IMPROVEMENTS IN THE SEPARATION AND DISINFECTION OF FECAL MATTERS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF MANURE, AND IN THE APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1849

page_text: TREDEN IN
LOUIS
NAPOLEON LEGRAS, formerly of Paris, in the Republic of France, but now
residing at No. 2, Tenison Street, in the Borough of Lambeth, in the County
of Surrey, Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS IIer present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Thirtieth day of
November, One thousand eight hundred and forty-nine, in the thirteenth
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and
grant unto me, the said Louis Napoleon Legras, my exors, admors, and
assigns. Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I,
the said Louis Napoleon Legras, my exors, admors, and assigns, and such
others as I, the said Louis Napolcon Legras, my exors, adiñiors, or assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town
of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE SEPARATION
AND DISINFECTION OF FECAL MATTERS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF MANURE, AND IN
THE APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN;" in which said Letters Patent is con-
tained a proviso that I, the said Louis Napoleon Legras, should cause a
particular. description of the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under my hand and
seal, to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said in part
recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had,
will more fully and at large appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Louis Napoleon Legras, do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, are fully described and
ascertained in and by the present Specification thereof, reference being had
to the Drawings hereunto annexed, that is to say :-
Firstly, my Invention has for its object the construction of waterclosets, and
of apparatus connected therewith, in such manner as to separate and keep
apart, in different vessels, the solid portions of fecal matters from whatever
liquids may be combined therewith.
Figure 1 represents an exterior elevation and Figure 2 a sectional clevation
of a watercloset and appendages,-constructed according to my said Invention.
C is an oval-shaped vessel, which gradually decreases in diameter towards the
top, and has the upper and lower edges turned over to form flanges O, Ú, as
shewn in the Drawings. E is the separator, which is fitted with a flange
near the top, and rests thereby upon the upper flange O of the vessel C, within
which it is thus suspended; 'A'is the neck; which is furnished with a flange
at bottom and placed on the top of the vessel C. The neck A, the vessel C
and separator E are then riveted or bolted together; G is an oscillating plate,
which is supported by a spindle s in suitable bearings, and H, I, are conduits,
which are made with couplings in order that they may be united when required.
The neck A' and vessel C are fitted with two guides U, U, in which slides the
rod B. This rod has a piece V' projecting at right angles from it, which
carries the catch suspended perpendicularly above the detent T. When the
rod B is moved down the catch X slides either on the left or right hand of the
detent T according to the inclination given to it, and catches the under part of the
detent T by 'the barbed point. The opening a of the neck A is placed
immediately under the watercloset, and the liquids which accompany the fecal
matters, and which have an inclination to follow the direction of the sides of
the vessel, run down the sides of the neck A, and fall between the vessel C
and the separator E on to the flange of the latter, whence they pass through
the conduits H, H, while the solid portions fall by their weight into the
separator E (as well also as that part of the liquid which did not run down
the sides), and will be received on the oscillating plate G, which closes the
opening of the separator in an inclined direction. By this arrangement the
solids will always fall in the angle of the 'separator E; and the liquids which
run down the sliding plate G will escape through the perforations F in the
separator E, into the lower part of the vessel C, whence they will pass through
the opening to some suitable receptacle, while the solids will remain in the
corner until the position of the oscillating plate is reversed, when they will
"

page_text: be precipitated into the centre of the mouth D, and will escape by the opening
L' into some suitable receptacle provided for that purpose. The reversal of
the oscillating plate is effected in the following manner :-On opening the
docr of the watercloset the rod B, with the projection V, which carries the
catch X, will be drawn up. The catch X, having previously gripped the
detent T, will, when lifted up, cause it to turn, and, in consequence of its being
centred on the spindles of the oscillating plate G, the latter will be caused to
turn also, and thereby to reverse its position. The oscillating plate is kept in
position by means of springs, until its position is again changed by a repetition
of the same operation. The shutting of the door will have the effect of causing
the rod B to descend, and thereby bring the catch X under the detent T ready
for the next occasion..
Figure 3. represents another arrangement and construction of apparatus for
effecting the separation of the solid and liquid portions of fecal matters. The
vessel A terminates in a double bottom E and E. The matters, both liquid
and solid, are received on the bottom E. It will often occur that the liquids
which have a marked inclination to run down the sides of the vessel will run
down the sides a, a, and pass under the first bottom E and run into the gutter
X, which will conduct them to the outflow pipe G; the solid matters, having
by the effect of gravity a tendency to fall in a direct line, drop on to the first
bottom E in the interior of the frame B. J. is a counterbalance weight which
is moved by a mechanical arrangement similar to that before described or by
hand. I is one of two hinges on which turns the curved plate C. To about
the centre of this plate there is hinged a moveable frame B (without a
bottom) in order that it may receive through its centre the solid matters, and
that in moving the handle J the curved plate C shall be swung out, carrying
with it the frame B, which will scrape the solid deposits from the bottom E
into the outflow pipe F, which conducts them into a suitable receptacle pro-
vided for the purpose. The working of the frame, counterbalance weight,
and curved plate C is effected by a sudden retrograde motion produced by a
mechanical arrangement similar to the one before described. Although the special
object of the curved plate C is to draw back the frame B it also serves to
guide the fall of the solid matters into the franic B, and the liquids which
spread over its surface into the gutter, whence they escape, as has been before
explained..
Figure 4 (a sectional elevation) and Figure 5 (a top plan) of the Drawings
annexed represent a modification of the apparatus, firstly herein-before described,
for separating the solid from the liquid portions of fecal substances, combined
with an arrangement of apparatus for applying to the solids some disinfecting

page_text: substance or compound. A is the upper part, and B the body of the apparatus.
J is a sliding curved plate, which moves in a recess K, having on each side a
groove to guide the plate J in its movement. C is a half cylinder, soldered in
front of the holes L, which are bored in the part B next above the level of the
sliding plate J. The liquid runs off the sliding plate, through these holes L,
into the half cylinder C, which conducts them through a pipe D into a recep-
tacle. The plate J, which is inclined, in order that the liquid may run off
rapidly from the solids, is moved to and fro, so as alternately to open and close
the outfall pipe B2, by the following arrangement:-The upper end of the
sliding plate J is fitted with a cross piece O, O, at each end of which there is
attached a cord or chain passing over a pulley indicated by dotted lines in the
Drawing. His a counterbalance weight attached to the other end of the
chain, which serves to draw in the sliding plate J, and thereby close the
opening. E is a wrought iron bracket attached to the body B of the apparatus,
which carries at the other end a pulley Z, furnished with a cord or chain O.
The other end of the chain is connected to the rod O, so that by turning the
pulley Z the sliding plate will be drawn out and the outfall B2 opened. The
pulley Z is made to revolve by means of a ratchet Z', which turns loosely on
the spindle of the pulley, but is fixed by a paul attached to the latter when it
revolves with it. Y is a pinion centred on the ratchet spindle, and moved by
the action of a rack or pitch chain Y². When the chain Y2 is drawn up the
pinion Y will revolve, as will also the pulley Z, which will wind up the chain O2,
and thereby draw out the sliding plate J, and open the outfall B. When the
rack or pitch chain ceases to act, and the wheels are free to turn, the counter-
balance weight I will come into action, and draw in the sliding plate, so as to
close the outfall B. To raise the rack or pitch chain, it is connected to the
door of the watercloset or to a moveable seat, to a cover or to a moveable
plank. And the movement of any of these appendages to the extent of about
four inches is sufficient to open and shut the outfall by means of the to-and-
fro motion of the sliding plate. By this arrangement of apparatus the solid
and liquid substances will fall together out to the sliding plate J, and the liquids
will flow through the holes L into the half cylinder C, whence they will
through the pipe D into their receptacle, while the solid matters will be scraped
into their receptacle when the sliding plate is drawn back. As the chain is
unrolled, and the pulley Z turns in the reverse direction, the catch U attached
to the latter will strike against the catch U¹ attached to the powder box N, and
cause it to make a partial revolution. The powder box is made by preference
in the form of a triangle (as seen at N, because it will discharge its contents
with greater facility than when made of any other form), with an opening in
pass

