IMPROVEMENTS IN COMBINING AND CASTING VARIOUS QUALITIES OF METAL IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ANVILS, TOP AND BOTTOM FACES FOR HAMMERS FOR DRAWING-OUT PURPOSES, PROJECTILES, AND OTHER ARTICLES
Year: 1868

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to David Foster, of Sheffield, in the County of
York, Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN COMBINING
AND CASTING VARIOUS QUALITIES OF METAL IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ANVILS,
TOP AND BOTTOM FACES FOR HAMMERS FOR DRAWING-OUT PURPOSES,
PROJECTILES, AND OTHER ARTICLES."
Sealed the 4th August 1868, and dated the 4th June 1868.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by said David Foster at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
4th June 1868.
I, DAVID FOSTER, of Sheffield, in the County of York, Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN COMBINING AND CASTING VARIOUS QUALITIES OF METAL IN THE MANUFACTURE
OF ANVILS, TOP AND BOTTOM FACES FOR HAMMERS FOR DRAWING-OUT PURPOSES,
PROJECTILES, AND OTHER ARTICLES," to be as follows:-
As is well understood in the manufacture of anvils, top and bottom

page_text: faces for hammers, projectiles, railway crossings, and other articles, some
of the surfaces or parts which have to resist wear or injury are formed
of steel and other parts of iron, and the manufacture of such articles
is greatly improved and facilitated when in place of the parts being
forged or welded together molten iron and steel are run into a suitable
mould, the steel to form the hard or wearing surface being run into the
mould separately from the iron, but so that the iron and steel unite at
the point of juncture and form one casting of the desired shape, steel at
one part and iron at another.
I am aware that it has before been proposed to combine steel and
iron in one casting as above described, but I am not aware that
such manufacture has been carried into successful operation, inasmuch
as the steel surface produced has been too expensive or has not been
satisfactory, and has required to be hammered and otherwise treated
subsequently to the casting.
$
Now I have discovered in practice that articles where steel and iron
are combined into one casting can be successfully manufactured with
a highly durable and satisfactory quality of steel surface at a moderate
cost by forming such steel surface of a combination or mixture of
charcoal and three descriptions or qualities of metal, namely what is
known as "Bessemer steel scrap," "Swedish bar iron or steel," and
spiegel eisen." These three qualities of metal I place in a crucible with
a suitable quantity of charcoal, and when melted I pour so much of
the molten mixture into the mould as will form the steel surface of the
article to be manufactured and fill the remaining space with iron, so as
to form the combined steel and iron casting, the steel surface of which
can be afterwards ground and hardened or tempered. In forming the
mixture the three qualities of metal above named may be used in various
proportions, more or less of the "Bessemer steel scrap or the "Swedish
bar iron or steel" being used respectively according to the degree of
hardness or toughness required.
33
In forming the mould for casting articles as above described I prefer
to use moulding boxes of suitable form, and I employ patterns or shapes
of the required form to form the mould in the sand or composition
employed, that part of the mould into which the steel is run being
formed of the composition usually employed when making steel castings,
and the other part of ordinary moulding sand, and the "gets" or

page_text: apertures through which the metal is run into the moulds are so
arranged that the steel mixture is first poured into the mould and the
iron afterwards through an aperture so arranged that the iron will flow
over the steel and rise into the mould without disturbing the steel which
was first poured in.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said David Foster in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 2nd December 1868.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, DAVID
FOSTER, of Sheffield, in the County of York, Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Fourth day of June, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, in the
thirty-first year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said David Foster, Her special licence
that I, the said David Foster, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
or such others as I, the said David Foster, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time
to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for
CASTING VARIOUS QUALITIES OF METAL IN
AND BOTTOM FACES FOR HAMMERS FOR
AND OTHER ARTICLES," upon the condition (amongst others) that 1, the
said David Foster, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in
writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, shoul
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same
to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN COMBINING AND
THE MANUFACTURE OF ANVILS, TOP
DRAWING OUT PURPOSES, PROJECTILES,
NOW KNOW YE that I, the said David Foster, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and, by the
following statement thereof, that is to say:-

