Process and Apparatus for the Utilisation of the Unchanged Exhaust Heat of Thermodynamical Processes for Motive Power, Heating, or Cooling Purposes.
Year: 1891

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Process and Apparatus for the Utilisation of the Unchanged
Exhaust Heat of Thermodynamical Processes for Motive Power,
Heating, or Cooling Purposes.
I Dr. HERMANN MEHNER of Hachettstown in the State of New Jersey, United
States of America, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement :—
This invention relates to the dynamical theory of heat, as expressed in the "Sadi
Carnot Engine," based on the thermo-dynamical cycle of operations, by which a
substance is finally brought to the same state in all respects as it had at the
beginning.
The object of the invention is to provide a new and improved method for
practically and economically transforming heat into mechanical energy, without
increase of entropy.
The method consists principally in changing the heat form of energy into the
physico-chemical form, and vice versa.
In order to more fully explain the method, reference is to be had to the accom-
panying drawings, forming a part of this Specification, in which similar letters of
reference indicate corresponding parts in all the figures.
Fig. 1 is a sectional side elevation of an apparatus for carrying out the method.
Fig. 2 is a transverse section of the same, on the line of Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is a sectional side elevation of a modified form of compressor; and
Fig. 4 is a sectional side elevation of an apparatus for utilizing substances having
a low expansive force, for heating purposes.
The method is carried out by the use of mixtures which bind heat, and are herein-
after called freezing mixtures.
Usually freezing mixtures are produced by mingling any suitable solid
substance in a solvent, usually water, in fluid or solid state, but also with acids,
alcohol, &c.
I prefer, for solvents, the readil- volatile fluids, as facilitating the evaporation,
and only make use of water, in case common exhaust steam from motors is to be
condensed.
In order to demonstrate my process for the practical purpose of condensing exhaust
steam, I select, as an example, a mixture of water with saltpetre, more particularly
as the characteristics of these two substances are very well known.
First, I state that this common, but not very effective freezing mixture, in my
method of application, becomes much better than it is ordinarily. This is owing to
the fact that the binding of the heat, in the process of condensing the steam, can
take place when changing the condition of a substance from solid to fluid at a
temperature somewhat higher than the surroundings of the substance.
By working at the common temperature of 20°-25° Cels., a mixture of 1 kilo-
gramme of water with all the saltpetre that it can dissolve, absorbs about 26 units
of heat (kilogramme calories), and at 10° Cels. more, the amount is doubled. At
about 60° Cels., the mixture binds about 80 units of heat at its boiling point, at a
normal pressure (in an open vessel); at 113 Cels. it absorbs more than 200 units
of heat, which is about one half of the latent heat of a kilogramme of steam, and if
the mixture is prepared with hot water, and under pressure, it is so effective that it
absorbs as much heat as the kilogramme of water it contains would consume, if
transformed to steam.
This fact is the key of my invention.
For condensing waste steam in a suitable condenser, I employ a cooling mixture

page_text: being the waste steam, which is exhausted into the condenser and condenses in the
saltpetre. One kilogramme of steam, in condensing, yields about 520 units of heat,
and one kilogramme of water, of the condensation temperature, mixed with salt-
petre of the same temperature, consumes the same amount of units of heat. Now,
by exhausting the hot steam into the hot salt, a full condensation takes place without
the help of any cool substance or body.
As no heat is carried off the entire amount is stored and locked up in the molten
freezing mixture. The latter is now transferred into a suitable boiler, and trans-
formed into steam at a somewhat higher temperature, say, about 20 degrees more.
In this manner, steam of higher pressure is made, and at the same time the salt-
petre in a dry state is again obtained, and also the absorbed heat. It will be
understood that I heat with crystallizing salt. The steam may now do its work,
and its exhaust steam is again condensed by the salt in the manner above
described.
As, by this method, solid saltpetre salt is produced in the boiler, it must be
removed from the latter, and carried back to the condenser, to be again dissolved
by the incoming exhaust steam. This moving of the saltpetre can be carried out
from time to time by hand, or continually by mechanical means.
