Year: 1894

page_text: Date of Application, 21st June, 1894
Complete Specification Left, 21st Mar., 1895-Accepted, 27th Apr., 1895
Improve PAPRAS
1, JOHN FIELDING of Somerset Lawn in the City and County of Gloucester
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
This invention refers to improvements in the construction and working of
explosive engines, partly with special reference to engines operated by the explosion
of oil vapour and air, and partly with reference generally to such engines and those
worked by the explosion of gas and air.
The improvements specially applicable to oil vapour engines are as follows, viz.
1. Causing the vapourized charge of oil together with a slight admixture of air
to enter the cylinder through the heated igniting tube.
2. The special construction and arrangement of the lamp used for heating the
igniting tube and vapourizer.
The following improvements are applicable to oil vapour, and gas engines, wiz.
3. An improved construction and arrangement of the water jacket and cylinder.
4. An improved method of cooling the jacket water.
5. Enabling the pump used for circulating the water, to also fill the water tank
from an outside source.
6. An improved arrangement of the governing gear.
7. An improved method of applying the system of starting invented by the
present applicant and described in Specification No. 19517 of 1891, to the starting
of engines worked by oil vapour, or by gas of low calorific value.
1. Each charge of oil is vapourized in a heated tube placed over the hot igniting
tube and the vapour together with a small amount of air is drawn into the cylinder
during the charging stroke of the piston, through the igniting tube with which
the vapourizer communicates by means of a mitre valve suitably operated by positive
gear, the air thus drawn in is preferably heated previously to entering the
vapourizing tube, the same lamp serving to heat the igniting, vapourizing and air
heating tubes. These tubes are encased in refractory material in the form of two
specially shaped fire bricks, held in the two halves of a metal case so arranged as
to be very readily removed for examination.
2. The heating lamp is of a well known type in which the heat of its own burner
is used to gasify the oil which issues as gas from a jet close to the burner. Pro-
vision is made for pre-heating the burner, preferably by means of methylated
spirit burnt in a cup placed close under the burner, the reservoir holding the
supply of oil is however placed at some distance from the burner to which it is
connected by a pipe. This reservoir is air tight and fitted with a small hand pump
for the generation of sufficient air pressure in the receiver to force the oil to the
burner, a filter is placed in the pipe leading to the burner for the purpose of
preventing any solid matter getting into and fouling the burner gas jet.
The reservoir is specially formed and arranged so as to minimize the chances of
air leakage. It is preferably cylindrical and vertical, having no outlet at or near
its upper end, the pump is fixed on one side and connected near the lower end to
the reservoir by a pipe or passage. The pump draws from a small tank and may
be used to charge the reservoir either with oil or air whilst the engine and lamp
are working, as well as at starting.
3. The water jacket is open at both ends, where it is bored and recessed, the
working barrel is put in at the end nearest to the crank and is rigidly bolted and

page_text: jointed to the jacket. The rear end of the liner forms a combustion chamber and
terminates in a port or branch preferably circular and recessed, where it joins the
valve box, the latter containing the inlet and outlet valves, the valve box and liner
nre rigidly holted and jointed together. A turned flange upon the valve box fits
into the bored and recessed rear end of the jacket and a joint is made between
them by means of a flexible ring of indin rubber or other suitable material. The
valve box is holted only to the liner, and not to the jacket, so that the free expansion
of the former is allowed. The valve box is preferably surrounded by a water
jacket also which forms an extension of the main jacket each being open to the
other. In order to reduce the amount of heat transmitted to the circulating water,
I divide the water jacket into three compartments, one surrounding the combustion
space and valve chamber, the next surrounds the adjacent portion of the working
barrel, and the third, the remainder of the water couled portion of the working
barrel. The water jacket may be open or closed at the top, but is preferably
carried somewhat higher than usual above the top of the cylinder, the partition
between the second and third compartments is carried a few inches above the top
of the cylinder, and as the water is caused to flow upwards through the second
compartment, over the partition and down through the third compartment, the
height of this partition determines the depth of water over the cylinder.
The partition between the first and second compartments is carried above the
water level, an opening in its lower part admits water from the second compartment
and an opening above allows the escape of vapour, the water therefore in the first
compartment is maintained at the same level as that in the other two but at a much
higher temperature. Practically therefore the heat imparted to the circulating
water is mainly that which it receives from the second portion only of the cylinder.
