IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS
Year: 1867

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Cornelius Varley, of 337, Kentish Town Road, in
the County of Middlesex, and Samuel Alfred Varley, of 66, Roman Road,
Holloway, in the said County of Middlesex, Telegraph Engineers
and Contractors, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC
TELEGRAPHS."
Sealed the 13th December 1867, and dated the 15th June 1867.
PROVISIONAL
SPECIFICATION
SPECIFICATION left by the said Cornelius Varley and
Samuel Alfred Varley at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 15th June 1867.
We, CORNELIUS VARLEY, of 337, Kentish Town Road, in the County of
Middlesex, and SAMUEL ALFRED VARLEY, of 66, Roman Road, Holloway,
in the said County of Middlesex, Telegraph Engineers and Contractors, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC
TELEGRAPHS," to be as follows:-
Our Invention consists, 1stly, of an improvement in our method of generating
electricity by mechanical force alone, or by mechanical force in combination
with chemical action, for which we obtained Provisional Protection on the
24th day of December 1866, No. 3394.
2ndly, in an improved method of constructing galvanic batteries.
3rdly, in an improved arrangement of telegraph apparatus by means of
which the number of wires used for signalling can in certain cases be reduced.

page_text: We construct our apparatus as follows:-We wrap soft iron bars with insu-
lated wire in a similar way to an ordinary electro-magnet; these bars may
be U-shaped and become electro-magnets when the apparatus is in use. We
also construct bobbins with soft iron cores and warp them with insulated wire;
these bobbins are of such a length that they will pass just freely between the
poles of the electro-magnets. In constructing this apparatus two, four, or more
electro-magnets may be employed; these electro-magnets are arranged opposite
on another; the bobbins are mounted in pairs on an axle on opposite sides and
when the axle revolves pass between the poles of the electro-magnets, and are
so arranged that when one of the bobbins is between the poles of one of the
electro-magnets the other bobbin is in the same relative position to the poles
of the opposite electro-magnet; on the axle carrying the bobbins there is a
commutator. The insulated wire surrounding the bobbins is connected to the
commutator, and through it to the insulated wire of the electro-magnets,
forming the whole into one electric circuit. Before using the apparatus we
generally send an electric-current through the electro-magnets; the object of
this is to secure a small amount of permanent magnetism in the direction we
wish in the soft iron cores of the electro-magnets. On revolving the axle the
bobbins become slightly magnetized in their passage between the poles of the
permanent magnets, and as the electro-magnets are so arranged that the north
pole of the one magnet is opposite the south pole of the other the bobbins
are magnetized first in one direction and then in the other, generating weak
currents (corresponding to the direction in which the bobbins are magnetized)
in the insulated wire surrounding them. The commutator changes the con-
nections of the electro-magnets at the same time as the magnetism of the
bobbins is reversed, and consequently the electric currents developed in the
bobbins always flow in one direction through the insulated wire of the electro-
magnets. The effect of the current passing through the electro-magnets is to
increase their magnetism and to magnetize in a higher degree the bobbins
when passing between the poles of the electro-magnets; more powerful currents
are now developed in the insulated wire surrounding the bobbins, which in
their turn induce a higher degree of magnetism in the electro-magnets; in
this way the magnetism developed in the electro-magnets and the bobbins act
and react on one another, causing the circulation of increasing quantities of
electricity. In constructing this apparatus to prolong the contact between
the bobbins and the poles of the electro-magnets we generally arm the poles
When we use
of the electro-magnets, or the bobbins with horns of soft iron.
four electro-magnets we employ two commutators and four bobbins; two of
these bobbins and one commutator are arranged on the axle at right angles

