AN IMPROVED HYDRO-CARBON LAMP
Year: 1885

page_text: I LASSLO CHANDOR of No 62 Gorochowo in the City of St. Petersburg and
Russian Empire, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of my Invention for
AN IMPROVED HYDRO-CARBON LAMP" and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:
My invention relates to improvements in apparatus for burning heavy mineral
oils denominated the "Tischolin candle" which is made preferably in the form of
an ordinary candlestick.
My said invention possesses first of all the characteristic novelty of double com-
bustion in one and the same apparatus that is I employ two distinct flames which
burn separately, one flame burning with imperfect the other with perfect com-
bustion of the heavy mineral oil employed in the same.
The risk of explosion and the general danger incurred when employing
volatile mineral oils or hydro carbons is generally known and also the fact that the
heavy bydro-carbons of a specific gravity of 0,855 to 0,870 do not possess these
dangerous properties, but up to the present time it has not been found possible to
construct a lamp or candle in which these said heavy hydro carbons could be burnt.
Numerous trials have been made to overcome the difficulties attending the employ-
ment of these heavy hydro-carbons but up to the present time without any
practical result being attained, the flame burnt with a yellow color, never white,
and whilst the said flame always produced an imperfect combustion it emitted a
penetrant disagreeable odour.
Now in order to effect the perfect combustion of heavy hydro-carbons even up to
a specific gravity of 0,870 I employ double combustion that is to say an imperfect
and a perfect combustion.
One of the flames burns at the wick, is supplied with heavy hydro carbon from.
the reservoir by means of the said wick, is surrounded by a cylindrical or other
mantle of wire gauze, perforated sheet metal or other suitable material contracted
at its upper end to form a mouthpiece and burns with imperfect combustion
whereas the other flame burns at the mouthpiece of the mantle with a bright white
flame and without any contact with the wick.
The products of the imperfect combustion from the lower or wick flame are
mixed on their way upwards to the mouthpiece of the mantle with so much air

page_text: that a perfect combustion is attained through the flame burning at the satų mo
piece.
In order to effect the intimate mixture of air and the products of combustion and
unconsumed particles emitted by the lower or first flame I prefer to surround the
Baid flame with a cylindrical or other mantle of wire gauze, perforated sheet metal
or other suitable material and to surround this said mantle with a second mantle
of wire gauze or perforated sheet metal somewhat larger than the inner mantle so
that a space is left free between the inner and the outer mantle or the outer
mantle can be provided only at the upper or upper and lower ends with per-
forations. The first flame burns on the wick within the space formed by the wire
gauze mantle and the ascending products of the imperfect combustion of this flame
are mixed within the inner mantle and in the mixing space formed between the
double mantle with so much oxygen from the atmospheric air that they will burn
at the mouthpiece of the outer cylinder with a brilliant white flame and with
perfect combustion consequently without emitting any unpleasant odour.
Another great disadvantage experienced when employing heavy hydro-carbons
is that the wick does not possess sufficient capillary power to continuously bring up
the heavy hydro carbon to the tip of the same the wick becoming readily clogged.
Now in order to keep the supply of oil to the wick and flame constant I employ a
reservoir with two compartments. The inner compartment is cylindrical, of
suitable diameter and reaches nearly to the bottom of the outer compartment of the
reservoir proper which is in connection with the atmospheric air by means of
a small perforation at the upper part of the said outer reservoir whereas the upper
part of the inner space is closed by the burner and in case a small quantity of air
should be present beneath the burner the same is soon drawn up by the heat from
the first flame whilst the atmospheric air which enters the small orifice in the outer
compartment of the reservoir causes the hydro-carbon in the inner compartment to
rise and thus keep the level of the oil constant.
Figure 1 is the view of a candlestick or light made according to my invention.
Figure 2 is a top view of the same.
Figure 3 is a vertical section of Figure 1.
Figure 4 is a burner with air perforations and a nonperforated outer mantle.
Figure 5 represents the lower part of the mantle perforated.
Figure 6 is a view of the wire gauze cylinder.
Figure 7 is a view of a gauze cylinder with metal mouthpiece and lower metallic
ring.
A is the lower part of the candlestick the reservoir of which is divided into two
compartments A' A' which are only in communication with each other at their
lower end.
The outer annular space A¹ is in communication with the atmospheric air by
means of a small opening G. The burner B is screwed into the inner com-
partment A' at B₁ aud is provided with a small round or other wick and pinion C
If perforated mantles are employed I prefer to employ burners without air holes
but if mantles are employed that are only perforated at the top I prefer to employ
burners with air holes.
E is a cylinder of wire gauze, perforated metal or other material which is, con-
tracted at its upper end and when provided with suitable mouthpiece can be
employed alone although I prefer employing a second mantle F of wire gauze,
perforated metal or other suitable material. As already said I employ two flames
which burn simultaneously and separately.
The first or lower flame a is fed with the heavy hydro carbons by means of the
wick and burns with a blue color. The products of the imperfect combustion of
the flame a which ascend to the slot like mouthpiece of the outer mantle are
ignited and as the same on their way upwards are intimately mixed with the
oxygen of the atmospheric air entering the perforations of the mantle the same
burn with brilliant white flame ẞ and thus complete the combustion. The heavy
hydro carbon is held in constant height in the inner reservoir A' as the air above

