A CERTAIN IMPROVEMENT OR CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINES TO BE USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF NAILS, SCREW BLANKS, RIVETS, BOLTS, AND PINS
Year: 1847

page_text: DE MECKENHEIM'S SPECIFICATION.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, Louis
NICOLAS DE MECKENHEIM, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick,
Machinist, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Tenth day
of March, One thousand eight hundred and forty-seven, in the tenth year
of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors give and grant unto
me, the said Louis Nicholas de Meckenheim, my exors, admors, and assigns,
Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I,
the said Louis Nicolas de Meckenheim, my exors, adiñors, and assigns, or
such others as I, the said Louis Nicolas de Meckenheim, my exors, admors, or
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time
and at all times during the term of years therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and
the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, the Invention of "A CERTAIN IMPROVEMENT
OR CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINES TO BE USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
NAILS, SCREW BLANKS, RIVETS, BOLTS, AND PINS," partly communicated and
partly invented by myself; in which said Letters Patent is contained a
proviso that I, the said Louis Nicolas de Meckenheim, shall cause a particular
description of the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under my hand and
seal, to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said in part recited

page_text: Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will
more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Louis Nicolas de Meckenheim, do hereby declare that the nature of the said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are fully
described and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, reference
being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters
marked thereon, that is to say:-
Figure 1 to 18 represent my improved machine for manufacturing nails cut
from strips or bands of metal. In this machine the bands or strips of metal
are submitted to three operations in the formation of nails therefrom, that is
to say, the piece of metal to form the nail is cut off the said band or strip, and
the said detached piece of metal is held at the part which forms the body or
rod of the nail, and the end of the said detached piece of metal is compressed
so as to form a head. These several operations are effected by a single
rotation of the driving shaft of the machine, as herein-after explained.
I will first describe the dies and tools by which the nail is formed, and
afterwards the mechanism by which they are actuated. 6, 6, 6, 61, Figure 4
is a band or strip of metal resting flat on the fixed cutter c. The said band is
placed obliquely on the said cutter, that is to say, in such a manner that the
piece which is cut from it has the form of a triangular prism a, a, a", the
pointed end of which constitutes the point of the nail, and the base or opposite
end is formed into a head. A cutter c¹ seen in side view has motion in a
vertical plane, and forms with the fixed cutter c the shears with which the
metal is cut. The piece of metal cut from the strip is pushed down by the
moveable cutter c¹ until it arrives opposite the recess e, in the die m, which die,
together with another herein-after described, form by pressure the body or rod
of the nail; the said recess is so formed as to give the body or rod of the nail
the desired form. In order that the nails produced may have any wished for
breadth, the strip or band of metal is pushed forward until it is arrested by
the stop h, placed behind the moveable cutter c², and extending below the
latter. This stop has a short range of motion for a purpose herein-after
explained, the said motion being limited by its coming into contact with the
back of the cutter, as seen in Figures 7 and 8, and the end of the screw vº.
The objects of the motion of the stop are first to regulate the breadth of the
nail, which may be altered by the screw ; and, secondly, to hold the piece
of iron when detached from the strip, while carried down under the moveable
cutter c³, the pressure of the spring R causing the detached piece of metal to
be grasped between the said stop and the die m, and also forcing it into the

page_text: recess in the said die when brought opposite thereto. As soon as the detached
piece of metal has been forced into the recess e, and before the cutters c¹ and
stoph rise, the dies p, p, approach each other, and immediately the said
cutter has risen above the upper surface of the detached piece of metal, close
and grasp the said metal at that part where the head is to be formed; a third
die p² also assists in holding the metal by simply pressing it near the point into
the recess e. The approach of the dies p, p, as the cutter and stop with the
detached piece of metal descend, may be readily traced in Figures 4, 5, 6, and
7, in which last Figure it will be seen that the dies p, p", when closed, grasp
the said piece of metal near the part to be formed into a head. The detached
piece of metal is thus prevented from being carried back by the ascent of the
cutter and stop h, which latter by being pressed against it has a tendency to
raise it. When the moveable cutter has ascended, a moveable press B, having
a recess corresponding to the recess in the fixed die or press m, approaches by
a motion in a horizontal plane, and compressing the detached piece of metal in
its own recess, and that of the said press m forms the body of the nail, and at
the same time holds it firmly. The dies p, p, p", retire, and a punch D
approaching the end of the partly-formed nail, compresses it so as to form
a head. The head being made, the punch D retires, the press or die B also
retires and the nail falls. While these operations are going on, the band or
strip of metal which is held by a workman is turned over, that is to say, the
surface which was uppermost is turned downwards and replaced on the fixed
cutter. The moveable cutter descends, cuts off a second piece, which is
subjected to the various operations herein-before described, so as to form a
second nail.
I will now describe the mechanism by which the motion of the several tools
is produced. A, A¹, Figures 1, 2, and 3, is the shaft, the rotation of which
communicates motion to the several parts of the machine by means of the
crank a, a, and two eccentrics G, G¹, which are affixed to it. The said shaft
or axis turns in collars or bearings t, t, and is furnished with a fly wheel to
regulate its motion. The moveable cutter is fixed on the extremity of a
lever l,, which said lever oscillates on an axle ti, t, and receives
motion through a link on its end from the crank a, a', on the driving shaft.
This lever is represented separately in Figures 9, 10, and 11; Figure 9
representing a plan; Figure 10, a side view; and Figure 11, an end view.
The link which connects the said lever with the crank on the driving shaft is
also represented in Figure 10. The moveable cutter is fixed in a case n, n',
of the arm 7 of the lever 1, 1, see Figure 10, and is retained there by the bolts
and nuts a, . These bolts pass through holes in the case n", and the key y

page_text: The
wedges between the heads of the said bolts and the moveable cutter.
position of the cutter is further determined by the screw v. One of the dies
or presses by which the body of the nail is compressed is moveable, as herein-
before explained. The said moveable press is marked B in Figures 1, 2, and 3,
and is fixed on a sliding carriage f, f', which slides between two guides N,N',
fixed on the base of the machine, and the position of which is determined by
four screws w, w¹, w³, w'. The said die or press is situated in a recess in the
said carriage, and is fixed there by means of the cross piece T and two screws
b, b', which screw into the under part of the carriage. The said die is fixed
on the side by the screws W¹, W³, which opposo the lateral pressure of the
heading punch, and it is supported behind by the key or wedge E during the
compression of the body of the nail; the said key or wedge serves also to adjust
the said die. The carriage receives a backward and forward motion through
the bar 9, which slides in a support N³ fixed on the base of the machine, the
rollers J, J', fixed on the said bar receiving motion by the revolution of the camb
G on the driving shaft A. This carriage is represented separately in horizontal
plan in Figure 12, in vertical section in Figure 13, and in vertical transverse
section in Figure 14. The heading punch is put in motion by means of two
levers acting on one another, that is to say, the cutting lever 1, A, and the lever
,,, oscillating on two points of support t*, t. This second lever com-
municates by its arm 1 with the arm 1¹ of the first, by means of a rod with
.ball and socket joint (see Figure 1), and with the punch by a rod q³, 9, (see
.Figures 2 and 3,) attached to its other arm 13, 14. The rod q, q, passes
through a cross piece T, which said cross piece has an axis which turns in the
bearings on the arm 13, 14, of the lever 13, 13, 14. This cross piece is represented
in Figure 2. Two screwed nuts E³, E³, work on the screwed end of the
rod ³, q, one before and one behind the cross piece T, and serve to regulate
the length of the punch. Figure 15 is a vertical section through the line
Y, X, of Figure 2; o¹ is the ball and socket joint. The fixed press or die m,
Figures 1 and 2, is placed on the base of the machine in a recess r, rl, gall. It
is retained in its place by a bolt and nut 6, which said bolt passes through the
said base. In order to enable it to resist the pressure of the punch, the said
die m is supported on the side by two screws V', V³. A key or wedge E¹
supports the die m behind, and prevents it from retiring during the compression
of the body of the nail. The fixed cutter c is placed over the fixed press or die
972. It is supported on the side by two screws V³, V, which bear against the
plate U¹ (placed above the plate U), the said plate U¹ bearing against the said
cutter c. Its position is regulated by the screw V* placed behind it, and
working in the screw box K held to the base of the machine by the nut L. The

page_text: die p, Figure 1, slides in the fixed press m in a groove made in a piece of
metal inserted in the said press. The die receives motion through the lever
1, 10, 17, which oscillates about an axis o, the motion of the said lever being
communicated by the rod g³, g, in which the heading punch is fixed. It will
be observed by the Drawing, that the die p retires as the punch advances, and
the reverse. The pincers p³, p", (Figures 1 and 2) receive motion through
the rods d, d', d², d³, and lever 1, 10, 11, the said lever being moved by an
eccentric G¹ fixed on the driving shaft A. The said pincers p², p¹¹, slide in
grooves made in the pieces o¹, o, Figures 1 and 3, placed on each side of the
moveable press B. The arm 18 of the lever 18, 10, 110, has a roller j³, against
which the eccentric G¹ works; the other arm has two branches 1º, 11, one of
which acts on the pincer p², and the other on the pincer p". But the pincer
p', which seizes the partially-formed nail by the point, should advance before
the other; and it is hence necessary to give elasticity to the parts connecting
the said pincer with the lever, in order that the pincer p" may complete its
advancing motion after the completion of the motion of the pincers p'; for this
purpose the pincer p¹ bears against a spring z, Figure 16, which yields when
the lever 18, 10, 110, continues its motion in order to advance the pincer p"
farther. The punch is supported by a guide N, Figures 2 and 3, fixed to the
base of the machine by a bolt b'. This guide is represented separately in front
vertical section in Figure 17, and in side vertical section in Figure 18; d, d',
form a collar through which the punch works, and the direction of the said
punch is determined by means of four screws, &, &¹³, B, B².
The stop h
against which the strip of metal is pushed, in order to determine the breadth
of the nail, as well as the spring r which presses the stop, are placed behind
the moveable cutter c¹ in a recess in the lever carrying the said cutter c'.
Figures 19, 20, and 21 represent another of my machines for making nails
from strips or bands of iron, the said strips or bands having received a certain
form, as herein-after described, before being subjected to the action of the said
machine; Figure 19 is a side elevation; Figure 20 a plan; and Figure 21 a
front view. Figures 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, and 27 represent detached portions
of the machine. The strip of iron passes between two rollers a, a', which said
rollers have a series of minute grooves formed on their cylindrical surfaces in
the direction of their length, in order that they may take hold more firmly of the
said strip of iron, a toothed wheel is fixed on the axis of each of the said rollers;
the said toothed wheels engaging in one another. The said rollers are not truly
cylindrical, but have the form corresponding to that of the strip of iron passing
between them. At each revolution of the driving shaft, these rollers advance
the strip of iron a sufficient distance to form the nail, as herein-after described:

