IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS AND APPARATUR, AND IN SUPPORTS FOR ELECTRIC TELE- GRAPHIC LINE. WIRES
Year: 1859

page_text: 11:
LETTERS PATENT to Charles William Siemens, of John Street, Adelphi,
in the County of Middlesex, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS AND APPARATUR, AND IN SUPPORTS FOR ELECTRIC TELE-
GRAPHIC LINE. WIRES." Partly a communication from Werner Siemens,
งา
residing at Roulin in Prussia..
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles William Siemens
at the. Office: of: the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
⚫ on the 25th February 1859.
I, CHARLES WHILAM SIEMENS, of John Street, Adelphi, in the County of
Middlesex, du hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE.
MENTS IN ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS AND APPARATUS, AND IN SUPPORTS FOR ELECTRIC
TELEGRAPH LINE WIRES,". to be as follows: -.
The release and stoppage of the clockwork of électric telegraphic apparatus
is generally effected bythehand of the attendant,and sometimes by contrivances
operating by 'electricity. I construct an improved electrical apparatus for this
purpose in the following manner I employ a lever with a detent or a break
to stop a quickly revolving wheel or part of the clockwork. This lever carries
another small level or segment, suspended to it, and terminating in a base of the
form of un'are of a circle or of other suitable form, immediately below which
is a slowly revolving wheel or disc of the clockwork apparatus: The lever' is
moved by an electro-magnet' or other suitable electrical apparatus. When
the lever is raised the detent or break is released, and the clockwork com-
mences its' motion. The aforesaid segment is then out of contact with the

page_text: disc. If, by the stoppage of the current, or otherwise, the lever is allowed or
caused to descend, the segment rests on the disc, and thus supports the lever,
and prevents the detent from immediately stopping the clockwork. The seg-
ment is carried along slowly by its friction on the disc, until the end of its base
passes from under its centre of motion,and allows the lever to descend and stop
the clockwork by means of the detent or break. The detent lever may thus be
mounted on theleverof the printing instrument or other telegraphic instrument,
as the short pauses between the signals or letters are not sufficient to allowthe
detent to stop the clockwork. When, however, the message or signal is com-
pleted, and the apparatus left at rest, the detent is brought into action, and
stops the clockwork in the manner herein-before described. The aforesaid
segment may be circular and concentric, or it may be eccentric, or of other
form, and I also employ it with conducting and non-conducting parts or pieces
for making and breaking contact for batteries or transmitting or other instru-
ments, or for discharging the line wire, &c., before the detent or break stops
the clockwork, and in some cases I employ it in this manner without or
independently of the detent or break. I construct a receiving or recording
instrument, which possesses sufficient delicacy to mark the messages or signals
received upon slips of paper without the intervention of a "relay." I construct
the receiving magnet of a horseshoe-shaped electro-magnet, to the poles of
which small soft iron pieces arejoined so as to bringthe poles nearer together.
To the bend of the horseshoe or to the transverse iron bar connecting the two
iron cylinders or limbs of the electro-magnet,one pole of a permanent magnet
is fixed. The other pole of the permanent magnet is brought near to or in
contact with an axis carrying a thin soft iron bar. The end of this bar which
is farthest from its axis is placed between the poles of the electro-magnet,and
is capable of oscillating. between them. This oscillating bar carries a thin
elastic tongue, the end of which presses a slip of paper against the edge of an
inked disc when the iron bar is moved by the electro-magnetic force in one
direction. This pressure is relieved at the reverse motion of the bar, and the
paper passes on without being marked. The slip of paper is moved by clock-
work, and according to the duration of its contact with the inked and rotated
disc, longer or shorter marks are printed upon the paper which form the
different telegraphic letters or signs. The edge of the disc is kept inked in
the manner described in the Specification of certain Letters Patent granted
to William Spence, and bearing date or or about the Fifteenth day of
February 1558, and numbered 279, or by other suitable means, or these
signs may be marked by any other known process. I also employ for this
purpose an endless cord, which passes round a small pin or disc, and round a

page_text: roller driven by the clock work. This roller is covered with inked cloth to
supply the cord. The paper being pressed against the cord where it passes
round the pin or disc, receives the marks or signs. The poles of the electro-
magnet form extensions of the one pole of the permanent magnet, while the
soft iron bar oscillating between them forms an extension of the other pole of
the permanent magnet. When no current is sent through the coils of the
electro-magnet and the iron bar is in a central position between its two poles,
it is equally attracted by both, but if it be moved towards either pole it
becomes more attracted by that pole than by the other, and consequently
remains on that side. When a current in the proper direction passes through
the coils of the electro-magnet, the magnetism of the nearest pole will be
diminished or reversed, and that of the other pole strengthened, and the bar
will thus be attracted towards the farthest pole, where it will remain, even if
the current ceases; having passed its central position, and being nearer no wto
this pole than to the first, a current in the opposite direction to the first,
passing through the coils, brings the soft iron bar back to its first position.
The to-and-fro motions of the bar are thus effected by alternating currents. If
employing currents in onlyone direction, I bring the iron bar nearer to the one
pole of the magnet, and prevent its passing the central position.
When' no current passes through the coils the bar will always be attracted
by this nearer pole, and when a current in the proper direction is sent through
the coils it will be attracted by the farther pole, whose magnetism will be
strengthened, while that of the nearer pole is weakened or reversed. As soon
as the current ceases, the bar, not having passed its central position, returns to
its first position, following the attraction of the nearer pole.
1 have described this apparatus in connection with a peculiar arrangement
of printing or recording instrument, but it may be used in combination with
other telegraphic instruments. These apparatus have the advantage that the
attitude of the bar between the two poles of the electro-magnet being once
adjusted needs no farther adjustment, for as I employ only one permanent
magnet, a variation of its own magnetism does not affect the attitude of the
bar, and powerful currents passing through the coils can never reverse the
polarity of the magnet. In order to obtain great speed in the transmission of
messages, I employ types, with clovations or depressions, of the same or
different sizes, and I construct them of conducting or non-conducting material,
or of both. I put the elevations in one row, or in two or more rows, and I
form the words or messages by putting these letters or types, in their
proper order, into long composing sticks or on cylinders or other supports,
so that they can be moved onward and brought into contact with springs,