Provision may however be made to allow of a regulated amount of circulation
taking place through the first compartment if desired.
4. To reduce the amount of cooling water necessary employ a special arrange
ment of apparatus which has the effect of very finely dividing up the water after it
leaves the jacket, and ensures that every particle shall be acted upon by a current
of air.
Such no apparatus may take the form of a mass of porous material such as coke.
pumice stone, or similar material, loosely arranged so that as the water falls
down through it, air may be drawn horizontally or vertically upwards through
the mass.
After leaving this mass the water may be still further cooled by being caused to
trickle down a large number of thin sheets of metal arranged vertically, an air
current heing passel over their surfaces to keep them cool. The water flows from
the cooling surfaces into a summp or receiver and is circulated back again through
the cylinder tank by a pump or other suitable ineans.
5. Instead of filling the water tank by hand previous to starting the engine.
I arrange a three way cock upon the suction branch of the pump which enables the
pump to draw from an outside supply when the engine is first started and until
sufficient quantity of water is put into the cooling tank, and when this has been
done, the cock is turned into such a position that the pump then draws from the
cooling tank, simply circulating the water through the cylinder, jacket or tank,
and the cooling apparatus. The engine can always therefore he started without
waiting for the cooling tank to be filled.
6. The speed of the engine is governed by suppressing the action of the gear
controlling the supply of oil or gas and air, and at the same time causing the
exhaust valve to remain open. The air and vapour or gas supply valves (and oil
pump in oil engines) are worked by a single cam operating levers by means of
push rod, an arm from the exhaust valve lever puts this rod out of gear at such
times as the exhaust valve is held open. The governor by means of a lever and
detent genr holds the exhaust valve open whenever the speed becomes excessive
and therefore ents off the action of the gear operating the air and oil (or gas)
supply.

page_text: 7. I apply my improved system of starting explosive engines as described in the
Specification of Patent No. 19517 of 1891 to engines operated by oil vapour or
by weak gas similar to that commonly known as Dowson gas, in the following
manner, i.:
In oil engines 1 use first a small amount of compressed air to carry into the
cylinder the starting charge of vapour, either by passing it through a vessel con-
taining benzoline or other spirit or by causing it to inject through the vapourizer
a small quantity of oil, which becomes vapourized and mixed with the air used for
its injection and fills the clearance space, air is theu admitted from the reservoir for
the purpose of starting the engine in accordance with my improved system above
referred to.
When gas of a weak character such as Dowson gas is used, I enrich the starting
charge by passing it through a vessel containing spirit, by this means I obtain
a more powerful starting explosion than is possible when using the gas in its
ordinary state.
Dated this 20th day of Jun 1801
JOHN FIELDING.
improvements in EXPLOSIVE ongines.
I JOHN FIELDING of Somerset Lawn in the City and County of Gloucester
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement:-
This invention refers to improvements in the construction and working of
explosive engines partly with special reference to engines operated by the explosion
of oil vapour and air, and partly with reference generally to such engines and
those worked by the explosion of gas and air.
The improvements specially applicable to oil vapour engines are as follows, viz.
1. Causing the vapourized charge of oil together with a slight admixture of air
to enter the cylinder through the heated ignition tube.
2. The special construction and arrangement of the lamp used for heating the
igniting tube and vapourizer.
The following improvements are applicable to oil vapour, and gas engines, viz.
3. An improved construction and arrangement of the water jacket and
cylinder.
4. An improved method of cooling the jacket water.
5. Enabling the pump used for circulating the water to also fill the water tank
from an outside source.
6. An improved arrangement of the governing gear.
7. An improved method of applying the system of starting invented by the
present applicant and described in Specification No. 19517 of 1891 to the starting
of engines worked by oil vapour or by gas of low calorific value.
1. Each charge of oil is vapourized in a heated tube placed over the hot igniting
tube and the vapour together with a small amount of air is drawn into the cylinder
during the charging stroke of the piston, through the igniting tube with which the
vapourizer communicates by means of a mitre valve suitably operated by positive
gear, the air thus drawn in is preferably heated previously to entering the
vapourizing tube, the saine lamp serving to heat the igniting, vapourizing, and air
heating tubes. These tubes are encased in refractory material in the form of two
specially shaped fire bricks, held in the two halves of a metal case so arranged as
to be very readily removed for examination.
