IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING, WHOLLY OR IN PART, WROUGHT-IRON HEXAGON, SQUARE, OR OTHER SHAPED NUTS INTENDED FOR SCREW BOLTS, PARTS OF WHICH ARE APPLICABLE Tɔ MANUFACTURE BLANK BOLTS AND SET SCREWS
Year: 1871

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Edward Davies, Bolt and Nut Manufacturer, of
Atherton, in the County of Lancaster, and John Leyland, Foreman
Mechanic, also of Atherton, in the said County, for the Invention
of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING,
WHOLLY OR IN PART, WROUGHT-IRON HEXAGON, SQUARE, OR OTHER SHAPED
NUTS INTENDED FOR SCREW BOLTS, PARTS OF WHICH ARE APPLICABLE Tɔ
MANUFACTURE BLANK BOLTS AND SET SCREWS."
Sealed the 16th January 1872, and dated the 4th October 1871.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Edward Davies and
John Leyland at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 4th October 1871.
We, EDWARD DAVIES, Bolt and Nut Manufacturer, of Atherton, in
the County of Lancaster, and JOHN LEYLAND, Foreman Mechanic,
also of Atherton, in the said County, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR

page_text: MANUFACTURING, WHOLLY OR IN PART, WROUGHT-IRON HEXAGON, SQUARE, OR OTHER
SHAPED NUTS INTENDED FOR SCREW BOLTS, PARTS OF WHICH ARE APPLICABLE TO
MANUFACTURE BLANK BOLTS AND SET SCREWS," to be as follows:
-
This Invention consists in the employment of various self-acting
mechanical contrivances for making, wholly or in part, wrought-iron
hexagon, square, or other shaped nuts, as also blank bolts or forgings
intended for screw bolts and set screws.
In one arrangement for the manufacturo in part of wrought-iron
hexagon, square, or other shaped nuts, there is to the framework of the
machine attached suitable bearings for supporting a shaft, on which is
a cylinder or disc having four holes bored at right angles to cach
other extending from the outer to the inner circle or diameter; in each
of these holes is fitted a mandril or punch actuated by contact with a
fixed cam on the cylinder or disc shaft before named; this cam being
placed within a recess of the cylinder or disc in such manner that the
ends of cach of the mandrils or punches rest upon it, and as the
cylinder or disc revolves round it whilst it is held stationary, cach
mandril or punch being in contact with it is gradually pushed further
out through cups or crowners fitted into the cylinder or disc at each
of the several holes before named. In the sides of the cylinder or disc
are four slots to admit of a toothed wheel being inserted in each, tho
holes in the centres of which are square; into these are fitted (without
being fastened to) the several mandrils or punches. On the cylinder or
disc shaft is another wheel which is geared to cach of the wheels just
named, and it not being fastened to the shaft, motion is conveyed to it
from time to time as may be required by means of a ratchet lever (or
other suitable contrivance) worked by a cam, tappet, or arm on a shaft
below; such movement being thus conveyed to the cylinder or disc
wheels as shall cause them to move the mandrils or punclics such
portion of a revolution within the cups or crowners as may be necessary
to bring the several sides of the nut (then in process of formation)
between the two hammers, as herein-after described. On the same shaft
which carries the cylinder or disc is fixed a smaller disc or wheel having
notches, holes, or projections on its outer diameter or side; a catch
pressed by a spring being at the required time forced into one of these
notches or holes, or in contact with a projection, holds the cylinder or
disc stationary, whilst the several hammers and rammers have each
performed their separate work; after which the catch is withdrawn by

page_text: contact with a lever or arm fixed on the shaft below, the cylinder.or
disc being thus free to revolve the required segment of a circle when
the catch again acts as described. In convenient position to the
cylinder or disc shaft is another shaft on which is a cam, tappet, or
arm acting upon the elongated teeth or prongs of a wheel fixed on the
cylinder or disc shaft, which causes the cylinder or disc to revolve the
required distancé necessary to bring each mandril or punch immediately
opposite the respective hammers and rammers. In a line with and
central to the mandrils or punches when at rest in a horizontal position
are two rammers which are worked by eccentrics, cams, or tappets on a
shaft below; the rammer first operating on the nut presses it on to the
mandril or punch then immediately opposite, and into the cup or
crowner before it is hammered; the other rammer pushing back tho
mandril or punch, and flattening the nut after it has been hammered.
On the top part of the framework working in holes, slots, or slides aro
two hammers, one being adjusted at each side of the cylinder or disc,
each having dies or faces necessary to give the required shape to the
nut, whether hexagon, square, or of other formation; these hammers aro
worked by levers which are in turn acted upon by cams or tappets on
the cam shaft below; the necessary power having been conveyed to
cause the hammers to strike a blow, they are withdrawn by springs, and
are again ready to be acted upon as before.
Separately from this machine, by other apparatus, the heated. bar of
iron is punched and cut off to the required size, and whilst still hot the
partially formed nut is placed upon one of the mandrils or punches,
immediately on which the rammer then opposite presses it into the cup
or crowner fixed in the cylinder or disc; the rammer being then with-
drawn the cylinder or disc is moved round a part of a revolution, and
the mandril or punch, on which is the nut, is at the same time pushed
further out, thus placing the nut between the two hammers, which
simultaneously strike the two opposite sides of the nut; the mandrils
or punches being now moved round the segment of a circle by the
action of the wheels in the cylinder or disc, each side of the nut is
successively operated upon by the hammers; the cylinder or disc once
again revolving, a segment of a circle, the nut is brought opposite the
second rammer which pushes the mandril or punch out of the nut, and
presses the nut into the cup or crowner, thus flattening and finishing the
A 2

