Improvements in the manufacture
Year: 1899

page_text: Improvements in the manufacture
I, JOHN MALONEY, of 2, Church Road, Manor Park E., Chemical Burner, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
My invention relates to improvements in the manufacture of cements particu-
la ly white cements the object being to produce cements from chalk which shall
hove the setting power of Portland cement at very much less cost. The cement
produced by my process is also more compact and less absorbant than anything of
a similar class. In carrying my invention into effect I proceed in or in about
the following manner:-
I take chalk and dry it on an open drying floor or by any other suitable means.
I then break the chalk into pieces so that none of them exceed eight inches in any
direction. The dried and broken chalk is then immersed in a solution of thirty
pounds of alum, fifteen pounds of pearl ash and two pounds of borax dissolved in
water to make one hundred gallons. About one ton of dried chalk will absorb
the above mentioned quantity of solution and the drying of the chalk permits
of a tank of from ten to fifteen hundred gallons being filled in in two hours.
After the chalk has soaked in the solution for about twenty four hours, it is
thrown out and allowed to drain for at least two days before being burnt. The
draining ensures considerable saving in the burning required and also economises
the quantity of solution necessary for its treatment. The drained chalk is burnt
in a muffle kiln for from eighteen to twenty four hours according to the heat
obtained which should be a bright red. At this heat and using a kiln of the above
kind holding ten or twelve tons the contents should be drawn at the rate of say
ten hundredweight every three hours taking care to supply an equivalent amount
immediately after, it being important to keep the heat uniform. The cement
after being drawn should be kept in a dry clean place, until ground and the
grinding should take place as soon as possible. The grinding may be effected
either by the ordinary horizontal mill or edge runners through a 48 mesh sieve.
When the cement is properly burnt a sample should set on a marble slab in from
an hour and a half to two hours. If it is insufficiently burnt it will set more
quickly and if over burnt it will require more time to do so. Samples should be
taken every hour when grinding. A sample should be considered at set when it
will not receive the impression of a pencil lightly dropped thereon. The cement may
be tested for acidity or neutrality at any stage by the use of tumeric or litmus
paper and by other suitable means.
1
1900
HUGHES & YOUNG,
23, Coleman Street, E.C., Agents.

page_text: Improvements in the Manufacture of Cements.
I, JOHN MALONEY, of 2, Stanhope Terrace, Swanscombe, Kent, formerly of
2. Church Road, Manor Park, London, Cement Manufacturer, do hereby declare
the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement:--
My invention relates to improvements in the manufacture of cements and the
object is to provide a white cement which I claim to have setting powers superior
to that of Keen's cement; to be easily workable; is not subject to atmospheric
deterioration and can be painted twelve hours after being used. In carrying my
invention into effect I proceed in or in about the following manner. I take chalk
of the very best quality and free from iron, sand or other undesirable
matters and dry it on an open drying floor or by any other suitable
means, which will ensure the complete driving off of the water. The
drying however must not be overdone so as to convert the chalk into lime in
which condition it would be useless for the purpose of putting my invention into
practice. The chalk must be in small pieces in which condition the drying can
be
more closely watched and the subsequent saturation be more readily
carried out. For drying purposes the use of breeze would be pre-
ferable to either coal or coke as the heat obtained from that material would
be all sufficient for the drying operation. The dried chalk is placed in tanks of
convenient size containing a solution in water of alum, pearlash and borax in
the following proportions or thereabouts, namely, thirty pounds of alum, twelve
pounds of pearlash, two pounds of borax to one hundred gallons of water. A tank
helding ten tons of chalk should be left to saturate for not less than eighteen
hours and by the use of open drying floors a tank to take the above weight
of chalk may be filled in five hours, thereby saving loss of liquor by evaporation.
The chalk after saturation is removed from the tank and left to drain for twelve
hours after which it is burnt in an ordinary muffle kiln. The proper heat for
burning is a bright red one or such as can be estimated by observing that a
bright red heat exists in the heat hole of the kiln at which time there will be a
dull red heat in the kiln itself. The heat is to be sufficient to make the chalk of
such a character that two lumps of it will be broken on striking them lightly
together. The chalk in this condition should weigh about seventy one pounds to
the bushel and certainly not less than seventy pounds. The required burning
having been properly effected a kiln containing ten tons of saturated chalk can
and should be drawn every two or three hours but not more than three tons should
be drawn in twenty four hours and particular care must be taken to refil the kiln
after each drawing. The burner must use his discretion as to when he "draws"
the chalk according to how much the heat varies from the above temperature at
the time of burning. The cement after withdrawal should be kept in a dry clean
place until ground and the grinding should be done as soon as possible. The
grinding may be performed in the usual horizontal mill through a 48 mesh sieve.
A properly burnt sample of the cement guaged on a marble slab should be suffi-
ciently set so as not to receive the impression of a pencil lightly dropped on it, in
from two and a half to three hours, and the cement may be tested by test papers
or other means to see that it is free from acids.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is:-
1. The process of manufacturing cements from chalk by drying the chalk.

page_text: saturating it with a solution in water of alum, pearlash and borax; draining it;
burning it in a muffle kiln; and grinding it; the whole substantially as described
in the above specification.
2. The manufacture of cements from chalk in the manner substantially as
described in the above specification.
3. Cements manufactured from chalk by the process claimed in the above
Claims 1 and 2.
Dated this 6th day of February 1900
HUGHES & YOUNG,
23, Coleman Street, E.C., Agents.