Owing to the great latent heat of the exhaust steam, much salt has to be used in
each operation of the process, and on account of the high temperature of the
steam, the loss of heat by radiation is considerable. If, however, ether is the
solvent, then the latent heat of its vapor is only one fifth of that of steam, and
the ordinary boiling point is 35° Cels.
The physical constants for alcohols, aldehyds, benzol, naphtha, etc., are similar to
those of the ether.
All such fluids produce freezing mixtures, when dissolving the solid substances
therein; for example the ethylether mixed with crystallized acetic acid at 15° Cels.,
gives a fluid having a temperature lower by about 20° Cels. When a freezing
inixture of such volatile substances is applied to condense the vapors which have
vorked in a motor, then the favorable qualities of these substances render the
mechanical motive power very cheap, provided the vapors are produced from volatile
Jolutions, as demonstrated in the example of the saltpetre.
By the use of the most volatile solutions, another result is obtained with the
freezing mixture, that is, the cooling of bodies below the ordinary temperature of
their surroundings, or the production of ice.
If the solution of acetic acid in ethylether mentioned above, undergoes my
process of reproducing freezing mixtures, no pressure of practical value in
evaporating is obtainable, because this ether has no remarkable expansive force
below the melting point of glacial acetic acid, which melting point is of course the
theoretical highest boundary of temperature at which my process is practical.
The motoric effect of this solution is therefore quite unimportant, but, on the
other side, it is valuable with respect to the production of ice.
As this appears not to differ from the ordinary use of cooling mixtures, I point
out more particularly the manner in which the cold is produced. My method does
not use the cold arising during the formation of the cooling mixture, by the
dissolving of a solid body, but the cold resulting from the decomposition of the
mixture by evaporation. The principal amount of heat furnished for the formation
of the vapor is derived from the crystallization, as shown in the example of the salt-
petre, and only a relatively small amount, dependent on the entire amount of heat
(Zeuner's Gesammtwärme) of the vapor, must be furnished from the outside, and
if this small amount is taken from water, the temperature of which is nearly at the
freezing point, then a certain quantity of ice is produced. An apparatus which
condenses vapor of ethylether by dissolving a solid substance, and afterwards
reproduces the solid substances and the vapor by evaporating the solution at little
below the freezing point, and deriving the necessary additional heat from freezing
water, is an ice machine based on different principles from those now in use.
This machine, run with ethylic ether, and based on excellent principles, has

page_text: advantages resulting from the reproduction of freezing mixture, but also has the
practical inconveniences of the old ethylic ether ice machine, on account of the large
volume of gas encountered.
This last mentioned use of freezing mixtures in connection with the first one
described, produces a practical motive power, in case fluids are used which are more
volatile than ethylic ether solutions. The solution of the acetic acid in methylic
ether which boils, at common pressure, at 23° Cels. below zero, produces, in evapo-
rating, a much higher pressure than the ethylic ether solution, or solutions or
combinations with ammonia, dioxide of carbon (the so-called fluid carbonic acid);
and other combinations of coercible gases having their boiling point far below zero
are most effective in their motive power, when evaporating below the ordinary
temperature of the atmosphere.
There are combinations of ammonia salts with ammonia gas like NHCl + 3 NH,
and NH.C1+6 NH,, HBr + 2 NH,, HBr + 4 NH,, HBr + 7 NH, etc.
-
The combination HBr + 7 NH, cannot exist in an open vessel at a temperature
above minus 20° Cels., because it dissociates; hence it is necessary, to keep it in
existence, to subject it to a pressure of ammonia gas of somewhat more than one
atmosphere at - 20° Cels., or to two atmospheres, at - 6° Cels., or to about three
atmospheres at 6° Cels. At this temperature, and at a pressure of one atmosphere,
the above mentioned substance HBr + 4 NH, is a solid body. If this fluid is
permitted to expand, it dissociates, at the same time producing ammonia gas having
a constant pressure of three atmospheres. This process continues until all is
changed into the solid substance represented by the formula HBr + 4 NH. In
this process, heat is used for the decomposition and the evaporation, and heat is
produced by the solidification. The solid body HBr + 4 NH,, at a temperature
of 20° Cels., has a pressure of about atmosphere, and if placed in a vessel into
which ammonia gas of a little more than one atmosphere pressure is discharged, it
becomes a fluid substance at the temperature mentioned.
