IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO THE UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICITY FOR LIGHTING OR OTHER PURPOSES, IN APPARATUS THEREFOR OR CONNECTED THEREWITH, AND IN MEANS FOR PRODUCING OR MANUFACTURING SUCH APPARATUS
Year: 1881

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Robert Lake, of the Firm of Haseltine, Lake,
& Co., Patent Agents, Southampton Buildings, London, for au Invention
of "IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO THE UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICITY
FOR LIGHTING OR OTHER PURPOSES, IN APPARATUS THEREFOR OR CONNECTED
THEREWITH, AND IN MEANS FOR PRODUCING OR MANUFACTURING SUCH
APPARATUS." A communication from abroad by Joseph Stokes Williams, of
Riverton, New Jersey, United States of America, now temporarily residing in
Paria France
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Robert Lake at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 30th November 1881.
WILLIAM ROBERT LAKE, of the Firm of Haseltine, Lake, and Co., Patent Agents,
Southampton Buildings, London. "IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO THE
UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICITY FOR LIGHTING OR OTHER PURPOSES, IN APPARATUS
THEREFOR OR CONNECTED THEREWITH, AND IN MEANS FOR PRODUCING OR
MANUFACTURING SUCH APPARATUS.' [A communication from abroad by Joseph
Stokes Williams, of Riverton, New Jersey, United States of America, now
temporarily residing in Paris, France.]
My Invention relates to the utilization of electricity for lighting or other
purposes, and to apparatus therefor or to be employed in connection therewith, also
to the means for producing or manufacturing various parts of such apparatus.
In the construction of lamps, candles, or apparatus for developing light through
the medium of electricity, I isolate and preserve the conductors from deleterious
gases by providing for and ensuring the expulsion or withdrawal of such gases
from the chamber, cavity, or space in which I place or confine the conductor or
conductors.
According to one part of my Invention I adopt the method of dividing the
conductor into sections, which collectively emit the light. I employ in each lamp
or apparatus two or more of such sections or conductors, which will operate as one
or independently of each other.

page_text: In order to isolate the conductors for emitting light from deleterious gases, I can
carry this subdivision or sectional system practically to an unlimited extent; for
instance, supposing one section of the conductor to give a light of one candle power
by the employment of one hundred such sections, I get a light of one hundred
candle power; in other words, the illuminating power of the conductors or of the
lamp or apparatus containing the same is in proportion to the illuminating power
of the sections and the energy employed, and in the event of the destruction of
one section or more by any cause whatsoever, the effectiveness of the lamp is
diminished only in the proportion which such section bears to the entire number of
sections.
As an alternative to this arrangement I construct an apparatus in which a
portion of the sections is independent of the sections which at a given time are
emitting light, the surplus sections or some of them being adjusted into the circuit
automatically or otherwise in case of breakage or a defect in the portion of the
system or apparatus which previously emitted the light.
In order to arrange for bringing the sections into the circuit, I either cause the
shunting of the conductors themselves so that the sections not previously employed
shall be subjected to the electric current, or I so arrange a shunt switch or contact
maker, which forms a continuation of the conducctor to the main or source of
electricity, so that such shunt switch or contact maker is or can be operated
automatically or otherwise to complete the circuit through the previously unemployed
sections or sectional conductors.
In constructing lamps, candles, or apparatus for the development of light, I
prefer to place the conductors employed for such purpose in a space, or spaces, or
chambers, the walls of which will not prevent the passage of the light created, and
I so construct the said apparatus or lamp as to provide against the decomposition
or destruction of the conductors. For this purpose I closely confine the conductors
in the spaces, cavities, or chambers created for them, and withdraw the air or gases,
and hermetically seal the chambers in which such conductors are encased.
According to another method of preventing the decomposition of the conductors
or practically creating a vacuum, I construct or arrange the conductors or the
material from which light will be emitted, so as to form a core or structure to be
arranged in a mould, and in such manner that a portion or all of the said core or
structure designed to emit light will become closely confined or encased, and
hermetically sealed.
These cores are prepared, thoroughly dried, and when desireable are carbonized
or otherwise treated, so as to give then the required resistance or durability.
These cores or conductors can be stamped or formed from strips of paper, wood,
or other material.
In order to construct a lamp, candle, or apparatus to be employed in an electric
circuit for the development of light or heat, and to provide a more efficient and
desirable apparatus or article than any at present known, I first frame, shape, or
mould the conducting material in such a manner as to give to it the form which it
is intended it shall preserve.
This core, composed of conducting material, is then placed in a specially con-
structed mould, and is retained or supported in its proper relative position therein.
I then introduce into such mould molten glass or other suitable material in sufficient
quantity to complete the apparatus with or without pressure. The articles so
connected are uniform in shape and ready for being annealed, and thereafter
supplied with other fittings, or applied immediately to the purpose for which they
may be specially designed.
In forming or shaping by moulding or otherwise the conducting material, I
provide that the portions intended to be made incandescent shall have the smallest
section thereof, the other portions being of such increased size as to prevent heating
to an injurious extent; the extensions from these small parts or sections are so
formed or arranged as to provide for the close, secure, and independent attachment
thereto of the two conducting wires or terminals.
•

