IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINES FOR KNEADING AND MIXING VARIOUS SUBSTANCES OR MATERIALS
Year: 1876

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Paul Pfleiderer, of Norwood, in the County of Surrey,
Engineer, for the Invention of " IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINES FOR KNEADING
AND MIXING VARIOUS SUBSTANCES OR MATERIALS."
Sealed the 19th January 1877, and dated the 20th July 1876.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Paul Pfleiderer at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 20th July 1876.
PAUL PFLEIDERER, of Norwood, in the County of Surrey, Engineer. " IMPROVE-
MENTS IN MACHINES FOR KNEADING AND MIXING VARIOUS SUBSTANCES
MATERIALS."
OR
My Invention has reference to improvements in the machine described in the
Specification of the Patent granted to me, and bearing date 26th November 1875,
No. 4116, and consists in the first place in adapting and applying to the revolving
blades or kneading shovels therein described revolving scrapers instead of fixed
scrapers, the object of this change being to give to the said scrapers a differential
motion in relation to the said blades or shovels for the purpose of more completely
mixing and kneading certain materials for the treatment of which the said machine
is applicable. The said scrapers may be either free to revolve on their respective
axes or they may be separately driven by suitable gear so as to vary their speed in
relation to the revolving blade or shovel to which they are applied. By means of
the said revolving scrapers the material under treatment will be prevented from
adhering to the blades or shovels or the side walls of the trough and from becoming
formed into masses to which it is or may be liable.
My Invention consists in the second place in the use of frames fitting the inside
of the said trough, and having scraping edges adapted for clearing the side walls of
the trough from adhering material, such frames having slots formed in them so as
to admit of their being worked past the axles of the blades or shovels either by.
hand or mechanically. These frames may be used either in substitution for scrapers
or in addition to them.
My Invention consists in the third place in adapting the machine for continuous
operation on material entering it at one end and passing out of it at the opposite
end after treatment. For this purpose the trough is constructed with open ends,
one for the admission and the other for the exit of the material, and the machine
is arranged either for the operating parts to travel in a direction opposite to that
in which the material enters, or for such parts to be stationary and the material to
[Price 8d.]

page_text: be forced through the machine. The revolving blades or shovels and the part of
the trough which is between them are the same as before.
My Invention consists in the fourth place in constructing the trough of a conical
instead of a cylindrical form, and the revolving blades or shovels of a corresponding
form, that is to say, the blades or shovels are still elliptical in form but the paths
described in their revolution are conical instead of cylindrical surfaces, the axles
converging instead of being parallel. By this means facility is given for arranging
the blades or shovels so as to revolve around a vertical axis, as in the case of an
ordinary mortar mill, and to run between the rollers and mix the material crushed
by them, thereby increasing the effectiveness of such machines. But the above-
stated mode of arranging the revolving blades or shovels is not confined to such
machines.
My Invention consists in the fifth place in giving to the trough bottom a limited
power of movement by means of a weight or a spring in order that it may be
capable of yielding in the case of a stone or other hard material getting between
the revolving blade and the trough bottom, or the same result is obtained by
means of elastic bearings for the revolving blades or shovels and their driving gear.
My Invention consists in the sixth place in forming openings to serve as com
munications between the two parts of the trough bottom in which the blades or
shovels respectively revolve, such openings (which for some purposes may be made
to form a kind of comb) to be capable of being closed if required by means of slides
worked either by hand or mechanically.
My Invention consists in the seventh place in multiplying the revolving blades
or shovels by arranging them side by side or vertically in different combinations
and adding thereto sliding or turning valves or cocks, partitions, or other closable
communications for the purpose of adapting the machine either for continuous or
intermittent action, as may be required.
My Invention consists in the eighth place in constructing the machine with the
trough containing the revolving blades separate and removeable from the driving
gear, the latter with its frame forming a kind of machine by itself. By this
means several troughs may, if required, be connected and used with one set of
driving gear and the troughs can be manipulated independently of the gearing so
as to admit of their being respectively emptied and refilled in succession, as
required.
*And my Invention consists in the last place in mounting the trough on trunnions
so as to admit of its being tilted in order to discharge its contents as required,
thereby dispensing with the need of taps or other outlets at the bottom of the
trough.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Paul Pfleiderer in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 19th January
1877.
PAUL PFLEIDERER, of Norwood, in the County of Surrey, Engineer.
"IMPROVE-
MENTS IN MACHINES FOR KNEADING AND MIXING VARIOUS SUBSTANCES OR
MATERIALS."
