IMPROVEMENTS IN PUMPING MACHINERY, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE INDEPENDENTLY APPLICABLE TO STEAM ENGINES AND BOILERS, AND PUMPING MECHANISM GENERALLY, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1878

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Henry Corliss, of the City and County of
Providence, in the State of Rhode Island, one of the United States of
America, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN PUMPING MACHINERY,
PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE INDEPENDENTLY APPLICABLE TO STEAM
ENGINES AND BOILERS, AND PUMPING MECHANISM GENERALLY, AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES."
Sealed the 25th February 1879, and dated the 16th December 1878.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Henry Corliss at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 16th December 1878.
GEORGE HENRY CORLISS, of the City and County of Providence, in the State of
Rhode Island, one of the United States of America. "IMPROVEMENTS IN PUMPING
MACHINERY, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE INDEPENDENTLY APPLICABLE
TO STEAM ENGINES AND BOILERS, AND PUMPING MECHANISM GENERALLY, AND
FOR OTHER PURPOSES."
My apparatus is especially designed for large pumping works for raising and
distributing water for cities and towns, but many of my improvements in the
details of the engines, boilers, & pumps may be used either in combination with
each other or separately.
The first part of my Invention consists in an improved construction and arrange-
ment of parts for the transmission of force in a pumping engine. The steam
cylinder and pump are placed in line, the steam-piston and pump plunger being
secured upon the same continuous rod. I make use of a fly-wheel, the force being
transmitted to it and received back from it as required through the medium of a
crank and connecting rod, which latter connects to one end of an upright oscillating
lever. The rod upon which the steam piston and plunger are fixed is connected by
a link to a point nearer the centre of motion of the lever. This arrangement gives
to the crank a much larger throw than the stroke of the piston and plunger, and
enables me materially to reduce the weight of the crank, crank-pin, connecting rod,
and other operating parts, and thereby also to reduce the friction.
rn.

page_text: The second part of my Invention consists in a receiver used in connection with
the compound engine which I employ, to receive the steam from the high pressure
cylinder and deliver it as required to the low pressure cylinder, and in connection
with the apparatus which I call the regenerator, in which provision is made for
re-evaporating any water contained in the steam, or in other words drying the
steam, and in some conditions slightly super-heating it on its way from the high
pressure cylinder to the low pressure cylinder. It also consists in the arrangement
of pumps and valves for controlling the flow of the steam, feed water, water of
condensation, etc.
The third part of my Invention consists in an improved construction and arrange-
ment of tubes used for re-evaporation and for heating the feed water, and for
analogous purposes. By making the tubes smaller at their ends, and so reducing
the size of the holes in which they are set, I-am enabled to place the bodies of the
tubes very near together.
This arrangement enables me to utilize a given amount of flue space in useful
heating surface more efficiently than would otherwise be practicable. By a peculiar
construction of the boxes or other parts serving as tube sheets, in which the tube
ends are fixed, I am enabled to secure important practical advantages, especially
freedom of self adjustment to compensate for the movement of the tubes due to
expansion and contraction.
The fourth part of my Invention consists in an improved apparatus for regulating
the speed of the engine through and by mechanism working in connection with a
liberating valve gear which I use.
In addition to an ordinary fly-ball, or other governor operating by variations in
speed, so arranged and combined with the valve gear as to control the times of
liberation and closing of the steam valves, I also employ what I call a pressure
governor, which acts to shut off steain from the cylinders by shortening the cut-off
automatically whenever the resistance of the water being pumped exceeds the
proper working pressure.
In connection with these. two forms of governor I also use an apparatus for
regulating the speed of the engine by hand."
These means of regulation are so combined that any one of the three can
operate to control the speed independently of the others. This is important in case
of derangement of these parts, but it is especially designed to meet the case of any
derangement of delivery valves or other parts of the pumping apparatus and water
mains, which might induce an excessive resistance or pressure to be pumped against.
In this case, although the diminished speed of the engine will cause the speed
governor to lengthen the cut-off, the pressure governor will immediately operate to
shorten the cut-off, and thus prevent excessive strains upon the engine and water
mains.
The hand regulation is so arranged as to leave the speed governor free to check
the speed of the engine whenever from any cause it tends to exceed the proper rate,
but does not allow it to increase the speed beyond the limit fixed by the hand
regulation.
The fifth part of my Invention relates to the mechanism through and by which
any form of governor or hand adjustment can be made to control the times of
liberation in a liberating valve gear, and consists substantially in the application of
peculiarly formed cams, which are placed in position by a governor or hand
adjustment, and against which a part of the valve gear impinges to effect the
cut-off.
In determining the profile of these cams especial provision is made for compen-
sating for the peculiar irregularity in the movement of the steam piston due to the
partial coincidence of the trajectories of the crank and connecting rod at the outer
end of the stroke and the correlative divergence of movement at the inner end of
the stroke.
The sixth part of my Invention also relates to the mechanism for operating the
steam valves in a liberating valve gear. The steel shoulders, by the disengagement

page_text: of which the cut-off takes place, are so constructed and arranged that they have no
rolling or sliding movement upon each other except in the instant of disen-
gagement, and the sliding arm with stop, by impact with which the disengagement
is effected, is arranged so as to impose only an imperceptible amount of labor upon
the governor at the instant of disengagement and none at all at other times.
The seventh part of my Invention consists in a peculiar construction and arrange-
ment of the exhaust valves of the engine, together with their seats and ports, by
which I am able to place the valves nearer to the interior of the steam cylinder,
and thereby materially to reduce the amount of waste room in the ports of the
same.
The eighth part of my Invention relates to steam cylinders. I enclose the
cylinders in an outer cylinder or band and admit steam to the annular space between
them, and by peculiarities in construction and arrangement I am able to extend this
steam jacket outward to the ends of the steam cylinder without interfering with
the ordinary means provided for attaching the ends to the cylinder. I avail myself
of other peculiarities of construction to facilitate the placing of the outer band
upon the steam cylinder and to secure permanently steam-tight joints.
At
The ninth part of my Invention consists in an upright oscillating lever peculiarly
constructed and applied. The lever oscillates upon a bearing at its lower end,
connects at its upper end with the crank through the ordinary connecting rod.
an intermediate point between the ends it also connects with the piston and plunger
through an ordinary link. By this construction and arrangement I obtain an
increased throw of the crank as compared with the stroke of the piston and plunger,
and am thereby enabled to reduce the weight and friction of the crank, crank pin,
and various connecting parts.
The tenth part of my Invention relates to the fly-wheel, and consists in a peculiar
construction and arrangement of the segments thereof.
The inner ends of the segment arms are constructed and fitted to each other in
such manner as to embrace the shaft completely without the intervention of the
ordinary separate hub or centre.
The eleventh part of my Invention relates to the pumping apparatus, and consists
in a peculiar construction and arrangement of the pump barrel and enclosing pump
box, whereby I obtain great strength and also secure for every part of the moving
column of water in the pump free and uniform access to the pump valves.
I also increase the efficiency of the air and vacuum chambers, which form part of
the pump box, by a peculiar arrangement of the same.
The twelfth part of my Invention also relates to the pumping apparatus, and
consists in a peculiar construction and arrangement of the plunger, whereby I
obtain unusual strength and lightness, and also in a peculiar provision for securing
the plunger upon its rod and for preventing the water from entering the hollow
body of the plunger.
The thirteenth part of my Invention also relates to the pumping apparatus, and
consists in a peculiar construction and arrangement of the pump valves and the
springs which close the valves, together with provisions for controlling and holding
the same.
The springs are helical in form, and possess a degree of transverse rigidity which
enables them to guide the valves perfectly in their movement. I can thus dispense
with the ordinary stationary guides and avoid the sliding friction to which they
give rise.
In carrying out the first part of the Invention I prefer to employ two steam
cylinders, operated on the compound principle, connected to separate crauks placed
at right angles.c
.011 a crank-shaft. I mount each steam cylinder in line with its
pump, and extend the piston-rod through its pump-box, and connect it by a link to
a point at or near the iniddle of an upright lever oscillating on an axis at its lower
end. The crank-shaft carrying a fly-wheel is mounted directly above the pumps,
and is supported in bearings upon the pump boxes. The crank shaft and the upper
end of the upright lever being carried up to the same level, a horizontal connecting
A
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page_text: rod is used to form a connection between the lever and the crank. The air-pump is
worked by a short arm from one of the levers, while the other lever works the feed
pump by a similar arm.
I use a steam cylinder having my improved system of valve mechanism attached.
The piston rod extends from the cylinder into and through the pump. The cross-
head, guided in suitable slides, is connected by a link with the upright lever
oscillating on a fixed axis. To the upper end of the lever is attached a connecting-
rod, the other end of which is attached to the pin of a crank which is secured to
the shaft. On this shaft is a comparatively light fly-wheel of large diameter.
The fly-wheel is mounted in the middle of the length of the shaft. The pillow
blocks which support the shaft are mounted on pump-boxes, which are thus made
to answer a double purpose, that of supporting the crank-shaft and at the same time
inclosing the pump-barrel with its appurtenances.
The castings are connected by rigid inclined braces to the bearings upon which
the levers oscillate. Horizontal braces connect the body of the pump-boxes with
the cylinders.
The two steam cylinders are connected by a receiver, which with its appurtenances
forms the second part of this application for Letters Patent.
The pumps, which are of the plunger variety, have their plungers pointed at each
end, and are keyed to their rods. Peculiarities in the construction and arrange-
ment of the regenerator tubes, the mechanisin for controlling the speed of the
engine, the peculiarly formed cams used to control the liberating mechanism, the
liberating mechanism itself, the exhaust valves, the steam jacket, the upright oscil-
lating lever, the fly-wheel, the pump barrel and box, the plunger, and the pump-
valves form severally the parts numbered three to thirteen of this application for
Letters Patent.
A portion of the steam power applied to the pistons is directly utilized in
working the pump-plungers by means of the continuous piston-rod, but in working
steam at the high rates of expansion indispensible to the attainment of the best
economic results, there must necessarily be applied to the pistons during certain
parts of the stroke an amount of steam power largely in excess of that required to
overcome the nearly uniform resistance of the water pressure on the plungers. As
in the regular operation of the engine, this excess is immediately transmitted to the
fly-wheel, to be applied to the plungers before the termination of each stroke; it is
of vital importance that this transmission of power to and from the fly-wheel
through the necessary intervening inechanism should be attended with the least
possible loss by friction. I diminish this loss in an important degree by the intro-
duction of the upright levers herein described, which enable me to give to this
intervening mechanism a length of throw twice that of the pump-plungers, thereby
reducing by about one half the weight of the mechanism in question, and lessening
the friction and wear at all the journals in approximately the same ratio.
Various modifications may be made in the form of many of the parts of the
engine. I have made use of solid upright levers in place of the skeleton-topped
form herein described, and have also varied the form of the pump-box and other
parts.
Instead of a double engine compounded I can use a single engine or two cylinders
not compounded.
In the present instance the power for pumping is applied directly to the pump-
rod, but I have with good effect applied that power by means of a connecting-rod
working on the side of the lever opposite to the crank connection. I prefer the
present arrangement mainly on account of its giving greater compactness to the
general design as a system of pumping machinery.
My Invention also embodies provisions for modifying the action of the steam in
the cylinders, and for drying the steam in its transfer from one cylinder to the
other, and also for varying the flow of water and steam through the several con-
necting pipes.
It has been heretofore proposed to render the pressure in the second cylinder

page_text: approximately uniform up to the point of cut-off by employing an intermediate
chamber, which I call a receiver, of considerable capacity. I do this, and employ a
variable cut-off on both the high and the low pressure part of the apparatus. I
provide means for varying the points of cut-off in both engines simultaneously, and
can thereby vary the pressure gradually or rapidly within wide limits, and still
maintain the desired ratio of the pressures.
I provide means also for varying the cut-off of one engine independently of the
other. I can by this means change the ratio of the pressures.
But there is always a more or less active escape of heat from the intermediate
chamber and from the pipes and passages. I clothe all these, and preserve the heat
as far as possible, and in addition to all this I provide a constant circulation of the
contents of the receiver, taking steam and whatever water may be present from the
lowest point in the receiver, circulating it through tubes where it is exposed to
spent heat from the boiler, and allowing it to return in a dry and more or less"
super-heated condition into the top or side of the receiver. I attach much importance
to this latter provision as a means of insuring dry steam in the second, the larger,.
the low-pressure cylinder.
The second part of my Invention relates to the receiver and its connections, and
the provisions for insuring a circulation of a portion of its contents, including all
the water which collects therein, through a separate heating surfaco which may be
at any distance and at any level desired.
By another provision I allow of the taking of any desired quantity of steam from
the receiver after it has done its work in the high pressure cylinder, and of using
it for steam heating or for drying, or for any other purpose for which steam of a
uniformly moderate pressure is desired.
I use horizontal tubes extending from certain hollow castings, which serve as end
connections on one side to corresponding castings serving as end connections on the
other side of a hot chamber which receives the products of combustion from a series
of boilers through passages. The gasses containing whatever heat has not been
extracted in their passage through the boilers seek the chimney by moving
horizontally through the interstices between the tubes, and thereby impart a
further portion of their heat to whatever fluid may be circulated through the tubes.
The tubes are curved to better allow for irregularities of expansion and con-
traction. They are furthermore formed with small ends, so that their areas at
the points of connection to the castings are less than their areas at the other points.
This renders the apparatus more desirable as a heating means. It also allows the
pipes to be placed more nearly together than would be otherwise expedient, and
allows an adequate strength to the castings and all the parts.
These peculiarities are made the subject of the third part of this application for
Letters Patent; they are desirable but not essential to the successful working of
this part of my Invention. I will when necessary refer to the heating tubes and
their immediate connections at each end as "the heating apparatus."
The pipe brings a constant supply of steam or water, or both, from the receiver,
introducing it at a low point at one end of the heating apparatus. The larger pipe
conducts away a constant stream of dried and under most conditions super-heated
steam from a high point at the other end of the heating apparatus.
The receiver is a horizontal cylinder of considerable capacity; it treasures the
steam received at each exhaust through the connecting pipes. The considerable
capacity of the receiver allows it to be drawn from at the times required, that is, at
the early part of each stroke of the low pressure cylinder, and the pressure therein
is not much diminished in consequence of the large draughts thereby made, nor
again is the pressure much increased in consequence of the fluctuating receipt of
the steam from the high pressure cylinder.
There is a pipe leading from the receiver to a set of heating pipes or other
apparatus which requires low-pressure steam. Being taken from the receiver it is
certain under all conditions to be at a moderate pressure above atmosphere, such as
is required for steam heating and analogous purposes. The steam is thus first