page_text: Ine motion of the rollers is effected by a toothed wheel 6 fixed on the axis
of one of the said rollers; a rod c, sliding in supports fixed on the base of the
machine, receives motion from a camb on the driving shaft, and the end of
the said rod engaging in the teeth of the wheel 6, causes it to perform a partial
rotation; the return motion of the rod c is effected by a spring, and the said
rod in its return passes over the teeth of the wheel without effecting a contrary
rotation, the end of the said rod being made elastic for that
purpose. After
passing between the said rollers, the strip of metal passes between guides,
by which it is conducted to the cutters next herein-after described.
Figure 22 represents some of the forms which may be given to the
strips of iron before they are introduced into the machine; d is the
fixed cutter, on which the strip of iron is supported while being cut off,
and against which three other moveable cutters descend vertically (see
e, f, g, Figure 21); and cut off a piece of iron of a suitable size to make two
nails; these cutters are marked e, f, g, in the several Figures; the said cutters
are actuated by three levers e, f, g, which said levers are worked by three
cambs on the driving shaft. The forms of these cambs are represented in
Figures 19 and 23; ", Figure 19, representing the camb of the lever f, and
e", g, Figure 28, representing the cambs of the levers e', g'. The three
moveable cutters are placed closed beside each other so as to form as it were
but one cutter; they descend together and cut off a piece of the strip of iron.
The detached piece of iron is carried down below the fixed cutter, and pressed
between the under edge of the middle cutter f and the fixed press h; the
width of the said press is exactly equal to the width of the middle cutter f
That portion of the metal cut by the middle cutter f forms the rod or body of
the nails, while the portions cut by the external cutters e, g, are intended to be
formed into the heads of the said nails. Immediately the detached piece of
iron has been brought into the position last described, the external cutters e, g,
ascend, and the metal is compressed on its four sides into the form proper for
the rods or bodies of the nails. The pressure is effected by the under surface of
the cutter f, which, by compressing the metal, forces it against the three other
sides of the die or cavity in which it is contained, that is to say, the vertical
end of the fixed cutter d, the horizontal upper surface of the fixed press h, and
the vertical sides of the said cutter f. At the same time that the body of each
of the nails is thus compressed, the heading punches i, j, advance, and
compress that portion of the metal cut by the side cutters e, g, into heads.
The heading punches are worked by levers i, j, which said levers receive
motion from the cambs 2", ", on the driving shaft. The manner in which
these cambs effect the advance and return motions of the punches i, j, is so

page_text: obvious from the Drawings, that I consider further description unnecessary.
Immediately the heading punches i, j, have formed the heads they retire, and
the cutter.f at the same time rises to the same height as the exterior cutters 6,9;
the fixed press h on which the nails now rest retires by a horizontal motion
under the fixed cutter d, and the nails are thereby pushed off the said press by
the said cutter and fall from the machine; the said fixed press immediately
resumes the position shewn in Figure 19. Figure 24 represents one of the
levers of the heading punches and its camb. Figure 25 represents a section
of the cutters, punches, fixed die, and nails, at the moment of the completion
of the said nails, the said section being made in a vertical plane passing
through the axis of the said punches; and Figure 26 represents a section of
the same in a plane at right angles to that of the last described section.
Figure 27 represents a section similar to that represented by Figure 25,
excepting that the moveable cutters e, f, g, are omitted, in order that the section
of the fixed cutter may be seen, and also the section of the strip of iron from
which the nails are made. I sometimes modify the machine last described
in three ways. The first modification consists in the introduction of dies or
presses, having motion in a vertical plane on each side the moveable cutter f
and fixed die h, in order to compress that portion of the iron of which the heads
are to be made, the said dies or presses being brought into action before the
heading punches. By examining the section of the iron of which the nails are
made (seca, Figure 27), it will be seen that the said iron is not square but
deeper than it is broad, and consequently less fitted. to make a well-formed
head by the operation of the heading punches, than when, by the operation of
the presses last mentioned, the part of the iron to be formed into a head is
made either square or cylindrical.
The second modification consists in the
suppression of the heading punches and the two external cutters e, g, and
the formation of the heads of the nails by the moveable cutter f and the fixed
press h. The said cutter and press are in this modification made of a greater
breadth than the combined lengths of the two nails formed at one time, and
the said cutter and press are furnished with cavities corresponding in form and
position to the heads which it is desired to form on the nails. After the descrip-
tion which has been herein-before given of the manner in which the said cutter
and press compress and form the stem or body of the nail, it is unnecessary
more minutely to describe the formation of the head by the same means.
The-third modification consists in the suppression of the fixed press h, and the
introduction of a moveable press having motion in a horizontal plane. The
cutter in this modification only cuts off the piece of iron, and carries it down.
to a properly formed cavity in the vertical side of the fixed cutter d, and the

page_text: said horizontal.press, which has a similar cavity to that in the said fixed cutter
advances, and compresses the nail into proper form in the said cavities; the
heading punches next advance, and form the heads. The detached piece of
iron is held in the cavity in the fixed cutter & during the retiring of the cutter
f and advance of the horizontal press by the exterior cutters e, g. Figure 28
represents a vertical section of the tools of this modification. Although I
prefer constructing the last described machine and its modification as herein-
before described, that is to say, so as to form two nails at once, it is evident
that by dividing the said machine it may be resolved into two machines, each
making a single nail at a time. Figure 29 represents a side elevation, and
Figure 30 a front view, of a machine for making nails from strips or bands of
iron; a, a, are rollers which advance the iron into the machine; the surfaces
of these rollers-are furnished with minute grooves in order to enable them to
grasp the iron firmly. The frame in which these rollers are supported is fixed
on a vertical axis b.turning in the base c. of the machine; the lower end of this
axis is bent into a crank, as shewn in the Drawing; d is a pulley on the shaft e
which pulley is driven-by a band f passing over the pulley g on the driving
shaft h; i, i, are two cambs on the shaft e, between which cambs the crank j
is engaged. By the rotation of the axis e-and-cambs i, it, an oscillating motion
is given to the feeding rollers a, a¹. The object of this oscillating motion is to
cause the said rollers to present the iron obliquely to the cutter k, in order to
cut off the pieces of iron of a wedge shape. The-advance of the iron is effected
in the following manner :-, are ratchet wheels, one of which is fixed on
each end of the axis of the lower roller a¹, a spring m engages in the teeth of
each of the said ratchet wheels, and as the said rollers perform the oscillation
herein-before described, the said springs alternately engage in the teeth of
their respective wheels, and determine therein a partial rotation and consequent
advance of the iron. Thus it is evident that if the support of the rollers a, a¹,
oscillate so as to move the ratchet wheel to the right, the said ratchet wheel
will be made to perform a partial rotation by pressing against the said spring
m, and the iron will consequently be advanced, and as the said support of
the rollers a, a', performs the return motion, the spring m will slide over its
teeth, but the ratchet wheel at the other end of the axis will be made to performa
a partial rotation by the action of its spring; k is the cutter which is worked by
the lever n and crank o. It is necessary to give the cambs i, i, on the axis e
such a form that the rollers a, a' shall rest after each oscillation, in order to
allow of the cutting off of the iron before a contrary motion is given. The
said oscillatory motion may be given in other ways, but I prefer that which I
have described. Figure 31 represents a plan of the feeding apparatus.