My Invention of "Improvements in Machines for Kneading and Mixing various
Substances or Materials," has reference to improvements in the machine described
in the Specification of a Patent granted to me, and bearing date November the
Twenty-sixth, One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, No. 4116, and consists
in the first place in adapting and applying to the revolving blades or kneading
shovels therein described, revolving scrapers instead of fixed scrapers, the object of
this change being to give to the said scrapers a differential motion in relation to
the said blades or shovels for the purpose of more completely mixing and kneading,
and disintegrating certain materials for the treatment of which the said machine

page_text: is applicable, and also to facilitate the cleaning of the blades and the removal of the
finished material, also to make the construction of the machine with bearings for
each end of the shaft of the revolving blade more suitable. The said scrapers may
either be free to revolve on their respective axes, or they may be separately driven
by suitable gear, so as to vary their speed in relation to the revolving blade or
shovel to which they are applied. By means of the said revolving scrapers the
material under treatment will be prevented from adhering to the blades or shovels,
or the side walls of the trough and from becoming formed into masses to which it is
or may be liable.
My Invention consists in the second place in the use of frames fitting the inside
of the said trough, and having scraping edges adapted for clearing the side walls
of the trough from adhering material, such frames having slots formed in them so as
to admit of their being worked past the axles of the blades or shovels, either by
hand or mechanically. These frames may be used either in substitution for scrapers
or in addition to them.
My Invention consists in the third place in adapting the machine for continuous
or intermittent operation on material entering at one end and passing out at the
opposite end thereof after treatment. For this purpose the trough is constructed
with open ends (which if required can be closed and reopened from time to time)
one for the admission and the other for the exit of the material, and the machine
is arranged either for the operating parts to travel in a direction opposite to that
in which the material to be forced through the machine is travelling, or for the
material to travel through the operating parts as fixtures. The movement of the
material (that is to say, the feeding and delivering action) can be effected by means
of rollers, Archimedean screws, by natural fall, or other mechanical means. The
revolving blades or shovels and the part of the trough which is between them
(hereinafter called a bridge) are constructed on the same principle as before. The
same effect is or may be obtained by making openings in the other two side walls,
which openings may be closed as required, or the top and bottom may be made
open, and used for the entrance and exit of the material.
My Invention consists in the fourth place in constructing the trough of a conical
instead of a cylindrical or aggregate cylindrical form, and the revolving blades or
shovels of a corresponding form, the axles of the same converging instead of being
parallel. By the adoption of cones instead of cylinders, as the fundamental shape
of the trough and as fundamental surfaces from which to derive the outer boundaries
of the blades, by their intersection with the oblique flat dished, or otherwise curved
surface which forms the area of the blade, facility is given for arranging the
apparatus so as to revolve around a vertical axis (as in the case of an ordinary
mortar mill) and to run between the rollers and mix the material crushed by them,
thereby increasing the effectiveness of such machines. But the above stated inode
of arranging the revolving blades or shovels with the bridge between them is not
confined to such machines. It may sometimes be of advantage to adopt the conical
instead of the cylindrical forn as the fundamental shape of the parts referred to
even for the original and simple form of the machine described under my Patent
No. 4116 (1875). On the other hand the mortar mill or edge runner type of
machine adapted for continuous operation can also be constructed with the axles
of the blades parallel, or nearly so, if the diameter of the pan is practically large
enough as compared with the size of the Blades used.
My Invention consists in the fifth place in giving to the trough bottom a limited
power of movement by means of a weight or a spring, in order that it may be capa-
ble of yielding in the case of a stone or other hard substance getting between the
revolving blade and the trough bottom. Or the same result can be obtained by
means of elastic bearings, for the revolving blades or shovels and their driving
gear.
My Invention consists in the sixth place in forming openings to serve as com-
munications between the two parts of the trough bottom in which the blades or
shovels respectively revolve, such openings (which for some purposes may be made

page_text: so as in combination to form a kind of comb), to be capable of being closed if
required by means of slides worked either by hand or mechanically.
My Invention consists in the seventh place in multiplying the revolving blades
or shovels by arranging them side by side or vertically in different combinations,
and adding thereto sliding or turning valves or cocks, partitions, or other closable
communications, for the purpose of adapting the machine either for continuous or
intermittent action, as may be required. But the said valves or outlets may also
be applied to machines with only one pair of blades or shovels, either with or
without scrapers.
