THE PRODUCTION OF NOVEL AND ORNAMENTAL EFFECTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS ARTICLES OF GLASS APPLICABLE TO VARIOUS ORNAMENTAL AND OTHER OBJECTS, AND TO LAMP SHADES, GLOBES, REPLECTORS, OR OTHER TRANSPARENT OR SEMI-TRANSPARENT ARTICLES MADE OF GLASS, AND IN MEANS OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED FOR THE ABOVE PURPOSE
Year: 1869

page_text: ETTERS PATENT to John Garrett Tongue, of the Firm of Tongue &
Birkbeck, Patent Agents and Engineers, of 34, Southampton
Buildings, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, for the
Invention of "THE PRODUCTION OF NOVEL AND ORNAMENTAL EFFECTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS ARTICLES OF GLASS APPLICABLE TO VARIOUS
ORNAMENTAL AND OTHER OBJECTS, AND TO LAMP SHADES, GLOBES, REPLECTORS,
OR OTHER TRANSPARENT OR SEMI-TRANSPARENT ARTICLES MADE OF GLASS,
AND IN MEANS OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED FOR THE ABOVE PURPOSE." -A
communication from abroad by Marie Pierre Chevillotte, of Paris,
in the Empire of France, Glass Manufacturer.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Garrett Tongue
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 18th June 1869.
I, JOHN GARRETT TONGUE, of the Firm of Tongue & Birkbeck, Patent
Agents and Engineers, of 34, Southampton Buildings, Chancery Lane,
in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "THE PRODUCTION OF NOVEL AND ORNAMENTAL EFFECTS IN THE

page_text: MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS ARTICLES OF GLASS APPLICABLE TO VARIOUS ORNAMENTAL
AND OTHER OBJECTS, AND TO LAMP SHADES, GLOBES, REFLECTORS, OR OTHER TRANS-
PARENT OR SEMI-TRANSPARENT ARTICLES MADE OF GLASS, AND IN MEANS OR
APPARATUS EMPLOYED FOR THE ABOVE PURPOSE," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object the application of the fissuring or
cracking or granulation consequent upon the sudden contraction of
the surface of heated glass when brought in contact with water, to
the production of regular and irregular designs upon various articles,
more particularly those objects which are employed to reflect or transmit
light, such as globes, shades, reflectors, lamp glasses, or other transparent
or semi-transparent articles made of glass.
The granulation or fissuring of glass by immersion in water or by a
sudden chill is a process well known, but it has not been hitherto
applied to the ornamentation of objects in glass for illumination and
other purposes, in order to obtain the beautiful effects of light produced
by transparence and reflection, neither have the means herein-after
described been employed for obtaining varied designs.
According to one method of carrying this Invention into practice
the workman takes with his blow pipe a certain quantity of glass and
blows it to about double its size, by which time it will have lost about
half the heat it had when it was taken from the crucible; he then
plunges it for a second into a vessel of cold water; this sudden change
from great heat to great cold produces a kind of fissuring or granulation
of the surface of the glass, which thus becomes covered with numerous
fine fissures, crevices, or cracks in all directions, which vary in depth,
but penetrate a short distance only into the surface of the glass. When
the above-described effect is produced the article is reheated and then
blown, so as to expand and increase its size, by which the fissures or
crevices on the surface are enlarged, thus producing very novel and
peculiar effects on the surface of the glass. When the above result is
obtained the workman gives to the article the desired form, as is well
understood, in the ordinary manner.
In order to produce a reflector, shade, globe, or other similar article
in white opal glass the general process above indicated is employed,
and it will be readily understood that the granulated parts are diminished
in thickness, clearer designs being thus obtained upon the article, which
granulations and fissures, taken as a whole, produce a pleasing design
against the light, but if to this opal glass is added interiorly a surface

page_text: of transparent glass greater translucense is obtained in portions of the
surface, which without exposing the light to view, are very clear and
agreeable to the eye, and which at a proper distance combine into a
harmonious design. If the interior surface of transparent glass is
stronger, and that of the opal glass of less thickness, it will result that
the first is quite expired by the above process, and at the transparent
parts the light is seen bright and clear.
In order to obtain the same results in opal glass of any translucent
colour according to this Invention two processes may be employed.
The first consists in forming a green, blue, red, or other coloured
glass cup blown very thin, into which is introduced a suitable quantity
of opal glass. This combined piece, after it has been prepared and
heated to the necessary degree, is placed in water to produce the
fissuring or granulation, as before described, by which and after being
blown the opal glass is exposed to view.
The second process is as follows:-When the workman has gathered
a suitable quantity of opal glass with his blow pipe he moves it about
in a basin containing powdered glass of the required color, the opal
glass adhering to the blow pipe, being very hot the pulverised glass
attaches itself perfectly thereto, then after having coated and reheated
it several times according to the thickness it is desired to give to the
colored glass it is plunged into water, and similar effects are obtained
to those previously described.
The objects manufactured by the above process are not only very
beautiful in the daytime as ornamental articles, but when illuminated
they are still more beautiful.
According to another part of this Invention, by the granulation or
fissuring of the surface other highly ornamental effects of a novel
character are produced. For this purpose a very thin cup of opal glass
is made, into which a suitable quantity of glass, also opal, is introduced
after having first been fissured or granulated and blown as previously
described; the glass adheres to all parts of the cup, except at the
fissures or crevices formed by the granulation or fissuring of the surface,
which leaves spaces in the interior of the glass, the cup and the interior
piece after they are fused forming one and the same piece. These
spaces form marbled veins that are observed to be white by day and
greyish or transparent. The last described process may be employed
with transparent or other glass by covering it with a layer of pulverised