page_text: utilized in the high pressure cylinder, and all discharged into the receiver. Next
it is dried by the passage of its wetted particles through the heater; such portion
as is required is taken away at the low receiver pressure by a subtracting pipe to
be consumed in other uses than power, the remainder being utilized in the low
pressure cylinder.
There is a pump worked by a rod from a lever, which latter is operated by con-
nections from the engine. The stroke of the pump may be made variable if
desired, to increase the working capacity of the pump. It is important that its
capacity is sufficient to pump out all the water which ordinarily gathers in the
receiver at each stroke and something over. The water and the accompanying
quantity of steam descend through a pipe which leads from the lowest point in the
receiver, and rises through the induction valve into the said pump, and thence it is
forced through the eduction valve into a pipe, and through it into the heating
apparatus.
When the water has to be elevated a corresponding load is imposed on the
pump.
In situations where it is practicable to carry the gaseous products of combustion
down to a sufficiently low level the pump will have little load, or may be dispensed
with altogether, the water in the receiver moving by gravity to the heating appa-
ratus or the equivalent set of heating parts, and will return freely in the form of
dry steam.
In passing through the heating apparatus the water taken from the receiver is
entirely evaporated. It comes down through its pipe in the form of thoroughly
dried and somewhat super-heated steam. In this condition it re-enters the receiver,
and mingles with the steam therein contained, ready to be taken through the proper
parts into the low pressure engine.
The circulating pump has only to exert sufficient force to overcome the gravity
of the water in forcing it up, and the slight addition necessary to overcome the
friction. The pressure throughout the receiver and its whole train of connections is
nearly uniformly moderate. I take care to make the several pipes, especially the
heating apparatus, of sufficient strength to endure a much greater pressure when
desired.
I provide means for using the heating apparatus under the full pressure of the
boiler as a means for heating the feed water, and, to some extent, generating steam
when desired.
There is a pipe bringing the relatively cold water from the hot well under the
pressure of the feed pump, which of course is somewhat in excess of the boiler
pressure. There are three conditions under which this feed can be introduced into the
boilers, determined by the proper manipulation of the several stop valves. First, I
can force the feed-water in its primitive cold state through the connections, past the
valves, to the boiler. This is the simplest mode of supplying feed to the boiler, but
obviously the least desirable in practice. It is important to raise the temperature of
the feed before introducing it into the boiler.
The second mode of feeding is the one which I prefer. The provision for heating
the feed when thus working is a set of additional heating apparatus, which lies
near and receives the spent heat from the boilers after the gases have imparted all
the heat they may to the already described heating apparatus.
In the third mode of operating the feed the circulating pump is stopped, the
receiver is not drained of its water, and the water ceases to be re-evaporated.
Various causes may compel a resort to this third mode of working. One would be
a fracture or derangement of the circulating pump and its connections, which would
compel the discontinuance of the circulation. In such case the water collecting in
the receiver would have to be disposed of in the ordinary mauner, by being carried
up by the current of steam and worked through the valves of the low pressure
engine, in which case I throw the circulating pump out of use and work the feed,
as now to be described, so as to increase the temperature of the feed, and deliver it
at the full boiler temperature, or, still better, partly changed into steam.

page_text: The
This third mode works the feed-water through not only its proper heater, but
also through the other heating apparatus. It is well always to keep water or water
and steam from some source moving through all the heating apparatus.
danger of the apparatus becoming greatly over-heated is slight, but I believe it
promotes its endurance to keep it cool by a movement of fluid through it.
Modifications may be made in the form of the receiver and of the heating appa-
ratus, and also of the pump, and the means of operating the latter.
The stop valves may be differently arranged and still attain the whole or an
important part of the benefit due to my Invention.
Additions may be made; for example, a pipe controlled by an adjustable valve
or by a steam trap may brin, water or mingled water and steam from steam
jackets on the cylinders, an altow it to mingle with the contents of the receiver,
and be subjected to the evaporative treatment in the heating apparatus.
The third part of the Invention relates to the form of the tubes used in the re-
generator and heater and their their connections to the end chambers.
It is desirable in such constructions to place the tubes nearer together than will
allow adequate holding material in the tube sheets or analogous material in which
the tubes are set.
I have devised a construction in which the metal in which the tubes are set is in
the form of separate pieces or cases matched together so as to form a continuous
structure equivalent to a tube sheet and its connections. I obtain sufficient holding
metal, even under the disadvantageous conditions due to the separate pieces in which
my tube sheet is formed, by contracting the ends of the tubes. In other words my
tubes are small sized and widely spaced at their ends, and between their ends are
enlarged so as to properly fill the heated chamber in which they are placed, and thus
to more efficiently extract the heat from the gases.
My tubes present a large amount of heated surface, with only small capacity for
inovement of the water through them. But this latter, though limiting the capacity
of the apparatus for very active circulation of the water and steam, which in somno
extreme situations is a disadvantage, is in all ordinary conditions, and especially in
the moderate temperature to which I propose to expose my pipes, an advantage.
The effective water way is only that allowed in the most contracted parts, the neck
and ends. The water way being thus contracted in the tubes can be more easily
exceeded in the other parts of the circulatory apparatus, and being thus exceeded
in the other parts it is almost certain that every tube, even when unfavorably
situated for receiving the current, will be subject to a proper circulation through it.
In other words the circulation in any given tube will be moderate, but it will be
more certain with my construction than with the ordinary one, in which the tubes
are of uniform section throughout.
My tubes are curved, and any expansion and contraction may be accommodated
by slight changes in the curvature.
In applying this apparatus I make use of a capacious chamber in which all the
products of combustion from the boilers are received and commingled. The walls
of this chamber converge from the boilers towards the chimney. The curved tubes
are preferably so placed that they present the hollow side of the curve towards the
chimney.
I take tubes having the proper large diameter throughout and heating the ends
successively reduce them by quick blows in proper swedges. My experiments indicate
that it is practicable to make abrupt shoulders joining the necks with the larger
parts, but care must be taken not to weaken the metal too much in the shoulder
nor to leave it too much thickened in the neck. The tubes are bent to the right
curvature, and the necks are threaded on the exterior.
The end casings are constructed to fit tightly together and to be held by a stout
through-bolt. Each tube end is screwed into a thickened side of one of the
casings.
The construction of the end casings in separate pieces, one for each tube, allows

page_text: the screw-connections to be formed by springing away the tube a little and turning
the casing until it is properly connected. But I prefer to screw the casings each
firmly upon its proper tube before applying them together. In applying the parts
together each of the tubes may be sprung a little so as to either reduce or increase
its length by increasing or lessening its curvature to allow its casings to match
properly the adjacent ones above and below. An active circulation is obtained
through all the casings and tubes. There is a cross connection at the bottom of the
several receiving chambers or sets of casings, and a corresponding cross-connection
at the top of the several delivering chambers. The other parts are free to warp
and spring to any extent in expansion and contraction. One pipe conveys the
water to the whole, and another pipe conducts away the steam, or water, or both,
which is delivered at the other end of the set. I prefer that the latter pipe shall
be of greater diameter than the former.
In mounting my sets of tubes I prefer that the end chambers shall abut firmly
against the side walls of the hot passage or flue in which they are mounted. They
may rest on any suitable supports below, or they may be suspended by any
suitable means from above. The latter is preferable, as it gives greater freedom for
expansion and contraction.
The pipes so arranged within a chamber or flue receiving spent gases from the
boilers may be used for generating steam or for any of the various uses in connec-
tion with steam apparatus, as heating feed water or super-heating steam.
Modifications may be made in the details of this part of the Invention within
wide limits. The number of pipes in each vertical series may be increased or
diminished.
I can use the sets of tubes in a different form of heated chamber, but I consider
my Invention better adapted for utilizing the spent heat from the boilers than for
use in close proximity to a glowing fire.
In case of incrustation my tubes may be cleaned by chemical or mechanical
action on the inside or by percussion on the outside in very nearly the same way
as ordinary tubes or other parts of boilers are cleaned.
The fourth part of my Invention relates to the regulation of the speed of the
engine. I place the cut-off mechanism under the control of three different forms of
regulation:-
1st. A hand-lever for adjustment by the attendant.
2nd. A fly-ball or other suitable governor which acts only when the velocity of
the engine is in excess of a given desired rate.
3rd. A pressure governor which acts only when the water pressure is in excess
of a fixed amount.
These three separate means of regulation are so combined that they act in
harmony upon the same cut-off mechanism, each being perfectly free to operato
whenever the contingency which it is intended to meet shall arise, while neither
can interfere with the action of the other except when it is so called into action.
The cut-off apparatus is controlled by a cam-rod, which in its extreme movement
in one direction entirely shuts off the steam, while being moved in the opposite
direction it allows steam to follow the full length of the stroke of the piston. I
connect this controlling cam-rod to the fixed. arm of a rocker shaft, which also
carries a second fixed arm, connecting it with the pressure governor and with the
cam-rod of another cylinder.
The rocker shaft also carries a lever for hand adjustment, so connected with it
that whatever may be the position of the hand-lever the rocker shaft remains free
to move in the direction to shut off the steam, but not in a contrary direction
beyond a point fixed by the lever. Thus while either the speed governor or
pressure governor may at any time intervene to shorten the cut-off neither can
under any circumstances lengthen it beyond the point fixed by the hand lever.
In the arrangement of parts by which I secure this inter-dependent operation of
the speed governor, pressure governor, and baud-lever, the rocker shaft which carries

page_text: the fixed arms is free to move through a portion of its circle independently of the
hand-lever, the extent of this independent movement being limited by the form of
the slot in the hand-lever and the position of the pin in the rocker shaft.
Assuming that the speed of the engine is a little less than that called for by the
speed governor as adjusted it is evident that the hook on the governor rod will
stand a little below its point of engagement with the pin on the cam-rod, rendering
the governor inoperative for the time, and leaving the valve mechanism under control
of the hand lever adjustment.
If now the resistance offered to the engine by the water pressure in the pumps is
lessened, the increased speed of the engine will cause the governor balls and the
attendant governor rod to rise; the hook will engage the pin upon the cam-rod, and
the governor will at once assume its function of controlling the action of the valve
gear.
If now the water pressure in the pumps is increased, thereby increasing the load
on the engine and calling for a lengthened cut-off, the diminished speed of the
engine will cause the governor-rod to fall, the hook will disengage itself from the
pin, the governor will become inoperative, and the valve gear will thus be restored
to the control of the hand-lever.
The power of the governor to lengthen the cut-off (or even to cause the engine
to follow full stroke) to meet the resistance offered by an increased water pressure
is thus rendered inoperative, while its power to shorten the cut-off to check an
increasing speed due to diminished water pressure remains unimpaired.
The pressure piston moving in its cylinder is connected by its rod with the
lever and cam rod, and is put in communication with the water pressure by a
small pipe. The weight employed being just sufficient to counterbalance tho
regular water pressure, the apparatus will remain inoperative until the water
pressure is increased beyond the amount fixed upon for ordinary working. The
piston will then rise, carrying the cam-rod, and without deranging the hand lever
adjustment will shorten the cut-off, and before the pressure can be increased to a
dangerous extent will shut off the steain altogether. The extraordinary pressure
being removed the weight will restore the parts to their normal positions, and
the engine will again pass under the control of the hand lever adjustment subject
to the discretion of the attendant.
The form of the hand lever may be varied. In place of the fly-ball governor
any regulator may be substituted that derives its power to act from changed
velocities.
The fifth part of my Invention relates to the valve gear.
In the application of this part of my Invention the inlet valves are opened by
the ordinary eccentric, and being liberated are closed by an independent force.
The time of closing of the valves is made to depend upon the time of their liberation
from the control of the eccentric. The liberation of the valves is effected by and
dependent upon the opening movement derived from the said eccentric.
The defect existing in the usual forms of liberating valve gear which it is the
object of my Invention to remedy, is one arising from the fact that the pistons of all
reciprocating engines connected to a crank in the usual proportions move at
velocities, which at one extreme of the stroke differ materially from those at the
other extreme, that to say, assuming that the crank-pin in its throw passes over
equal spaces of its circuit in equal times, the corresponding rectilinear spaces passed
over by the piston will not only be very unequal, but will be found to differ at one
end of the throw very materially from the corresponding spaces at the other end,
and consequently that any form of valve gear whose movements at one end of the
stroke are precisely duplicated at the other end, cannot in the nature of the case
liberate the valves at precisely such distance from the commencement of the stroke
as would accurately correspond to the irregular movement of the piston, and
therefore must always fail to meet the demands of a perfect adjustment.
In applying the Invention I use a steel pointed follower which reaches from the

