IMPROVEMENTS: IN MOULDING OR MANUFACTURING CAST-IRON PIPES."
Year: 1857

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Walter Macfarlane, of Glasgow, in the County of
Lanark, North Britain, Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS:
IN MOULDING OR MANUFACTURING CAST-IRON PIPES."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Walter Macfarlane at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
26th February 1857.
I, WALTER MACFARLANE, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North
Britain, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MOULDING OR MANUFACTURING CAST-IRON PIPES," to be as
follows, that is to say:-
This Invention relates to the moulding or manufacture of cast-iron pipes or
hollow cylinders, in such a manner that both the mould and its core are made.
or shaped simultaneously or at the same time by one and the same operating
action, the moulding being of the class ordinarily known as "
green sand."
The moulding box box for moulding pipes vertically is a plain cylinder, bolted by
a bottom flange to a travelling carriage. An end plate is hinged to the under
side of this cylinder, this plate being solid so as to be capable of covering up
the sand and pattern, a small conical hole only being formed in the centre of the
plate to receive the lower end of the core bar spindle. For socket pipes the
cylinder has upon its upper end a moveable piece corresponding to the socket..
The core bar is of considerable length, the upper part being plain and of a
diameter to fit the collar of the moulding pattern piece; whilst the lower part

page_text: is of a diameter approximating to that of the intended core. This part of
the core bar or the actual moulding portion has upon it longitudinal flutings
wedge-shaped in transverse section, or otherwise formed so as to present a
suitable indented periphery. These flutings or longitudinal grooves are for
holding mandrils of small diameter, which are inserted one in each groove for
the purpose of leaving openings in the sand of the core for the escape of the
steam gases and for other uses. The pattern piece, the outside of which
shapes the interior surface of the mould, whilst the inside similarly forms the
external surface of the core, is a plain short cylinder suspended by long arms
from a collar piece passed over the upper plain part of the core bar. In the
interior of this pattern piece and attached to it is an arrangement of inclined
vanes or screw blades; or instead of this contrivance other arrangements may
be adopted for working up the pattern piece upon or through the sand.
When a pipe is to be moulded in this way, the core bar being placed in tho
central socket or hole at the bottom of the moulding cylinder, the pattern
piece is passed over it, and set at the bottom of the cylinder. Sand is now fed
into the cylinder or moulding box, whilst the pattern piece and its appendages
are made to revolve, the pattern piece being gradually urged to the top of its
traverse, thus shaping both the mould and its core at once. Provision is made
for loaving openings in the sand of the actual mould by placing mandrills in
the cylinder, just as in the case of the core. When the pipe has been cast
the holes left in the sand by the mandrills, which are withdrawn for the purpose,
allow the steam and gases to flow off, whilst they also admit of the easy break-
ing up of the core sand when the casting is to be taken out of the box.
Advantage is also taken of the expansive effect of the gases and steam
generated by tho contact of the hot metal with the sand, to break out and
disengage the core bar, plugging up tho openings at the upper ends of the
mandril holes or cells, just at the time when the bottom plate is hinged down
after the casting is performed. The rush of gaseous matter then disengages the
parts in a very complete manner. Instead of thus forming both the mould
and its core at the same time, the two may be produced separately by the
same means, or a modification thereof. When tho pipe is to have a socket or
faucet piece upon it, the faucet pattern in two halves is put into the top of the
mould box after the cylindrical pattern piece has been wholly withdrawn.
Sand is then rammed between the exterior of this faucet pattern and the
corresponding interior of the faucet socket on the top of the moulding
cylinder. Various modes of making the sand both of the mould and its core
cellular or open, as herein-before described, may be adopted, instead of or in
addition to the mandrils referred to.

page_text: "
In making cores for pipes to be cast horizontally or out of the vertical,
the core is moulded or shaped in a core bar, consisting of two longitudinal
halves hinged together, one half being provided with a small pin standing
up in the centre. This pin is for receiving a short " peg-strap or piece
of metal of a concave form, this "peg-strap" having a small hole in it
corresponding to the pin in the core box, and on which pin the "peg-strap
is adjusted. Both halves of the core mould box are then filled in with sand,
and the usual core bar being placed in the opposite half box, the two halves
are brought together, and tho moulding of the core is completed. The
moulded core is then lifted out and placed on a rack for use, the "peg-strap"
.being imbedded in the sand of the core and being removed with it. A short
.peg is then placed in the hole in the "peg strap," and this peg, when the cast-
ing comes to be made upon the core, forms the upward stop for the resistance
of the action of the fluid metal conveying the pressure over an area of the
core equal to that covered by the peg strap. To guide the core to its exact
position in the pipe mould, when a casting is to be made, a small projecting
piece is moulded upon one end of the core, and a print being formed upon the
laying-down board, a corresponding recess is made in the pipe mould itself;.
hence the insertion of the projection upon the core into the recess in the
mould insures accuracy in the relation of the parts. A pin or screw, passed'
laterally through the upper half of the moulding box for the actual pipe cast-
ing, forms the resisting piece or stop for the "thickness peg," which stands
upwards from the core placed in the box. The cellular or open system of
sand work is also applicable in this process.
This Invention further refers to the forming moulds for bend, elbow, or
branch pipes and fittings, with green sand cores, without using nails or pegs
of any kind. The band or elbow pattern is made of the exact shape of the
intended elbow pipe, and it is in two halves, each moulding box having in it
a separate and distinct pattern. Tho under half of each of the two elbows is
placed upon a laying-down board, and the drag part of the box is rammed up
with sand, and then turned over in the usual way. The inside or core part is
then rammed partially with sand, and upon this is laid a species of duplex
core bar, one-side for each elbow. The top halves of the. boxes are then
placed upon their corresponding under halves, filling up the inside or coro
with sand from the end. The top part of the box is then placed on and filled
in with sand in the usual manner, parting the box and taking out the top part
of the pattern. The box is then turned over, and the under half of the pattern
is taken out, and the mould is ready for casting...

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Walter Macfarlane in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
26th August 1857.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WALTER
MACFARLANE, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain, Engineer,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-sixth day of February, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, in the twentieth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Walter Macfarlane, Her special license that I, the said Walter Macfarlane,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Walter
Macfarlane, my executors, administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, excrcise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MOULD-
ING OR MANUFACTURING CAST-IRON PIPES," upon the condition (amongst others)
that I, the said Walter Macfarlane, by an instrument in writing under my
hand and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of
the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
. NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Walter Macfalane, do hereby declaro
tho nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement in writing, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings, and
to the letters and figures marked theṛcon, that is to say :-
My said Invention relates to the moulding or manufacturing of cast-iron
pipes or hollow cylinders, in such a manner that both the mould and its coro
are made or shaped simultaneously or at the same time by one and the same
operating action, the moulding being of the class ordinarily known as "green
sand." The moulding box for moulding pipes vertically is a plain cylinder,
bolted by a bottom flange to a travelling carriage. An end plate is hinged to
.the under sido of this cylinder, this plate being solid so as to be capable of
.covering up the sand and pattern, a small conical hole only being formed in
the centre of the plate to receive the lower end of the core bar spindle. For
socket pipes the cylinder has upon its upper end a moveable piece correspond

page_text: ing to the socket. The core bar is of considerable length, the upper part
being plain and of a diameter to fit the collar of the moulding pattern piece;
whilst the lower part is of a diameter approximating to that of the intended
core. This part of the core bar or the actual moulding portion has upon it
longitudinal flutings, wedged shaped in transverse section, or otherwise formed
so as to present a suitable indented periphery. These flutings or longitudinal
grooves are for holding mandrils of small diameter, which are inserted one in
each groove for the purpose of leaving openings in the sand of the core for the
escape of the gases and for other uses. The pattern piece, the outside of
which shapes the interior surface of the mould, whilst the insido similarly
forms the external surface of the core, is a plain short cylinder, suspended by
long arms from a collar piece passed over the upper plain part of the core bar.
In the interior of this pattern piece, and attached to it, is an arrangement of
inclined vanes or scrow blades; or instead of this contrivance other arrange-
ments inay be adopted for working up the pattern piece upon or through the
sand. When a pipe is to be moulded in this way, the core bar being placed
in the central socket or hole at the bottom of the moulding cylinder, the
pattern picce is passed over it, and set at the bottom of the cylinder. Sand is
now fed into the cylinder or moulding box, whilst the pattern piece and its
appendages are made to revolve, the pattern piece being gradually urged to
the top of its traverse, thus shaping both the mould and its core at once.
Provision is made for leaving openings in the sand of the actual mould by
placing mandrils in the cylinder, just as in the case of the core. When the
pipe has been cast, the holes left in the sand by the mandrils, which are with-
drawn for the purpose, allow the steam and gases to flow off, whilst they also
admit of the easy breaking up of the core sand when the casting is to be taken
out of the box. Advantage is also taken of the expansive effect of the gases
and steam generated by the contact of the hot metal with the sand to break
out and disengage the core bar, by plugging up the openings at the upper ends
of the mandril holes or cells, just at the time when the bottom plate is hinged
down after the casting is performed. The rush of gascous matter then dis-
engages the parts in a very complete manner. Instead of thus forming both
the mould and its core at the same time, the two may be produced separately
by the same means or a modification thereof. When the pipo is to have a
socket or faucet piece upon it, the faucet pattern in two halves is put into the
top of the mould box after the cylindrical pattern piece has been wholly with-
drawn. Sand is then rammed between the exterior of this faucet pattern and the
corresponding interior of the faucet socket on the top of the moulding cylinder.
Various modes of making the sand both of the mould and its core cellular