page_text: transparent or opaque glass of any colour, and afterwards granulating or
fissuring it.
In order to produce regular designs upon articles or objects made
according to another part of this Invention, the granulation or fissuring
is controlled or directed over portions of the surface of the glass
according to the design required. This is accomplished on the principle
that the thinner parts and those which have cooled previously, or in a
previous operation, granulate or crack in contact with water in preference
to the stronger and hotter parts, which remain intact. In carrying
out this part of the Invention a mould of iron or other suitable metal
formed with longitudinal ribs or other projecting surfaces, according to
the character of the design required, is employed. Into the interior of
this mould a piece of opal glass is blown, the surface of the hot glass
cools quickly in contact with the ribs or projecting surfaces, and the
force of the air blown by the workman drives the stronger parts into
the cavities. The moulded piece is then removed from its mould, and
plunged into water after it has been reheated.
All the various operations previously described for irregular designs
are applicable to the production of regular designs, it is therefore
unnecessary to describe again all the various modes for producing varied
effects that have been previously explained.
It will be evident from the previous description that this Inven-
tion is applicable to the manufacture of a great variety of articles or
vessels of various forms in glass, such as glasses, vases, lamps, baskets,
ornaments, shades, flower stands, and various other articles or ornaments
of glass.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said John Garrett Tongue in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 17th December 1869.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN 3
GARRETT TONGUE, of the Firm of Tongue & Birkbeck, Patent Agents
and Engineers, of 34, Southampton Buildings, Chancery Lane, in the
County of Middlesex, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Eighteenth day of June, in the year
3

page_text: of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, in the thirty-
second year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
aud grant unto me, the said John Garrett Tongue, Her special
licence that I, the said John Garrett Tongue, my executors, ad-
ministrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said John Garrett
Tongue, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times there-
after during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Inven-
tion for "THE PRODUCTION OF NOVEL AND ORNAMENTAL EFFECTS IN THE MANU-
FACTURE OF VARIOUS ARTICLES OF GLASS APPLICABLE TO VARIOUS ORNAMENTAL.
AND OTHER OBJECTS, AND TO LAMP SHADES, GLOBES, REFLECTORS, OR OTHER
TRANSPARENT OR SEMI-TRANSPARENT ARTICLES MADE OF GLASS, AND IN MEANS OR
APPARATUS EMPLOYED FOR THE ABOVE PURPOSE," a communication to me
from abroad by Marie Pierre Chevillotté, of Paris, in the Empire of
France, Glass Manufacturer, upon the condition (amongst others) that
I, the said John Garrett Tongue, my executors or administrators, by
an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands.
and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
Said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Garrett Tongue, do hereby.
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement thereof, that is to say:-
In glass working under the term "calcination of glass" is described
the crevices, cracks, or rents which are produced upon the surface of a
piece of glass when this piece is tranferred suddenly from an intense
heat to an extreme cold, and this Invention has, first, for its object
the application of the effect of calcination (granulation, fissuring, or
cracking,) consequent upon the sudden contraction of the surface of
heated glass when brought in contact with water to the production of
regular and irregular designs upon various articles, more particularly
those which are employed to reflect or transmit light, such as globes,
shades, reflectors, lamp glasses, or other transparent or semi-transparent

page_text: articles made of glass. The calcination, granulation, or fissuring of glass
by immersion in water or by a sudden chill is a process well known, but
it has not been hitherto applied to the ornamentation of objects in glass.
for illumination and other purposes in order to obtain the beautiful
effects of light. produced by transparence and reflection, neither have
the means herciu-after described been employed for obtaining varied
designs.
In the application of this Invention to articles for illuminating
purposes opal or transparent glass is employed, and according to one
method of carrying this part of the Invention into practice the workman
takes with his blow pipe a certain quantity of glass and blows it to
about double its size, by which time it will have lost about half the
heat it had when it was taken from the crucible; he then plunges it for
a moment into a vessel of cold water. This sudden change from great
heat to great cold produces a kind of calcination, fissuring, or granu-
lation of the surface of the glass, which thus becomes covered with
numerous fine fissures, crevices, or cracks in all directions, which vary
in depth, but penetrate a short distance only into the surface of the
glass, as will be better understood on examining Figure A of the
Drawing hereunto, annexed. When the above-described effect is pro-
duced the article is reheated, and then blown so as to expand and
increase its size, by which the fissures or crevices on the surface are
enlarged, as illustrated at Figure R of the Drawing, thus producing
very novel and peculiar effects on the surface of the glass. When tho
above result is obtained the workman gives to the article the desired
form, as is well understood, in the ordinary manner.
In order to produce a reflector, shade, globe, or other similar article in
white opal glass the general process above indicated is employed, and it
will be readily understood that the calcined or granulated parts are
diminished in thickness, clearer designs being thus obtained upon the
article, which granulations and fissures taken as a whole produce a
pleasing design against the light, but if to this opal glass is added
interiorly a surface of transparent glass greater translucence is obtained
in portions of the surface which without exposing the light to view are
very clear and agreeable to the eye, and which at a proper distance
combine into a harmonious design, as seen at Figure C. of the Drawing
annexed. If the interior surface of transparent glass is stronger and
that of the opal glass of less thickness it will result that the first is quite

