Improved Apparatus for Mechanically Illustrating Inclination of the Earth's Axis, the Rotation of the Earth and its Revolu- tion Around the Sun, and the Variation of Light and Heat therefrom.
Year: 1887

page_text: Date of Application, 27th Apr., 1887
Complete Left, 27th Jan., 1888
Complete Accepted, 2nd Mar., 1888.
Improved Apparatus for Mechanically Illustrating Inclination of
the Earth's Axis, the Rotation of the Earth and its Revolu-
tion Around the Sun, and the Variation of Light and Heat
therefrom.
I, JOHN CORBRIDGE of No. 1 Church Street, Oswaldtwistle, in the County of
Lancaster do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
-
This invention relates to improved apparatus showing the variation in the length of
day at various seasons and various latitudes, and the variation in the intensity of the
sun's light and heat, and the various consequences (known as the Seasons) which result
from the inclination of the earth's axis its rotation on that axis, and its revolution
round the sun.
The improved apparatus comprises a globe or sphere representing the sun capable
of turning on a spindle which latter is fixed perpendicular to a board or dial. On the
spindle a radius bar of wood or metal turns (on bearings fixed near to one extremity)
in a plane at right angles to the fixed spindle-At the other extremity of the bar and
free to turn in its bearings is a second spindle, by means of a stationary wheel and
gear or grooved pulley fixed to the dial and of a driving band or gear wheels.
As the said bar is moved round the central spindle, the second spindle is driven and
caused to make one revolution in its bearings, but so that relative to the dial it does
not revolve.
To this second spindle is keyed an arm and turning in bearings fixed to this arm is
a third and inclined spindle or axis whose direction intersects the direction of the
second spindle and makes an angle with it of about 23 degrees.
To this third axis and turning with it is fixed a marked globe. The centre of this
globe is in the direction of the axis of the second spindle. Fixed to the sides of the
moving bar is an arrangement of levers carrying a diaphragm of cardboard, thin
wood or thin metal--This diaphragm moves on an axis which is at right angles to the
direction of the bar, and is so adjusted that when perpendicular to the bar it divides

page_text: the marked globe into two equal hemispheres-However the bar may be moved or the
globe rotated, this diaphragm shows that hemisphere directed towards the sun, and
that hemisphere turned from it.
The dial is painted or printed, and divided into equal spaces and quadrants to show
the position of the earth and sun at various periods of the year, and in order that the
bar may be moved through equal intervals.
The globe representing the earth has shown on it the distribution and configuration
of land and water like au ordinary globe, and has strongly marked the two poles, a
series of parallel circles corresponding to the parallels of latitude, and a series of
12 great circles dividing the globe in 24 equal lunes and dividing each of the parallel
circles in 24 equal parts. They thus correspond to meridians of longitude drawn at
every 15 degrees, and represent hour spaces or the angular distance through which
the earth rotates in one hour. The axis on which this globe turns passes through the
two poles.
As the arm is turned round the central spindle by the arrangement of dead wheel
band, or bovels, the axis of the marked globe remains parallel to itself in all positions,
but the diaphragm turns with the bar and always remains at right angles to its
direction. Again as the bar is turned there are two positions in the same line with
the spindle where the poles of the marked globe or the axis of that globe are in the
same plano with the diaphragm. These two positions correspond to the spring
and autumn equinox ; in these positions the diaphragm divides each of the parallel
circles into two equal portions, and shows that at each latitude 12 hour spaces are
towards the sun, and 12 hour spaces are from the sun. As the bar is moved from
these positions, the axis of the marked globe makes an angle with the diaphragm, but
nover exceeding 23 degrees. All the parallel circles are in these cases cut by the
diaphragm in unequal parts (except the equatorial circle which in all cases is cut into
two equal portions). Counting the number of hour spaces on any particular parallel
circles on the sun sido of the diaphragm will give approximately the length of day
at the latitude corresponding to the parallel. Also as the bar is moved from the
position representing spring and summer equinox the North Pole is seen to move
from the diaphragm but at a gradually decreasing rate until it reaches its maximum
position.
It then moves towards the diaphragm at a gradually increasing rate.
In construction of the apparatus for showing the variation in the intensity of the
sun's light and heat I employ a cardboard circle capable of turning on its centre. On
the circumference of the circle equal space are marked at various latitudes, or in
place of a circle a polygon of equal sides may be used. The circle may be coloured
and figured to represent the projection of one of the hemispheres of the earth.
The line corresponding to the axis of the earth is clearly shown, and at the North
Pole is a needle or pointer moving over a graduated arc. This arc is 23 degrees on
each side of its central point, and is marked to show the inclination of the earth's axis
towards or from the sun at each interval throughout the year.
On the cardboard to which the moving circle is fixed there aro ruled a series of
parallel lines, which aro at right angles to the axis of the circle when in its central
position. The equal parallel spaces thus formed represent equal portions of the
sun's rays.
When the axis is in any position, the approximate ratio of the intensity of the
sun's light at any latitude may be seen, and also the relation of the intensity at the
same latitude for different inclinations of the earth's axis.
Thus when the axis is inclined as at summer solstice, the heat and light at
latitude 60° and 30° are as 14 to 16, while at winter solstice they are as 2 to 10.
WALTER BRIERLEY,
Town Hall Buildings, Halifax,
Agent for the Applicant.