page_text: to the other bobbins and commutator, and the electro-magnets are wrapped
with a double series of convolutions of silk or cotton covered wire insulated
from one another. One set of the convolutions of insulated wire of the four
pairs of electro-magnets is connected to one commutator, and the other set is
connected to the other commutator. When we want currents of a definite
amount of force for ringing electric bells, or for working other telegraph
apparatus, we prefer to use permanent magnets, which we construct in the
following manner: We take a number of bar magnets and make a compound
horse-shoe magnet by arranging two sets of them over one another. We
connect the north poles of the one set with the south poles of the other at
one end by means of plates of iron placed between the magnets, and we
prevent the magnets from touching those beneath them at the other end by
means of small pieces of iron of the same thickness as the plates connecting
the north and south poles of the magnets at the other extremity; the bar
magnets are now bolted together; a bobbin made of iron and wrapped with
insulated wire is mounted on a lever and works between the poles of the
compound magnet. On removing the bobbin from between the poles of the
To
compound magnet a current is developed in the act of demagnetization.
prolong the duration of this current we construct two of these compound
magnets, and arrange the north pole of the one opposite the south pole of the
other; the iron bobbin now after passing from between the poles of the one
magnet passes between the poles of the other, and a current of longer duration
is generated. Instead of passing the bobbins between the poles as just
described we sometimes arrange the two sets of compound magnets vertically,
and we keep them at a fixed distance from one another by placing pieces of
brass or other non-magnetic metal between. The surface of the upper poles
of the magnets is filed so as to form a horizontal surface; a cylindrical soft
iron keeper having a coil of insulated wire wrapped on the central portion is
rolled over the poles of one compound magnet on to the poles of the other,
generating alternately positive and negative currents of electricity. In some
cases we substitute a flat soft iron keeper for the cylindrical one, and when it
is not desirable to move the coil of insulated wire we construct a bobbin with
a hollow core; this bobbin is placed over the centre of the soft iron keeper,
and the hollow core is made wide enough to allow the requisite motion of the
keerer over the poles of the magnets; this method of generating electric
currents is very suitable for actuating alphabetical telegraphs worked by any
of the well-known step-by-step arrangements; when the magneto-electric
machine just described is used for this purpose we mount a wheel, the
periphery of which is usually cut into thirteen undulations or shallow teeth, on

page_text: a vertical axle; a lever presses against this wheel and is moved backwards
and forwards by revolving the wheel. The soft iron keeper is attached to the
upper portion of this lever and the motion communicated to it by the revolution
of the wheel causes the passage of the keeper over the poles of the magnets,
generating for every whole revolution thirteen positive and thirteen negative
currents, which currents are made to move a wheel of 26 teeth, one tooth at a
time, by any of the well-known methods, and by means of an index to point out
the letters of the alphabet. When we do not require very powerful currents of
electricity we constrnct a horse-shoe electro-magnet, and mount it over the
poles of a permanent horse-shoe magnet, leaving a space between; a disc of
brass or other non-magnetic metal is mounted on an axle and revolves between
the poles of the permanent and electro-magnets; a number of holes are bored
through the brass disc and filled with pieces of soft iron. When the disc is
revolved these pieces of iron pass between the poles of the permanent and
electro-magnets making and breaking the magnetic continuity, and consequently
developing positive and negative currents in the insulated wire of the electro-
magnets.
In the ordinary method of constructing galvanic batteries a number of
separate cells are employed, and each cell has to be charged separately. We
construct our batteries of a series of cylinders or tubes open at both ends, the
positive and negative elements are placed in these cylinders; the upper ends
of these cylinders are attached to a frame by means of which they can be
lifted in and out of a trough containing the exciting fluid. In the bottom of
the trough we pour in a semi-fluid insulating cement obtained by submitting
vulcanized or ordinary india-rubber to partial destructive distillation, so as to
cover the bottom of the trough to a depth of about an inch, more or less.
When the frame containing the cylinders is placed in the trough the lower
ends of the cylinders become filled up with the semi-fluid cement before
described, which possesses the property of adhering to substances under water
and hermetically seals the cylinders, forming them into separate cells. By this
method of constructing galvanic batteries twelve or more cells can be charged
or re-charged with the same facility as one cell of the ordinary construction;
other cements may be employed, but we prefer the cement above described.
In certain cases of electric signalling one pole of a galvanic battery is con-
nected through a galvanometer to an insulated wire, and the other pole of the
battery to a metallic plate in connection with the earth, and the signals are
made by connecting the insulated wire to the earth; when this method of
signalling is adopted it is requisite to employ as many insulated wires as the
number of signals desired.