page_text: According to one method of construction I form or combine sectional terminals
or conductors with the core or structure for completing the circuit to the main. I
am thereby enabled to take the moulded block, tube, globe, or apparatus from the
chamber in which it has been formed and apply it for immediate use.
These lamps, candles, or apparatus can be handled, shipped, or freighted with as
little care as ordinary glass ware. They can be applied without difficulty, and in
point of economy, effectiveness, and durability, I obtain a most important result.
For instance, such candle, lamp, or apparatus designed to take the place of the
ordinary gas burner can be simply pressed, clamped, or otherwise secured in
position in the circuit leading to an ordinary lamp post or support for a gas burner,
the socket which receives the terminal or terminals of the candle taking the place
of the ordinary gas burner.
When desired the socket or holder for my candle, lamp, or apparatus is provided
with a circuit maker or breaker in the form of a cock, push button, or plug, some
portion of which is formed of non-conducting material, or is formed to act against
a spring or the equivalent thereof, and thereby make or break the circuit.
The above described methods, means, or apparatus for the construction of
electrical candles, lamps, or apparatus can be employed with advantage and economy
either for the improved forms in which I employ a series of sectional conductors,
or in the manufacture of lamps or heating apparatus in which the conducting
medium is of continuous or simple form, or in other words, where a conductor is
not combined with others of a series in the same apparatus or lamp, such as are
now made and used.
For instance, when I desire to construct a lamp, candle, or apparatus with a
simple conductor, I mould or otherwise form or shape the conducting material with
terminals, preferably of enlarged size, and place the said conducting material in a
corresponding mould formed to receive the same, as herein before described. I then
encase the conducting material by means of molten glass, which fills the chamber
or the unoccupied portions in the mould. By thus constructing a lamp, candle, or
apparatus, I encase or cover the conducting material or such portions of the same
as emit light, and in the same operation I expel all deleterious, gases, air, or foreign
substances, which will or may tend to disintegrate or destroy the conducting
material when subjected to the electric current. In constructing and arranging
my improved lamps or lighting apparatus, any kind of conducting material suitable
for incandescent lighting may be employed, but I prefer to use a carbonized filament
or a series of such filaments, which are so arranged as to terminate in or with an
enlargement or increased quantity of material. The terminals of such conductors
extend to or are combined with two sections or pieces of a metal conductor, which
extend sufficiently to be joined with the two terminals extending from the main or
source of electricity; I prefer to encase the conductors, except at their terminals,
within the space or chamber which they themselves defiue; or I extract from the
space or chamber all deleterious gases by means of a vacuum pump.
I may employ platinum, iridium, or the alloys thereof, or other metals as
conductors, to be placed, moulded, or encased in the said apparatus. The glass or
other material can be moulded around and encase such conductors, as herein before
described.
.
The carbon conductors may be treated, impregnated, or coated by any of the
known processes, which will cause the carbonization of the material either through
the medium of an atmosphere of hydrocarbon or a hydrocarbon bath.
In arranging or forming the aforesaid sectional or subdivided conductors, I give
to them such form as may be desired, either by building the structure or by
moulding it, making due allowance for the subsequent carbonization.
In some cases I mould or otherwise form the conductors in the spaces or chambers
which have been provided for them. When I wish to so form a carbon conductor
within the space or chamber, I first fill the said space or chamber with fine
pulverized charcoal so as to complete a circuit through the same; or I may use
tilaments of any suitable material and size provided with extensions or terminals.
ດ

page_text: I then immerse the tube, vessel, or apparatus in a bydrocarbon bath, or in an
atmosphere of carbon. I then pass a decomposing current through the conductor,
and the result follows that I entirely fill the space or chamber with deposited
carbon. This process completely excludes all air or deleterious gases. The same
process can be used for the manufacture of carbon pencils or filaments with or
without enlarged ends. When I employ liquid or melted metal conductors in the
spaces or chambers for the emission of light, the filling of the spaces thereby
drives off the air and gas and completes the circuit. I prefer that conductors thus
formed should be arranged or distributed in sections as above described.
According to another part of my Invention the same improvements which are
applicable for or in connection with the lighting appliances can be adopted
advantageously for the generation and distribution of heat in or throughout houses,
railway carriages, and other places or for other purposes.
In order to utilize the electric energy with economy for heating purposes I pass
a conductor, or preferably a series of them, through a space or chamber, and expel
from such space or chamber all deleterious gases or substances, either by means of
a vacuum pump or otherwise. I may use any of the means herein specified for
framing or protecting the conductors. But I prefer to isolate or protect the
conductors in a space, cavity, or chamber which they define in the formation of the
encasement, which is composed of a suitable substance or substances that when
liquified by heat fill the unoccupied spaces in a mould, or I otherwise form or
mould (with or without compression) the material so as to protect or isolate the
portion of such conductors from which heat will be emitted. The form given to
the apparatus may be the same as that which it is intended the heater shall
present when complete; or such heater may be so formed as to correspond with
fittings or parts which will constitute a portion of the heating apparatus, or will be
combined with it. Such additional part or parts may be designed for ornament or
to increase the quantity of the material, or the surface thereof, in order that the
beat shall be better distributed, or so that it shall not be too rapidly dissipated or
diffused. For instance, the apparatus in which the said conductor or conductors
is encased is provided with at least two terminals, so constructed or arranged
as to correspond with fittings or attachments leading to the main or source of
electricity; these terminals are preferably protected in such a manner as to prevent
the accidental discharge of the current otherwise than through the conductor
in the heater. I employ a circuit maker in the form of a cock, slide, plug, push,
or button, arranged in a convenient position in the circuit so as to diminish,
increase, or stop the force or passage of the electric current through the
conductors, and thereby control automatically or otherwise the heat so generated.
When I wish to provide for regularity of heat I combine in the circuit a circuit
maker and breaker, which is controlled by the temperature which is dependent
upon the atmosphere of the room or upon the force and energy of the electric
current.
According to one method of regulating the temperature of the compartment, room,
chamber, or space, or of the liquid, I employ a circuit maker whose position is
dependent upon the column or volume of mercury. Supposing the temperature of
the room is desired to be maintained at a uniform heat of 70° Fahrenheit, if the
temperature should fall to 69° or the smallest fraction below this, or the intended
or set point, then the fall or reduction of the volume of mercury will cause or
allow the circuit to be completed through the conductors of the heaters; as soon as
the heat again rises to the desired point the circuit maker is raised, lowered, or
otherwise shifted, so that the circuit is interrupted by a non-conductor or
otherwise.
It will be understood that the temperature of a room, compartment, space, or
building can be regulated by such method with a uniformity and certainty not
practicable by any heretofore known method.
I may construct and arrange the heaters in series throughout a room under the
guise of decorations, vases, statues, or in conjunction therewith or with their bases