page_text: levers,discs,orothermeans of making contacts. These contacts transfer currents
in the same or in alternating directions, into the line circuit or wire, either
forming connections directly with the line wire, or indirectly by local circuits.
One plan of arranging the types consists in making them with dovetail bases,
and inserting them in a groove in a band of leather or vulcanized caoutchouc,
or other suitable material, which is made to open to receive them by passing
over a round edged pulley or wheel, and is closed upon them by passing
over a cylindrical pulley or roller, on which the band with the types may be
wound up. The band is unwound and passed through the transmitting or
signalling apparatus to give the signals. It then passes over a round edged
roller and liberates the types, which slide down an inclined surface and are
distributed into their cases or boxes either by hand or by mechanical means.
Each type may represent a letter, and may be stamped with the letter which
it represents. The size and distance of the elevations of the types and their
position in one, two, or more rows, and the velocity at which they are moved,
are varied according to the length and other given relations of the. line wire,
so as to obtain the greatest speed possible under given circumstances. I also
make use of perforated slips of paper, as described in the Specification of
certain Letters Patent granted to me, and bearing date on or about the
Eighth day of November 1854, and numbered 2366, and perforated by a
machine somewhat similar to the one therein described. I proportion the size,
distance, form, and position of the holes or perforations according to the con-
dition of the line so as to obtain the greatest speed of transmission, employing
currents in one or opposite directionstransmittedthroughcontactsestablished
through the holes in the paper as it passes through the apparatus.
For workingthe aforesaid apparatus I employ voltaic batteries or any other
suitable source of electricity, or the following magneto-electricalapparatus:-
I take aseriesof horseshoe-shaped permanentmagnets,and placethem with their
similar poles one above the other. They may consist of steel bars fixed at
one end to a flat iron bar, I prefer to leave a small space between each two of
them. I place a soft iron bar mounted upon its vertical axis between the
poles of this series of magnets, and I join all the similar poles of the magnets
on each side by an iron bar placed opposite to the iron bar oscillating between
them. I wind a quantity of insulated or coated wire in a longitudinal direction
round the oscillating iron bar, which acts as an armature to all the magnets.
If moved round its axis in one direction its edges get nearer to the two poles
of the magnet, and magnetism is induced. If moved in the opposite direction
the same edges of it are removed from these poles and brought nearer to the
opposite poles, and consequently its magnetism is reversed. By these

page_text: reversions corresponding with the oscillations of the bar, corresponding alter-
nating currents are produced in the surrounding coil which is inclosed in a
circuit. I either fix this coil of wire to the oscillating iron bar and move it
with the latter, or I fasten the coil, making the bar oscillate inside of the
fixed coil. I give to the transverse section of the oscillating bar or
of the two other bars which join the similar poles of the magnets, such
a shape that the poles of the magnets are brought close to the edges
of their armature oscillating between them. I sometimes dispense with
the iron bars joining the similar poles of the magnets. Instead of the
oscillating armature, I also employ a cylindrical bar revolving between
the poles of the magnets, or between the bars placed in contact with them,
into which two broad and longitudinal grooves are cut at two opposite sides of
the bar, and I wind the wire in a longitudinal direction in these grooves. By
the revolutions of the bar its magnetism is alternately reversed, and alternating
currents are produced in the coil of wire fastened to it. Or I construct
magneto-electric machines in the following manner :-I place the axis of a
moveable iron bar near to the one pole of a permanent magnet, or to an
iron piece connected with this pole of the magnet, and moving the iron bar
round its axis, I bring it nearer to the other pole of the same permanent
magnet, or remove it from it. Or I place two permanent magnets with their
opposite poles at a little distance, one above or at the side of the other, and I
join one pole with the opposite pole by an iron piece, and place the axis of the
oscillating iron bar near this, and move the other end of the bar to and fro
between the two other poles. Or I combine either two of the first or two of
the latter arrangements together, placing in the first instance two single, and
in the latter two double permanent magnets, in such a way together that the
similar poles of the magnets of the two arrangements are opposite to each
other. Instead of using two iron bars in such a combined arrangement, [
substitute one bar, placing its axis near the one set of poles of the several
magnets, and moving the other end of the bar to and fro near or between the
other poles. In these various cases I wind the insulated or coated wire round
the oscillating iron bar, placing the coil thus produced between the two poles
of the same magnet or magnets. The alternating currents corresponding to
the oscillations of the iron bar and its changes of magnetism are induced in'
this coil, which is in connection with a circuit, I either fasten the coil upon
this bar and inove it with it, or I move the bar within the fixed coil. For
each single magnet employed a series of magnets may be substituted. It has
been found that the bell-shaped insulators employed for supporting line wires
sometimes become occupied by spiders or other insects, whose webs or

page_text: secretions injure the insulation in damp or wet weather. To obviate these
disadvantages, I introduce the following modifications or additions to the insula-
tors described in the Specification of certain Letters Patent granted to me,
and bearing date on or about the Twenty-fifth day of February 1854, &
numbered 459, and to those described in a Provisional Specification bearing
date on or about the Eleventh day of January 1859, & numbered 87, on
which Provisional Protection has been granted to me. On the lower end of
the stalk, fixed in the insulating cup, I form a screw, which passes through a
plate bent into the form of a look, and receives a nut. The line wire is laid
on the bent plate, and the nut is screwed up, so as to cause the wire to be
gripped or held between the bent plate and the end of the screw. Or I bend
the lower end of the stalk into a hook, which is partially divided or split by a
saw cut, or otherwise. The line wire is laid in the hook and secured by a
key or wedge driven into the saw cut. On the cylindrical part of the stalk is
fitted a tube or collar, which is capable of revolving freely upon it, and carries
two or more bent or hollowed wings or cups, which are acted on by the wind,
so as to cause them to revolve. The spiders webs are thus swept away. The
wings or tube may carry pins, which pass up into the bells, and more
effectually sweep out the webs. When the wire is carried on the bell, the
stalk may be fixed in a socket, or otherwise attached to the supporting post,
with the collar and wings revolving freely upon it. In some cases the
apparatus may be made to swing or to move in any other convenient manner
by the action of the wind, and these contrivances may also be applied to other
insulators. I support the insulators for line wire on metallic supports or posts
constructed as described in the aforesaid Provisional Specification with the
following improvements. These supports consist of three iron rods or tubes
connected together at the top, and at one or more intermediate points, and
having a plate of cast iron or other suitable material attached or keyed on or
cast on to the foot of each rod or tube. I make three holes in the ground by
a"post auger" or other suitable means, and I place one foot of this three-
legged support in each hole, and ram in the earth upon it. The plates may
have holes to receive stakes, which are driven into the earth to obtain greater
hold. The rods may be round, or square or of other suitable section. The
upper ends of the rods lie in angular or square or other grooves or recesses in
a cast-iron pipe, and are secured by a ring of suitable form driven over them.
They are placed so as to radiate towards a point near the top of the pipe, and
abut against a flange on the ends of the recesses. The pipe has flanges or
recesses upon it to receive flanges of suitable form cast on or attached to the
bell or the stalk of the insulators. A ring driven over the pipe and flange