page_text: same, the rammer being then drawn back the nut is released, and is now
ready for tapping.
If desirable a punching and cutting-off apparatus may be added to
the foregoing machine, in which the cutter forms a die corresponding
with the shape of the nut required to be made, and is attached to a rod !
working in slots or slides acted upon by the rammer operating in the
first process as described; the heated bar being placed against the faco
of the moveable cutter, and the rammer coming in contact with the
。 same, it is pushed against the point of the mandril or punch, the cutter
die being at the same time pushed on to the mandril or punch, and 1
afterwards held stationary; the rammer meantime pressing forward
forces the metal through the cutter die and on to the mandril or punch,
thus punching the hole and cutting off the nut at one and the same
time, the rammer still pressing forward through the die presses the nut
into the cup or crowner to have its edges champered, after which it is 1
drawn back; the cutter also being withdrawn out of the way of the
mandrils or punches by a spring, or by connection with a cam or tappet
on the cam shaft.
In another arrangement for the manufacture wholly or in part of
hexagon, square, or other shaped nuts, the mandrils or punches work 2
through cups or crowners fixed in the face of a cylinder or disc in
place of the rim or edge (as in the foregoing description), which cylinder
or disc revolves upon a stud or shaft affixed to the end of the frame-
work; on it is a cam, against the face of which the ends of the mandrils
or punches come in contact, and are thus gradually pushed out through 2
the cups or crowners as they are carried with the cylinder or disc round
the stud or shaft. On the same cylinder or disc is a rim or flange, in
which are notches, holes, or projections, into or against which is forced
by a spring a catch receiving motion from a side shaft, in such manner
as shall cause it to move the cylinder or disc round such segment of a 3
revolution at such time as may be required to bring the several mandrils
or punches in proper position to place the several nuts ready to be
operated upon by the respective rammers and hammers. In the rim or
flange of the cylinder or disc in which are fixed the cups or crowners
there are notches, holes, or projections, a catch being forced by a spring 3.
into or in contact with which holds the cylinder or disc stationary
whilst the several rammers and hammers are in operation; the catch
being afterwards withdrawn from contact by an arm or lever worked by

page_text: Can On the Side smart. The rammiers work in slots or slides afixed to
.each side of the machine, and receive the necessary motion from cams,
tappets, or cranks on a cam shaft at the back in a similar manner as in
the first arrangement.
The hammers, two in number, are constructed so that the centre or
thereabouts between the two extreme ends may work upon a stud, pin,
or shaft; one end of each being operated upon by connection with
cams, tappets, or cranks on the cam shaft before named, whilst the
other ends to which are fixed the dies or faces operate upon the nuts at
each whole or partial revolution of the cam shaft, the hammers being
simultaneously brought into forcible contact, with the two opposite sides
of the nut.
:
The nut after being punched and cut off, either separately or by
apparatus as before described, and placed upon the mandril or punch,
and pressed into the cup or crowner by the rammer then immediately
opposite, is on the withdrawal of the hammer carried by the cylinder ór
disc a part of a révolution and is brought opposite the two hammers, the'
mandril or punch meantime being forced out by contact with the cam
on the cylinder or disc shaft, the nut is pushed out of the cup or
crowner, and is brought immediately between the hammers, faces, or
dies. On each mandril or punch is a wheel having teeth, notches, or
projections, upon which operates a catch, worked by a cam or wheel oņ
a longitudinal shaft, receiving motion from the cam shaft in such
manner as shall cause the mandril or punch upon which is the nut
being operated upon by the hammers to revolve such portion of a circle
as may be requisite between each blow of the hammer to present
another side of the nut to be hammered, and so successively until each
of the several sides of the nut have been separately operated upon;
when the cylinder or disc being moved a further segment of a revolu-
tion the nut is brought opposite the second rammer by which the
mandril or punch is pressed back and out of the nut; the latter being
at the same timé pressed into the cup or crowner and flattened is
released by the withdrawal of the rammer, and is now ready for
tapping..

page_text: operated upon by a catch or rachet lever in such manner as to cause
it to revolve such segment of a circle as may be required. A cup or
crowner is fitted into the front of the head stock through which the
mandril or punch passes, immediately opposite which is a rammer
worked by connection with a cam, tappet, or arm on a shaft below or {
behind; the nut, having been previously punched and cut off by
apparatus as before described or by independent means, is pressed into
the cup or crowner by the rammer after being placed upon the mandril
or punch, which is then forced outwards by a lever operated upon by a
cam, tappet, or arm, so as to place the nut out of the cup or crowner,
and bring it between two hammers operating from above and below or
from opposite sides of the nut, these hammers being worked in a
similar manner as before described in other arrangements; the hammers
having struck opposite sides of the nut, it is then moved round by the
catch or ratchet lever acting upon the disc or wheel fixed on the
mandril or punch, so as to bring other sides of the nut to be hammered
in like manner, and so successively until cach side of the nut has been
operated upon; after which the mandril or punch is drawn back (so as
to free the nut) by means of a spring or other contrivance.
In another arrangement the raminer is so constructed as to carry the
cup or crowner and also the mandril or punch, the latter however being
drawn back by independent means; the nut being cut off and punched.
by similar apparatus as before described or by such other arrangements
as may be desired, and placed on the mandril or punch, is pressed
against a die or face plate fitted into a head stock in which is a hole
to admit the mandril or punch; the opposite sido of the nut being
compressed by the cup or crowner fitted at the end of the rammer,
which latter being drawn back by connection with a cam, tappet, or
arm on a shaft behind or below, and the mandril or punch also being
moved so as to bring the nut away from the die or face plate and place
it between two hammers worked by connection with cams, tappets, or
arms on the same shaft giving motion to the rammers; each side of the
nut is separately hammered by the mandril or punch being caused to move
round in a similar manner and by the like contrivances as employed in
other arrangements before described, after which the mandril or punch
is drawn back into the cup or crowner of the rammer by a spring or
other arrangement, thus liberating the nut which is now ready for
tapping.