page_text: cams to the valve stand, and there holds a movable abutment against which the
catch of the valve lever impinges to effect the liberation of the valve.
Swivel guides supported by the brackets and working in sockets formed in the
brackets have each a rectangular opening to which the steel point is fitted, and
through which it slides in following the profile of the cam.
The swivel guides are accurately fitted to their sockets so as to turn easily. This
is done to prevent the friction between the steel point and the socket, which would
arise from the slight changes in the angular position of the rod, caused either by its
own flexibility or by the circular movement of the lever to which it is connected at
its outer end.
The importance of this provision will be understood when it is considered that
the most accurate adjustment is essential to the proper working of the mechanism,
while any considerable amount of friction would destroy the sensitiveness of the
governor, and prevent it from working promptly and efficiently.
The steel point of the follower is retained in easy contact with the profile of its
cam, by the action of a spiral spring let into the stud upon which the lever
oscillates.
The sixth part of my Invention applies to steam engines with a liberating valve
gear, and involves a modification of the mechanism for opening and closing the
steam valves.
What I term liberating valve gear is any form with or without a variable cut-off
in which the valves are opened by a proper ineclianism, and are closed automatically
on being detached from the mechanism which opens them. A sufficient force-
gravity, a spring, or the action of air or steam on a piston urges the valves towards
a shut position. The mechanism engages and disengages at each stroke.
I have devised an apparatus for this purpose in which the opening mechanism is
connected with the valve by means of a steel shoulder on a light lever connected to
the opening mechanism, which engages with a steel catch piece on the valve arm
holding it securely, but offering great facility for liberation by a small movement
of the light lever which carries the shoulder. The lever carrying the shoulder
turns on the saine centre as the valve, so that there is no rolling inotion of one part
upon the other. The detaching movement is effected with certainty at the
proper moment, and without exerting any appreciable disturbing influence on the
governor.
A description of the mechanism for operating one valve will suffice for both.
The stem or shaft of a circular sliding valve has an arm rigidly fixed thereon.
A rod connected by a pivot to this arm has at the lower end any suitable device
for putting this valve arm in the proper direction to close the valve.
There is also the rocking lever centred on the same valve-shaft, and receiving a
positive rocking motion through suitable connections.
A light lever with steel shoulder turning on a pivot is carried on the rocking
lever having a spring which urges it towards the centre.
The shoulder on the light lever at each upward movement engages with a steel
catch piece on the valve arm, and lifting the latter opens the valve.
By releasing the arm from the shoulder at the right point in the stroke, the
point of closing the valve usually termed the point of cut-off is determined.
There is also a light slotted rod loosely embracing a pin fixed in the upper end of
the light lever and pivoted to another lever, the position of which latter is con-
trolled by a governor or other means. The position of the stop in the slotted rod
determines the point in the stroke at which the shoulder becomes disengaged from
the catch on the valve arm to allow the latter to drop and close the valve.
The slot in the slotted rod is of sufficient length to accommodate the extreme
throw of the parts in every possible adjustment. At each oscillation of the rocking
lever the shoulder engages the catch piece on the valve arm, and lifting it draws the
valve open.. But as soon as the pin above mentioned meets the stop in the slotted
rod the further motion of the rocking lever disengages the valve arm and allows it

page_text: to drop. Shifting the stop to the right or left by the action of a governor or other
means will delay or hasten the period of such dropping.
There is no movement of the shoulder upon the catch piece on the valve arm
except at the moment of liberation. They move together until the liberating action
takes place by the striking of the pin against the stop in the slotted rod.
A very slight force is sufficient to cause the disengagement of the shoulder from
the catch piece, but until such force is applied they remain engaged, without any
tendency to separate.
Modifications may be made. The mechanisin for both ends of the cylinder may
be controlled by any ordinary suitable mechanism controlled by the governor, or I
can vary the positions of the stop by hand adjustment or any other means.
The rod with stop need not be slotted. The lower half of the slotted part may
be removed, and it will still maintain the contact of the upper part with the pin by
gravity.
The seventh part of the Invention relates to the arrangement of the exhaust.
valves to promote economy of steam by reducing the steam space to be filled.
In applying this part of my Invention I provide my cylinders with circular
sliding valves. Each valve is mounted in a cylindrical cavity bored transversely
to the steam cylinder, and each valve has a furnished cylindrical surface covering
a suflicient portion of the interior of the hollow cylinder in which it is mounted
to effectually close the port leading therefrom to the condenser. The valve is
opened by partially revolving it so as to uncover this port.
The cylinder in which the valve is mounted is in effect a portion of the interior
space in or connected with the main steam cylinder, so that the steam while acting
upon the piston presses the valve towards the condenser.
It is important to reduce the amount of this space, which although exterior to tho
cylinder proper has to be filled with steam at cach stroke. All passages leading
from the interior of the cylinder to the valves should therefore be reduced in
capacity.
I have invented means by which the exhaust valves may be placed each with its
axis of motion very near to, or, if desired, a little within the space occupied by the '
piston at the end of the stroke.
The transversely bored cylindrical hole in which the rotating valve is mounted 1
will call the valve cavity. In my improvement the valve cavity is formed partly in
the material of the cylinder head. It will be understood that the cylinder is pro-
longed considerably beyond the traverse of the piston, and that the head is corre-
spondingly formed to apply within it.
In applying this part of my Invention I place the cavity for the exhaust valve so
that it partly intersects the main cavity or the interior of the main cylinder.
If the exhaust valve cavity were filled with a cylinder of rough wood or other
easily workable material and the piston gently moved against it so as to mark the
wood, and so much of the wood as was marked were removed after each contact
until a sufficient cavity was produced to allow the piston to complete its stroke we
should obtain a form of valve adapted to stand in a valve cavity, thus intersecting
the main cylinder without interfering with the completion of the stroke of the
piston. If now we give a quarter turn to the supposed wood cylinder or valve, and
again move the piston against it, again cutting away all the wood that it strikes,
we shall at length be able to hold the valve in its new position also without
interfering with the stroke of the piston, but a large cavity will have been made
in it.
The section which I thus obtain for the middle of the valve may be, and prefer-
ably is, continued nearly to each end. It then suddenly changes to a complete
cylinder and completely fills the valve cavity.
It will be understood that I give the valve intermittent, rotating, or oscillating
motion by means of suitable connections to a stem or axis extending out through a
stuffing box.
It is not necessary that the exhaust valve fits steam tight to the interior of the

page_text: valve cavity except along the surfaces adjacent to the port. Those surfaces are
formed entirely in the cylinder casting. The outer portion of the cavity is formed
in the cylinder head. It need not fit the valve closely. It is only essential that it
be large enough to allow the valve to turn, and not so large as to needlessly increase
the capacity of the valve cavity.
My Invention has nothing to do with the steam valve. I mount the steam valvo
also in very close proximity to the cylinder, and attain this end in a very desirable
manner by making the cavity for the steam valve entirely in the cylinder head.
By so reducing the capacity of these passages and spaces, which although exterior
to the steam cylinder proper, have to be filled with steam at each stroke of the
piston, I materially add to the economic effect of the steam beyond that which is
obtained by the ordinary arrangement.
The eighth part of the Invention relates to the steam cylinder.
My improved cylinder is provided with a flange at each end, constructed and
arranged for making a steam tight joint with an exterior cylinder or casing
whereby an annular space is obtained between the two, which being filled with
steam constitutes a so-called steam jacket.
The flanges are so formed that by their flexibility they can accommodate
themselves without danger of breaking to the expansion and contraction due to
considerable differences in temperature between the outer and inner cylinder.
I make the steam cylinder and casing in separate pieces, mainly to secure with
greater certainty reliable castings of uniform thickness.
Screw-threads are cut upon the periphery of the flanges, corresponding to interior
threads cut upon the casing.
In order to facilitate the placing of the casing upon the cylinder the diameter of
one of the threaded flanges is made less than that of the other by an amount
slightly exceeding the depth of the thread, the corresponding threaded ends of the
casing being similarly modified so as to fit the same.
After the casing is screwed upon the flanges like a nut upon a bolt, the thread
joints are perforated by compressing bands applied upon each end of the casing
directly over the threaded parts.
The flanges at each end of the cylinder present a section in the form of an elbow,
one extremity of which section joins to the stean cylinder while the other makes
joint with the casing. One part of the section is parallel to the main cylinder
section while the other stands at right angles to it; the first mentioned part of the
flange is flexible in one direction and the second in the other; the one accommodates
expansion in a transverse direction and the other in a longitudinal direction.
Steam is admitted to the annular space or steam jacket, and an exit is provided
for the water of condensation by suitable pipe connections.
Modifications may be made in the form of many of the parts. The flanges
joining the cylinder and casing may be corrugated or otherwise varied in form.
The compressing bands may be applied by shrinking them on or by forcing them
on; in the latter latter case it will be understood that the bearing surfaces should be
slightly conical.
The ninth part of the Invention consists in the peculiar construction and arrange-
ment of the upright oscillating lever, whereby I secure strength and lightness and
ready access to the working parts.
The lower portion of the lever is of cast iron. A boss or lub at the bottom
holds the pin, which rests in bearings upon which the lever oscillates.
The upper part of this cast-iron portion is broader than the lower end, giving
a general segment form to the whole, and is provided with another boss adapted
to connect with the link which lean out horizontally, and at its outer end connects
to the cross-head and piston rod of the engine. At the outer angles of this segment
shaped part are bosses, to which four wrought iron rods are attached at their lower
ends, one on each side at each angle. These four rods constitute the upper part
of the lever. They are placed in couples and the couples converge, so that at their
upper ends they all engage with a pin which forms the centre for the connecting

page_text: rod, leading out horizontally to the crank of the engine. These rods are peculiarly
formed, the ends being flattened to give broad lateral bearings where they are
attached to each other and to the lower part of the lever. There is sufficient space
between the two rods which form a pair, to allow the link to play between them
as the lever oscillates. At the end of the cast iron part of the lover the web is
made double, forming a species of jaw, the sides of which hold the pin and enclose
the end of the link which connects to it.
An arm extending outward from one edge of the cast iron lower part of the lower
is used to work a feed or air pump.
The tenth part of the Invention relates to the fly-wheel.
Whenever plain fly-wheels, pulleys, or gears are of such dimensions that for
convenience in handling and transportation, or to secure exemption from the
injurious effects of "shrinkage, strains," it is found necessary to make cach arm
thereof in a separate casting, the usual practice has been to make the hub or central
part in one piece and fix the several arms into it. I have made an improvement
upon that system by dispensing entirely with the hub or centre as a separate piece,
and so forming the inner extremities of the arms themselves that when joined
together on the shaft in the peculiar manner herein described they shall constitute
a complete counterpart of the hub or centre, so that in constructing a wheel of six
arms I so form them that each shall cover its one-sixth of the circumference of the
shaft. If eight arms are required each shall cover its one-eighth of the circum-
ference of the shaft, and so on to any number of arms.
From the shaft the arms extend outward in fan shaped form. The lines of
separation between the arms are radial, and upon these lines flanges are raised to
receive the bolts which hold the several arms together.
By this arrangement I am able to obtain the requisite strength with reduced
weight of metal as compared with the usual method of construction, and also secure
important advantages of convenience in mounting the wheel upon the shaft. A
key way is made in one or more of the arms to fit a key let into the shaft in the
ordinary manner.
Each arm is provided with flanges at the junctions with its mates at the
Bolts are
periphery, and with other flanges at the junctions near the centre.
inserted in these flanges and hold the parts firmly together. The parts are so
formed at the centre as to give a suitable bearing on the shaft.
I prefer to cast the rim and arm in one piece, as represented, thereby saving the
labor of fitting the two together.
The eleventh part of the Invention relates to the casing which encloses the pump
body or barrel, and which I term a pump-box.
The water to be pumped is first received into an ample horizontal chamber in the
lower part of the pump-box. At regular intervals along the exterior of the pump
barrel partitions are formed extending across the pump box. These partitions being
a part of the pump-box casting serve the purpose of braces in strengthening the box,
and give support to the pump-barrel. Numerous lateral chambers are thereby
formed, extending vertically above and below the pump-barrel. As the inlet valves
are all placed in the lower half of the pump-barrel, there is left a space in these
lateral chambers above the level of the highest inlet valves to form an ample vacuum
chamber, which is made continuous by openings through the partitions at the top.
Each section of the inlet valves is thus placed in close and nearly equal proximity to
a source of water supply whatever may be the length of the pump-barrel.
The upper portion of the pump-box is formed to serve the double purpose of an
air chamber and a support for the crank shaft. To this end it is formed with an
exterior recess extending lengthwise, of sufficient depth to accommodate the sweep
of the crank. The bottom of this recess and its vertical walls impart great strength
to the ends of the pump-box for resisting internal pressures. The sides of the pump
box are strengthened by vertical transverse partitions which divide it internally into
separate cells. Continuous passages for the circulation of air are provided near the
top of the box by dropping an inch or two below the top or roof, and the partitions