My Invention consists in the eighth place, in constructing the machine with the
trough containing the revolving blades or shovels separate and removeable from
the driving gear, the latter with its supporting frame forming a kind of machine
by itself. By this means, several troughs may if required be connected and used
with one set of driving gear, and the troughs can be manipulated independently
of the gearing, so as to admit of their being respectively emptied and refilled in
succession as required.
And my Invention consists in the last place in mounting the trough on trunnions,
so as to admit of its being tilted in order to discharge its contents as required,
thereby dispensing with the need of taps or other outlets at the bottom of the
trough.
Having thus stated the nature of the said Invention, I will proceed to describe
more particularly in what manner the same is to be performed by the aid of the
accompanying Drawings, in which are represented parts of the machines herein..
before referred to.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
The
In Sheet I. Fig. 1 is a longitudinal section of a revolving blade with scrapers,
and Fig. 2 is an end view of the same with the shaft in section. The revolving
blade A is fixed on the shaft B which is formed as shown in Fig. 2, in order to
admit of the conical bushes C, C, and the tubes or rings D, D, being capable of
movement thereon in a longitudinal direction while fixed otherwise.
scrapers E, E, are generally free to revolve on the conical bushes C, C, when these
arc revolving close against the faces or side walls of the trough, but when the
tubes or rings D, D, being acted upon from outside are forced against the conical
bushes C, C, the latter by the friction generated, cause the scrapers E, E, to revolve
with the blades thereby scraping the side walls of the trough as required.
When the conical bushes C, C, are released on the withdrawal of the tubes or
rings D, D, and the pius or tappets F, F, are projected forwards through their
apertures in the side walls, the scrapers E, E, will be stopped, and the blade A
continuing to revolve will become scraped by the stationary scrapers. This mode of
regulating the action of the scrapers may be varied in some cases by connecting
them by means of bushes through the side walls of the trough, with special
gear for driving them as required. The form of the scrapers may also be varied as
required.
In Fig. 3 is represented a blade A with scrapers E, E, of another form having
their revolving axes perpendicular to the plane of the blade. These scrapers are
shown in section at a, b, Fig. 4, which is a view thereof as seen in the direction of
the arrow. These scrapers are used either alone as shown in Fig. 3, or in com-
bination with the before described scrapers, in which their form is slightly modified,
while they are constructed on the principle shown and described.
Fig. 5, (on Sheet III.), is a vertical section showing the scraping frame in its
simplest form, and which may be worked by hand or by any suitable mechanical
means not shown in the Drawing. Fig. 6 is a plan of the same.
In Sheet II. Fig. 7 is a section showing one arrangement of the machine with
open ends.
In this case the side walls parallel to the axes of the blades or shovels
are hinged so as to admit of the opening and closing of the trough as required. By
this arrangement the blades or shovels are rendered accessible on three-fourths of

page_text: their circumference, which admits of their being left on their shafts during the
process of emptying the trough, instead of requiring to be removed therefrom
for this purpose, and moreover it removes objection to having the bearings on both
ends of the shaft. When one side of the trough is turned down as a flap the
whole machine can be moved against the material which is to pass through it,
and for continuous working it will be useful to arrange the blades or shovels so
as to form a series (instead of a single pair) side by side as shown in the diagram,
Fig. 8. The dotted lines in this Figure indicate one method of utilizing natural
fall for causing the material to pass through the machine.
Fig. 9, Sheet II., is part of a horizontal section showing an apparatus composed
of two blades or shovels adapted to work in a trough of conical form, as arranged
in a machine of the mortar mill type, with the trough open at both ends, but
retaining between them the bridge G formed by the junction of the two conical
parts composing the bottom of the trough.
In this case either the apparatus can be made to revolve around the vertical
axis at H, or the pan I can be turned by means of the toothed rim J, the apparatus
remaining stationary. The larger wheel K keyed on the shaft of one of a pair
of blades or shovels gears with the toothed rim J, and thereby forms a simple
means of driving the blades, but the movement thereof can also be effected by
means of wheels placed on the inner ends of the shafts, or the blades can be
driven altogether independently of the relative motion between the apparatus and
the pan. In this arrangement it may also be useful to have more than two blades
in a consecutive series. Diagram Fig. 8 corresponds with a section taken in the
line a, b, c, d, e, and opened out in one plane.
In the apparatus thus shown the mouth piece formed by the end of the trough
will when in operation scrape off and shovel into the trough and on to the blades
such material as is carried against it by the pan, these mouth pieces must therefore
be made to fit the trough. Rollers or edge runners may be used to crush the
material while it is mixed by the blades in their revolution, but in many cases
such rollers are not required.