page_text: We
By our improvement three signals can be obtained from two wires.
connect the two poles of a galvanic battery to the two insulated wires through
two wires of a differential galvanometer and also through two relays the
middle pair of elements of the galvanic battery is connected to the earth.
Two signals can be given by connecting either the one or the other of the
insulated wires to the earth. The third signal is obtained by connecting the
two insulated wires together with a resistance between; when this is done
galvanic currents flow through both wires of the differential galvanometer,
but produce no deflection, as the galvanometer coils balance one another; the
current at the same time passes through the two relays rendering them active;
these relays are so arranged that when both are active a local circuit is closed
through another galvanometer, deflecting a magnetic needle and giving the
3rd signal. If whilst the third signal is on either of the two insulated wires
be connected to the earth the electric currents passing through the wires of
the differential galvanometers will not balance one another, and consequently
the needle of the galvanometer will be deflected in a direction corresponding
to the wire connected to the earth.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Cornelius Varley and Samuel Alfred Varley in the Great
Seal Patent Office on the 14th December 1867.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, CORNELIUS
VARLEY, of 337, Kentish Town Road, in the County of Middlesex, and
SAMUEL ALFRED VARLEY, of 66, Roman Road, Holloway, in the said County of
Middlesex, Telegraph Engineers and Contractors, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Fifteenth day of June, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, in the thirtieth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the said
Cornelius Varley and Samuel Alfred Varley, Her special licence that we,
the said Cornelius Varley and Samuel Alfred Varley,
executors,
administrators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said Cornelius Varley
and Samuel Alfred Varley, our executors, administrators, and assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVE.

page_text: MENTS IN ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS," upon the condition (amongst others) that we,
the said Cornelius Varley and Sanuel Alfred Varley, our executors or adminis-
trators, by an instrument in writing under our, or one of our, or their, or one of
their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of
the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Samuel Alfred Varley, on behalf of
myself and of the said Cornelius Varley, do hereby declare the nature of our
said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement:-
Our Invention consists, firstly, of an improvement in our method of
generating electricity by mechanical force alone or by mechanical force in
combination with chemical action, for which we obtained Provisional Protection
on the 24th day of December 1866, No. 3394.
Secondly, in an improved method of constructing galvanic batteries.
Thirdly, in an improved arrangement of telegraph apparatus by means of
which the number of wires used for signalling can in certain cases be
reduced.
}
We construct our apparatus as follows:-We wrap soft iron bars with
insulated wire in a similar way to an ordinary electro-magnet; these bars may
be made U-shaped and become electro-magnets when the apparatus is in use.
We also construct bobbins with soft iron cores, and wrap them with insulated
wire; these bobbins are of such a length that they will pass just freely between
the poles of the electro-magnets. In constructing this apparatus two, four, or
more electro-magnets may be employed; these electro-magnets are arranged
opposite one another. The bobbins are mounted in pairs on an axle on
opposite sides, and when the axle revolves pass between the poles of the
electro-magnets, and are so arranged that when one of the bobbins is between
the poles of one of the electro-magnets the other bobbin is in the same relative
position to the poles of the opposite electro-magnet. On the axle carrying the
bobbins there is a commutator, the insulated wire surrounding the bobbins is
connected to the commutator, and through it to the insulated wire of the
electro-magnets, forming the whole into one electric circuit. Before using the
apparatus we generally send an electric current through the electro-magnets;
the object of this is to secure a small amount of permanent magnetism in the
direction we wish in the soft iron cores of the electro-magnets. On revolving
the axle the bobbins become slightly magnetized in their passage between the

