IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF CASTING STEEL INGOTS
Year: 1885

page_text: We THOMAS HAMPTON of Arndean Barrow-in-Furness in the County of
Lancaster, Steel Manufacturer and JOHN FACER of 30 Cheltenham Street Barrow-
in-Furness aforesaid Bessemer Foreman do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF CASTING STEEL INGOTS to be
as follows:
33
Our Invention relates to the production of ingots of steel made by the Bessemer,
Siemen-Martin, Thomas-Gilchrist, Clapp-Griffith, or other similar process, from
crucible steel or from steel made in accordance with an invention for which the
said Thomas Hampton has made application for Her Majestys Letters Patent dated
24th October 1884 and numbered 14085. In casting steel ingots it is of importance
that the molten metal should not be allowed to strike the sides of the ingot mould
as the ingot is thereby often rendered defective and the mould is liable to be
injured or destroyed. In filling the moulds it is however sometimes difficult or
impossible always to direct the stream of molten metal so as to keep clear of the
sides and accordingly a considerable proportion of the ingots cast are defective.
An additional disadvantage of the ordinary method is that the top of the ingot is
frequently unsound thereby causing considerable waste. It has been attempted to
surmount these difficulties by the adoption of what is known to the trade as the
"ascensional" or up hill mode of casting that is to say the molten steel is
introduced at the bottom of the mould and rises to the top. The latter process
however does not fully answer the purpose and is costly in carrying into effect.
According to our invention we provide means whereby several ingots may be
cast simultaneously the metal being led to the top of each mould and poured
exactly into the centre. In what we now consider to be a convenient form of
apparatus we arrange any suitable number of moulds in a group each mould being
provided with a cover of cast iron or fire-brick or other suitable refractory material
or composition each cover having a hole or gate exactly opposite the centre of the
mould. When all of the moulds have been fitted with their covers the entire
group presents a flat surface upon which a slab or lid of cast iron or brick is placed
and secured in position by clamps or other means. A central gate or inlet for the
molten metal is formed in the said slab or lid, and gutters or passages are formed
in the lower side of the said slab leading from the said central gate or opening to
the holes in the covers of the several moulds in the group. By these arrangements
when the molten steel is poured either directly from the converter or from the

page_text: ordinary ladle into the central gate or orifice formed in the upper covering slab
the metal is led by the aforesaid gutters to the several moulds and poured thereinto
through the central openings whereby all risk of striking the sides of the moulds
is obviated while at the same time a number of ingots can be simultaneously
produced. As the level of the metal in the filler at the central gate is higher than
the level of the metal in the moulds, the metal in the moulds rises against the
mould covers and is to a certain extent compressed by the head of metal the
impurity in the metal naturally seeking the higher level so that a sound ingot is
produced and waste prevented. When the casting has been effected the frame
containing the group of moulds may be removed by a crane or on a bogie truck
and the ingots taken from the moulds. It is primarily intended that the moulds
should be of cast iron but and especially in the case of the smaller class of ingots
they may if desired be made of loam or of a kindred composition in accordance
with an invention for which one of us the said Thomas Hampton has made
application for Letters Patent on the 29th of June in the current year N° 7846.
Provision for the escape of gas from the moulds may be made by perforating the
sides or ends. In cases wherein we apply our invention to the casting of heavy
ingots whereby the combined weight of a group of moulds would render the
handling difficult we make the moulds separate or detachable so that when the
casting has been effected we may remove the upper slab and deal separately with
the moulds. In such a
case the moulds might either be arranged in a single rank
or they might be in detachable groups or clusters of two or more.
The gutters
leading from the central gate in the top slab may be lined with gutter bricks or
with loam, or composition to protect them from the effects of the molten steel but
this is not essential. By means of our hereinbefore described improved method of
casting steel ingots in groups from a central gate or metal inlet we obtain greater
certainty in the production of sound ingots, a reduction of waste, a saving of labour
and material and an economical and rapid production.
Dated this 24th day of Julv 1885

page_text: Improvements in the Method of Casting Steel Ingots.