page_text: In this
Figure 32 represents a side elevation, and Figure 33 a front view, of a
machine for cutting nails and sprigs either from strips or bands of iron or
from iron prepared in the manner herein-after next described.
machine the feeding apparatus is placed obliquely to the cutting apparatus, in
order to cut off the iron of a wedge-shaped form. The principal improvement
in this machine consists of the mechanism by which the strip of iron after each
nail has been cut off is turned over so as to present that edge of the strip
from which the head was cut to the place where the edge from which the
point was cut was situated, and the reverse. This is effected by making the
strip pass through a tube a, the hole in which tube has the same figure as the
strip passing through it; 6 is a bevil toothed wheel fixed on the tube a; and c
is a bevil toothed wheel which engages in the wheel b. The said toothed
wheel c is made to perform an alternating motion by means of a crank & fixed
on its axis; e is a rod having a slot e¹ at its end, in which slot the crank d
engages. This rod is worked by the excentric f on the driving shaft g. By
the operation of the said excentric rod and bevil gear, the tube a is made to
perform a semi-revolution, and return during each revolution of the driving
shaft 9. the slot in the rode allowing of a period of rest in the said tube
between the said motions. By the motion of the tube a, the iron passing
through it is made to turn in the manner herein-before described. Instead of
this method of producing the semi-revolution of the tube a, I sometimes use
the mechanisin represented in Figure 34, that is to say, a rack engaging in a
pinion on the said tube, the said rack being moved to and fro by a lever h,
actuated by a cambi on the driving shaft. The strip of iron is connected
with a piece j, which piece turns on a point in a sliding carriage, so as to allow
of the turning of the said iron; the said sliding carriage (of which only part is
shewn in the Drawing) is connected with a cork k and weight l, which said
cord and weight press the iron against the face of the cutting tools. The tools
used for cutting the iron into nails may either be of the ordinary kind, or
when the iron is prepared in the manner herein-after next described, I use in
the said machine, Figures 32 and 33, the cutting tools herein-after described
and represented in Figure 85; Figure 84 represents the rolls for forming
strips of iron, both surfaces of which are concave, that is to say, iron which is
thinner in the middle than at the edges. I use iron of this form when, with
the machine last described, having the cutting tools herein-after next described,
I make nails the four sides of which taper, that is to say, nails having the
form of a four-sided pyramid. The cutting and pressing tools which I use in
the machine Figures 32 and 33, when I use the said machine for making
nails, having all the four sides taper, are represented in Figure 35. a, repre-

page_text: sents the cutting tool, the under surface of which serves also as a pressing
tool; the iron is cut off by the said tool acting with the edge of the fixed
cutting tool 6; the detached piece of iron is compressed between four surfaces,
that is to say, the under surface of the moveable cutter and the upper surface
of the fixed press, and the vertical sides of the fixed and moveable cutters.
These surfaces are so formed, that when by the descent of the moveable
cutter they are brought into the position shewn in Figure 35, they form a
mould of the exact form of the nail to be made. In cutting a piece of iron
obliquely off the prepared strip or band, herein-before described, that is to
say, a strip or band the surfaces of which are concave, that portion of the
detached piece of which the point is made is very thin, the said detached
piece being cut of a wedge shape, and although as deep as that part of
which the head is made, it is compressed by the tools into the proper form.
Figures 36 and 37 represent one of my machines for making cut nails; Figure
36 is a side elevation, and Figure 37 a plan. a is an axis on which one, two,
or any desired number of wheels b, b', are fixed; c, o, are a series of cavities
formed at equidistant points on the peripheries and sides of the said wheels, in
which said cavities cutters d, d, are fixed; these cutters are fixed by means of
wedges or keys d', du, the wedges d' serving to determine the distance to
which the said cutters project. beyond the periphery of the wheel, and the
wedges d¹¹ serving to support the cutters in their cavities, and prevent lateral
motion in the said cutters. After the said cutters have been adjusted, circular
dises of iron of a size equal to the said wheels are fixed on the sides of the said
wheels, in order to secure the said cutters more firmly. The circumference
of the wheels is not cylindrical, but inclined, as seen in Figure 37, so as to s
present a surface against which the inclined edge of the strip of iron may bear
in the whole of its breadth, and since the inclination of the end of the strip of
iron is reversed at each operation of the cutters, the portions of the wheel
against which it bears are reversed, that is to say, those portions of the
periphery of the wheel which like that seen at a, Figure 87, are of less
diameter at the middle than at the sides, alternate with portions which are of
greatest diameter at the middle and least at the sides; e is a fixed cutter, on
the upper edge of which the strip of iron from which the nails are cut rests.
There are two strips of iron cut into nails at the same time by each of the
wheels, that is to say, there is a strip of iron to each series of rotary cutters; S
the said strips of iron are fixed by the pressure of screws in the sliding
carriage f, which said carriage is supported on rollers and slides in a groove on
the base of the machine; g is a cord attached by one end to the carriage f,
and which passing over a pulley has a weight h attached to its other end. By.

page_text: the operation of the said cord and weight, the ends of the said strips of iron
are kept constantly pressed against the periphery of the wheel carrying the
cutters. The strips of iron are conducted to the cutters by guides i, j, which
said guides have motion in a horizontal plane on the axes i, ¹; the said
guides are moved by cambs k, on the circumferences of the wheels b, b', the
said cambs striking against the projections 1, 1, on the said guides; the
return motion of the said guides is effected by the springs 1, which tend to
separate those ends of the guides on which they act. The range of motion of
the said guides is limited by the stops m, m. The object of the motion of the
said guides on the axes i, j, will be evident by an inspection of Figure 38,
which Figure represents the way in which the strip of iron is cut into nails.
It is desirable that the tops or broad ends of the nails should be at right angles
to the axes of the said nails, and in order to make them so, the iron must be so
inclined as to cause the cutters to cut it in the directions shewn in the Figure,
the directions in which the iron is cut being equally inclined to the side of the
strip. Instead of communicating motion to the guides through which the
strips of iron pass as last described, I sometimes modify this machine in tho
following manner, so as to produce nails of the same form, excepting that
the tops are.not perpendicular to the axes of the nails. The cutters fixed in the
wheels are placed in alternate oblique directions, and the other or fixed
cutter is moved so as to make its edge accurately coincide with the edge of
the moveable cutter which next works against it, that is to say, instead of
giving the guides i, j, motion, I give a similar motion to the fixed cutter. The
prismatic form of the nail may also be obtained by giving both to the moveable
and fixed cutters a uniform inclination in one direction, and turning the iron
over after the cutting off of each nail as is practised in the machine commonly
used in the manufacture of cut nails. This turning over of the iron may
either be effected by the contrivance herein described in connection with the
machine, Figures 32 and 33, or it may be done by the strip of iron being held
in the hand of a workman. The methods of advancing the strip of iron described
with reference to some of the other machines herein described and represented
in the accompanying Drawings, may be applied to this last described machine.
Figures 89, 41, 42, 43, and 44 represent machines for forming nails either
wholly or partially by the process of rolling; Figure 39 represents a vertical
section, and Figure 40 a front view, of two rollers which give to bands of
heated iron the form shewn in the said Figure 39, that is to say, such a form
that when the said bands are cut longitudinally or into strips having the
proper breadth for nails, the said strips resemble, more or less, a series of nails
joined together, the head of one nail being joined to the point of another;

page_text: Figure 41 represents a pair of rollers for cutting the iron prepared by
the rollers, Figures 39 and 40, into strips. The strips of metal thus prepared
are converted into nails, that is to say, the heads of the partially formed nails
are completed; the said partially formed nails are cut from one another, and the
two sides of the nail which by the operation of the cutting rolls, Figure 41, are
left parallel, are properly shaped by some of the machines herein described as
being suitable for making nails from iron wire. The machine herein described
and represented in Figure 48 of the accompanying Drawings is especially
snited to the purpose. The two operations herein last-described, that is to say,
inpressing bands of iron in the form represented in Figure 39, and the cutting
of the said bands into strips may be performed in one operation by giving to
the circumferences of the cutting rollers a form similar to that represented in
section in Figure 39. The said strips of iron may also be so cut as to give to
the partially formed nails an inclination on all four of their sides by forming
the cutting edges as shewn in Figure 42, instead of making them truly cir-
cular as represented in Figure 41. Instead of converting the strips of iron
fashioned into partially formed nails as heroin-before described with reference
to Figures 39, 40, 41, and 42, into nails by any of the machines herein
described, the completion of the said partially formed nails may be effected by
two presses, the one fixed and the other moveable; the said presses having
impressions of a perfectly formed nail, and placed near the rolls by which the
said strips are formed, so that as the said strips pass out of the said rolls the
partially formed nails are completed and separated from one another by the
said presses. The sketch, Figure 43, will suffice to illustrate this part of my
Invention. The methods by which the said press may be worked are herein
so fully described with reference to other machines, that I do not deem it
necessary to describe this part of my Invention more fully. The said partially
formed nails may also be completed by the rollers which cut and compress the
said strips of iron, by adding or inserting in the said rollers cutters which
shall divide the said strips of iron transversely. The said strips may either
be rolled so that the head of one of the partially formed nails is joined to the
point of another, as represented in Figure 42, or so that two heads and two
points are joined together, as represented in Figure 44; the points at which
the said strips must be divided are indicated by dotted lines in Figure 44. The
rollers used in carrying this the last described part of my Invention into effect
must be so connected that they shall rotate at a perfectly similar rate, so that
there shall be an accurate coincidence between the parts intended to coincide.
This last described part of my Invention is applicable to the manufacture of
nails of various forms.

page_text: Figures 45 and 46 represent a machine for making nails from rods of iron
either hot or cold; Figure 45 represents a vertical section, and Figure 46
a horizontal plan, of the machine. a, a¹, are two cylinders or rollers, on each of
which a semi-cylindrical groove b is made; c is a guide through which the
rod of iron from which the nails are to be made passes; d is a pair of cutters;
these cutters are placed as close as possible to the point of contact of the two
cylinders, and have motion in a horizontal plane. The said cutters are put in
operation by cambs or levers, or in any other convenient manner; but as
I have herein described several methods of effecting a similar action, I do not
consider it necessary to describe the methods by which the said cutters may be
worked. The form of the said cutters is similar to that of cutters herein
described with reference to several machines, that is to say, the said cutters
cut off the rod of iron so as at the same time to form a point. The motion of
the cylinders a, a¹, is continuous, and the action of the cutters & very quick;
but however short the time during which the cutters close and open again, it is
evident that the advance of the end of the rod of iron will be prevented by the
said rod coming in contact with the closed cutters, and since by the continuous
motion of the cylinders the iron is made to advance uniformly, its end is com-
pressed against the closed cutters and a head formed, when by the opening of
the cutters the end of the iron can pass between them the formation of the
head ceases, and the rod advances between the said cutters, until at the
proper time the said cutters close and cut off the nail of the proper length.
I sometimes modify the machine last-described in the following manner :-
Instead of forming semi-cylindrical grooves on the cylinders I form the said
cylinders in the manner represented in section in Figure 47, that is to
say, I form cavities a in which the head is to be compressed, and place cutters
6 on the said cylinders by which the iron is to be cut off and the points of the
nails formed. The cutters described with reference to the last-described
machine are suppressed, and in their place I introduce a die which is moveable,
and the use of which is to present a surface against which the end of the rod
of iron may be compressed into a head. The action of this modification of the
machine last described is very simple; as the rod of iron is carried between
the rolls it is cut off of the proper length and pointed, and as it is carried
forward the moveable die (in the place of the cutters, Figures 45 and 46, pre-
sents itself to the end of the piece of iron, and by the advance of the said iron
its end is compressed into one of the cavities a, and a head is formed; the die
retires, and the nail being carried still further by the rolls drops from the
machine.
Figure 48 represents a machine for making nails from the strips of iron

