Year: 1895

page_text: I; ERNEST ADOLPHE JOUVET, of Fenquières, (Somme), France, Manufacturer,
do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
This invention relates to improvements in elastic tyres for 'the wheels of
velocipedes and other vehicles whereby a smooth elastic motion of "the vehicle
Similar to that obtained with pneumatic tyres is ensured "but without any of the
objections'attending the use of the latter.
1
My improved tyre is composed of a circular, endless, elastic liner which is either
eutirely or partly covered or not with one or more thicknesses of 'fabric either
embedded or not in the 'india-rubber, leather, vulcanized fibre, 'br other suitable
"material, for the purpose of preventing dirt from entering the spirals of the liber
which may be enveloped both on the interior and exterior by a jacket formed of
one of the materials above indicated or be embedded therein and form a part thereof.
The liner may be of circular, oval, elliptical, or other form in cross-section, suitable
for the rim of the wheel. This circular endless liner is constitüthd of one or more
wirds br strips of metal or other material, such as steel, iron, copper, "nickėl,
aluminium, br aluminium-bronze, or other suitable metal, or of celluloid, vulcanized
vegetable fibre, or other suitable elastic material of circular, square, rectangular,
or other form in cross-section, 'wound more or less closely in continuous helices or
spirals of quick or slow pitch for a length equal to several turns of the rim of the
wheel.
The liner may be composed of a single endless spring which I term a winding
similar to that above described, or it may be composed of several similarjuxtaposed
windings whereof the continuous spirals or helices are wound in the same or in
opposite directions alternately or in other order. The wire or strip forming tlie
liner may be the same throughout the whole length thereof or 'for each winding or
"it hay be varied for each element or winding and similarly where several series of
continuous spirals are used to form the windings. In each series of continuous
spirals the wire composing the same may be attached and fixed at the end of the
doll of said series to the same wire at its starting point. The same is also the case
When each portion of the liner is formed of a wire wound in continuous Successive
spiráls and also when the liner is composed of several juxtaposed windings
composed of a single wire wolind in continuous spirals from the commencement to
the 'termination of the liner and this whether the successive windings bb wound in
the same or in opposite directions. In each case the pitch of the spiral employed
to form the winding should be such that a whole number of turns is comprised in
the lefigth of the internal circumference of the core or of the preceding winding,
in order to avoid the superposition of the 'spirals in 'the same winding. When the

page_text: wire employed is not of the required length to form the whole of the windings of
the liner, or a single winding, or simply a series of continuous spirals of a liner, it
is joined to a suitable wire for terminating the manufacture in hand by means of
any of the known methods employed. The circular endless winding may also be
constituted if required of one or more windings in which an endless series of
circular spirals or helices makes but a single turn or less of the rim. The two ends
of the wire of each series are in this case united as above mentioned, it being
sufficient to slightly vary the starting point of each of them, in order to obtain a
good result.
I will here indicate, by way of example, the application of the principle before
described, as illustrated diagrammatically in the accompanying drawings, in
Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
=
G (Figure 1) is a circular endless liner constituted of an elastic metal or other
wire or strip F of any section, which is wound in fifteen consecutive spirals twice
round the circumference of the liner which corresponds to the eight spirals marked 1
for the first turn and the seven spirals only which are marked 2 for the second
turn, in order to enable the end of the last spiral of the second turn to be joined
at d to the commencement of the first spiral of the first turn. In practice, the
initial and final spirals of each turn would be brought closer in order to obtain as
regular a winding as possible.
•
Figures 2, 3, 4, 5; 6, indicate some of the cross-sectional forms at A B of which
the liner G may be made with advantage. By winding the wire F in continuous
and contiguous spirals until the development of the cross-section AB admits of no
more being wound, and by distributing each spiral regularly over the development
of A, B, a surface is obtained which is as regular as is possible considering the
general constitution of said surface. For example, supposing (1) the inner
diameter of the liner to be equal to 0-670, (2) the metal wire to be 1 millimetre
in diameter, (3) the transverse circular section of the liner to be equal to
40 millimetres internal diameter, there would be, in practice, about 120 contiguous
and continuous spirals having a pitch of about 130 millimetres at the interior of
the liner, that is to say the wire would be wound in spirals of about 130 millimetres
0-670 x 314 × 120
internal pitch on 120 turns of the liner which corresponds to
0.130
=16. x 120 ===== 1920 single spirals. If a wire of sufficient Jength to obtain this result
be not available the number of turns is divided, for example, into series of 10 turns,
if the length of the wire corresponds to that of such a series forming, in this case,
12 independent series of continuous spirals.