This fluid can dissolve a certain amount of the solid substance containing a lesser
amount of ammonia. In this process, heat is produced by the combination and
the condensation, and heat is consumed or used by the liquefaction. Therefore, if
less ammonia is condensed, so that the heat of condensation and combination is
less than the negatively acting heat of liquefaction, then any one of these ammonia
salts can be used for producing a freezing mixture, which can be used in my method
for condensing the exhaust vapors of an ammonia gas motor, similar to the con-
densation of exhaust steam by the saltpetre solution, but with the advantages
pointed out above, and derived from the low temperature of evaporation.
A very important further advantage is, that the freezing mixture can be again
used for ordinary cooling purposes, at the evaporation temperature. A machine
actuated in accordance with this process, produces cold and power at the same
time, by simply changing heat into mechanical work.
Like these ammonia freezing mixtures, mixtures can be formed by other cocrcible
guses, and utilized and regained by my method, producing at the same time a
reduction or lowering of temperature and mechanical work.
It is well known that
muriatic acid, when employed for decomposing sulphate of sodium, produces fluid
of a very low temperature. By heating this fluid to a high temperature, the
liberated or freed sulphuric acid expels the muriatic acid, as is now commonly done
on a large scale in soda factories, and the sulphate of sodium is again reproduced.
Similar chemical reactions in either direction take place, according to the tem-
perature, with weak acids; for instance, carbonic acid decomposes acetates,
borates etc., and even chlorides, to a certain extent, at a low temperature. These
are salts, the acids of which expel carbonic acid at a common and a high tem-
perature, as is very well known. In case salts are used which liquefy in decomposing,
as, for instance, when using salts containing crystal water, crystal alcohol, etc., a
freezing mixture in carbonic acid is obtained, which mixture gives a good practicable
expansive force at the common temperature, and is therefore well adapted for
condensing the exhaust vapor of carbonic acid motors, and for freezing purposes.

page_text: My process above described is capable of a modification that is most important,
and enlarges considerably the field of its practical use.
It will be understood from the foregoing, that by using a freezing mixture of
saltpetre at the right temperature, no cold water is required for condensing the
exhaust or waste steam of an engine. The reason for this is, that the disappearing
latent heat of the liquefaction of the salt is at least equal to the appearing latent
heat of the condensation of the steam. If such an equalized condition exists, then
the condensing of the exhaust or waste vapor of any motor by a suitable freezing
mixture is possible, and entirely independent of the temperature, which may be far
below that of the surroundings. But even if the conditions are not quantitively
equal, but only partly, my process of applying freezing mixtures is notwithstanding
of a great advantage, particularly in condensing steam, and in general in all
condensations which take place above the lowest temperature of the surroundings.
The exhaust of other gas motors at a still lower temperature can also be
condensed, but only with the assistance of such means as are necessary to carry off
that part of the latent heat of the vapor which the freezing mixture does not
absorb.
'
If, for instance, one kilogramme of a vapor needs 4 kilogrammes of a solid
substance for neutralizing all latent heat in the solution, and at the condensing
temperature the fluid generated by the vapor cannot dissolve more than one kilo-
gramme of the solid substance, then it is only necessary to produce in the boiler
belonging to the motor, 4 kilogrammes of vapor to separate in the manner described
4 kilogrammes of solid substance. But not all the vapor produced in the motor is
permitted to work, but is compressed separately from the solution. Three kilo-
grammes of fluid are thus produced, and the other or remaining one kilogramme of
vapor passes into the motor to perform work.
After that, the 4 kilogrammes of solid substance, the 3 kilogrammes of fluid, and
the one kilogramme of vapor, are mixed to form a freezing mixture, which is
sufficiently effective to take up all the latent heat of the vapor. The compressing
of the vapor is performed as near to the temperature of the evaporation as possible,
or at a lower temperature.