page_text: are arched below so as to leave an ample space above the pump-harrel for making
the delivery valves accessible through inan holes at each end of the pump-box. By
means of this system of construction each section of the delivery valves is placed in
close and nearly equal proximity to the air chambers, whatever may be the length
of the pump barrel. The man hole covers are held in position by a rod passing
through the box, and this rod is made of sufficient strength not only to resist the
pressure upon the covers, but also to support the ends of the pump-box contiguous
thereto.
Two pumps are used. By bringing the air chamber into communication through
a connecting pipe I secure a continuous chamber, which (the crank being placed at
right angles) receives four impulses from the two strokes of each plunger during
each revolution of the engine, whereas if disconnected, the two chambers would
cach receive but two impulses. By this subdivision of the impulse from the
plungers I increase the efficiency of the air cushion in approximately the same
ratio.
The twelfth part of my Invention is especially intented for large pumps used in
pumping against a high head for the supply of towns and cities, but is applicable
in all cases where the plunger is separate from its rod and requires to be fixed
thereupon.
The following is a description of my Invention applied to a plunger having the
two ends alike.
The body of the plunger is formed hollow. The main cylindrical part or hollow
body of the plunger may be thin, but at the conical ends it should be stronger.
There is a conical chamber in the centre of each end somewhat larger than the
plunger rod. The ends being alike a description of one will suffice for both.
The conical chamber in the centre of the plunger end has its larger end outward.
The separate end casting, preferably of soft brass, is peculiarly formed and adapted
to serve several purposes.
The main plate thereof serves as a bearing for the key. The conical extension
fits the conical chamber in the plunger, and being forced into its place is com-
pressed around the plunger rod, making a perfectly water tight and permanent
joint.
In this end casting, the exterior of which is formed so as to complete the conical
ends of the plunger, provision is made for holding a transverse wire which confines
the cotter key. The proportions of the parts are so adjusted that when they are
brought together the lip or conical hollow edge bears in its corresponding chamber
before the general face of the casting meets the end of the plunger.
Force being then applied, the faces of the casting and the plunger are brought
together, and by the same action the conical lip is made to clasp the rod, making
the permanent water-tight joint required.
It is an essential condition to the best working of the plunger that it should
displace approximately its weight of water so that the friction in its bearings due
to its own gravity is avoided.
When the key has been driven tightly home it may be confined by an ordinary
pinching screw or other means. For this purpose I have used a wire passed through
holes in the end casting and the key, and having its ends bent to retain it in
its place.
The thirteenth part of the Invention relates to the provisions for operating the
pump valves.
It applies to that class of pump valves which, instead of turning upon hinges, rise
and fall bodily in opening and closing, and require some means of guiding them in
these movements.
The valve is annular, so that when it lifts, the water flows past it, not only on
the outside, but also through the inside. I employ a spiral spring which lies between
the movable valve and stationary abutting shoulders.
By employing this part of my Invention I avoid the necessity of employing any
provision against the wear of sliding surfaces, as the valves are controlled in their

page_text: regular movements by a spring which serves the double purpose of a frictionless
guide and that of imparting to the valve its closing movement.
The spring I employ is helical in form, has the clasticity of the ordinary helical
spring in the line of movement of the valve, but whereas an ordinary spring is also
flexible in transverse directions, my improved spring on the contrary presents trans-
versely great rigidity resulting from the peculiar forn given to it for that purpose.
As the lower portion of the spring rests with a broad and fair bearing upon the
upper surface of the valve, there is sufficient friction or traction between the surfaces
to prevent this sliding upon each other. The valve works under the impact of the.
spring, the same practically as if it were working in rigid guides while there is no
friction to be overcome and no wear of material by the friction as has heretofore
existed between the valve and the interior guides.
The valve seats are formed in a part of the solid casting which constitutes a por-
tion of the pump-barrel, each seat is provided with a central boss and with braces
as indicated which support it.
A winged guard is screwed into the boss. Above the surface of the boss the
wings of the guard are slightly inclined inward as they rise from the valve seat.
These wings are of such diameter at their base that they nearly fill the opening in
the annular valve.
The valve is preferably made of phospher bronze to secure the utmost lightness
consistent with the required strength.
I use a helical spring which in cross section presents great breadth with com-
paratively little thickness. By this distribution of the metal I secure perfect
elasticity for moving the valve, combined with a degree of transverse rigidity which
constitutes it a secure guide for the same. The lower surface of the spring rests
fairly on the upper face of the annular valve and its upper surface engages under
projections formed on the guard. The wings of the guard as indicated are at
their bases carefully fitted to the circular opening in the valve, and are also fitted
at their junction with the projection on the guard to the interior surfaces of the
spring. If it should be found in any kind of surface that the friction alone is not
sufficient to keep the valve and the lower surface of the spring in fixed positions
relatively to each other they may be rivetted or otherwise fastened together to
secure that end.
Various modifications may be made in this part of my Invention.
I have shown a spring about ten times as wide as it is thick, and of a width but
little more than one third of the width of the annular valve, but these proportions
may be varied without changing the peculiar action of the spring. The metal or other
material of which the valve is made may also be changed, but I prefer the phospher
bronze, as it does not corrode and seems to combine the utmost lightness consistent
with the required strength.
Nor is it applicable exclusively to the pumping of water and other liquid, as air
and other gasses may be substituted for liquids in a pump embodying this Inven-
tion. I have described a flat valve in the form of a ring, which I prefer, but my
Invention is available for operating valves which are not of this form. Many forms
of light lifting valves may be substituted for the valves shown.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said George Henry Corliss in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
14th June 1879.
"
GEORGE HENRY CORLISS, of the City and County of Providence, in the State of
Rhode Island, one of the United States of America. IMPROVEMENTS IN PUMPING
MACHINERY, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE INDEPENDENTLY APPLICABLE
TO STEAM ENGINES AND BOILERS, AND PUMPING MECHANISM GENERALLY, AND
FOR OTHER PURPOSES."
My Invention relates to improvements in pumping machinery, parts of which
improvements are independently applicable to steam engines and boilers, and
puinping mechanism generally, and for other purposes.
My apparatus is especially designed for large pumping works for raising and
distributing water for cities and towns, but many of my improvements in the details
of the engines, boilers, and pumps may be used either in combination with each
other or separately for other purposes.
The first part of my Invention consists in an improved construction and arrange-
ment of parts for the transmission of force in a pumping engine. The steam
cylinder and pump are placed in line, the steam piston and pump plunger being
secured upon the same continuous rod. I make use of a fly-wheel, the force being
transmitted to it and received back from it as required through the medium of a
crank and connecting-rod, which latter connects to one end of an upright oscillating
Jever. The rod upon which the steam piston and plunger are fixed is connected by
a link to a point nearer the centre of motion of the lever. This arrangement gives
to the crank a much larger throw than the stroke of the piston and plunger, and
enables me materially to reduce the weight of the crank, crank-pin, and connecting
rod, and other other operating parts, and thereby also to reduce the friction.
The second part of my Invention consists in a receiver used in connection with
the compound engine which I use to receive the steam from the high pressure
cylinder and deliver it as required to the low pressure cylinder, and in connection
with the apparatns which I call the regenerator, in which provision is made for
re-evaporating any water contained in the steam, or in other words drying the
steam, and in some conditions slightly super heating it on its way from the high
pressure to the low pressure cylinder.
It also consists in the arrangement of pumps and valves for controlling the flow
of the steam, feed water, water of condensation, etc.
The third part of my Invention consists in an improved construction and arrange-
ment of tubes used for re-evaporating water of condensation, and drying the steam
in the regenerator, and for heating the feed water, and for analogous purposes.
By making the tubes smaller at their ends, and so reducing the size of the holes
in the tube sheets or analogous apparatus in which they are set, I am enabled to
place the tubes very near together.
This arrangement enables me to utilize a given amount of flue space in useful
heating surface more effectively than would otherwise be practicable. By a peculiar
construction of the boxes or other parts serving as tube sheets in which the tube
ends are fixed, I am enabled to secure important practical advantages, especially
freedom of self adjustment to compensate for the movement of the tubes caused by
expansion and contraction.
The fourth part of my Invention consists in an improved apparatus for regulating
the speed of the engine through and by mechanism working in connection with a
liberating valve gear which I use.
In addition to an ordinary fly-ball or analogous governor operating by variations
in speed, so arranged and combined with the valve gear as to control the times of
liberating and closing of the steam valves, usually termed the cut-off. I also
employ what I call a pressure governor, which acts to shut off steam from the

page_text: cylinders by shortening the cut-off automatically whenever the resistance of the
water column being pumped exceeds the proper working pressure.
This apparatus is designed to meet the case of any derangement of the general
system of water mains which might induce an excessive resistance or pressure to
be pumped against. In this case although the diminished speed of the engine will
cause the speed governor to lengthen the cut-off, the pressure governor will
immediately operate to shorten the cut off, and thereby prevent excessive strains
upon the engine and the water mains.
In connection with these two forms of governor I also use an apparatus for
regulating the cut-off by hand.
The hand regulation is so arranged as to leave the speed governor free to shorten
the cut-off whenever from any cause it tends to exceed the proper rate, but
does not allow it to lengthen the cut-off beyond the limit fixed by the hand
regulation.
These means of regulation are so combined that any one of the three can operate
to control the cut-off independently of the others.
The fifth part of my Invention relates to the mechanism through and by which
any form of governor or hand adjustment can be made to control the times of
liberation in a liberating valve gear, and consists substantially in the application of
peculiarly formed cams or cain shaped operating surfaces which are placed in position
by a governor or hand adjustment, and against which a part of the valve gear
impinges to effect the cut-off.
In determining the form of the two cam surfaces for a steam cylinder, the profile
of one is made to differ considerably from that of the other. I hereby secure a
perfect compensation for the peculiar irregularity in the movement of the steam.
piston due to the partial coincidence of the arcs described by the crank and
connecting rod at the one end of the stroke and the correlative divergence of the
arcs at the other end of the stroke.
The sixth part of my Invention also relates to the mechanism for operating the
steam valves in a liberating valve gear.
The steel shoulders, by the disengagement of which the cut-off takes place, are
so constructed and arranged that they have no rolling movement upon each other
at any time, and no sliding movement except in the instant of disengagement, and
the sliding arm with stop, by impact with which the disengagement is effected, is
arranged so as to impose only an imperceptible amount of labor upon the governor
at the instant of disengagement, and none at all at other times.
The seventh part of iny Invention consists in a peculiar construction and arrange-
ment of the exhaust valves of the engine together with their seats and ports, by
which I am able to place the valves very near to the interior of the steam cylinder
and thereby materially to reduce the amount of waste room in the ports of the
same.
The eighth part of my Invention relates to steam cylinders. I enclose the
cylinder in an outer cylinder or casing and admit steam to the annular space
between them, and by peculiarities in construction and arrangement I am able to
extend this steam jacket outward to the ends of the steam cylinder without
interfering with the ordinary means provided for attaching the ends to the cylinder.
I avail myself of other peculiarities of construction to facilitate the placing of the
outer casing upon the steam cylinder, and to secure permanently steam tight
joints.
By other peculiarities of construction I secure great flexibility in the parts so
that they will accommodate themselves to the expansion and contraction caused by
large differences in temperature without danger of breaking.
The ninth part of my Invention consists in the peculiar construction and
arrangement of the oscillating lever, used in the present instance in an upright
position, whereby I obtain strength and lightness and ready access to the working
parts.
The tenth part of my Invention relates to the fly-wheel, and consists in a

page_text: peculiar construction and arrangement of the segments thereof.
The inner ends of
the segment arms are constructed and fitted to each other in such manner as to
embrace the shaft completely without the intervention of the ordinary separate
hub or centre.
The eleventh part of my Invention relates to the pumps, and consists in a
peculiar construction and arrangement of the pump-barrel and enclosing pump-box,
whereby I obtain great strength, and also secure for every part of the moving
column of water in the pump free and uniform access to the pump valves.
I also increase the efficiency of the air and vacuum chambers which form part of
the pump-box by a peculiar arrangement of the same.
The twelfth part of my Invention also relates to the pumps, and consists in a
peculiar construction and arrangement of the plunger, whereby I obtain unusual
strength and lightness; and also in a peculiar provision for securing the plunger
upon its rod and for preventing the water from entreing the hollow body of the
plunger.
The thirteenth part of my Invention also relates to the pumps, and consists in a
peculiar construction and arrangement of the pump valves and the springs which
close the valves, together with provisions for centreing; and holding the same.
The springs are helical in form and possess a degree of transverse rigidity which
enable them to guide the valves perfectly in their movement. I can thus dispense
with the ordinary stationary guides, and avoid the sliding friction to which they
give rise.
But in order that my Invention may be fully understood I will proceed to
describe the same more in detail by aid of the accompanying Drawings, which form
part of this Specification.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
In carrying out the first part of my Invention I prefer to use two steam cylin-
ders, operated on the compound principle, connected to separate cranks placed at
right angles on a crank shaft. I mount each steam cylinder in line with its pump,
and extend the piston-rod through its pump-box and connect it by a link to a point
at or near the middle of an upright lever oscillating on an axis at its lower end.
The crank-shaft carrying a fly-wheel is mounted directly above the pumps and is
supported in bearings upon the pump-boxes. The crank shaft and the upper end
of the upright lever being carried up to the same level, a horizontal connecting rod
is used to form a connection between the lever and the crank.
The air pump is
worked by a short arm from one of the levers, and the other lever works the feed
pump by a similar arm.
Figs. 1 and 2 illustrate the first part of the Invention.
Fig. 1 is a side elevation showing the parts which appear above the floor. Other
parts which are below the floor are indicated by dotted lines.
Fig. 2 is a plan showing the arrangement embodying the compound principle.
Similar letters of reference are employed to indicate corresponding parts wherever
they occur in the various Figures of the Drawings.
A, A', are steam cylinders having my improved system of valve mechanism
attached. The piston rods b, b, extend from the cylinders A, A', into and through
the pumps C, C. The cross-hends b', b', guided in suitable slides b², b², are con-
nected by links b³, b³, with the upright levers D, D, oscillating on
fixed
bearings d, d. To the upper ends of the levers D, D, are attached connecting-
rods d', d, the other ends of which connect to the pins e, e, of the cranks E, E,
which are secured to the shaft E On this shaft is a comparatively light fly-
wheel F of large diameter.
The fly-wheel F is mounted in the middle of the length of the shaft E¹. The
pillow blocks E2, E2, which support the shaft E' are mounted on the pump
boxes C, C, which are thus made to answer a double purpose, that of supporting
the crank-shaft and also enclosing the pump-barrel with its appurtenances.