page_text: To be used with or separately from either or any of the foregoing
arrangements, whether by hand or power, is a novel form of die or
Swage so constructed with ends that the sides and ends of the nut are
formed at one and the same time. This can be done by having two
dies with semicircle recesses formed at each end, to admit of the
mandril or punch being passed through the same and resting upon the
bottom die or swage; the inner part of the dies or swages when placed
together corresponds exactly with the shape of the nut required to be
made, or one die or swage may be used with the ends spaced out as
described, the inner part of which corresponding exactly with the shape of
one half the nut to be formed, to be used in combination with an
ordinary flat hammer or a die corresponding with the sides only of the
nut; or two dies or swages may be used, the inner part of each being
shaped to correspond with half the sides and half one end of the nut
to be made, but with a slot in each end to admit the mandril or punch;
such dies or swages being placed at a given angle the blow of the
hammer operates upon all parts of the nut in course of formation with
equal effect.
For making or forging blank bolts or set screws, a revolving cylinder
or disc is used having its flat side facing upwards, in which are a series
of holes having loose bosses or collars with holes through their centro
adjusted in each; fitting in these are mandrils or spindles, the ends of
which furthest from the face of the cylinder or disc being in contact
with a fixed cam suitably placed beneath the cylinder or disc. The
heated bar of iron being first cut off to the required length is placed in
one of the bosses or collars and forced down until it comes in contact
with the mandril or spindle by a rammer, which still pressing
downwards partially forms the head of the bolt or set screw; after
which the cylinder or disc being moved round the segment of a circle,
and the bolt or set screw being meantime elevated so as to place the
partially formed head away from contact with the boss or collar by the
mandril or spindle acted upon by the fixed cam, is brought between
two hammers constructed with dies or swages to suit the form of head'
required to be made. On cach boss or collar is a toothed wheel worked
by similiar means as employed in moving the mandrils or punches, as
described in the arrangements for the manufacture of nuts; by which
the several sides of the head of the bolt or set screw are presented
successively to be operated upon by the hammers until each has been

page_text: separately struck. The cylinder or disc revolving a further segment of
a circle brings the head of the bolt or set screw opposite another
rammer, and there being in the fixed cam at this point immediately
opposite the bolt or set screw end a recess on the rammer pressing
against the head of the bolt or set screw the mandril or spindle is
pushed down into the same; thus permitting the rammer which is still
pressing downwards to compress the head against the face of the boss or
collar, and the cup or crowner fitted on the end of the rammer gives the
finishing formation to the head of the bolt or set screw; on the cylinder
or disc being again moved the part of a revolution required, the mandril
or spindle is by the action of the fixed cam elevated so as to push up
the bolt or set screw which is then removed; the boss or collar being
then ready to receive another piece of heated iron to be operated upon
in a similar manner.
Similar mechanical appliances for giving the required motions are
obtained by the use of cams, tappets, or arms, as employed in each or
either of any of the arrangements for the manufacture of nuts.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Edward Davies and John Leyland in the Great
Seal Patent Office on the 4th April 1872.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, EDWARD
DAVIES, Bolt and Nut Manufacturer, of Atherton, in the County of
Lancaster, and JOHN LEYLAND, Foreman Mechanic, also of Atherton,
in the said County, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her :
Letters Patent, bearing date the Fourth day of October, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, in the thirty-
fifth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto us, the said Edward Davies and John Leyland, Her
special license that we, the said Edward Davies and John Leyland,
our executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as we, tho
said Edward Davies and John Leyland, our executors, administrators,
and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time
to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,

page_text: should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and
Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS
FOR MANUFACTURING, WHOLLY OR IN PART, WROUGHT-IRON HEXAGON, SQUARE, OR
OTHER SHAPED NUTS INTENDED FOR SCREW BOLTS, PARTS OF WHICH ARE APPLICABLE
TO MANUFACTURE BLANK BOLTS AND SET SCREWS," upon the condition (amongst
others) that we, the said Edward Davies and John Leyland, by an
instrument in writing under our hands and seals, or the hand and seal
of one of us, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of
the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Edward Davies and John
Leyland, do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement (that is to say) :—
Our Invention relates, firstly, to an arrangement for the manufacture
in part of wrought-iron hexagon, square, or other shaped nuts, in which
there is to the framework of the machine attached suitable bearings for
supporting a shaft, on which is a cylinder or disc having four holes
bored at right angles to each other, extending from the outer to the
inner circle or diameter; in each of these holes is fitted a mandrill or
punch, actuated by contract with a fixed cam on the cylinder or disc
shaft before named, this cam being placed within a recess formed in the
cylinder or disc in such manner that the ends of each of the mandrils or
punches rest upon it, and as the cylinder or disc revolves round it whilst
it is held stationary, each mandril or punch being in contact with it is
gradually pushed further out, through the cups or crowners fitted into
the cylinder or disc at each of the several holes before named. In
the sides of the cylinder or disc are four slots to admit of a toothed
wheel being inserted in each, the holes in the centres of which are
square, and into these are fitted (without being fastened to) the several
mandrils or punches; on the cylinder or disc shaft is another wheel
which is geared with each of the wheels just named, and it not being
fastened to the shaft motion is conveyed to it from time to time as may
be required by a ratchet lever (or other suitable contrivance) worked by
a cam, tappet, or arm on a shaft below, such movement being thus