page_text: or open, as herein-before described, may be adopted instead of or in addition
to the mandrils referred to. In making cores for pipes to be cast horizon
tally or out of the vertical, the coro is moulded or shaped in a core bo
consisting of two longitudinal halves hinged together, one half being provided
with a small pin standing up in the centre. This pin is for receiving a shor
"peg strap" or piece of metal of a concave form, this "peg strap" having a
small hole in it corresponding to the pin in the core box, and on which pin the
"peg-strap" is adgusted. Both halves of the core mould box are then filled
in with sand, and the usual core bar being placed in the opposite half box, the
two halves are brought together, and the moulding of the core is completed
The moulded core is then lifted out and placed on a rack for use, the "peg
strap" being imbedded in the sand of the core and being removed with it.
A short peg is then placed in the hole in the peg strap, and this peg, when
the casting comes to be mado upon the core, forms the upward stop for tho
resistance of the action of the fluid metal, conveying the pressure over an area
of the core equal to that covered by the peg strap. To guide the core to its
exact position in the pipe mould when a casting is to be made, a small pro-
jecting piece is moulded upon an end of the core, and a print being formed
upon the laying down board, a corresponding recess is made in the pipe mould
itself; hence the insertion of the projection upon the core into the recess in
the mould insures accuracy in the relation of the parts. A pin or screw,
passed laterally through the upper half of the moulding box for the actual pipe
casting, forms the resisting piece or stop for the "thickness peg," which stands
upwards from. the core placed in the box. The cellular or open system of
sand work is also applicable in this process.
This Invention further refers to the forming moulds for bend, elbow, or
branch pipes and fittings, with green sand cores, without using nails or pegs of
any kind. The bend or elbow pattern is made of the exact shape of the
intended elbow pipe, and it is in two halves, each moulding box having in it a
separate and distinct pattern. The under half of each of the two elbows is
placed upon a laying down board, and the drag part of the box is rammed up
with sand, and then turned over in the usual way. The inside or core part is
then rammed partially with sand, and upon this is laid a species of duplex coro
bar, one side for each elbow. The top halves of the boxes are then placed upon
their corresponding under halves, filling up the inside or coro with sand from
the end. The top part of the box is then placed on and filled in with sand in
the usual manner, parting the box and taking out the top part of the pattern.
The box is then turned over, and the under half of the pattern is taken out,
and the mould is ready for casting.

page_text: And in order that my said Invention may be properly understood, 1 shall
now proceed to describe the several illustrative Figures.on the explanatory
Sheets of Drawings, which I have hereunto appended for the purpose of showing
certain modifications under which my improvements may be judiciously carried
out in practice.
My Invention relates, firstly, to an improved system or mode of moulding or
manufacturing cast-iron pipes or other similar articles in a vertical position, or
as it is technically termed "cast on end." In this improved system or modo
of moulding, the pattern answers the two purposes of forming the mould and
the core, or the two surfaces for forming or shaping both the insides and out-
sides of pipes at one operation. The whole of the operations is effected by what
is technically termed "green sand moulding," that is to say, the core and
moulds do not require to be subjected to heat or to any drying process prior to
casting. In the mould and coro made according to this Invention cellular
cavities are made, which cavities serve the purpose of "venting" the corc, and
of receiving and holding the gaseous matters and steam generated or set free.
by the action of the heat arising from the molten metal upon the sand or
moulding material. These gaseous matters and steam, if confined within the
cellular cavities formed in the mould and the core, attain a force sufficiently
expansive to partially blow the sand out of the mould and core. By this means
the casting is much more easily set free from the core, and lifted out of the
mould than by the ordinary practice; and I may remark, that this process,
although heat is not intended to be used, it may be applied if found necessary.
My Invention relates, secondly, to a system or mode of moulding or manu-
facturing cast-iron pipes or other similar articles in a horizontal position, in.
which system or mode the core is made in a separate core box, or the core may
bo formed by the interior portion of the pattern. The core has a cellular
cavity extending throughout its length, and projecting from its exterior surface
is an iron pin, which is caused to bear against a screw pin, or other suitable
bearing, in the top part of the moulding box. In this system or mode of
moulding the whole of the operation is effected by what is technically termed
green sand moulding," that is to say, the core and mould do not require to
be subjected to heat or to any drying process prior to casting. In this módo
of moulding cellular cavities are introduced into the core, for the purposes of
"venting" it, and for receiving and holding the steam and gaseous matter,
which subsequently serve to assist in breaking up the core.
"E
Thirdly, my Invention relates to an improved system or mode of moulding
or manufacturing cast-iron pipes, or other similar articles, in a horizontal or
nearly horizontal position. In this system or mode of moulding, the pattern is

page_text: made in two equal parts, and it serves the two purposes of shaping the mould
and forming the core. Cellular cavities are formed in the mould and corc, or
in the core only (if sufficient) for the purposes of venting the mould and
retaining the aqueous and gaseous matters as before named. In this improved
system or mode of moulding, the whole operation is effected without the intro-
duction of nails,. chaplets, pegs, or other foreign substances into the casting.
The illustrative Figures on the three several Sheets of Drawings, annexed to
this my said Specification, show certain modifications of the machinery or
apparatus which I prefer to use in carrying out my improvements in moulding
or manufacturing cast-iron pipes, or other similar articles.
Figure 1, Sheet 1, of my Drawings is an elevation partially sectional of one
modification of. a machino for simultaneously forming a mould and its coro
complete, and suitable for casting iron pipes; Figure 2 is a plan, showing one
half of the upper portion of the machine; Figure 3 is a plan of the lower part
of the apparatus with the moulding box, a portion of the pattern, and the core
box shown in transverse section; Figure 4 is a partially sectional elevation,
with the mould and core as formed. The faucet pattern and mandrils are
shown in their places, and the faucet core is ready for being lifted out pre-
paratory to taking out the faucet pattern.
Figure 5, of Sheet 2 of my Drawings, is a partially sectional elevation of a
modification of a machine for making the mould and core at one operation.
In this arrangement the machine is mounted upon a carriage, so that it may
be moved from place to place; Figuro 6 is a transverse section of the machine
corresponding to Figure 5; Figure 7 is a transverse section of a moulding
apparatus, in which the mandrils for forming the cellular cavities in the mould
material are shown as applied to the mould as well as to the core; Figure 8 is
an elevation of a faucet pattern; Figure 9 is a plan of a core moulding box,
showing the two halves of the box lying open; Figure 10 is a plan of-tho
"core strap;" Figure 11 is an end view of the same, showing the "thickness
peg; Figure 12 is a plan of a core with one of the mandrils for forming the
cellular cavities left in the moulding material; Figure 13 is an end view of
the same; Figure 14 is a plan of the moulding box with the pattern shown in
in its place; Figure 15 is a vertical section of the same; and Figure 16 is an
end view corresponding to Figure 14.
The modifications of my improved machinery for moulding and manufacturing
cast-iron pipes in a vertical position, as shown in Figures 1 to 4, on Sheet 1
of my illustrative Drawings, is intended for forming the mould and the core, or
the two opposed shaping surfaces of the pipe mould at one operation. The
machine consists of a pair of massive vertical standards A erected between two

page_text: parallel walls, and bolted at the bottom to a rectangular framing B, forming
the base of the machine. The moulding box C is of a polygonal form, with a.
funnel or hopper-shaped mouth. In the elevations, Figures 1 and 4, the
central portions of the machinery are represented as broken away, but it is to
be understood that the intervening parts are merely a continuation of those
shown in the Figures. The moulding box C is bolted down to a strong
rectangular table or frame D. This table, which is moveable, is supported by
means of two gudgeons or journals E, which project on each side of the table,
and rest upon the framing B. A circular aperture is made in the table D, in
which aperture a moveable metal ring F is fitted. This ring moves in a
vertical direction, and is moved and held up in its place by the cams or
eccentrics G, which are fast to the shaft II. The eccentrics G are actuated
by means of a lever I on the shaft H, so that by turning the lever handle I
through a quarter of a revolution the eccentrics move the ring F downwards,
which then falls away from the end of the moulding box. There are two pro-
jections having inclined surfaces upon the under side of the ring F, with which
the cams G come in contact when the ring F is raised. These projections
serve to wedge the ring F up more firmly against the bottom of the moulding
box. The core J passes down through the ring F, and is bolted to the lower
part of the table or frame D by a broad flange. It is in the annular space
between the core bar and the moulding box that the pattern piece, which shapes
the mould and forms the corc, moves. The pattern piece K consists of a short
hollow cylindrical piece of metal equal in thickness, to the casting required,
with vanes or blades L attached to its internal and external surfaces. The
pattern piece K is fast to the central vertical shaft M, which passes through
the moveable cross head or frame N, and has upon its upper extremity a
toothed wheel O. The cross head N is carried up and down with the shaft M,
and serves to guide it in a vertical direction; it also carries a driving pinion P,
and it moves up and down the guides formed on the side standards A. Rotatory
motion is communicated to the wheel O through the pinion P, which is put in
motion by means of gearing connected with a suitable prime mover. At
the same time that the rotatory motion is given to the shaft M, a steady
and uniform vertical motion is given to the crosshead N and pattern pieco K.
The speed of the upward motion of the pattern piece K is regulated by the
degree of compression to which the moulding material is to be subjected; or
the pattern piece may be raised by its pressure upon the sand as it accumu-
lates beneath the inclined screw blades. In this modification of my improve-
ments, both the core bar and the moulding box are made with longitudinally
fluted surfaces forming angular projections thereon, as is shown in the Plan,