page_text: poies of the permanent magnets, and as the electro-magnets are so arranged
that the north pole of the one magnet is opposite the south pole of the other
the bobbins are magnetized first in one direction and then in the other, gene-
rating weak currents (corresponding to the direction in which the bobbins are
magnetized) in the insulated wire surrounding them. The commutator
changes the connections of the electro-magnets at the same time as the mag-
netism of the bobbins is reversed, and consequently the electric currents
developed in the bobbins always flow in one direction through the insulated
wire of the electro-magnets. The effect of the current passing through the
electro-magnets is to increase their magnetism and to magnetize in a higher
degree the bobbins when passing between the poles of the electro-magnets;
more powerful currents are now developed in the insulated wire surrounding
the bobbins, which in their turn induce a higher degree of magnetism in the
electro-magnets. In this way the magnetism developed in the electro-magnets
and the bobbins act and react on one another, causing the circulation of
increasing quantities of electricity. In constructing the apparatus to prolong
the contact between the bobbins and the poles of the electro-magnets we
generally arm the poles of the electro-magnets or the bobbins with horns of
soft iron. When we use four electro-magnets we employ two commutators
and four bobbins; two of these bobbins and one commutator are arranged on
the axle at right angles to the other bobbins and commutator, and the electro-
magnets are wrapped with a double series of convolutions of silk or cotton
covered wire insulated from one another. One set of the convolutions of
insulated wire of the four pairs of electro-magnets is connected to one com-
mutator, and the other set is connected to the other commutator. When we
want currents of a definite amount of force for ringing electric bells or for
working other telegraph apparatus we prefer to use permanent magnets, which
we construct in the following manner:We take a number of bar magnets
and make a compound horse-shoe magnet by arranging two sets of them over
one another; we connect the north poles of the one set with the south poles
of the other set at one end by means of plates of iron placed between the
magnets, and we prevent the magnets from touching those beneath them at
the other end by means of small pieces of iron of the same thickness as the
plates connecting the north and south poles of the magnets. at the other
extremity; the bar magnets are now bolted together; a bobbin made of iron
and wrapped with insulated wire is mounted on a lever and works between
the poles of the compound magnet. On removing the bobbin from between
the poles of the compound magnet a current is developed in the act of de-
magnetization. To prolong the duration of this current we construct two of

page_text: these compound magnets and arrange the north pole of the one opposite the
south pole of the other; the iron bobbin now after passing from between the
poles of the one magnet passes between the poles of the other, and a current
of longer duration is generated. Instead of passing the bobbin between the
poles as first described we sometimes arrange the two sets of compound
magnets vertically (Figure 3), and we keep them at a fixed distance from one
another by placing pieces of brass or other non-magnetic metal between. The
surface of the upper poles of the magnets is filed so as to form a horizontal
surface. A cylindrical soft iron keeper having a coil of insulated wire wrapped
on the central portion is rolled over the poles of the one compound magnet on
to the poles of the other, generating alternately positive and negative currents
of electricity. In some cases we substitute a flat soft iron keeper for the
cylindrical one, and when it is not desirable to move the coil of insulated wire
we construct a bobbin with a hollow core; this bobbin is placed over the
centre of the soft iron keeper, and the hollow core is made wide enough to
allow the requisite motion of the keeper over the poles of the magnets. This
method of generating electric currents is very suitable for actuating alpha-
betical telegraphs worked by any of the well-known step-by-step arrangements.
When the magneto-electric machine just described is used for this purpose we
mount a wheel, the periphery of which is usually cut into thirteen undulations
or shallow teeth, on a vertical axle; a lever presses against this wheel and is
moved backwards and forwards by revolving the wheel. The soft iron keeper
is attached to the upper portion of this lever, and the motion communicated
to it by the revolution of the wheel causes the passage of the keeper over the
poles of the magnets, generating for every whole revolution thirteen positive
and thirteen negative currents, which currents are made to move a wheel of
26 teeth, one tooth at a time, and by means of an index to point out the
letters of the alphabet. This may be done by any of the well-known
methods, but the plan we prefer is to construct. a permanent tempered
steel magnet the two poles of which meet at the centre and
curved so as to form portions of the radius of a circle, as
Figure 6. A piece of soft iron is mounted on an axle and moves just freely
between the poles of the permanent magnet and becomes magnetic by
induction from the permanent magnet. An electro-magnet is mounted at
right angles to the permanent magnet; the poles of this electro-magnet also
meet in the centre, and are curved in a somewhat similar way to the poles of
the permanent magnet, and form portions of the radius of a circle.. The
alternate positive and negative currents generated by the magneto-electric
machine are made to pass through the electro-magnet, and the soft iron induced
are
shewn in