page_text: conveyed to the cylinder or disc wheels as shall cause them to move the
mandrils or punches such portion of a revolution within the cups or
crowners as may be necessary to bring the several sides of the nut (then
in process of formation) between two hammers as herein-after described.
On the same shaft which carries the cylinder or disc is fixed a smaller
disc or wheel having notches, holes, or projections on its outer diameter
or side; a catch pressed by a spring being at the required time forced
into one of these notches or holes, or in contact with a projection, holds
the cylinder or disc stationary, whilst the several hammers and rammers
have cach performed their separate work, after which the catch is with-
drawn by contact with a lever or arm fixed on the shaft below; the
cylinder or disc being thus free to revolve the required segment of a
circle, when the catch again acts as described. In convenient position
to the cylinder or disc shaft is another shaft on which is a cam, tappet,
or arm acting upon the elongated. teeth or prongs of a wheel fixed on:
the cylinder or disc shaft, which causes the cylinder or disc to revolve
the required distance necessary to bring each mandril or punch
immediately opposite the respective hammers and rammers. In a line
with and central to the mandrils or punches, when at rest in a
horizontal position, are two rammers which are worked by eccentrics,
cams, or tappets on a shaft below the rammer; first operating on the
nut, presses it on to the mandril or punch then immediately opposite, and
into the cup or crowner before it is hammered; the other rammer
pushing back the mandril or punch, and flattening the nut after it has
been hammered.
On the top part of the framework working in holes, slots or slides, are
two hammers, one being adjusted at each side of the cylinder or disc,
each having dies or faces necessary to give the required shape to the
nut, whether hexagon, square, or of other formation; these hammers
are worked by levers which are in turn acted upon by cams or tappets :
on the cam shaft below; the necessary power having been conveyed to
cause the hammers to strike a blow they are withdrawn by springs, and
are again ready to be acted upon as before.
Separately from this machine, by other apparatus, the heated bar of
iron is punched and cut off to the required size, and whilst still hot the;
partially formed nut is placed upon one of the mandrils or punelies,
immediately on which the rammer then opposite presses it into the cup
or crowner fixed in the cylinder or disc; the rammer being withdrawn the

page_text: cylinder or disc is moved round a part of revolution, and the mandrils
or punch on which is the nut, is at the same time pushed further out,
thus placing the nut in proper position between the two hammers, which
simultaneously strike the opposite sides of the nut; the mandrils or
punches being now moved round the segment of a circle by the action
of the wheels in the cylinder or disc each side of the nut is succes-
sively operated upon by the hammers; the cylinder or disc once again
revolving a segment of a circle, the nut is brought opposite the
second rammer, which pushes the mandril or punch out of the nut,
and presses the nut into the cup or crowner, thus flattening and
finishing the same; the rammer being then drawn back the nut is
released, and is now ready for tapping.
If desirable a punching and cutting-off apparatus may be added to the
foregoing machine, in which the cutter forms a die corresponding with
the shape of the nut required to be made, and is attached to a rod
working in slots or slides, acted upon by the rammer operating in the
first process as described; the heated bar being placed against the face
of the moveable cutter, and the rammer coming in contact with the
same, it is pushed against the point of the mandril or punch, the cutter
die being at the same time pushed on to the mandril or punch, and after-
wards held stationary; the rammer meantime pressing forwards forces
the metal through the cutter dic and on to the mandril or punch, thus
punching the hole, and cutting off the nut at one and the same time;
the rammer still pressing forwards through the die presses the nut into
the cup or crowner to have its edges champered, after which it is drawn
back, the cutter die being withdrawn out of the way of the mandrils or
punches by a spring or by connection with a cam or tappet on the cam
shaft.
In another arrangement for the manufacture wholly or in part of a
hexagon, square, or other shaped nuts, the mandrils or punches work
through cups or crowners fixed in the face of a cylinder or disc, in place
of the rim or edge (as in the foregoing description); which cylinder or