page_text: fashioned into partially formed nails herein-before described with reference to
Figures 39, 40, 41, and 42. a, b, are two rollers which act only as conductors
or guides for the iron, and are furnished with grooves and cavities suitable to
the particular form of the strips of iron to be used. c, d, are two dies
which serve both as dies to compress and complete the head, and also as
cutters to separate the nails from one another. The motion of the con-
ducting cylinders is not continuous, being interrupted during the time that
the pressing and cutting dies are closed. The action of this machine is
as follows: The partially formed nail is advanced by the rollers a, b,
into the presses or dies c, d; the motion of the said rollers is then arrested,
the said dies close and compress the head, and at the same time cut off
the nail, the head of which had been formed by their previous closing, the dies
next open, and the rollers being again set in motion, another portion of the
strip of iron is introduced into the said dies. Figure 49 represents an end
elevation, and Figure 50 a plan of a modification of the machine last described.
In this modification the head of the nail is made or completed by the com-
pression of a die or punch a worked by an excentric 6' on the axis of one of
the rollers; the rollers b, c, serve as guides for the strips of iron, shaped as
herein-before described into partially formed nails, and the said rollers may
also serve to cut off the nails by means of projections or cutters & thereon;
e, f, are dies or presses in which the partially formed nail is held while the
punch a advances and completes the head; the dies e, f, may also be made to
cut off the nail instead of the cutters & on the cylinders. The motion of the
cylinders may either be interrupted or continuous if the rods or strips of iron
are of such form that a sufficient mass of iron is left at intervals to form the
heads; then the motion of the rollers must be arrested during the time the
dies e, f, are closed; if on the contrary the rods of iron used are of such form
that a sufficient mass of iron is not left at intervals to form the heads, then the
motion of the cylinders must be continuous, in order that while the dies e, f,
are closed, the end of the rod may be forced against the said dies, and by the
compression of the end of tho said rod sufficient metal be accumulated there
to form the head.
Figure 51 represents a plan of a machine for making bolts, rivets, and nails.
This machine is calculated to make only such nails as are of large size, and
have cylindrical or conical (that is to say, not angular) bodies. It is
necessary to use heated iron in this machine. a is the driving shaft; b, b¹,
are toothed wheels, in which the toothed wheel on the driving shaft a engages;
the said toothed wheels b, b, are fixed on the axes of two rollers c, d, the
form of which said rollers is herein-after particularly described; e is a pair of

page_text: guide rollers, the axes of which are situated in a plane at right angles to that
in which the axes of the rollers c, d, are situated; the said guide rollers
receive motion through the gear 9 on the axis of the roller d. The motion of
the said guide cylinder is not continuous, but is arrested after the introduction
of a certain length of the rod of iron, in order to allow of the formation of the
said rod into a nail; or the motion of the said cylinders may be continuous if
a portion of the surfaces of the said cylinders is cut away in order that for a
time they may cease to grasp the iron.
Before describing the particular form of the rollers c, d, I will suppose, for
the purpose of illustrating the action of this machine, that a piece of heated
iron has been introduced by the guide rollers e between the rollers c, d, and
that the said piece of iron being cut off, it is left unsupported between the
surfaces of the said rollers c, d. Since, by the arrangement of the gear by
which the said rollers are moved, the contiguous surfaces move in opposite
directions, it is evident that the said piece of iron will rotate on its axis, and
be held between the surfaces of the rotating cylinders without any other
motion than the before-mentioned rotation. The rollers c, d, are made
cylindrical if it is intended to make a cylindrical nail, and conical if it is
intended to make a conical nail. Figures 52 and 53 represent sections of the
cylinders c, d, Figure 51; Figure 52 represents a section through the line a,
and Figure 53 a section through the line a¹. It will be seen by the sections
that portions of the surfaces of the said rollers are cut away, and it is during the
time that the cylinders present to each other those sides which are partially cut
away, that the guide rollers quickly introduce between them the heated rod of iron,
the said rod being advanced by the guide rollers until its end comes in contact
with the plate h. Immediately those portions of the cylinders are opposed to
cach other which are not cut away, the rod of iron is grasped between them,
and the cutters i, j, on the edge of the said rollers cut off the piece of iron
which is held unsupported between the surfaces of the said rollers. The guide
rollers cease to advance the rod of iron until the detached piece is formed into
a nail. If the surfaces of the rollers c, d, were concentric with their axes, the
detached piece of iron would be held between them without undergoing any
change of form; but the surfaces of the said rollers are not concentric with
their axes, so that after having taken hold of the iron the space between the
said rollers diminishes, and the piece of iron is diminished in diameter and
increased in length. The clongation of the said piece of iron takes place only
in the direction of the head of the partially formed nail, being prevented from
taking place in the direction of the point by a flange on part of one of the
cylinders; the portion of iron which accumulates in the direction of the head is

page_text: moulded into a head of the desired form by the cavity k in the rollers c, d. If
it is wished to form nails, bolts, and so forth, of a conical instead of a cylindrical
figure, a different form must be given to the surfaces of the rolls; the said
surfaces must be at their greatest distance apart when they grasp the bar of
iron, and gradually approach as the said rolls rotate; those portions of the
surfaces approach nearer to each other where the point of the nail is formed
than those near the point where the head is formed. When the rollers have
rotated until those parts where the surfaces are cut away are again presented
to each other, the nail, bolt, or rivet is no longer held by the said rollers, and
falls from the machine. I have herein-before remarked that the heated iron
is introduced into the machine until its end comes in contact with the plate h,
but if the head to be formed is small, and the diameter of the iron is much
reduced, there will be more iron forced towards the head than is necessary to
form the said head. In such cases a less quantity of iron must be introduced.
Figure 54 represents a plan, and Figure 55 a side elevation of a modification
of the machine last described. Instead of using two cylinders between which
the heated iron is moulded, I substitute in this modification a fixed surface a
for one of the rollers. The iron is introduced and cut off at a', and is carried
by the roller 6 along the curved surface a, the said iron rotating on its axis as
it rolls along the said surface a. By adjusting the curvature of the surface a,
and that of the roller b, any desired figure may be given to the iron introduced
between them.
Figure 56 represents a plan, and Figure 57 a side elevation, of my
improved machine for making that kind of nails called "pointes de Paris,"
that is to say, nails made from iron or other wire. In order to facilitate the
description of the said Figures, I remark that the process of making nails from
wire by the said machine consists of five operations, that is to say, the wire from
which the nails are to be made is by one operation made to advance the proper
distance in the machine; by a second operation the said wire is held firmly;
by a third operation a head is formed on one end of the wire; by a fourth
operation the said wire on the end of which a head has been formed, is cut off
of the proper length and pointed, the said cutting and pointing being either
effected at once or by separate processes; and, lastly, the nail so formed is
forced from the machine. The several processes are performed by tools
actuated by one common shaft or axis.
I will now explain the several operations in detail with reference to the
Figures. X is a table of cast iron, on which the several parts of the machine
are fixed; X, X, is a driving shaft or axis which communicates motion by
cams, excentrics, or otherwise to the various parts of the machine; & is a pulley

page_text: by which the shaft X, X, is driven; the motion of the pulley x and axis X, X,
is indicated by the arrow a¹; a, a, a, is a fly wheel for giving uniformity to
the motion of the axis X, X.
The first of the operations herein-before described, that is to say, that by
which the wire is made to advance a proper distance into the machine at each
revolution of the shaft X, X, is effected in the following manner :-A is a rod
which is connected at one end with the rod d of the punch d¹ (herein-after
particularly described), and at the other end with the carriage a; the said rod
A works in guides fixed under the table or base of the machine X. The
length of the nail is determined by the length of the path of the carriage a,
and the length of the said path of the carriage is determined by the screw o,
against which the rod b strikes in effecting the return motion of the said
carriage. The advance motion of the carriage a is effected by the rod b
striking against the part of the carriage marked a³; the carriage a moves
horizontally in a dovetail c. On the upper surface of the carriage is a semi-
cylindrical groove in the direction of its length, in which said groove the wire i
is conducted. This groove is formed in a piece of steel inserted in the upper
surface of the carriage a. a is a roller or cylinder of steel situated near the
middle of the carriage a, the plane of rotation of the said roller being parallel
to the plane in which the carriage moves. This roller is situated immediately
above the groove in the carriage a, and a corresponding groove is formed in
the said roller or cylinder. The wire on passing through the two semi-cylin-
drical and opposed grooves of the carriage a and roller a¹¹, is straightened
before being formed into a nail. a¹ is a ratchet and spring, which hold tho
wire when the carriage advances, that is to say, prevent the carriage advancing
without the wire.
The second operation, or that by which the wire is held during the time
that the last two operations are performed, is effected as follows:-B is a lever
moving in a vertical plane; the axis b of the said lever is supported by two
uprights fixed on the base of the machine. The lever B is moved by a camb
b' on the driving shaft X, X. The return movement of the said lever is
produced by the spring 6º, which holds the said lever in contact with the
cambi b'. The lever B forces down the bar 6 which slides in the support 6111.
The bar 6 is made of steel, and in its descent it presses the wire upon a bed
of steel fixed on the base of the machine. Both the bar u and the bed b
have semi-cylindrical grooves somewhat less than the wire which passes
through them.
The next operation, that is to say, that by which the head of the nail is
made, is effected as follows: -D is an eccentric placed upon the driving shaft