page_text: the Earth's Axis, the Rotation of the Earth and its Revolu-
tion Around the Sun, and the Variation of Light and Heat
therefrom.
JOHN CORBRIDGE of No. 1 Church Street, Oswaldtwistle, in the County of.
Lancaster, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the
same is to be perforined, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement :-
This invention relates to improved apparatus shewing the variation in the length of
day at various seasons and various latitudes, and the variation in the intensity of the
sun's light and heat and the various consequences (known as the seasons) which result
from the inclination of the earth's axis, its rotation on that axis, and its revolution.
round the sun.
The improved apparatus comprises a globe or sphere representing the sun capable
of turning on a spindle which latter is fixed perpendicular to a board or dial. On the
spindle a radius bar of wood or metal turns on bearings fixed near to one extremity
in a plane at right angles to the fixed spindle. At the other extremity of a bar and free
to turn in its bearings is a second spindle, by means of a stationary wheel and gear or
grooved pulley fixed to the dial and of a driving band or gear wheels.
As the said bar is moved round the central spindle, the second spindle is driven
and caused to inake one revolution in its bearings, but so that relative to the dial it
does not revolve.
To this second spindle is keyed an arm and turning in bearings fixed in this arm is.
a third and inclined spindle or axis whose direction intersects the direction of the
second spindle, and makes an angle with it of about 23 degrees.
To this third axis and turning with it is fixed a marked globe. The centre of this
globe is in the direction of the axis of the second spindle. Fixed to the sides of the
moving bar is an arrangement of levers carrying a diaphragm of cardboard, thin
wood, or thin metal. This diaphragın moves on an axis which is at right angles to
the direction of the bar, and is so adjusted that when perpendicular to the bar it
divides the marked globe into two equal hemispheres. However the bar may be
moved or the globe rotated, this diaphragm shows that hemisphere directed towards
the sun, and that hemisphere turned half from it.
The dial is painted or printed and divided into equal spaces and quadrants to show
the position of the earth and sun at various periods of the year, and in order that the
bar may be moved through equal intervals.
The globe representing the earth has shown on it the distribution and configuration
of land and water like an ordinary globe and has strongly marked the two poles, a
series of parallel circles corresponding to the parrallels of latitude, and a series of
12 great circles dividing the globe in 24 equal lunes, and dividing each of the parallel
.