page_text: On the cylinder or disc is a rim or flange in which are notches, holes,
or projections, into or against which is forced by a spring a catch
receiving motion from a side shaft in such manner as shall cause it to
move the cylinder or disc round such segment of a circle, at such time
as may be required to bring the several mandrils or punches in proper
position to place the several nuts ready to be operated upon by the
respective rammers and hammers.
In the rim or flange of the cylinder or disc in which are fixed the
cups or crowners there are notches, holes, or projections, a catch being
forced by a spring into or in contact with which holds the cylinder or
disc stationary whilst the several rammers and hammers are in operation,
the catch being afterwards withdrawn from contact by an arm or lever
worked by a cam on the side shaft.
The rammers work in slots or slides affixed to each side of the
machine and receive the necessary motion cams, tappets, or cranks on a
cam shaft at the back in a similar manner as in the first arrangement.
The hammers, two in number, are constructed so that the centre or
thereabouts between the two extreme ends may work upon a stud, pin,
or shaft, one end of each being operated upon by connection with cams,
tappets, or cranks on the shaft before named, whilst the other ends,
to which are fixed the dies or faces, operate upon the nuts at each
whole or partial revolution of the cam shaft, the hammers being simul-
taneously brought into forcible contact with the two opposite sides of
the nut.
The nut after being punched and cut off, either separately or by
apparatus as before described, and placed upon the mandril or punch
and pressed into the cup or crowner by the rammer then immediately
opposite, is on the withdrawal of the rammer carried by the cylinder or
disc a part of a revolution and is brought opposite the two hammers;
the mandril or punch being forced out by contact with the cam on the
cylinder or disc shaft the nut is pushed out of the cup or crowner and is
brought immediately between the hammer faces or dies.
On each mandril or punch is a wheel having teeth, notches, or pro-
jections, upon which operates a catch worked by a cam or wheel
on a longitudinal shaft, receiving motion from the cam shaft in such
manner as shall cause the mandril or punch upon which is the nut being
operated upon by the hammers to revolve such portion of a circle as

page_text: may be requisite between each blow of the hammers to present other
sides of the nut to be hammered, and so successively until each of the
several sides of the nut have been operated upon; when the cylinder or
disc being moved a further segment of a revolution the nut is brought
opposite the second rammer, by which the mandril or punch is pressed
back and out of the nut, the latter being at the same time pressed into
the cup or crowner and flattened is released by the withdrawal of the
rammer and is now ready for tapping.
In another arrangement only one mandril or punch is used, which is
fitted into a head stock attached to the framework of the machine. On
one part of the mandril or punch is placed a disc or wheel which is
operated upon by a catch or ratchet lever in such manner as to cause it.
to revolve such segment of a circle as may be required. A cup or
crowner is fitted into the part of the head stock through which the
mandril or punch passes, immediately opposite which is a rammer
worked by connection with a cam, tappet, or arm on a shaft below or
behind. The nut having been previously punched and cut off by
apparatus as before described or by independent means, is pressed into
the cup or crowner by the rammer after being placed upon the mandril
or punch, which is then forced outwards by a lever operated upon by a
cam, tappet, or arm, so as to place the nut out of the cup or crowner
and bring it between two hammers operating from above and below or
from opposite sides of the nut, these hammers being worked in a similar
manner as before described in other arrangements. The hammers
having struck opposite sides of the nut, it is then moved round by
the catch or ratchet lever acting upon the disc or wheel fixed on the
mandril or punch, so as to bring other sides of the nut to be hanımıered
in like manner, and so successively until each side of the nut has been
operated upon; after which the mandril or punch is drawn back (so as
to free the nut) by means of a spring or other contrivance.
In another arrangement the rammer is so constructed as to carry the
cup or crowner and also the mandril or punch, the latter being however
drawn back by independent means. The nut being cut off and punched
by apparatus as before described, or by such other arrangements as may
be desired, and placed on the mandril or punch, is pressed against a die
or face plate fitted into a head stock in which is a hole to admit the
mandril or punch; the opposite side of the nut being compressed by the
cup or crowner fitted on the end of the rammer, which being drawn

page_text: back by connection with a cam tappet, or arm, on a shaft behind or
below, and the mandril or punch also being moved so as to bring
the nut away from the die or face plate and place it between the two
hammers worked by connection with cams, tappets, or arms on the
shaft giving motion to the rammer, each side of the nut is separately
hammered by the mandril or punch being caused to move round in a
similar manner and by the like contrivances as employed in other arrange-
ments before described, after which the mandril or punch is drawn back
into the cups or crowners of the rammer by a spring or other arrange-
ment, thus liberating the nut which is now ready for tapping.
To be used with or separately from either or any of the foregoing
arrangements, whether by hand or power, is a novel form of dic or
swage, so constructed with ends that the sides and ends of the nut are
formed at one and the same time. This can be done by having two dies
with semicircle recesses formed at each end to admit of the mandril or
punch being passed through the same, and resting upon the bottom die
or swage. The inner part of the dies or swages when placed together
corresponds exactly with the shape of the nut required to be made, or
one die or swage may be used with the ends spaced out as described, the
inner part of which corresponding exactly with the shape of one-half
the nut to be formed, to be used in combination with an ordinary flat
hammer or a dic corresponding with the side only of the nut, or two
dies or swages may be used, the inner part of cach being shaped to
correspond with half the side and half one end of the nut to be made,
but with a slot in cach end to admit the mandril or punch, such dies or
swages being placed at a given angle. The blow of hammer operates
upon all parts of the nut in course of formation with equal effect.
For making or forging blank bolts or set screws a revolving cylinder
or disc is used, having its flat sido facing upwards, in which are a series
of holes having loose bosses or collars with holes through their centres
adjusted in cach. Fitting in these are mandrils or spindles, the ends of
which furthest from the face of the cylinder or disc being in contact
with a fixed cam suitably placed beneath the cylinder or disc, tho
heated bar of iron being first cut off to the required length is placed
in one of the bosses or collars, and forced down until it comes in
contact with the mandril or spindle by a rammer, which still pressing
downwards partially forms the head of the bolt or set screw, after which
the cylinder or disc being moved round the segment of a circle, and the