Î
In Figure 7, G is a circular liner formed of a winding of very close spirals.
In Figure 8, G is a. liner formed of two juxtaposed windings formed
of very close spirals coiled in reverse directions. When the first winding is
terminated, the wire of the last spiral should be secured by uniting it, for example,
to the extremity of the wire at the starting point d of the first spiral and then
wind, if necessary, the same or another wire spirally in the opposite direction to
the first so as to form the second winding. When this second winding is terminated,
if it be desired to add yet another layer or layers, the operation is repeated in the
same manner as before described for applying a third or greater number of layers
of which the liner is constituted.
The transverse sectional form of the liner, Figures 7 and 8, may be varied and
may especially be one of those represented in Figures 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. The wire
employed to form the liner, Figure 7, may, for example, be of circular section and
be made of steel, as may also the wire forming the inner winding of the liner,
Figure 8, while the wire serving as the external winding may have a rectangular
section with the outer angles rounded or conversely. Any other combination of
.sections of wires may also be employed for obtaining the desired result. I may,
if desired, apply within the liner one or more wires of suitable section wound in
continuous spirals or otherwise and in opposite directions to those of the inner
winding of the liner, in order to preserve the form of said winding.

page_text: From the foregoing description it will be seen that with my system of elastic
liner, apart from the isolated joinings of a few wires, the liner is practically without
a joint and is made of a single circular ooil for each winding or for the entire liner
which may, similarly, be-endless.
.I have shewn some examples of elastic tyres on this principle which may be
used with advantage.
Figure 9 shews a tyre formed of a tubular jacket E of rubber or other suitable
elastic material in which is contained the liner G formed of two superposed
windings m, n, of tempered or cold hardened steel wire. The wires forming. the
inner winding n are of circular section and those of the outer winding m are of
rectangular section with the outer angles rounded so as not to cut the jacket E
which is placed over the liner G after the latter is completed. J is the wheel rim
upon which the jacket E is secured by ribs, cement, or otherwise.
Figure 10 shews a tyre, constructed of a detachable jacket E and of a liner G
formed of three superposed windings m, n, o. The two inner windings and o
are formed of steel wire of round section and the winding m is made of similar
wire of rectangular section with the outer angles rounded off. The flexible.
jacket E of india-rubber, leather, or other material or mixtures of suitable
materials, is secured to the rim J by hoops C of steel, copper, or other wire of
circular rectangular or other form in cross-section attached to the jacket E so as
to form an integral part thereof by strips of canvas or otherwise. The internal
diameter of these hoops should, at least, equal the external diameter of the rim J
at S. Dare strengthening ribs or flanges formed on the jacket E and of similar
nou-metallic material. The groove left between the hoop C and rib D receives
the inwardly-projecting flange S of the rim J. The elasticity of the liner G
acting at all points of the circumference of the jacket E causes the said flange S
to forcibly interlock with the groove between the hoop C and rib D and thus.
maintains the whole in place. The hoop C bears on the rim at S and prevents any
.abnormal expansion of the jacket E in a radial direction under the thrust due to
the elasticity of the liner G.
Figure 11 shows a tyre composed of a detachable jacket E and a liner G
composed of a single winding m of round steel wire. The flexible rim E of rubber,
Icather, or other suitable mixture of materials is connected to the rim J as
follows: The jacket E has at each edge a rib D in one with it, this rib being of
similar material or slightly harder than the materials used for making the jacket.
The ribs D fit against the flanges S of the rim J which are parallel to the
plane of the rim. Each rib projects beyond the flange. S of the rim; C. are
metallic hoops of steel, copper or other suitable metal completely independent
of the rim and of the jacket E. Each hoop. C, whose internal diameter is.
equal to, or a little greater than, the external diameter of the rim at the flange S,
but rather smaller than the external diameter of the rib D, binds the latter
tightly against the rim at K, the hoop embedding itself slightly in the more or
less elastic material of which the rib is formed, which also serves to hold the.
hoop C in the lateral direction. To still further hold the hoop laterally I may .
provide the rib with a bead or external circular projection H which forms a stop,
as shown in Figure 12; this bead H may be made of the same material as the
rib and be in one with it, or it may be made of a material sufficiently rigid,
metallic or not, suitably fixed to the rib by means of canvas or other suitable.
means. If this bead or stop H is metallic, its internal diameter is equal to, or
rather greater than, the external diameter of the rim at S. Generally speaking,
the embedding of the hoop C in the rib D, whose external diameter is sufficiently
greater than the internal diameter of the hoop C, sufficiently holds the hoop C.