We THOMAS HAMPTON of Arndean Barrow-in-Furness in the County of
Lancaster, Steel Manufacturer and JOHN FACER of 30 Cheltenhamn Street Barrow-
in-Furness aforesaid Bessemer Foreman do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF CASTING STEEL INGOTS
in what manner the same is to be performed to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement and accompanying drawings
-
"
and
Our Invention relates to the casting of ingots of steel made by any of the well
known steel making processes and applicable in the production of ingots made
from steel manufactured in accordance with an invention for which one of us
the said Thomas Hampton has obtained her Majesty's Letters Patent dated
24th October 1884 and numbered 14085. The-principal object of the invention is
to-east severulingots at once, the stream of molten-metal-being directed to the
centre of each inget mould so us to prevent the metal from striking the sides of
the mould-whereby the production of defective ingots-is-avoided and the mould--is
less liable to be injured.
And in order that our said invention may be properly understood we will now
proceed more particularly to describe and ascertain the system, mode or manner
in or under which the same is or may be used or carried practically into effect
reference being had to the annexed two sheets of drawings and to the letters and
figures marked thereon to be as follows, that is to say:
The drawings on Sheet 1 show our improvements as applied to the casting of
the smaller class of ingots of crucible or other steel. For this purpose we employ
a series or cluster of ingot moulds a which are all formed in one casting A.
Fig. 1 is a side elevation of the casting A whilst Figs. 2 and 3 are respectively
vertical and horizontal sections of the same showing the contained ingot moulds a.
It will be seen that the casting A is provided with a cover B. which fits upon the
top of A. The moulds a. are narrowed at their upper ends as shown and are
covered by removable slabs b. which are preferably made of fire brick though they
may also be made of any other suitable refractory material or of cast iron. The
said slabs b. have holes c. exactly opposite the centre of each ingot mould a as
shown in Figs. 2 and 4 and the said holes c. are connected by gutters d. with the
central hole c¹ of the series. The cover B. is provided with similar removable
gutter bricks or conduits e. as shown in Figs. 2 and 5 having gutters f. which come
directly over the gutters d. and holes c. in the slabs b. A. central opening
a removable lining is formed in the cover B. Trunnions are fixed to or formed
on the cover B. by which it may be slung in applying or removing the said cover.
The casting A is lifted and moved by means of slings attached to staples i which
are cast into or otherwise fixed to the casting A. Holes j. are formed in the
cover B. through which the staples project when the cover B. is in its place. The
casting A. rests upon a base k. in which are formed recessed continuations of the
ingot moulds a as seen more particularly at Fig. 2 of the drawings. By thus
recessing the base k. the joint of the mould with the base is raised a little from
the bottom and the formation of a fin on the casting at the place where the joint
with

page_text: "
occurs is rendered less likely. This recessing of the base may however be
dispensed with. When casting ingots in the hereinbefore described moulds we
place the casting A. upon the base k, guage pins, ledges or other means being
employed to adjust the portion A. correctly in position upon the base k. We then
place the cover B. on the top of A. and secure it thereto after which the moulds
are ready for the casting operation. The molten steel is poured into the central
opening g, as indicated by the arrow in Fig. 2 and is conducted along the gutters d.
to the various holes c. through each of which a stream of metal falls into the centre
of each of the moulds a as indicated by the arrows in Figs. 2 and 4. By being
thus directed to the centre of the moulds there is no danger of the molten metal
striking upon the sides of the moulds and thus causing the production of defective
ingots but no claim is made separately to the directing of the molten metal to the centre
of the moulds. Another advantage consequent upon the use of the described moulds
is that the cover B tends to exclude the atmosphere and thus to prevent the metal
from "boiling at the upper part of the mould which is another cause of defective
castings. As the molten metal rises in the moulds a the contained air and other
gases rise to the top and escape through the joints of the slabs b. with the top of
the casting A. to the side ports 1. and from thence by the openings m seen in Fig. 1
to the outer air. When the ingots are sufficiently cool the cover B. is removed the
casting A litted and the ingots taken from their respective moulds. When the
gutier bricks or slabs d. and e. have become worn by use or burned they can be
removed from the top of the moulds and from the cover and replaced by fresh slabs
or gutter bricks. The said slabs or gutter bricks are preferably laid in sections so
that if a portion only of the gutter bricks should have become damaged the
damaged section only can be replaced without removing the others also. Fig. 6 is
a sectional view showing a modification in the construction of the cover B. and
upper part of the mould A. In this instance the gutter sections . are made from
sand instead of being of brick as in the foregoing figures. The said sand sections b.
can be quickly rammed up in boxes, dried and placed in position in the recesses
formed in the top of the mould A. The cover B. is perfectly flat on its under side
and is not fitted with bricks or linings except at the central orifice g.