page_text: ✗, ✗; this eccentric communicates a backward and forward movement to the
bar d, which slides horizontally in guides, as shewn in the Drawing; d¹ is a
steel punch which is screwed into the bar d, and which forms by compression
the head of the nail. The pressure is regulated by the distance to which the
punch d¹ is screwed into the bar d. The punch represented is formed for
making flat heads; when a convex head is wanted a concave punch must be
used, and so forth; but the changes in the form of the punch necessary to
produce heads of any required shape are so obvious that I deem it unnecessary
to describe them.
The next operation, or that by which the point of the nail is made, is
effected as follows:-C, C, are two levers, moving in a horizontal plane on
their axes c, c. The motion which the levers C, C, receive from the cambs
on the driving shaft is communicated to the pieces of steel c, c, which cut
the point of the nail and compress it; the pressure of the tools is regulated by
the screws c. That motion of the lever by which the pressure is effected
is produced by the cambs c³, c¹, and the return motion of the said levers is
produced by the cambs c, c, on the driving shaft.
The last operation, or that by which the nail is forced from the machine, is
effected as follows:-A lever f moved by the camb g on the driving shaft
turus on the axis h. A vertical striker, not shewn in the Drawing, is attached
to the end of the said lever, and when by the rotation of the shaft X, X,
the camb raises that end of the lever resting on it, the end f¹ is depressed, and
the striker being forced against the nail breaks it off from the wire to which it
is left attached after the operation of cutting last described.
When the wire is first introduced into the machine, a piece of uncertain
length (dependent on the length of wire introduced) will be cut off before the
several stages of the operation follow each other in the order herein-before
described.
Having described the several parts of the said machine, I will more parti-
cularly describe their action in forming the wire into nails. It is scarcely
necessary to remark that the five operations which have been herein-before
described, are produced in proper order by the relative situations of the several
cambs and excentrics on the driving shaft X, X, and that each of these opera-
tions being repeated at each revolution of the said shaft, a nail is made
during each such revolution. The wire is first strengthened by the roller
under which it passes, and is next pushed by the carriage on which it is held
between the pressing tools. The wire is next grasped and held firmly in a
pressing apparatus consisting as herein-before described of two steel dies, one
fixed on the base of the machine, and the other moving in a vertical line, the

page_text: two contiguous surfaces of the said dies having grooves somewhat less than the
diameter of the wire used, so that when these dies are pressed forcibly together
(the wire being situated in the hollow cylinder formed by their opposed semi-
cylindrical grooves), the said wire is held tightly. When the wire is thus
secured the carriage a which brought forward the said wiro retires, the retiring
of the said carriage being produced by the advancing of the punch as herein-
before described. The length of the carriage's path is regulated by the screw o.
The pressure by which the wire is held by the pressing apparatus being greater
than that by which the carriage holds it, the said carriage in returning does
not carry the wire back with it. The punch or tool which forms the head
next advances and forms the head of the nail by pressure on the end of the
wire, the motion of the said punch and the retiring of the carriage being pro-
duced by the same excentric as herein-before explained. The punch next
retires, and in so doing advances the carriage to a distance equal to the
length of the nail. The cutting tools next advance on each side of the wire
and cut off the partially formed nail, at the same time forming the point of
the said nail, and there remains sufficient wire left within the range of the
punch after the said cutting to form a head on the wire without the advan-
cing of the said wire. The nail being struck by the mechanism herein-before
described, falls from the machine, and the heading punch advancing forms
another head, and the several operations are repeated in the order herein-
before described.
Figure 58 represents the cutting tools in plan, that is to say, the horizontal
faces of the said tools. The spaco marked s is for leaving the metal for the
formation of the head of the next nail; Figure 59 represents a front view of
the cutting tools, that is to say, the vertical faces of the said tools; Figure 60
represents those faces of the tools which are presented to each other when
working; Figure 61 represents the back of the tools; Figures 62, 63, and 6-4
represent the forms of the pressing tools to be used in making the several kinds
of nails represented in the said Figures 62, 63, and 64; Figure 65 repre-
sents a front view of the presses.
Although I have described the means which I prefer for performing the
several operations in the manufacture of a wire nail, yet these same operations
may be effected in a
variety of other ways. The feeding apparatus herein
described with reference to Figure 89, as well as those herein described with
reference to Figures 78, 103, 104, and 105, may be used in place of that
described with reference to Figures 56 and 57. In addition to these the
following method of advancing the wire may be adopted; a, b, Figure 66,
represent two cylinders having grooves in which the wire lodges; c is a lever
B2

page_text: attached to the axis of one of the cylinders by means of a rod & connected
'with an excentric on the driving shaft of the machine. A backward and
forward motion is communicated to the lever c by means of the slot d' in the
rod d, in which the lever c engages; there is an interval of rest between the
backward and forward motions. As the cylinders move in one direction they
cause the wire to be advanced, and as they return they would withdraw the
wire again, but at the time they perform their return motion the wire is held
firmly by the presses, and the cylinders consequently do not move it. In
addition to the presses herein described with reference to the machine, Figures
56 and 57, various modifications of the said presses may be employed to pro-
duce the same results; the presses may either be horizontal or vertical, either
both moveable, or one only moveable; all that it is necessary to observe with
regard to the said presses being that the said presses act only during the time
that the head is formed with some of the feeding apparatus herein described,
but that they act also during the return motion of the feeding apparatus where
the said feeding apparatus in returning has a tendency to withdraw the wire.
The said presses must also be so formed that they will give the desired figuro
to the under part of the head and the body of the nail. Instead of the
method of making the head herein-before described, that is to say, by pres-
sure, a method of making the same by percussion may be substituted; that is
to say, in place of the heading punch herein-before described, a hammer may
be substituted, the said hammer being raised by a camb, and made to descend
either by its own weight or by a spring. The application of a hammer in
place of a heading punch is so simple that I do not consider it necessary to
give a more detailed account of its application. In addition to the methods
of pointing herein described, I sometimes employ a method represented in
Figures 67 and 68, that is to say, a method in which the point is formed partly
by compression and partly by the action of a file surface. a, b, represent two
tools having a horizontal motion, the upper one moving to the right, and the
lower one to the left. These tools are situated and work in a plane parallel
to that in which the presses work; their position will be understood by the
nail c, the head of which is seen in the Drawing, the axis of the said nail
being supposed to be situated in a line perpendicular to the plane of the
Drawing. After the formation of the head and the advance of the wire, these
tools commence their motion, and in the first place cut off the partially formed
nail by means of the cutters d, d², fixed thereon. The partially formed nail is
now completely detached from the wire, and is held between the file surfaces
a², b', which surfaces in consequence of their inclination approach each other
as the motion of the said tools continues. The partially formed nail rolls

page_text: between them, and its end is formed into a point partly by the compression of
the inclined surfaces and partly by the filing action of the said surfaces. When
the nail has rolled to the end of the lower tool it falls from the machine. It
is hardly necessary to remark that the said file surfaces are properly inclined
so as to form a conical point as shewn in the section, Figure 68.
Figure 69 represents a plan, and Figuro 70 a side elevation, of the tools of
a machine in which the pointing and cutting off of a wire nail, as well as tho
formation of the head, aro effected by means of one pair of tools. a is the
driving shaft; b, an eccentric on the said shaft, which eccentric communicates
a backward and forward motion to the bolt c; d, e, are two arms or levers
jointed to the bolt cat c'; f, g, are the tools which cut off the nail and form
the point;. the said tools are fixed on the said arms or levers; springs open or
separate the said arms or levers d, e; h, i, are two rollers fixed on the base of
the machine, between which rollers the arms or levers d, e, slide by the action
of the bolt c; the external faces of the arms or levers d, e, are formed into
cambs d, e, which, as the said arms advance, como in contact with the
rollers, and thereby cause the said arms to close, and the cutting and pointing
tools f, g, cut off and point the partially formed nail situated between them.
The said cutting tools cut off the nail at such a distance from the press j, that
there is enough of the wire left in advance of the said press to form by coni-
pression the head of the next nail; the arms d, e, continue their motion after
having cut off the nail, and the cutting and pointing tools being hold close
together by the action of the cambs d, e, and rollers h, i, their faces form a
continuous surface, which acting as a heading punch, compresses the metal in
advance of the pressj into a head. The arms d, e, retire, and the cutting and
pointing tools open; the press j relaxes its hold on the wire, and the wire on
which the head is formed is advanced a proper distance into the machine, the
arms d, e, again advancing, the series of operations last described are repented.
I do not consider it necessary to describe the means by which the press j is
worked, nor the method by which the wire is advanced, as any of the methods
heroin-described of effecting those objects may be employed.
Figure 70¹ represents a plan, and Figure 71 a side view, of a machine for
making nails, in which the body of the nail is compressed and held during the
formation of the head and the point of the nail, and the said nail cut off by
one pair of tools. a is a steel plate in which is a hole through which the wire
passes; b is a fixed press, and c is a moveable press and cutter; the said
moveable press is worked by the lever d; e is the beading punch. The
wire advances the requisite distance through the holo in the plate a (the
moveable cutter having been withdrawn past the said hole by its lover),