against all lateral shifting. For current use, I may, if necessary employ independent
hoops whose internal diameter may be smaller than the external diameter of the
rim at S, in combination with the ribs D of the jacket E.
may also close inwards the flanges S of the rin, as in Figure 12, and make
the rib D of corresponding shape, so as to better connect the tyre to the rim, or

page_text: I may employ any other suitable arrangement to attain the same end. I may
also, if necessary, in the case of Figures 11 and 12, provide ratchet toothed
projections on the exterior of the rim at K which penetrate the ribs D under the
pressure of the hoops C, and have for object to prevent creeping of the tyre on
the rim. With the same object, I may provide one or more lugs on the hoops C,
Figures 10, 11, 12, which enter corresponding notches in the flanges S of the rim,
and also other lugs on the same hoops which enter the ribs D and thus: fix them. to
the rim.
The jackets shown in Figures 10, 11 and 12 are applicable to all vehicle wheels
whatever may be the kind of tyre which may be pneumatic, elastic or other...
I interpose if necessary between the endless liner and its jacket, and between the
liner and the wheel rim, and also between the windings of the same liner, a layer
of canvas, leather, or other suitable material to prevent rapid wear by rubbing.
friction of the parts in contact. My system of elastic liner is also applicable to
most of the various known kinds of wheels having pneumatic tyres, whatever may
be the mode of attaching the outer jacket to the rim.
I have shown hereafter, by way of example, the application of my endless. liner
to a few kinds of known pneumatic tyres in place of the air chamber.
In Figure 13, G is the endless liner formed of a single winding m of square
steel wire having the external angles rounded, provided with jacket E and applied
to the rim J of Welche's pneumatic tyre, generally better known by the name of
the Dunlop Detachable.
In Figure 14, G is the liner formed of two windings m and n, m being of
circular section and n of rectangular section, of cold hardened brass wire, provided
with jacket and applied to rim J of the Michelin roadster pneumatic tyre.
In Figure 15, the liner G is formed of a single winding m of cold hardened
aluminium-bronze wire of circular section with a jacket E and applied to the rim J
of the "Continental" pneumatic tyre.
In general I apply my endless elastic liner to form a vehicle wheel tyre with or
without protecting jacket and whatever may be the mode of attaching the protecting.
jacket to the rim of the wheel.
The manufacture of the endless circular liner may be carried out in many
different ways, and I will here describe, by way of example, a general process of
manufacture which affords excellent results in every respect. To make an endless
circular liner I commence by forming an annular coro or mould which may be
made of a material which may be rendered sufficiently resistant at the moment of
use and may afterwards be withdrawn through the spaces between the spirals of
the winding or windings of the finished liner. The transverse section and the
internal and external diameters of the core represent the interior of the liner to
be made. Upon this core are wound either by hand or by mechanical means
until the circle is completely formed, the circular continuous spirals which constitute
the winding or windings of the liner, as previously described the core being
afterwards withdrawn through the apertures and between the continuous coils. This
may be done in different ways, according to the nature of the material of the
core; and I will here give examples of several methods which give good results.
(1) The core may be removed by melting the material composing it, at a
sufficiently low temperature to avoid injury to the elastic qualities of any part of
the elastic liner and this whether the latter be afterwards, or has been previously,
tempered or not. The melted material runs off through the interstices between
the spirals.
(2) The core may be formed of plaster either solid or hollow and be removed
by crushing the material of the core to powder which passes away through the
interstices, as before..
(3) Or by any other suitable method.
-
Many materials may be used for making the core or mould, to be afterwards
extracted he fusion o above onunified

page_text: cooled to such a low temperature as to, render it sufficiently hard-for-winding the...
continuous spirals, glass moulded at a low temperature to, the form of the core, af
other suitable substances or materials.
Dated this.13th day of February-1895.