page_text: bolt or set screw being meantime elevated so as to place the
partially formed head away from contact with the boss or collar by
the mandril or spindle acted upon by the fixed cam, it is brought
between two hammers constructed with dies or swages to suit the form,
of head required to be made.
On cach boss or collar is a toothed wheel worked by similar means as
employed in moving the mandrils or punches, as described in the
arrangements for the manufacture of nuts, by which the several sides
of the head of the bolt or set screw are presented successively to be
operated upon by the hammers until each have been separately struck;
the cylinder or disc revolving a further segment of a circle brings the
head of the bolt or set screw opposite another rammer, and there being
in the fixed cam at this point immediately opposito the bolt or set screw
end a recess on the rammer passing against the head of the bolt or set
screw, the mandril or spindle is pushed down into the same, thus
permitting the rammer, which is still pressing downwards, to compress
the bead against the face of the boss or collar, and the cup or crowner
fitted on the end of the rammer gives the finishing formation to the
head of the bolt or set screw. On the cylinder or disc being again
moved thic part of a revolution required the mandril or spindle is by
the action of the fixed cam elevated so as to push up the bolt or sct
screw, which is then removed, the boss or collar being then ready to
receive another piece of heated iron to be operated upon in a similar
manner.
Similar mechanical appliances for giving the required motions are
obtained by the use of cams, tappets, or arms, as employed in cach or
cither of any of the arrangements for the manufacture of nuts.
In order that the Invention may be more clearly understood and
explained in detail, we have hereunto attached four Sheets of Drawings,
having similar letters of reference marked upon corresponding parts of
the several apparatus.
The first of our arrangements for the manufacture wholly or in part
of wrought-iron hexagon, square, or other shaped untapped nuts is
shewn in Sheet 1, Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4. Figures 1 and 2 aro
3 respectively end and side elevations, parts of which are drawn in
section, and Figures 3 and 4 are end and side clevations shewing the
machine in a complete form.

page_text: In Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4, A represents the cylinder or disc fixed on
the shaft B, the cylinder or disc A being made in two parts screwed
together, the centre of which is chambered or hollow to admit of the
cam C, which operates upon the mandrils or punches D', D³, D', D',
being inserted in the same. The cylinder or disc A is formed with a long
boss as shown at E in Figure 2, which is bored to admit the cam
shaft F, being held from revolving by the fixture G attached to the
framework, and to which the shaft F is fastened. On the end of the
shaft B is affixed the star wheel J, which is acted upon by the arm K on
the cam shaft L in such manner as to cause the cylinder or disc A to:
revolve the fourth part of a circle with each revolution of the shaft L,
or the desired motion may be obtained by having a disc formed as in
Sheet 3, Figure 4, in which the disc A is caused to revolve as desired by
the catch a, worked by connection with the arm b, operated upon by the
arm or cam c, the catch a being forced into the notches c¹, c³, c³, c', by 1
a spring. At each revolution of the arm or cam c it is brought in
contact with the arm b, and by this means draws the catch a in such
manner as to move the disc A round the required segment of a
revolution. Working loosely on the boss of the cylinder or disc A is
the wheel M, gearing with the wheels N¹, Nº, N³, N*, which loosely fit
upon the square part of the mandrils or punches D', D³, D', D', motion
to which is conveyed as required by the cams 01, 0, acting upon the
lever P, which working upon the stud R and being connected by the
links S to the stud on the wheel M, the wheels N', Nº, N³, N', are moved
round the fourth part of a revolution, thus turning the mandrils or
punches D', D3, D', 'D', a similar segment of a circle, details of which
arrangement are shown in Sheet 3, Figure 1. In the same Sheet is also
shewn another contrivance for working the wheels N', N', N³, N', in
which there is formed on the back of or attached to the wheel Ma
ratchet, upon the teeth of which operates the arm a connected to the a
lever b, which is acted upon by the cams C³, C², C, C, on the cam shaft L
in such manner as to push it round the required segment of a circle, and
thereby move the wheels D', D³, D³, D', to a similar degree, the arm
pressed by the spring e holding the wheel M. stationary until the
operation is again renewed.
if the

page_text: the lever W, being compressed into one of the four notches ƒ', ƒ',ƒ³‚ƒ^,
and afterwards released by the cam X on the cam shaft L acting upon
the other arm of the lever.
The rammers U', U³, working in the slots or bearings Y¹, Y*, are acted
upon by the upper arm of the levers Z', Z', working upon the shafts a', a³,
the lower arms of "which levers Z, Z, are pressed into contact with the
cam b on the cam shaft L by the springs O', C', acting upon the short
arms d³, d², fixed upon the lever shaft a', a³, by which means also the
rammers U¹, Uª, are withdrawn after having operated upon the respective
nuts. The face of the rammer U' in Figure 6, Sheet 2, is shown in
section, it being bored to admit the points of the mandrils or punches D', D³,
D', D', as they are severally brought into position for the rammers U', U³,
to act, and where the nuts are punched and cut off by the same
machine as described in this arrangement the punchings from the nut
are forced into the cavity ƒ formed at the end of the bored part, from
whence they escape through a hole in the bottom of the rammer U¹.
The moveable cutter die 9 is shewn in position ready to operate upon
the heated bar h on the same being forced against it by the pressure of
the rammer U'. The arrangement for moving back the cutter die 9 after
the nut has been punched, cut off, and pressed into the cup or crowner i
by the rammer U' is shewn in Sheet 3, Figure 5, one arm of the lever k
working on the stud / being actuated by contact with the cam m on the
cam shaft L, the other arm being connected with the cutter die g at each
revolution of the cam m, the cutter dic will be moved back so as to
place it out of the way of the mandrils or punches D¹, D³, D³, D', before
the cylinder or disc A begins to revolvo.
The hammers V', V', which slide to and from through the bearings n, aro
acted upon by the levers o³, o, which working upon the centro pins p', p',
are formed so as to straddle the cylinder or disc shaft B, the necessary
motion being conveyed to the levers o³, o, by the side cams q, q, in such
manner as to cause them to operate upon the hammers V₁, V³, so as to
give the required number of blows to the nut then in course of forma-
tion. The centre. pins p', p³, being adjustable by means of the
wedges ¹³, and set screws 8³, 8³, in accordance with the size of nut
intended to be made, springs are employed for keeping the levers o³, o³,
in contact with the cams q, q, the hammers thereby being withdrawn
after each blow, leaving the nut free to be turned round or moved away
as the case may be.