page_text: magnet becomes attracted and repelled in accordance with the direction of the
electric currents passing through the electro-magnet. A driving escapement
is mounted on the axle carrying the soft iron induced magnet, and this moves
the wheel of twenty-six teeth, one tooth for every electric current generated. A
permanent hard steel magnet may be substituted for the soft iron induced
magnet. The vertical magnet may also be an electro-magnet, and the horizontal
one a permanent magnet. When we do not require very powerful currents
of electricity we construct an electro-magnet and mount it over the poles of a
permanent magnet, leaving a space between the poles of the permanent and
electro-magnets; in this space a disc of non-magnetic metal mounted on an axle
revolves, a number of holes are bored through the disc and filled with pieces
of soft iron; when the disc is revolved these pieces of iron pass between the
poles of the permanent and electro-magnets, making and breaking the
magnetic continuity in their passage, and consequently developing positive and
negative currents of electricity in the insulated wire of the electro-magnet.
Two permanent and two electro-magnets placed nearly at right angles to one
another may be substituted in some cases with advantage for the one per-
manent and one electro-magnet, and be so arranged that the magnetic
continuity may be completed through the one electro-magnet at the same time
as it is being broken in the other.
In the ordinary method of constructing galvanic batteries a number of
separate cells are employed, and each cell has to be charged separately. We
construct our batteries of a series of cylinders or tubes open at both ends; the
positive and negative elements are placed in these cylinders; the upper ends
of these cylinders are attached to a frame, by means of which they can be
lifted in and out of a trough containing the exciting fluid. In the bottom of
the trough we pour in a semi-fluid insulating cement, obtained by submitting
vulcanized or ordinary india-rubber to partial destructive distillation, so as to
cover the bottom of the trough to a depth of about an inch, more or less.
When the frame containing the cylinders is placed in the trough the lower
ends of the cylinders become filled up with the semi-fluid cement before
described, which possesses the property of adhering to substances under water,
and hermetically seals the cylinders, forming them into separate cells. By
this method of constructing galvanic batteries twelve or more cells can be
charged with the same facility as one cell of the ordinary construction. Other
cements may be employed, but we prefer the cement above described.
certain cases of electric signalling one pole of a galvanic battery is connected
through a galvanometer to an insulated wire, and the other pole of the battery
to a metallic plate in connection with the earth, and the signals are made
In

page_text: by connecting the insulated wire to the earth. When this method of
signaling is adopted it is requisite to employ as many insulated wires as the
number of signals desired.
By our improvements three signals can be obtained from two wires. We con-
nect the two poles of a galvanic battery to the two insulated wires through two
wires of a differential galvanometer, and also through two relays; the middle
pair of elements of the galvanic battery is connected to the earth. Two
signals can be given by connecting either the one or the other of the insulated
wires to the earth. The third signal is obtained by connecting the two
insulated wires together with a resistance between; when this is done galvanic
currents flow through both wires of the differential galvanometer, but produce
no deflection, as the galvanometer coils balance one another; the current at
the same time passes through the two relays, rendering them active; these
relays are so arranged that when both are active a local circuit is closed
through another galvanometer deflecting a magnetic needle and giving the
third signal. If whilst the third signal is on either of the two insulated wires
be connected to the earth the electric currents passing through the wires of
the differential galvanometers will not balance one another, and consequently
the needle of the galvanometer will be deflected in a direction corresponding
to the wire connected to the earth.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
The same letters refer to the same parts in each Figure.
Figs. 1 and 2 shew the construction of our machine for developing elec-
tricity by mechanical force. Figure 1 is a top view; Figure 2 is a side view
with one half of the electro-magnets removed.
A, A, A¹, A¹, are the poles of two pairs of electro-magnets; B, B, B¹, B¹,
are the soft iron horns attached to the electro-magnets to prolong the contact
between the poles of the electro-magnets and the bobbins; C, C, are the
bobbins; C¹, C, are the soft iron cores of the bobbins; E, E, is a brass box
which holds the bobbins, and to which the axle F is attached by means of
which the bobbins are revolved between the poles of the electro-magnets.
Figures 3, 4, 5, represent our apparatus for ringing electric balls, and shew
our method of constructing compound permanent magnets for magneto-electric
machines for actuating alphabetical telegraphs.
Figure 3 represents our apparatus for ringing bells, and shews our method of
constructing the compound magnets. G, G, G', G¹, are four sets of magnetized
tempered steel bars bolted together with plates of soft iron I, I, I, I, I, I, I,
I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I', 1', 1', 1', 1', between, by
I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I³, I', 1', 1', 1', 1', 1', 1', 1', 1', 1', I', 1', I', between, by