page_text: The pump-box castings C², C2, are connected to the bed-plate G by rigid inclined
braces c, c, in a line with the bearings d, d, upon which the lovers D, D, oscillate,
Horizontal braces g, g, g³, g¹, connect the body of the pump-boxes C², C², to the
cylinders A, A².
The two steam cylinders A, A', are connected by a receiver H, hereinafter fully
set forth when describing the second part of my Invention.
The pumps C, C¹, which are of the plunger variety have their plungers pointed
at each end and are keyed to their rods b, b.
A portion of the steam power applied to the pistons is directly utilized in
working the pump-plungers by means of the continuous piston-rod, but in working
steam at the high rates of expansion indispensable to the attainment of the best
economic results there must necessarily be applied to the pistons, during certain
parts of the stroke, an amount of steam power largely in excess of that required to
overcome the nearly uniform resistance of the water pressure on the plungers. As
in the regular operation of the engine, this excess is immediately transmitted to the
fly wheel, to be applied to the plungers before the termination of each stroke, it is
of vital importance that this transmission of power to and from the fly-wheel
through the necessary intervening mechanism should be attended with the least
possible loss by friction. I diminish this loss in an important degree by the intro-
duction of the upright levers herein described, which enable me to give to this
intervening mechanism a length of throw twice that of the pump-plungers, thereby
reducing by about one half the weight of the mechanism in question, and lessening
the friction and wear at all the journals in approximately the same ratio.
Various modifications may be made in the form of many of the parts of the
engine. I have made use of solid upright levers in place of the skeleton topped
form herein described, and have also varied the form of the pump-box and other
parts.
Instead of a double engine, compounded as shown by Figs. 1 and 2, I can uso
a single engine or two cylinders not compounded.
In the present instance, the power for pumping is applied directly to the pump-
rod, but I have with good effect applied that power by means of a connecting-rod
working on the side of the lever opposite to the crank connection, but I prefer the
present arrangement mainly on account of its giving greater compactness to the
general design as a system of pumping machinery.
It has been heretofore proposed to render the pressure in the second, the low
pressure cylinder, approximately uniform up to the point of cut-off by making use
of an intermediate chamber of considerable capacity, termed a receiver. I do this,
and I also use a variable cut-off on both the high and the low pressure cylinders.
I provide means for varying the points of cut-off on both cylinders simultaneously,
and can thereby vary the action of the steam gradually or rapidly within wide
limits and still maintain the desired ratio of pressure between the two cylinders;
and,-
I provide means also for varying the cut-off on one cylinder independently of
the other. I can by this means change the ratio of the pressure. In order to
reduce the always more or less active escape of heat from the intermediate chambers
and from pipes and passages, I clothe all these as effectually as is possible. But in
addition to all this I provide an arrangement for taking steam and whatever water
may be present from the lowest point in the receiver, circulating it through tubes
where it is exposed to spent heat from the boiler, and allowing it to return in a dry
and more or less super heated condition into the top or side of the receiver. I
attach great importance to this latter provision as a means of insuring dry steam
in the second, the larger, the low pressure cylinder.
By another provision I allow the taking of any desired quantity of steam from the
receiver after it has done its work in the high pressure cylinder, and using it for
steam heating or for drying, or for any other purpose for which steam of a uniformly
moderate pressure is desired.
The second part of my Invention relates to the receiver and the provisions for

page_text: insuring circulation of a portion of its contents including all the water which
collects therein through a separate heating apparatus which may be at any distance
and at any level desired.
The following is a description of what I consider the best means of carrying out
this part of my Invention:-
Fig. 3 is a plan view, and
Fig. 4 is an elevation, not to scale, illustrating this part of my Invention.
H, H', are horizontal tubes extending from one side to the other side of the
hot chamber or flue H, which receives the products of combustion coming from the
boilers H³ through passages H.
The ends of these tubes are set in hollow castings H³, H³, which serve as end
connections for the same.
The gasses containing whatever heat has not been extracted in their passage through
the boilers seek the chimney H by moving horizontally through the interstices
between the tubes H' and H, and thereby impart a further portion of their heat to
whatever fluid may be circulated through the tubes. The tubes are curved to
better allow for irregularities of expansion and contraction. They are formed with
sinal ends or necks as hereinafter more fully explained, so that their areas at tho
points of connection to the castings H are less than their areas at other points.
This arrangement allows me to place the pipes H', H7, nearer together than would
be otherwise expedient. These peculiarities constitute the subject of the third part
of my Invention, they are desirable but not essential to the successful working of
this part of my Invention.
I will when necessary refer to the heating tubes H¹ and their immediate con-
nections, as the " regenerator," and to the pipes H7 and connections as the "feed
heating apparatus."
The pipe Hs brings steam or water, or both, from the receiver H, introducing it
at a low point at one end of the regenerator. The larger pipe H conducts away a
constant stream of dried and, under most conditions, super-heated steam from a high
point at the other end of the apparatus.
I have in Fig. 3 represented connections H10, H", which lead from the receiver H
to the vertical pipes H2, H3, H4, H's. It will be understood that the cylinders A, A',
shown in Figs. 1 and 2, are severally connected to H, H¹³, and H", H¹. The
pipes H, H³, lead down from the high pressure cylinder A and convey the
exhaust steam therefrom at a moderate pressure through the horizontal pipe 1110
into the receiver H.
This receiver is a horizontal cylinder of considerable capacity. It treasures
the steam received at each exhaust through the pipe FL10. The considerable capacity
of the receiver H allows it to be drawn from at the times required, that is, at the
carly part of each stroke of the low pressure cylinder A', and the pressure therein is
not much diminished in consequence of the large draughts thereby made, por again
is the pressure much increased in consequence of the fluctuating receipt of the steam
from the high pressure cylinder A.
His a pipe leading from the receiver H to a set of heating pipes for general
purposes, or other apparatus H7 which requires low pressure steam. Being taken
from the receiver H the steam is certain under all conditions to be at a moderate
pressure above atmosphere, such as is suitable for steam heating and analogous
purposes.
The steam is thus first utilized in the high pressure cylinder A and all discharged
into the receiver. Next it is dried by the passage of its wetted particles through
the heating apparatus, herein called the "regenerator," such portion as is required
may be taken away at the low pressure obtaining in the receiver by the subtracting
pipe H¹ to be consumed in other uses than power, the remainder being utilized in
the low pressure cylinder A¹.
Hs is a pump worked by a rod H from a lever not represented, which latter is
operated by connections from the engine. The stroke of the pump His may be
made variable if desired, to vary the working capacity of the pump. It is

page_text: important that its capacity shall be always slightly in excess of that necessary to
pump out all the water which ordinarily gathers in the receiver at each stroke.
The water and the accompanying steam descend through the pipe H20 which leads
from the lowest point in the receiver H, and rise through the induction valve (not
represented) into the said pump, and thence are forced through the eduction valve
(not represented) into the pipe HB, and through it and H33 into the "regenerator."
Where, as represented, the water has to be elevated through the pipe H³ a corre-
sponding load is imposed on the pump H18.
In situations where it is practicable to carry the gaseous products of combustion
down to a sufficiently low level the pump will have little load or may be dispensed
with altogether, the water in the receiver moving by gravity to the "regenerator" or
the equivalent set of heating apparatus, & returning freely in the form of dried steam.
In passing through the "regenerator" the water taken from the receiver is entirely
evaporated, and comes down through the pipe HP in the form of thoroughly dried and
somewhat super-heated steam. In this condition it enters the receiver and mingles
with the steain therein contained ready to be taken through the proper parts into
the low-pressure engine.
The circulating pump H has only to exert sufficient force to overcome the
gravity of the water in forcing it up, and the slight addition necessary to overcome
the friction. The pressure throughout the receiver and its whole train of con-
nections is nearly uniformly moderate. I take care to make the several pipes
especially in the "regenerator" or analogous heating apparatus of sufficient strength
to endure a much greater pressure when desired.
I provide means for using the "regenerator" or "heating apparatus" described
under the full pressure of the boiler for heating the feed water and to some extent
generating steam when desired.
H is a pipe bringing the relatively cold water from the hot well under pressure
of the feed pump (not represented) which of course is somewhat in excess of the
boiler pressure. There are three conditions under which this feed can be introduced
into the boilers determined by the proper manipulation of the several stop valves
represented.
First. By opening the stop valve H which controls the passage into the connec-
tion H3 and closing the valve H I can force the feed water in its primitive state
through the connection H23 into the pipe H25, and thence up past the valves H
into the boilers H³. To do this it will be understood that the valves H27 and H25
must be closed. This is the simplest mode of supplying feed to the boiler, but
obviously the least desirable in practice, as it is important to raise the temperature
of the feed before introducing it into the boiler. The second mode of feeding is
the one which I prefer. The provision for heating the feed when thus working
is a set of additional "feed heating apparatus" H which lies ucar and receives
the spent heat from the boilers after the gases have imparted all the heat they may
to the already described "regenerator."
"
I open the stop valve H2, and close the stop valve H2. This prevents the water
from flowing through the connection H23, and compels it to move through the pipe H20,
and through the "feed heating apparatus "H; it thence flows in a heated condi-
tion through the pipe H30, and descending, passes the valve H into the feed pipe H25,
whence it is delivered past the regulating valves H into the respective boilers H³.
In the third mode of operating the system, the circulating pump H¹s is stopped,
and the re-evaporation or drying of the contents of the receiver in the "
regenerator
In such case the water of condensation in the receiver H has to be disposed
of in the ordinary manner, by being carried up with the current of steam, and
worked through the valves of the low pressure engine. When operating in this
manner I throw the circulating pump His out of use and work the feed as now.to
be described, so as to increase the temperature thereof, and deliver it at the full
boiler temperature, or even partly changed into steam.
ceases.
This third mode works the feed-water through not only its proper heater H7, but
also through the "regenerator H².

page_text: The feed water moves up through the pipe H, and becomes warmed in the feed
heater H7, as before. It thence flows out into the pipe H30, as before, but is pre-
vented from moving down therein by opening the valve H³ and closing the valve
H27 passing the valve H³, it then moves down through the pipe H into the
pipe H. The partially heated feed coming down through the pipe H32, rises
through the short pipe H33 into the "regenerator," which is now subjected to the
full boiler pressure.
Becoming highly heated in its passage through this apparatus, it is thus delivered
through the pipe H at a very high temperature. Descending through the pipe Hº,
it finds the stop valve H, controlling the short connection H open, and the stop
valve H³ closed; passing through H into the pipe H23, and through the latter into
the pipe H, past the valves H, it enters the boilers H³ with the same effect as
before, but at a much higher temperature.
It is well always to keep water, or water and steam, from some source moving
through all the heating apparatus.
.
It is very improbable that any part of the apparatus will become over heated,
but its endurance will be promoted by the continuous movement of fluid
through it.
Addi-
Modifications may be made in the form of the receiver and of the " regenerator,"
and "feed heating apparatus." As also in the form of the pumps and the means of
operating the latter, or the stop valves may be differently arranged, and the whole
or an important part of the benefit due to my Invention be still attained.
tions may be made; for example, a pipe (not represented) controlled by an adjust-
able valve or by a steam trap, may bring water, or mingled water and steam, from
steam jackets on the cylinders A, A', and allow it to mingle with the contents of
the receiver H, and be subjected to the evaporative treatment in the " regenerator."
In the present instance I have represented the apparatus as receiving the water
of condensation from the steam jackets of the cylinders A, A¹, through a pipe H³0,
into the pipe or cross connection H23, whence it returns to the boilers.
The third part of my Invention consists in the peculiar form of the tubes used
in the "<
regenerator" and "feed heating apparatus," and also in the form and
arrangement of the parts serving as the tube sheets or end connections in which
the tubes are set.
It is desirable in the construction of heating apparatus for these and analogous
purposes to place the tubes nearer together than will allow adequate holding
material in the tube sheets, or analogous parts in which the tubes are set.
I have devised a construction wherein the inetal in which the tubes are set is in
the form of separate picces or rings, matched together so as to form a continuous
chamber equivalent to a tube sheet and its connections. I secure sufficient holding
material in the separate pieces which compose my tube sheet by contracting the
ends of the tubes. In other words, my tubes are small in diameter and widely
spaced at their ends, and between their ends are enlarged so as properly to fill the
heated chamber or flue in which they are placed, and thus to extract the heat from
the gases more effectually.
It will be understood that this construction gives to my tubes a large amount
of heated surface with comparatively small openings for the movement of the
water through them. This, although limiting the capacity of the apparatus for
very active circulation of the water and steam, is in all ordinary conditions, and
especially at the moderate temperature to which I propose to expose my pipes, an
advantage. The effective water way is only that allowed in the most contracted
parts, the neck and ends, and can therefore be easily exceeded in the other parts
of the circulating apparatus, and being thus exceeded in the other parts it is
almost certain that every tube, even when less favorably situated for receiving the
current will have a proper circulation through it. In other words, the circulation
in any given tube will be moderate, but it will be more reliable with iny con-
struction than with the ordinary one in which the tubes are of uniform section
throughout.

