IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF JUJUBES AND OTHER ARTICLES OF CONFECTIONERY
Year: 1874

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Edwin Hawker, of Lee, in the County of Kent,
for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF JUJUBES
AND OTHER ARTICLES OF CONFECTIONERY."
Sealed the 27th April 1875, and dated the 18th December 1874.
1, EDWIN HAWKER, of Lee, in the County of Kent, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE
OF JUJUBES AND OTHER ARTICLES OF CONFECTIONERY," to be as follows:-
My Invention relates to the manufacture of jujubes, gum goods, some
kinds of boiled sugar confectionery, such as butter scotch and barley
sugar, and certain other sweetmeats, such as acidulated drops and
certain kinds of lozenges, such as black currant lozenges and various
preparations of chocolate, such as chocolate creams. As ordinarily
sold these articles are dull in appearance and sticky on the surface, and
have a tendency to adhere together and to become deteriorated by age.
•

page_text: In the Specification of Letters Patent granted to me and bearing date
June 19th, 1874, No. 2135, I have described a mode by which certain
of these articles may be coated or encased so as to avoid some of the
defects above enumerated. Now by my present Invention 1 am enabled
to treat other classes of goods so as to avoid these defects.
My Invention consists in coating, or encasing, or covering jujubes,
gum goods, some kinds of boiled goods, confectionery, such as butter
scotch and barley sugar, and certain other sweetmeats, such as acidu-
Jated drops and certain kinds of lozenges, such as black currant
lozenges and various preparations of chocolate, such as chocolate creams
with albumen or glue or collodion, of certain kinds of balsams or certain
kinds of resins, or certain kinds of gums suitable for the purpose,
or two or more of these materials, or a mixture of gelatine or isinglass,
or both of them with one or more of these materials.
I coat, or encase, or cover the goods by making a solution of one or
more of the above-named materials in a suitable solvent, such for
instance as water when glue is used, and a mixture of ether and alcohol,
or alcohol alone when a balsam is used. I then dip or immerse the
articles to be coated, or encased, or covered in this solution, and allow
them to dry naturally or else dry them in a heated chamber.
In some cases I prefer to give them two or more coatings of the same
material, and in some cases two or more coatings of different materials.
By this process the goods are improved in appearance, are rendered less
adhesive, and are less liable to deterioration.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the Edwin Hawker in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
18th June 1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, EDWIN
HAWKER, of Lee, in the County of Kent, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Eighteenth day of December, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, in the
thirty-eighth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-

page_text: cessors, give and grant unto me, the said Edwin Hawker, Her special
license that I, the said Edwin Hawker, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as I, the said Edwin Hawker, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF JUJUBES AND OTHER ARTICLES OF CONFECTIONERY," upon
the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Edwin Hawker, my
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my,
or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the
Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and imme-
diately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Edwin Hawker, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement thereof, that is to say:
My Invention relates to the manufacture of jujubes, gum goods,
some kinds of boiled sugar confectionery, such as butter scotch and
barley sugar, and certain other sweetmeats, such as acidulated drops
and certain kinds of lozenges, such as black currant lozenges and
various preparations of chocolate, such as chocolate creams and cake
chocolate. As ordinarily made and sold these articles are dull in
appearance and sticky on the surface, and have a tendency to adhere
together and to become deteriorated by age.
In the Specification of Letters Patent granted to me, and bearing date
19th June, 1874, No. 2135, I have described a mode by which certain of
these articles may be coated or encased so as to avoid some of the defects
above enumerated. Now by my present Invention I am enabled to
treat the same and other classes of goods in a more economical or
advantageous manner so as to avoid these defects.
My Invention consists in coating, or encasing, or covering jujubes,
gum goods, some kinds of boiled sugar confectionery, such as butter
scotch, and barley sugar, and certain other sweetmeats, such as acidu-