page_text: A
They may be of any design suited to the place wherein they are to be used or in
accordance with the wish of the occupant. By such distribution of heat all parts
of the room or building can be maintained at the same temperature, and through
the medium of the regulators or governors the temperature can be kept practically
the same for any length of time without dust, smoke, or deleterious gases.
general application of such generators of heat would keep the air of large cities or
towns free from smoke and smoky fog. In order to apply the heaters, hereinbefore
described, for the purposes of heating liquids, I employ an arrangement of
conductors somewhat similar to those already described, and these conductors of
heat are placed in the liquid, and in such positions in the chamber as to be best
suited for the intended purposes; or the necessary. heat is imparted to the water
through the walls of the chamber or vessel in which the water or liquid is
contained.
In constructing an apparatus for causing the liquid to freely circulate, I provide
for the liquid as it is heated, passing from the generator or heater, and as it
becomes cooled it returns through a space, chamber, or pipe into close proximity or
contact with the generator. In order to arrange for the utilization of hot water
for the heating of buildings, rooms, or compartments, according to my Invention I
employ in each room or compartment a coil or series of pipes, spaces, or chambers,
united by water tight fittings, which are so connected and arranged relatively to
each other that the heated water circulates continuously in the compartment and
from it. This system of generating and distributing heat is also applicable in
conjunction with liquids placed in suitable vessels or chambers. The apparatus
being provided with chambers, spaces, inlets, and outlets to secure the free
circulation and most economical generation and distribution of heat when there is
a large body of water to be heated, and when there is sufficient length in the space
or chamber for the heated liquid to pass through so as to prevent the occasion of
steam, the water will be continuously returned to the heat-generator which is
placed at or about the lowest point in the room or building. The degree of heat
may be regulated in a similar manner to that hereinbefore described, or the volume.,
of the water may be made to govern the circuit closer, so as to prevent or caus/
the passage of the current into and through the conductor in the generators or
heater. When I employ a small generator or a series of them in each room, I may
combine with each or any of such conductors a vessel, chamber, or space in which
water is contained.
I so construct this vessel or apparatus which contains the water that I secure
the free circulation and a continuous supply of water surrounding or in close
proximity to the generator, and in order to prevent the escape of steam I cause the
heated water to pass through a tube or pipe, coiled or otherwise arranged in a
separate chamber or space filled with water; or I can so govern the circuit maker
through the agency of the temperature of the liquids or of the air that the water
will never be made hot enough to cause the escape of steam, I can coil a tube or
pipe around the generators and in close contact therewith, so that the tubes will be
practically continuous, with the exception of an opening or surplus chamber, with
the highest portion arranged to provide for the supply of the water; and to allow
for the increased volume from expansion, I may combine the circuit maker
directly with a float which will occupy a certain position dependent upon the heat
of the water, but I prefer to regulate the heat in the generator through the
medium of the temperature of the compartment so as to operate upon a movable
cock, plug, slide, or lever; some portion, part, or extension thereof provides the
means for completing the circuit or interrupting the same. By providing in the
generator a series of conductors of different resistances or heat developing surfaces
I can arrange for switching or shunting such of these into the circuit as may be
desired, thereby regulating the heat giving power of the generator.
I sometimes combine the generator in or with an apparatus or chamber which
contains a substance that will liquefy by the application of a slight amount of heat,
and such substance or compound in cooling will give off heat. In order to

page_text: operate and control such a system or apparatus economically, and ensure the most
advantageous expenditure of electric energy for heating purposes, I place the
generator within the space or chamber occupied by the solid to be liquified, and
thereby heat the same as may be desired; or I combine with the generator a
supply of water in a tube which will become heated; this tube passes through the
chamber containing the solid substances; when there has been sufficient heat
emitted to liquefy this substance, the generator is automatically cut out of the
'circuit. It will be understood that when the supply of electricity in store is
permanent the heat of the compartment, chamber, or space will be perfectly
regulated as hereinbefore described as with other methods for heating, in which
the circuit maker is controlled by the temperature or volume as above specified.
This system as well as the others herein described is applicable for public
conveyances or for other purposes where heat is needed. When I employ a series
of generators or heaters in one room or in different but adjacent compartments or
places, I lead to each of them branches from the main or source of electricity, as in
the system employed for incandescent lighting purposes, making provision for
turning on and off the electricity and governing the temperatures as may be
desired.
It will be understood that the above described apparatus for heating and lighting
may be varied to an indefinite extent, and may be suited to any special purposes
for which the same may be intended or designed. For instance, in the construction
of lamps for electric lighting I may adopt a form of globe at present in use, or I may
use a tube, prism, or spiral, angular, curved, fluted, or corrugated piece or part of any
form or design which can be made in a mould or otherwise, always making provision
for the terminals or conductors of the lamp to be combined with the conductors to the
main by screwing, clamping, or otherwise. The construction of the heaters or heat
generators may also be varied to an almost unlimited extent. I sometimes use
fireclay, asbestos, lime, or other suitable material for encasing the conductor or con-
ductors for the generation of heat. The terminals of the conductors of the heater are
so arranged as to extend sufficiently for attachment to the conducting wires to the
main. These earthy materials are preferably moulded into such shape or design as
to be suited for immediate use, or to fit corresponding parts of apparatus which may
be fitted or combined with the same for embellishment or utility.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said William Robert Lake in the Great Seal Patent Office on the .
30th May 1882.
WILLIAM ROBERT LAKE, of the Firm of Haseltine, Lake, & Co., Patent Agents,
Southampton Buildings, London. "IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO THE
UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICITY FOR LIGHTING OR OTHER PURPOSES, IN APPARATUS
THEREFOR OR CONNECTED THEREWITH, AND IN MEANS FOR PRODUCING OR
MANUFACTURING SUCH APPARATUS." A communication from abroad by Joseph
Stokes Williams, of Riverton, New Jersey, United States of America, now
temporarily residing in Paris, France.
My Invention relates to the utilization of electricity for lighting or other
purposes and to apparatus therefor, or to be employed in connection therewith,
and also to means for producing or manufacturing various parts of such apparatus.
The said Invention is illustrated in the accompanying Drawings, in which
Figure 1 is a central section of one form of my improved lamps or lighting
apparatus wherein I employ a conductor having a series of transverse filaments or
bars as hereinafter described.
Figure 2 is a similar view of a modified form of the said lamp, and
Figures 3 and 4 represent different forms of clips or clamps for connecting the
conducting wires to the terminals of the conductor, or filament of carbon
Figure 5 is a central section shewing a further modification in the construction
of my improved lamps.
Figures 6 and 7 represent different forms of carbons or conductors hereinafter
described.
Figure 8 is a central section of a lamp provided with a conductor having a series
of straight filaments of carbon or other material.
Figures 9 and 10 are vertical sections on planes at right angles to each other
of a lamp in which the light emitting portions of the conductor consists of a series
of bent or curved filaments.
Figure 11 is a vertical section, and
Figure 12 a horizontal section of a lamp provided with two curved light emitting
conductors, each having a series of straight filaments.
Figure 13 is a plan, and
Figure 14 a central vertical section of a lamp provided with a series of
conductors and adapted to slide upon a base or support for the purposes hereinafter
described.
Figure 15 is a plan, and
Figure 16 a central vertical section of a lamp having a series of stationary light
emitting conductors adapted to be brought into an electrical circuit by slides or
sliding pieces as hereinafter described.
Figure 17 is a central vertical section of a lamp having a series of light emitting
conductors and a circuit-controller or circuit maker and breaker in connection
therewith for the purposes hereinafter set forth.
Figure 18 is a central section of a lamp in which the light emitting portions of
the conductor are composed of fine wires, pieces, or filaments supported by a central
stem or support, and
Figures 19 and 20 are top views representing two different forms of the upper
end of the said stem or support.
Figure 21 is a central section of a lamp wherein the fine wires, filaments, or
pieces which are intended to emit light surround a stretcher or supporting device,
and
Figure 22 is an exterior view of the said device detached from the lamp.