page_text: each angle, and may be placed either above the receiver or in the watercloset.
It may, however, be made in the shape of a cylinder, and supported by spindles
in the upper part of a hopper of zinc P, which conducts the disinfecting powder
discharged in sufficient quantity at each movement on to the solids. The
quantity of powder discharged is regulated by means of a slide.
Figure 6 represents a sectional elevation of another construction and arrange-
ment of apparatus for separating and disinfecting fecal substances. Y is the
seat (of the watercloset on the ground floor); it is attached to the projecting
portion of the main drain pipe, which terminates in the form of a hemisphere C.
E is a pipe which opens at bottom into the vessel A destined for the
reception of the solids, and at top into the centre of the main drain, as
indicated in the Drawings. The solid portions coming from the upper stories
of the house or the seat Y on the ground floor, follow the inclined sides D of
the main drain until they arrive at the point e, from which they are directly
projected into the centre of the pipe E, while the liquids continue to follow
the curved surfaces of the sides, and run down into the hemispherical bottom C,
whence they escape by the pipe O into the receiver M. To effect the perma-
nent disinfection of the solids, a vessel V, containing the disinfecting compound,
is fixed in the watercloset on the ground floor. This vessel terminates in a
cylinder U, which contains a bucket wheel T. The spindle of the bucket
wheel passes through the sides of the cylinder, and carries at one end a pitch
wheel S, over which a pitch chain S2 is passed. O is a pipe which opens at
top into the cylinder underneath one of the buckets, and at bottom into
the main drain, as shewn in the Drawings. The partial revolution of the pitch
wheel will carry the division of the wheel which contains a portion of the disin-
fecting powder with which it was supplied from the vessel V (when underneath
its lower opening) round over the pipe O2, whereby its contents will be dis-
charged through the latter. The bucket wheel is made to revolve by means of
the pitch chain S (passing over the pitch wheel S), which is attached at one
end to the door R of the watercloset, and to a weight M² at the other. When
the door is opened from the outside the descent of the weight M² will draw
the chain down and cause the bucket wheel T to revolve and discharge a
certain determinate quantity of powder. When the door is closed the chain will
slide back over the pitch wheel, which will be prevented from revolving in the
reverse direction by means of a spring catch. When the door is opened from the
inside the bucket will again revolve and discharge a fresh supply of powder on
to the solid, in order that the soil from the upper stories may be received thereon.
Figure 7 represents a modification of the preceding arrangement, in which
the powder reservoir V, before described, is replaced by the one indicated by

page_text: the letter A, which discharges the necessary quantity of powder by means of a
valve D (worked by the same mechanical arrangements as in the preceding
case). through the pipe G into the main drain. The construction of the main,
drain differs from the one before described, inasmuch as it is made in two
parts. The upper part has its outfall contracted and opens into the lower one,
which is made exactly the same as the lower part of the main drain, shewn in
Figure 6. The outfall of the upper part is fitted with a valve V, which closes
it when not in use by the action of the counterbalance weight Z. A charge
of disinfecting powder is dropped on to the surface, which, when it has received
a sufficient weight of fecal matters to overcome the resistance of the counter-
balance weight Z, opens and precipitates the solids through the pipes A¹, A',
into the receptacle A2, while the liquids first pass through the holes, in the valve
into the pipe Z2, and thence through the pipe Z³ into the hemispherical bottom,.
from which they escape into the receptacle M. The powder reservoir in this
instance consists of a case A, which contains a vertical rod B, having attached
to it eight cross pieces of the form represented in the Drawings. C, C, are-
two guides, in which the rod B moves up and down to the extent of about four
inches. The rod rests at bottom on the valve D, which is made to open and
close the powder case by means of the spring catch E, acted on by a coiled,
spring E', which is brought into play by the movement of the door R. When.
the door is opened it draws back the chain S, and distends the spring E, made.
fast at one end to a standard, and at the other to the catch which opens the
valve D. The rod will then descend and discharge the powder through the
pipe G into the main drain A¹. On shutting the door the chain S descends,
which allows the spring E¹ to collapse and close the valve D, whereby the
rod will be pushed up, and will, by means of the cross pieces, shake the powder
down on to the valve and prevent it from clogging in the case.
Figure 8 of the Drawings is a sectional elevation of another of my improved
waterclosets, which in its general arrangement and construction resembles the
one just described, but is provided with two receiving vessels B, B, which
are fitted with two valves, worked by means of a step and a system of levers in
combination with other mechanical arrangements. J is the step which is
connected to the lever U by the two rods Z, Z. The lever U is connected by
rods K, K, to the lever L, L, which is connected by rods Z, Z, to the valve
H. The other end of the lever L, L, is fitted with a cross piece L2, which has
attached to it a counterbalance weight M, and is connected by rods N2 to the.
valve G. When the lever U is depressed by stepping on the step J the valve.
G will be opened and the valve H closed, but when the pressure is removed,
the counterbalance weight M will, through the intervention of the levers and

page_text: connecting rods before specified, close the valve, G, and open the valve H,
whereby the gases and odour from the fecal matters will. be prevented from
entering, into the apartment. The descent of the step J, by raising the
weighted end of the lever L, L, will lift up the curved rod R, and cause its
extremity to strike against, one of the teeth of the ratchet O, which is keyed on
the axle of the distributing bucket A, placed under the powder, reservoir V, and
carry it round one fourth of a revolution, whereby a determinate quantity of
disinfecting powder will be discharged through the pipe X into the vessel B.
The distributing bucket A is enclosed with an exterior casing P.
Figure 9. is an exterior. elevation-of a double acting, lifting, and forcing
pump, having two or more barrels for emptying the liquids which have been
separated from the solid fecal matters. A, A', are. two leathern pipes. The
pipe A is fitted, at one end with a rose W, and, placed inside near, the bottom
of the liquid reservoir, and communicates at top with the barrels of the pumps
by smaller branch pipes as, shewn in the Drawings. The other pipe A' com-
municates in like, manner with the barrels at bottom, and at top with the
liquid cart N. H, II; are two handles (for communicating power) attached to
the ends of two shafts, on which are keyed pinions B, B, which gear into
toothed wheels C, C, keyed on the main crank shaft, D. E, E, E, E, are two
sets of connecting rods which are attached at top to the cranks of the main
shaft, placed on either side of, each pump, barrel, and at bottom to the lower
ends of the side rods F, F, F, F. These last are attached to the cross heads
H', II', of the plungers, so that by turning the handles the pumps will exhaust
the liquid from the reservoir and force it into the cart.
Figure 10 represents; another of, my improved waterclosets, in which the.
main drain X descends into the curved vessel O, to about two thirds of its.
depth, and terminates in a lip-shaped tube V. The vessel O is fixed to and
encircles the upper part of the vessel T so as. to form a kind of gutter, which
communicates by. means of a pipe.y. with the lower part Z of the vessel T.
The liquids which flow from the upper stories will be guided by the lip-shaped
discharge tube Vinto the gutter aforesaid, and will escape through the tube Y
into the bottom. Z.of the-vessel T, whence they will pass by the pipe Z' into
the reservoir. M,, while the solids will be precipitated through the opening W
of the vessel T into their separate receiver P, as in the preceding cases. The
outfall of the pan. R.of the watercloset on the ground floor is also made to
open into. the lip-shaped discharge pipe V, exactly opposite the outflow end of
the main drain, and the discharge pipe. V. is placed over the opening W of the
vessel T, in order that, the solids may be precipitated through. it into the
receiver P. The liquids coming-from the ground floor, and thus separated,