page_text: lated drops and certain kinds of lozenges, such as black currant lozenges
and various preparations of chocolate, such as chocolate creams with
isinglass, or albumen, or glue, or collodion, or certain kinds of balsams
or certain kinds of resins, or certain kinds of gums suitable for the
purpose, or two or more of these materials, or a mixture of gelatine or
isinglass, or both of them with one or more of these materials.
I coat, encase, or cover the goods by making a solution of one or
more of the aforesaid materials in a suitable solvent, such for instance as
water when glue is used, and a mixture of ether and alcohol or alcohol
alone when a balsam is used. I then dip or immerse in the solution the
articles to be coated, encased, or covered, and allow them to dry naturally,
or else dry them in a heated chamber.
In some cases I prefer to give them two or more coatings of the
same material, and in some cases two or more coatings of the different
materials specified. By this process the goods are improved in appear-
ance and are rendered less adhesive and less liable to deterioration.
"
Having now described the nature of my Invention, I will proceed
more particularly to describe the manner in which the same is to be
carried into effect, which is in some cases similar to and in others
different from the processes described by me in the Specification of the
aforesaid Letters Patent. I will first describe the mode in which I
prepare the solutions of the coating materials, and then the mode in
which I use these solutions.
I prepare the materials which I use for coating or encasing the goods
by mixing or dissolving them in a suitable solvent or in suitable solvents,
or by diluting them if already in solution with a suitable diluent or with
suitable diluents.
If I be going to use albumen I take the whites i.e. the albuminous
portion of six eggs and add about six ounces of water at a temperature
of about 70° Fahrenheit, and thoroughly whisk the whole together for a
few minutes, I then add about twenty ounces more water at a similar
temperature, mix it thoroughly with the diluted albumen and warm the
whole carefully in a water bath to a temperature of between 90° and
100° Fahrenheit; I then allow the diluted albumen to stand in a
moderately warm place for an hour or two so as to allow the froth to
subside and the impurities to settle. The clear liquor may then be
poured off and will be ready for use as subsequently described. I call

page_text: this the albumen solution, it will keep good and fit for use for several
days except in very hot weather. In certain cases the same proportion
of serum albumen may be used instead of the egg albumen and treated
in the same way, but 1 consider the egg albumen preferable.
If I be going to use glue I take the purest refined glue which I can
procure, steep it in water for one day, then heat it slowly to a tem-
perature not exceeding 160° Fahrenheit until it is dissolved, adding
water as required so as to make, the strength of the solution equal to
about 5 per cent. of glue; I then allow the solution to settle and pour
the clear liquid off; it will then be ready for use, as subsequently
described. I call this the glue solution, it will generally keep good and
fit for use for more than a week.
If I be going to use collodion I proceed according to one or other of the
following methods:-1st, I take 4 ounces of the collodion of the British
Pharmacopoeia and add thereto 3 ounces of ether (methylated ether will do)
and 9 ounces of alcohol, by preference about 60° overproof (good methy-
lated alcohol will do), and mix them together; or 2nd, I take 40
grains of pyroxylin (gun cotton) and dissolve it in 6 ounces of ether
(methylated ether will do) and 10 ounces of alcohol, by preference
about 60° over proof (good methylated alcohol will do). I allow the
solution to stand a few days in a stoppered bottle and decant the clear
solution. The resulting solution will be the same in each case; it will
keep without injury in closely stoppered bottles. I call this the diluted
collodion.
If I be going to use a kind of balsam I prefer to choose one which
has a pleasant aromatic flavour. The balsam of Tolu or the residue
which is left after the maceration of the balsam in warm water is an
illustration of the kind which I prefer, and it has given successful
results. To prepare the solution I digest ½ ounce of balsam of Tolu in
16 ounces of alcohol, by preference 60° over proof, at a temperature of
70° or 80° Fahrenheit, until it is nearly all dissolved, and pour off the
clear solution; it will keep without injury in stoppered bottles. I call
this the balsam solution.
If I be going to use a kind of resin I prefer one of the lacs, either,
shell lac, gum lac, or seed lac. I consider shell lac generally preferable
because of its greater purity. I also use occasionly an innocuous resin,
such as colophony, resin, or one of its compounds. To prepare the