page_text: secures the insulator. The ring may be made in two pieces, hooked together
for conveniencein fixing an insulator under another which is already fixed. The
intermediate connections or stays may be made as described in the aforesaid
Provisional Specification, or in the following manuer:-I connect to each rod
or tube a short iron bar or stay in such manner that these three bars meet in
the centre between the rods, and are united by welding, rivetting, or by
casting or compressing a collar or boss on them, or otherwise; or this three-
armed stay may be forged in one piece. The cuds are bent down or up, and
are secured to the rods by tubes and wedges, or by tubes compressed over the
junction, or otherwise, as described in the aforesaid Provisional Specification,
or they are beut round the rods, or perforated to receive them, and split or
notched, if required, and wedged, or secured so as not only to keep the rods at
the proper distance apart, but also to prevent bending or torsion of the rods at
these points. The beuding or torsion of the rods at the top is prevented by
their fixing, and thus a very strong and stiff support is obtained.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Charles William Siemens in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 24th August 1859.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, CHARLES
WILLIAM SIEMENS, of John Street, Adelphi, in the County of Middlesex, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-fifth day of February, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, in the twenty-second year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Charles William Siemens, Her special licence that I, the said Charles William
Siemens, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
Charles William Siemens, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at
any tine agree with, and noothers, from time to time and atall times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS AND APPARATUS, AND IN SUPFORTS FOR ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHIC
LINE WIRES," partly communicated to me from Werner Siemens, residing at
Berlin, in Prussia, and partly my own Invention, upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said Charles William Siemens, my executors oradministrators,

page_text: by an iustrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same
to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Charles William Siemens, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, that is to say :--
The release and stoppage of the clock work of various descriptions of electric
telegraphic apparatus is sometimes effected by the hand of the attendant, and
sometimes by contrivances operating by electricity. I construct an improved
electrical apparatus for this purpose in the following manner :-
:
Figure 1, Sheet I., of the accompanying Drawings is a side view of my
improved apparatus. m is an electro-maguet of horse-shoe or other suitable
form, is its armature, attached to a lever f, moveable on its axis e. At the
opposite end of this lever is a spring or arm f¹, which rests upon an ivory
drum or wheel g' on the spindle of the fly i of the clockwork. The spring or
arm is pressed upon the drum g' by a weight g, which can be adjusted on
the lever for on another lever on the same axis. To the lever for to another
lever on the same axis is suspended another small lever or segment " of a
form somewhat resembling a boot. This segment or boot is so balanced and
adjusted that it has a tendency to hang with its heel under its point of
suspension; it rests upon the circumference o' of a wheel o, which is con-
nected with the clockwork which drives the fly i and the printing or other
telegraphic apparatus. When the apparatus is at rest, the arm or break
spring frests upon the drum g' and stops the clockwork, and the toe of the
boot rests on the wheel o'. When a current of electricity is passed through
the coils of the electro-magnet m, the armature k is attracted by it, and the
break spring is raised from the drum g', and the clockwork is allowed to
commence its motion. At the same time the boot n assumes its upright
position, and hangs with its heel just above the wheel o¹. If the current of
electricity is now stopped, the armature k rises, and the break f¹ descends a
little, and the heel of the boot then rests on the wheel o', and prevents the
further descent of the break 1, which is thus prevented from touching or
stopping the drum g'; the clock work, therefore, continues in motion. As the
wheel o¹ continues to revolve, it carries with it the boot n, until ouly the toe
of the boot rests upon it, and the break f¹ then descends and stops the
drum g; the clockwork is thus kept in motion for a certain time after

page_text: the cessation of the current of electricity. This continuance of motion in the
clockwork is advantageous for putting the receiving instrument into circuit
and for various purposes, and its duration may be adjusted by varying the
speed of the wheel o, o'; thus, one purpose for which it is particularly advan-
tageous is, for discharging the electricity from the line wire after completing a
signal, by connecting the line wire with the earth, and again disconnecting it
from the earth, so as to leave it ready for use. For this purpose I connect
the line wire to the lever f, which is insulated, and I place an insulated ring
of platinum or other suitable conductor o' on the wheel o, and I apply a
spring S³ in contact with this ring o¹; the spring S³ is attached to a block or
support 5, which is connected to the earth. The leg and sole of the boot n
are made of platinum or other conductor, but its toe and heel are of ivory or
other non-conductor. When a signal or message is being transmitted, the
intervals between the successive currents passing round the magnet m are
very short, and the speed of the wheel o is so adjusted that during each of
these short intervals, the insulated heel of the boot is not carried on so far as
to bring the conducting sole into contact with the conducting ring o¹. Each
time that the armature k is drawn down, the boot n swings back to its vertical
position, and again commences its motion when the armature k rises; the
heel of the boat n thus dances upon the ring o' during the transmission of a
signal or message. When the signal or message is completed, the currents
round the electro-magnet cease, and the boot n is then carried on until its
conducting sole rolls upon the ring o¹, and thus discharges any electrical
charge remaining in the line wire. The boot n is still carried on until its
insulated toe rests upon the ring o', and the break then descends and stops
the clockwork.
The currents of electricity which pass through the coils of the electro-
magnet m may pass through the coils of another or other electro-magnets
or apparatus for marking signals on a piece of paper moved by the clock
work, or the motions of the break lever may be applied at once to the
marking or registering of the signals.
Figure 2, Sheet I., is a side view, partly in section, and Figure 3 is a plan
of an apparatus in which the signals are produced and marked by the motion
of the break lever. m is the electro-magnet, and is the armature attached
to the lever, on whose spindle is fixed the lever carrying the boot n, which
rests or dances upon the wheel o, as before. f¹ is the break formed by a
part of the lever f, which rests upon the drum g¹ on the spindle of the flyi;
the lever carries the printing point or edge d. The printing is effected in
a similar manner to that described in the Specification of certain Letters Patent

page_text: granted to William Spence, and bearing date on or about the Fifteenth day
of February, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, and numbered 279.
T is a roller or reel, on which is wound a long strip or band of paper h,
which passes under a pin or roller h¹ and between two rollers, G, G¹, pressed
together by a spring, and one or both of which is or are driven by the clock-
work. The band is pressed against the pin h' by a spring h², so as to produce
sufficient friction to keep the band straight between the pin and the rollers
G, G. I is a small disc or wheel of metal or other suitable material, which
is driven by the clockwork, and which is close to the paper, but does not quite
touch it. This disc runs in contact with an inked roller K, which rests upon
it, and is connected by a lever L to a screw M, which can be adjusted so as
to move the roller K in the direction of its axis, and thus to bring different
parts of its surface into contact with the disc I, which is thus constantly
charged with ink; the printing point or edge d does not touch the paper
bandh when the apparatus is at rest. When the armature his drawn down
by the electro-magnet m, the printing edge dis raised, and presses the paper
bandh against the disc I. A mark is thus produced on the paper, which is
either a line or a very short line or dot, according as the point or edged is
kept up for a greater or less space of time. When the armature ceases to be
attracted, the point d descends until the heel of the boot n rests on its wheel
o; the extent of this motion may be very small, being merely sufficient to
enable the paper band h to pass without touching the disc T. The clockwork
continues in motion until the message is completed, and the boot n is then
carried on by the wheel until its toe comes in contact with the wheel, and
the break fi descends and stops the clockwork. The boot n may be made
with conducting and non-conducting parts for discharging the line wire
or other purposes as herein-before described in reference to Figure 1, if
desired.
It will be seen that the peculiar action of the "boot" apparatus is, that
when left to itself, the clockwork stops itself after a certain interval of time
after the cessation of the electric currents, whatever may be the position of
the wheels of the clockwork at the time of the cessation of the current. The
same effect may be produced by apparatus of various other forms, but acting
in a similar manner and as mechanical equivalents for the boot; thus, a
vertical bar may carry the break or be connected to the break, or to a detent,
in such a manner that by raising the bar, the break or detent is put in action
and stops the clockwork. The vertical bar is pressed against the wheel oby
a roller mounted on a lever, and the bar is thus raised by the revolution of the
wheel o, and the clockwork is stopped. The lever which carries the roller is