page_text: .
Figures 23 and 24 are elevations partly in section on planes at right angles to
each other of a lamp wherein the light emitting portions consist of a series of wires
extending over a semi-spherical cap or support, and
Figures 25 and 26 are similar views of a modified construction of the said lamp.
Figure 27 is a vertical section of another form of lamp hereinafter described.
Figure 28 is an elevation partly in section of a lamp provided with a reflector
and a light emitting conductor protected by or enclosed in a block or piece of
transparent material, which is also provided with a reflector for throwing the light
upward.
Figure 29 is a plan of the said block or piece with the conductor enclosed therein,
and
Figure 30 is a vertical central section of the same.
Figures 31, 32, 33, 34, and 35 represent sheets of paper or other suitable material
wherefrom in the formation of conductors for emitting light similar to those shown
in Figures 1, 2, 8, 9, and 11, strips are cut (by punches, cutters, or other suitable
devices) of the form shewn in dotted lines.
Figures 36 and 37 represent in section other forms of lighting apparatus
bereinafter described.
Figure 38 represents a lamp similar in construction to that shewn in Figure 37
attached to a chandelier.
Figure 39 is an elevation, and
Figure 40 a central vertical section of one form of a heater provided with means
for the completion of the circuit.
Figure 41 is a vertical section of another form of heater provided with a water
receptacle.
Figure 42 is an elevation.
Figure 43, a central vertical section, and
Figure 44 a horizontal section of another form of my heater provided with
radiating blocks or surfaces.
Figure 45 represents in elevation an apparatus for diffusing heat produced by
electricity, and
Figure 46 is an elevation partly in section of a modification of the same.
Figures 47 and 49 are horizontal sections, and
Figures 48 and 50 are vertical sections of other forms of my heater or heating
apparatus.
Figure 51 is a longitudinal section, and
Figure 52 a transverse section of a heater constructed according to my Invention
for warming railway carriages and the like, and
Figure 53 is a longitudinal section of a modified form of the same.
Figures 54 and 55 are longitudinal sections illustrating further modifications of
the said heater.
Figure 56 is a central section of a small heater or foot warmer in which the
conductor is covered with insulating material surrounded by a liquid or liquifiable
substance.
Figure 57 is a central longitudinal section of a heater having a conductor
surrounded by a liquid or liquifiable substance, and provided with means as herein-
after described for cutting the said conductor out of the circuit, when the
temperature of the said liquid or liquifiable substance reaches a predetermined
point or degree.
Figures 58 and 59 are vertical sections on planes at right angles to each other of
one of my heaters containing a series of conductors of different resistance which
can be brought into the circuit by the manipulation of a cock or plug.
Figure 60 is a central section of a mould suitable for the formation of a foot
warmer or heater and represents the conductor supported in the proper position for
the vitreous or other material to be poured into the said mould.
Figure 61 is a similar view shewing a conductor similar to that shewn in Figure

page_text: 43 supported within a mould in readiness for the vitreous or other material to be
poured in or otherwise introduced into the mould around the said conductor.
Figure 62 is a sectional elevation shewing a room or apartment provided with a
heater and foot warmers arranged in combination with devices hereinafter described
for regulating the temperature of the air in the said apartment.
Figures 63 and 64 are elevations representing in different positions one form of
my improved devices for cutting the heating device or devices out of the circuit
when the temperature in the compartment, room, chamber, or space wherein such
device or devices are arranged has risen to a predetermined degree.
Figure 65 is a section of a modified form of my circuit maker and breaker.
Figures 66 and 67 are elevations of a further modified form of my circuit makers
and breakers shewing the parts in different positions, and
Figures 68 and 69 are similar views of a still further modified form of the same.
Figures 70, 71, and 72 represent in section various forms of devices for placing
a resistance in the circuit as hereinafter described.
.
Some of the above named Figures of the Drawings are drawn to a larger scale
than others.
Like letters indicate the same parts throughout the Drawings.
I will first proceed to describe my improvements as illustrated in Figures 1 to 7
of these Drawings. According to these improvements I employ a conductor a
having its portions a° connected by a series of transverse filaments, bars, pieces, or
parts a; the said portions a° of the conductor are connected by the conducting
wires c, c, to the conductors leading to and from the main or source of electricity.
The intensity of the light may be regulated by varying the current passing through
the parts aº, a¹, of the said conductor. This conductor is enclosed within the globe
b from which deleterious gases are expelled or withdrawn in any suitable manner,
and may be connected by any suitable means to the conducting wires c, c', which,
as shown in Figure 1, are hermetically sealed within the said globe. In Figure 2
I have shown a portion of the enlarged ends of the conductor a encased or
embedded in the glass stem or neck b¹ of the globe, and connected to the clips or
clamps d of metal or other suitable material to which the conducting wires c, cl,
can be attached. These clamps may consist of split metal pieces of the form
shown in Figures 3 and 4, and can be sprung or otherwise secured upon the ends
of the conductors. In Figure 5 I have shewn a portion of the enlarged ends of the
conductor encased or embedded in two pieces 63, 63, of metal or other conducting
material, which pieces are separated by a piece 6* of insulating material.
The side portions a° of the light emitting part or conductor of the lamp may be
of the same, or approximately the same thickness as the cross bars, filaments, or
parts a', as shown in Figure 2, but I prefer to make them of greater thickness than
the said bars, as shown in Figure 6. In some cases, however, I form the main
portions of the said conductor taper, as shown in Figures 1 and 7, and in some
cases I make the said transverse bars or filaments a¹ of different thicknesses, as
shown in Figure 7.
By varying the number of the transverse filaments in conductors of the class
above described, I am enabled to produce a lamp whose illuminating power is pro-
portionate to the distribution of the conducting material; for instance, supposing
one transverse bar, piece, part, or filament, of the conductor would give a light of
one candle power, one hundred of such sections, bars, or filaments, would enable me
to obtain a light of one hundred candle power; in other words, the illuminating
power of the lamp will be in proportion to the illuminating power of the said bars
or filaments, and the energy or intensity of the current employed. Moreover, if
one or more of these transverse bars or sections should break or be destroyed, the
efficiency of the lamp will not be diminished to a greater extent than that due to
the proportion which such section or sections bear to the whole of the light
emitting portions of the conductor.
In Figures 8, 9, 10 and 11, the filaments or sections a³, of the said conductors are
directly connected or joined to the thickened ends of the conductor, so that on the