It is further to be understood, that the reverse conditions may take place,
namely, that the cooling mixtures may absorb more heat than the latent heat of the
vapor can introduce, so that a second motor can be actuated, which, for instance, is
charged with carbonic acid (CO,). The mechanical arrangement of such an engine
is hereinafter more fully described.
Before more fully describing the various features and actions of the apparatus, I
will first describe another feature of my method for using and regenerating freezing
mixtures.
After the solid salt, or a mixture of salts, has been produced in the boiler, it is
brought back into condenser as above described. This salt, or mixture of salts,
when entering the condenser, has a considerably higher temperature than the
freezing mixture, and consequently carries a noxious heat into that mixture. In
order to prevent this, the salt, or mixture of salts, is previously cooled, and for this
purpose the freezing mixture already used, and which goes to the boiler, after the
principle of the counter current cooler, is employed, or a large quantity of solid
substance is used, than is theoretically needed, or both methods may be employed
at the same time.
The apparatus for carrying out the method will now be described.
The accompanying drawing shows only a diagram of the apparatus, the shape and
whole arrangement of which may be modified in many respects to carry out the
above described method.
The motor K, in the form of an ordinary steam engine, is connected by its steam
inlet pipe L' with the reservoir H, and by its exhaust pipe L with the condenser C,
in which is arranged a transversely extending sieves, located above the perforated
end L of the pipe L.
A suction pump N is connected with the front end of the condenser C, above the

page_text: lower end of the sieves, and the said pump discharges into the pipe N', leading to
a coil of pipes E, placed in the heater A, extending upward on the rear end of the
the inclined boiler or generator D.
The steam dome of the boiler D connects with an inlet pipe D', leading to a
compressor F, in which the superheated steam from the boiler D is compressed,
and then passes into the pipe g, which extends in the form of a coil in the boiler, to
finally pass out of the same to the reservoir H, from which the steam passes into
the engine K, to do its work. From the bottom of the reservoir H extends a pipe
leading to a feed pump M, which pumps the fluid for the freezing mixture through
pipe M' into the condenser below the sieve s.
The pump M runs automatically, and can be used to only partly fill the condenser,
when permitted to do so, by a suitable valve arrangement for the purpose of cooling
the fluid by expansion.
The heater A extends upward, and connects at its upper end with a feed pipe S,
containing two horizontal valves b and c, through which the reproduced salt is
charged back into the heater A and condenser C.
The feed pipe S is connected by a slightly inclined pipe S', containing an
agitator R, with the upper end of an elevator of any approved construction, and
enclosed in a casing connected with the lower end of the inclined boiler D. The
elevator is driven by a shaft w, extending through a suitable stuffing box to the
outside of the casing. The agitator R previously mentioned is provided with a
shaft w, carrying arms, and also extending through stuffing boxes to the outside.
Both shafts w and w¹ are driven by suitable connections with the engine K or other
device. The salt or solid substance employed is discharged into the sieve s in the
condenser C, and there absorbs the exhaust steam from the engine K, and is
discharged into the condenser below the sieve, and through the perforated end of
pipe L.
The feed pump N sucks up the fluid solvent from the condenser C, and forces
the liquid through the pipe N' into the coil of pipes E in the heater A. In these
pipes E, the fluid freezing mixture rises slowly, and in the upper part of the said
pipes reaches a temperature above the boiling temperature of the solvent, if the
salt was sufficiently dried in pipe S', at the time the salt passed onto the sieve and
took up the steam.
The liquid now passes through pipe E¹ into the boiler or generator D, which is
heated so that the salt separates from the solvent, and the latter appears in the
state of vapor (or steam), and this vapor or steam passes in a superheated condition
through pipe D¹ to the compressor F.
It is understood that by the desiccation of the liquid in the boiler D, heat is
taken up from outside, so that the steam may receive a higher pressure for working
purposes. This exteriorly taken up heat is not very large, and is only a part of
the entire amount of heat for evaporation, the remaining or larger part of the
heat being in the apparatus itself, and becoming active by the solidification of
the salt.