page_text: connected to the leverf which carries the armature, so that as soon as the
armature is attracted by the passage of an electric current, the vertical bar
falls and allows the clockwork to start.
As the rapid succession of electric
currents, composing the message, are transmitted, the vertical bar is merely
raised a very little and dropped again, without stopping the clockwork; but
when the message is completed, the vertical bar is carried up by the wheel o
until it brings the break or detent into action, and thus stops the clockwork.
The vertical bar may be made of conducting and non-conducting parts like
the boot, and may make contact with the earth, and discharge the line wire
in a similar manner. Various other forms of apparatus may be constructed
with a similar action, although I consider the "boot" form to be the most
convenient.
Figure 4, Sheet I., is a perspective view of the front of a printing instru-
ment adapted for working with alternating currents, of electricity.
The
Figure 5 is a perspective view of the back and top of the same.
arrangement of the paper band h, reel T, rollers G,G', disc I, inking roller K,
lever L, and screw M, is similar to that of the corresponding parts in Figures 2
and 3. The printing point or edge d is connected to an iron tongue or lever C
whose spindle is supported by the cross bar B and by the front plate of the
apparatus; N and N' are moveable iron poles, attached to the two bars or
branches E of a horse-shoe or staple-shaped electro-magnet, formed of the
two bars E and a cross bar A. The poles N, N¹, can be adjusted and fixed
by screws at a proper distance from the tongue C; S, N2, is a permanent
magnet, the north pole of which is fixed in contact with or in close proximity
to the cross bar A of the electro-magnet, whose poles N. N³, thus acquire
north polarity. The pole S of the permanent magnet is forked, and brought
very close to the iron tongue C without actually touching it. The end of the
tongue C, which is between the poles N, N¹, thus acquires south polarity, and
is therefore attracted by both the poles N, N'. If the tongue C is exactly in
the centre between the poles N, N³, it will be equally attracted by both, but
if it is moved a little to one side of the centre it will be most attracted by the
nearest of the two poles, and will be drawn towards it and retained there.
When the apparatus is at rest the tongue C is nearest to the pole N¹ and
therefore the printing point d is not in contact with the paper band h. .If a
current of electricity be now transmitted in the proper direction through the
coils of the electro-magnet E, the pole N will be rendered more strongly
north, while the pole N¹ will have its polarity reversed and will become south,
or will have its north polarity weakened if the current is not powerful enough
to reverse it; the tongue C will consequently move towards the pole N, and

page_text: the printing point d will thus press the paper band against the inked disc I,
and produce a mark or signal. If a reverse current be immediately sent
through the coils of the electro-magnet, the tongue C is attracted by the
increased north polarity of the pole N', and repelled or released by thereversed
or diminished polarity of the pole N. The tongue C thus returns towards its
first position, and the point d ceases to press the paper against the disc I. If
the second, or reverse, or negative current be transmitted immediately after
the first or direct or positive current,a very short mark or dot will be produced
on the paper; but if a certain interval of time be allowed to elapse before
the reverse or negative current is transmitted,a line or stroke will be produced
of a length depending on the length of the interval of time and the velocity
at which the paper band is driven by the clockwork. The reverso current
may be of the same strength and produced by the same battery or source of
electricity as the first or principal current, or it may be of greater or less
strength, if found more convenient. The permanent magnet S, N2, being
connected to the cross bar or neutral part A of the electro-magnet, is not in
danger of having its polarity injured or affected by powerful currents trans-
mitted through the coils of the electro-magnet; e is a spindle, supported by
insulated bearings, and on which is fixed the lever f, carrying the armature k,
the boot n and the break f', which rests on the drum g' of the fly i of the
clockwork; g is a weight, which is moveable on another lever attached to the
spindle e, and is used to adjust the pressure on the break f; m is an electro-
magnet, placed under the armature k, and the coils of which are traversed by
the same currents which pass through the coils of the electro-magnet E. The
action of these parts is the same as that of the parts similarly marked in
Figure 1, for currents in either direction have the effect of attracting the
armature k, and thus allowing the clockwork to start and keep in motion.
When the currents cease the boot n is carried on by the wheel or ring o¹,until
the conducting sole of the boot comes in contact with the conducting ring o¹,
which is in connection with the earth, and thus discharges the line wire which
is in connection with the spindle e. The insulated toe of the boot n then
comes in contact with the ring o',and the break f¹ descends upon the drum g¹,
and stops the clockwork.
When there are merely two terminal stations to a line wire and no inter-
mediate stations, the means of discharging the line wire by the action of the
boot n is not absolutely necessary, as the line wire may be discharged by a
transient direct connection with the earth, effected by the key or instrument
employed for sending signals, and in such cases the boot n may be made
entirely of non-conducting material, or may be disconnected from the line

