IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CAST-IRON FENDERS
Year: 1862

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Mark Osborne, of Birmingham, in the County of
Warwick, Ironfounder, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF CAST-IRON FENDERS."
Sealed the 10th February 1863, and dated the 10th December 1862.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Mark Osborne at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 10th
December 1862.
I, MARK OSBORNE, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Iron-
founder, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CAST-IRON FENDERS," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists of the improvements herein-after explained, whereby
the fronts of cast-iron fenders are cast upon the ends of the said fenders, so
as to secure the said ends to the said fronts, by which improvements the
fastenings ordinarily employed to connect the ends and fronts of the said
fenders together are superseded.
In making cast-iron fenders, according to my Invention, I proceed as follows:
-I cast the ends of the fender in the ordinary manner, excepting that at that
part of the end which is to be joined to the front of the fender I make one
or more studs or under cut projections. In making the mould in which the
front of the fender is to be cast I take a pattern having in its ends one
or more recesses or slots suitable to receive the before-mentioned studs or

page_text: under-cut projections on the ends of the fender, and I form the mould for the
front of the fender by means of the said pattern, with the ends of the fender
placed therein in the same relative positions as the said ends will occupy in
the finished fender. Having completed the mould I remove the upper part
of the said mould together with the ends of the fender, and afterwards remove
the pattern front from the mould. I then replace the upper part of mould
with the ends of the fender supported or held in it, and cast the front of the
fender in the said mould. The melted cast-iron surrounds and engages with
the studs or under-cut projections on the ends of the fender, and the front of
the fender becomes thus firmly secured to the ends of the fender. Instead of
making studs or under-cut projections on the ends of the fender, and casting
the front of the fender upon the said studs or projections, as described, a slot
or slots may be formed in the ends of the fender, and the front of the fender
cast upon the said ends, so that the melted metal running into the said slots
forms pegs or projections, which engage with the said slots and firmly secure
the front to the ends of the fender.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Mark Osborne in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
8th June 1863.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, MARK
OSBORNE, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Ironfounder, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Tenth day of December, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, in the twenty-sixth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Mark Osborne, Her special licence that I, the said Mark Osborne,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
Mark Osborne, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times there-
after during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain 'and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CAST-IRON FENDERS," upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said Mark Osborne, my executors or adminis-
trators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their

page_text: hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Mark Osborne, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, that is to say:-
My Invention consists of the improvements, herein-after explained, whereby
the fronts of cast-iron fenders are cast upon the ends of the said fenders, so as
to secure the said ends to the said fronts, by which improvements the fasten-.
ings ordinarily employed to connect the ends and fronts of the said fenders
together are superseded.
In making cast-iron fenders, according to my Invention, I proceed as
follows:-I cast the ends of the fender in the ordinary manner, excepting that
at that part of the end which is to be joined to the front of the fender, I
make one or more studs or under-cut projections. In making the mould in
which the front of the fender is to be cast I take a pattern having in its ends
one or more recesses or slots suitable to receive the before-mentioned studs or
under-cut projections on the ends of the fender, and I form the mould for the.
front of the fender, by means of the said pattern, with the ends of the fender
placed therein in the same relative positions as the said ends will occupy in the
finished fender. Having completed the mould, I remove the upper part of
the said mould together with the ends of the fender, and afterwards remove
the pattern front from the mould. I then replace the upper part of the
mould with the ends of the fender supported or held in it, and cast the front
of the fender in the said mould. The melted cast-iron surrounds and engages
with the studs or under-cut projections on the ends of the fender, and
the front of the fender becomes thus firmly secured to the ends of the
fender. Instead of making studs or under-cut projections on the ends of the
fender, and casting the front of the fender upon the said studs or projections,
as described, a slot or slots may be formed in the ends of the fender, and the.
front of the fender cast upon the said ends, so that the melted metal running
into the said slots forms pegs or projections, which engage with the said slots
and firmly secure the front to the ends of the fender.
Having explained the nature of my Invention, I will now proceed to
describe, with reference to the accompanying Drawings, the manner in which
the same is to be performed.