page_text: Figure 3, Sheet 1, of my Drawings. The cellular cavities next the core bar J.
are formed by the mandrils Q, which are metal rods attached by means of
nuts to the collar plate R, which is carried by the shaft M. The mandrils
pass through eyes fitted in the core bar, which serve to keep the mandrils
steady and parallel to each other. The mandrils Q of the moulding box C are
bolted to the web S of the crosshead N, and the series of mandrils are arranged
by preferance to fit the recesses formed by tho flutings or grooves of the
moulding box, and are passed through eyes similar to those upon the core bar.
A segmentally shaped rack or quadrant T is fitted to one side of the moulding
box C, and, upon a short shaft U projecting within the framing, is fitted a
pinion in gear with the rack T. A handle is fixed upon the squared end of
the shaft U, and by this means the moulding box and table D are caused to
move towards a horizontal position between the standards A, when required.
On the upper part of the moulding box are two catches V, which fall into
catches or recesses made for the purpose upon the framing. When the
machine is to be put into operation the pattern piece is lowered to the bottom
of the moulding box. A sufficient quantity of "green sand" is then fed into
the machine, and at the same time the shaft M is put in motion, and the
pattern piece is gradually raised. The sand or moulding material, as it falls
into the annular space between the core bar and the moulding box, becomes !
compressed by the rotatory motion of the vanes or blades of the pattern piece.
This compressing and shaping action, going on upon both sides of the pattern
piece, obviously shapes both the mould and the core at one operation. The
upper edges of the ring, which forms the cylindrical portion of the pattern
piece K, is brough to an edge, so that the moulding material may fall in equal
proportions on both sides of the pattern piece. If, however, it is required to
vary the quantity of the moulding material, it is only necessary to make the
upper edges of the pattern pieco deviate, more or less, from the centre, so that
a larger quantity of sand will fall upon one side of the pattern piece-than tho
other.
In Figure 1 of my Drawings the pattern piece is shown broken away upon
the left-hand side, so as to exhibit a vertical section of the cylindrical portion
of the pattern piece, in which the upper odge is midway between the external
and internal surfaces of the pattern piece, so as to distribute the sand in equal
proportions on both sides of the pattern pieco K. As the sand is filled into
the moulding box and round the core bar, the pattern piece K and the man-
drils Qrise simultaneously, so that when the moulding box is filled to the
height of the plain cylindrical portion of the pipe, the mandrils and the pattern
piece are just clear of the mould. The pattern piece and the mandrils arc,

page_text: 65
however, lifted still higher by the overhead gearing, in order to leave the upper
part of the moulding box perfectly clear for effecting the subsequent opera-
tions. If the casting is to be made with a socket, the next operation will bo
the-forming of the mould for this part of the pipe. The faucet pattern W is
put into its place within the mouth of the moulding box, and the faucet coro
plate X is next inserted, and then the short mandrils Y for forming a con-
tinuation of the cellular cavities in the mould and core of the faucet, as shown
in Figure 4 on Sheet 1 of my illustrative Drawings. The faucet portion of
the mould is then formed; the top part of the box is now put on, and the head
for casting is made in the ordinary manner. The top part of the box is then
parted" or taken off, and the faucet core is lifted out by its plate X; the
mandrils Y are next removed, and the faucet pattern W taken out of the
mould. The core is now replaced, and the top part of the box put on, the mould
is then complete and ready for casting. After pouring in the molten metal,
the inflammable gases are allowed to burn off; the cellular apertures in the
upper part of the mould are then closed by means of moulding sand rammed
therein, or otherwise. The ring F is then lowered by turning the lever handlo
I, so as to lower the ring by means of the cams G, and leave the core unsup-
ported. Meanwhile the radiant heat of the molten metal causes u considerable
accumulation of steam and gaseous matters in the cellular cavities formed by
the core and mould mandrils Q and Y. This accumulation of steam and
gaseous matters goes on increasing every instant until the vapour attains a
sufficiently explosive force to blow a considerable portion of the moulding sand
out of the moulding box and core. By this means the casting is left free, and
may
then be easily removed from the moulding box. The removal of the
casting from the moulding box may be effected by drawing it out in an obliquo
direction, provision for which is made by the addition of the segmentally
shaped rack T; or the moulding box may be lowered by other mechanical
incans, so as to draw out the casting in a horizontal direction.
it
Figure 5, on Sheet 2 of my illustrativo Drawings, is a partially vertical
section of another modification of my improved machinery or apparatus for
moulding or manufacturing cast-iron pipes; Figure 6 is a transverso section
of the same; and Figure 8 is an elevation of a faucet pattern used in this
modification of my improvements. In this arrangement of the machine the
whole of the moulding apparatus is borne upon a carriage A, which moves to
and fro upon rails laid down for the purpose in the foundry.
The moulding
box B is bolted by means of a bottom flange to the carriage A, in the centre
of which is an opening corresponding to the diameter of the interior of the
moulding box B. In this aperture is fitted a plate C, which is hinged to one

page_text: side of the opening. In the centre of the plate C is a square hole made to
receive the end of the core bar spindle. The core bar D is made with flutings
or angular grooves, as shown in the transverse section, Figure 6. The man-
drils E for making the cellular openings in the sand of the core are arranged
in the hollow parts of the core bar, between the apices of the angular grooves.
In this modification the mandrils E are inserted and withdrawn from the sand
by hand. The pattern piece F for forming the mould and the core is similar in
construction to that herein-before described; it is attached to an open frame
G, which is made sufficiently long to reach from the bottom of the moulding
box to some distance above its mouth. On the upper part of the frame
G is fixed a toothed wheel II, which is put in gear with a suitable
mechanical arrangement for giving a rotatory and reciprocatory movement to
the pattern piece F. The upper end of the moulding box B is made with a
flange, to which is fitted (when socket pipes are to be cast) a moveable piece
I, the internal figure of which corresponds to the exterior of the faucet end of
the pipe. Above the moveable picce I the moulding box terminates in a
funnel-shaped mouth.
Figure 7 is a transverse section similar to Figure 6, in which the moulding
box B is polygonal inside, has a series of mandrils E arranged within the
recesses formed by the angles of the moulding box. In forming moulds with
this modification of my improvements, the mode of proceeding does not differ
essentially from that herein-before described in reference to the machine shown
in Figures 1 to 4 of my illustrative Drawings, excepting that in this arrange-
ment the faucet pattern, shown in Figure 8, is made in two parts, the mould
having a vertical parting. It is to be borne in mind that I do not confine
myself to the dispensing with heat or stoves in this process, nor do I confine
myself to the principle of uncoring the pipe or mould by steam or vapour; I
may even use a collapsable core bar, or any other means; and, further than this,
may form cellular cavities or open portions in the moulding material to be
used, simply for the purpose of obtaining an easy means of breaking up the
moulding material after the casting has been made, independently of the use of
clastic vapour.
I
The next part of my Invention refers to a system or mode of casting pipes
or other similar articles in a horizontal or slightly inclined position. In this
mode of casting the core is made separate from the mould; both the core and
the mould is made in what is technically known as "green sand," and without
the aid of drying stoves, or the application of heat to the moulds or cores.
In Sheet 2 of my illustrative Drawings, Figures 9 to 16, are different views
of the apparatus or means for carrying out this part of my improvements.

page_text: Figure 9 is a plan of a core box J; this is formed in two parts, and jointed
or hinged together by means of cotters. In the faucet part of this core box is
a small square recess K, and in the centre of the top half is core strap L,
which has a button in the middle to receive the "thickness pog." The coro
strap is shown separately in Figure 10, and in end view in Figure 11; it is a
convex plate or frame of metal, having a fine point projecting at each of
its corners. When the core strap is laid in the core box, it rests upon the pro-
jecting points, and thus allows of a thin layer of sand being formed between the
core box and the core strap. The small hole in the centre of the core strap, in
which the "thickness peg" is inserted, is cleared of moulding sand by the
moulder previous to the insertion of the thickness peg, which serves to keep the
core strap in its place whilst the core is being made.
In Figure 12 the square core bar is shown coated with a layer of
moulding sand, forming a core ready for being inserted in the mould.
In this Figure one of the mandrils is shown passed longitudinally through
the moulding sand; and in cross section, shown in Figure 13, the relative
positions of the core bar, and the cellular cavity made in the moulding
material by the mandril, are clearly indicated. In making a core according
to these improvements, the core strap, Figures 10 and 11, is laid in the
upper half of the core box, Figure 9, and this half of the box is partly
filled with green sand. The operator then lays upon the sand one of
the vent mandrils M for forming the circular cavities, shown in the cross
section, Figure 18; the half of the core box is then filled up with sand.. A
layer of sand is put into the bottom half of the core box; upon this is laid the
square core bar N, and the second half of the box is filled with sand. The box
is now closed in order to firmly squeeze the two halves of the core into one,
and the mandril M withdrawn; the box is then opened, and the core is lifted
out and placed upon a rack, a "thickness peg" is inserted in the core strap L,
and it is then ready for the mould. In making the core it may be found more
convenient to vent and blow out the sand only at the one end. In preparing
the mould for the reception of the core, the laying down board O is placed on
the floor of the foundry with the pattern in it, which is a cylindrical pipo
in one piece, one half of the pattern being received in the recess of the laying
down board. The drag part P of the box is then placed on the laying down
board, as shown in the plan, Figure 14, and in the end view, Figure 15. Tho
box is filled up with sand, turned over, and the laying down board taken off.
At the faucet end of the laying down board is a small square projecting print
Q, which leaves a corresponding recess in the mould, and this recess corre-
sponds to the projection R on the faucet end of the core, Figure 12. A little