page_text: .
and the moveable cutter being forced inwards by its lever, cuts off the wire
and compresses it against the fixed press 6; while the detached piece of pointed
wire is thus held, the heading punch advances and forms the head. The
method of removing the nail from the machine on the retiring of the moveable
cutter is represented in Figure 72, which shows that face of the cutter and
press against which the head is formed; f, g, are two semicircular springs,
one fixed on the cutter, and the other on the press as the cutter retires; if the
nail is held in the said cutter, it is detached by the spring on the press, and if it
is held in the press it is detached by the spring on the cutter; I do not consider
it necessary to describe the mechanism by which the several motions are effected.
Figures 78 and 74 represent, the former a plan, and the latter a vertical
section, of a machine which exactly resembles the machine last described and
represented in Figures 70 and 71, except that there are added in the said
machine, Figures 73 and 74, a pair of tools h, i, which work vertically, and
which compress that part of the wire which forms the point of the nail into a
wodge-like form; after the said tools have retired, the horizontal moveable
cutter cuts off the nail and compresses it against the fixed press k.
Figure 75 represents a plan, and Figure 76 a side elevation, of a double
machine for making pointes de Paris, that is to say, nails made from wire,
and also for making nails from the prepared strips of iron herein described
with reference to Figures 39, 40, and 41. Figure 77 represents a detached
portion of the said machine. a represents the driving shaft; b, 6' are square
frames which slide on the base of the machine; these frames or carriages are
connected together by links not shewn in the Drawing; d is an excentric on
the driving shaft a, which excentric acting on the rollers e, f, attached to the
frames or carriages 6, 6, determines a backward and forward motion in the
said carriages on the rotation of the said shaft a. The several tools by which
the wire is made to advance and is held during the completion of the nail, as
well as the tools by which the wire is cut off and pointed, and the head of the
nail made, are exactly similar to those of the machine, Figures 56 and 57;
and this machine differs only from the said machine, Figures 56 and 57, in
the way in which the said tools are put into operation. All the said tools
except the press, by which the partially formed nail is held, and the lever g, by
which the nail is forced from the machine, are put in motion by the said
carriages b, b'; h, h¹, i, i, are rollers, the axes of which are fixed on the
carriage b; these rollers act on the levers j, k, and as the carriage moves to
and fro, open and close the said levers; l, m, are the cutting and pointing tools,
which are connected with the said levers j, k; n is the heading punch attached
also to the carriage b; o is the press by which the partially formed nail is held

page_text: luring the formation of the head; the moveable portion of this press is worked
by the lever p, the said lever being moved by a camb on the driving shaft.
7 is a lever for forcing the nail from the machine; this lever is worked by a
camb on the driving shaft, and exactly resembles the mechanism used for the
same purpose in the machines, Figures 56 and 57. As the carriage b moves
from left to right, it advances the heading punch so as to form the head, and
also opens the levers j, k, so as to withdraw the cutting and pointing tools and
also forces back the feeding carriage q, so as to make it tako up a fresh portion
of wire; on the return motion of the carriage b, the small feeding carriage q
advances (the motion of the said feeding carriage being effected by the spring "),
and another portion of wire is introduced into the machine; the press o immic-
diately descends and holds the wire, and (by the continued motion of the
carriage 6) the cutting tools l, m, cut off and point the nail, and the lever g
next strikes the nail so as to force it from the machine. The order in which
the several operations take place is as follows:-After the cutting off of a nail
there is left projecting beyond the press sufficient wire to form a head, and as
the carriage b moves from left to right, the punch a forms a head on the end
of the said wire; the feeding carriage 9 is also carried back by the same
motion of the carriage b, and on the return motion of the said carriage b, the
feeding carriage q first advances the wire a distance equal to the length of tho
nail, the press next descends and holds the wire while the cutting tools cut and
point the nail, and the lever g forces it from the machine. Figure 77 repre-
sents the way in which the sliding carriages b, b', are supported.
Although in describing this machine I have referred only to the parts on
the right of the driving shaft, yet I have herein-before described that this
machine is double, and by inspecting the Drawing it will be seen that tho
same parts are represented on the left of the driving shaft.
Figure 78 represents a side elevation, and Figure 79 a plan, of another of
my machines for making nails either from ordinary wire or from prepared
wire; Figure 80 represents a detached part of the same. a is the driving
shaft by cambs and eccentrics, on which the several tools are brought into
operation. The wire is made to advance in this macliine in the following
manner :- is a rod, which is jointed to the eccentric of the heading punch.
This rod slides on the base of the machine, and has a slot c at its end; d, d',
are the rollers which conduct the wire into the machine; e is a toothed wheel
on the axis of the upper roller; f'is a lever which turns on the axis of the
upper roller; the lower end of this lever enters the slot c, and the upper end
carries the click g; as the rod 6 moves from right to left the lower end of the
lever is moved in the samo direction, and the click y engaging in the teeth
g

page_text: of the toothed wheel e, causes the partial rotation of the said wheel and the
rollers d, d', and consequently advances the wire. The length of wire in
troduced will depend on the distance through which the lever f is moved, and
that distance is determined by the length of the slot c. The length of the
said slot is increased or diminished by the screw h. On the return motion of
the rod b and lever f, the click g slides over the teeth of the wheel e without
moving the said wheel. The heading of the nail is effected by the punch i
worked by an eccentric on the driving shaft, and the wire is held during the
formation of the head by the press j, worked by a lever k and a camb on
the driving shaft. The cutting and pointing of the nail is effected by tools
1, 7, worked in the manner represented in front view in Figure 80. m, n,
are two levers, jointed together at o; a side view of one of the levers is seen
at m in the side elevation Figure 78; q, q', are two rods which advance
simultaneously by means of eccentrics on the driving shaft. These rods have
conical ends r,, which are adjusted on the said rods by advancing or retiring
on the screwed ends of the same; as the said conical pieces r, r, advance,
they force towards each other the ends of the levers m, n, against which they
act, and the tools fixed in the ends of the said levers cut. off the wire and
form the point; the return motion of the said, levers is effected by the spring
p. The nail is forced from the machine by means of mechanism similar to
that herein-before described with reference to several other machines. Besides
the motion of rotation of the cylinders d, d', the supports in which they turn
are capable of being made to slide nearer to or more distant from the cutting
tools; for in using the prepared wire it is necessary to adjust the position of
the said cylinders so as to make the partially formed head on the prepared
wire take an exact position between the cutting tools l, l. It is for deter-
mining this exact coincidence between the partially formed nail and the
cutting tools that the cylinders d, d', have the sliding motion described. The
order in which the several processes succeed each other is as follows:-A
sufficient portion of wire being left after the cutting off of a nail within the
range of the heading punch for the formation of a head, the heading punch
advances while the wire is held by the press, and forms a head by compression;
when the prepared wire is used, the portion to be formed into the head
projects beyond the press, and is compressed into a head by the punch; the
punch next retires, and the moveable press rises, the wire next advances, and
the cutting and pointing tools cut off the nail and form the point; the nail
is lastly forced from the machine by the mechanism herein-before described.
Figures 81, 82, 83, and 84 represent a machine for making nails, bolts,
rivets, railway pins, and dressing pins. Figure 81 represents a side elevation,

page_text: Figure 82 a front view, Figure 83 a plan, and Figure 84 represents a
detached portion of the same. a is the driving shaft by bevil gear, on which
the axes b, c, are made to rotate. Bevil gear d on one of these axes gives
motion to the feeding apparatus by a bevil wheel f on the axis of one of
the feeding rollers. These feeding rollers have a continuous motion, but
portions of their surfaces are cut away in order that they may advance the
wire only during part of their revolution. g, h, are cambs on the shafts b, c,
which move to and fro the presses i, j, which presses grasp the wire during
the formation of the head by the punch k; immediately the head is formed
the punch & retires and the presses are withdrawn, and the wire thus headed
is advanced by the feeding apparatus e until that portion which is intended to
form the point is brought between the tools l, m, fixed on the axes b, c.
These tools are represented separately in Figure 84; they consist of two discs
, m, turning in the direction indicated by the arrows; n, o, aro curved files
attached to the discs P, m³, which curved files by the rotation of the said discs
, m', take hold of the partially formed nail, and compress and file the point,
the said partially formed nail being wholly detached from the rod of iron
during the operation of tho said files being cut off by cutters p, q, on the said
discs immediately the said discs take hold of the wire. The said files are not
concentric with the axes of the cylinders to which they are attached, but have
an excentricity, as shown in the Drawing, in order that they may compress
and form the point gradually. It is hardly necessary to observe that the
surfaces of the said files are not cylindrical, but slightly conical. When the
rotation of the discs l', m³, and files n, o, has proceeded so far that the parts
, x, of the discs are opposed to each other, the nail falls from the machine,
and before those portions of the cylinders are again opposed to each other on
which the files are fixed, another nail has been made ready for pointing in the
manner herein-before described. It is evident that when this machine is used
for making bolts and rivets which are not pointed, the curved files n, o, are
suppressed, and the discs A, m³, serve only to cut off the said bolts and rivets.
Figures 85, 86, and 87 represent another of my machines for making nails,
rivets, and so forth. a is a weight, which is connected by a rod 6 with a
piston c. The said piston works in a cylinder d, when steam is introduced
into the said cylinder and under the said piston; the said piston is raised, and
with it the weight a, and the parts connected therewith; and when the steam
is allowed to escape from the said cylinder, the said piston, weight, and parts
connected therewith descend. The means whereby the steam may be intro-
duced into the said cylinder are so various and so well understood that I deem
it unnecessary to describe them. e, f, g, h, are four rods connected by arms