page_text: will flow through the same channels as the others into the reservoir M. In
this construction of watercloset I propose to employ the disinfecting agent in
a liquid instead of powdered state. A³ is the vessel in which the liquid is
contained, and may be of any convenient form. At bottom this vessel opens
into a smaller one A³ of the construction shewn. C is a double conical valve
which is opened by closing the door, the spindle of which is attached to a
chain S passing over a pulley and made fast to the door; the upper valve is
closed by shutting the door (when the lower valve is opened), and opened when
the door is opened (and the lower valve closed); so that only a certain determi-
nate quantity of liquid will be able to escape at each operation down the pipe
N into the reservoir of solids.
Figure 11 represents another of my improved waterclosets, which is of simpler
and cheaper construction than those before described. A is the neck piece,
which is made in the shape of a funnel reversed, with the upper part slightly
enlarged; it is fitted at bottom with an interior rim or flange Z, whereby it
rests upon another rim or flange attached to the exterior of the vessel B, which
rises inside to about half the height of the vessel A, and is of somewhat smaller
diameter, so as to leave a space between the two for the passage of liquids, as
is herein-after explained, and to form with the flange Z a gutter. The two
flanges are bolted or riveted together, and coated with mastic, to prevent
leakage. The lower and contracted part of the vessel B is made with a flange
Y, which is bolted to another flange on the upper part of the vessel C, which is
also in the shape of a funnel with the upper end enlarged, and is flanged at
bottom on the inside, whereby it is bolted to a flange on the piece D, the
lower edge of which is turned up inside so as to form a kind of circular gutter,
and projects upwards into the vessel C to about one third its height. To the
curved part of the piece D there is attached a gutter piece E by means of
flanges and bolts, which has its lower ends turned up inside to project upwards
into the opening of D, much in the same manner as in the preceding case.
X is a pipe fixed to an opening in the gutter piece E, which serves to conduct
the solid matters into their reservoir Y. J is the opening in the gutter Z of
the neck piece A to which the pipe H is attached which conducts the liquids
through the opening J', into the main pipe K, and thence to their reservoir.
The liquids which have been received into the gutters D, E, will flow through
the opening L into the main pipe K. F is a pear-shaped piece which is
affixed to (but may be detached therefrom at pleasure) the upper part of the
neck A, as shewn. To the large end of the piece F there is attached by the
base a small conical piece, the apex of which takes into without touching the
sides of the lipped opening of the pipe G, which opens into the pipe H. The

page_text: solids which fall on the pear-shaped piece F will slide off by the effect of their
gravity, and fall through the vessels B, C, and X, into the reservoir Y, while
the liquids will run down the sides of the pear-shaped piece F on to the conc,
and be discharged at its apex into the opening, and through the pipes G, H,
and K, into the liquid reservoir.
Figure 12, a sectional elevation, and Figure 13, an exterior elevation, repre-
sent another of my improved waterclosets. A is the main drain pipe from the
upper stories; B is the separator which opens into the lower part of the pipe A,
and encircles the pipe C just below the top, so as to form a gutter. A portion
of the liquids will fall into this gutter, and will be conveyed thence by the pipe
G and F into the liquid reservoir M. The pipe C passes through the floor into
the cellar, and, being curved as shewn, opens into the vessel D, which receives
the solids and the rest of the liquids, and serves as a cover to the cylinder E.
The cylinder contains two bottomless vases or boxes H, I, of the forms shewn
in the Drawing. The vase H is supported on the top of the vase I in such
manner that there shall be a space of about half an inch all round between the
sides of the two vases, in order that the liquids which run down the interior
sides of the vase I may fall through this space into the gutter j,j, in the bottom
of the cylinder E, and pass thence through the pipes K and F into the
reservoir M. The lower ends of the vase I are turned up at right angles, and
encircle and come into contact with the neck of the solids's reservoir L. The
sides of the vase I are perforated with holes near the flange, in order that the
liquids which may have accompanied the solids in their descent into the vase I,
and run down its sides, may escape through these perforations into the gutter j,j,
and through the pipes into the reservoir M. N is the seat of the watercloset,
which is made to discharge the disinfecting agent from the reservoir O in deter-
minate quantities by any of the mechanical arrangements before described.
Figure 14 is a sectional elevation of another of my improved waterclosets.
A is a basin open at bottom, which is placed within another basin K, and
supported by a flange at top, resting on the edge of the latter without the sides
coming in contact, in order that there may be a space left between them all
round. The lower part of the basin K is closed by a valve B at bottom, and
is perforated with six rows of holes round the lower part of the sides, whereby
the liquids which fall with the solid matters into the basin A will rise under its
edges into the space between the two basins, and escape through the perforations
in the basin K into a third basin L, and thence by the opening M into the
pipe E, which conveys it to the liquid reservoir. The solids which were
deposited on the surface of the valve B, and have been separated from the
liquids by the escape of the latter through the perforations in the basin K, are

page_text: discharged into the vessel D, and fall through the opening Finto their receiver
by causing the valve B to open. This is effected by pushing down or pulling
up the handle Z of the rod C, which is connected to one end of a shaft I, to
which there is pivoted an oscillating lever H connected to the valve B., When
the handle is released the counterbalance weight G comes into play, and
depresses the end of the lever II, thereby raising the valve B and closing the
opening of the basin K. The valve B is hollow and is fitted with a pipe which
passes through a slot into the pipe E, and the face of the valve B is perforated
to allow of the escape of whatever portion of liquid may, not have passed
through the holes in the basin K to the liquid reservoir. This apparatus
consists of two parts bolted or riveted together at the line X, and is provided
with any of the arrangements before described for discharging disinfecting agents
in the form of a liquid or powder on to the surface of the solid fecal matters.
Figure 15 is a sectional elevation of a modification of the construction and
arrangement of watercloset last described, and differs only in the external
configuration, which is round instead of rectangular, and in the mode of
working the valve. The step Z is substituted for the handle in the former case,
and is attached to one end of a lever C, centred on the pin W, which is cou-
nected at the other end to the rod C', attached to the shaft I and valve
spindle II. By depressing the step. Z the rod C₁and the end of the valve
spindle H near to it will be elevated, and the valve B be thereby thrown open..
The same movement also works the powder box by means of the chain z³.
Figure 16 (a sectional elevation), and Figure 17 (a top plan), represent a
portable watercloset, constructed according to my Invention, for the separation.
of liquids from the solids of fecal substances. E is the step. D the side
opening, through which the liquids' and solids' receivers are introduced and
withdrawn when required.. H is the pan, made of china or glazed earthenware.
I, the opening in the bottom of the pan. B is the cover, to which there is
attached a vessel or box K for containing the disinfecting agent. A is an
opening in the cover B for introducing the disinfecting agent into the vessel K,
which may be stopped up when required. L is a pipe which opens at top into
the vessel K, and at bottom into the pan as shewn in the Drawing, whereby,
on lifting the cover B, a portion of the disinfecting agent will be discharged
through it into the pan H. J is a pulley, round which passes a chain Q
attached at top to the cover B and at the other end to the sliding piece N,
which will be drawn over and close the opening I of the pan when the cover B
is lifted up. The solids and liquids are received upon the sliding, piece N.
The former remain and the latter run off down the outsides of, the vessel R into
the gutter S, whence they pass into the appropriate reservoir X when the chain