page_text: exposed by the above process, and at the transparent parts the light is
seen bright and clear.
In order to obtain the same effects in opal glass of any translucent
color according to this Invention two processes may be employed.
The first process consists in forming a green, blue, red, or other
colored glass cup a blown very thin, into which is introduced a
suitable quantity of opal glass b. This combined piece, after it has been
prepared and heated to the necessary degree, is placed in water to
produce the fissuring or granulation by calcination, as before described,
by which, and after being blown, the opal glass is exposed to view, an
example of which is shewn at Figure C. of the Drawing annexed.
:
The second process is as follows:-When the workman has gathered
a suitable quantity of opal glass with his blow pipe he moves it about
in a basin containing powdered glass of the required color, the opal
glass which is adhering to the blow pipe being very hot, the pulverized
glass attaches itself perfectly thereto; then, after having coated and.
reheated it several times according to the thickness it is desired to give.
to the colored glass, it is plunged into water, and similar effects aro.
obtained to those previously described.
The objects manufactured by the above processes are not only very
beautiful in the daytime as ornamental articles, but when illuminated
they are still more beautiful.
According to another part of the Invention the calcination,
granulation, or fissuring of the surface of glass. or other highly
ornamental effects of a novel character are produced. For this purpose
a very thin cup of opal glass c is made, into which a suitable quantity of
glass d, also opal, is introduced after having first been fissured or
granulated and blown as previously described; the glass adheres to all
parts of the cup, except at the fissures or crevices formed by the granu-
lation or fissuring of the surface, which leave spaces in the interior of
the glass, the cup and the interior picce after they are fused forming onc
and the same picco.
The last-described process may be employed with transparent or
other glass by covering it with a layer of pulverized, transparent, or
opaque glass of any color, and afterwards calcining, granulating, or
fissuring it.

page_text: In order to produce regular designs upon articles or objects made
according to another part of this Invention, the granulation or fissuring
is controlled or directed over portions of the surface of the glass
according to the design required. This is accomplished on the principle
that the thinner parts and those which have coiled previously or in a
previous operation calcine, granulate, or crack in contact with water in
preference to the stronger and hotter parts, which remain intact. In
carrying out this part of the Invention a mould of iron or other suitable
metal G formed with longitudinal ribs or other projecting surfaces
according to the character of the design required is employed. Into the
interior of this mould a piece of opal glass is blown, the surface of the
hot glass cools quickly in contact with the ribs or projecting surfaces,
and the force of the air blown by the workman drives the stronger parts
into the cavities o. The moulded piece is then removed from its mould
and plunged into water after it has been reheated, by which means the
form or arrangement of the calcinations shown at Figure 1. is obtained.
Another mould, in iron or other suitable metal, formed with geometrical
recesses is shown at Figure K, the result from which is shown at
Figure L.
It will be understood from the previous description and examples that
a great variety of designs may be produced in the manufacture of glass
according to this Invention.
All the various operations previously described for the production of
irregular designs are applicable to the production of regular designs, it
is therefor unnecessary to repeat the description of all the various modes
for producing varied effects that have been previously explained.
The effects of light upon regular designs upon opal glass are very
beautiful, and come out with great effect when the opal glass is covered
with a layer of color, thus not only are very beautiful effects obtained
by illumination, but also articles of great beauty as seen by daylight.
It will be evident from the previous description by controlling the
calcination or fissuring that this Invention is applicable to the manu-
facture of a great variety of articles or vessels of various forms in glass,
such as glasses, vases, lamps, baskets, ornaments, shades, flower stands,
and various other articles or ornaments of glass.
Having thus described the nature of the Inventiou, and the manner in

page_text: which the same is to be performed or carried into practice, what I claim
under the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,-
First. The application of the process of calcination of glass in the
production of irregular or regular designs in the manufacture of various
articles, the object of which is to reflect or transmit light, such as
reflectors, gas lamps, shades, globes, or other forms, in the manner
herein-before described and shewn in the accompanying Drawings.
Second. The means herein-before described for directing the "cal-
cination," granulating, or fissuring of glass, and thus obtaining regular
designs by "calcination," these means being applicable in the manu-
facture of articles of a great variety of forms in glass and for various
purposes.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Garrett Tongue, have hereunto
set my hand and scal, this Seventeenth day of December, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine.
JOHN GARRETT TONGUE. (L.S.)