page_text: with the weight a, and which ascend and descend with it; i,j, are two cylinders
or rollers which conduct the rod of iron; k, l, are two presses, between the ends
of which the rod of iron is compressed. During the time the head is made
these presses are made to grasp the rod of iron by the wedges m, n; these
wedges are connected with the rods e, f, at their upper ends, and cause the
presses to grasp the iron at the moment when the punch a' compresses the
head. As the weight a and parts connected therewith rise, the wedges m, n,
cease to act on the presses k, l, and the end of the arm o, engaging in the
teeth of a toothed wheel on the axis of the roller j, causes a partial rotation
of the rollers i, j, and consequently raises the rod of iron on which, by the
descent of the weight a, a head has been formed. As the rods g, h, rise with
the weight a, the wedges g', h¹, on the lower ends of the said rods force the
cutting and pointing tools p, q, inwards, and cut off and point the nail. The
action of the said wedges on the cutting and pointing tools is of course sub-
sequent to that of the arm o on the rollers. The return motion of the cutting
tools is effected by springs. After the nail has been cut it is detached and
removed from the machine by a blow from the rod x, which rod is actuated by
a projection on the rod f. On the descent of the weight a, the cutting tools
open, and the portion of metal which they leave projecting above the presses k, 1,
is sufficient to form the head of the next nail.
Figure 88 represents a modification of the machine last described. This
modification is for the manufacture of rivets, bolts, and railway pins. It
consists of a weight a, which is connected by arms with two vertical rods b, b;
c, c¹, are pressing tools by which the rod of iron is held while the weight a
descends and forms the head. These tools are worked by wedges d, e, as in
the machine last described. The return motion of the wedges is effected by
springs, not shewn in the Drawing. f is a plate of steel, which prevents the
rod from falling through the pressing dies; this plate is fixed on a lever f¹,
turning on an axis, and when the rivet is finished, and the weight a rises, and
the pressing dies open, the camb x strikes against the lever of the plate f, and
removes it so as to allow the nail to fall. The rods of iron are introduced into
the dies by hand.
Figure 89 represents a side elevation of a machine for making rivets.
a, a¹, are two cylinders for feeding the machine with wire. These cylinders
may either have a continuous motion, in which case part of their circumferences
must be cut away in order that they may advance the wire only during part
of their revolution, or the said cylinders may move only during the time
necessary to introduce the wire into the machine, and rest during the time
that the said wire is being formed into a rivet; 6 is a plate of steel having a

page_text: hole through which the wire passes; c, c', are presses between which the wire
is held during the formation of the head. The upper press c also cuts off the
wire. The lower press c¹ has a vertical sliding motion in the base of the
machine; and when it is not depressed by the upper press it is raised by
the spring & to the hole in the plate 6, when by the action of the lever a the
press c is made to descend; its edge acting against the plate b, cuts off the wire,
and pressing it upon the lower press c³, the said lower press descends until it
embeds in the base of the machine, and its further motion is prevented; the
several parts have then the positions represented in the Drawing; tho heading
punch then advances and forms the head of the rivet. The breadth of the
presses c, c', is equal to the length of the rivet to be formed, and the length
of wire introduced at each rotation of the rollers a, a', must exceed the breadth
of the said presses by the quantity necessary to form the head of the rivet.
In consequence of the small breadth of this machine several of them may bo
made to work conveniently on one axis, as represented in Figure 90.
Figure 91 represents a modification of the machine last described, which
modification is used for cutting the pieces of wire of a suitable length to be
used in the machines herein described, in which detached pieces of wire are
introduced by hand. This modification consists of the cylinders a, a', for
feeding the machine, the plate 6 through which the wire passes, and the
cutter d, which by descending cuts off the wire.
When it is desired to give the rivet a more or less pointed end, I modify
the machine in the manner represented in Figure 92, which machine
resembles the machine Figure 91, with the following additions:-a is a
cutter which rises and meets the upper cutter a¹; the ends of these cutters
are so formed that they not only cut off the wire, but also compress its end
into the desired form. The lower cutter or press a is raised at the same time
This lover turns
that the upper cntter or press a¹ descends by the lever b.
upon an axis at c, and is connected by means of a rod with the lever d. As
the lever d rises, and consequently depresses the cutter a¹ on its descending
end, the lever b is raised, and with it the cutter connected therewith.
Figure 93 represents a side elevation of a machine for making sprigs. This
machine so nearly resembles that represented in Figure 92 that only a brief
description is necessary. It consists of a fixed cutter a, and a moveable
cutter b. These tools cut the wire at the point c, that is to say, at the point
where the wire passes out of the said machine. By adopting this arrangement
the sprig when cut falls from the machine. The said cutting tools are so
formed that they also make a point as well as cut off the wire. By using a

page_text: double camb two sprigs may be cut off at each revolution of the axis. Several
of these machines may be placed on the same axis.
Figures 94 and 95 represent a machine for making the hears of wood
screws, and forming the "nick" or groove in the same. Figure 94 represents
a side elevation, and Figure 95 a plan of the said machine. a is a wheel
turning in a horizontal plane on a vertical axis b; c is a ratchet wheel fixed
under the wheel a on the axis b; d is a click fixed on the lever e; this lever
is moved to and fro by the rod f; this rod is connected with a crank g on
the driving shaft h.
By the rotation of the said driving shaft, and the operation of the parts f
c, c, d, the wheel a is made to perform a partial rotation, and rest awhile
before making another partial rotation; i are a series of holes in the plate a,
of a diameter somewhat larger than that of the head of the screw to be made;
¹is a die on the said plate a, and is a moveable die sliding in a guide
formed on the said plate in the direction of a radius.
This last-named die is forced outwards, that is to say, from the axis 6, by a
spring. The said dies are for the purpose of holding the partially-formed
screw while the head is made. A workman drops the cylindrical rods, of
which the screws are to be made, into the holes i, and as the wheel a rotates in
the manner herein-before described, the moveable press ¹ coming against the
fixed camb j, is forced inwards, and holds the partially formed screw firmly;
the wheel a now stops, and the heading punch k descends, and forms the
head, and immediately rises again; the saw is next advanced by the camb
m, and cuts the "nick" or groove in the head, the said saw slides in a groove
in the dies, "The wheel a again moves so as to bring another partially
formed screw under the heading punch k, while that last headed and "nicked"
falls from the machine in the following manner:-The holes i pass completely
through the plate a, and when the pieces of iron are introduced by the work-
man they would fall through, but for a plate which is fixed under the wheel a,
and closes the holes i. This plate, however, only extends under one-half the
wheel a, that is to say, from the point a to the point a', following the direction
of the arrows, so that immediately the heading and "nicking" have been per-
formed, and the blank removed from under the heading punch, the die "
being no longer acted on by the fixed eccentricj, moves outwards, and allows
the blank to fall through.
Figures 96 and 97 represent a machine for making the "nick" or grocvo
in the head of a screw; (Figure 97 represents a side elevation, and Figure 96 a
vertical section.) It consists of a wheel a, turning in a vertical plane on a

page_text: horizontal axis b; c, c, c, are a series of holes made in the periphery of this
wheel, the said holes having a form suitable for the reception of the partially
formed screws; d is a semicircular piece of steel, on the concave edge of
which saw teeth are formed; this semicircular saw is fixed and adjusted in
the frame e by screws. The wheel a rotates in the direction of the arrow,
and the partially-formed screws are dropped into the holes c, c, c, by the work-
man during the revolution of the wheel; as the heads of the partially formed
screws pass under the semicircular saw d, a groove is cut therein by the
operation of the said saw. When the said partially formed screw passes out
of the range of tho said saw, it falls out of the hole in which it was contained,
being in an inverted position, but lest by any accident it should not fall out,
it is forced out by the following mechanism is a lover, which passing
through the side of the wheel bears against a rod g, which enters the cavity
in which the partially formed scrow is contained. When by the revolution of
the wheel the partially formed screw has arrived at the point at which it
should be projected from the machine, the lever comes in contact with a
camb h, placed on the frame of the machine, which camb raising that end of
the lever which strikes against it, forces tho partially formed screw from the
hole in which it is contained. The semicircular saw d is of a curve of shorter
radius than that of the wheel a, and it is so fixed that it is not concentric with
the wheel. The centre of the curve of the saw is placed at a point somewhat
higher than that of the wheel, so that the heads of partially formed screws
first come under the operation of that part of the saw which is most distant
from the wheel, and are gradually brought to that part which is nearest tho
wheel, and hence the nick or groove formed when the partially formed screw
comes under the operation of the saw is gradually deepened till it passes out
of the machine. I form the saws used in this machine, as well as the straight
saw used in the machine Figure 94 in three ways, as represented in Figures
98, 99, and 100. In Figure 98 the teeth are represented of a nearly uniform
size, and formed like the teeth of an ordinary saw. In Figure 99 the teeth
which first act on the head of the partially formed screw are small, and serve
principally to form a slight groove which serves as a guide to the teeth marked
20; these teeth are succeeded by other small teeth of the form of those at the
other end of the saw; these last teeth serve to make smooth the groove formed
by the teeth a. In Figure 100 the teeth are formed individually, and inserted
by screwing or otherwise into the semicircular frame y. This last modifica-
tion is used for making "nicks" or grooves in the heads of large screws.
Figure 101 represents a side elevation, and Figure 102 a front view, of a