page_text: My tubes are curved and can by slight changes in their curvature accommodate
themselves readily to any changes in length caused by varying temperature.
The following is a description of what I consider the best means of carrying
out this part of my Invention.
Fig. 5 is a front elevation partly in section showing a vertical set of my tubes
and immediate connections.
Fig. 6 is a side elevation, also partly in section, showing a series of such sets.
Fig. 7 is a plan, and
Fig. 8 a section of one tube end with its connected ring as adapted to apply in
the middle of a set, or in any position except the top or bottom.
Referring to Fig. 3, H3 are upright boilers seen in plan; H' are passages leading
horizontally towards the chimney H; H2 is a chainber or fluc, in which all the
products of combustion after passing the boilers are received. The walls of this
chamber converge as shown towards the chimney H. The tubes H4, H7, are pre-
ferably placed with the hollow side of the curve towards the chimney.
In constructing the tubes I take such as have the desired diameter throughout,
and heating the ends successively, reduce them by quick blows in proper swedges.
My experiments indicate that it is practicable to make abrupt shoulders joining
the necks to the larger parts, care being taken not to weaken the metal too much
in the shoulders h, nor to have it too much thickened in the neck h¹. The tubes
are bent to the right curvature, and each tube end or neck h¹ is screwed into the
thickened side of one of the rings h².
These end rings h² are constructed to fit together, and to be held by a through
bolt 3, thus constituting the end chamber or tube sheet / In applying the parts
together after the tubes have severally been screwed into their rings any of the tubes
may be sprung a little so as to either reduce or increase its length by increasing or
lessening its curvature to allow its ring h² to match the adjacent ones above and
below.
There is a cross connection * at the bottom of the several receiving chambers or
sets of rings, and a corresponding cross connection 5 at the tops of the several
delivering chambers.
A pipe H³ conveys the steam or water or both to the whole, and another pipe H³
conducts away the products delivered at the other end of the set, as shown in
Fig. 3.
In mounting my sets of tubes I prefer that the end chambers H5 shall abut firmly
against the side walls of the hot passage or flue H, in which they are placed.
They may rest on any suitable supports below, or they may be suspended by any
suitable means from above.
The system of pipes arranged as shown may be used for generating, drying, and
super heating steam, or for heating feed or other water for any of the various uses
in connection with steam apparatus.
In Fig. 3 I have shown this part of my Invention applied to the feed heating
apparatus H7
Modifications may be made in the details of this part of the Invention within
wide limits. The number of pipes in each vertical set, or the number of sets, may
be increased or diminished.
I can use the sets of tubes in a different form of heated chamber, or in one
receiving the products of combustion directly. But I consider my Invention better
adapted for utilizing the spent heat from boilers than for use in close proximity
to a glowing fire.
The fourth part of my Invention relates to mechanism for controlling the cut-off,
that is, the liberation and closing of the steam-inlet-valves.
In the application of this part of my Invention I use a liberating valve gear, that
is, a valve-gear in which the steam-inlet valves are opened by the proper mechanism
and are closed automatically when detached from this mechanism which opens them ;

page_text: a sufficient force, gravity, a spring, or the action of the steam or air upon a piston
urges the valves towards a shut position.
My mechanism engages and disengages at each stroke.
I place the cut-off mechanism under the control of three different forins of
regulation.
1st. A hand-lever for adjustment by the attendant.
2nd. A fly-ball or other suitable governor which acts through and by changes in
the velocity of the engine, which (in carrying out this part of my Invention) is
applied to the valve gear in such manner that it becomes operative only when the
speed of the engine is in excess of a given desired rate.
3rd. A pressure-governor which acts only when the water pressure is in excess of
a fixed amount.
These three separate means of regulation are so combined that they act in
harmony upon the same cut-off mechanism, each being perfectly free to operate
whenever the contingency which it is intended to meet shall arise, while neither
can interfere with the operation of the other except when it is so called into
nction.
The following is a description of what I consider the best means of applying this
part of my Invention.
Fig. 9 is an elevation, partly in section, on a larger scale showing parts of the
engine illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2.
The cut-off apparatus is controlled by a rod I carrying two cams or cam-shaped
surfaces i, ', which in its extreme movement in one direction entirely shuts off the
steam, while being moved in the opposite direction it allows the steam to follow the
full length of stroke of the piston. I connect this controlling cam-rod I at the point
I' to the fixed arm 12 of rocker shaft I³, which also carries a second fixed arm I',.
connecting it with the pressure governor 15.
The rocker shaft I also carries a lever I for hand adjustment so connected, with
it that whatever may be the position of the hand lever I the rocker shaft I remains
free to move in the direction to shut off the stean, but not in a contrary direction
beyond a point fixed by the said lever I. Thus while either the speed-governor 17
or pressure-governor 15 may at any time interpose to shorten the cut-off, neither
can under any circumstances lengthen it beyond the point fixed by the hand
lever Iº.
The arrangement of parts by which I secure this inter-dependent operation of the
speed-governor 17, pressure governor I, and hand lever I is fully shown in the
Drawing, Fig. 9. It will be observed that the rocker-shaft I carrying the fixed arms
12, 1, is free to move through a portion of its circle independently of the hand lever
I; the extent of this independent movement being limited by the form of the double
slots 18, 18, in the sleeve of the hand lever I and the position of the pin 1º in the rocker
shaft 19.
Assuming that the speed of the engine is a little less than that called for by the
speed governor 17 as adjusted it is evident that the hook I on the governor rod I"¹
will stand a little below its point of engagement with the pin 112 on the cam rod I
rendering the governor 17 inoperative for the time and leaving the valve mechanism
K, as hereinafter more fully set forth when describing the fifth part of my Invention,
under the control of the hand lever adjustment Iº.
If now the resistance offered to the engine by the water pressure in the pumps is
lessened the increased speed of the engine will cause the governor balls 113 and the
attendant governor rod 11 to rise; the hook 110 will engage the pin 112 upon the cam
rod I and the speed governor 17 will at once assume its function of controlling the
action of the valve gear K by determining the point of cut-off.
If now the water pressure in the pumps is increased, thereby increasing the load
on the engine and calling for a lengthened cut-off, the diminished speed of the
engine will cause the governor rod 1¹¹ to fall, the hook 110 will disengage itself from

page_text: the pin I, the speed governor I will become inoperative, and the valve-gear K will
thus be restored to the control of the hand lever 1°.
The power of the speed governor 17 to lengthen the cut-off (or even to cause the
engine to follow full stroke) to meet the resistance offered by an increased water
pressure is thus rendered inoperative while its power to shorten the cut-off to check
an increasing speed due to diminished water pressure remains unimpaired.
The piston I of the pressure governor I', moving in the cylinder I15, is connected
by its rod I with the arm I and is put in communication with the water pressure
by the small pipe 117. The weight Is being just sufficient to counter-balance the
regular working water pressure, the apparatus will remain inoperative until the
water pressure is increased beyond the amount fixed upon for ordinary working.
The piston I will then rise carrying the cam-rod I and without deranging the hand
lever adjustment I, will shorten the cut-off and before the pressure can be increased
to a dangerous extent will shut off the steam altogether. The extraordinary pres-
sure being removed the weight 11s will restore the parts to their normal positions
and the engine will again pass under the control of the of the hand lever adjust-
ment I, subject to the discretion of the attendant.
Modifications may be made in the form of many of the parts of the mechanism
described.
The form of the hand lever and the means of clamping it in any required
position may be varied. In place of the fly-ball governor herein shown any regu-
lator may be substituted that derives its power to act from changed velocities.
The fifth part of my Invention also relates to the mechanism for controlling the
cut-off in the liberating valve gear which I use.
In the application of this part of my Invention the steam inlet valves are opened
by a movement derived from the ordinary eccentrics, and, being liberated, are closed
by an independent force. The time of closing of the valve is made to depend upon
the time of their liberation from the control of the eccentric. The liberation of the
valves is effected by and partly dependent upon the opening movement derived from
the said eccentric.
The defect existing in the usual forms of liberating valve-gear which it is the
object of my Invention to remedy is one arising from the fact that the pistons of all
reciprocating engines, connected to a crank in the usual proportions, move at
velocities which at one extreme of the stroke differ materially from those at the
other extreme, that is to say, assuming that the crank pin in its throw passes over
equal spaces of its circuit in equal times, the corresponding rectilinear spaces passed
over by the piston will not only be very unequal, but will be found to differ at one
end of its stroke very materially from the corresponding spaces at the other end.
From this it is evident that my form of valve-gear, whose movements at one end of
the stroke are precisely duplicated at the other end cannot in the nature of the case
liberate the valves at precisely such points in the stroke as would accurately corres-
pond to the irregular movement of the piston and therefore must always fail to meet
the demands of a perfect adjustment.
By reference to the diagram, Fig. 10, it will be seen that the crank moves over.
equal spaces, ², 12, 22, 23, 2³, 13, 13, while the spaces i,,,, traversed by the
piston while at or near one end of the stroke differ materially from the corres-
ponding spaces 1, 2, 5, 5, at the other end. This irregularity is exaggerated in the
diagram by making the connecting rod one half the usual length.
The following is a description of what I consider the best means of applying this
part of my Invention:
Fig. 11 is an elevation partly in section; and
Fig. 12, a plan illustrating the fifth and sixth parts of my Invention.
Fig. 13 is a detailed perspective view of one of the swivel guides and part of one
of the steel pointed followers.
K', K, are steel pointed followers which reach from the cams or cam-shaped
operating surfaces i, i, to the valve stands (not represented in the Drawings), and
there hold by means of the arms K, one of which is shown in Fig. 11, the slotted

page_text: rod K³ with stop or abutment K, against which the pin K7 carried by the lever
K with steel shoulder K' impinges to effect the liberation of the valves.
Swivel guides K10 supported by the bracket K", and working in sockets formed
in the bracket K", have each a rectangular opening to which the steel point K³
is fitted, and through which it slides in following the profile of the cam surface
i or i¹.
The swivel guides K10 are accurately fitted to their sockets, so as to turn easily.
This is done to prevent the friction between the steel point K³ and the swivel
guide K10, which would arise from slight changes in the angular position of the
follower rod, caused either by its own flexibility or by the circular movement of
the lever K, to which it is connected at its outer end. The importance of this
provision will be understood when it is considered that the most accurate adjust-
inent is essential to the proper working of the mechanism, while any considerable
amount of friction would destroy the sensitiveness of the governor, and prevent it
from working promptly and efficiently.
The steel points K³ of the followers K1, K2, are retained in easy contact with the
profile of the cam surfaces i, i¹, by the action of a spiral spring K12 let into the stud
K13, upon which the lever K' oscillates, as shown in Fig. 12.
It will be understood that two sets of the apparatus described are applied to each
steam cylinder, and that the two steel pointed followers severally control the libe-
ration or the steam inlet valves at the two ends of the cylinder, as shown in
Fig. 9.
It will also be understood that the cam-shaped operating surface i, which deter-
mines the effective position of one of the steel pointed followers K¹, has a profile
which differs materially from that of the cam-surface i', which determines the posi-
tion of the other follower K².
It is through and by this difference of profile that I compensate for the irregular
movement of the piston, and secure the desideratum mentioned herein, namely,
that whatever the point of the cut off may at any time be at one end it shall
always be exactly the same at the other end of the stroke.
The sixth part of my Invention relates to the mechanism for effecting the cut-off
or liberation of the steam inlet valves in the liberating valve gear which I use.
In the application of this part of my Invention I cause the mechanism for opening
each valve to act through and by means of a steel shoulder which engages with a
corresponding steel catch upon the valve arm.
The lever carrying the steel shoulder moves upon the same centre as the valve
arm, so that there can be no rolling movement of the shoulder upon the catch.
The shoulder and catch rest securely upon each other, but, as hereinafter shown,
the engagement is effected with perfect accuracy, and without exerting any appre-
ciable disturbing influence upon the
governor.
The following is a description of what I consider the best means of carrying out
this part of my Invention :-
This part of my Invention is illustrated in Figures 9, 11, and 12, hereinafter
referred to.
is the stem or shaft of a steam inlet valve of the circular sliding description,
invented and used by me, not represented. K is an arm rigidly fixed thercon ;
K is a rod connected to the arm K, and having at its lower end any suitable
device for pulling the arm K in the direction to close the valves on the shaft l.
K is a rocking lever centred on the same valve-shaft 7, and receiving a positive
rocking motion through suitable connections not represented.
K is a light lever with steel shoulder K turning on a pivot K" carried on the
lever K, having a spring K¹³, which urges it towards the centre 1. K is the
shoulder on the lever K³, which at cach upward movement engages with the steel
catch piece K on the arm K1, and lifting the latter, opens the valve.
By releasing the catch K from the shoulder K at the desired point in the
stroke the point of closing the valve, called the point of cut-off, is determined. Kis
a light slotted rod, loosely embracing a pin K' fixed in the upper end of the lever K³,