2. The heating lamp is of a well known type in which the heat of its own burner
is used to gasify the oil which issues as gas from a jet close to the burner.

page_text: Provision is made for prelenting the burner, preferably by means of methylated
spirit burnt in a cup placed close under the burner, the reservoir holding the
supply of oil is however placed at some distance from the burner to which it is
connected by a pipe. This reservoir is air tight and is fitted with a small hand
pump for the generation of sufficient air pressure in the receiver to force the oil
to the burner, a filter is placed in the pipe leading to the burner for the purpose of
preventing any solid matter getting into and fouling the burner gas jet.
The reservoir is specially formed and arranged so as to minimize the chances of
nir leakage. It is preferably cylindrical and vertical, having no outlet at or near
its upper end, the pump is fixed on one side and connected near the lower end to
the reservoir by a pipe or passage. The pump draws from a small tank and may
be used to charge the reservoir either with oil or air, whilst the engine and lamp
are working, as well as at starting.
3. In order to reduce the amount of heat transmitted to the circulating water
I divide the water jacket into three compartments, one surrounding the
combustion space and valve chamber the next surrounds the adjacent portion of
the working barrel and the third the remainder of the water cooled portion of the
working barrel. The water jacket may be open or closed at the top, but it is
preferably carried somewhat higher than usual above the top of the cylinder, the
partition between the second and third compartments is carried a few inches above
The top of the cylinder and as the water is caused to flow upwards through the
second compartment over the partition and down through the third compartment,
the height of this partition determines the depth of water over the cylinder.
The partition between the first and second compartments is carried above the
water level, an opening in its lower part admits water from the second compartiment
and an opening above allows the escape of vapour, the water therefore in the Arst
compartment is maintained at the same level as that in the other two but at a
much higher temperature. Practically therefore the heat imparted to the
circulating water is mainly that which it receives from the second portion only of
the cylinder. Provision inay however be made to allow of a regulated amount of
circulation taking place through the first compartment if desired.
1. To reduce the amount of cooling water necessary I employ a special arrange-
inent of apparatus which has the effect of very finely dividing up the water after
it leaves the jacket and ensures that every particle shall be acted upon by a
current of air.
Such an apparatus may take the form of a mass of porous material such as coke,
pumice stone or similar material loosely arranged so that as the water falls down
through it, air may be drawn horizontally or vertically upwards through the mass.
The water flows from the cooling surfaces into a sump or receiver and is circulated
back again through the cylinder tank by a pump or other suitable menus.
5. Instead of filling the water tank by hand previous to starting the engine,
I arrange a three way cock пров the suction branch of the pump which enables the
pump to draw from an outside supply when the engine is first started and until a
suflicient quantity of water is put into the cooling tank, and when this has been
done the cock is turned into such a position that the pump then draws from the
cooling tank, simply circulating the water through the cylinder jacket or tank and
the cooling apparatus. The engine can always therefore be started without
waiting for the cooling tank to be filled.
6. The speed of the engine is governed by suppressing the action of the gear
controlling the supply of oil or gas and air, and at the same time causing the
exhaust valve to remain open. The air and vapour or gas supply valves (and oil
pump in oil engine) are worked by a single cam operating levers by means of a
push rod. An arm from the exhaust valve lever puts this rod out of gear at such
times as the exhaust valve is held open. The governor by means of a lever and
detent gear holds the exhaust valve open whenever the speed becomes excessive
and therefore cuts off the action of the gear operating the air and oil (or gas)
supply.

page_text: 7.1 apply my improved system of starting explosive engines as described in
the Specifications of Patent No. 19517 of 1891 to engines operated by oil vapour
or by weak gas similar to that commonly known as Dowson gas in the following
manner eiz. i
In oil engines I use first a small amount of compressed air to carry into the
cylinder the starting charge of vapour, either by passing it through a vessel
containing benzoline or other spirit or by causing it to inject through the vapourizer
n small quantity of oil which becomes vapourized and mixed with the air used for
its injection and fills the clearance space, air is then admitted from the reservoir
for the purpose of starting the engine in accordance with my improved system
above referred to. When gas of a weak character such as Dowsen gas is used 1
enrich the starting charge by passing it through a vessel containing spirit, by this
means obtain a more powerful starting explosion than is possible when using the
gas in its ordinary state.
To enable my invention to be fully understood, I describe how it may be carried
into practice by the following drawings.