page_text: is released. by closing the cover B. The reaction of the spring V, one end of
which is fixed to the bracket W, will push back the sliding piece N and bring
the cut way portion of it M underneath the opening of the pan H, whereby
the solids will be scraped from the sliding piece into the vessel R, and will fall
through the mouth T into their appropriate receiver Y. Whatever liquids may
have fallen into R with the solids will run down its inside into the gutter S,
and thence into X. A chain and counterbalance weight may be substituted
for the spring V. The movement of the different parts may be effected by
means of the step E, or a moveable seat, instead of by the cover B.
Figure 18 is a sectional elevation through the centre of the shaft O, and.
Figure 19 is a sectional elevation along the centre of the shaft O of another
of my improved waterclosets, shewing only the apparatus for separating the
liquids from the solids of fecal substances. The exterior casing is in two,
pieces, A, A, and B, B, which are made of the form shewn in the Drawings.
with flanges at the two sides X, X, and bolted together at the centre; a, is
the neck piece, which is adapted to the outfall of the pan or drain; b, b, is an,
interior casing, which opens under the neck a and encircles the upper part of
the lipped pipe d, d. The casing b, b, is made fast at bottom to a flange fixed
on the inside of the upper part A, A, of the exterior casing and forms
therewith a gutter c, c, which communicates by means of the pipe e, with the-
lower part K, K, of the exterior casing B, B. The liquids which run down
the inside of the neck a will thus be separated from the rest and conducted,
into their receiver. e¹, e¹, e¹, e', are four leaves that are attached to the shaft.
O, and enclosed between two discs, so as to form a kind of bucket wheel.
H is a cylinder keyed on the shaft 0 on one side of the bucket .wheel.
f,f,f,f, are holes in the side G, through which the liquids escape from the
solids on the leaves e', e', e', e', to the cylinder H, and thereafter to the gutter.
K, K, whence they pass to the reservoir. i, i, is a trumpet-shaped pipe through.
which the matters on the leaves are precipitated through the pipe J into their,
reservoir. The liquids which may have accompanied these matters into tho.
pipe i, i, run down between its sides and those of the pipe J into the gutter K.:
m, m, are glass bearings which support the shaft O. n is an iron support
soldered to the upper casing A, A, by which the powder box R is sustained..
Figures 20 and 21 are sectional elevations of the apparatus adapted to the
powder box R, for regulating the supply of disinfecting powder therefrom..
A is a drum keyed on the shaft O, which has four pins p, p, p, p, projecting.
from the centre of its periphery and placed at equal distances apart. 9, 9, 9, 9,
are other points arranged round each end of the periphery of the drum. . S is a
sheet of zinc suspended by the upper part from one of the top edges of the

page_text: powder box, which is fitted at bottom with a strip of steel that serves as a
point of contact for the pins p, p, p, p. V, V, are openings in the sheet of
zinc to allow of the passage through them of the points q, q, which scrape down
the powder. X, X, are two prolongations of the zinc sheet which cover the
spaces between the sides of the powder box and the ends of the drum. The
elasticity of the sheet of zinc which is brought into action by the rotation
of the drum shakes up the powder and prevents its clogging. The drum turns
with the bucket wheel, and is fitted with glass bearings like the casing to
diminish resistance to the rotation of the shaft produced by increased friction
arising from the oxydation of metals.
Figure 22 is an elevation of a portable watercloset constructed on the same
principle as the one last herein-before described, in which similar letters indicate
similar parts, and differs from it only in having adapted to the respective
outfalls moveable receivers for keeping the liquids and solids separate.
Figure 23 (a sectional elevation), Figure 24 (a top plan), represent another
of my improved waterclosets. A, A, is the opening of the upper part A¹ of the
exterior casing, which is adapted to the outfall of the main drain. J is the lower
part of the exterior casing, which is of the rectangular form shewn in the Drawings.
The ends of the casing which come opposite one another are flanged, whereby
they are bolted or riveted together at X. D is a vessel which has two of its
opposite sides flat and the other two curved, and is contracted at top and bottom;
this vessel is placed inside the casings B, J, with its opening exactly under the
opening A, A, of the neck. The lower part of the vessel D has its two curved
sides enlarged, as shewn at O, and its edges turned up at right angles to encircle
and hold the lipped pipe M, which opens at bottom into the solids' receiver.
These sides are perforated with numerous holes, through which the liquids which
fall into the vessel D, escape into the exterior casing J, J, and thence through
the pipe L, to their reservoir. E, E, are two sheets of metal, which are united
at top and form an acute angle 0'; the lower ends of the sheets are bent
inwards and then turned up to form two gutters F, F. These sheets are
supported inside the vessel D, with the angle O¹ extending right across the
opening thereof, and their edges are in contact with the flat sides. One of
these sides is perforated with two holes opposite the respective ends of the
gutters F, F, to which are fitted the two ends of the pipe G. H is a vertical
pipe, which opens into the centre of the pipe G, and terminates at bottom in
the space between the exterior casing J and the vessel D. The solids and
fluids which fall from the waterclosets or drains pass through the opening
A, A, of the neck, when a portion of the liquids will run down the sides of A
into the intercepting gutter C, whence they will escape by the pipes K and L

page_text: to the liquids' receiver; the rest will fall through the opening of the vessel D
on to the sides of the angular piece E, and the solids slide off at the entering
portions on to the contracted sides of the vessel D, and from them again into the
lipped pipe M, which will convey them to their receiver, while the rest of the
liquids will run down the sides into the gutters F, F, and thence by the pipes
G, H, and L, to their receiver.
Figure 25 represents a modification of the preceding construction of
apparatus. A is the main drain, with its outfall exactly over the opening
of the conical vessel B, B, which is constructed and fitted in a manner similar
to the vessel D lastly herein-before described, with the exception that it is
provided with two outfalls D, D, for the solids. X is the angular piece which
is suspended in the conical vessel B, and guides the solid matters through the
lipped pipes C, C, and D, D, into their receiver, and the liquids which run
down the sides of the vessel B between them and those of the lipped pipes C
through the holes E, E, into the exterior casing F, F, whence they escape by
the pipe G to their receiver. N is a clack valve supported between one side
of the angular piece X and the opposite side of the vessel B, which is forced
back.by the pressure of the solids against it in their descent, and then actuates
the catch M, the free and top end of which takes into the teeth of the ratchet
wheel I. The powder box J is keyed on the axle R of the ratchet wheel I,
and turns with it; the axle R turns in bearings in the cross bar H, which is
supported by the bracket P. Each partial revolution of the powder box pro-
duced by the opening of the clack valve N (which forces the catch M up
between two of the teeth of the detent, whereby it will be forced one tooth round),
discharges a certain determinate quantity of powder through the openings y, y,
into the pipe L, which passes through the augular piece X, and then branches off
into two pipes L', L', which open respectively into the outfall pipes D. The disin-
fecting powder will be conducted through the branch pipes L', L', and outflow
pipes D, D, into the receivers of solids. O is a spring made fast to the side of
the casing which presses against the under side of the catch M, and prevents
it from falling down.
Figure 26 is a sectional elevation, and Figure 28 a cross section, of
another watercloset constructed according to my Invention.
A, A, A, A,
is the casing. A', the neck, which is adapted to the outfall of the drain.
One of the sides of the casing is curved inwards, as shewn in the Draw-
ings, and the rest are flat. B is a box underneath the fall A', one side
of which is composed of the curved portion F, the other two of plates
inside of which are the vertical bars F', F', or perforated plates. The bottom
is composed of the moveable plate F, which comes in contact with the curved