page_text: means of the screw nuts and bolts H, H, H, H, H, H', and also to the iron
block I; J, is a piece of brass, to which the upper portion of the magnets is
bolted; K, K, K, are three of the four soft iron plates which connect the
poles of the magnets and form a table, on which the soft iron core of the
coils rolls or slides accordingly as it is made round or flat; L is the lever, by
means of which the soft iron core is moved backwards and forwards from the
poles of the one pair of magnets on to the poles of the other pair.
Figure 4 is a top view of the tooth wheel of 13 teeth and the apparatus
connected therewith, which we employ for communicating motion to the lever L
when the apparatus is used for actuating an alphabetical telegraph; Figure 5
is a side view of the same. M is the tooth wheel of 13 teeth; L is the lever,
to the upper portion of which the soft iron core of the coil is attached in a
similar way to that shewn in Figure 3; L' is a second lever, connected by means
of the frame N and spiral springs O, O, to the lever L; P is the axle
attached to the tooth wheel M, by means of which motion is communicated to
it; Q, Q, are two rollers mounted on the levers L, L', as shewn in Figure 5,
and kept in close contact with the tooth wheel on opposite sides by means of
the spiral springs O, O; on revolving the tooth wheel by means of the axle P
motion is communicated to the levers L, L', and the soft iron core of the coil
moved backwards and forwards from the poles of the one pair of magnets on
to the poles of the other.
Figure 6 shews the construction of the apparatus for actuating the wheel of
26 teeth, carrying the index which points out the letters of the alphabet. R, R,
are the two poles of the permanent magnet, curved so as to form portions of the
radius of a circle; S is the piece of soft iron mounted on the axle D, and
working between the poles of the magnets, and which becomes magnetic by
induction from the permanent magnet R, R; T, T, are the two poles of the
electro-magnet, mounted horizontally, and which attract and repel the soft iron
induced magnet. The driving escapement and wheel of 26 teeth are not
shewn in the Drawing.
Figure 7 shews our method of constructing magneto-electric machines when
we do not require very powerful currents of electricity generated. U, U, is a
permanent magnet; V, V, is an electro-magnet; W is a disc of non-magnetic
metal, mounted on the axle X, and which revolves between the poles of the
electro and permanent magnets.
Figure 8 represents a top view of the disc W; Y, Y, Y, Y, Y, Y, Y, Y, Y,
Y, Y, Y, are pieces of soft iron let into the disc W, and which complete the
magnetic continuity in their passage between the poles of the permanent and
electro magnets.

page_text: Having now stated the nature of our Invention, and described in what
manner the same is to be performed, we wish it to be understood that what
we claim is,-
First, the method of constructing the apparatus by means of which elec-
tricity may be generated by mechanical force, as shewn and described in
reference to Figures 1 and 2.
Second, the method of constructing magneto-electric machines for ringing
bells and actuating alphabetical telegraphs and apparatus connected therewith, as
shewn and illustrated in reference to Figures 3, 4, 5, 6; and also the method of
constructing magneto-electric machines, as shewn and described in reference
to Figures 7 and 8.
In witness whereof, I, the said Samuel Alfred Varley, on behalf of
myself and the said Cornelius Varley, have hereunto set my hand and
seal, this Fourteenth day of December, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven.
SAMUEL ALFRED VARLEY. (L.S.)