The salt slides down to the lower end of the boiler D, is taken up by the elevator B,
the buckets of which discharge the salt into the pipe S¹, in which the salt is
agitated to dry it as much as possible. The salt then passes onto the upper closed
valve b, and when a sufficient quantity has accumulated, the valve b is opened to
discharge the salt on the second valve c. The valve b is then again closed, and
the valve c is opened, to discharge the salt into the heater A, onto the coil of
pipes E, from which it finally passes cnto the sieve s, to take up the incoming
exhaust steam, as previously described.
Often,
The steam in the boiler D can be utilized in the usual manner, if desired.
however, in cases when the insufficient solubility of the solid substance used
requires an amount of liquid solvent in excess of the exhaust vapor, then the
superheated steam is passed to the compressor F, and is compressed therein, and
then forced into pipe 9, part of which is coiled, and extends through the boiler D.

page_text: In this part or coil of the pipe g.in. the boiler D, a part of the compressed steam
is condensed into a fluid, giving off part of its freed heat to the boiler, that is, to
the fluid or liquid entering the boiler through the pipe E¹.
The steam is condensed within the boiler D, as the condensation is preferably
performed at. as low a temperature as possible, and also as by the use of very
volatile fluids the boiler has the lowest temperature of any part of the apparatus
which could be used for this purpose.
Furthermore, the coil part of the pipe 9 represents an economical steam heater
for fluids which boil above the mean temperature of the atmosphere.
If the freezing mixture to be evaporated contains a larger proportion of solid
matter than fluid, then it is liable to change into a plastic or pasty state, which
may operate injuriously in the boiler D. In order to prevent this, the boiler and
elevator are entirely dispensed with, and a number of pipes, like pipe S¹, are
employed, into the upper end of which the fluid is regularly injected in well
measured quantities. The same arrangement is used for liquids which have a
higher dissolving power for the solid substance at the temperature of the boiler
than at the temperature of the condenser.
If the boiler is dispensed with, then, instead of using the coil g, the tubes_S¹ are
preferred for producing liquid solvent, and for this purpose provided partly with
double walls, and covered with a non-conducting material. The vapors to be
condensed are passed through the space formed between the double walls.
From the foregoing it will be understood that the compression of the vapours in
the cylinder F, and the coil part of pipe 9, is only a practical arrangement for a
complete theoretical process, and can only be used economically in case the steam
is only sufficiently superheated so that it enters at a slight compression into a
saturated state. Each further reduction of the volume causes a precipitation in
pipe g.
Other vapours can also be treated, such as carbon di-oxide, in case it has a small
expansive force, and a temperature far above the boiling point of fluid carbonic
acid of the same pressure.
In treating such vapours a considerable increase in temperature in the cylinder_F
would take place, so as to prevent the successful operation of the apparatus. In
order to obviate this, the method and apparatus is somewhat modified in the
manner presently to be described, reference being had to the typical apparatus
shown in Fig. 3.
In case of insufficient solubility of the substance, as mentioned above, it is
necessary to restore or impart to the evaporating fluid an amount of heat which
corresponds to the heat not absorbed by the solid substance in the dissolving
process which takes place in the condenser. It is however not necessary to form a
fluid solvent.
The cylinder O corresponds in size to the cylinder F, and is connected at its
opposite ends with the pipes P and Q placed in a tank or vessel W containing a
cooling liquid, preferably the salt solution to be condensed. The upper ends of
the pipes P and Q are connected by steam chests R¹ and T, respectively, with
an inlet pipe T', leading from the cylinder F, and with an outlet pipe T2, leading
to the reservoir H.
The cylinder O and parts of the pipes P and Q are filled with an indifferent
liquid, such as mercury, paraffin oil, etc.
The piston in the cylinder O moves in time with the piston in the cylinder F,
and thereby alternately fills and empties the pipes P and Q with the indifferent
liquid.