page_text: side F. The matters which fall through the opening A' are received into the
angle formed by the flap F and the curved side F, where the solids remain,
while the liquids escape through the spaces between the vertical bars F', placed
on either side of the flap, into gutters y, y, on each side of the side plates,
through which they pass to the receiver. The box B is attached at top to
a transversal shaft V, connected to one end of an oscillating lever G, which
is weighted at the other by the counterbalance weight X. The plate U is
attached to the lever midway between its fulcrum and the counterbalance
weight X, and is made fast at top to a coiled spring, which keeps the weighted
end of the lever up, and thereby keeps the moveable flap F' against the curved
side F. The liquids which escape between the curved side F and the flap. F"
will run down the curved side of the casing into the bottom, and through the
pipe H to the liquid receiver. Z is a cord attached to the door of the water-
closet, which is divided at a certain point for the remainder of its length into
two parts, one of which passes over the pulleys W and D, and is attached to
the free end of the spring, and the other passes round the pulley R, Figure
27, (keyed on the top of the vertical rod Q, which rotates within the powder
box P,) and over the pulley T, when it is made fast to the counterbalance
weight U. When the door of the watercloset is shut the cord Z is pulled
light and the flap F2 drawn up to close the box B; but when the door is
opened the counterbalance weights X and U come into play. The first will
descend and raise the opposite end of the lever G, and throw down the flap F2,
whereby the solids will slide off the flap into the lipped pipe G', and thence
to their receiver, and the second U will also descend and consequently cause
the vertical rod to rotate, which will bring one of the slots in the disc Z³,
attached to the bottom of the rod, over the outflow B, and thus allow the dose
of disinfecting powder to pass into the receiver for solids. The vertical rod is
furnished with a number of cross pieces, which move round with it, and agitate
the powder to secure its flowing freely. M and N are two openings in the
exterior casing to allow of access to the interior of the apparatus for the
purpose of cleansing the different parts.
Figure 29 is a sectional elevation of another arrangement of apparatus
for effecting the separation of the liquids from the solids of fecal substances.
B is the exterior casing. A, the pan. R, a plate with raised edges
(except on the forepart), which are pierced with numerous small holes,
and outside of these edges are gutters. The plate is made fast to a
vibrating shaft I, on which is keyed the rod J, which projects through a
slot in the fixed part of the cover, and is attached to the back of 'the
moveable part H. When the cover is lifted up the plate R is brought up;

page_text: :
being inclined backwards so as to close the pan A, and receive the liquid and
solid deposits, a portion of the liquids will pass through the openings in the
edges of the plate into the gutters and pass by the orifices G and E (in the
latter) into the bottom of the casing B, whence they will flow through the pipe
Finto the liquids' receiver. When the lid is afterwards shut down the fore
part of the plate is lowered into the lipped pipe C, whereby the solids will slide
off into this latter and fall through it into their receiver. The remaining
liquids which are made to 'impinge against the sides of the pipe C run down
them, and are received into a gutter-like ledge formed on the inside of the
pipe. Holes are made in the sides of the pipe on a level with the bottom of
the gutter in order that the liquids may flow through them into the bottom
B, B, and thence through F to their receiver. The movement of the lid also
works the powder box or cylinder O, which is constructed like the one before
described, by means of a catch K, to which a chain M is attached that is made
fast at the other end to a rod L, projecting from the powder box or cylinder O.
When the lid is put down it draws up the chain and thereby causes the 'box
or cylinder to to make one third of a revolution, whereby a determinate portion
of powder will be discharged through the pipe N into the receiver of solids.
Figure 30 is a sectional elevation; Figure 31, a cross section; and Figure 32,
a longitudinal section of another of my improved waterclosets. A is a step
which vibrates on the pin O, in front of the seat. D, E, F, G, are a series of
jointed levers connected together as shewn in the Drawings. H is the 'lid
which turns with the spindle E'; I, the pan; J, pipe leading from the powder
box; K, the spindle of the valve L', on which the fecal matters are deposited,
and which has three of its edges turned up. This valve serves to close the
outfall of the pan, in which case it is inclined from the flat or smooth edge
towards the back. N is the outfall communicating with the reservoir for
fecal matters. O is a rod, keyed either on the valve spindle or on the spindle
of the seat H, which works the outflow pipes of three reservoirs placed above
one containing the disinfecting powder for the solids, a second water to wash
the pan, and a third some disinfecting liquid agent to act on the liquids of the
fecal matters without affecting their fluidity. When the watercloset to be
used; the step A is depressed, whereby, through the system of jointed levers
shewn in the Drawings, the seat H will be raised, and the outfall of the pan
closed by the valve L. The liquids which are received with the solids on to
the valve will run off its inclined'surface down the back M, through the
pipe N', into their reservoir: Each time that the lid is moved up or down
motion will be communicated to the powder box, whereby a portion will be
discharged. This system of levers may be made to open a ventilating valve

page_text: communicating with the receivers, and two valves may be employed, the one
to shut when the second opens, and vice versa.
Secondly, my Invention consists of a peculiar construction and arrangement
of apparatus, in combination with a waggon or carriage, for emptying the
receivers of fecal matters of their contents, and transporting them to any
required distance. In this part of my Invention I dispense with the employ-
ment of both hand labor and steam to create the vacuum for exhausting the
matters from their receivers into the carriage, and create the vacuum by means
of an air pump, which is worked by the progress of the carriage from the
manure depository to the place from which the fecal matters are to be brought.
Figure 33 is a side elevation, Figure 34, a front end view, and Figure 35 a
top plan, of a portion of an apparatus, constructed according to this part of my
Invention. The arrangement and construction of parts being the same on both
sides of the carriage, with the exception of the pitch chain and wheels, I shall,
for the sake of brevity, describe those on one side only; 1 is one of the large
hind wheels, on the nave of which there is made fast a pitch wheel 3, which
gears into an endless pitch chain 2, which passes round and gears into the
pitch wheel 6, keyed on the shaft 7, which works the pump. The pitch chain
passes over two rollers 4 and 5 to prevent its slackening in the event of the
springs giving way. As the waggon is dragged forward the pitch chain travels
round and causes the pitch wheel 6 to revolve, whereby the main driving shaft
before mentioned is made to rotate. The main shaft is made with cranks, to
which are attached connecting rods 9, made fast to the cross head 10 of the
piston rod 11. 12, 12, are two sockets attached to each side of the piston rod
which slide over two guide rods made fast to the cylinder of the pump, in
order to keep the motion of the piston regular and parallel, and prevents its
partaking of any of the eccentricity of motion of the connecting rods. The
nave of the other hind wheel is furnished with a smooth pulley, as well also
as the other extremity of the cranked driving shaft 7. A leather or other
driving band is passed round these two pulleys, and serves its frictional
contact to maintain the communication of rotary motion from the hind wheel
to the driving shaft when the carriage is turned round on the side of the pitch
chain. The air pump is placed under the seat of the carriage, as shewn at A,
Figure 33, and communicates with the air-tight-body of the carriage or vessel B
by means of an opening made in the centre of the lower part of the fore end
of the said vessel. The pump, which is both lifting and forcing, is about six
inches in diameter and twelve inches high. The barrel is encircled by five
metal rings 14, to increase its resisting power, and the top and bottom, which
are each composed of two concave pieces, as shewn in the Drawing, are bolted