page_text: and pivoted at K to another lever K', the position of which latter is controlled by
a governor or other means, as shown in Figs. 9-11-12. The position of the
stop K in the slotted rod K determines the point in the stroke at which the
shoulder K becomes disengaged from the catch K on the valve arın K" to allow
the latter to drop and close the valve.
The slot in the slotted rod
extreme throw of the parts in
At each oscillation of the rocking lever K the shoulder Kº engages the
catch piece K on the valve arm K, and lifting it, opens the valve.
But as
soon as the pin K' above mentioned incets the stop in the slotted rod K
formed by the end of the slot in the rod K the further motion of the rocking
lever K disengages the valve-arm K and allows it to drop. Shifting the
stop K to the right or left by the action of a governor or other means will
delay or hasten the period of such dropping.
K³ is of sufficient length to accommodate the
every possible adjustment.
There is no rolling movement of the shoulder K upon the catch K at any time,
and no sliding movement except at the instant of disengagement.
A very slight force of resistance applied at the stop K is sufficient to cause the
disengagement of the shoulder K° from the catch K, but until such force is applied
the parts remain engaged without any tendency to separate.
In Fig. 9 I have represented connections adapted for effecting the regulation by
the aid of a governor. The levers K turn on a fixed centre K, their arms being
connected to the steel pointed followers K1, K2, the other ends of which play through
the swivel guide K and operating rest easily against the cam-shaped surfaces i, ¿¹,
which are moved up and down as required by a governor 17, as represented. It will
be understood that the descent of the governor balls I lowers the cam surfaces i, i',
and by allowing the steel pointed followers K', K2, to move to the left under the
influence of the coiled spring K, shown in Fig. 12, or other force, moves the
centre K20 to the right, and delays the cut-off by delaying the impact of the pin K'
with the stop K in rod K, and liberate the valve arm K
I have shown separate rods K', K, working against separate cam surfaces i, i¹, one
of which latter cam-surfaces i, i, has a different profile from the other. By thus
giving a different profile to to the cam-surfaces i, i, for the two ends of the stroke
I compensate for the irregularities in the motion of the piston at the two ends
of the stroke, indicated in Fig. 1.
Modifications may be made. The mechanism for both ends of the stroke may be
operated by any suitable mechanism controlled by the governor; or I can vary tho
positions of the stops K by hand adjustment, or any other means.
The rod K5 with stop need not be slotted; the lower half of the slotted part may
be removed, and it will still maintain the contact of the upper part with the pin K'
by gravity.
It will be seen that in Fig. 9 the cam-shaped surfaces are shown as operated by a
speed-governor, while in Figs. 11 and 12 provision is made for a hand adjustment.
The seventh part of my Invention consists in a peculiar construction and arrange-
ment of the exhaust valves of the engine, together with their chambers and ports, by
which I am able to place the valves very near to the interior of the steam cylinder
and thereby materially to reduce the amount of waste space in the chambers and
ports of the same.
It will be understood that although exterior to the steam cylinder proper this
space has to be filled with steam at each stroke of the piston, and that considerations
of economy require that the amount of such space shall be reduced as much as is
possible.
I make use of my circular sliding valves placed in my usual way in cylindrical
chambers (which I call the valve chambers) transverse to the main steam cylinder,
and it will be understood that the steam while pressing upon the steam piston.
presses the valves towards the condenser.
In the application of this part of my Invention the exhaust valves are placed each:

page_text: with its axis of motion very near to, or, if desired, a little within the space occupied
by the piston at the end of the stroke.
The following is a description of what I consider the best method of carrying out
this part of my Invention.
Fig. 14 is a central longitudinal section through my steam cylinder showing the
exhaust valves in position with the piston at or near the end of its stroke.
Fig. 15 is a corresponding detached section of a portion of one end of the cylinder
with the valve in position for the return stroke of the piston.
Fig. 16 is a side view, detached, of one of my exhaust valves.
Fig. 17 is a modification of my arrangement wherein the cylinder, and the valve
chamber casting, and the cylinder are three separate pieces.
Fig. 18 is another modification wherein provision is made for steam jacketing the
cylinder end and the steam and exhaust valve chambers.
In Figs. 14, 15, 17, and 18, a is the body of the steam cylinders; a", a 12, are the
cylinder ends; and L, L', are the exhaust valve chambers; as, a13, are the exhaust
ports leading to the condenser, not shown; B is the piston, b, the piston rod, and
L2, the exhaust valves.
It will be noticed that the exhaust valve chamber L, L', partly intersect the
interior of the steam cylinder A in such manner that the piston passes over a portion
of one of the valves at each end of its stroke.
In determining the form of the exhaust valves we may, by way of illustration,
suppose the exhaust valve chamber to be fitted with a cylinder of wood and the
piston to be pressed against it, and the wood to be cut away until the piston passes
freely to the end of its stroke, and having rotated the wood cylinder through a
quadrant and repeated the operation of cutting away the obstructing wood we shall
manifestly obtain a model of the form of valve adapted to occupy the valve chamber
in question without interfering with the movement of the piston.
In practice I prefer to give to the valve L2 the form of section shown in Fig. 16.
It will be understood that the valves L2 have a limited movement of rotation
upon their centres which they receive through a valve, stem, or shaft from outside
connections, not shown.
The valve L bear accurately upon the parts of the valve chamber L, L', adjacent
to the ports a¹³. These bearing parts may be in the cylinder casting or in the
cylinder end casting. In Figs. 14 and 15 the ports a¹³ leading from the chamber L
are shown formed in the cylinder castings a, in Figs. 14 and 18 the ports 13
leading from the chainber L being shown in the cylinder end casting. In Fig. 17
the port a¹ is formed in a separate casting in the valve chamber.
By so bringing the exhaust valve chambers partly within the steam cylinder I
materially reduce the amount of so-called free or waste space, and thereby increase
the economic effect of the steam beyond that which is obtained in the usual arrange-
ment, in this case being formed partly in the cylinder end a" and partly in the
casting al
The eighth part of my Invention relates to the steam cylinder.
My improved cylinder is provided with a flange at or near each end, constructed
and arranged for making a steam-tight joint with an exterior cylinder or casing,
whereby secure an annular enclosed space, which being filled with steam constitutes
what is called a steam jacket.
The said flanges are so formed that by their flexibility they shall accommodate
themselves without danger of breaking to the expansion and contraction caused by
considerable differences in temperature between the outer and inner cylinders, that
is, between the casing and steam cylinder. And I make the casing and cylinder in
separate pieces mainly to insure reliable castings with uniform thickness.
The following is a description of what I consider the best method of carrying out
this part of my Invention:-
Fig. 19 is a vertical section of my steam cylinder showing the casing applied
according to this part of my Invention.

page_text: Fig. 23 is a detached edge view of the projecting arm for working a pump.
The lower part D¹ of the lever D is of cast iron; a boss or hub D at the bottom
holds the pin (not shown), which rests in bearings d², Fig. 1, upon which the lever D
oscillates.
The upper portion of this cast iron part D¹ is broader than the lower end, giving
a general segmental form to the whole, and is provided with another boss D³
adapted to connect with the link b which leads out horizontally, and at its outer
end connects to the cross-head b' and piston rod b of the engine, as shown in
Fig. 1.
At the outer angles of this segmental shaped part are bosses D', to which the
lower ends of four wrought iron rods D³, De, are attached, one on each side at each
angle.
These four rods D5, Do, constitute the upper part of the lever D; they are placed
in couples, and the couples converge so that at their upper ends they all engage
with a pin D, which latter also forms the centre to which the connecting rod dis
attached, and from which it leads out horizontally to the crank pin of the engine c,
shown in Fig. 1.
These four wrought iron rods D5, D6, are peculiarly formed, their ends being
flattened to give broad lateral bearings where they engage with each other and
with the lower cast iron portion of the lever.
There is sufficient space between the two D which form a pair to allow the
link to play between them as the lever D oscillates.
At the upper end of the cast iron part D¹ of the lever D the web thereof is mado

page_text: double, forming a species of jaw D³, the sides of which hold the pin D³, and suitably
embrace the link 3 which connects thereto.
An arm D10, extending outward from the edge of the lower cast-iron part D¹ of
the lever D, is used to work a feed, air, or other pump D", shown in Fig. 1. When
two steam cylinders are used in the engine one of the levers may conveniently be
made to work the feed pump and the other the air pump; or in the case of a single
cylinder and lever two such arms may be used, extending outward from the two
edges of the lever.
In constructing these levers I so proportion the strength of the group of wrought
iron rods D, D, to that of the cast iron part D', and also to that of the engine as
a whole, that should the engine at any time be accidentally subjected to a breaking
strain the system of rods in question will be the first part to yield. I thus afford a
means of safety whereby the bending of a few rods may be reasonably relied upon
to avert serious breakage.
The tenth part of my Invention relates to the fly-wheel.
Whenever plain fly-wheels, pulleys, or gears are of such dimensions that for con-
venience in handling and transportation, or to secure exemption from the injurious
effects of shrinkage strains, it is found necessary to make each arm thereof in a
separato casting the usual practice has been to make the hub or central part in one
piece, and fit the several arms into it. I have made an improvement upon that
system by dispensing entirely with the hub or centre as a separate piece, and so
forming the inner extremities of the arms themselves that when joined together on
the shaft in the peculiar manner herein described they shall constitute a complete
counterpart of the hub or centre; that is to say, in constructing a wheel of six arms
I form them in such manner that each shall cover its one-sixth of the circumference
of the shaft; or if eight arms are used each shall cover its one-eighth of the circum-
ference of the shaft, and so on to any number of arms.
The following is a description of what I consider the best method of carrying out
this part of my Invention.
Fig. 24 is an elevation, and
Fig. 25 is a sectional plan of one half detached.
From the shaft E, shown in Figs. 1 and 2, the arms F' extend outward in fan-
shaped form. The lines fof separation between the arms F¹ are radial, and upon
these lines fflanges f¹ are raised to receive the bolts f, which hold the several
arms together.
The arms F are so formed at the centre as to give a suitable bearing on the
shaft E, Figs. 1 and 2.
A
By this arrangement I am able to obtain the requisite strength with reduced
weight of metal as compared with the usual method of construction, and also secure
important advantages of convenience in mounting the wheel upon the shaft.
key-way, not shown, is made in one or more of the arms F¹ to fit a key into the
shaft in the ordinary manner.
I prefer to cast each arm F' with its portion of the rim F in one piece, as shown,
mainly to save the labor of fitting them together.
Modifications in the general design of the arms and rim, dictated by taste or
convenience, may be made, and the advantages due to my system still be
attained.
The eleventh part of my Invention relates to the pumps, and consists in a peculiar
construction and arrangement of the pump barrel, the enclosing pump-box, and the
various parts connected therewith.
The following is a description of what I consider the best method of carrying out
this part of my Invention -
Fig. 26 is a longitudinal, and
Fig. 27, a transverse section of a pump-box embodying this part of my Invention,
the pump-barrel C' and plunger M being also shown therein.
The water to be pumped is first received in an ample horizontal chamber C³ in
the lower part of the pump-box C².