page_text: '
"
"parting sand" is dusted over the surface of the recess in the mould, so as to
prevent its being filled with moulding sand from the top part of the mould.
The upper part of the moulding box is then put on, and the thumbscrew S in
the centre is screwed down until it comes in contact with the pattern. The
box is rammed up with sand, and when parted the parting sand is blown out
of the recess Q; the pattern is next removed, and the mould finished in the
usual manner. The core is now placed in the mould with the "thickness peg
upwards, which comes opposite the thumb screw S in the upper half of
the box, as shown in Figure 16, Sheet 2. For convenience, the thumbscrew
S is also shown in the plan of the drag part of the moulding box, Figure 14.
The pressure of the thumbscrew upon the thickness peg serves to keep the
core exactly equidistant in the mould during the operation of casting, whilst
the print upon the faucet serves to guide the core into its proper place in the
mould. Finally, the moulding box is closed, and it is then ready for casting.
When the molten metal has been poured into the mould, the longitudinal
cavity formed by the withdrawal of the mandril M is closed up at each end,
and the steam and gas allowed to accumulato within the mould until they
attain a sufficient force to blow out a portion of the sand. This breaking up of
the moulding sand leaves the pipe coro comparatively free from sand, the
remaining portion being easily removed therefrom.
Another modification of this system or mode of moulding consists in making
the inside of the pattern answer the purpose of forming the corc. By this
means the expense of making separate core boxes is avoided, as well as the in-
convenience arising from any inaccuracy in the core box and pattern itself.
Figure 17, on Sheet 3 of my Drawings, is a plan of the laying down board,
moulding box, and patterns for making two socket pipes; Figure 18 is a longi-
tudinal section of the lower half of the pattern filled with sand for forming tho
core, and with the core bar in its place; Figure 19 is a plan of the upper half
of the pattern, showing the positions of the core strap and mandril; Figure 20
is a transverse vertical section of the mould prepared for casting; Figure 21 is
a longitudinal section of the central portion of the mould. The pattern of the
article to be cast is made in two halves, duplicates of each other, excepting
that the upper half, Figure 19, has at the centre of its length a small button
to give a slight extra thickness round the thickness peg when the substance of
the casting is not sufficient. In the centre of this is a small pin, which serves
to keep the core strap a in its place whilst making the core. The lower half of
the pattern, Figure 18, is first put on the laying down board b, Figure 17; the
drag" part c of the moulding box is put on, and the whole rammed up with
sand. The box is turned over, the laying down board removed, and the
60

page_text: parting properly finished; the inside of the pattern is partly filled with sand, the
core bar d put in, and the half pattern filled up to the edge, so as to form one
half of the core. The upper half of the pattern is then-partially filled with sand,
and the core strap put in its place in the pattern; the core strap is covered with
sand to a sufficient thickness, and the vent mandril e laid in, and the half pattern
filled up with sand. The two halves of the pattern and the core contained
therein are brought into contact together, and thus form a complete core; the
mandril is withdrawn, and the two parts of the pattern placed in its bed or
seni-mould, previously made in the "drag" part of the moulding box. The
top part of the moulding box is now put on and rammed up with sand, so as to
form the upper half of the mould, and in contact with the point of a double
incline binding stud. The moulding box is then parted, the upper half of the
pattern removed, then the core, and then the lower half of the pattern; the
core is then replaced, and the thickness peg put into the orifice in the core
strap, the box is closed, the point or the binding stud is in contact with the
top end of the thickness peg, as shown in Figures 20 and 21, and the mould
is then ready for casting. In some cases the use of the thickness peg may be
dispensed with; in this modification of my Invention instead of using an
ordinary screw for pressing down the thickness peg, a conically shaped metal
plug, or as I term it, a double incline binding stud f is shown as applied to
that purpose, and in this, the top and bottom or bearing parts work on
inclined planes.
In Figures 21 and 22, the position of the different parts of the mould
when ready for casting is clearly shewn. The uncoring of the casting is
partially effected by the expansive action of the confined steam and gaseous
matters, as hercin-before described.
The last part of my present Invention refers to a system or mode of mould-
ing or manufacturing "bends," "elbows," branch pipes, and fittings of a similar
kind. In this modification, those articles are moulded and cast in a horizontal
position, whilst tho pattern is made to answer the twofold purpose of shaping
the mould and forming the core, the moulding being effected as in the fore-
going modifications in "green sand." Figure 22 is a plan of a laying down
board, drag part of the moulding, box, and patterns for forming two halves of
a pair of elbow pipes; Figure 28 is a plan of the drag part of the moulding
box showing the box and pattern rammed up with sand, and the core bar
inserted therein; Figure 24 is a section of the pattern, which is made in two
parts of the exact shape of the article to be cast; Figure 25 is a vertical
section of the mould as prepared for casting. In casting articles in duplicate,
as shown in the Figures referred to, the lower halves of the patterns g aro

page_text: laid upon the convex fac-similes on the laying down board h, and the "drag'
part i of the moulding box is laid on, and then rammed up with sand; tho
laying down board and the box are turned over, and the former removed; the
insides of the patterns 9 are partially filled with sand, the core bar ; placed in,
and the filling up completed. The core bars of both the pipes are connected
together by means of cotters, as shown in Figure 23. Upon the core bars j
cords forming elastic vent mandrils are placed; the sand is heaped up over
these vents, and the top parts k of the patterns put on their corresponding
halves, and then the insides are filled up with sand. The upper parts of the
patterns being placed upon the lower halves which are imbedded in the sand,
the top part of the moulding box is put on and rammed up with sand, a
suitable "gate" being made for the molten metal to flow into the mould.
A key is attached to each top part of the patterns, in order that they may
be lifted with the moulding box when the two parts are "parted." Or, the 'top
part of the box may be turned over, and the patterns partly filled with sand,
and an elastic vent mandril laid along the centre of each upper core, the ends
being brought out beyond the sides of the moulding box, as shown in
Figure 23; the inner parts of the patterns are filled up, and the top part of
the box placed on the lower half. The top part is lifted off, leaving the
patterns and core in the "drag" part, the upper halves of the patterns are
taken off, the box is again put together, it is turned over, and the bottom
halves of the patterns removed. Finally, the two parts of the box are put
together, the elastic vent mandrils are withdrawn, leaving corresponding
cavities in the sand, and the mould is then ready for casting. In moulding or
manufacturing the terminal portions of pipes, or such like castings, for
example, the "heads" of rain-water pipes, the process of forming the mould
is somewhat modified from the foregoing system.
Figure 26 is a plan of the laying down board, moulding box, and pipo
head pattern to be moulded; Figure 27 is a longitudinal vertical section ;
Figure 28 is a vertical section taken at right angles to Figure 27; and
Figure 29 is a plan of the core bar used in casting those articles. Tho
pattern is placed upon a block of wood, its leading outline being the
shapo of the core. The pattern is made in four pieces or parts, comprising
the front and back plates, and the two cheeks or side plates. The mould-
ing box for these articles is divided transversely into three parts, and the
central portion is divided vertically into two; the different parts are con-
nected with each other by hooks or latches; the pattern is first placed
with its back downwards on the laying down board m; the central part n
of the moulding box is then put round the head, and rammed up with

page_text: green sand, a suitable "parting" being made at the junctions of the box. The
"drag "part o. of the box is then put on and rammed up with sand; the box: is
then turned over, and the back plate of the pattern together with the block
are taken out, and a "parting" made for the core. The core guides pare
then laid in their places across cach end of the box; these guides have holes iti
their centres, through which the pegs in the core bar pass as the core bar is
laid into its place resting upon guides; the core part is rammed up with sand,
in doing this the core mandrils are put in their places before the filling
operation is completed. The back piece of the pattern is next put on, and
partings made through the sand at each side and at the ends of the mould.
The top part of the box r, and the "gate" patterns, are put on and the box
rammed up; the top part is then "parted," and the mould completed. The
next operation is to take out the pattern from the mould, one of the sides
is first drawn out and the pattern piece along with it; the second side is
drawn out, and thus both portions of the pattern are removed. The core is
then lifted out of the bottom part, and the core finished, resting it in the
meanwhile upon tresses. The front piece of the pattern is next removed,
and that portion of the mould finished. The core is now set in its place, and
the cheeks or side pieces and top part of the moulding box are replaced, and
the whole prepared for casting.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is, or may be used, or carried
into effect, I may observe, in conclusion, that I do not confine or restrict
myself to the precise details or arrangements which I have had occasion to
describe or refer to, as many variations may be made therefrom without
deviating from the principles or main features of my Invention; but what
I consider to be novel and original, and therefore claim as the Invention
secured to me by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent, is,-
First, the simultaneous formation of the moulds and cores for casting pipes,
or the surfaces for shaping or producing both the inside and outside surfaces of
pipes, the said moulds and cores being formed in a vertical position for the
purpose of casting pipes "on end."
Second, the general arrangement and construction of machinery or apparatus,
either stationary or moveable, for forming the moulds and the cores, or both
the inside and outside shaping surfaces of the pipes at one operation, as herein-
before described.
Third, the system or mode of making the moulds and cores for cast-iron
pipes with cellular cavities, and longitudinal, or other openings for the purpose
of venting the mould and core, and for facilitating the breaking up of the core
D

page_text: or mould, and also for confining the steam and gaseous matters, which, by
their expansivo force, serve to partially break up the core and release the
casting, as herein-before described.
Fourth, the system or mode of moulding and manufacturing cast iron pipes
in a horizontal position, in which the casting is partially uncored by means of
the expansive force of steam or gaseous matters, as herein-before described.
Fifth, the system or mode of forming the moulds for casting pipes, in which
the pattern of the pipe serves the twofold purpose of forming the moulds and
the cores, the said moulds and cores being formed in .horizontal position, as
herein-before described.
Sixth, the use and application of thickness pegs of one uniform thickness
throughout, instead of nails or chaplets, to the cores of pipe moulds, and of a
bearing plate or "core strap" for holding a "thickness peg;" and by means of
an adjustable screw or double incline binding stud in the moulding box, acting
upon the thickness peg, the core is kept. in its proper position during the
process of casting, as herein-before described.
Seventh, the system or mode of moulding and manufacturing "bends,"
"elbows," "branches," "heads," and other pipe fittings, in which the pattern is
made to form the mould and the core, as hercin-before described.
Eighth, the system or mode of moulding or manufacturing cast-iron pipes
by the agency of moulds and cores, which have not been subjected to the
action of heat.
In witness whereof, I, the said Walter Macfarlane, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Twenty-fourth day of August, One thousand
eight hundred and fifty-seven.
WALTER M'FARLANE. (L.S.)