A filler o. is
placed on the top of the cover the said filler being lined with brick or other
material and secured in position by means of the tapered cottar p. as shown by the
partial plan view at Fig. 7. The lining of the central holes c. of each ingot
mould a has passages or ports 7. through which the air or gas escapes as the moulds a
are being filled. The said passages lead to the joints of the bricks or sections or
the passages may be continued through the gutter bricks, sides or cover.
Although we have described the molten steel as being poured into a central
opening . it is evident that the said supply opening might be at the side or in
any other suitable position so long as it is used to supply a series of moulds
simultaneously as described and shown. We might also point out that instead of
a cover having gutters or flat as described we might employ suitable covered conduits
either covered or uncovered and proceeding from one central or common supply
gate or opening to the centres of a series or cluster of moulds so as to cast several
ingots simultaneously. We prefer however to use the arrangements shown in our
drawings as we consider them the most practical and useful.
As we have already stated the arrangement shown on Sheet 1 of the drawings
is more particularly adapted for casting small ingots of crucible steel. A mould
containing a group of such castings can be easily lifted and handled but in the case
of larger ingots we prefer while arranging the moulds in groups to keep each
mould separate. Figs. 8 and 9 on Sheet 2. of the drawings show such an arrange-
ment. In this case the moulds a which as shown in Fig. 9 compose a group of
nine are placed separately on a common base k. and are covered by a common
cover B.
If considered desirable the cover B. and base k. might be arranged in
separable sections. The moulds a have each a square top or flange a so that when
the moulds are grouped together they present a flat square, recessed to receive the
gutter bricks, slabs or sand blocks b. which may be placed in position after the

page_text: moulds a have been put together or each top a' may carry its corresponding
portion of gutter brick. When the moulds a have been placed together on the
base k. and the gutter bricks b. properly laid the cover B. is superimposed and the
molten sieel poured through the central gate g. and directed by the gutters to
the centre of each mould in the group as already described with reference to the
figures on Sheet 1 of the drawings. When the casting has been effected the
cover B. is lifted and the moulds and ingots are removed separately, each mould
being slung from its staples i. Provision is made for the escape of air and gases
from the moulds as in the case of the foregoing examples. The moulds a in this
example might either be grouped together as shown or they might be arranged in
a rank or ranks. The slabs or so called gutter bricks or sections on the tops of
the moulds and in the cover might be of cast iron lined or protected by brick, loam,
sand or other heat resisting material or they might be of cast iron without such
lining. The casting or frame A. contained in the group of small ingot moulds a
referred to in Sheet 1. might either be of cast iron or of loam or other suitable
refractory material. Fig. 10 is a sectional view of a cover B. similar in formation
to that described with reference to Fig. 6 on Sheet 1 but more particularly suited
for application to a group of separate moulds as shown at Fig. 9. Fig. 11 is a
reduced plan of a cover B. lightened by removing part of the material composing
the cover SO 15 to leave the limbs B and B connected by the transverse
portion B. The said limbs cover the gutters on the tops of the moulds a and may
or may not be provided with gutters or lining. We do not claim the casting of steel
ingots simultaneously through centrally situated nozzles or outlets.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed we declare that
what we claim is :
1. In casting a number of steel ingots simultaneously and in groups directing
the molten metal from a central or common gate or opening y. by means of covered in
gutters or passages d. f. to holes or inlets c. situated centrally over each ingot mould a
in the group whereby the metal is poured in led through covered passages to the centre
of each mould substantially as described and shown.
2. The construction of the easting or moald A. as shown in Sheet 1 of the
drawings containing several small ingot moulds-a--und covered by removable-gutter
bricks or slabe b. of any suitable material and having gutters d. und holes c. us and
for the purposes hereinbefore described.
3.2. The cover B. with removable gutter bricks e. and a central or common gate g.
to receive the molten metal and also side ports 1. to permit of the escape of air and
gases substantially as described and shown.
43. The combination of the casting A. containing the grouped moulds a with the
base k. and cover B. for the purposes and substantially in the manner hereinbefore
described with reference to Sheet 1 of the drawings.
54. In the simultaneous casting of large ingots the employment of separate
moulds grouped together as shown in Sheet 2 of the drawings and provided with
gutter bricks having central holes in combination with the base k. and cover B.
having gutter bricks and central gate and air and gas ports all substantially as
described and shown.