The valves in the steam chests R¹ and T permit the vapor entering through
pipe T' to pass alternately into the pipes P and Q, which empty on the return
stroke of the piston in the cylinder O. The vapor thus admitted in the respective
pipes P and is compressed on the forward stroke of the piston in cylinder O, the
indifferent. liquid, say mercury, acting as a piston. When the vapor is sufficiently
compressed, and before the piston is at the end of its stroke, the valve in the steam

page_text: chest R' or T establishes communication with the pipe T2, so that the compressed
vapor passes to the reservoir H, and from there to the motor K, the liquid being.
pumped by pump M back to the condenser C, as previously described.
In case the boiler D is omitted for the reasons above mentioned, then the liquid.
in cylinder O is passed into casings surrounding the pipes P and Q, and through
the latter is passed a liquid which takes up heat, preferably the cold solution
contained in the condenser C.
With this modified form it is possible to obtain economical results with solutions
which require compressing by the produced steam or vapour. It will be under-
stood from the foregoing, that I do not limit myself to the use of the particular
substances mentioned.
By the above explanations, which also furnish a few typical examples of the new
method for using and recovering freezing mixtures, it has been proved that the
quantity of heat which is now lost in operating motors, can be economically utilized
by an eudothermo chemical reaction. In order to return this heat to the cycle of
operation of the motor, it is only necessary to proceed in reverse order as regards
the said reactions.
In what manner the reversing of the physico-chemical reaction is to take place,.
has been previously described and explained in connection with the freezing
mixtures, that is, the utilization, for motoric purposes, of vapors having a high
expansive force, and produced by certain chemical reactions.
In cases in which the expansive force of the vapor is not sufficient for motoric
purposes, then the said vapors can be utilized for heating purposes. In order to
accomplish this in an economical manner, slight modifications (presently to be
described) in the construction of the apparatus and the method are necessary,
reference being had to Fig. 4.
Of the four connected receptacles A¹, A', A³ and A', the receptacles A¹ and A³
have a higher temperature than the two receptacles Aª and Aª.
In the receptacle A', say, a solution is decomposed at 0° Cels., so as to produce
vapors of a low tension, say atmosphere. These vapors are passed into
receptacle A³ to condense therein, thereby giving off their entire latent heat. In
this receptacle A³, is enclosed a second receptacle A', in which, for example, fluid
carbonic acid is evaporated. The carbonic acid vapors pass from this receptacle A*
into the working cylinder E¹, with a working pressure of about 35 atmospheres to
actuate the piston therein. The thus utilized vapors condense at about 30° Cels.,
-
in the condensing receptacle A', located within the receptacle A, for the reason
that the latter receives the condensing fluid from the receptacle A³, and permits it
to evaporate at a pressure of atmosphere. The feed pump F¹ returns the carbonic
acid back to the receptacle A', while the vapor passing from receptacle A* to the
receptacle A2 is condensed in the latter, with a re-action which binds heat.
In order to avoid undesirable complications in this process, on account of lowering
the temperature in receptacles A and A' too much, for the purpose of bringing
down tension A³ to that of A' and A' to that of A³, it is advisable to introduce
into the said receptacles a substance (a lye, for instance) which, with an exo-thermal
reaction, dilutes in receptacle A³ and concentrates in receptacle A', thereby
reducing the expansive force or tension. Otherwise, the fluid in receptacles As
and A would have a higher tension to that in receptacles A¹ and A³, if the
receptacles A¹ and A³ and receptacles A and A had a like temperature.
In utilizing such low tension vapors for actuating motors, a turbine would be the
most desirable device to give a useful effect.
It remains to further describe the mechanical arrangement, in case the freezing-
mixture is sufficiently strong to be used for removing the latent heat of a second
vapor, besides that of the original one used.
This is also illustrated in Fig. 4, in which the parts E' and F' are regarded as
parts of a second engine, while A³ represents the evaporator, and A* the condenser
of the machine shown in Fig. 1. The remaining working parts are represented by
A' and A².

page_text: By the use of such efficient freezing mixtures, it is even possible that the
original machine A1, A3, A3 and A* can also work, or run, with the consumption of
a certain quantity of mechanical energy. It is further possible that the vapor in
the parts E' F' does not change its condition, but that said machine is run as an
air engine. This outwardly entirely changed system of machines is only a slight
modification of my system.
