receiving a higher degree of catoric, and I operate
with that current of steam alone, or in conjunction with the atmospheric
vacuum. The worm through which that steam passes to receive the neces-
sary degree of catoric, before being brought to bear or act upon the fatty
body, may be heated to nerely red heat, and can be made of metal, but
I prefer using plastic substances for its construction.
I also produce pro-
perly heated steam and gases for the distilling operation above stated by
causing a current of steam to run through a red-hot pipe containing charcoal
or coke. The steam being entirely or partly decomposed forms hydrogen
gas and oxide of carbon, which are both disengaged at the same moment
as the properly heated steam. I produce also steam heated to the proper
degree by injecting steam obtained from the generator into a bath of
molten metal, or by causing the steam to run through tubes immersed in the
said bath. That steam, either alone or mixed with the gases produced as
herein-before stated, descends to the bottom of the distilling apparatus through
a pipe provided with a kind of watering pot spout, or through a worm per-
forated with small holes. Beside that mode of heating, I add from the
beginning of the operation a fire under the apparatus containing the sub-
stances. The vapours produced by the water and grease flow from the
apparatus into a small recipient, where those vapours are partially condensed
during their passage, while the substances, not volatilised, but projected by the
action of the distillation, are also deposited in the said recipient, and finally tho

page_text: whole is taken away. From that small recipient the said vapours pass into
the large condenser, which must be made of enamelled metal, or of substances
little liable to be injuriously acted upon by acids. These condensers are in
communication with the receivers, from which the substances can freely flow
or be thrown out by means of a drawing or forcing punip.
When the appa-
ratus is subjected to the vacuum, I cause the extremity of the pipe (which
descends from the condenser) to plunge into the liquid contained in the
recipient, and by that contrivance the matters are prevented from being
disturbed in that receiver. This precaution causes the bodies in a state of
suspension to separate in the receiver without filtering. The steam vapours
and greases not yet condensed are made to egress by means of an educt pipe,
set above the ingress of the herein-before mentioned tube of the condenser into
the recipient.
Secondly, the mode of distillation by intermittent continuity. The Drawing
I represents the apparatus, which is formed of two principle parts, videlicet,
of a boiler A, A, in which I place the matters for distillation, and of a
metallic bath B, B, which serves to heat with uniformity and precision the
boiler A, A. The metal is contained in the open cast or sheet-iron vessel
B, B, which is placed on a furnace of an ordinary description; the distillation
of greasy acids taking place at the point of fusion of lead; I have chosen this
metal as my balneum mariæ. It therefore suffices, in order to secure a
regular distillation, to maintain the lead bath constantly in a state of fusion in
that part situate above the furnace, and to keep it in a state of paste at the
other extremity. This is a sign very certain of a good operation, and at the
range of every workman. Thermonometers may, therefore, be dispensed with.
Figure 1 is a side view of the distilling apparatus, and Figure 2 is a sectional
clevation. The same letters of reference represent in both Figures similar
parts. The distilling boiler A, A, is made of copper, or any other metal not
injuriously acted upon by fatty acids. I prefer to give it the cylindrical form,
and in that case the vessel B, B, as the same shape as the boiler A, A, which
is provided with a tube a, shaped like an S, for introducing in a liquid state
the fatty bodies for distillation, with a head 6 for the evaporation of the
products of distillation. On the egress from the capital b, the vapours proceed
to an ordinary condensing apparatus. The boiler A, A, is also provided with
the discharging pipe c, fixed at the extremity opposite to the part which is placed
inimediately above the furnace (the tube a is placed at the other extremity),
with the tube d passing inside along the bottom of the boiler A, A, and which
conducts from an ordinary generator the steam, the function of which serves
not to heat the boiler A, A, but merely to draw the products of the distilla-