page_text: wire. When intermediate stations are used, the discharging action of the
boot n will be found of great advantage when applied in the following
manner: A signal is transmitted from the first station to the printing
instrument at the second station, which instrument makes the proper contacts,
and transmits the signal to the third station, and so on.
Each printing
instrument then acts like the key or signalling instrument at the first station,
and is so connected that after the completion of a message it discharges the
portion of the line through which it transmits the signal,while the first length
of line is discharged by the original key or other signalling instrument. This
is effected in the following manner :-The iron tongue C has a prolongation,
which is provided with two contact pieces, which alternately come in contact
with two insulated points 2 and 3, adjusted by screws D¹ and D, as shown in
Figure 4. These two points are connected respectively to two galvanic
batteries or sources of electricity, but to contrary poles or electrodes. Thus
may be connected to the negative pole of the battery, and 3 to the positive
pole. The other poles of each battery are connected to the earth. The
bearings or support of the iron tongue C are insulated, and connected to the
conducting or contact point S2, shewn in Figure 5. On the insulated spindles
is fixed a metallic lever 1, which acts as a commutator for altering the con-
nections or direction of the currents. When the apparatus is at rest this
lever is in contact with an insulated conducting point or contact piece S¹,
but when the armature k descends, or when the heel or sole of the boot n is
resting or dancing on the wheel o¹, the lover is in contact with the other
conducting point S2, and out of contact with S'. These points are connected
in the following manner:-Ateach intermediate station there are two printing
instruments, which can be used for receiving messages from the two stations
on each side of it respectively. Thus at the second station ou a line there is
one printing instrument, which may be called X, which receives messages
from the first station, and transmits them, if required, to the third station,
and there is another printing instrument Y, which receives messages from the
third station, and transmits them on, if required, to the first station. The
line wire between the first and second stations may be called L', and the line
wire between the second and third stations may be called L³. The line
wire L' is connected to the coils of the electro-magnets of the instrument X,
and thence to the earth, so that any currents sent from the first station will
work the instrument X. The spindle e of this instrument is connected to the
line wire L. The point S¹ is connected to the coils of the electro-magnets
of the other printing instrument Y, and thence to the earth.
If a message be now sent through the line wire L' from the first station,

page_text: the printing instrument X will be put in action, and its lever / will come in
contact with the point S2, so as to put the line wire L in connection with the
tongue C of the instrument X. Alternating currents from the two batteries
will now be sent through the line wire L³, corresponding with those passing
through the line wire L', and thus the message will be sent on to the
corresponding printing instrument X at the third station, and may be again
transınitted by it, and so on as far as may be required. The printing
instrument Y is altogether disconnected during this operation by the lever
being out of contact with the point S¹. As soon, however, as the message is
completed, the boot n is carried on by the wheel o¹, and discharges the
liue wire L, and then places it in connection with the point S¹, and the coils
of the instrument Y, and thence to the earth. If a message is now sent in
the opposite direction through the line wire L,the currents will pass through
the lever of the instrument X without moving it, and then through the coils
of the instrument Y into the earth, and the message will be recorded or
printed by the action of the instrument Y. It has been already stated that
the line wire L' is in connection with the coils of the electro-magnets of the
instrument X; but it is not connected directly to them, but to the spindle e
of the instrument Y, whose lever 1, when at rest, touches its contact point S¹,
which is connected to the coils of the electro-magnets of the instrument X,
and thence to the earth. Each instrument is thus the counterpart of the
other. When the instruments are employed in this manner for transmitting
the signals or messages, it is not generally required to print the message at all
the intermediate stations. The motion of the paper bands at the intermediate
stations may, therefore, be arrested, if desired, by throwing the rollers G, G¹,
out of geer by a clutch, or in any other convenient manner. It will, of course,
be understood, that the line wires and instruments may be connected in
various other ways by commutators moved or adjusted by hand, as, for
example, to arrange the instruments X and Y for receiving signals simul-
.taneously from two different stations, or to introduce a key or keys, or other
signalling instrument, for the purpose of sending messages from the inter-
mediate station in one or both directions.
If the prolongation of the tongue C in Figure 4 were a plain rigid bar,
there would be a little loss of time between the commencement of the motion
of the tongue C, and the contact of the tongue with the point 3. This would
shorten the marks on the paper band at the next station; and if the message
were transmitted through several stations, it is possible that the dots might
not be marked, and that the lines or strokes might be shortened to dots. To
obviate this defect, the contact piece on the tongue C is mounted on a spring,

page_text: and is so arranged as to come in contact with the point 3, directly the tongue
Cleaves its contact with the point 2. The end of the tongue C is of a hook
form, so as to confine the motion of the spring, and to ensure the contact being
broken before the tongue comes in contact with the point 2. The lever Zis
also provided with springs to its contact pieces. By constructing a printing
instrument as herein-before described, in reference to Figures 4 and 5, I am
enabled to obtain so much delicacy and certainty of action, that such instru-
ments can be worked directly by the currents sent through the line wire, in
lieu of its being necessary to send those currents through a separate instrument
or relay, for making contacts with a local battery, as now commonly adopted
with Morse's and similar printing instruments. The local batteries can thus
be dispensed with, and only the telegraphic batteries are required, and these
may also be dispensed with, if desired, by using the magneto-electrical instru-
ments or keys herein-after described. In lieu of the inked disc I, an endless
cord may be employed. This cord passes round a roller, which is driven by
the clockwork, and carries the cord in contact with an inking roller. The
cord then passes round a pin, which has a groove or flanges to guide it. It
thus presents a convex surface or edge towards the paper band, which is
pressed against it by the printing point or edge in the same manner as when
the disc is employed. The instrument shown in Figures 4 and 5 may be
modified a little, so as to cause it to act with currents in one direction only.
For this purpose the range of the tongue C is confined to one side of the
centre between the poles N and N¹. Thus its range may be entirely above
the centre, and it will then be more attracted by the pole N¹ than by N,
and will, therefore, remain in its highest position, when no current of elec-
tricity is passing through the coils of the electro-magnet E, and will return
to that position after the cessation of any such current. The signals or
marks are, therefore, produced by sending a succession of currents of
electricity in the proper direction, and of greater or less duration through
the coils. If the message is to be transmitted through to the next station,.
oue battery, with its proper pole connected to the point 3, is sufficient,
and the second or reversed battery is not required.
These different instruments may be used with a key moved by hand as a
signalling instrument, the key being moved up and down, or to and fro by
hand, and kept in the proper positious a longer or shorter time, to produce
the lines, or strokes, and dots, and the spaces between the letters and words.
The contacts may, however, be produced with greater accuracy and greater
speed by the following means:-Figure 6, Sheet II., is a diagram of a lever
or key to be worked by mechanical means. L is the line wire connected to