1; ERNEST ADOLPHE JOUVET, of Feuquières, (Somme), France, Manufacturer,
do hereby declare the nature of this invention, and in what manner the same is, to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:-
This invention relates to improvements in elastic tyres for the wheels of
velocipedes and other vehicles, whereby a smooth elastic motion of the vehicle
similar to that obtained with pneumatic tyres is ensured but without any of the
objections attending the use of the latter.
www
1
My improved tyre is composed of an endless, elastic tubular, liner, which is either..
entirely or partly, covered, or not with one or more thicknesses, of, fabric either
embedded or not, in india-rubber, leather, vulcanized fibre, or other suitable
material, for the purpose of preventing dirt from entering the spirals of the liner
which may be enveloped both on the interior and exterior. by a jacket formed of
one of the materials above indicated or be embedded therein and form a part
thereof. The liner may be of circular, oval, elliptical, or other form.in cross
section, suitable for the rim of the wheel. This circular endless liner is constituted
of one or more wires or strips of metal or other material, such as steel, iron, copper,
nickel, aluminium, or aluminium-bronze, or other suitable metal, or of celluloid,
vulcanized vegetable fibre, or other suitable elastic material of circular, square,
rectangular, or other form, in cross-section, wound more or less closely in continuous
helices or spirals of quick or slow pitch for a length equal to several turns of the
rim of the wheel.
:
series.
...
The liner may be composed of a single endless spring which I term a winding
similar to that above described, or it may be composed of several similar super-
imposed windings whereof the continuous spirals or helices are wound in the saine
or in opposite directions, alternately or in other order. The wire or strip forming
the liner may be the same throughout the whole length thereof or for each winding
or it may be varied for each element or winding and similarly where several seri
of continuous spirals are used to form the windings. In each series of continuous
spirals the wire composing, the same may be attached and fixed at the end of the
coil of said series to the same wire at its starting point. The same is also the case
when each portion of the liner is formed of a wire wound in continuous successive
spirals, and also when the liner is composed of several juxtaposed windings
composed of a single wire wound in continurus spirals from the commencement to..
the termination of the liner and this whether the successive windings be wound in
the same or in opposite directions. In each case the pitch of the spiral employed to
form the winding should be such that a whole number of turns is comprised in the
length of the internal circumference of the core or of the preceding winding, in
order to avoid the superposition of the spirals in the same winding When the
wire employed is not of the required length to form the whole of the windings of
the liner, or a single winding, or simply a series of continuous spirals of a liner, it
is joined to a suitable wire for terminating the manufacture in hand by means of
any of the known methods employed. The circular endless winding may also be
constituted if required of one or more windings. in which an endless series of
circular spirals or helices makes but a single turn or less of the rim. The two

page_text: Figure 9 shews a tyre formed of a tubular jacket E of rubber or other suitable
elastic material in which is contained the liner G. formed of two superposed
windings m, n, of tempered or cold hardened steel wire. The wires forming the
inner winding n are of circular section and those of the outer winding m are of
rectangular section with the outer angles rounded so as not to cut the jacket E
which is placed over the liner G after the latter is completed. J is the wheel rim
upon which the jacket E is secured by tenons, entering therein, or by cement, or
otherwise.
Figure 10 shews a tyre constructed of a detachable jacket E and of a liner G
formed of three superposed windings m, n, o. The two inner windings and o are
formed of steel wire of round section and the winding m is made, of similar wire of
rectangular section with the outer angles rounded off. The flexible jacket E of
india-rubber, leather, or other material or mixtures of suitable materials, is secured
to the rim J by hoops C'of steel, copper, or other wire of circular, -rectangular, or
other form in cross-section attached to the jacket E so as to form an integral part
thereof, by strips of canvas or otherwise. The internal diameter of these hoops
should at least, equal the external diameter of the rim J at S. D are interlocking
ribs or flanges formed on the jacket E and of similar non-metallic material. The
groove left between the hoop C and rib D receives the inwardly-projecting flange S
of the rim J. The elasticity of the liner G acting at all points of the circumference
of the jacket E causes the said flange S to forcibly interlock with, the groove
between the hoop C and rib D and thus maintains the whole in place. The hoop C
bears on the rim at S and prevents any abnormal expansion of the jacket E in a
radial direction under the thrust due to the elasticity of the liner G.
Figure 11 shews a tyre composed of a detachable jacket E and a liner G composed
of a single winding m of round steel wire. The flexible jacket E.of rubber, leather,
or other suitable mixture of materials is connected to the rim J. as follows:-The
jacket. E has at each edge a rib D in one with it, this rib being, of, similar material
or slightly harder than the materials used for making the jacket. The. ribs, D.fit
against the flanges S of the rim which are parallel to the plane of the rim. Each
rib projects beyond the flange S of the rim. C are metallic hoops of steel, copper,
or other suitable metal completely independent of the rim J and of the jacket..E.