page_text: In the Matter of a Patent granted to WALTER MACFARLANE, of
Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain, Engineer, for
his Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MOULDING OR MANUFACTURING
CAST-IRON PIPES," bearing date the 26th day of February 1857.
DISCLAIMER AND MEMORANDUM OF ALTERATION proposed to be
entered by the said Walter Macfarlane pursuant to the Statute in that
case made and provided.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WALTER
MACFARLANE, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain, Engineer,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, bearing date the Twenty-sixth day of February, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, in the twentieth year of
Пer reign, did grant unto me, the said Walter Macfarlane, the sole privilego
to make, use, exercise, and vend, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MOULDING
OR MANUFACTURING CAST-IRON PIPES," within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands and Isle of Man, during the term of
fourteen years thence next ensuing: And whereas in pursuance of a condition
in the said Letters Patent contained, I did by a Specification in writing under

page_text: my hand and seal, bearing date the Twenty-fourth day of August One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of my said Invention, and the manner in which the same was and is
to be performed, and did cause the said Specification to be duly filed in the
said Great Seal Patent Office within the time and in the manner by the said
condition required in that behalf: And whereas since the filing of my said
Specification it has been decided that the eighth of the claims of Invention
contained in my said Specification is too large, and I have been advised that
the fourth of the claims of Invention at the end of my said Specification is
unnecessary, and that the fifth of the said claims may be deemed to include
same modes of manufacturing which are not of much importance, and for
these reasons, as well as to correct certain mistakes in the said Specification
berein-after mentioned, I am desirous of making and filing the Disclaimer
and Memorandum of Alteration herein-after expressed or contained.
NOW KNOW YE, that by and with the leave of Sir Fitzroy Kelly,
Knight, Her Majesty's Attorney General, and for the reasons aforesaid, I, the
said Walter Macfarlane, do hereby disclaim so much and such parts of my
said Specification as consists of the words, letters, and figures following (that
is to say):
66
"Another modification of this system or mode of moulding consists in
"making the inside of the pattern answer the purpose of forming the core,
by this means the expense of making separate core boxes is avoided, as well
as the inconvenience arising from any inaccuracy in the core box and
pattern itself."
66
66
65
.
Figure 17, on Sheet 3 of my Drawings, is a plan of the laying-down board,
moulding box, and patterns for making two socket pipes; Figure 18 is a
"longitudinal section of the lower half of the pattern filled with sand for
forming the core, and with the core bar in its place; Figure 19 is a plan
"of the upper half of the pattern, shewing the positions of the core strap and
"mandril; Figure 20 is a transverse vertical section of the mould prepared
" for casting; Figure 21 is a longitudinal section of the central portion of the
"mould. The pattern of the article to be cast is made in two balves,
duplicates of each other, excepting that the upper half, Figure 19, has at
"the centre of its length a small button to give a slight extra thickness round
"the thickness peg when the substance of the casting is not sufficient. In
"the centre of this is a small pin which serves to keep the core strap a in its
place whilst making the core. The lower half of the pattern, Figure 18, is
"first put on the laying-down board b, Figure 17, the "drag" part c of the
" moulding box is put on and the whole rammed up with sand. The box is

page_text: 66
68
"
"turned over, the laying-down board removed, and the parting properly
finished, the inside of the pattern is partly filled with sand, the core bar d.
put in, and the half pattern filled up to the edge so as to form one half of.
"the core. The upper half of the pattern is then partially filled with sand
"and the core strap put in its place in the pattern, the core strap is covered
"with sand to a sufficient thickness, and the vent mandril e laid in, and the
"half pattern filled up with sand. The two halves of the pattern and the
core contained therein are brought into contact together, and thus form a
"complete core, the mandril is withdrawn and the two parts of the pattern
placed in its bed or semi-mould previously made in the "drag" part of the:
moulding box. The top part of the moulding box is now put on and⚫
"rammed up with sand, so as to form the upper half of the mould, and in
contact with the point of a double incline binding stud; the moulding box
"is then parted, the upper half of the pattern removed, then the core, and
"then the lower half of the pattern, the core is then replaced and the thick-
ness peg put into the orifice in the core strap, the box is closed, the point or
"the binding stud is in contact with the top and of the thickness peg, as
"shewn in Figures 20 and 21, and the mould is then ready for casting. In.
"
66
"
46
66
some cases the use of the thickness peg may be dispensed with; in this
" modification of my Invention instead of using an ordinary screw for pressing
"down the thickness peg a conically shaped metal plug, or as I term it a
".double incline binding stud f, is shewn as applied to that purpose, and in'
"this the top and bottom or bearing parts work on inclined planes."
"In Figures 21 and 22 the position of the different parts of the mould
"when ready for casting is clearly shewn. The uncoring of the casting is
partially effected by the expansive action of the confined steam and gaseous
"matters as herein-before described.
"
And by and with the leave aforesaid, and for the reasons aforesaid, I do hereby
also disclaim so much and such parts of the said Specification as consists of
the words following," I do not confine or restrict myself to the precise details
"or arrangements which I have had occasion to describe or refer to, as many
"variations may be made therefrom without deviating from the principles
or main features of niy Invention, but "
And by and with such leave as aforesaid, and for the reasons aforesaid, I do'
hereby disclaim the word "second" at the commencement of the second claim,
at or near the latter end of the said Specification, and alter the said Specifi-*
cation by substituting the word. "and" in lieu of the said word "second."
And I also disclaim the word "third" at the commencement of the third
claiming clause, at or near the latter end of the said Specification, and alter
.

page_text: the said Specification by substituting the word "second" in lieu of the said.
word "third." And I do also hereby disclaim the fourth, fifth, and eighth-
claiming clauses, at or near the end of the said Specification, and the words
"sixth" and "seventh at the commencements of the sixth and seventh of
the said claiming clauses respectively, and alter the said Specification by
substituting the words "third" and "fourth" in lieu of the said words "sixth ".
and "seventh" respectively herein-before disclaimed. And for the reasons
aforesaid, and also for the purpose of shewing more clearly the effect of the
disclaimers and alterations intended to be hereby made, and causing the said
Specification as hereby altered to describe and claim only those parts of
the said Invention not intended to be hereby disclaimed, I disclaim all parts
of the said Specification not contained in the same as herein-after altered, and
I alter the said Specification so that the reference being had to the Drawings
accompanying the same Specification, and to the letters and figures markėd
thercon as herein-after mentioned, the said Specification shall describe and
ascertain the Invention to be henceforth comprised in the said Letters Patent,-
and the said sole privelege thereby granted in the words, letters, and figures
following (that is to say) :-
"My said Invention relates to the moulding or manufacturing of cast-
" iron pipes in such a manner that both the mould and its core are made or
"shaped simultaneous, or at the same time, by one and the same operating
"action, the moulding being of the class ordinarily known as "
green sand."
"The moulding box for moulding pipes vertically is a plain cylinder bolted
by a bottom flange to a travelling carriage, an end plate is hinged to
the under side of this cylinder, this plate being solid so as to be capable
"of covering up the sand and pattern, a small conical hole only being formed
" in the centre of the plate to receive the lower end of the core bar spidle.
"For socket pipes, the cylinder has upon its upper end a moveable piece
corresponding to the socket. The core bar is of considerable length, the
46
"
"
"
66
upper part being plain and of a diameter to fit the collar of the moulding
pattern piece, whilst the lower part is of a diameter approximating to that
"of the intended core. This part of the core bar or the actual moulding
I portion has upon it longitudinal flutings, wedged shape, in transverse section,
" or otherwise formed, so as to present a suitable indented periphery. Theso
flutings or longitudinal grooves are for holding mandrils of small diameter.
"which are inserted one in each groove, for the purpose of leaving openings
"in the sand of the core for the escape of the gases and for other uses. The
66
"
pattern piece, the outside of which shapes the interior surface of the mould,
" whilst the inside similarly forms the external surface of the core, is a plane