Dated this 22nd day of April 1886.
DUTTON & FULTON,
Agents.

page_text: We THOMAS HAMPTON of Arndean Barrow-in-Furness in the County of
Lancaster, Steel Manufacturer and JOHN FACER of 30 Cheltenham Street Barrow-
in-Furness aforesaid Bessemer Foreman do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF CASTING STEEL INGOTS'
as follows:-
:-
:
" to be
:
Our Invention relates to the production of ingots of steel made by the Bessemer,
Siemen-Martin, Thomas-Gilchrist, Clapp-Griffith, or other similar process, from
crucible steel or from steel made in accordance with an invention for which the
said Thomas Hampton has made application for Her Majestys Letters Patent dated
24th October 1884 and numbered 14085. In casting steel ingots it is of importance
that the molten metal should not be allowed to strike the sides of the ingot mould
as the ingot is thereby often rendered defective and the mould is liable to be
injured or destroyed. In filling the moulds it is however sometimes difficult or
impossible always to direct the stream of molten metal so as to keep clear of the
sides and accordingly a considerable proportion of the ingots cast are defective.
An additional disadvantage of the ordinary method is that the top of the ingot is
frequently unsound thereby causing considerable waste. It has been attempted to
surmount these difficulties by the adoption of what is known to the trade as the
"ascensional "
or "up hill" mode of casting that is to say the molten steel is
introduced at the bottom of the mould and rises to the top.
The latter process
however does not fully answer the purpose and is costly in carrying into effect.
According to our invention we provide means whereby several ingots may be
cast simultaneously the metal being led to the top of each mould and poured
exactly into the centre. In what we now consider to be a convenient form of
apparatus we arrange any suitable number of moulds in a group each mould being
provided with a cover of cast iron or fire-brick or other suitable refractory material
or composition each cover having a hole or gate exactly opposite the centre of the
mould. When all of the moulds have been fitted with their covers the entire
group presents a flat surface upon which a slab or lid of cast iron or brick is placed
and secured in position by clamps or other means. A central gate or inlet for the
molten metal is formed in the said slab or lid, and gutters or passages are formed
in the lower side of the said slab leading from the said central gate or opening to
the holes in the covers of the several moulds in the group. By these arrangements
when the moulten steel is poured either directly from the converter or from the

page_text: ordinary ladle into the central gate or orifice formed in the upper covering slab
the metal is led by the aforesaid gutters to the several moulds and poured thereinto
through the central openings whereby all risk of striking the sides of the moulds
is obviated while at the same time a number of ingots can be simultaneously
produced. As the level of the metal in the filler at the central gate is higher than
the level of the metal in the moulds, the metal in the moulds rises against the
mould covers and is to a certain extent compressed by the head of metal the
impurity in the metal naturally seeking the higher level so that a sound ingot is
produced and waste prevented. When the casting has been effected the frame
containing the group of moulds may be removed by a crane or on a bogie truck
and the ingots taken from the moulds. It is primarily intended that the moulds
should be of cast iron but and especially in the case of the smaller class of ingots
they may if desired be made of loam or of a kindred composition in accordance
with an invention for which one of us the said Thomas Hampton has made
application for Letters Patent on the 29th of June in the current year N° 7846.
Provision for the escape of gas from the moulds may be made by perforating the
sides or ends. In cases wherein we apply our invention to the casting of heavy
ingots whereby the combined weight of a group of moulds would render the
handling difficult we make the moulds separate or detachable so that when the
casting has been effected we may remove the upper slab and deal separately with
the moulds. In such a case the moulds might either be arranged in a single rank
or they might be in detachable groups or clusters of two or more.
The gutters
leading from the central gate in the top slab may be lined with gutter bricks or
with loam, or composition to protect them from the effects of the molten steel but
this is not essential. By means of our hereinbefore described improved method of
casting steel ingots in groups from a central gate or metal inlet we obtain greater
certainty in the production of sound ingots, a reduction of waste, a saving of labour
and material and an economical and rapid production.