page_text: solution I take about 2½ ounces of the lac, more or less, according to the
class of goods to be coated, or a much smaller proportion (say ¼ of an
ounce) of the resin, and steep the lac or resin, or both of them in 1 pint
of alcohol, by preference 60° over proof, at a suitable temperature. 1 call
this the lac or resin solution. When prepared at a temperature not
exceeding 80° Fahrenheit this solution is turbid, I prefer generally to
use it in its turbid condition, but if desired it can be prepared at a tem-
perature not exceeding 190° Fah*., when the solution will be a clear one.
The solution may be used either hot or cold.
If I be going to use a kind of gum I select such gums as are soluble
in water, and I prefer to use gum Arabic; and to prepare the solution I
take about 2 ounces of gum and steep it in 16 ounces of water at a tem-
perature of 70° or 80° Fahrenheit until nearly dissolved, 1 then raise the
temperature slightly and then allow the solution to settle and pour off
the clear solution for use. I call this the gum solution.
If I be going to use gelatine or isinglass in combination with any of
the before mentioned substances I take one ounce of gelatine, by pre-
ference Nelson's opaque gelatine, or Nelson's sheet gelatine, or one
ounce of isinglass, and steep it in 14 ounces of cold water; I then warm
gradually to a temperature of about 90°, and when the gelatine or
isinglass is fully dissolved 1 pour off the clear solution for use. The said
solution will keep good for 3 or 4 days. 1 call this the gelatine or
isinglass solution.
Having now described the mode of preparing the various solutions
required, I will describe the mode in which I apply them or any one or
more of them to the various goods to be coated or encased, and to
indicate the special advantage of each of these solutions I must first
state that the object for which I employ these solutions to cover, or coat,
or encase the various classes of goods herein referred to is not to prevent
decay, or putrefaction, or decomposition, for I am aware that solutions
of a somewhat similar character have been previously applied to meat
and to vegetables for these purposes; but the objects for which I employ
them are to render sticky or adhesive kinds of jujubes, gum gcods,
boiled sugar confectionary, and other sweetmeats less adhesive, or in
certain cases really non-adhesive, and to prevent them from losing their
moisture, and so becoming hard and brittle when exposed to dry air or
from absorbing excess of moisture, and so gradually melting, or softening,

page_text: or dissolving when exposed to moist air, and to improve their
appearance.
The class of goods to which I consider the application of my Invention
most valuable is "jujubes
" of all kinds, whether in
"
,,
or
66
the "sheet, cut," stamped,'
the gum goods are in the "sheet
こ resin
gum goods
35 66
22
form I prefer to use the
moulded," or "pastile "form. If
« lac'
or
solution before described which is cheaper than gelatine or
22
isinglass and gives more satisfactory results. I dip or immerse the goods
in this solution and then allow them to dry, and if desirable give them a
second or third coating in the same way. The lac or resin solution
dries very rapidly and leaves an extremely thin film of lac or resin over,
the surface of the sheet goods which enables them to be packed in boxes
for many mouths without adhesion, while the quality and moisture of the
goods are not impaired. I of course avoid as much as possible letting
the goods be touched until the coating is dry. The collodion, albumen,
or balsam solutions may also be used for this class of goods though not
generally with such good results as the lac or resin solution, or two or
more coatings may in some cases be given with advantage; for instance,
one of the gelatine solution, and one of the lac or resin solution, or one
of the albumen solution, and one of the lac and resin solution. This
double coating is not necessary unless the jujubes are very soft or have
to be kept for a great length of time.
68
66
66
cut,'
If the gum goods or jujubes to be coated are in the
"stamped," moulded," or pastile form I modify the method of
dipping according to the solution which I intend to employ.
.
If I be going to use the lac or resin solution, or the diluted collodion,
of the balsam solution, I place the gum goods or jujubes in a thin layer
in a sieve, preferably a rather coarse horse hair sieve, and immerse them
for a few seconds in the solution, and having shaken off the greater part
of the said solution I keep them in gentle niotion in the sieve until the
greater part of the alcohol has evaporated and the film has set.
If I be going to use the albumen solution, or the gum solution, or the
glue solution, or the gelatine or isinglass solution I prefer to proceed as
follows: I fix cach article to be coated on the point of a pin, a number,
of such pins being fixed at suitable distances apart along a bar, whereby
a number of jujubes or other articles may be simultaneously dipped or
immersed in the bath or solution above mentioned, after which they are