page_text: to the sides. The concave pieces opposite each other are made to communicate
by means of the vertical tubes 17, 17, placed on either side of the pump barrel.
The concave pieces are each furnished with a valve opening above and beneath
the piston, and the tubes 17 are likewise fitted with valves at each extremity
5 opening into the concave pieces. 20 and 21 are openings in the sides of the
tubes 17, 17. The opening 20 has the cock 22 connected to it to allow of the
passage of air. The metal piston is turned true and fitted to a rod of steel,
which is furnished at top with a brass bearing, to connect it to the cross head 10.
This piston is about four inches deep, and of a diameter to suit that of the
cylinder, in order that, it may work freely and easily, but air tight therein. If
the length of the piston be subtracted from the length of the barrel, and the
remainder eight inches be multiplied, by the superficial area of the piston (six
inches being the diameter), the result will give us the available cubical contents
of the barrel, two hundred and twenty-four.cubical inches; whence it follows
that four hundred and forty-eight cubical inches will be displaced at each stroke
of the plunger or revolution of the wheel (for both pitch wheels are of the same
diameter and have the same number of projections or teeth)... The capacity of
the body of the carriage or vessel is about fifty-three cubical feet, and, allowing
seven cubical feet for loss by leakage at the points of junction of the apparatus,
there will be sixty cubical feet' to displace to effect the vacuum. The pump
exhausts four hundred and forty-eight cubical inches at each revolution of the
hind wheel, which is about thirteen feet in circumference, so that the carriage
will have to travel over about three thousand feet, which, with three horses har-
nessed to it, will take ten minutes to do. When the vacuum is completed as far
as practicable it will be indicated to the coachman by a whistle, which will be
blown by the entry of air when the external pressure of the atmosphere over-
comes the resistance of the spring which keeps the safety valve 49 closed.
When this occurs he turns the handle of the valve spindle 23, and cuts off
communication between the body of the carriage and the air-pump. The
spindle passes through the valve, and causes at bottom a pinion 24 (see
Figure 36), into which gear on either side in front and behind two toothed
racks 25, 26. The other ends of these racks are made with rings 28, which
encircle the collars cast on the inside of the pitch wheels, and allow them to
turn freely therein. 29, 29, are feathers on the main driving shaft. The bosses
of the collars are made of larger diameter than the main driving shaft, and with
grooves to correspond to the feathers, as shewn in Figure 37. When the valve
spindle is turned to open a communication between the pump and the body of
the carriage the rotation of the pinion will draw the racks towards one another,
and cause the collar and pitch wheels.6, 6, to slide inwards along the shaft over

page_text: the feathers, which will have the effect of making the shaft revolve with the
pitch wheels. When the vacuum is completed, or from other causes it is inex-
pedient to continue working the air pump, communication is cut off between
the pump and the body of the carriage. To do this, the valve spindle will have
to be turned in the reverse direction, whereby the racks will recede from one
another, and slide the pitch wheels off the feathers to the outside ends of the
shaft, on which they will turn loosely, without imparting to any motion what-
soever. 50 is a cock, which is to be shut when the vacuum is made, and
opened when the machine is being emptied; and 51 is the pipe for the inflow
of the fecal matters; 53 is a manhole in the vessel, and 54 the cover.
Thirdly, my Invention consists of a peculiar construction of cock and valve
for waggons of the kind lastly herein-before described. In Figures 38, 39, 40, 41,
and 42, 0, 11, and 10, represent three cylinders. The first or main cylinder is
pierced with two holes 4 and 5, to which two pipes are attached, which commu-
nicate respectively with the reservoir of fecal matters and a furnace, which is
lighted and placed on the pavement during the operation of filling the waggon,
for the purpose of consuming the noxious gases as they ascend into the waggon.
The second cylinder 11 is placed within the first, and fits accurately therein.
It is pierced with one hole (15) only, which is on a level with the opening of the
pipe 5. The third cylinder 10 is placed within the second, with a space all round
between the two of about one third of an inch, more or less, to allow of the
passage of air, and is also pierced with a hole (on a level with the opening of
the pipe 4), to which a pipe is attached that passes through the cylinder 11,
and is soldered to the end of the pipe 4. The fecal matters pass into the vessel
through the pipe 4 and the barrel 10, which projects above the cylinder 11, and
is closed in at top. The latter is attached to two arms, which are united to a
cross head above the cylinder 10. A rod 3, fitted with a handle passing
through a hole in the cover of the cylinder 0, is attached to the cross head,
whereby the cylinder 11 may be turned round so as to bring the opening 15
opposite the pipe 5, or not, as may be required, and consequently establish or
cut off the communication; 7 is a wedged-shaped catch attached to the lower
part of the cylinder 11, which, when the latter is turned round, comes in
contact with the top of the valve spindle 8, and gradually depresses it, whereby
the valve will be raised and the cylinder 10 closed, so as to keep whatever
matters the cock and the supply pipe may contain from falling out when it i
removed from one vessel to another. The valve is fixed to be body of the
cart by means of the bayonet joints 13, 12, 13, 12.
Fourthly, my Invention consists of the several compounds herein-afte
described for the disinfection of fecal matters.

page_text: COMPOUNDS FOR DISINFECTING THE WATER OF STREET DRAINS.
In these compounds the proportions of ingredients herein-after mentioned
are calculated for one hundred gallons of the fluid to be disinfected.
First compound.-To 56 ounces of pounded stone add 6 ounces of each of
the following chemical ingredients: alum, marine salt, sulphate of zinc, and
burnt lime. The whole to be mixed well together.
Second compound.-To 7 lbs. of pounded bricks add 6 ounces of each of
the following substances: alum, marine salt, and sulphate of zinc.
Third compound.-Gypsum reduced to powder is to be mixed with the
chemical substances used in the second compound in the same quantities as
before.
Fourth compound.-The same chemical products as before, and in the same
proportions as before, are mixed with 7 lbs. of the residuum of schistus reduced
to powder.
Fifth compound.-7 lbs. of old plaster (such as is obtained from the taking
down of old houses) are to be mixed with chemical products, all as before.
Sixth compound.-7 lbs of white sand mixed with the same chemical products,
and in the same proportions as in the first compound.
COMPOUNDS FOR DISINFECTING THE LIQUID PORTIONS OF FECAL MATTERS
FROM WATERCLOSETS.
Add to any one of the six compounds previously described 6 ounces of
sulphate of iron, 2 ounces of pyrolignite, and 2 ounces of manganese.
COMPOUNDS FOR DISINFECTING SOLID OR SEMI-SOLID FECAL MATTERS.
Some of these compounds are in a liquid state, others in a state of powder,
and sometimes a liquid and a powder may be used together.
First compound (a disinfecting liquid).-Thick copperas water.
Second compound.-Pyrolignite of soda and creosote (when the fecal matters
are not intended to be afterwards used as manures).
Third compound (disinfecting fluid).-To one thousand parts of water add
one hundred and twenty-five parts of nitrate of lead, and thirty-two parts of
acetate of lead.
Fourth compound.-Take about 77 lbs. nitric acid, of 36° Beaume, and
about 55 lbs. subcarbonate of lead, and dilute with pure water till the mixture
is reduced to 17° Beaumé.
Fifth compound. For every one hundred parts of matter to be disinfected,
take three per cent. parts of sulphate of zinc, four per cent. of carbonate of
lead, three parts sulphuric acid, and, in stormy or frosty weather, add four per
cent. marine salt, dissolved in twenty-five per cent. pure water.
RO