The simplest kind of communication between the parts of the trough would be
by means of a pipe connecting the two halves of which the bottom of the trough
consists and which can be understood without a Drawing.
In Sheet III. Fig. 10 is a section showing a trough with communications which
in combination are in form similar to a comb; Fig. 11 is a transverse section; and
Fig. 12 a horizontal section of the same.
In Fig. 11 is shown in elevation, and in Fig. 13 in plan, a blade or shovel adapted
to work in such modified form of trough. The blades are required to clear each
other, which they will do if they fit their respective troughs or parts of the trough.
The communications between the several compartiments of the trough bottom or
aggregates of cylinders which are obtained by the division of the latter into a
series of half cylinders of different radius are as it were the intervals in the comb
formed by the several separate bridges between each pair of corresponding cylin-
ders, and these openings can be varied in size (especially in depth) by varying the
amount of deviation in the radii of the several pairs of corresponding cylinders.
Figures 14 and 15 arc sections showing a trough with another kind of communi-
cation formed between the two halves of the trough bottom. A rectangular box at
the lowest part of the trough is made to open into the two halves of the latter,
either entirely or only partly intersecting the bridge G. A slide L fitting the box
tightly can be moved up and down for the purpose of interrupting the communica-
tion by occupying the place of the missing part of the bridge G, or opening it as
required. The dotted lines indicate the entire intersection of the bridge by the
opening. Several of such openings may be made, or the whole bridge may be
transformed into a sliding bridge, which if held in its raised position by means of
a spring or weight will represent one kind of yielding trough bottom referred to
herein-before under the fifth head of my Invention.
In Sheet IV., Figures 16 and 17 are vertical sections, and Fig. 18 a plan or

page_text: '
horizontal view showing a machine with two pairs of blades or shovels adapted
to work in one trough, divided by a bridge, that is to say, two blades or shovels
are combined lengthwise in each half of the trough, and with one common axis of
revolution. The halves formning the bottom of the trough become each a separate
turning valve or outlet which can be turned through an arc of nearly one hundred
and eighty degrees in the direction of the arrow (Fig. 17), thereby producing an
opening at the bottom, and at the same time closing the top. In Fig. 10 this
turning valve or outlet is shown only partly in section. The bushes M are the
bearings for the shaft.
Fig. 17 represents a section through the trough or frame and through the left-
hand turning valve or outlet, that on the right hand being shown in elevation. In
Figures 16 and 17 no blades or shafts are shewn. In the plan, Fig. 18, the blades
and shafts are shown only in one half trough. In some cases it is useful to fix
a perforated partition, as at N, between two adjoining blades in one half trough
bottom.
Fig. 19 is a diagram illustrating one manner in which the above arrangement
can be multiplied, but such multiplication can be made in different ways. Similar
results can be obtained by making such trough bottoms to slide in and out in a
direction parallel to the axis of the blades.
The eighth head of my Invention requires no illustration by Drawing, as it con-
sists simply in a separation of the operating parts of the machines described from
the driving gear for the same, leaving such machines and driving gear to be con-
nected in any suitable manner adapted for attaining the object stated.
And with reference to the last head of my Invention it is to be observed that
where the arrangement of tilting the whole trough is applied to such machines as
have the trough and blades combined in one machine with the driving gear it is
necessary that the axis of the driving pulley or wheel, which is driven from out-
side, should agree with or be in a line with the prolongation of the axis of the
trunnions, so that by the tilting operation no excentric movement of such driving
pulley or wheel may be produced, but that it may remain in proper gear and
unaffected by such tilting. For small machines, such as are driven by hand, or
where the small driving string or driving band can readily be taken off during the
tilting, the trunnions or hinges are not necessarily subject to this condition.
Having thus described the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, I would have it understood that I do not claim as of
my Invention any of the parts of machinery or modes of construction herein-
before described otherwise than as adapted and applied to machines of the kind
described in the Specification of my Patent, No. 4110 (1875), that is to say,
machines in which a pair of revolving blades or shovels are combined with a trough
bottom composed of two suitably forined concave portions with a bridge between
them. But what I do claim as of my Invention is the adaptation and application
to such machines of one or more of the improvements and modifications of construc-
tion herein-before described and referred to.
In witness whereof, I, the said Paul Pfleiderer, have hereunto set my hand
and scal, the Nineteenth day of January, in the year of our Lord Onc
thousand eight hundred and seventy-seven.
Witness,
WILLIAM SPENCE,
8, Quality Court,
Chancery Lane.
PAUL PFLEIDERER. (L.S.)