Each hoop C, whose internal diameter is equal to, or a little greater than, the
external diameter of the rim at the flange S, but rather smaller than the external
diameter of the rib D, binds the latter tightly against the rim. at K, the hoop
embedding itself slightly in the more or less elastic material of which the, rib is
formed, which also serves to hold the hoop C in the lateral direction. To still
further hold the hoop laterally, I may provide the rib with a bead or external circular
projection H which forms a stop, as shewn in Figure 12. This bead H may be
made of the same material as the rib and be in one with it, or it may be made of a
material sufficiently rigid, metallic or not, fixed to the rib by means of canvas or
other suitable means. If this bead or stop His metallic, its internal diameter is
equal to, or rather greater than, the external diameter of the rim at S. Generally
speaking, the embedding of the hoop C in the rib D, whose external diameter is
sufficiently greater than the internal diameter of the hoop C, sufficiently holds the
hoop C against all lateral shifting. For current use, I may, if necessary, employ
independent hoops C whose internal diameter may be..smaller than the. external
diameter of the rim at S, in combination with the ribs D of the jacket E.
I may also close inwards the flanges 8 of the rim, as in Figure 12, and make the
rib D of corresponding shape, so as to better connect the tyre to the rim, or I may
employ any other suitable arrangement to attain the same end. I may also, if
necessary, in the case of Figures 11 and 12, provide ratchet toothed projections, on
the exterior of the rim at K which penetrate the ribs D under the pressure of the
hoops C, and have for object to prevent creeping of the tyre on the rim. With the
same object, I may provide one or more lugs on the hoops C, Figures. 10, 11, 12,
which enter corresponding notches in the flanges S of the rim, and also other lugs
on the same loops which enter the ribs D and thus fix them to the rim.

page_text: in the drawings, which are given as examples. I also reserve the right to employ
either the whole or some only of the arrangements indicated, either separately or
in combination the one with the other.
It is to be clearly understood that I make no claim to parts already known or
proposed, except in so far as they have acquired or developed new practical value
from the special purpose and manner of their application, combination, and
arrangement, by remedying objections heretofore present.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what.
I claim is :-
1st. A tyre for wheels, constructed essentially of an endless elastic liner or tube,
or two or more such liners superimposed, constituted of one or more windings of
metallic or non-metallic wires or strips in continuous helices or spirals so as to
form endless spring tubular structures whereof the juxtaposed spirals are wound in
the same or in opposite directions alternately or in other order, substantially as
herein described with reference to Figures 1 to 8.
2nd. The combination in a wheel tyre, of the elastic endless tubular liner
constructed of spiral windings, as herein described, with an elastic protecting
jacket or covering secured to the rim of the wheel and entirely or partially
enclosing the liner externally, or both externally and internally whether made
separate or moulded thereon, as hereinbefore described, and whether adapted to
be sprung on to the wheel, as in Figure 9, or to be attached by a detachable
jacket, as in Figures 10 to 15.
3rd. The means of attaching the detachable jacket of an elastic spring or
pneumatic tyre to the wheel rim, which consists in the combination, with the wheel
rim having inwardly projecting flanges, of outwardly-projecting non-metallic ribs
or flanges integral with the jacket interlocking with the flanges of the wheel rim,
and of wires or hoops attached to the jacket and encircling the wheel rim, said
hoops serving to prevent abnormal radial expansion of the jacket and being
provided with one or more lugs engaging in notches in the wheel rim to prevent
creeping of the tyre, as described with reference to Figure 10.
4tb. The means of attaching the detachable jacket of a spring or pneumatic
tyre to the wheel rim, which consists in the combination, with a wheel rim having
parallel or inwardly inclined flanges, of outwardly-projecting ribs or flanges in
one with the jacket and of greater thickness than the depth of the wheel rim
flanges between which they are held by the internal pressure of the tyre, and of
wire hoops separate from the wheel rin and jacket encircling the ribs or flanges of
the cover and binding them to the rim, said hoops being held in place laterally by
embedding in, or by external beads on, the ribs and being provided, if desired,
with one or more studs which penetrate the ribs or flanges and enter notches in
the wheel rim for preventing creeping, substantially as hereinbefore described and
represented in Figures 11 and 12.
5th. The method of manufacturing endless elastic tubular liners or tyres of spiral
windings, as herein specified, which consists in winding the continuous spiral coils
upon an annular core or mould of the cross-sectional form and internal dimensions
of the liner to be made, and composed of easily fusible or pulverizable material,
and afterwards extracting the core through the interstices of the spirals either by
fusing the metal or material at a low temperature, or by crushing or pulverizing
the material of which the core is composed, as hereinbefore specified.
Dated this 13th day of November 1895.
A. M. & WM. CLARK,
53 Chancery Lane, London, Chartered Patent Agents.