page_text: Sixth compound.Three per cent. sulphate- of potash; fifteen per cent.
charcoal dust; eight per cent. sulphate, of iron; two per cent. copper; two per
cent. alum.
Seventh compound.-Sulphate of manganese, lime water, sulphuric, acid,
muriatic acid....
Eighth compound (disinfecting liquid).-To about 176 quarts of water.add
about 44 lbs. of sulphate of iron, 11'lbs. of sulphate of zinc, 4 lbs. of sulphate
of copper, 4 lbs. of alum, 44 lbs. of charcoal dust, then reduce the whole to
powder, and dissolve the mass; next mix it with about 176. quarts of water,
and add 4 lbs. of sulphuric acid. These proportions are sufficient for rather
more than 1365 cubic inches of liquid matter, or rather more than 975 cubic
inches of semi-solid matter.
'
Ninth compound. To about 2 quarts of water add about 2 lbs. of carbonic
acid, about 6 lbs. of salt of soda, about 4 lbs. Glauber salt, and about 44 quarts
of acidulated water or metallic washings. The above quantities. are, about
sufficient for 1560 cubic inches of fecal matters in a state of fermentation...
Tenth compound, for urine.only. Take about 2 lbs. sulphate of zinc,. 2 lbs.
of alum, 2 lbs. of lees or dregs of wine in a fresh state, and about a quart
of vinegar; add about 4 quarts of water, and dissolve the whole well. I use
this compound in the proportion of th of a quart of the compound to 'l quart
of urine, that is, at the rate of 1 per cent.
:
Eleventh compound. Take about 2 lbs. sulphate of zinc, the same quantity
of alum, and twice that quantity of sulphate of iron, together with an ounce
of camphor, and rather less-than a quart (say 1 pint) of spirit of wine; dis-
solve the whole in about 9 or 10 quarts of water.
pound will suffice to disinfect urine in a fresh state.
One per cent. of this com-
Twelfth compound.--Take an ounce of camphor, about 24 lbs. of muriatic
acid, the same quantity of saltpetre,, the same quantity of alum, and the same
quantity of chlorine, and dissolve in about 10 quarts of water...
Thirteenth compound.-For the preservation of urine, for the purposes of
commerce, for washing stuffs, and irrigating fields, &c., I use the following
compound about 2 lbs. of marine salt, 2 lbs. of salt of soda, 2 lbs. of. alum,
rather less than a tenth of a quart of spirit of wine, or about 3 gills of good
vinegar, and about 8 quarts of water: One hundredth part of a quart of this
compound will serve for a quart of urine.
Fourteenth compound.-Sesquioxide of iron, acetate of lead, azotic. acid,
alumina, and sulphate of zinc.
Fifteenth compound.--Oxide of zinc, manganese, pech blende, calcalyte,
oxide of tellurium. When urine has been disinfected by any of these com-

page_text: added in the proportion of about 4 lbs. to 176.08 quarts of urine, and a like
quantity of rain water or river water.
DISINFECTING POWDERS.
First powder. Take of charcoal dust, breeze cinders or furnace ashes, and
old plaster, about 110 lbs. each; to these add about 22 lbs. of marine salt, and
the same quantity of alum, together with half that quantity of sulphate of zinc,
about 4 lbs. of saltpetre, and about 29 lbs. of copperas.
Second compound.-About 176 lbs. of waste tan, slightly carbonized, about
22 lbs. of sulphate of iron, 154 lbs. old plaster, 9 lbs. sulphate of zinc, 4lbs.
sulphate of copper, 9 lbs. alumina, 11 lbs. marine salt.
Third powder. About 39 lbs. coal ash, 176 lbs. sawdust, slightly carbonized,
about 88 lbs. marle, about 88 lbs. prepared plaster, 22 lbs. sulphate of iron,
11 lbs. sulphate of zinc, 11 alumina, 4 lbs. saltpetre.
Fourth powder. About 1543 lbs. of bone dust, slightly carbonized, 110 lbs.
dried barren carth, 33 lbs. sulphate of iron, 11 lbs. sulphate of zinc, 4 lbs.
alumina, 6 lbs. Glauber salt, 11 lbs. marine salt.
Fifth powder. About 220 lbs. (nearly 2 cwts.) residuum of schistus reduced
to powder, 55 lbs. clay or marl, 110 lbs. old plaster, 11 lbs. alumina, 11 lbs.
sulphate of zinc, 22 lbs. marine salt, 11 lbs. saltpetre.
Sixth compound. About 220 lbs. turf ashes or carbonized turf, 110 lbs.
carbonized clay, 11 lbs. chaff (straw of hay) or barn dust, 22 lbs. marine salt,
11. lbs. alumina, 33 lbs. sulphate of iron, 11 lbs. sulphate of zinc.
Seventh powder. About 220 lbs. coke dust, 110 lbs. house, street, or road
sweepings, 110 lbs. saltpetre, 22 lbs. marine salt, 17 lbs. oxide of zinc,
17 lbs. alumina, 42 lbs. prepared plaster or dry clay.
Eighth compound.-About 198 lbs. of soot, 110 lbs. oyster shells reduced to
powder, or other calcareous substance; 33 lbs. dried barren earth, 22 lbs.
alumina, 22 lbs. marine salt, 33 lbs. sulphate of iron, 11 lbs. sulphate of zinc,
11 lbs. saltpetre.
Ninth powder. About 220 lbs. of the residuum of exhausted dye woods,
or other like materials, the same being first carbonized and deprived of its gas
(which may be used for lighting purposes); 110 lbs. crude plaster, 66 lbs.
residuum of sugar refineries, 22 lbs. alumina, 22 lbs. sulphate of iron.
Fifthly, my. Invention consists in the manufacture of a manure resembling
guano in its fertilizing qualities, which is applicable to calcareous and sandy
and alluvial soils, and which I call urban guano. It is composed of 200 lbs. of