page_text: passage of the electric current therethrough the said filaments or sections will
become incandescent, and I thereby obtain a very effective lamp in which one or
several of the filaments or sections might be injured or destroyed without rendering
the lamp useless.
In Figure 11 the two semi-circular or approximately semi-circular portions of
the conductor connecting respectively with the positive and the negative conducting
wires are shewn united by a ring a*, but it will be readily understood that the
said portions may be connected by a piece or portion of conducting material which
is integral with the said portions.
Figures 13 to 16 show two constructions of apparatus in which one or more of
a series of conductors, when included in an electric circuit to emit light, will be
independent of the other conductor or conductors of the series, so that the latter
may be shunted or adjusted into the circuit in case of the fracture or breakage of
one or more of the conductors which have been emitting light. This shunting or
adjustment of one or more of the said conductors into the circuit may be effected
automatically or otherwise; that is to say, the said conductors may be themselves
moved, so that the portion of the series which is not at any time emitting light
can be brought into the circuit; or a shunt switch or contact-maker, which is in
communication with the conducting wires of the machine, or other source of
electricity, may be used and arranged in such a manner as to be operated
automatically or otherwise to complete the circuit through one or more of the
previously unemployed sections or portions of the said series of conductors.
In Figures 13 and 14 I have shown a series of conductors a enclosed within a
globe b having a base e which is fitted to slide in a suitable support f provided
with conducting strips or contact makers f¹, fr. These contact makers are in
communication with the conducting wires of the circuit of the generator or store,
and are so arranged that by the adjustment of the said base e, ene or more, or the
entire number of the series of conductors, may be brought into the circuit to emit
light or cut out of the circuit, as desired.
In Figures 15 and 16 the terminals of the series of conductors a are arranged in
combination with a conducting piece f³ connected with one pole of the battery or
other store or generator of electricity, and the other terminals of the said series of
conductors project or extend into a slot e'. Within this slot I arrange a slide or
slides f which are connected with the other terminal so as to complete the circuit.
By the adjustment of the said slide or slides I am enabled to place one or more of
the filaments or conductors in or out of the circuit, according to the amount of
light required, or in case of the breakage or rupture of any one or more of the said
conductors.
In Figure 17 I have shown the combination with a series of light emitting
conductors a of a plug g, which may be readily manipulated by hand from the
exterior of the lamp, or in any other suitable manner. This plug is preferably
formed of non-conducting material, and is provided with a series of conducting
strips g¹, which by turning the said plug may be successively brought into contact
with the conducting clamps or pieces d attached to one end of the said conductors,
so that one or more of the same may be readily included in the circuit to emit
light when desired.
In Figure 18 I have shown a lamp whose light-giving portion consists of a series
of thin wires or conductors h, preferably of iridium or platinum, or an alloy of the
same enclosed within a hermetically sealed globe; or such conductors may consist
of carbonized filaments of thread or other suitable material. These conductors are
supported preferably by a stem or standard 6 projecting from the base or neck of
the globe b, and one end of each of the said conductors is preferably twisted and
'encased in the said stem or support. The upper end of the latter I prefer to form
with notches corresponding in number with the number of the conductors or
sections employed. These notches retain the said conductors at the desired distance
apart, and consequently prevent the displacement of the same.
In Figures 21 and 22 I have shown a series of wires, filaments, or sections h

page_text: passed over a stretcher or retainer i, which may be notched on its periphery so as
to prevent their displacement.
In Figures 23 and 24 I have shown a series of wires, filaments, or sections h
stretched over a curved or bemi-spherical piece j (of suitable non-conducting
material, such as glass, zirconia, lime, or the like) enclosed within a hermetically
Bealed globe, and preferably provided with grooves to receive the said wires
filaments, or sections, and prevent their displacement. This piece j may be made
hollow, as shown, or solid. The ends of the wires, filaments, or sections h, which
are to be connected with the conducting wires, are preferably twisted, and if
desired other wires or pieces of metal, or other material, may be combined with
such twisted ends of the wires to prevent the heating of the same, and consequently
prevent the breakage of the enclosing globe.
In Figures 25 and 26 the piece j is shown flat and fan shaped instead of hemi-
spherical, the wires, conductors, or filaments h being passed over or mounted upon
the same, and twisted at their ends in a similar manner to that described with
reference to Figures 23 and 24.
In Figure 27 I have shewn a lamp having a conductor a whose light emitting
portion is oval, or approximately oval in form, and flat in transverse section.
This portion may however be made circular or oblong in form, or of any other
suitable shape. If one portion of the light emitting part should break the efficiency
of the lamp will only be diminished in a corresponding degree. Under this con-
struction I am enabled to form the light emitting parts of exceedingly thin layers
or sheets. The terminals c, c¹, may extend in the same direction through the globe
or casing, as shown in Figure 27, the said terminals being attached to or combined
with the light emitting part a' in such a manner as to provide for the current
passing through both sides or sections of the same.
In all of the lamps above described I prefer to place the conductors for emitting
or developing light in spaces or chambers, the walls of which will not absorb or
prevent the passage of the light emitted; and I so construct the said lamps as to
prevent the decomposition or destruction of the said conductors. For this purpose
I confine the conductor or conductors in the spaces, cavities, or chambers, and
withdraw or expel the air or deleterious gas from the said spaces, cavities, or
chambers, and hermetically seal the same.
In Figures 28, 29, and 30 I have shewn a lamp wherein the light emitting carbon
or conductor is encased within a hollow plug or piece ; of glass or other suitable
material. The light emitting portion of the said conductor is shown in a hori-
zontal position, and as consisting of a series of sections or filaments a¹, somewhat
similar to the conductor shown in Figure 8. k represents a reflector arranged
above the block or piece j in such a manner as to reflect downwards or otherwise,
according to the position of the candle or lamp, and diffuse the light produced.
At is another reflector for throwing the light upward.
In Figures 31 to 35 are shewn a series of strips of paper or other suitable
material, wherefrom conductors are cut by means of punches, cutters, or other
devices of the form shewn in dotted lines, and afterwards carbonized in any suitable
manner.
In Figures 36 and 37 I have shewn other arrangements of lamps. In Figure 36
the conductor is shewn of conical form, and in Figure 37 as convex in form; the
enclosing material of such conductor may be provided with reflectors at p for
throwing the light downward. In some cases the light emitting portions of the
lamp or candle may be formed partly convex and partly conical, the transparent
and light diffusing portions of the lamp being of such form as to best diffuse the
light for the purposes for which it is to be utilized.
Figures 39 and 40 represent one form of my improved heater, wherein q is the
heating wire or coil, which is preferably formed of iron. This coil or wire is
arranged within a casing of any suitable form, which casing may be provided with
any desired number and arrangement of apertures for the diffusion of the heat
generated by the passage of an electrical current. The said wire is provided with