page_text: the said hydro carbon is exhausted by means of the flame a whereas the air
entering the outer reservoir or compartment A' by means of the opening G presses
on the heavy hydro carbon in the same and causes the same to rise in the com-
partment or reservoir A².
My candle or light can be ignited in two ways, firstly by turning down the wick
so that only a small flame burns, then placing the mantle or double mantle over the
Bame and turning up the wick until a blue flame appears and imperfectly consumed
particles of the heavy hydro-carbon are emitted which when ignited burn with a
bright white flame ẞ or secondly by turning up the wick to the mouthpiece of the
mantle and after igniting the wick turning the same down until the flame a burns,
blue and the flame 3 white.
The consumption of hydro-carbon (Tischolin) is very small as a Russian lb=
409,531 grammes will burn for at least 50 to 60 hours the same is very heavy, has
from 0,855 to 0,870 specific gravity and can explode only at a temperature of
105° to 140° Centigrade whereas ordinary petroleum explodes at a very low
temperature.
From the foregoing it is evident that the light produced by the two flames a B
effects a perfect combustion of the heavy hydrocarbon and at the same time avoida
all the danger accruing from the use of the volatile hydro-carbons.
Having now described my said invention and the manner of carrying the same
into effect I wish it to be understood that I do not confine myself to the special
form of candle as shown in the accompanying drawings or to the employment of
one or two cylindrical mantles alone as a third mantle can be employed without
departing from the tenor of my invention and if desired the flame ẞ can be pro-
tected by a suitable glass but so that air can freely flow to the mantle but what
I desire to claim, and secure by Letters Patent is
1. In a candlestick or apparatus for burning heavy hydro-carbons (Tischolin
candle) the application, arrangement and employment of two separate flames of
which the one a burns with imperfect, the other ẞ with perfect combustion, the
one a by means of the hydro carbon supplied by the wick, the other ẞ at the
mouthpiece of the cylindrical or other mantle without the employment of a wick
substantially as set forth in the foregoing specification and represented in the
accompanying drawings.
2. In a candlestick or apparatus for burning heavy hydro-carbons (Tischolin
candle) the application and employment of a burner without air holes in com-
bination with one or more mantles of wire gauze perforated metal or other
suitable material the upper part of which is contracted so as to form a slot like
mouthpiece substantially as described in the foregoing specification and shown in
the accompanying drawings.
3. In a candlestick or apparatus for burning heavy hydro-carbons (Tischolin
candle) the combination of a mantle of wire gauze, perforated metal or other
suitable material and an outer mantle of suitable material perforated only at the
upper end near the mouthpiece, with a burner provided with air holes substantially
as set forth in the foregoing specification and shown in the accompanying drawings.
4. In a candlestick or apparatus for burning heavy hydro-carbons (Tischolin
candle) the combination of the lower flame a which is fed with heavy hydro-carbon
by means of the wick and burns within a cylinder or mantle of wire gauze or other
appropriate material, with the upper or second flame 3 which completes the com-
bustion of the unconsumed particles emitted by the lower flame and the air
admitted into the cylindrical or other mantle and burns with brilliant white light
without the aid of a wick substantially as described in the foregoing specification
and shown in the accompanying drawings.
5. In a candlestick or apparatus for burning heavy hydro carbons (Tischolin
candle) the construction of the reservoir for receiving the bydro carbons, in such
manner that the two compartments of the same are only in connection with each
other at the lower end and whilst any small quantity of air which might be present

page_text: above the hydro carbon in the interior compartment is drawn up and consumed by
the flame a so that a partial vacuum is created in the said interior compartment,"
the heavy hydro carbon is compelled to retain its highest level in the inner com-
partment as the atmospheric air which is admitted into the outer annular com-
partment or space by means of a small opening at the upper part of the same
presses on the surface of the hydro carbon in the outer compartment and as no
resistance is present in the inner compartment, the heavy hydro-carbon is con-
tinuously kept at a high level and usually in contact with the lower surface of the
burner substantially as set forth in the foregoing specification and shown in the
accompanying drawings.