page_text: As is well understood in the manufacture of anvils, top and bottom
faces for hammers, projectiles, railway crossings, dies, and other articles,
some of the surfaces or parts which have to resist wear or injury are
formed of steel and other parts of iron, and the manufacture of such
articles is greatly improved and facilitated when in place of the parts
being forged or welded together molten iron and steel are run into a
suitable mould, the steel to form the hard or wearing surface being run
into the mould separately from the iron but so that the iron and steel
unite at the point of juncture and from one casting of the desired shape,
steel at one part and iron at another.
I am aware that it has been before proposed to combine steel and iron
in one casting as before described, but I am not aware that such manu-
facture has been carried into successful operation, inasmuch as the steel
surface produced has been too expensive or has not been satisfactory, and
has required to be hammered and otherwise treated subsequently to the
casting.
Now I have discovered in practice that articles where steel and iron
are combined into one casting can be successfully manufactured with a
highly durable and satisfactory quality of steel surface at a moderate
cost by forming such steel surface of a combination or mixture of
charcoal and three descriptions or qualities of metal, namely what is
known as "Bessemer steel scrap," "Swedish bar iron or steel," and
"spiegel eisen." These three qualities of metal I place in a crucible
with a suitable quantity of charcoal, and when melted I pour so much
of the molten mixture into the mould as will form the steel surface of
the article to be manufactured and fill the remaining space with iron,
so as to form the combined steel and iron casting, the steel surface of
which can be afterwards ground and hardened or tempered. In
forming the mixture the three qualities of metal above named may
be used in various proportions, more or less of the "Bessemer steel
scrap
or the "Swedish bar iron or steel" being used respectively
according to the degree of hardness or toughness required, but I have
found the following proportions produce a satisfactory surface for anvils,
viz., (a little charcoal) 13 of "Bessemer steel scrap," of "Swedish
bar," and of "spiegel eisen."
وو
En forming the mould for casting articles as above described I prefer

page_text: of the required form to form the mould in the sand or composition
employed, that part of the mould into which the steel is run being
formed of the composition usually employed when making steel castings,
and the other part of ordinary moulding sand, and the "gets" or
apertures through which the metal is run into the moulds are so
arranged that the steel mixture is first poured into the mould and the
iron afterwards through an aperture so arranged that the iron will flow
over the steel and rise into the mould without disturbing the steel which'
was first poured in.
Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4 of the Drawing hereunto annexed shew
views of a moulding box suitable for casting anvils according to my
Invention.
A, A, A, is the moulding box formed in three parts connected
together by means of pins and cotters at E; B is the sand in which
the mould is formed. The steel mixture above described is first
run into the mould through the "get" or aperature C and the iron
afterwards through the "get" or aperture D, so as to rise into the
mould and flow over the steel which has first been poured in without
disturbing it.
Figure 5 shows a vertical section of the apparatus I employ for
hardening the faces of anvils and other articles cast partly of steel and
partly of iron as above described. b is a trough in which is placed a
layer of sand, and upon that layer of pebbles or grit, as shewn in the
Drawing. a is a pipe through which water is supplied to the trough b;
and c is an overflow or outlet pipe through which the water passes away
after traversing the trough b. The anvil F to be hardened is placed
upon the surface of the granular contents of the trough b, and the
stream of water passing over and through the contents of the trough b
hardens the steel face without coming in contact with the other parts of
the anvil, so avoided unequal contraction or fracture during the hardening
process.
Having now described the nature of my Invention, and the best
means I am acquainted with for carrying the same into operation, I
would have it understood that I do not confine myself to the precise
details herein described, but what I claim is, forming the wearing or
resisting surfaces or parts of anvils, hammers, projectiles, railway
crossings, dies, or other articles of the combination or mixture of meta!

page_text: herein described when such articles are cast partly in iron partly in steel,
substantially as herein shown and described.
In witness whereof, I, the said David Forster, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this 22nd day of September, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight.
DAVID FOSTER. (L.S.)