page_text: machine for making the heads and "nicks" of screw blanks. The mechanism
for making the "nick" exactly resembles that of the machine last described.
The mechanism for making the head consists of the prosses a, b, which hold
the partially formed screw while the head is made; these presses are forced
together when that portion of the wheel in which they are situated arrives at
its highest vertical point by cambs a', 61, fixed on the frame of the machine
(see Figure 102). When the partially formed screw has arrived at this
position, and is thus held, the heading punch c descends and forms the head.
By the further rotation of the wheel d, the "nick" is cut by the semicircular
saw e, and after the completion of the said "nick," the screw is forced out of
the wheel by mechanism similar to that herein-before described with reference
to Figures 96 and 97. The motion of the wheel d is not continuous, but is
arrested immediately the partially formed screw comes under the heading
punch, and commences again when the head is formed. This, alternato
motion and rest in the wheel is effected by means of a ratchet and click, as
herein-before described with reference to Figures 94 and 95.
Figure 103 represents a side elevation (partly in section), and Figure 104
a plan, of a machine for making screw blanks. The cutting off of the
iron and the formation of the head are effected by means which so nearly
resemble those employed in machines herein-before described, that a brief
description of this machine will suffice. a, b, are feeding cylinders or rollers
which supply the wire to the machine. This part of the machine
may resemble
any of the feeding apparatus herein-before described. c is a plate of steel
through which the iron passes; d is a fixed press; and e is a moveable press,
the said moveable press also cuts off the iron as in the machine herein-before
described and represented in Figures 89 and 90. fis the lever which works
the said press and cutter e, the said lever being worked by the camb g on the
driving shaft h. When the iron is held firmly by the presses d, e, the heading
punch i arrives and makes the
punch is moved by the camb j.
k descends in a vertical line, and
head, and immediately retires; the heading
After the heading punch has retired the saw
cuts the "nick" in the head of the partially
The saw is worked by the lever l, and the said lever / by the
camb m. After the rising of the saw k the press e retires, and the partially
formed screw falls from the machine. Fig. 105 represents a side elevation of
the feeding mechanism of the machine last described.
formed screw.
Having now described the nature of the said Invention, and the manner in
which the same is to be carried into effect, I wish it to be understood, that,
although I have described the said Invention as applicable to the manufacture

page_text: of nails, rivets, bolts, screw blanks, and pins of iron, I do not confine myself
thereto, as the Invention is also applicable to the manufacture of the said articles
from other metals and metallic alloys; and I also wish it to be understood,
that I do not limit myself to the precise methods of carrying the Invention
into effect, herein-before described, as the same may be varied without departing
from the nature of the said Invention; but I claim, with regard to the machino
herein-before described and represented in Figures 1, 2, and 3, firstly, the
general arrangement of the several parts of the said machine; secondly, the
method of working the heading punch; thirdly, the fixed and moveablo presses
by which the nail is compressed in its whole length (excepting the head);
fourthly, the method of working the said moveable press; fifthly, the moveable
pincers which hold that portion of the nail of which the head is made during
the retiring of the moveable cutter and the advancing of the moveable press;
sixthly, the method of working the said pincers as well as the method of
working the other pincers in the said machine, whether the said improvements
are combined in one machine, as herein described, or used in connection with
any machine to which they are applicable.
I claim, with regard to the machine represented in Figures 19, 20, and 21,
firstly, the form of the strips of metal to be used in the said machine;
secondly, the method of constructing and working the cutting tools;
thirdly, the method of compressing the nail on its four sides; fourthly, the
manner of forming the head by the cutters; fifthly, the method of removing
the nail from the machine by the retiring of the lower press, whether the said
improvements are combined in one machine, as herein described, or used
in connection with any other machine to which they are applicable.
I claim, with regard to the first modification of the machine represented in
Figures 19, 20, and 21, the constructing of presses by the operation of which
the partial formation of the head is effected.
I claim, with regard to the second modification of the machine represented
in Figures 19, 20, and 21, the method of constructing and working tho
moveable cutter and the press so as to form the nails at one operation.
I claim, with regard to the machine represented in Figures 29 and 30,
the method of advancing the strips or bands of iron, and giving an oblique
inotion thereto, whether the same be applied to the manufacture of nails
without compressed heads, or used in connection with mechanism for forming
heads.
I claim, with regard to the machines represented in Figures 32, 33, 34,
and 85, the method of advancing and turning the iron, as well as the

page_text: form given to the iron used in the said machine and the method of compressing
the nail on its four sides, whether the said method of advancing and turning
the iron be used in connection with the said method of compressing the nail or
in connection with any other mechanism.
I claim, with regard to the machine represented in Figures 36 and 37,
firstly, the method of constructing a machine for making cut nails, in which a
series of cutters are fixed on the periphery of a wheel so as to have a rotary
motion; secondly, the method of giving an oblique position to the strip of iron
so as to produce a wedge-like form in the pieces of iron cut off; thirdly, the
method of giving a wedge-like form to the pieces of iron cut off by the said
rotatory machine, by giving an inclination to the said rotatory cutters in
alternate directions, and also a slight motion in a horizontal plane to the other
or fixed cutter, so as to bring its edge in a linc parallel to that of the rotary
cutter which next acts against it.
I claim, with regard to the machines represented in Figures 39, 40, 41, 42,
and 44, firstly, the methods of making in one or two operations strips or bands
of iron of a form resembling a series of nails joined together, the head of one
to the point of another; secondly, the methods of making nails by the operation
of one pair of rollers only.
I claim, with regard to the machines represented in Figures 43, 45, 46,
47, 48, 49, and 50, the several methods represented in the said Figures of
making nails from strips, rods, or bands of iron, whether previously preparod
so as to have the form of a series of nails joined together, the head of one
being joined to the point of another, or otherwise.
I claim, with regard to the machines represented in Figures 51, 52, 53, 54,
and 55, the method of making nails, rivets, bolts, scrow blanks, and pins, by
cutting off and rolling a piece of heated iron between suitably formed rollers,
or between a roller and a fixed surface.
I claim with regard to the machine, Figures 56 and 57, the construction of
a machine for making wire nails by means of the processes and tools described,
whether the said processes follow each other in the order explained with regard
to the said machine, or otherwise.
I claim with regard to the machine, Figures 70¹ and 71, firstly, the con-
struction of a wire nail machine, in which the compression of the body of the
nail, and the formation of the point and cutting off of the nail are effected by
the same pair of tools; secondly, the mechanism by which the nail is removed
from the machine.
I claim, with regard to the machine represented in Figures 69 and 70, the

page_text: construction of a machine, in which the formation of the point, the cutting off
of the nail, and the formation of the head, are effected by the same pair of
tools.
I claim, with regard to the machine represented in Figures 78 and 74, the
construction of a machine, in which a wire nail is made by the series of
operations described with regard to the said machine.
I claim, with regard to the machine represented in Figures 81, 82, 83,
and 84, the method of forming the points of nails by the action of file surfaces
as described with regard to the said machine.
I claim, with regard to the machine represented in Figures 75 and 76, the
method of working the tools of the said machine by the motion to and fro of a
carriage or carriages, the said method of working the tools permitting of the
said machine being double, that is to say, making two nails during one revo-
lution of the axis.
I claim, with regard to the machine represented in Figures 78, 79, and 80,
firstly, the method of working the cutting and pointing tools; secondly, the
method of advancing the wire or prepared strips of iron to be used in the
said machine.
I claim, with regard to the machine represented in Figures 85, 86, 87,
and 88; firstly, the general arrangement of the machine; secondly, the method
of forming the head of the nail, rivet, bolt, screw blank, or pin by percussion;
thirdly, the method of advancing the rod or wire; fourthly, the method of
working the pressing and cutting and pointing tools.
I claim, with regard to the machine represented in Figures 89 and 90,
firstly, the method of advancing the wire ;. secondly, the method of cutting
the said wire; thirdly, the method of forcing the rivet, bolt, screw blank, or
pin from the machine; fourthly, the arranging of soveral of these machines on
one axis.
I claim, with regard to the machines represented in Figures 91 and 92, the
method of cutting wire into suitable lengths for the formation of nails, bolts,
screw blanks, and pins.
I claim, with regard to the machine represented in Figure 93, firstly, the
method of cutting sprigs from wire or strips of metal; secondly, the arranging
of several of the said machines on the same axis.
I claim, with regard to the machine represented in Figures 94 and 95, the
making of the heads and the "nicks" or grooves in the heads of screw
blanks in the same machine.
I claim, with regard to the machine represented in Figures 96 and 97, the
method of making the "nicks" or grooves in the heads of screw blanks.

page_text: I claim, with regard to the machine Figures 101 and 102, the method of
making the heads and the "nicks" or grooves in the heads of screw blanks in
the same machine.
I claim, with regard to the machine Figures 103 and 104, the manufacture
of screw blanks, by cutting off the wire of which the said screw blanks are
made, and forming the heads and the "nicks" or grooves in the said heads in
one machine.
I claim also, the methods of "feeding" or advancing the wire represented
in the machines Figures 29, 56, 57, 66, 78, 89, and 105, in their application
to any other machines to which they may be applied.
I claim also, the methods of turning over strips or bands of iron represented
in the machines Figures 32 and 34, in their application to any other machines
to which they may be applied.
In witness whereof, I, the said Louis Nicolas de Meckenheim, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Twenty-third day of July, One
thonsand eight hundred and forty-sovon
LOUIS NICOLAS (L.s.) DE MECKENHEIM.
AL
I claim, with regard to the machine Figures 101 and 102, the method of
making the heads and the "nicks" or grooves in the heads of screw blanks in
the same machine.
I claim, with regard to the machine Figures 103 and 104, the manufacture
of screw blanks, by cutting off the wire of which the said screw blanks are
made, and forming the heads and the "nicks" or grooves in the said heads in
one machine.
I claim also, the methods of "feeding" or advancing the wire represented
in the machines Figures 29, 56, 57, 66, 78, 89, and 105, in their application
to any other machines to which they may be applied.
I claim also, the methods of turning over strips or bands of iron represented
in the machines Figures 32 and 34, in their application to any other machines
to which they may be applied.
In witness whereof, I, the said Louis Nicolas de Meckenheim, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Twenty-third day of July, One
thonsand eight hundred and forty.coven
LOUIS NICOLAS (L.s.) DE MECKENHEIM.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty third day of July,
the
year of our Lord 1847, the aforesaid Louis Nicolas de Meckenheim came
before our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the
Specification aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified,
in form above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped
according to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Nineteenth day of August, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and forty-seven.
LOUIS NICOLAS (L.s.) DE MECKENHEIM.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-third day of July, in
the year of our Lord 1847, the aforesaid Louis Nicolas de Meckenheim came
before our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the
Specification aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified,
in form above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped
according to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Nineteenth day of August, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and forty-seven.