page_text: the bearings of a conducting lever a. E is a wire connected from the earth
to the bearings of another conducting lever b. The upper ends of these levers
are drawn apart by two springs and their lower ends are consequently pressed
towards each other. Each lever carries two contact points or pieces. The
lower contact points come in contact with two points on the two sides of a
conducting lever c, which is connected to one pole C of a voltaic battery,
or other source of electricity. The two upper contact points come in contact
with two fixed conducting points connected to the opposite pole Z of the
battery, or connected to different parts of the battery, if it be wished to have
the reverse current weaker or stronger than the direct current. A lever d,
attached to the lever c, carries a small roller or disc e, which is pressed
downwards by a spring f. In the position shown in the Drawing, the roller
is down, and the line wire L is connected by the lever a to the pole % of the
battery, or to a part of the battery having the opposite polarity to the pole C,
and through the battery and levers c and to the earth E. If the roller e
be now raised, the lever c will come in contact with the lever a, and move
it away from the point which connects it to the Z pole of the battery, and
will also leave its contact with the lever b, and allow it to come in contact
with the point connected to the Z pole of the battery. The line wire Lis thus
connected by the levers a and c to the C pole of the battery, whose Z pole is
.connected by the lever 6 to the earth E. The current will now pass through
the line wire L in the contrary direction to that in which it passes when the
parts are in the position shewn in the Drawing. Thus, by raising and lowering
the disc or roller e, alternating currents are sent through the line wire L.
By causing the lever c to touch the lever a a little before it leaves the leverb,
the line wire can be placed in connection with the earth for a short interval
between the cessation of one current, and the establishing of the reverse
current, so as to effect a partial discharge of the line wire direct to earth.
The raising and lowering of the roller e is effected by means of types, or pieces
.of metal, or other suitable material, with elevations and depressions, or per-
forations, which types are moved under the roller or disc e. The types may
represent words or syllables, or letters or parts of letters, but in general I pre-
fer to make each type represent a letter, and to mark it with the letter which
it represents, and a message can then be composed by any person who can
read. Thus, if the letter a is to be represented by a dot, followed by a line or
stroke, the type is made with one perforation or short depression, followed at
a short interval by a longer depression. In passing this type under the disc or
roller e, the disc will rapidly descend and rise again from the short depression,
and then descend into the longer depression, dwelling there a short time and

page_text: rising again. The currents thus sent through the line wire will produce a dot
and a stroke at the printing apparatus of the distant station. It has, however,
been found that long submarine or subterranean line wires are apt to become
more strongly charged by the current of longer duration than by the shorter
one, which is an inconvenience which is remedied in the following manner :-
In lieu of the long depression or perforation for making the stroke, I employ
two shortdepressions or perforations placed very close together. The current is
thus so rapidly reversed and re-established, that the printing point only leaves
the band momentarily, and produces two dots so close together as to serve the
same purpose as the stroke or line. The types are arranged or composed in
long composing sticks or frames, or otherwise, as may be convenient; thus
Figure 7, Sheet II., is a plan, and Figure 8 is a side view, and Figure 9 is a
transverse section of an apparatus for this purpose. g is the composing stick
having a fixed dovetail edge and a moveable bar h, with a dovetail edge;
this bar has two or more diagonal grooves or slots which slide upon pins fixed
in the lower piece g; by pushing this bar forward the types are released;
this composing stick is advanced by the rollers i, j, and passes under the disc
or roller e, in Figure 6. Each type has a sufficiently long blank space at each
end to form the required space between each letter on the paper band of the
printing instrument. A blank type or space k is introduced between each
word; thus, the first type will produce dot, dot, dot, stroke, representing the
letter V; the next type will produce stroke, dot, representing the letter N,
and followed by a space produced by the piece k, thus completing the word.
The next type will produce dot, stroke, dot, representing the letter R as the
first letter of a new word. The messages can thus be sent with great rapidity
and with great accuracy, as the proper relative spaces are correctly maintained
between the letters and words. In lieu of placing the types in a rigid com-
posing stick, I sometimes use a flexible composing stick or band of leather or
vulcanized caoutchouc, with a canvas back or other suitable material, formed
with a dovetail groove for their reception. This band passes over a round
edged pulley or roller, which causes the groove to open sufficiently to receive
the types which are placed in it by hand. As the band moves on, it passes on
to a flat surface or over or round a cylindrical roller, which causes the dove-
tail groove to close upon the edges of the types or upon dovetail projections
on them. This band may be wound up with the types upon a roller or reel,
and then taken to the instrument shown in Figure 6, and unwound and passed
under the disc e; the types are released by passing the band round a round
edged roller. The types are kept in cases like ordinary types.. By this
means several persons may be occupied in composing messages to be trans-

page_text: mitted in succession through the same line wire. The types may be made
with elevations or projections instead of depressions, if preferred, and they may
be made by stamping or embossing thin sheets of metal, or by perforating
pieces of metal, or by casting or other suitable :neans; they may also be used
to make contacts directly with springs resting upon them; thus types with
three rows of elevations may be used and connected to the earth. Three
springs press or touch upon the three rows respectively, but the elevations are
not placed opposite to each other, so that the springs make contact with them
at different times; one spring is connected directly to the line wire; the
second spring is connected through a battery to the line wire, and the third
spring is connected through a reversed battery to the line wire. The first
row of elevations thus serves for discharging the line wire direct to the earth,
while the other two serve for the transmission of alternating currents through
the line wire. The same object may be effected by a strip of paper with three
rows of perforations, moving over a conducting surface connected to earth.
The paper may be perforated by a machine similar to that described in the
Specification of certain Letters Patent granted to me, and bearing date on or
about the Eighth day of November, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-
four, No. 2366. As already mentioned, the various instruments may be
worked by voltaic batteries or other suitable source of electricity. I construct
magneto-electrical apparatus for this or other purposes in the following
mauner-I take a series of horseshoe-shaped permanent magnets, and place
them with their similar poles one above the other. They may consist of steel
bars fixed at one end to a flat iron bar, I prefer to leave a small space between
each of them I place a soft iron bar, mounted upon its vertical axis between
the poles of this series of magnets, and 1 join all the similar poles of the
magnets on each side by an iron bar placed opposite to the iron bar oscillating
between them; I wind a quantity of insulated or coated wire in a longitudinal
direction round the oscillating iron bar, which acts as an armature to all the
magnets. Figure 10, Sheet III., is a side view, and Figure 11 is a plan, and
Figure 12 is an end view of an apparatus constructed in this manner. The
position of the apparatus is a matter of convenience, and in the Drawing it is
shown with the axis of the armature in a horizontal position, and the per-
manent magnets are consequently placed side by side instead of over each
other. The permanent maguets are formed of magnetised steel bars N, S,
fixed to an iron plate A; B is the iron armature mounted upon pivots or
bearings C, D, at each end, and covered with a coil of insulated wire wound
in a longitudinal direction upon it. Figure 13 is a section of the armature,
which resembles. the letter H,baving two grooves in which the wire is wound;