The several times mentioned latent heat of the vapor must be regarded, in the
whole description, as a shortened expression for the well known quantity of heat
which, in the perfect, complete Sadi Carnot cycle, is transferred to the cooler hody,
for the purpose of bringing the working substance to the original (lower)
isentropical curve.
It was not convenient to represent the invention by mere formulas, in the
beginning, but in the following I now give a concentrated recapitulation in these
precise terms of modern thermo dynamics, as at present understood by me.
When, in the Sadi Carnot cycle, the working substance undergoes the isothermic
compression, an amount of heat (Q2) leaves it with the temperature T²; the
Q³
entropy of this substance decreases therefore by the value 1, at the same time the
Q³
cool body takes up this heat, and increases its entropy by the equal value + 1
This heat Q2 never enters the working substance again; it is, and theoretically
must be, carried off for ever. In the practical working of Carnot's scheme, the
heat Qis dissipated, changed into heat of lower temperature T' - m, and
therefore the entropy of the whole system is increased by the difference of the
unequal values.
In my cycle, no heat Q is carried away, it liquefies a solid substance, and
hereby it disappears, vanishes, in a manner named by scientists, but not yet known.
The solid substance which, in my process, liquefies, stands for Carnot's cooler body,
but theoretically my solid substance can be, and practically mostly will be, of a
higher temperature than T and the difference of the two fractions, which latter
measure the change of entropy, and therefore certainly will be zero at least. The
entropy of the whole system cannot increase.
"
The quantity of heat Q with the temperature T2 which caused the said
liquefaction is now, some kind of energy called "latent heat physico-chemical
energy, disintegrational heat (die Disgregations-wärme von Clausius); practically,
nobody knows what it is, but it is certainly no real heat. Therefore, it does not
behave according to the laws of heat, and theoretically it may be aimed at, and
practically it is possible to transform this energy, the former heat Q of the
temperature T, into heat of a higher temperature T'.
I transform it simply by adding a new quantity of heat to the liquid in some
manner, for example, in the one described, and thus desiccating the liquid. This
desiccating liquid stands in the place of Carnot's warmer body, and it shows how
heat can pass from a lower temperature T to a higher temperature T, without
expense of mechanical work, or any "recompensation," as now held by modern
thermodynamists.
In the explanation of my method, I also mentioned that my machine can actuate a
second common machine derived from Carnot's cycle. In this machine, the
quantity of heat Q is composed of the heat of condensation of the dissolving
exhaust and the common exhaust. The principle of the machines combined is the
same as the principle for my simple machine, hence further consideration is deemed
superfluous.
The desiccating liquid stands, indeed, in the place of Carnot's warmer body, but
another body similar to Carnot's warmer body must be taken into consideration.

page_text: This new body has to furnish the quantity Q which comes from the outside.
Q¹ does not enter, at once, entirely into the gaseous part of the working substance;
a part of it goes with the new formed solid substance down into the regenerator E,
and perhaps further, but finally it comes up again with another part of the liquid.
This part only travels around in the physico-chemical part of my combined cycle.
Therefore, as far as the calculation is concerned, all of Q³ enters the gaseous part
of the working substance in my cycle.
In the Carnot cycle, the same vapor ought to receive, at this point, the quantity
of heat Q of the temperature T¹. This Q¹ in my cycle is composed of the two
quantities discussed before :
All heat which comes from the outside into my working substance, is changed
into mechanical work. The unchanged remainder Q travels around, as explained.
Theoretically, it is not necessary that my warmer body, which delivers the quantity
Q, should have the temperature T'; it may have less. In this case, the entropy
of the whole system, even in the practical workings of this scheme, would not
increase by this heat transfer.
In the cold vapor machines, my warmer body has the temperature of the
surroundings, the atmosphere, and T₁ is consequently somewhat less. The heat
transfer here increases the entropy by an amount due to Q, but as Q is trans-
formed into work, the latter can give heat of any temperature, however high,
and practically it produces, in some manner, and at some future time, heat of the
temperature of the surroundings. Thus, it is shown that my cycle does not
dissipate heat.