page_text: at least two terminals, which are so constructed and arranged as to correspond
with fittings or attachments communicating with the main or source of electricity;
these terminals are properly insulated one from the other, and are preferably
protected in such a manner as to prevent the discharge of the current otherwise
than through the heating wire or conductor in the heater. I employ in com-
bination with the said heater a circuit maker and breaker, which may be in the
form of a cock, slide, plug or push-button, arranged in a convenient position in the
circuit so as to diminish, increase, or interrupt the passage of the electric current
through the conductors or heating wires, and thereby control automatically or
otherwise the amount of heat generated. When I wish to ensure a constant
degree of heat in any room, apartment, or building, I arrange in the circuit one
or more circuit makers and breakers adapted to be controlled by the temperature
of the atmosphere in such room or by the force or energy of the electric current.
In Figure 41 I have shewn the heating wire or wires enclosed within a block. r,
which may be formed of earthenware, terra cotta, zirconia, lime, or other material,
which is comparatively or practically indestructible by heat. In this Figure I
have also shewn the heater provided with a detachable receptacle 8 containing
water, which receptacle may be perforated to diffuse vapor in the apartment
wherein it is situated, or for heating water for other purposes.
In Figures 42, 43, and 44 I have shown a heater provided with a conductor
enclosed in a block r, in a similar manner to that shewn in Figure 41, and
surrounded by a series of bars or pieces 1 which serve to radiate the heat
produced by the passage of the electric current through the conductor or heating
wire.
In Figures 45 and 46 I have shewn an arrangement wherein I provide for the
heating of rooms, apartments, or buildings by the circulation of hot water or other
liquid in pipes. The water is heated by the passage of the current through the
conductor or heating wire or wires q, which are preferably enclosed in terra-cotta
or other suitable material, in a similar manner to that above described. I surround
one or more of the said conductors with a coil t of pipe, which communicates at
one end with the upper part of a supply tank or reservoir t¹. The other end of
the said coil communicates either directly with the lower portion of the tank t', as
shewn, or with one or more other coils of pipes arranged in the same room, or in
other rooms or compartments of the building. In the latter case the end of the
last coil of pipes will be connected with the lower end of the said tank or reservoir;
therefore a constant circulation of water will be kept up in the pipes for the
reason that as it becomes cooled in any portion of the said pipes, the water flows
back to the tank or reservoir and then again passes around the heater to be
re-heated, and so on. The tank is arranged above the coil of pipes surrounding
the conductor or conductors, and serves as a source of supply and also as a receiver
for the increased volume of water due to expansion. Any desired number of pipes,
spaces, or chambers may be arranged in each room or compartment, the said pipes
being united by water-tight fittings, and so connected with each other that, as
above stated, the heated water circulates continuously in the same.
This system of generating and distributing heat is also applicable to the heating
of liquids in suitable vessels or chambers provided with spaces, inlets, and outlets,
to ensure the free circulation and most economical generation and distribution of
heat. When there is a large body of water to be heated and there is sufficient
length in the space or chamber for the heated liquid to pass through so as to
prevent the generation of steam, the water will be continuously returned to the
heat generator, which is placed at or about at the lowest point in the room or
building.
Instead of employing a circulation of water or other liquid through the coil or
coils of pipe heated by the conductor or conductors, I may cause the circulation of
air through the same, suitable means being provided for the introduction of air
into the coil or coils.
Figures 47, 48, and 49 shew two arrangements of apparatus, which may be used

page_text: as foot warmers or heaters, and may be combined with the wires of an electric
circuit in any suitable manner. In these Figures the conductor or coil q
of heating wire is shewn embedded within a block or piece of refractory
material, wherefrom the heat will be diffused during the passage of the electrical
current. In the arrangement shewn in Figure 50 the conductor or heating
wire g is not enclosed in refractory material, but imparts heat generated
by the current in it directly to the enclosing case or box; or such foot warmer
or heater may contain a liquid or liquifiable material or compound for diffusing
the heat.
Figures 51, 52, and 53 represent apparatus particularly adapted for the heating
of railway compartments or carriages. In these Figures I have shewn the heating
wires or conductors q arranged within a chamber u enclosed in an outer casing or
chamber u' from which the heat is diffused. The heat evolving portions of such
wires or conductors are arranged in any desirable or convenient position within the
chamber u, and the thick ends of the said conductors may if desired be enclosed in
terra-cotta or other suitable material, as shewn at q'.
In Figures 54 and 55 I have shewn two different forms of conductors q, certain
parts q* of which become intensely heated whilst other parts of the same remain
comparatively cool; by this means I provide for the distribution of the heat
evolved.
Figure 56 represents a small heater or foot warmer containing a conducting wire
or wires q preferably embedded or coated with insulating material, and provided
with terminals adapted to be brought, into circuit with the main or source of
électricity. The said enclosed conductors are surrounded by a simple or compound
substance which will liquify by the application of heat, and which possesses a
high degree of latent heat of fusion, so that the liquified substances give off not
only their sensible caloric, but also their latent caloric of fusion. I prefer to
employ solutions saturated when hot, and those salts which dissolve in their water
of crystallization. For instance, I may use such salts as acetate of soda, or acetate
of potash or salts, which can be submitted to igneous fusion without decomposition,
such as the acetates, the phosphates, and the like.
Such substances may be simple or composite bodies, and of either animal,
vegetable, or mineral origin. By employing such bodies or substances in the foot
warmers or heaters, that is to say, those substances which are fusible at the
temperature desired to be obtained in the boxes or heaters, but a small amount of
electric energy will be expended in heating the same, and the substances will give
off or diffuse heat for a long period whilst they are becoming cool. An apparatus
containing such substance or substances is applicable for warmning or heating railway
carriages and for other purposes.
In some cases, instead of arranging the conductor or conductors directly within
the liquid or liquefiable compounds or substances I arrange the same to heat water
or other liquid contained in a tube or tubes surrounded by such liquid or liquefiable
material.
By placing a suitable resistance, or a circuit maker and breaker which is
controlled by the temperature of the compartment, room, or heating box, the heat
can be kept at a uniform temperature. In Figure 57 I have shewn a circuit-maker
and breaker arranged in combination with a heater containing liquid or liquefiable
material surrounding the conductor q. This circuit maker and breaker consists of
a small plunger v arranged within a chamber v' containing mercury or other fluid
which is a good conductor. To this plunger is secured one end of a rod, v³, whose
other end is attached to a piston or float in a chamber * containing mercury,
glycerine, spirit, or other liquid, which will be expanded by the heat of the liquid
or compound within the heater. The operation of this device is as follows, that is
to say, when the temperature of the water in the said heater reaches a pre-
determined degree, the expansion of the liquid in the chamber due to such heat-
will raise the float v³ and consequently the plunger v, so that the mercury or other
fluid (which when the said plunger was in its normal position extended up around