page_text: bestial dung, 100 lbs. of road scrapings or street sweepings, 100 lbs. of marl,
100 lbs. of fecal substances, 100 lbs. of the residuum from the manufacture of
schistus, or of peat, turf, or wood charcoal, ground to powder, or of soot,
20 lbs. of marine salt, 15 lbs. of saltpetre, 10 lbs. of alumina, 5 lbs. of sulphate of
zinc, and about 10 gallons of water. The whole is intimately mixed together,
moulded into bricks, and dried, after which it is reduced to powder, and spread
on the ground when it rains, at the rate of 60 bushels, more or less, to about
an acre, and ploughed in; when applied a second season, about half the former
quantity is used, and if this be done for several successive years an excellent
arable land will be thereby obtained, which will afterwards not require
manuring oftener than once every three years.
Sixthly, my Invention consists in an arrangement and combination of
apparatus for filtering the waters of sewers, which is represented in Figure 43
of the Drawings hereunto annexed. A is the outfall of the sewer, and Ba
vessel into which the sewage water flows, and thence through the curved pipe C
into the reservoir D. E is a pipe opening from about the centre of the reser-
voir D into the pipe F, which is furnished with a three-way cock F', which is
fixed on the spindle P. T is the barrel of the cock. The pipe F opens at
bottom into the lower part of the cylinder G, underneath the piston U, and at
top above the water wheel J, enclosed within the casing I, which is fitted with
an outflow pipe K for the escape of water from the wheel. L is a shoot which
receives and guides the disinfecting agent into the interior of the vessel B.
N is a vertical shaft, supported at bottom in the bearing K, K, which passes
through the stuffing box M in the top of the vessel B, and has attached to its
lower part several beaters or mixers O, O. The piston rod V has teeth cut
on one side, and passes through the guide box X, gears into the pinion Y
keyed on the axle of the toothed wheel Z, which gears into the pinion Y
C, C, are standards which support the bearings of the toothed wheels before
described. D2 is the shaft of the water wheel (supported at the other end in
the bearings L, on which is keyed the toothed wheel E³, which gears into
and drives the toothed wheel F keyed on the shaft of the powder box L³,
which is constructed after the manner of the one before represented and
described, so that it may furnish an intermittent discharge of disinfecting
powder through the hopper L to the sewage water in the vessel B, and be inti
mately mixed therewith by the action of the beaters O. G' is a bevilled
toothed wheel keyed on the shaft D, which revolves with it and gears into the
bevil wheel Gʻ, on the top of the vertical rod N, whereby the beaters which it
carries will be made to revolve. W, W, are two journals which support the
shaft of the water wheel. B is a handle for turning the pinion Y. The

page_text: operation of this apparatus is as follows:-As the water flows into the vessel B,
the disinfecting agent is discharged into and intimately mixed with it by the
revolution of the beaters; it then passes into the reservoir D, wherein the
impurities are precipitated; the attendant turns the handle B³, and thereby
draws the piston from the bottom to the top of the cylinder; he then turns the
cock F, and opens communication between the reservoir D, the lower part of
the pipe F, and the cylinder G; when the cylinder is filled with water the
attendant turns the cock F', so as to cut off communication between the reser-
voir and the pipe F, and opens it between the cylinder and the upper part of
the pipe F; he then removes a paul from the toothed rack or piston rod, and
allows the piston, which is weighted, to descend, whereby the water will be
expelled from the cylinder through the pipe F on the top of the water wheel,
and consequently causes it to revolve; the rotation of the water wheel and its
shaft will cause the powder box and beaters to revolve; when the piston has
arrived at the bottom of the cylinder the attendant draws the piston up, and
admits the water beneath as before, and so on for each operation.
Seventhly, my Invention consists in constructing public urinaries and refuse
water-sinks in such manner that any liquid maters passing through them may,
at the same time, be disinfected. Fig. 44 is a front view, and Fig. 45 a side
view of this structure. A is a vessel which may be made oblong, square,
round, or triangular, according as its situation may allow; it is furnished with
three bottoms B, C, and D, the two upper bottoms B and C are moveable,
and are perforated with holes of about one sixth of an inch in diameter, like
the bottom of a filter; the third or lowest bottom D is fixed by soldering, and
forms the bottom of the whole apparatus. The space E between the second
bottom C and third bottom D forms a reservoir, into which the urine or foul
water to be disinfected flows through the holes in the first and second bottoms.
When the second bottom is in its place, previous to introducing the upper
bottom I cover it with a layer of hay, upon which I lay some charcoal or
refuse tan carbonized; I then add a layer composed of sulphate of iron, sulphate
of zinc, and sulphate of copper, and over the whole I place the upper bottom B.
A hole is pierced in one of the sides of the reservoir L about an inch from the
bottom, and a pipe G is soldered to this hole, through which the urine or foul
water may flow away. A disinfecting liquid apparatus H, such as has been
described under a former head of this Specification, may be fixed to the back I
of this urinary or sink, so that the liquid from the apparatus may trickle or
run down the whole length of the back, and remove any alkaline or other solid
deposit which may have been left or poured thereon. The apparatus can be
cleaned out once or twice a week, and the deposits removed and employed for

page_text: t
urinary purposes. This apparatus may be employed with very great advantage
in glue, leather, gut, and other offensive manufactories.* .
And having now described the nature of my said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I declare that the improvements, which
I claim as constituting my said Invention, are as follows:-
First, I claim the separation of the liquids and solids of fecal substances by
means of the apparatuses represented in Figures 1 to 32, inclusive, of the
-Drawings annexed and before described; that is to say, in so far as by such
apparatuses, both projecting and entering curves are presented to fecal matters
in their passage from closets or drains to their receptacles, and whether such
apparatuses are used in combination with waterclosets of any of the improved t
forms before described, or adapted to others already constructed and in use.
Second, I claim the construction of. waterclosets in the different modes
represented in the Drawings Figures 4 to 32, inclusive, and before described,
(that is to say), in so far as regards the arrangements for discharging deter-
minate quantities of disinfecting powder or liquid into fecal matters, either
in the pan of the watercloset or in their receiver.
Third, I claim the peculiar construction of lifting and forcing pump repre-
sented in Figure 9 of the Drawings annexed and before described when
applied to the transferring of fecal matters from their receiver to a removing
cart or waggon.
Fourth, I claim the vacuum cart or waggon for the removal by exhaustion
fecal matters from their receptacle into an air-tight vessel or cart, in so far as
regards the application of the rotary motion of the axle of one of the pairs
of wheels to the working of the air pump to produce such exhaustion as before
described.
Fifth, I claim the combination of the peculiar construction of air pump
aforesaid with my improved vacuum cart represented in Figures 33, 34, 35,
36, and 37, and before described.
Sixth, I claim the peculiar construction of valve represented in Figures
38, 39, 40, 41, and 42 of the Drawings annexed and before described.
Seventh, I claim the application of the residual matters (when carbonised)
from the manufacture of schistus into articles of commerce, and combined with
any of the alcaline and saline bases and absorbing materials described under the
fourth head of this Specification.
Eighth, I claim the use of the various compounds described under the
fourth head of this Specification for the disinfection of fecal matters and other
offensively smelling animal products, but without confining myself to the
exact relative proportions there given.

page_text: Ninth, I claim the use and manufacture of the artificial manure described
under the fifth head of this Specification, and which I term urban guano, but
also without confining myself to the exact relative proportions there given.
Tenth, I claim the apparatus for purifying and disinfecting sewage water
represented in Figure 43 of the Drawings annexed, and before described in the
general arrangement and construction thereof.
Eleventh, I claim the construction of public urinaries and waste water-sinks in
the manner represented in Figures 44 and 45, as before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Louis Napoleon Le Gras, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Thirtieth day of May, One thousand eight
hundred and fifty.