page_text: We THOMAS HAMPTON of Arndean Barrow-in-Furness in the County of
Lancaster, Steel Manufacturer and JOHN FACER of 30 Cheltenham Street Barrow-
in-Furness aforesaid Bessemer Foreman do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for " IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF CASTING STEEL INGOTS and
in what manner the same is to be performed to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement and accompanying drawings :-
"
Our Invention relates to the casting of ingots of steel made by any of the well
known steel making processes and applicable in the production of ingots made
from steel manufactured in accordance with an invention for which one of us
the said Thomas Hampton has obtained her Majesty's Letters Patent dated
24th October 1884 and numbered 14085. The principal object of the invention is
to cast several ingots at once, the stream of molten metal being directed to the
centre of each ingot mould so as to prevent the metal from striking the sides of
the mould whereby the production of defective ingots is avoided and the mould is
less liable to be injured.
And in order that our said invention may be properly understood we will now
proceed more particularly to described and ascertain the system, mode or manner
in or under which the same is or may be used or carried practically into effect
reference being had to the annexed two sheets of drawings and to the letters and
figures marked thereon to be as follows, that is to say:
The drawings on Sheet 1 show our improvements as applied to the casting of
the smaller class of ingots of crucible or other steel. For this purpose we employ
a series or cluster of ingot moulds a which are all formed in one casting A.
Fig. 1 is a side elevation of the casting A whilst Figs. 2 and 3 are respectively
vertical and horizontal sections of the same showing the contained ingot moulds a.
It will be seen that the casting A is provided with a cover B. which fits upon the
top of A. The moulds a. are narrowed at their upper ends as shown and are
covered by removable slabs b. which are preferably made of fire brick though they
may also be made of any other suitable refractory material or of cast iron. The
said slabs b. have holes c. exactly opposite the centre of each ingot mould a as
shown in Figs. 2 and 4 and the said holes c. are connected by gutters d. with the
central hole c¹ of the series. The cover B. is provided with similar removable
gutter bricks or conduits e. as shown in Figs. 2 and 5 having gutters f. which come
directly over the gutters d. and holes c. in the slabs b. A central opening g. with
a removable lining is formed in the cover B. Trunnions h are fixed to or formed
on the cover B. by which it may be slung in applying or removing the said cover.
The casting A is lifted and moved by means of slings attached to staples i which
are cast into or otherwise fixed to the casting A. Holes j. are formed in the
cover B. through which the staples project when the cover B. is in its place. The
casting A. rests upon a base k. in which are formed recessed continuations of the
ingot moulds a as seen more particularly at Fig. 2 of the drawings. By thus
recessing the base k. the joint of the mould with the base is raised a little from
the bottom and the formation of a fin on the casting at the place where the joint

page_text: occurs is rendered less likely. This recessing of the base k may however be
dispensed with. When casting ingots in the hereinbefore described moulds we
place the casting A. upon the base k. guage pins, ledges or other means being
employed to adjust the portion A. correctly in position upon the base k. We then
place the cover B. on the top of A. and secure it thereto after which the moulds
are ready for the casting operation. The molten steel is poured into the central
opening g. as indicated by the arrow in Fig. 2 and is conducted along the gutters d.
to the various holes c. through each of which a stream of metal falls into the centre
of each of the moulds a as indicated by the arrows in Figs. 2 and 4. By being
thus directed to the centre of the moulds there is no danger of the molten metal
striking upon the sides of the moulds and thus causing the production of defective
ingots. Another advantage consequent upon the use of the described moulds is
that the cover B tends to exclude the atmosphere and thus to prevent the metal
from "boiling" at the upper part of the mould which is another cause of defective
castings. As the molten metal rises in the moulds a the contained air and other
gases rise to the top and escape through the joints of the slabs b. with the top of
the casting A. to the side ports l. and from thence by the openings m seen in Fig. 1
to the outer air. When the ingots are sufficiently cool the cover B. is removed the
casting A lifted and the ingots taken from their respective moulds. When the
gutter bricks or slabs d. and e. have become worn by use or burned they can be
removed from the top of the moulds and from the cover and replaced by fresh slabs
or gutter bricks. The said slabs or gutter bricks are preferably. laid in sections so
that if a portion only of the gutter bricks should have become damaged the
damaged section only can be replaced without removing the others also. Fig. 6 is
a sectional view showing a modification in the construction of the cover B. and
upper part of the mould A.
In this instance the gutter sections b. are made from
sand instead of being of brick as in the foregoing figures. The said sand sections b.
can be quickly rammed up in boxes, dried and placed in position in the recesses
formed in the top of the mould A. The cover B. is perfectly flat on its under side
and is not fitted with bricks or linings except at the central orifice g.