page_text: tion from the said boiler into the refrigerent or condensor. That steam
penetrates into the said boiler through saw cuts made at intervals on the.
length of the tube d. A manhole e, for repairing and cleansing the interior,
is set on the boiler A, A. The opening of the capital b, placed at its other.
extremity, serves also for the same purpose. I distil the fatty bodies with the.
aparatus above described, as follows:-I first of all put in the chauldron B, B,.
which is to contain the balneum mariæ, a sufficient quantity of metal to form
the metallic bath. The metal being properly heated and melted at the proper.
temperature by means of the furnace placed underneath, I introduce by the:
feeding tube a the fatty bodies to be distilled. The fatty bodies in a liquid
state reach the funnel F, set on the tube d, by means of a tube in communi-.
cation with a boiler, which is not shown in the Drawing, and in which it is.
maintained in a suitable fluid state; but when the cylinder A, A, contains:
about one-third of its capacity of liquid I stop the alimentation.. As soon as.
the metallic bath B, B, is sufficiently heated, I introduce the steam, as herein-
above described, through the tube d. It is then that the distillation speedily.
begins, and when it proceeds with activity, which is easy to be seen when the.
vapours get into the refrigerent, I aliment proportionally and regularly the,
boiler A, A, through the tube a, as stated before, with a stream of liquid fatty
bodies. I regulate the alimentation by means of a cork, with which the
ailmentation tube is provided. The solid residuum which remains definitively.
undistilled in the boiler A, A, is on a general average about one-tenth of the
fatty matters. Such proportion allows me to renew the matters for distilla-
tion eight or nine times, without having had to remove the accumulating
residuum. When, however, it has required a volume so considerable as to:
inconvenience the distillation, I stop the alimentation by the same means I
have herein-above described for regulating it, and I allow the distillation to;
continue until the volatile parts of the sediments have been properly removed..
I then open the discharging pipe C, through which the residuum is educed.
I can also assist the expulsion of the residuum shutting the cocks of the
tube d, and of the pipe through which the products of distillation escape. Tho
steam, being thus confined within the boiler A, A, drives forcibly out of it the
sediment it contains. All this is done without stopping the fire, and.. I begin
immediately to operate as before, taking care at first to close the cock of the
discharging pipe C, to open the other cocks, and to aliment the boiler A, A,
by bringing a fresh supply of fatty bodies through the tube d. Thus, the
intermittent continuity of the operation enables me to extract the last traces.
of the volatile matters from the residuum..
Thirdly, the mode of distilling intermittently and continuously applicable to

page_text: fatty bodies and other similar substances.
Drawing II. represents a sectional
elevation drawn from the middle of the apparatus; A, A, tubes provided each
with a valve opening-internally from the outside; B, B*, menholes having
each of them a valve B", B, opening externally from the inside. The valve
is loaded with a weight (without being provided with a lever), and is termi-
nated with a rather thin pipe for the egress of the vapours into the atmosphere.
Cand C¹ are stills having a spherical form; D, the conducting pipe serving to
aliment with steam the box E of the first still C; D¹, the neck, ending with an
intermediate or adopted tube, and alimenting with fatty acids and aquaous
vapours the box E¹ of the second still C¹; E, E, metallic boxes, having the
shape of a watering pot spout; they serve to divide the vapours and fatty
acids; F, F, F, partitions which are more or less numerous; they are placed
in both the stills C and C¹; they are provided with small holes in order to
compel the vapours and fatty acids to traverse as much space as possible;
G, G¹, desks set in the two stills C and C¹; they are provided with small holes,
in order to serve to stop the scum; H, a small recipient serving to receive the
substances drawn along by the vapours; they arrive in it through the adopter
tube G¹; a partition set in the receiver H serves to separate the products.; H¹
is the neck serving to connect the recipient H with the worm; I, a large vessel
or vat containing the worm; it is composed of two parts, separated in the
middle by a partition J; the upper part I contains the fatty bodies which flow
thro' the pipe O into the second still C'; the lower part I contains the water
which is introduced by the feeding pipe Q, and flows out through the educt
pipe R; K is the receiver of the condensed liquids; L; pipe connecting the
recipient K with the tubular column M for the eduction of the noncondensed
products; M, tubular column, through which pass from the lower part to its
upper extremity the noncondensed products; it is provided with several partitions;
M' a feeding pipe serving to aliment the tubular column M with a jet of water;
N, tube connecting together the two stills C and C, and alimenting the first;
O, pipe serving to conduct the substances from the upper part of the vessel I
into the second still C¹; P, a tube with a funnel serving to aliment the vat I
with fatty bodies; Q, feeding tube, serving to ailment the lower part I' with
cold water. That water when heated egresses through the eduction pipe R; S,
discharging pipe set in the still C³ for the expulsion of the residuum; T, discharg-
ing pipe for the water in the tubular column; M, X, X', discharging pipes for
the products condensed in the receiver H. I distill the fatty bodies as follows:
The fatty bodies in a liquid state are introduced into the vessel I by means
of the feeding pipe P; the fatty bodies being heated, as herein-after described,
flow from the vessel I through the pipe O into the second still C¹, and from