page_text: E
"short cylinder suspended by long arms from a collar piece passed over the
upper plain part of the core bar. In the interior of this pattern piece and
"attached to it is an arrangement of inclined vanes or screw blades; or instead
"of this contrivance other arrangements may be adopted for working up the
68
6
pattern piece upon or through the sand. When a pipe is to be moulded in
"this way, the core bar being placed in the central socket or hole at the
"bottom of the moulding cylinder, the pattern piece is passed over it and
"set at the bottom of the cylinder; sand is now fed into the cylinder or
moulding box, whilst the pattern piece and its appendages are made to
"revolve, the pattern piece being gradually urged to the top of its traverse,
"thus shaping both the mould and its core at once. Provision is made for
"leaving openings in the sand of the actual mould by placing mandrils in tho
"cylinder just as in the case of the core. When the pipe has been cast the
"holes left in the sand by the mandrils, which are withdrawn for the purpose,
"allow the steam and gases to flow off, whilst they also admit of the easy
"breaking up of the core sand when the casting is to be taken out of the box.
"Advantage is also taken of the expansive effect of the gases and steam
generated by the contact of the hot metal with the sand, to break out and
disengage the core bar by plugging up the openings at the upper ends of the
"mandril holes or cells just at the time when the bottom plate is hinged down
"after the casting is performed. The rush of gaseous matter then disengages
"the parts in a very complete manner. Instead of thus forming both the
"mould and its core at the same time, the two may be produced separately by
"the same means, or a modification thereof. When the pipe is to have a
"socket or faucit piece upon it, the faucet pattern, in two halves, is put into
"the top of the mould box after the cylindrical pattern piece has been wholly
withdrawn; sand is then rammed between the exterior of this faucet
pattern and the corresponding interior of the faucet socket on the top of
"the moulding cylinder. In making cores for pipes to be cast horizontally or
"out of the vertical, the core is moulded or shaped in a core box consisting of
"two longitudinal halves hinged together, one half being provided with a
"small pin standing up in the centre; this pin is for receiving a short
"peg strap" (or piece of metal of a concave form), this "peg strap
having a small hole in it corresponding to the pin in the core box,
and on which pin the "peg strap" is adjusted. Both halves of the core
"mould box are then filled in with sand, and the usual core bar being
66
"
placed in the opposite half box the two halves are brought together
"and the moulding of the core is complete. The moulded core is then lifted.
out, and placed on a rack for use, the "peg-strap" being imbedded in.the.

page_text: "sand of the core, and being removed with it; a short peg is then placed
"in the hole in the peg strap, and this peg when the casting comes to be
"made upon the core forms the upward stop for the resistance of the action
"of the fluid metal, conveying the pressure over an area of core equal to that
"covered by the peg strap. To guide the core to its exact position in the
"pipe mould, when a casting is to be made, a small projecting piece is
"moulded upon an end of the core, and a print being formed upon the
laying-down board, a corresponding recess is made in the pipe mould
"itself, hence the insertion of the projection upon the core into the recess in
"the mould insures accuracy in the relation of the parts. A pin or screw
passed latterally through the upper half of the moulding box, for the actual
"pipe casting, forms the resisting piece or stop for the "thickness peg," which
"stands upwards from the core placed in the box. The cellular or open
system of sandwork is also applicable in this procees.
$6
"
"This Invention further refers to the forming moulds for bend, elbow, or
"branch pipes and fittings, with green sand cores, without using nails or pegs
of any kind. The bend or elbow pattern is made of the exact shape of the
intended elbow pipe, and it is in two halves, each moulding box having in
"it a separate and distinct pattern. The under half of each of the two
"elbows is placed upon a laying-down board, and the drag part of the box
"is rammed up with sand, and then turned over in the usual way. The
" inside or core part is then rammed partially with sand, and upon this is
"laid a species of duplex core bar, one side for each elbow. The top halves
"of the boxes are then placed upon their corresponding under halves, filling
up the inside or core with sand from the end. The top part of the box is
"then placed on and filled in with sand in the usual manner, parting the box
" and taking out the top part of the pattern. The box is then turned over,
" and the under half of the pattern is taken out, and the mould is ready for
casting."
6
66
66
"And in order that my said Invention may be properly understood I shall
now proceed to describe the several illustrative Figures on the explanatory
"Sheets of Drawings which I have hereunto appended for the purpose of
shewing certain modifications under which my improvements may be
judiciously carried out in practice."
64
66
"
My Invention relates, firstly, to an improved system or mode of moulding
" or manufacturing cast-iron pipes in a vertical position, or, as it is technically
"termed, cast "on end." In this improved system or mode of moulding, the
pattern answers the two purposes of forming the mould and the core, or
"the two surfaces for forming or shaping both the insides and outsides of
66

page_text: pipes at one operation. The whole of the operations is effected by what
"is technically termed "green sand moulding," that is to say, the core and
"moulds do not require to be subjected to heat or to any drying process
prior to casting. In the mould and core made according to this Invention
"cellular cavaties are made, which cavities serve the purpose of "venting"
"the core, and of receiving and holding the gaseous matters and steam
"generated or set free by the action of heat arising from the molten metal
65 upon the sand or moulding material. These gaseous matters and steam,
"if confined within the cellular cavatics formed in the mould and the core,
"attain a force sufficiently expansive to partially blow the sand out of the
"mould and core. By this means the casting is much more easily set free
"from the core, and lifted out of the mould than by the ordinary practice ;
"and I may remark, that by this process, although heat is not intended to
"be used, it may be applied if found necessary."
"
"My Invention relates, secondly, to a system or mode of moulding or
"manufacturing cast-iron pipes in a horizontal position, in which system or
"mode the core is made in a separate core box. The core has a cellular
cavity extending throughout its length, and projecting from its exterior
"surface is an iron pin, which is caused to bear against a screw pin or other
"suitable bearing in the top part of the moulding box. In this system or
"mode of moulding the whole of the operation is effected by what is
technically termed "green sand moulding," that is to say, the core and
"mould do not require to be subjected to heat or to any drying process prior
"to casting. In this mode of moulding cellular cavities are introduced into
"the core for the purposes of "venting" it, and for receiving and holding
"the steam and gaseous matter, which subsequently serve to assist in breaking
." up the core."
65
66
"
"
"
"Thirdly, my Invention relates to an improved system or mode of moulding
or manufacturing cast-iron pipes and other articles, such as bends, elbows,
branches, and heads, in a horizontal or nearly horizontal position. In this
system or mode of moulding the pattern is made in two equal parts, and it
serves the two purposes of shaping the mould and forming the core.
"Cellular cavaties are found in the mould and core, or in the core only (if
sufficient) for the purposes of venting the mould, and retaining the aqueous
and gaseous matters, as before named. In this improved system or mode
"of moulding the whole operation is effected without the introduction of
"nails, chaplets, pegs, or other foreign substances into the casting."
"The illustrative Figures on the three several Sheets of Drawings annexed
." to this my said Specification shew certain modifications of the machinery

page_text: or apparatus which I prefer to use in carrying out my improvements in
moulding or manufacturing cast-iron pipes or other similar articles (such
as bends, elbows, branches, and heads)."
Figure 1, Sheet 1, of my Drawings is an clovation, partially sectional, of
one modification of a machine for simultaneously forming a mould and its
core complete, and suitable for casting iron pipes; Figure 2 is a plan,
showing one half of the upper portion of the machine; Figure 3 is a plan
"of the lower part of the apparatus with the moulding box, a portion of the
pattern, and the core box shewn in transverse section; Figure 4 is a
66 partially sectional elevation, with the mould and core as formed. The
"faucet pattern and mandrils are shewn in their places, and the faucet
core is ready for being lifted out preparatory to taking out the faucet
pattern."
"
Figure 5, of Sheet 2 of my Drawing, is a partially sectional elevation of a
" modification of a machine for making the mould and core at one operation.
"In this arrangement the machine is mounted upon a carriage, so that it may
"be moved from place to place. Figure 6 is a transverse section of the
"machine, corresponding to Figure 5. Figure 7 is a transverse section of a
moulding apparatus, in which the mandrils for forming the cellular cavities in
the mould material are shown as applied to the mould as well as to the core;
Figure 8 is an elevation of a faucet pattern. Figure 9 is a plan of a core
moulding box, shewing the two halves of the box lying open. Figure 10 iś
"a plan of the "coro straps." Figure 11 is an end view of the same, shewing
"the "thickness peg." Figure 12 is a plan of a core with one of the man-
"drils for forming the cellular cavities left in the moulding material. Figure
"18 is an end view of the same. Figure 14 is a plan of the moulding box,
"with the pattern shewn in its place. Figure 15 is a vertical section of the
same; and Figure 16 is an end view corresponding to Figure 14."
"
26
"
"The modifications of my improved machinery for moulding and manufac-
turing cast iron pipes in a vertical position, as shewn in Figures 1 to 4, on
"Sheet 1 of my illustrative Drawings, is intended for forming the mould and
"the core, or the two opposite shaping surfaces of the pipe mould at one
operation. The machine consists of a pair of massive vertical standards A,
"erected between two parallel walls, and bolted at the bottom to a rectan-
gular framing B, forming the base of the machine. The moulding
"box C is of a polygonal form, with a funnel or hopper-shaped mouth. In
"the elevations, Figures 1 and 4, the central portions of the machinery
"are represented as broken away, but it is to be understood that the
intervening parts are merely a continuation of those shown in the Figures.
65