page_text: circles in 24 equal parts. They thus correspond to meridians of longitude drawn at
every 15 degrees, and represent hour spaces or the angular distance through which
the earth rotates in one hour. The axis on which this globe turns passes through the
two poles.
gear
As the arm is turned round the central spindle by the arrangement of wheel
band, or bevels, the axis of the marked globe remains parallel to itself in all positions,
but the diaphragm turns with the bar and always remains at right angles to its
direction. Again as the bar is turned there are two positions in the same line with
the spindle, where the poles of the marked globe or the axis of that globe are in the
same plane with the diaphragm.
These two positions correspond to the spring and autumn equinox; in these positions
the diaphragms divides each of the parallel circles into two equal portions and shows
that at each latitude 12 hour spaces are towards the sun, and 12 hour spaces are from
the sun.
As the bar is moved from these positions, the axis of the marked globe makes an
angle with the diaphragın, but never exceeding 23+ degrees. All the parallel circles
are in these cases cut by the diaphragm in unequal parts (except the equatorial
circle which in all cases is cut into two equal portions). Counting the number
of hour spaces on any particular parallel circles on the sun sido of the diaphragm
will give approximately the length of day at the latitude corresponding to the
parallel.
Also as the bar is moved from the position representing spring and summer equinox
the North Pole is seen to move from the diaphragm, but at a gradually decreasing
rate until it reaches its maximum position. It then move towards the diaphragun at
a gradually increasing rate.
In construction of the apparatus for showing the variation in the intensity of the
sun's light and heat I employ a cardboard circle capable of turning on its centre.
On the circumference of the circle equal space are marked at various latitudes, or in
place of a circle a polygon of equal sides inay be used. The circle may be coloured
and figured to represent the projection of one of the hemispheres of the earth.
The line corresponding to the axis of the earth is clearly shewn, and at the North
Pole is a needle or pointer moving over a graduated arc. This arc is 23 degrees on
each side of its central point, and is marked to show the inclination of the earths axis
towards or from the sun at each interval throughout the year.
On the cardboard to which the moving circle is fixed, there are ruled a series of
parallel lines, which are at right angles to the axis of the circle when in its central
position. The equal parallel spaces thus formed represent equal portions of the
sun's rays.
When the axis is in any position, the approximate ratio of the intensity of the sun's
light at any latitude may be seen and also the relation of the intensity at the same
latitude for different inclinations of the earth's axis-Thus when the axis is inclined
as at summer solstice, the heat and light at latitude 60° and 30° are as 14 to 16, while
at winter solstice, they are as 2 to 10.
Such being the nature and object of this my Invention, the following is a complete
description of same; reference being had to the accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 is a side elevation partly in section of the improved apparatus.
Fig. 2 is an end or front elevation of Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is a plan partly in section.
Fig. 4 is a plan or diagram for illustrating variation in intensity of sun's heat
and light.
Fig. 5 is a side clovation of Fig. 4.
Fig. 6 is an end elevation of Fig. 5.
At 1 is the sun, carried on spindle 2, in the bearing 3, latter is attached to the disc
or dial 4, and capable of being turned or revolved on the fixed or non-rotating
spindle 5, which is secured in the base plate 6.
At 7 is a radial arm free to turn on the spindle 5, at 8 is a grooved pulley which is
fast to the base plate 6, the radius bar 7 at its other end is provided with a pulley 9

page_text: fast on the spindle or axis 10. Keyed on the latter is an arm 11, the outer end of
which carries the inclined spindle or axis 12, on which is the sphere or globe 13.
Referring now more particularly to Fig. 2. on opposite sides of the bar 7
are cranked arms 14-15-to upper ends of which is secured a diaphragm 16
capable of adjustment on the supporting screw 17 by means of the finger or
winged nuts 18.
As the radius bar 7 is moved or turned on the axis 5 around the base plate 6, it is
supported by the runner 19 and by means of the endless band 20 turns the pulloy 9,
axle 10, arm 11, axle 12 and globe 13 in such manner as that axis 12 remains at all
points parallel to itself, and there is at all points of revolution of the arm 7 and
globe 13 one half of the latter on the sun side of the diaphragm 16.
Fig. is a diagram of a disc 21 mounted on a central pin 22 on which it is capable
of being rotated, so as to bring the pointers or pins 23 attached to 21 opposite to a
graduated are 24 formed on a board 25, the horizontal lines 26 illustrate the rays of
the sun, attached to 21 opposite to a graduated arc 24 formed on a board 25, the
horizontal lines 26 illustrate the rays of the sun.
The part 21 may be a half sphere and having a bridge diaphragm 16.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is
Firstly The construction, combination and arrangement of parts constituting the
improved apparatus for use and purposes herein described, and as illustrated by the
annexed drawings Figs. 1, 2, and 3.
Secondly The fixed axis 10, having movable or loose radial arm 11 thereon,
axis 12, globo 13, and diaphragm 16, all in combination, and substantially as illustrated
by annexed drawings.
Thirdly-The movable disc 21 (or half sphere) divided as and having the indicating
pins 23 in combination with the board 25 illustrating the direction of the sun's rays
and the diaphragm 16 and graduated arc 24 all in combination as described and
illustrated by annexed drawings Fig. 4.
1 1
acu
1000