page_text: the latter they are conducted into the first distilling apparatus C through the
connecting pipe N. The two stills C and C¹ being heated by fire in the
manner already described, when speaking of the previous apparatus for dis-
tilling, and the fatty substances having reached about 212 degrees of heat, I
introduce steam by means of the pipe D, and through the holes in the box E
into the still C. The vapours produced in C are introduced by the conduct
pipe D' into the bottom of the second still C¹, after having been deposited in
the second box E', from which they escape into the still by means of the holes
with which it is provided: From the still C the vapours pass through the
connecting tube or adopter G³ into the receiver H, and thence they reach the
worm through the pipe H', which is connected with it. The aquaous and
fatty vapours while condensing in the worm at the upper part of the vessel I,
I heat the fatty bodies which have been introduced in that chamber by the
feeding pipe P. The products condensed at the lower part of the worm in I¹
fall into the receiver K, the water runs out by the educt cock T, and the dis-
tilled fatty body is taken through the cock V. The noncondensed vapors
ascend through the connecting pipe L into the tubular column M, and egress
through the educt pipe V after having been condensed by a jet of water intro-
duced into M by the feeding tube M'; during the passage of the vapors from
Ginto H, the condensed products and the projected matters are taken out by
the two tubes X, X. When after several distilling operations a rather large
quantity of matters which cannot volatilize remains in the still C, I take care
to expel them through the discharging pipe S by the pressure of the steam,
which is increased by shutting off the cocks of N and O. I cause the products
obtained by the above-described modes of distillation, and which are but little
colored, to be clarified before and after their being pressed, and then these
products are cast as usual into the candle moulds. I make use for these
clarifying operations of troughs, similar to those I have herein-before described,
when speaking of the asidification of the fatty bodies; when I treat palm oils by
the processes of acidification and distillation herein-before mentioned, I obtain
from them products which are so sufficiently firm that I can cast them into
the candle moulds without subjecting them to the pressing operation, which I
suppress in that case. For the hot presses I make use of plain hollowed
plates, which I heat by means of a current of steam; I cause the steam to
reach these plates by adapting to each of them a tube moving into another
tube, forming a kind of stuffing box at its top, and wherein it moves up and
down; this action allows that tube to extend or colapse at will according to
the motion which the pressure transmits to the plates; each tube is in
communication at the top with a reservoir common to all of them, and by

page_text: the lower part of each plate the steam and condensed water flow out freely.
These herein-before mentioned products, which are not rendered by the action
of heat, are introduced into cylinders similar to those which are generally
employed for the manufacture of gas for lighting. I do not, however, confine
myself to the above apparatus, but I can modify them according to circum-
stances, or make use of any other means capable of producing similar results.
I cause the steam heated in the manner before stated to pass through the sub-
stances I have to distil. I can, however, apply heat to the operation as an
additional means by making use of a fire set under the apparatus containing
the substances to be distilled or by any other suitable means. The current of
steam draws with it the volatile products, which enter into a condenser where
they are in great part liquified. From the liquid which is floating I extract
by some more additional distilling operations, conducted under the action of the
steam, heated as herein-before described, or by any other convenient means,
and by one or more crystallisations, firstly, the matters for making candles;
secondly, pyrogineous oils serving for lighting; and finally, some other
useful products, such as gas of a superior quality (for lighting). I introduce
in the common candles, manufactured from the products obtained by my
processes, as before described, stearine produced from tallow and grease,
and which stearine I also use for preventing the crystallisation of my fatty
acids. The principle of the operation is based upon the crystallisation
of these substances, being obtained by a slow cooling, and on their pressure
being effected within very resisting cylinders, which may be internally pro-
vided with other cylinders conveniently perforated. The cakes formed by
the substances operated upon, as herein-before described, are within the
above cylinders separated from each other by means of close fabrics.. I
bleach and disinfect the greases and stearine by using potash or soda in a state
of very concentrated solution, which I add to the melted subsistences, in the
proportion of some hundredth parts of the weight of the said grease and
stearine. I separate the deposit which is formed by the agency of the above-
mentioned solution, and I operate on the substances by using proportionably
to their weight half of an hundredth part of chlorate of potash, which is dis-
solved in forty parts of water, and to which I add one part of sulphuric acid.
I cause the whole to boil during about half an hour to complete the operation.
The same mode of operating can be applied to the preparation of vegetable
tallow. I manufacture candles having externally a very fine yellow color,
and being at the same time very diaphanous, by maintaining during at least
one hour, at a temperature of about 420°, the most crystallisable acid prepared
as herein-before stated, until it has acquired a yellowish color. I then cast