page_text: the latter, so as to close the circuit between the two parts of or the break in the
terminal of the conductor q, entering. the chamber v') will descend or fall and pass
below the said parts, so as to break the circuit and cut the said conductor out of
the same.
When, however, the temperature in the box or case u' decreases the
aforesaid float, and consequently the plunger in the chamber v¹, will descend, so
that the mercury or other fluid will again be forced upward in the latter and
re-establish the connection between the two parts of the terminal, so that the
conductor will be again heated and impart heat to the surrounding material.
In some cases, instead of arranging the piston or float v³ to be raised by the
expansion of a liquid in the chamber containing the float, the said chamber may be
open at its bottom to the liquid or compound in the box or case u', so that the
expansion of the said liquid or compound may act upon the said float at the proper
time to cut the conductor out of the circuit. Or the conductor may be cut out of
the circuit by combining the circuit maker with a metallic rod adapted to be
expanded by heat, or other devices may be used for this purpose.
In Figures 58 and 59 I have, as above stated, shewn the arrangement in a heater
of a series of conductors, which may have the same or different resistances. Any
one or more of the said conductors may be included in the circuit by manipulating
a plug w. I prefer to connect the said plug with the main circuit through the
medium of suitably insulated wires, which may be carried through a flexible tube,
as shewn at w¹. By thus providing the heater with a series of conductors having
a different resistance or heat developing surface, I am enabled to switch or shunt
any one or more of the said conductors into the circuit, as may be desired, so as to
regulate the heat giving power of the heater.
.
I will now proceed to describe the devices whereby a heater is cut out of the
main circuit whenever the temperature in a room, compartment, or the like, reaches
a predetermined point. According to the arrangement shewn in Figures 63 and 64
I arrange in a shunt from the main circuit an expansible medium or a
thermometer 1, to the lower end or bulb of which is connected a wire 2,
communicating with the source of electricity. To the other end of the thermo-
meter is connected a wire 3, which extends down into the mercury column or space
in the said thermometer, and is connected to an electro-magnet 4. The terminal
or end of this wire 3 is arranged at such a height within the thermometer tube
that so long as the temperature in the room or compartment does not exceed a
predetermined limit the mercury will not rise to such an extent as to come into
contact with the terminal of the wire 3, and consequently no current can pass
through the said wire to the magnet. If however the temperature in the room or
space rises above the desired degree the mercury in the thermometer, by reason of
its expansion, will rise and come in contact with the said terminal. The current
will then flow through the wire 3, the electro-magnet 4, and out through the wire 5
to earth or to the main circuit or source of electricity and cause the said electro-
magnet to attract the armature 6, connected at 7 by a conductor 8 with one
terminal of the conductor or conductors in the heater or heaters. This armature
carries a circuit maker or metallic stud or projection 9, which when the said
armature is not attracted by the magnet dips into a cup 10 containing mercury,
and connected by a wire 11 with the other terminal of the conductor or
conductors in the said heater or heaters. It follows, therefore, that so long as the
temperature in the room or apartment does not exceed a predetermined limit the
armature 6 will not be attracted by the electro-magnet 4, and will close the circuit
through the wire 8, projection 9, mercury cup 10, and wire 11, to the heater or
heaters, as shown in Figure 63, but as soon as the temperature exceeds this limit
the said armature will be attracted and the projection 9 will be withdrawn from
the mercury in the cup 10, so as to break the circuit to the said heater or heaters,
as shewn in Figure 64. The said heater or heaters will, however, be again included
in the circuit as soon as the temperature in the room or compartment decreases
and the mercury descends out of contact with the end or terminal of the wire 3.
In the arrangement illustrated in Figure 65 I have shewn, the wires communi-

page_text: cating with the heater or heaters, terminating in a non-conducting block 12
containing mercury and enclosed within a suitable box or case. In connection
with this case I arrange a receptacle or chamber 13 containing mercury, upon
which a float or piston 14 rests. This float or piston is attached to a pivotted
lever 15, which carries a plunger 16. This plunger in its descent effects the dis-
placement of the mercury, so as to cause the same to come into contact with the
terminals of the wires 8 and 11; but when the temperature of the room or
apartment rises the mercury in the chamber 13 will expand and cause the piston 14
to rise and consequently elevate the plunger 16, thereby causing the mercury in
the block 12 to descend below the level of the ends of the wires or conductors.
8, 11, and consequently break the circuit to the heater or heaters.
In Figures 66 and 67 I have shewn an arrangement whereby the temperature
at which the heater or heaters will be cut out of the main circuit may be regulated.
For this purpose the wire 3 is attached to a screw 17. This screw carries a piston
or disc 18, which is free to slide within the mercury column of the thermometer 1.
By this means I am enabled to so adjust the said disc 18 that the circuit will be
closed by the contact of the mercury or other liquid expansible by heat with the
said disc at any desired temperature; for instance, supposing that the said disc is
arranged in such a position that the mercury will come in contact with the same
when a temperature of seventy (70) degrees is reached, then by simply adjusting
the screw 17 upward or downward a suitable distance the circuit to the electro-
magnet which attracts the armature 6 may be completed, say, for instance, when
the temperature reaches eighty (80) degrees or any greater or less number of
degrees, and vice versa.
In Figures 68 and 69 I have shewn another arrangement of the devices applied
to a thermometer for making and breaking the circuit in which the heater or
heaters are included, that is to say, instead of the heater or heaters being brought
into the circuit by the rising of the temperature in the room or compartment the
said heater or heaters are brought into the circuit by the reduction or falling of the
temperature in such room or compartment. For this purpose I provide upon a
rod 19, which is free to move in the thermometer tube, a disc or float 20, which
rests upon the mercury in the said tube. To this rod 19 I attach the wire or
conductor 21, which when it descends by reason of the descent of the mercury due
to a reduction of the temperature in the room or apartment dips into mercury or
other expansible medium contained in a cup 22, with which the wire 3 that com-
municates with the heater or heaters is connected. To provide for closing the
circuit to the said heater or heaters at any desired temperature I prefer to render
the wire or conductor 21 adjustable upon the rod 19, and to employ a set screw 23
for securing the said conductor in the desired position upon the said rod. By the
arrangement of the said circuit breakers and makers above described the tempe-
rature of any room, compartment, or chamber may be controlled automatically and
with certainty; for instance, supposing it is desired that the temperature of the
Baid room, compartment, or chamber shall be kept at a uniform heat of 70°
Fahrenheit, if the temperature should fall, say, to 69° or the smallest fraction
below this heat, the fall or reduction in volume of the mercury will cause the
circuit to be completed through the conductor or conductors of the heater or
heaters, and as soon as the temperature again rises to the desired point the circuit
through the said conductor or conductors will be again interrupted or broken.
pass
In Figure 70 I have shown a resistance consisting of a vessel 24 containing
mercury or other fluid into which two plates or pieces 25, 26, of carbon or other
suitable material dip. These plates or pieces are included in the circuit and are
insulated the one from the other by a strip or piece of suitable non-conducting
material, so that the current in order to pass from one plate to the other must
through the fluid. The said pieces are adjustable within the vessel 24, and inay
be raised and lowered so as to vary the resistance by means of a screw 27, as
shown, or by other suitable means. By raising the pieces 25, 26, above the
mercury the circuit may be broken.