page_text: "The moulding box C is bolted down to a strong rectangular table or frame
"D. This table, which is moveable, is supported by means of two gudgeons
"or journals E, which project on each side of the table; and rest upon the'
"framing B. A circular aperture is made in the table D, in which aperture'
"a moveable metal ring F is fitted; this ring moves in a vertical direction,"
"and is moved and held up in its place by the cams or eccentrics G, which".
are fast to the shaft II. The eccentrices G are actuated by means of a'
"lever I on the shaft H, so that by turning the lever handle I through a
66
quarter of a revolution the eccentrics move the ring F downwards, which'
"then falls away from the end of the moulding box. There are two pro-'
jections having inclined surfaces upon the under side of the ring F, with
"which the cams G come in contact when the ring F is raised. These pro-
jections serve to wedge the ring F up more firmly against the bottom of the
moulding box. The core bar J passes down through the ring F, and is
"bolted to the lower part of the table or frame D by a broad flange. It is
"in the annular space between the core bar and the moulding box that the
"pattern piece which shapes the mould and forms the core moves. The
"pattern piece K consists of a short hollow cylindrical piece of metal equal in'
"thickness to the casting required, with vanes or blades L attached to its
"internal and external surfaces; the pattern piece K is fast to the central
"vertical shaft M, which passes through the moveable cross head or frame
"N, and has upon its upper extremity a toothed wheel O. The cross head N
" is carried up and down with the shaft M, and serves to guide it in a vertical
"direction; it also carries a driving pinion P, and it moves up and down the
guides formed on the side standards A. Rotatory motion is communicated to
the wheel through the pinion P, which is put in motion by means of
gearing connected with a suitable prime mover. At the same time that the
" rotatory motion is given to the shaft M, a steady and uniforın vertical motion
" is given to the cross head N and pattern piece K. The speed of the upward
"motion of the pattern piece K is regulated by the degree of compression to
"which the moulding material is to be subjected; on the pattern piece may be
"raised by its pressure upon the sand as it accumulates beneath the inclined
screw blades. In this modification of my improvements both the core bar
" and the moulding box are made with longitudinally fluted surfaces, forming
angular projections thereon, as is shewn in the Plan, Figure 3, Sheet 1 of
my Drawings. The cellular cavities next the core bar J are formed by the
"mandrils Q, which are metal roods attached by means of nuts to the collar
"
66
«
"
66
"
plate R, which is carried by the shaft M. The mandrils pass through eyes
"fitted in the core bar, which serve to keep the mandrils steady and parallel

page_text: 64
"to each other. The mandrills Q of the moulding box C are bolted to the
"web S of the cross head N, and the series of mandrils are arranged by pre-
"ference to fit the recesses formed by the flutings or grooves of the moulding
"box, and are passed through eyes similar to those upon the core bar. A
"segmentally-shaped rack or quadrant T is fitted to one side of the moulding
"box C, and upon a short shaft U projecting within the framing is fitted a
pinion in gear with the rack T. A handle is fixed upon the squared end of
"the shaft U, and by this means the moulding box and table D are caused to
"move towards a horizontal position between the standards A when required.
"On the upper part of the moulding box are two catches V, which fall into
"catches or recesses made for the purpose upon the framing. When the
"machine is to be put into operation the pattern piece is lowered to the
"bottom of the moulding box. A sufficient quantity of "green sand" is then
"fed into the machine, and at the same time the shaft M is put in motion,
" and the pattern piece is gradually raised. The sand or moulding material,
" as it falls into the annular space between the core bar and the moulding
"box, becomes compressed by the rotatory motion of the vanes or blades of
" the pattern piece. This compressing and shaping action going on upon both
"sides of the pattern piece obviously shapes both the mould and the core at
"one operation. The upper edges of the ring which forms the cylindrical
portion of the pattern piece K is brought to an edge, so that the moulding
“material may fall in equal proportions on both sides of the pattern piece.
* If, however, it is required to vary the quantity of the moulding material, it
" is only necessary to make the upper edges of the pattern piece deviate more
"or less from the centre, so that a larger quantity of sand will fall upon one
"side of the pattern piece than the other.
66
6
"In Figure 1 of my Drawings the pattern piece is shewn broken away
"upon the left hand side, so as to exhibit a vertical section of the cylindrical
"portion of the pattern piece in which the upper edge is midway between the
"external and internal surfaces of the pattern piece, so as to distribute the
"sand in equal proportions on both sides of the pattern piece K. As the
"sand is filled into the moulding box and round the core bar, the pattern
picce K and the mandrils Qrise simultaneously, so that when the moulding
"box is filled to the height of the plain cylindrical portion of the pipe, the
"mandrils and the pattern piece are just clear of the mould. The pattern
piece and the mandrils are, however, lifted still higher by the overhead
gearing in order to leave the upper part of the moulding box perfectly clear
"for effecting the subsequent operations. If the casting is to be made with
a socket, the next operation will be the forming of the mould for this part
86
66

page_text: 46
66
of the pipe. The faucet pattern W is put into its place within the mouth
of the moulding box, and the faucet core plate X is next inserted, and then
"the short nandrils Y for forming a continuation of the cellular cavities in
"the mould and core of the faucet, as shewn in Figure 4, on Sheet 1 of my
"illustrative Drawings. The faucet portion of the mould is then formed;
"the top part of the box is now put on, and the head for casting is made in
"the ordinary manner. The top part of the box is then "parted" or taken
"off, and the faucet core is lifted out by its plate X, the mandrils Y are next
"removed, and the faucet pattern W taken out of the mould. The core is
now replaced and the top part of the box put on, the mould is then
complete and ready for casting. After pouring in the molten metal the
"inflamable gases are allowed to burn off; the cellular apertures in the
upper part of the mould are then closed by means of moulding sand,
"rammed therein or otherwise. The ring F is then lowered by turning the
lever handle I so as to lower the ring by means of the cams G and leave
"the core unsupported, meanwhile the radiant heat of the molten metal
causes a considerable accumulation of steam and gaseous matters in the
"cellular cavities formed by the core and mould mandrils Q and Y. This
"accumulation of steam of gaseous matters goes on encreasing every instant
"until the vapour attains a sufficiently explosive force to blow a considerable
"portion of the moulding sand out of the moulding box and core. By this
means the casting is left free, and it may then be easily removed from the
moulding box. The removal of the casting from the moulding box may be
effected by drawing it out in an oblique direction, provision for which is
"made by the addition of the segmentally-shaped rack T; or the moulding
box may be lowered by other mechanical means, so as to draw out the
casting in a horizontal direction."
44
16
"
66
"
61
Figure 5, on Sheet 2 of my illustrative Drawings, is a partially vertical
"section of another modification of my improved machinery or apparatus for
moulding or manufacturing cast-iron pipes. Figure 6 is a transverse section
"of the same; and Figure 8 is an elevation of a faucet pattern used in this
" modification of my improvements. In this arrangement of the machine the
"whole of the moulding apparatus is borne upon a carriage A, which moves
"to and fro upon rails laid down for the purpose in the foundry. Tho
66
moulding box B is bolted by means of a bottom flange to the carriage A, in
"the centre of which is an opening corresponding to the diameter of the
"interior of the moulding box B. In this aperture is fitted a plate C, which
is hinged to one side of the opening. In the centre of the plate C is a
square hole made to receive the end of the core bar spindle. The core bar
66

page_text: 166
"D is made with flutings or angular grooves, as shewn in the transverse
section, Figure 6. The mandrils E for making the cellular openings in the
sand of the core are arranged in the hollow parts of the core bar between
"the apices of the angular grooves. In this modification the mandrils E are
"inserted and withdrawn from the sand by hand. The pattern piece F for
forming the mould and the core is similar in construction to that herein-
*before described, it is attached to an open frame G, which is made suffi-
"ciently long to reach from the bottom of the moulding box to some distance
"above its mouth. On the upper part of the frame G is fixed a toothed
wheel E, which is put in gear with a suitable mechanical arrangement for
*"giving a rotatory and reciprocatory movement to the pattern piece F. The
upper end of the moulding box B is made with a flange to which is fitted
(when socket pipes are to be cast) a moveable piece I, the internal figure of
"" which corresponds to the exterior of the faucet end of the pipe; above the
*"moveable piece 1 the moulding box terminates in a funnel-shaped mouth."
.66
Figure 7 is a transvers section similar to Figure 6, in which the
"moulding box B is polygonal inside, has a series of mandrils E arranged
within the recesses formed by the angles of the moulding box. In forming
"moulds with this modification of my improvements, the mode of proceeding
*" does not differ essentially from that herein-before described in reference to
"the machine shewn in Figures 1 to 4 of my illustrative Drawings, excepting
that in this arrangement the faucet pattern shewn in Figure 8 is made in
two parts, the mould having a vertical parting. It is to be borne in mind
"that I do not confine myself to the dispensing with heat or stoves in this
process, nor do I confine myself to the principle of uncording the pipe or
"mould by steain or vapour. I may even use a collapseable core bar or any
other means; and further than this I may form cellular cavaties or open
portions of the moulding material to be used simply for the purpose of
obtaining an easy means of breaking up the moulding material after the
"casting has been made independently of the use of elastic vapour."
'65
65
-66
The next part of my Invention refers to a system or mode of casting
pipes in a horizontal or slightly inclined position. In this mode of casting
the core is made separate from the mould, both the core and the mould is
"made in what is technically known as "green sand," and without the aid of
." drying stoves or the application of heat to the moulds or cores."
"In Sheet 2 of my illustrative Drawings, Figures 9 to 16 are different
" views of the apparatus or means for carrying out this part of my
improvements."
:
66
Figure 9 is a plan of a core box J; this is formed in two parts, and