page_text: In Figure 1 the square ends of the mandrils or punches D', D', are
shewn to be in contact with the cam C, whilst the others D³, D³, arc
pushed out, showing the nut on the mandril or punch D³ in position ready
to be operated upon by the hammers V, V, and the other D³ ready to
be pushed back and out of the nut by the spindle or pin fitting in the 5
rammer U³; the latter moving forward presses the nut into the cup or
crowner i³, flattening the nut, which is at the same time transferred to
the spindle or pin u, and the rammer Us having a moveable face, boss,
or collar w, the nut is pushed off the spindle or pin « by its means, as
the rammer U³ is withdrawn, a stop pin causing the moveable face, boss, 10
or collar w to be held stationary, whilst the end of the spindle or pin u
is drawn faceable with the end of the face, boss, or collar w, the nut
being thus forced off the spindle or pin and liberated is ready for
tapping.
In Sheet 2, Figuro 6, is shown details of the formation of the rammer 1
end U¹, and method employed for mechanically removing the punchings
from the nut as they are deposited in the hole formed in the rammer U¹
to receive them. The pin w fitting loosely in the hole of the rammer U',
and allowing sufficient space for the punching to be received on the
rammer U¹ being withdrawn is held stationary by a peg or stopper y 2
protruding through a slot embracing the hole, thus forcing the punching
out of the rammer.
In Sheet 2, Figure 7, the method employed for removing the nut
when finished by means of the spindle or pin u and the moveable face,
boss, or collar to is also shown.
Another arrangement for the manufacture wholly or in part of
wrought-iron hexagon, square, or other shaped nuts is shewn in
Sheet 2, Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, & 5, in which Figure 1. is a side elevation,
Figure 2 an end view of the same, and Figure 3 a plan of the cylinder
or disc A, showing how the mandrils or punches D', D³, D³, D', 3
are caused to revolve such segment of a circle as may be desired;
Figure 5 is a side view of the cylinder or disc A, with the mandrils or
punches D', 1)³, 1³, D', together with the cam B, showing how the mandrils
or punches D', D³, D', D³, are acted upon by it.
The cylinder or disc A revolves on the stud or shaft C affixed to the
end of the framework, and is further supported by passing through the
centre of the cam, which being secured to the framework forms an

page_text: additional bearing. The mandrils or punches D', D³, D', D', in that part
which does not protrude through the cups or crowners i¹³, tª, &³, i, are
made square, more clearly shewn in Figures 5 & 8, upon which loosely
fits the star wheels a¹, a², a³, a', as shewn in Figure 3. The 'sliding
bar 6 working in the bearings c is acted upon by the star wheel & fixed
on the shaft e so as to cause the tongue to move such one of the star
wheels a', a³, a³, a, as may be in position ready to be operated upon such
segment of a circle as may be required, the bar being forced back by
means of the spring g. On the end of the boss of the cylinder or disc A
is fixed the star wheel J, as shewn more clearly in Figure 2, motion
being conveyed to the cylinder or disc A. at each revolution of the
shaft by the arm K coming in contact with one of the teeth or prongs
of the star wheel J, whereby it is caused to move round the segment of
a circle, and thus carry with it the cylinder or disc A the required
portion of a revolution.
•
In the rim of the cylinder or disc A are the notches or holes 1, P, P, P,
into which is compressed by a spring the catch m, so as to hold the
cylinder or disc A in proper position whilst the several hammers V¹,
V³, and rammers U¹, Uª, have performed their work, the catch m
being afterwards raised so as to liberate the cylinder or disc A by means
of the cam n. The cups or crowners i³, i³, 1ª³, i, are shewn in section in
Figures 5 and 8, Sheet 2, whilst the arrangement of the hammer faces,
bosses, or collars are the same as before referred to.
The rammers U',U', which slide to and from through the bearings o, o,
attached to the framework, are connected by the links p, p, to the
arms q, q, which are operated upon by the cams r, r, at each revolution
of the cam shaft L, the rammers U', U³, being withdrawn, and the
arms q, q, kept in contact with the cams 7, r, by means of springs.
.
The hammers V, V, are worked by the cams 8, 8, on the cam shaft L,
as shewn in Figures 1 and 2, and are brought into operation four times
during each revolution of the cam shaft L. The hammer faces t, t, are
adjusted by means of set screws, as shewn at w, by which means the size
of the nut is determined.
The moveable cutter die z operating similarly upon the heated bar as
before described, is in this arrangement drawn back, after the nut has
been punched, cut off, and compressed into the cup or crowner by being
connected by the rod y attached to the stud y' on the lever &, which