A filler o. is
placed on the top of the cover the said filler being lined with brick or other
material and secured in position by means of the tapered cottar p. as shown by the
partial plan view at Fig. 7. The lining of the central holes c. of each ingot
mould a bas passages or ports r. through which the air or gas escapes as the
moulds a are being filled. The said passages lead to the joints of the bricks
or sections or the passages may be continued through the gutter bricks, sides
or cover.
Although we have described the molten steel as being poured into a central
opening g. it is evident that the said supply opening might be at the side or in
any other suitable position so long as it is used to supply a series of moulds
simultaneously as described and shown. We might also point out that instead of
a cover having gutters or flat as described we might employ suitable conduits
either covered or uncovered and proceeding from one central or common supply
gate or opening to the centres of a series or cluster of moulds so as to cast several
ingots simultaneously. We prefer however to use the arrangements shown in our
drawings as we consider them the most practical and useful.
As we have already stated the arrangement shown on Sheet 1 of the drawings
is more particularly adapted for casting sinall ingots of crucible steel. A mould
containing a group of such castings can be easily lifted and handled but in the case
of larger ingots we prefer while arranging the moulds in groups to keep each
mould separate. Figs. 8 and 9 on Sheet 2. of the drawings show such an arrange-
ment. In this case the moulds a which as shown in Fig. 9 compose a group of
nine are placed separately on a common base k. and are covered by a common
cover B. If considered desirable the cover B. and base k. might be arranged in
separable sections. The moulds a have each a square top or flange a¹ so that when
the moulds are grouped together they present a flat square, recessed to receive the
gutter bricks, slabs or sand blocks b. which may be placed in position after the

page_text: moulds a have been put together or each top a¹ may carry its corresponding
portion of gutter brick. When the moulds a have been placed together on the
base k. and the gutter bricks b. properly laid the cover B. is superimposed and the
molten steel poured through the central gate g. and directed by the gutters to
the centre of each mould in the group as already described with reference to the
figures on Sheet 1 of the drawings. When the casting has been effected the
cover B. is lifted and the moulds and ingots are removed separately, each mould
being slung from its staples i. Provision is made for the escape of air and gases
from the moulds as in the case of the foregoing examples. The moulds a in this
example might either be grouped together as shown or they might be arranged in
a rank or ranks. The slabs or so called gutter bricks or sections on the tops of
the moulds and in the cover might be of cast iron lined or protected by brick, loam,
sand or other heat resisting material or they might be of cast iron without such
lining. The casting or frame A. containing the group of small ingot moulds a
referred to in Sheet 1. might either be of cast iron or of loam or other suitable
refractory material. Fig. 10 is a sectional view of a cover B. similar in formation
to that described with reference to Fig. 6 on Sheet 1 but more particularly suited
for application to a group of separate moulds as shown at Fig. 9. Fig. 11 is a
reduced plan of a cover B. lightened by removing part of the material composing
the cover so as to leave the limbs B¹ B' and B³ connected by the transverse
portion B. The said limbs cover the gutters on the tops of the moulds a and may
or may not be provided with gutters or lining.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed we declare that
what we claim is:
1. In casting a number of steel ingots simultaneously and in groups directing
the molten metal from a central or common gate or opening g. by means of gutters
or passages d. f. to holes or inlets c. situated centrally over each ingot mould a in
the group whereby the metal is poured into the centre of each mould substantially
as described and shown.
2. The construction of the casting or mould A. as shown in Sheet 1 of the
drawings containing several small ingot moulds a. and covered by removable gutter
bricks or slabs b. of any suitable material and having gutters d. and holes c. as and
for the purposes herein before described.
3. The cover B. with removable gutter bricks e. and a central or common gate g.
to receive the molten metal and also side ports l. to permit of the escape of air and
gases substantially as described and shown.
4. The combination of the casting A. containing the grouped moulds a with the
base k. and cover B. for the purposes and substantially in the manner hereinbefore
described with reference to Sheet 1 of the drawings.
5. In the simultaneous casting of large ingots the employment of separate
moulds grouped together as shown in Sheet 2 of the drawings and provided with
gutter bricks having central holes in combination with the base k. and cover B.
having gutter bricks and central gate and air and gas ports all substantially as
described and shown.