page_text: E is a handle or lever, or key attached to the armature,and drawn upwards by
a spring F; G and H are two points which regulate the extent of motion of
the key E, and may also serve as contact points for conducting the current.
One end of the coil of wire is then connected to the key E, while the other
end is connected to a fixed point in any convenient manner, as, for example,
by a contact spring, or by insulating the attachments of the spring F, and
connecting the wire to the one on the key. The other attachment of the
spring F may be connected to the earth, while the screws or points G and H
are mounted on an insulated metallic support I, connected to the line wire.
When the key E is in the position shown in the Drawing, the front edge of
the armature is in contact with or in close proximity to the N poles of all the
magnets, while its back edge is in contact with or in close proximity to the S
poles of the same. If the key be now pressed down into contact with the
point H, the front edge of the armature will be brought close to the poles S,
while the back edge will approach the poles N. The polarity of the two edges
of the armature is thus reversed, and a momentary current of electricity is
thus produced in the coils on the armature, and transmitted through the line
wire by the point H and the earth connection. On raising the key or allow-
ing it to rise, a reverse current of electricity is produced and transmitted
through the line wire in the contrary direction by the point G. In lieu of
using the points G and H for conducting contacts for one end of the coil, both
ends of the coil may be permanently connected by springs or otherwise to
fixed points connected respectively to the earth and to the line wire.
In lieu of mounting the coil on the armature or oscillating iron bar, the
coil may be fixed while the armature oscillates within it; thus Figure 14,
Sheet II., is a section of an apparatus with a fixed coil. N, S, are two of the
magnetized steel bars attached to the iron plate A; and B is the armature,
with the key E attached to it, and controlled by the adjusting screws G, H;
N is a trough-shaped iron bar, attached to and uniting all the N poles of the
magnets; Siis a a similar bar uniting all the S poles. The coil of wire lies in
these two bars, and remains stationary while the armature oscillates within it.
I also construct magneto-electric machines or instruments in the following
mauner: Near to one pole of a permanent magnet (or to a piece of iron con-
nected to it) I place the axis of a moveable iron bar or armature, which is thus
rendered magnetic by induction. By moving this iron bar upon its axis, I
bring its other end nearer to or farther from the other pole of the permanent
magnet. By this means the magnetism of the armature or iron bar is increased
or diminished, and alternating currents of electricity are produced in a coil
.

page_text: .
of wire, which is wound upon the armature, or within which the armature
oscillates while the coil itself is fixed.
The power of this arrangement may be increased by applying a second
permanent magnet with its poles in proximity to the similar poles of the
first permanent magnet; thus two horse-shoe permanent magnets may be
fixed upon a horizontal table with their two north poles in proximity to each
other, and with their two south poles in proximity to each other, or con-
nected by a piece of iron, and in proximity to the aforesaid moveable-bar or
armature, or serving as the bearing of the axis of the same. The armature
will then be moved in a vertical plane, so as to cause its free end to approach
to and recede from the two north poles of the two permanent magnets, and
the electrical currents will thus be produced as before in the moveable or
fixed coil surrounding the armature or oscillating bar.
I also construct a very similar instrument in the following manner:-I
construct an instrument with a permanent horse-shoe magnet placed on a
horizontal table, and with another similar magnet placed at a little distance
above it, with its poles in the contrary position. I connect the N pole of the
one maguet with the S pole of the other by a piece of iron, which carries or is
in close proximity to the axis of the armature or oscillating iron bar; the other
end of this bar oscillates in a vertical plane between the unconnected poles
of the two magnets. It is thus magnetized by each magnet alternately, and
with opposite polarity, so that alternating currents are produced in the fixed
or moveable coil which surrounds it.
The power of this arrangement may also be increased by doubling the
number of permanent magnets; thus I place a horse-shoe permanet magnet
on the table with its poles near to the similar poles of the first magnet of
the last described instrument, and I place another permanent magnet at a
little distance over this magnet, but with its poles reversed so as to bring them
opposite to the similar poles of the second or upper magnet in the arrangement
last herein-before described. The two N poles of the two lower magnets are
united to the two S poles of the two upper magnets by a piece of iron, which
is in proximity to or forms the bearing of the armature or oscillating barwhose
free end moves in a vertical plane from the two S poles of the two lower
magnets to the two N poles of the two upper magnets, and vice versa. It is
thus alternately magnetized in opposite directions by the lower and upper
magnets, and alternating electric currents are thus produced in a fixed or
moveable coil of wire which surrounds the armature or oscillating bar.
I have described these apparatus as placed on a horizontal table to facilitate

page_text: the description, but it is obvious that their position is unimportant, and
may be varied at pleasure.
By
In like manner I have described the armature or oscillating bar as
having its axis near to the south poles and its free end approaching and
receding from the north poles of two magnets; but the same effect may
be produced by placing the axis near the north poles, and causing its free
end to approach to and recede from the south poles of the magnets.
combining either of these magneto-electric instruments for producing
alternating currents of electricity at one end of the line wire with the
printing instrument shown in Figures 4 and 5 at the other end of the line
wire, and vice versa, a complete printing electric telegraph is obtained
without employing any voltaic batteries.
In Sheet IV. I have shown certain improvements in supports for electric
telegraphic line wires.
Figure 15 is a vertical section of a bell-shaped insulator adapted for being
fixed on a post, of the construction described in the present Specification or of
that described in the Specification of certain Letters Pat ent granted to me
and bearing date the Eleventh day of January, One thousand eight hundred
and fifty nine, No. 87; Figure 16 is a plan of the same. A is a cast-iron bell,
into which is cemented a porcelain or vitreous cup, or wide-mouthed tube B;
into this cup is cemented an iron stalk or rod C, on the lower end of which a
screw is cut.
A bent plate of iron D with a hole in its upper part is slipped
on to this stalk, and a nut E is screwed upon the stalk. The line wire Ris
laid in the lower part of the plate D, and the nut E is then screwed up tight,
by which means the line wire is firmly gripped between the plate D and the
end of the stalk C. The bell A is cast with a.rib F, which connects it to a
flange G, which fits against the side of the cylindrical post H,and rests upon a
small flange h on this part of the post, which in this case is supposed to be of
cast iron and hollow. The flange G is tapered upwards, and it is secured to
the post by a ring or hoop I, which is driven over both. The part F, which
forms the top of the post, is cast with two ribs or projections a, a, which
prevent the flange G from slipping round the post. The two edges of the
flange are made to bear against the post, so as to keep it steady and firm.
Figure 17 is a side view, and Figure 18 is a front view, and Figure .19
is a plan of a stalk C, which may be used in lieu of that shown in
Figure 15; this stalk is bent into a hook at the lower end, and a cut, or
notch, or division is made in the bend, by a saw or otherwise, for the re-
ception of a key or cotter E. The line wire R is laid in the hook, and is
secured by driving in the cotter or wedge E.