page_text: "
"
"
66
jointed or hinged together by means of cutters.
In the faucet part of this,
"core box is a small square recess K, and in the centre of the top half is a.
"core strap L, which has a button in the middle to receive the "thickness,
peg." The core strap is shewn separately in Figure 10, and in end view in.
Figure 11; it is a convex plate or frame of metal, having a fine point.
projecting at each of its corners. When the core strap is laid in the core.
"box, it rests upon the projecting points, and thus allows of a thin layer of
"sand being formed between the core box and the core strap. The small.
"hole in the centre of the core strap, in which the "thickness peg" is inserted,
"is cleared of moulding sand by the moulder (previous to the insertion of the,
"thickness peg), which hole serves to keep the core strap in its place whilst.
"the core is being made."
"
"In Figure 12 the square core bar is shewn coated with a layer of.
moulding sand, forming a core ready for being inserted in the mould. In.
"this Figure one of the mandrils is shewn passed longitudinally through the,
moulding sand, and in cross section shown in Figure 13. The relativo,
positions of the core bar and the cellular cavity made in the moulding.
"material by the mandril are clearly indicated. In making a core, according.
"to these improvements, the core strap, Figures 10 and 11, is laid in the,
66
upper half of the core box, Figure 9; and this half of the box is partly.
"filled with green sand. The operator then lays upon the sand one of the.
"vent mandrils M for forming the circular cavities shewn in the cross section
Figure 13; the half of the core box is then filled up with sand, a layer of,
"sand is put into the bottom half of the core box; upon this is laid the
square core bar N, and the second half of the box is filled with sand. The.
box is now closed in order to firmly squeeze the two halves of the core into,
"one, and the mandril M withdrawn; the box is then opened, and the core.
"is lifted out and placed upon a rack; a "thickness peg" is inserted in the.
"core strap L, and it is then ready for the mould. In making the core it,
may be found more convenient to vent and blow out the sand only at the
"one end. In preparing the mould for the reception of the core, the laying..
"down board O is placed on the floor of the foundry with the pattern in it,
"which is a cylindrical pipe in one piece, one half of the pattern being.
"received in the recess of the laying-down board. The drag part P of the
"box is then placed on the laying-down board, as shown in the plan Figure 14,
"and in the end view, Figure 15. The box is filled up with sand, turned
"over, and the laying-down board taken off. At the faucet end of the laying-
"down board is a small square projecting print Q, which leaves a corre-
sponding recess in the mould, and this recess corresponds to the projection R
6

page_text: on the faucet end of the core, Figure 12. A little "parting sand" is dusted
" over the surface of the recess in the mould, so as to prevent its being filled
" with moulding sand from the top part of the mould. The upper part of the
"moulding box is then put on, and the thumbscrew S in the centre is screwed
"down until it comes in contact with the pattern. The box is rammed up
" with sand, and when parted, the parting sand is blown out of the recess Q;
"the pattern is next removed, and the mould finished in the usual manner.
"The core is now placed in the inould with the "thickness peg" upwards,
"which comes opposite the thumserew S in the upper half of the box, as
"shewn in Figure 16, Sheet 2. For convenience, the thumbscrew S is also
"shewn in the plan of the drag part of the moulding box, Figure 14. Tho
pressure of the thumbscrew upon the thickness peg serves to keep the core
exactly equidistant in the mould during the operation of casting, whilst the
print upon the faucet serves to guide the core into its proper place in the
"mould. Finally, the moulding box is closed, and it is then ready for
casting. When the molten metal has been poured into the mould, the
longitudinal cavity formed by the withdrawal of the mandril M is closed up
"at each end, and the steam and gas allowed to accumulate within the mould
"until they attain a sufficient force to blow out a portion of the sand. This
breaking up of the moulding sand leaves the pipe core comparatively free
"from sand, the remaining portion being easily removed therefrom."
66
66
66
"
66
46
66
66
66
"The last part of my present Invention refers to a system or mode of
moulding or manufacturing "bends," "elbows," branch pipes, and fittings.
In this modification these articles are moulded and cast in a horizontal
position, whilst the pattern is made to answer the twofold purpose of
shaping the mould and forming the core, the moulding being effected as in
"the foregoing modifications, in "green sand." Figure 22 is a plan of a
Jaying-down board, drag part of the moulding box, and patterns for forming
"two halves of a pair of elbow pipes; Figure 23 is a plan of the drag part of
"the moulding box, shewing the box and pattern rammed up with sand and
"the core bar inserted therein; Figure 24 is a section of the pattern, which
" is made in two parts, of the exact shape of the article to be cast; Figure 25
" is a vertical section of the mould as prepared for casting. In casting articles
"in duplicate, as shewn in the Figures referred to, the lower halves of the
"patterns g are laid upon the convex fac-similes on the laying-down board h,
"and the drag part i of the moulding box is laid on, and then rammed
up with sand, the laying-down board and the box are turned over, and
"the former removed; the insides of the patterns 7 are partially filled
"with sand; the core bar placed in, and the filling up completed. The core
"

page_text: bars of both the pipes are connected together by means of. cutters, as
shewn in Figure 23. Upon the core bars j, cords, forming elastic vent
"mandrils 7, are placed, the sand is heaped up over these vents, and the top
"parts of the patterns put on their corresponding halves, and then the
"insides are filled up with sand. The upper parts of the patterns being
placed upon the lower halves, which are imbedded in the sand, the top part
"of the moulding box is put on and rammed up with sand, a suitable "gate"
"being made for the molten metal to flow into the mould; a key is attached
66
"
to each top part of the patterns, in order that they may be lifted with the
moulding box when the two parts are "parted," or the top part of the box
"niny, be turned over and the patterns partly filled with sand, and an elastic
"vent mandril laid along the centre of each upper core, the ends being
46
66
I brought out beyond the sides of the moulding box, as shewn in Figure 23;
"the inner parts of the patterns are filled up, and the top part of the box placed
"on the lower half; the top part is lifted off, leaving the patterns and coro
"in the "drag" part; the upper halves of the patterns are taken off; the box
is again put together, it is turned over, and the bottom halves of the
patterns removed. Finally, the two parts of the box are put together, the
"elastic vent mandrils are withdrawn, leaving corresponding cavatics in the
"sand, and the mould is then ready for casting. In moulding or manu-
facturing the terminal portions of pipes, for example, the "heads" of rain
"water pipes, the process of forming the mould is somewhat modiied from
"the foregoing system.
6
$6
'
Figure 26 is a plan of the laying-down board, moulding box, and pipe'
"head pattern to be moulded; Figure 27 is a longitudinal vertical section;
"
"
66
"
Figure 28 is a vertical section, taken at right angles to Figure 27; and
Figure 29 is a plan of the core bar used in casting these articles. The
pattern is placed upon a block of wood, its leading outline being the
shape of the core. The pattern is made in four pieces or parts, comprising
"the front and back plates, and the two cheeks or side plates. The moulding
"box for these articles is divided transversely into three parts, and the central
portion is divided vertically into two; the different parts are connected with
"each other by hooks or latches; the pattern is first placed, with its back
"downwards, on the laying-down board m, the central part n of the moulding
"box is then put round the head, and rammed up with green sand, a suitable
""parting" being made at the junctions of the box. The "drag" part o of
"the box is then put on and rammed up with sand; the box is then turned
over, and the back plate of the pattern, together with the block, are taken
"out, and a "parting" made for the core. The core guides p are then laid
"

page_text: "in their places across each end of the box; these guides have holes in their
"centres, through which the pegs in the core bar pass, as the core bar is laid
"into its place, resting upon guides, the core part is rammed up with sand;
"in doing this, the core mandrils are put in their places before the filling
operation is complete. The back piece of the pattern is next put on, and
66
6
partings made through the sand at each side and at the ends of the mould.
"The top part of the box r, and the "gate" patterns are put on, and the box
"rammed up, the top part is then "parted," and the mould completed. The
"next operation is to take out the pattern from the mould. One of the sides
"is first drawn out, and the pattern piece along with it; the second side is
"drawn out, and thus both portions of the pattern are removed. The core is
"then lifted out of the bottom part, and the core finished, resting it in the
"meanwhile upon tresses. The front piece of the pattern is next removed,
"and that portion of the mould finished. The core is now set in its place,
"and the checks or side pieces and the top part of the moulding box are
replaced, and the whole prepared for casting.
65
"Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my said
"Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or
"carried into effect, I may observe in conclusion, that what I consider to be
"novel and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by
"the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,"-
"
-
"First, the simultaneous formation of the moulds and cores for casting
pipes, or the surfaces for shaping and producing both the inside and outside
"surfaces of pipes, the said moulds and cores being formed in a vertical
position for the purpose of casting pipes on end," and the general arrange-
"ment and construction of machinery or apparatus, either stationary or
moveable, for forming the moulds and the cores, or both the inside and
"outside shaping surfaces of the pipes at one operation, as herein-before
" described."
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66
"Second, the system or mode of making the moulds and cores for cast-iron
"pipes with cellular caveties and longitudinal or other openings, for the
purpose of venting the mould and core, and for facilitating the breaking up
"of the core or mould, and also for confining the steam and gaseous matters,
which, by their expansive force, serve to partially break up the core and
"release the casting, as herein-before described."
66
66
Third, the use and application of thickness pegs of one uniform thickness
throughout, instead of nails or chaplets to the cores of pipe moulds, and of
"a bearing plate or "core strap" for holding a "thickness peg," and by
means of an adjustable screw or double incline binding stud in the moulding

page_text: "box acting upon the thickness peg the core is kept in its proper position
during the process of casting as herein-before described."
"Fourth, the system or mode of moulding and manufacturing "bends,"
""elbows," "branches." "heads" and other pipe fittings, in which the pattern
"is made to form the mould and the core, as herein-before described."
And 1, the said Walter Macfarlane, do further declare that the above
written Disclaimer and Memorandum of Alteration are not, nor is either of
them, nor is any part thereof respectively intended to extend the exclusive
right granted by the said Letters Patent, and that these Presents shall not
extend the said exclusive right in any way whatsoever.
In witness whereof, I, the said Walter Macfarlane, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Twentieth day of January, One thousand
eight hundred and fifty-nine.