Fig. 1. Sheet 1. is a longitudinal section of the improved vapourizer, the
combustion chamber of the cylinder & the lamp feed reservoir & air pump.
Fig. 2 is an end elevation of the vapourizer and the valve operating gear.
Fig. 3 is a side elevation of the same &
Fig. 4 is another view of the exhaust & air valve levers shewing the exhaust
valve held off its seat & the push rod which works the air valve out of action.
Fig. 1 Sheet 2 shews the improved arrangement of divided water jacket and the
water circulating pump.
Similar figures refer to the same parts throughout.
A is the cylinder combustion chamber, B the air inlet valve, C the exhaust
valve, D is the vapour inlet valve, E the igniting tube, F the vapour tube,.
GG the air heating tubes, H is the casing surrounding the vapourizer which is
lined with fireclay or asbestos which is however for the sake of clearness not
shewn. I is the oil supply jet fed by the pump J through the pipe K. L is a
rockshaft carrying and operating the air & vapour valves and the oil pump, by
means of the levers LL M is the push rod which actuates the shaft L. this
rod is moved laterally by means of an arm N carried upon the exhaust lever ()
for the purpose of bringing it into or out of gear with the striker pin P' upon the
cam lever Q. R is the exhaust valve lever provided with a detent lip R¹ into
gear with which the governor lever S is brought whenever the normal speed of the
engine is exceeded, when this in gear the exhaust valve is held open, so that no
compression can take place in the cylinder and the push rod M is held out of gear
with the striker pin which prevents the air & vapour valves & oil pump from
being worked. Therefore so long as the normal speed is exceeded the whole of the
valves & the oil pump remain idle.
S' is a small catch which is used to hold the governor S in gear with the exhaust
lever when it is desired to stop the engine.
T is the oil & air reservoir for the lamp supply T the small pump fitted with
suction & delivery valves which is used to pump either oil or air into the reservoir,
U is the pipe leading to the burner U. V & V are the pipe & valve used for
admitting a starting charge of oil to the igniting tube where it is vapourized &
carried forward into the cylinder. W is the inlet port for the compressed air,
which is stored in a reservoir which may be charged and operated as described in
the Specification No. 19517 of 1891, and which requires no further description
here. Fig. 5. shews the arrangement for enriching poor gas to produce a more
powerful starting explosion it consists of a small vessel containing spirit through
which the gas is passed, entering by the pipe X and passing out by the pipe Y
to the engine cylinder in the manner described in the above mentioned
Specification.
Fig. 1 Sheet 2 shews the arrangement of divided water jacket for the purpose of
reducing the amount of water required for cooling the cylinder, the cool water

page_text: enters the space through which it rises and overflows the division into space 2
through which it falls into mass 3 of porous material such as coke arranged loosely
so that air may be forced or drawn through for the purpose of cooling the water.
The coke or other similar material may be held in a perforated casing 4. Space 5
in the cylinder jacket surrounds the combustion chamber which may be kept hotter
than the other portions of the cylinder & therefore the circulation of the water
may be regulated to any desired degree or prevented altogether, in which latter
case the steam formed may rise & pass off by an escape pipe 6 or be condensed &
return to the main body of cooling water by another pipe 7.'
Fig. 2 Sheet 2. shews the arrangement of the suction & delivery pipes of a
circulating pump 8. In this fig. 9 is the delivery pipe leading to the space of the
jacket, 10 is a suction pipe through which water may be drawn from any outside
source, 11 is another suction pipe which enables the pump to draw from a tank or
other vessel used for cooling the water after it has been passed through the jacket.
By means of the three way cock 12 water may be drawn through either of these
pipes so that when first starting the engine the water is drawn from the outside
source until a sufficient quantity has been put into the tank.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, declare that what 1
claim is :-
1. The arrangement of combined vapourizer and igniter, in which the vapourized
charge is drawn through the igniting tube into the cylinder, substantially as
described.
2. The arrangement of valve gear operating the exhaust and charging valves
and oil pump substantially as described.
3. The arrangement of divided water jacket for the purpose of reducing the
amount of heat transmitted to the cooling water substantially as described.
4. The perforated casing containing porous material exposed to a current of air,
through which the circulating water is passed in order to cool it.
5. The arrangement of water circulating pump with two suction pipes and three
way cock substantially as described.
Dated this 20th day of March 1895.
JOHN FIELDING.