page_text: Figure 20 is an elevation, and Figure 21 is a plan of an improved metallic
support or three-legged post for supporting line wires. A, A, A, are three
square wrought-iron rods, each of which is keyed or otherwise fixed at its
lower end in a cast-iron plate B. The upper end of each rod A lies against
a flat surface on the exterior of a cast-iron tube or pipe H, which forms
the top of the post, and to which the insulators are attached. The three
rods A are secured to this pipe by a triangular hoop K, which is driven
over them, as shown in the horizontal section, Figure 22.
The ends of the rods A abut against a flange on the pipe, and radiate
towards a point at or near the top of the pipe. The rods A are stiffened by
stays C, D, E. Each of the stays C and D consists of three square or flat
bars or arms in one piece or welded together, or otherwise united in the
centre as shown in the plan Figure 23. The ends of the bars are bent down
or up, and are introduced into rectangular hoops or short tubes L, which
embrace them and the rods A, A. A small flat iron wedge is driven
between the stay and the rod, or between the tube and the rod or stay, and
the stay
is thus firmly connected to the rod, and not only keeps the rods A
at their proper distance apart, but also prevents torsion or twisting of the
rods, and thus gives great stiffness to the structure. The stay E may be
made in the same manner, or as shown in the Drawing, in which the tubes
are made in one piece with the stay, and are slipped on the rods A, and
secured by wedges like the other stays; these stays may also be fixed by
compressing metallic collars upon them, as described in the aforesaid
Specification, No. 87. The cast-iron plates B are of thin metal with ribs to
strengthen them, and may also have holes for the reception of stakes for
securing them in the ground. I bore three holes in the ground with the
tool called a 'post auger," or I dig or otherwise make such holes, and I
place in these holes the lower ends of the rods A with the plates B fixed
to them, and I ram in the earth upon the plates. If thought desirable, I
drive stakes through the holes in the plates before ramming in the earth,
so as to tie the plates more firmly down to the ground.
I also construct these three-legged posts or supports with three round rods
in lieu of square rods, in which case I secure these rods to the upper piece H
in the following manner:-Figure 24 is a vertical section of the upper piece H
showing the mode of connecting the rods A; Figure 25 is a horizontal section
of the same. The piece or pipe H is made with three angular grooves
rounded at the angle, and of such form and size that the round rods A bear
against the two sides of the groove, as shewn in Figure 25; K is a triangular
hoop which fits the rods A, or touches each of them, either at the angle or at

page_text: two places, and forces them firmly into the grooves in the piece H. The rods
A are thus so firmly secured to the piece H, that they cannot twist or bend at
the junction, and thus the post is rendered very stiff and strong. The ends of
the rods A abut against a flange h on the piece H; the rods A are stiffened by
stays like those shown in Figures 20,21, and 23, but with their ends hollowed
or-made with angular grooves, into which the rods A are forced by hoops or
tubes of suitable form with small wedges driven in; or the stays may be
constructed and secured by collars or tubes compressed upon them in the
manner described in the Specification of the aforesaid Patent, No. 87. The
piece H is made of sufficient height for carrying as many insulators as may be
required; hand h¹ are flanges on which the insulators rest as herein-before
described in reference to Figure 15; two insulators may be placed on each
flange, and on opposite sides of the post, and secured by one ring or hoop of
rather larger diameter than that shown in Figures 15 and 16. In some cases
it may be required to remove one of the lower insulators, or to apply a new
one without disturbing the upper insulators. If the ring I in Figures 15
and 16 is sound, there is no difficulty in driving it up and removing the
insulator, and applying the new one, and driving down the ring upon it.
But if the ring should be broken, it is necessary to apply a new ring. To
avoid disturbing the upper insulators, I make the new ring in two pieces as
shown in plan in Figure 26, and in side view in Figure 27. Each piece
of the ring is made with two hooks, which catch into the hooks of the other
piece. The two parts of this ring are hooked together round the post H,
and the insulator is then put in its place, and this jointed ring is driven
down in the same way as the solid ring in Figures 15 and 16.
Having now described the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I wish it to be understood that what
I claim is,-
First, constructing electric telegraphic instruments with the "boot"
apparatus or any mechanical equivalent for the same, having a similar action
in arresting the motion of the clock work within a determinate time after
the cessation of the electric currents, as herein before described; also, the
application of such apparatus for discharging the line wire, as herein-before
described.
Second, constructing electric telegraphic printing instruments with the
"boot" apparatus or its equivalent combined with the printing point oredgeand
iuked disc or cord, as herein-before described in reference to.Figures 2 and 3.
Third, constructing electric telegraphic printing instruments with theinked
disc or cord, and a printing point or edge moved by an iron tongue, which is

page_text: rendered magnetic by its proximity to a steel or permanent magnet, and is
attracted or repelled by an electro-magnet to which the aforesaid permanent
magnet is placed in proximity or contact, as herein-before described. Also, the
combination of such instrument with the "boot" apparatus or its equivalent,
as herein-before described.
Fourth, the signalling instrument for sending alternating currents of elec-
tricity by means of separate types with elevations or depressions or perforations
placed in a composing stick, or in a flexible composing stick or band, and
applied as herein-before described in reference to Figures 6, 7, 8, and 9.
Fifth, constructing magneto-electrical instruments or apparatus with an
armature or iron bar oscillating between the poles of one or more permanent
magnets or between iron bars or trough-like extensions of such poles, and
within a coil of insulated wire, which is either fixed or moves with the
armature as herein-before described in reference to Figures 10, 11, 12, 13,
and 14. Also, the various arrangements herein-before described of magneto-
electrical instruments or apparatus having an armature or oscillating iron bar,
one end or part of which remains in contact or in close proximity to one
pole of a permanent magnet or magnets, while the other end or part
approaches to and recedes from the other pole,and which iron baroi armature
oscillates within a coil of insulated wire which is either fixed or moves with
it, as herein-before described.
Sixth, constructing electric telegraphic printing apparatus or instruments
with an endless cord supplied with ink in combination with a printing point
or edge, by which the band of paper or other suitable material is pressed
against the aforesaid cord, as herein-before described.
Seventh, the improvement in three-legged metallic posts or supports for
electric telegraphic line wires of the constructions herein-before described and
mentioned by fixing a plate of cast-iron or other suitable material to the lower
end of each rod or leg, as herein-before described. Also, the improvement in
such posts or supports as aforesaid by causing the upper ends of the maiurods
to be secured and pressed by a hoop into angular grooves in the upper piece
of the post, as herein-before described. Also, the improvement in such posts
by the application of radial stays in one piece of metal or rigidly connected
and attached to the main rods by tubes or sockets of sufficient length to
prevent torsion or bending of the main rods, as hereiu-before described.'
Eighth, the mode of constructing and attaching insulating supports for
electric telegraphic line wire to posts, by casting the iron cup of the
insulator with a flange, and securing the flange to the post by a ring or
hoop, as herein-before described in reference to Figures 15 and 16.

page_text: Ninth, the mode of suspending or supporting electric telegraphic line wires
by means of a bent plate, and a nut screwed on an insulated pin or stalk in
manner herein-before described in reference to Figures 15 and 16.
Tenth, the mode of supporting and securing electric telegraphic line
wires by means of a hooked insulated stalk with a key or wedge driven
into a saw cut, or notch in the hook, as herein-before described in reference
to Figures 17, 18, and 19.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles William Siemens, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Twenty-fourth day of August, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine.
Witness,
CHARLES COWPER,
20, Southampton Buildings,
Chancery Lane, London.
C. W. SIEMENS. (L.S.)