It does not increase by any of its partial processes the entropy, the increase of
which makes matters unpleasant from the point of view of the theoretical
machinist.
As, by my cycle, matter is kept constantly ready for mechanical reaction in
perennial youth, I have invented for it the term isentropical engine.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is :-
1. The process of introducing again, at a higher temperature, the heat led away
at a thermo-dynamical cycle, such process being characterized by the fact, that the
heat is removed by the conversion into the chemico-physical form of the energy,
by means of absorption of a vapour by a solid substance, which is liquefied in
binding heat in the product of condensation of the vapour, and is developed again
by performing the chosen reaction in opposite direction.
2. The process specified in Claim 1, with the enlargement, that the re-acting
substances bind the heat, which is led away from another source, preferably from a
second ordinary thermo-dynamical machine.
3. Of the process specified in Claim 1, the first part, i.e., a process of effecting
the leading away of heat necessary at a thermo-dynamical inachine, in lieu of
communicating the same to a colder body, by converting the same into the physico-
chemical form of the energy by means of the absorption of a vapour by a solid
substance, which liquefies in binding heat in the product of condensation of the
vapour.

page_text: 4. Of the process specified in Claim 1, the second part, i.e., a process of
evaporating a solution of a solid substance obtained under consumption of heat in
vapours or the condensation products of the same, and of recovering thereby the
solid matter in its original state and converting, at the same time, the physico-
chemical form of the energy into the form of heat.
5. In combination with the process specified in Claim 1, the process of recon-
ducting an optional amount of the heat disengaged from the liquids evaporating
or decomposing at the separation of solid matters from the said liquids, which
process consists in compressing the vapours, the disengaged heat passing into the
liquid.
6. The process specified in Claim 5, applied to the compression of unsaturated
vapours, without heating the same, in such a manner, that the vapours, conducted,
without altering the volume, into a group of communicating tubes or into another
vessel having a large surface, are compressed by means of indifferent liquids forced
therein, the corresponding heat being led away at the same time by farge cooled
walls.
7. The process specified in Claims 1 to 5, applied in such a manner, that the
solutions obtained from solid matters by the condensation of vapours, serve as cold-
generating agents at the temperature of the evaporation.
8. The process specified in the Claims 1 and for producing simultaneously
mechanical work and cold, applied in such a manner that the liquid which readily
volatilizable, is separated in the form of vapour from the solid matters of the
solution, under supply of heat, by means of the freezing solid matters and the
cooling environs, and that then the condensation of the vapours is effected under
abstraction of heat by means of the solid substances entering in solution.
9. For carrying out the process specified in Claim 1, and the applications of the
same, a device characterized by the condenser C, provided with a bottom forming
a sieve, in which the solid substances arriving from the evaporator are dissolved by
the exhaust vapours coming from the working machine, while the solution is
introduced again into the evaporator.
10. In combination with the device pointed out in Claim 9, an evaporator (D)
giving off the developed vapours to a compressing device (F), leading them
through a coil pipe arranged in the evaporator, to the working cylinder of the
motor engine.
11. In combination with the device pointed out in Claim 9 for the solution
flowing from the condensor to the evaporator, a heater E, not separated by an
intermediate space from the condensor, and consisting of a group of communicating
pipes.
12. For carrying out the process pointed out in Claim 6, and the modifications
thereof, a device characterized by the group of pipes P and Q fed with the pressure
liquid by the pressure cylinder O, in which groups the vapours serving to produce
mechanical work or cold are compressed, the groups of pipes being at the same time
cooled from without.
13. For carrying out the process pointed out in the Claims 7 and 8, a device
corresponding to the combined machine shewn in Figure 4 of the accompanying
drawings, in which A³ represents the evaporator and A' the condenser of the
apparatus, the other parts of which are indicated by A' and A², the exhaust steam
of the working engine El condensing in the small vessel A', surrounded by A
and the engine receiving its working vapours from the small vessel A' surrounded
by A³.
NEWTON & SON,
Agents for the Applicant.