page_text: H
it into the moulds, taking care that the temperature of the melted substance
should be at about 176°. I suddenly cool the moulds by subjecting them to a
strong current of water, by means of ice, or by any other suitable means pro-
ducing a sudden depression of temperature. I solidify the oleic acid or the
oleine by introducing in an iron vessel, internally coated with enamel, and so
constructed that it can resist a powerful pression, hypoazotic, hypochloric acid,
or any other gas answering the same purpose, namely, the solidification; and
I subject the contents of the vessel to a very strong pression by any of the
suitable means usually employed. The substance is afterwards washed and
distilled, as I have herein-before described. I wish it here to be observed that
I make use of enamelled surfaces for all the apparatus herein-before described,
and when the articles which require to be enamelled are precluded on account of
their shape or volume from being introduced into the oven generally employed
for such operations, they must be enamelled a part at a time, and afterwards
united with small screws or otherwise. I use a powerful jet of lighted gas
passing through a blowing pipe for fixing the enamel, reduced to powder or
paste upon the uncovered parts. The enamel thus melted can also be applied
for enamelling large metallic or terraous sheets or plates, and also for repairing
injuries in the enamelled apparatus herein employed.
SECONDLY, APPLICATION OF THE SEVERAL PRODUCTS, OBTAINED BY TREATING
FATTY BODIES, TO VARIOUS USEFUL PURPOSES.
I have already described, in the course of the before-mentioned description,
the useful application of the products obtained by the several processes herein
before described, to which I subject successfully the fatty bodies in general to
the manufacture of candles and other similar luminaries, to the production of
gas for lighting; and I think it therefore quite useless to point out in a more
precise and particular manner the application which I can make of the above
herein-mentioned products. But as the refuses I have obtained by the dis-
tilling operation of the several substances, herein-before enumerated, have very
often the elasticity of india-rubber, I will merely state that, by combining them
with asphates by means of any well-known process, these refuses so prepared
can serve as natural bitumen. I also make use of the aforesaid refuses of
distillation for the production of typographical ink, cloth varnish, gas for lighting;
and by subjecting them either alone or combined in suitable proportions of
lime to a slow distilling operation, I produce an oil fit for dissolving india-
rubber, and for lighting.
And aving now fully described the Invention communicated to me, and the
manner in which the same is to be performed, I wish it be understood that I

page_text: .
do not confine myself to the precise details of the several means, materials, and
proportions, either in the several processes or apparatus I have employed, or
to the precise and exact modus operandi, herein-before described, for. carrying
the said Invention into operation, provided the general features be similar to
those herein-before given; but what I claim as the Invention communicated
to me, and intended to be protected by the aforesaid Letters Patent, is-
Firstly, the general modus operandi and combination of the several opera-
tions for the acidification, distillation, and solidification of fatty bodies, and of the
apparatus therein employed, reference being had to the Figures of Drawings.
Secondly, the use of troughs, either made of granite or enamelled metal,
as herein-before described.
Thirdly, the use of earthy substances and enamelled metal in the construc-
tion of worms and other condensers, serving to heat the steam to a higher
degree of temperature.
Fourthly, the mode of producing steam heated to a higher degree of tem-
perature, and gases for the distillation of fatty bodies.
Fifthly, the bleaching, disinfecting, and solidifying of vegetable tallow by
means of azotic acids and oxygen, either alone or combined, assisted by other
chemical agents, and also the use of chlorate of potash, as herein-before
described.
Sixthly, the treating of vegetable wax with the combination of azote and
oxygen, when they are disengaged to form alkaline azote, and also the com-
bination of chlorate and oxygen.
Seventhly, the use of steam heated to a higher degree of temperature to
avoid the condensation of the water, which may be produced by the injection
of steam in its natural state in the operations for heating vegetable wax and
tallow, as herein-before described.
Eighthly, the treating of carnanba wax, as herein-before described.
Ninthly, the distilling apparatus, by which the operation is made intermit-
tent and continuous, and the mode of heating, as before described.
Tenthly, the combination of two stills for distilling, and the mode of making
these operations continuous and intermittent, as herein-before described.
Eleventhly, the means by which the filtering operations of the substances
are dispensed with.
Twelfthly, the clarifying of the fatty acids before being pressed.
Thirteenthly, the various processes for treating oleine and stearine, as herein
before described.
Fourteenthly, the process for obtaining the solidification of the oleic acid or
olcine, as herein-before described.

page_text: Fifteenthly, the manufacture of yellow transparent candles, as herein-before
described.
Sixteenthly, the mode of heating presses, by causing a current of steam to
run into the hollow metal sheets, and the application thereof to the heating of
fatty bodies.
Seventeenthly, the mode of treating and employing the refuse substances,
obtained from the distillation of fatty bodies, to the production of typographic
ink, and other useful purposes.
Eighteenthly, the application of an enamel to all apparatuses employed, as
herein-before described, to the treating of fatty bodies.
In witness whereof, I, the said Pierre Armand Lecomte de. Fontaine
Moreau, have hereunto set my hand and seal, this Twenty-fifth day
of May, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and
forty-nine