page_text: At regular intervals along the exterior of the pump-barrel C' partitions C5 are
formed, extending across the pump-box C².
These partitions C being a part of the pump-box casting C³ serve the purpose of
braces in strengthening the box C, and also supports the pump-barrel C.
Numerous lateral chambers are thereby formed extending vertically above and
below the pump-barrel C.
As the inlet valves C are all placed in the lower half of the pump barrel C³,
there is left a space C' in these lateral chambers above the level of the highest inlet
valves C to form an ample vacuum chamber which is made continuous by openings
Cs through the partitions C at the top.
Each section of the inlet valves C is thus placed in close and nearly equal
proximity to a source of water supply, and to the vacuum chambers, whatever may
be the length of the pump-barrel C₁.
The upper portion of the pump-box C2 is formed to serve the double purpose of
an air chamber C and a support C10 for the pillow block E2, in which the crank
shaft E' turns.
To this end it is formed with an exterior recess C₁, extending lengthwise, of
sufficient depth to accommodate the sweep of the crank E, not shown.
The bottom of this recess and its vertical walls impart great strength to the ends
of the pump-box C² for resisting internal pressure."
The sides of the pump-box are strengthened by vertical transverse partitions C₁₂,
which divide it internally into separate cells C¹³ Continuous passages C for the
circulation of air are provided in the upper part of the box C by dropping the par-
titions C a little below the top thereof, and the partitions C12 are arched below, as
shown in Fig. 27, so as to leave an ample space above the pump-barrel C, whereby
ready access is obtained to the delivery valves C through the man holes C¹ at
each end of the pump box C².
By means of this system of construction each section of the delivery valves C15 is
placed in close and nearly equal proximity to the air chamber C³, whatever may bo
the length of the pump-barrel C₁.
The man hole covers C7 are held in position by a rod C's passing through the
box, and this rod 18 is made of sufficient strength not only to resist the pressure
upon the covers C, but also to support the ends of the pump-box C² contiguous
thereto.
When two pumps C, C', are used, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2, I bring the air
chambers into communication through the connecting pipo C1, Figs. 1, 2, 26,
and 27.
And I thus secure a continuous chamber which (the cranks of the engine being
placed at right angles) will receive four impulses from the two strokes of cach
plunger during each rotation of the engine, whereas if disconnected the two air
chambers would each receive but two impulses during the stroke.
By this subdivision of the impulse from the plunger I increase the efficiency of
the air cushion in approximately the same ratio,
The inlet valve C and delivery valves C₁ may be of any suitable construction,
but the form of the valve which I prefer is described under the thirteenth part of
this Invention.
Modifications may be made in the form and construction of many of the parts
without departing from the peculiar character of this part of my Invention.
The twelfth part of my Invention also relates to the pumps, and consists in a
peculiar construction and arrangement of the pump-plunger, and in the means
whereby it is attached to the plunger rod.
This part of my Invention is especially intended for large pumps used in the
pumping works of cities and towns, but is applicable in all cases where the plunger
is separate from its rod, and requires to be fixed thereon.
The following is a description of this part of my Invention applied to a plunger
having the two ends alike:
Fig. 28 is an elevation of one end.

page_text: Fig. 29 is an end view
Fig. 30 is a longitudinal section of one end.
The ends being alike a description of one will suffice for both.
M is the hollow body of the plunger.
The main cylindrical part thereof may be thin, but at the conical ends M² it
should be stronger.
There is a conical chamber M³ in the centre of the plunger end M, somewhat
larger than the plunger-rod b, and having its larger opening outward.
The separate end casting M preferably of soft brass is peculiarly formed and
adapted to serve several purposes. The main plate thereof M serves as a bearing
for the key M. The conical extension M17 fits the conical chamber M³ tightly,
and being forced into its place is compressed around the plunger rod b, making
a perfectly water tight and permanent joint.
In this end casting M, the exterior of which is formed so as to complete the
conical ends of the plunger, provision is made for holding the transverse wire M³
which confines the cotter key Mo
The forms of the several parts are shown in the Figures 28, 29, and 30, and
the proportions of the parts are so adjusted that when they are brought together
the lip or conical hollow edge M7 bears in its corresponding chamber M before
the general face of the casting M5 meets the end M² of the plunger M.
Force being then applied the faces of the end casting M and the plunger M are
brought together, and by the same action the conical lip M is made to clasp the
rod b, making the permanent water tight joint required.
It is essential to the best working of the plunger M that it should displace
approximately its weight of water, so that the friction due to its own gravity may
be avoided.
When the key M has been driven home it may be confined by an ordinary
pinching screw or other means.
I have shown in the Figures
For this purpose
28, 29, and 30, the wire M8 passed through holes in the end casting M, and the
key Mo, and having its ends bent to retain it in its place.
Modifications may be made in the form and construction of the various parts
of the plunger without departing from the peculiar character of this part of my
Invention; for example, the extension M7 may be formed on this part M¹ of the
plunger, and the conical chamber M³ placed in the end casting Mr.
The thirteenth part of my Invention also relates to the pumps, and consists
in the peculiar construction and arrangement of the mechanism for operating and
guiding the valves.
This part of my Invention applics to that class of pump valves which instead
of turning upon hinges, rise and fall bodily in opening and closing, and require
other means of guiding them in these movements.
My valves are annular in form so that when they lift, the water flows past
them on the outside, and also through the inside.
And I control them in their movements by spiral springs placed between the
movable valves and the stationary abutting shoulders, which springs are peculiarly
formed and adapted to serve two purposes, namely, that of a frictionless guide, and
that of imparting to the valve its closing movement.
My spring is helical in form and has the elasticity of the ordinary helical spring
in the line of movement of the valve, but whereas an ordinary spring is also flexible
in transverse directions, my improved spring on the contrary presents transversely
great rigidity resulting from the peculiar form given to it for that purpose. As
the lower portion of the spring rests with a broad and fair bearing upon the upper
surface of the valve, there is sufficient friction or traction between the surfaces to
prevent their sliding upon each other. The valve works under the impact of the
spring in the same manner practically as if it were working in rigid guides, while
there is no friction to be overcome, and no wear of material by the friction
heretofore existing between the valve and the interior guides.

page_text: the valve seat formed in the pump-barrel casting.
Fig. 35 is a section of the saine with the valve raised.
Fig. 36 is a plan of the seat as formed in the pump-barrel.
Fig. 37 is a plan of Fig. 34.
c' is a winged guard screwed into a boss c². Above the face of the boss c² the
wings of the guard c¹ are slightly inclined inward as they rise from the valve seat c³.
These wings are of such diameter at their bases that they nearly fill the opening in
the annular valve cº.
The valve c is preferably made of phospher-bronze to secure the utmost lightness
consistent with the required strength.
c is a helical spring which in cross section presents great breadth with com-
paratively little thickness. By this distribution of the metal I secure perfect
elasticity for moving the valve, combined with a degree of transverse rigidity which
constitutes it a secure guide for the same. The lower surface of the spring rests
fairly on the upper face of the annular valve c", and its upper surface engages under
projections c formed on the guard c¹.
The wings of the guard, as shown, are at their bases carefully fitted to the
circular opening in the valve C, and are also fitted at their junction with the pro-
jection on the guard to the interior surface of the spring. If it should be found in
any kind of service that the friction alone is not sufficient to keep the valve C and
the lower surface of the spring in fixed positions relatively to each other, they
may be riveted or otherwise fastened together to secure that end.
In Figs. 31 and 32 I have shown the valve seat c³ and valve passages formed in
a separate casting co, adapted to be set into the pump barrel C in Figs. 26 and 27,
while in Figs. 34, 35, 36, and 37 the valve seats c³ and valve passages are shown as
formed in the main pump-barrel casting C+
Various modifications may be made in this part of my Invention.
I have shown a spring about ten times as wide as it is thick, and of a width
but little more than one third of the width of the annular valve C, but these pro-
portions may be varied without changing the peculiar action of the spring c. The
imetal or other material of which the valve C is made may also be changed, but I
prefer the phospher bronze, as it does not corrode, and seems to combine the utmost
lightness consistent with the required strength.
This part of my Invention is not exclusively applicable to the pumping of water
or other liquids, as air or other gases may be substituted for liquids in a pump
embodying this part of my Invention. I have shown a flat valve in the form of
a ring, which I prefer, but this part of my Invention is available for operating
valves which are not of this form. Many forms of light lifting valves may be
substituted for the valve shown.
Having thus described what I believe to be the best means of carrying out my
Invention, I wish it to be distinctly understood that I do not confine myself to the
precise forms and details herein shown and described, inasmuch as the essential
characteristics of the several parts of my Invention, together with much of the
benefit to be secured by the use of the same, may be retained, notwithstanding the
substitution of modifications in form, detail, and arrangement; neither is it necessary
that all the parts of my Invention should be used together, inasmuch as many of
the same may be profitably used independently or in combination with some, not
all, of the other parts.

page_text: What I claim as secured to me under the Letters Patent first hereinbefore in part
recited is,
1st. A steam pumping apparatus, arranged, constructed, and operating substan-
tially as herein shown and described.
2nd. The oscillating lever D, having a fixed axis at one end, and a connection
with a crank and fly-wheel at the other end, in combination with a reciprocating
pump-piston or plunger connected to said lever at a convenient point between its
ends, whereby I give to the crank and its connection an increased tbrow as compared
with that of the pump, the parts being arranged, constructed, and operated substan-
tially as herein specified.
3rd. The receiver H connecting the high and low pressure cylinders A, A¹, of a
compound engine, in combination with the "regenerator" H', arranged, constructed,
and operated substantially as herein specified.
4th. The receiver H connecting the high and low pressure cylinders A, A¹, of a
compound engine, together with the regenerator H¹, in combination with the
subtracting apparatus H, H, arranged, constructed, and operated substantially as
herein specified.
5th. The "regenerator" pipes, receiver, and pump, with suitable operating means
for the latter, in combination with additional circulating means, whereby the re-
generator may be used for heating feed or other water, substantially as herein
specified.
6th. The curved tubes H', H7, with contracted necks ', the end chambers H³,
and holding bolts h³, arranged, constructed, and operated substantially as hercin
specified.
7th. The hand lever 1, with suitable holding means, and having a slotted
bearing I, in combination with a speed governor and the valve gear of a steam
engine, so arranged and constructed that when the hand lever is clamped the speed
governor I may independently operate to shorten the cut-off, but cannot lengthen
it beyond the point fixed by the hand lever I', substantially as herein specified.
Sth. The hand lever I, with suitable holding means, and having a slotted
bearing I, in combination with a pressure governor I' and the valve gear of a steam
engine, so arranged and constructed that when the hand lever is clamped the
pressure governor may independently operate to shorten the cut-off, but cannot
lengthen it beyond the point fixed by the hand lover, substantially as hercin
specified.
9th. The hand lever I, with suitable holding means, and having a slotted
bearing 18, in combination with the valve gear of a steam engine, and with both n
speed governor and a pressure governor, so arranged that when the hand lever is
clamped either of the governors may independently operate to shorten the cut-off,
but neither can lengthen it beyond the point fixed by the hand lever or by the other
governor, substantially as hercin specified.
10th. The two adjustable differently formed cams i, i, in combination with the
liberating valve-gear of a steam engine, so arranged and constructed that this
difference of profile of the cams shall be operative to compensate for the peculiar
irregularities in the movement of the steam piston herein described, and thereby
secure the liberation of the valves at points equally distant from the commence-
ment of the in and out stroke of the said piston, as herein specified.
11th. The two adjustable differently formed cams i, i¹, in combination with
each other and with the swivel guides K10, the steel pointed followers K', K, the
springs K¹ for keeping each cam and its follower in contact, and the liberating valve
gear of a steam engine, arranged, constructed, and operated substantially as herein
specified.
12th. The rocking lever K carrying the light lever K³, with the steel shoulder K
engaging with the catch piece K on the valve arm Kis, the whole moving on a
common axis with the valve to be operated, in combination with the adjustable

page_text: stop Ko, controlled substantially as herein specified, the whole being arranged,
constructed, and operated substantially as herein set forth.
13th. The circular sliding exhaust valve L³, arranged, constructed, and operated
as shown, in the valve chambers L, L', which intersect or are partly formed in the
interior of the steam cylinder, substantially as herein specified.
14th. A steam cylinder and an outer casing, joined at or near the ends by flexible
flanges a, a, in combination with the screw thread joints a, a, and compressing
bands a, a, arranged and constructed substantially as herein specified.
15th. The composite lever D oscillating upon a fixed bearing at one end d and
connected to a crank-rod d' at the other end, in combination with a link applied at
an intermediate point D° between the ends, the whole being arranged, constructed,
and operated substantially as herein specified.
16th. A wheel made in sections, and having the inner ends of its separate arms so
formed as to embrace the shaft, the whole being arranged and constructed substan-
tially as hercin specified.
17th. The pump-barrel C' supported in a pump-box C by partitions C³, which
brace the sides of the box, and which serve to secure for each section of the inlet
valves C, C, close and nearly equal proximity to both the water supply and the
vacuum chambers C', the whole being arranged and constructed substantially as
herein specified.
18th. The pump C supporting the crank-shaft E¹, and recessed to accom-
modate the sweep thereof, strengthened longitudinally by the walls and bottom of
said recess, and transversely by the partitions C¹³, which also serve to secure for
each section of the delivery valves C¹³ close and nearly equal proximity to the air
chambers C, the whole being arranged and constructed substantially as herein
specified.
19th. The two pump boxes C2 in combination with the air pipe C connecting
their air chambers C, substantially as and for the purposes herein specified.
20th. The conical chamber M³ and the compressible lip M' in combination
with a pump-plunger and rod, arranged and constructed substantially as herein
specified.
21st. The helical spring guide c, made elastic in the direction of the valve move-
ment and rigid in transverse directions, in combination with a stationary abutinent
and a lifting-valve, arranged, constructed, and operated substantially as herein
specified.
In witness whereof, I, the said George Henry Corliss, have hereunto set my
hand & seal, at Providence, in the State of Rhode Island, one of the United
States of America, this 10th day of May, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and seventy nine.
Witnesses,
J. R. SCOTT.
ED. W. RAYNSFORD.
GEORGE HENRY CORLISS. (L.S.)