page_text: In Figures 71 and 72 I have shown a method of automatically putting a
resistance into, the circuit when a predetermined degree of heat is reached in a
room, compartment, or space, wherein one or more heaters are arranged. For this
purpose I connect the armature 6 of the electro-magnet 4 with a plunger or
block 28 of insulating material, which is free to move within a tube or vessel 29
containing mercury. This block 28 is provided with two strips or pieces 31, 32,
of carbon or other suitable resisting material extending lengthwise of the said
block, as shown, and insulated from each other by the body of the latter, so that
the circuit between the said strips will be closed through the mercury. The
magnet is connected with a thermometer in a similar manner to that shown in
Figures 63 and 64, so that when the temperature exceeds a predetermined limit
the circuit will be closed through the same and the armature 6 attracted. The
movement of the latter raises the block 28, and consequently permits the mercury
in the vessel 29 to descend, so that the current will be compelled to traverse a
greater distance through the strips or parts 31, 32, of resisting material before it
reaches the mercury in contact with the said strips or parts. It will be seen that
the space between the blocks 28 and the vessel 29 is very slight, so that a com-
paratively small upward movement of the said block will permit the mercury to
descend a considerable distance. I may construct and arrange or distribute the
beaters in series throughout a room, space, or compartment under the guise of
decorations, vases, or statues, or in conjunction therewith or with their bases. The
said heaters may be of any design suited to the place wherein they are to be used
or in accordance with the wish of the occupant. By such distribution all parts
of a room or building can be maintained at the desired temperature and through
the medium of the regulators or governors the temperature can be kept practically
the same for any length of time without the production of dust, smoke, or
deleterious gases.
A general application of such generators of heat would keep the
air of cities or towns free from smoke, and consequently smoky fog would be
prevented. The heaters may be advantageously employed in connection with
storage batteries or accumulators, and may be advantageously applied to public
conveyances and for other purposes where heat is required.
When I employ a series of generators or heaters in one room or in different but
adjacent rooms or spaces I carry to each of them branches from the main supply
or source of electricity, as in the system employed for incandescent lighting
purposes, and I make provision for turning on and off the electricity and governing
the temperature, as above described, or in any other suitable manner.
Having thus fully described the said Invention, as communicated to me by my
foreign correspondent, and the manner of performing the same, I wish it under-
stood that I claim,-
First. In an electric lamp, candle, or lighting apparatus, the employment of a
conductor having a series of filaments, sections, or pieces from which light is
emitted, substantially as described with reference to Figures 1 to 7, and Figures 27
and 27 of the Drawings and for the purposes specified.
Second. In an electric lamp or candle, the employment of a conductor whose
different parts or sections which emit light are separated from each other and unite
or terminate in the parts of the conductors which do not emit light, substantially
as illustrated in Figures 8 to 12 and Figures 27 and 27 of the Drawings, and for
the purposes specified.
Third. In an electric lamp or lighting apparatus, a series of independent
conductors arranged in combination with a circuit-making device or devices in
such a manner that one or more of the said conductors may be caused to emit or
cease to emit light, substantially as described with reference to Figures 13 and 14,
Figures 15 and 16, or Figure 17 of the Drawings, and for the purposes specified.
Fourth. In an electric lamp or candle, the use of a series of conductors of metal,
carbon, or other conducting material to constitute the light emitting portion,
substantially as described with reference to Figure 18, or the modification thereof
illustrated in Figures 21 to 26 of the Drawings.

page_text: Fifth. The method of heating by the use of electric apparatus,, whereby the
consumption of electric energy is regulated, controlled, or proportioned according to
the temperature of the atmosphere in the compartment, room, or space to be heated,
substantially as set forth and for the purposes specified.
Sixth. In a system or apparatus for utilizing electricity, the employment (in the
circuit of an electric heating apparatus or heater), of an adjustable circuit maker
resistance or cut off device which regulates or controls automatically the translation
of electric energy, the position of such device being dependent upon the height,
length, volume, expansion, or contraction of a body of mercury or other expansible
liquid or medium through or by which the current can pass directly to the heater,
or through a branch or independent circuit to an electro magnet or other device
arranged to operate upon and control the said circuit maker, resistance, or cut off
in the circuit of the heater, substantially as and for the purposes specified.
Seventh. In an electric heating apparatus, the employment of a series of
conductors of the same or different resistances in combination with the circuit maker
or a series of circuit makers, substantially as set forth with reference to Figures 58
and 59 of the Drawings (with or without automatic thermo-regulating devices, as
described with reference to Figures 62 to 69 and 71 and 72 of the Drawings), for
the purposes specified.
Eighth. The employment in or in connection with an electric heat generator, of
a heat regulator or governor combined with a resistance or devices for controlling
or proportioning the consumption of electricity, according to the temperature of
the liquid material or air enclosed or contained within a chamber which forms part
of an electric heater or foot-warmer, substantially as set forth and for the purposes
specified.
.
+
Ninth. The thermo-regulator and circuit maker which will indicate the
temperature of a compartment or room, and automatically regulate the electric
energy passing through the conductor to the heating apparatus, substantially as
set forth with reference to Figures 68 and 69 of the Drawings for the purposes
specified.
Tenth. The thermo regulating, indicating, and governing devices, as described
with reference to Figures 62 to 69 and 71 and 72 of the Drawings in combination
with an electric heater, substantially as sot forth for the purposes specified.
Eleventh. The electric heater provided with a coil or system of pipe or chambers
through which the liquid is caused to circulate from, and to the part of the heater
where the electric conductor or conductors are placed, substantially as set forth and
for the purposes specified.
Twelfth. The combination with an electric heater of a coil or system of pipes or
chambers for the distribution or diffusion of heat by the passage of heated air
through pipes or chambers, substantially as and for the purposes specified.
Thirteenth. An electric heat generator provided with an automatic circuit maker
and breaker governed as to its position by the temperature of the liquid heated by
the electric conductor or conductors, for the purposes specified.
Fourteenth. The employment in or in connection with an electric heater of a
simple or compound substance which will liquify during the translation of electric
energy into heat in a conductor or conductors, and give off the latent heat of
fusion in cooling, substantially as set forth for the purposes specified.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Robert Lake, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Thirtieth day of May, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and eighty two.
Wª,
W. ROB, LAKE. (L.S.)