page_text: works upon the centre pin or stud ¹, the other end of which lever = is
kept in contact with the cam E by a spring. After the nut has been
punched and cut off and flattened by the rammer U', the cam E,
operating upon the lever z, draws back the cutter die x out of the way
of the mandrils or punches D', D³, D³, D'.
The arrangement for the manufacture of untapped nuts, wholly or in
part, in which only one mandril or punch is used, and also the arrange-
ment in which the rammer carries the cup or crowner, and the mandril
or punch also, are sufficiently explicit and clear as to be readilly
understood without reference to Drawings.
That part of our Invention relating to the construction and use of dies
or swages of peculiar formation is shewn in Sheet 3, Figures 6, 7, 8, 9,
10, 11. Figure 6 is a side view in section of the top and bottom dies or
swages a¹, a³, shewing the finished nut on the mandril or punch c.
Figure 7 is an end view of the same. Figure 8 is a side view in section
of the arrangement for effecting the formation of the sides and ends of
the nut at one and the same time; the top dic or swage a¹ operates' upon
the cupped or champered end of the nut b, and also upon the flat sides
uniformly, the bottom die or swage a³ operating upon the reverse side
and end simultaneously, the mandril e being turned round between the
several blows of the hammer, the nut is finished perfectly true to the
size required; and Figure 9 is an end clevation of the same; the single
dies or swages with flattener in Figures 10 & 11.
That part of our Invention relating to apparatus for making or forging
blank bolts and set screws is shewn in Sheet 4, Figures 1, 2, and 3.
Figure 1 is an end elevation, Figure 2 a front elevation, and Figure 3 is
a plan of the cylinder or disc A. and mechanical arrangement for working
the same and holding it secure when stationary during the operation of
the hammers B', B³, and rammers C', C³, and also the system of working
the loose bosses or collars a¹, a², a³, aª.
The cylinder or disc A is constructed with an elongated boss 6 passing
through the centre of the fixed cam D, which forms the bearing and
support. On the end of the boss b is fixed the disc E, motion being
communicated to which by the catch F, connected by the stud c to the
arm d, working upon the stud or pine by the cam or arm upon the
9, which at each revolution brings the arm fin contact with the
pulley on the stud or pin attached to the upper end of the arm d, by
shaft

page_text: •
which means the cylinder or disc is drawn round the segment of a
circle as required. The catch i on the arm j employed for holding the
cylinder or disc A stationary during the time the hammers B¹, B³, and
rammers C³, C³, are in operation works upon the stud k, and being com-
5 pressed into one of the notches F, F, P³, l', by a spring, is at the proper
time withdrawn by the cam G depressing the other end of the arm j at
each revolution of the cam shaft g. The star wheels m³, m³, m³, m³, fixed
on the bosses or collars a¹, a³, a³, a', are worked by the adjustable
tongue n fitting on the sliding bar o, motion being given to which by
0 the star wheel p on the cam shaft g, the prongs or teeth of the star
wheel p pushing the sliding bar o forward at each revolution, the
spring forcing back the same each time the tongue n is released
from contact with the prongs or teeth of the star wheel p; the tongue n
is thus brought into contact with a prong or tooth of one of the star
5 · wheels m², m³, m³, m², then in position to be acted upon, by which means
the bosses or collars a¹, aª, a³, aª, are moved round the segment of a
circle as they are severally required to be so acted upon to place the
different sides of the head of the bolt or set screw in proper position
between the hammers.
0 The hammers B', B³, working upon the centre pin or stud H, are
actuated by the cams s³, 8³, 8³, 8', on the cam shaft K in such manner as
to compress opposite sides of the head of the bolt or set screw four times
during each revolution of the cam shaft K, the bolt or set screw
being moved round the segment of a circle between each blow of the
5 hammers B¹, B'.
"
The rammers O³, C³, are connected by the links A, C, and the
studs ☞, t, with the arms a', u', working upon the studs ³, u, the cam
or tappet pulley M operating upon the ends of which arms u', u², gives
the necessary downward pressure to the rammers C³, C³, springs suitably
O applied being the means employed to elevate them, thus placing the
arms u³, u³, in position to be again operated upon by the cam or tappet
pulley M as before.
The heated iron previously cut off to the required length is placed in
the boss or collar a' and rests upon the mandril or spindle d'; the cylinder
5 or disc ▲ then moving round the segment of a circle brings the iron in
position to be operated upon by the rammer O³, which descending forms
the head of the blank bolt or set screw; the cylinder or disc A again

page_text: -
moving round a further segment of a circle, and the blank bolt or set
screw being slightly elevated by the mandril or spindle acted upon by
the inclined plane of the cam D, places the head of the blank bolt or
set screw in position to be operated upon by the hammers B', B', as
described; the cylinder or disc A being again moved round a fourth 5
part of a revolution, the mandril or spindle v³ is raised so as to push
the blank bolt or set screw partially or wholly out of the loose boss or
collar

page_text: Seventhly. The use of any lesser or greater number than is shewn and
described of revolving mandrils or punches, and also bosses or collars, in
combination with the revolving cylinder or disc and the fixed cam.
In witness whereof, we, the said Edward Davies and John Leyland,
have hereunto set our hands and seals, this Second day of April,
in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
two.
c.
Signed, sealed, and delivered by the
within-named Edward Davies and
John Leyland in the presence of
JOHN HY. TRAVIS,
Patent Agent,
Manchester.
EDWARD DAVIES. (L.S.)
JOHN LEYLAND. (L.S.)