page_text: Figure 1 represents in front elevation one end of a fender made according
to my Invention; Figure 2 is an end elevation of the same; Figure 3 repre-
sents a back elevation of a portion of the pattern of the front of a fender, to
be used in making the mould in which the front of the fender is to be cast;
Figure 4 is a section of the same taken through the line x of Figure 3 ;
Figure 5 represents in horizontal section a portion of the front of a fender,
which has been cast upon the end of the fender; Figures 1 and 2, and
Figure 6 is a plan of the same.
The end a of the fender, Figures 1 and 2, is cast in the ordinary way, but
at that part which is to be joined to the front b of the fender, Figures 5 and 6,
I make an under-cut stud c and projecting piece d. I make at either end of
the pattern front of the fender depressions or recesses e, e, Figures 3 and 4 ;
the said depressions or recesses somewhat resembling in shape the under-cut
stud c and projecting piece d on the ends of the fender. In making the
mould in which the front of the fender is to be cast, I take a complete pattern
front, having depressions or recesses in either end of the kind represented in
Figures 3 and 4, and I place it upon a plaster or sand block in the casting
box employed to mould off, as is commonly practised; and I form the lower
half of the mould by ramming the sand in the casting box in the, usual way.
I invert the said mould, the inner side of the pattern front being now upper-
most, and I remove the plaster or sand block. I then take another casting
box and place it upon the lower half of the mould, and I place the two ends
of the fender upright in the pattern front, the projecting and under-cut
portions of the said ends occupying the depressions or recesses in the said
pattern front; I then ram the sand into the upper casting box in the ordinary
way, and form the upper half of the mould from the pattern front. The
mould having been thus made I remove the upper half of the mould carrying
with it the ends of the fender, and I afterwards remove the pattern front from
the lower half of the mould. Figures 7, 8, and 9 represent the two parts of
the mould of a front of a fender, which has been made in the manner just
described; Figure 7 representing the upper half of the mould; Figure 8 a
plan of the under side of the same; and Figure 9 a plan of the upper side of
the lower half of the mould after the pattern front has been removed there-
from. The upper half of the mould is marked f, and the ends of the fender
supported in it are marked 9, 9; the lower half of the mould is marked h; and
the depressions or recesses at the ends are marked i; the pattern front having
been removed from the lower half h of the mould, as before explained, the
upper halff carrying therein the fender ends g, g, is replaced upon the said
lower half h, as represented in the longitudinal section, Figure 10, the pro-

page_text: jecting parts of the fender ends g, g, entering the depressions or recesses ï in.
the said lower half h, as will be understood by an examination of Figure 10.
The mould is now ready for casting. The melted cast-iron being poured into
the mould the said mould is filled therewith, the said cast-iron surrounding
and engaging with the under-cut and projecting parts of the fender ends g, g,
and thus casting the front of the fender on the ends of the said fender, as
illustrated in Figures 5 and 6. A firm and secure junction of the ends with
the front of the fender is thus effected, and the fender only requires to have
the pan or plate connected to it to be complete. Instead of making under-cut
studs and projections c, d, on the ends of the fender, upon which the front of the
fender is cast, depressions or recesses similar to those marked e, e, in the ends
of the pattern front may be made in the ends of the fender. In this case in
casting the front of the fender the melted cast-iron runs into the said depres-
sions or recesses and forms pegs or projections, which engage with the said
depressions or recesses, and firmly secure the front to the ends of the fender,
but I prefer to carry my Invention into effect in the manner herein first-
described and illustrated in the accompanying Drawings.
I do not limit myself to any particular shape in that part of the ends of the
fender upon which the front is cast, as a great variety of forms may be
employed, which will answer the purpose as well as, or nearly as well as, the
form which I have represented.
In order to prevent the fronts of fenders, made according to my Invention,
becoming useless, if by accident the end or ends should be broken, I provide
the said fronts near the ends thereof with slots or openings, as represented
at k, k, Figures 3, 5, 8, and 9, and fasten other ends to the said fronts at the
said slots or openings by making the ends with hook-like fastenings, as
described in the Specification of Letters Patent granted to George Asher.
bearing date the Twenty-ninth day of May, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, No. 1339, of which said Letters Patent
I am the sole assignee.
Having now described the nature of my Invention, and the manner in which
the same is to be performed, I wish it to be understood that I do not limit
myself to the precise details herein described and illustrated, as the same may
be varied without departing from the nature of my Invention; but I claim as
my Invention the improvements in the manufacture of cast-iron fenders,
herein-before described and illustrated in the accompanying Drawings, that is
to say, manufacturing cast-iron fenders by casting the fronts of the said fenders
upon the ends of the fenders, and thereby connecting the said fronts to the
said ends, those parts of the said fender ends on which the front is cast being

page_text: so shaped that the said ends become firmly connected to the front by the
casting of the front thereon.
In witness whereof I, the said Mark Osborne, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Fifth day of June, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three.
Witness,
GEORGE SHAW.
MARK OSBORNE. (L.S.)