page_text: exposed to a drying atmosphere at a moderate temperature until the
coating is firmly set and non-adhesive to the touch. As a matter of
convenience a stand may be used capable of holding a number of the
above-mentioned bars, each having rows of pins on which the jujubes or
other goods are fixed, as above mentioned, in readiness to be dipped.
The dipping should be done quickly and the excess of solution shaken
off, and if necessary the ends of the whole of the jujubes may be
pressed against a wet cloth to remove the superfluous solution and
prevent the formation of drops. The bar or bars is or are then placed
upon the stand, and when full the stand is taken to the drying room
which is to be kept at a temperature of at least 80° Fahrenheit. I
prefer to drive a current of hot air through the room. As soon as the
jujubes or other goods are sufficiently dry to be handled they are
removed from the pins and placed in shallow trays and left for some
time longer in the drying room. The choice of the particular solution
to be used depends upon the character of the jujubes or gum goods to
be coated; for instance, for jujubes having fruit substances in their
composition I prefer the lac or resin solution, though in some cases I
prefer to give them a coating of gelatine or isinglass; first, jujubes
thus prepared are almost perfectly free from adhesiveness. If however
I want to increase the brilliance of the appearance of the goods I some-
times use first the gelatine solution and then the albumen solution, and
sometimes I afterwards use the diluted collodion as a further precaution
against adhesion. The jujubes thus coated are very brilliant in
appearance and alter very slightly by age, but the process of coating is
somewhat more expensive than those processes proviously described.
When the jujubes have been fixed on pins for dipping it is advan-
tageous after removing them from the pins to close or seal the pin holes
by partially dipping or immersing them for a second or two in a suitable
solution, such as the dilluted collodion or the lac or resin solution.
When I apply my Invention to coating or encasing boiled sugar con-
fectionery or other sweetmeats I use solutions the same as or similar to
those herein-before described. The goods of this description to which I
consider my Invention most suitable are such goods as butter scotch,
acidulated drops, barley sugar, chocolate creams, and cake chocolate.
Owing to the smaller value of this class of goods when compared with
jujubes and other gum goods, I prefer to coat them without fixing
them on pins unless for special reasons such a course should be desirable.

page_text: The solutions which I prefer for such goods are the gelatine or isinglass
solution followed by a second coating of the lac or resin solution, or of
the balsam solution, or of the diluted collodion. Any of the solutions
which I have described will however be found suitable, and may be used
if desired. When two or more different coatings are used on the same
goods due care must be taken that each coating is properly set or dry
before the subsequent coating is applied.
Having now described the nature of my Invention, and the manner in
which the same is to be performed, I wish it to be distinctly understood
that I do not claim the use of the several solutions described or the
combinations of them for the purpose of preventing decay, or putrefaction,
or decomposition, whether of animal or vegetable substances, neither do
1 claim the use of the said solutions as baths for preserving the sub-
stances kept immersed therein, neither do I claim the use of gelatine or
isinglass solution alone, or of gelatine solution in combination with
isinglass solution, neither do I claim, per se, the method in which [
apply the coating; but I do claim as my said Invention,—
Firstly. Coating, encasing, or covering jujubes or gun goods of all
kinds with a thin film or layer, or with two or more films or layers of
albumen, or glue, or collodion, or of certain kinds of balsams, such as
balsam of Tolu.or of certain kinds of resins, such as lac, whether shell
lac, gum lac, or seed lac, or colophony resin, or of certain kinds of gum,
such as gum Arabic.
Secondly. Coating, encasing, or covering the same classes of goods
with two or more successive films or layers of different substances
specified in my first claim, or with a film or layer of gelatine or isinglass
in combination with a film or layer of any one or more of the aforesaid
substances.
Thirdly. Coating, or encasing, or covering certain kinds of boiled
sugar confectionery, such for instance as butter scotch, and barley sugar,
and certain other classes of sticky sweetmeats, such as acidulated drops
and black currant lozenges, and various preparations of chocolate, such
as chocolate creams and cake chocolate with a thin film or layer, or with
two or more films or layers of albumen, or glue, or collodion, or of certain
kinds of balsams; such as balsam of Tolu or of certain kinds of resins;
such as lac, whether shell lac, gum lac, or seed lac, or colophony resin,
or of certain kinds of
Arabic.
gums, such
gum

page_text: Fourthly. Coating, encasing, or covering the classes of goods referred
to in my third claim with two or more successive films or layers of
different substances specified in my said third claim, or with a film or layer
of gelatine or isinglass in combination with a film or layer of any one or
more of the aforesaid substances.
In witness whore
I the end Edwin Hawker have hereunto set
Fourthly. Coating, encasing, or covering the classes of goods referred
to in my third claim with two or more successive films or layers of
different substances specified in my said third claim, or with a film or layer
of gelatine or isinglass in combination with a film or layer of any one or
more of the aforesaid substances.
In witness whereof, I, the said Edwin Hawker, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Seventeenth day of June, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five.
Witness,
H. H. MURDOCH,
Staple Inn,
London.
E. HAWKER. (L.S.)