IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAINTS, PIGMENTS, AND MATERIALS FOR HOUSE PAINTING, PAPER STAINING, AND DECORATIVE PURPOSES GENERALLY
Year: 1853

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Arnold Mortou, of Cockerill's Buildings, Bar-
tholomew Close, in the City of London, Colour Manufacturer, for
the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAINTS,
PIGMENTS, AND MATERIALS FOR HOUSE PAINTING, PAPER STAINING, AND
DECORATIVE PURPOSES GENERALLY."
Sealed the 13th January 1854, and dated the 13th July 1853.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Arnold Morton
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 13th July 1853.
I, ARNOLD MORTON, do hereby declare the nature of the said Inven-
tion for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAINTS, PIGMENTS, AND
MATERIALS FOR HOUSE PAINTING, PAPER STAINING, AND DECORATIVE PURPOSES
GENERALLY," to be as follows, viz. :-
This Invention consists in mixing or incorporating, by heat, grinding,
or solution, all the various colors called "stainers," as also all whites
called "body colors," of every denomination at present known or in use
for house painting, paper staining, and all decorative purposes, and also

page_text: an mines, with soap
milky compounds, and with sulphates, acids, alkalies, whereby I am
enabled to dispense with all pernicious ingredients called dryers,
turps, &c., and all colors ground in oil and oils at present used by
painters, rendering such means as aforesaid all the first mentioned
colors, pigments, &c. inordorous and innoxious, and still available for
all the uses of house painting, paper staining, and decorative purposes
as aforesaid. The same process renders all colors soluble in water,
and to be thinned" with the same, and yet. when.applied as other
paint enables it to dry-speedily and harden, and upon receiving a
saponaceous solution becomes insoluble and impervious to soaps, acids,
or oils.
ADDITION TO PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
In order to the better exemplification of the nature of my said
- Invention, I will state, as an example, that I take of skimmed milk
about 2 pints; to this I add 8 ounces of pale yellow or other soap cut
up and incorporated with the same by heat, and when cold I add from
6 to 8 ounces of powdered alum, or from 4 to 6 ounces of sulphate of
zinc; these are incorporated by grinding. This semi-fluid mass forms
a vehicle for all colors, pigments, &c., with few exceptions, such as
emerald green and chrome yellows. In these exceptional cases it is
preferable to incorporate-the-pigment or color with the soap and milk,
and afterwards decompose this mixture by acids or sulphates.
When using sulphate of zinc, I add dry white lead, say 12 lbs. to
24 lbs. of the vehicle to form a body, and grind the whole together.
To china clay 12 lbs. I add powdered alum 4 to 6 lbs. to subdue the
same, & grind the whole in water. A sufficient quantity of the above
is then added to the vehicle aforesaid, and the whole ground together.
By the above white lead compound, and the china clay compound, two
superior whites are produced. In. all-compounds a moderate excess of
acid or sulphate must exist.. When used for painting, the above is to
be thinned with water only, and laid on like other colors, and when
dry a saponaceous solution is passed over the work, rendering the whole
impervious as before stated..

page_text: Other pigments, limes, stainers, or colors, are treated in like manner,
according to their affinities, with acids, sulphates, or alkalies, and the
vehicle added, receiving the solution afterwards.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Arnold Morton in the Great Seal Patent Office,
on the 18th January 1854.
J
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I,
ARNOLD MORTON, of Cockerill's Buildings, Bartholomew Close, in the
City of London, Color Manufacturer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Thirteenth day of July, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three, in the seven-
teenth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Arnold Morton, Her special
licence that I, the said Arnold Morton, my executors, administra-
tors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Arnold Morton, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with,
and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and.. vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAINTS, PIGMENTS, AND MATE-
RIALS FOR HOUSE PAINTING, PAPER STAINING, AND DECORATIVE PURPOSES
GENERALLY," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Arnold
Morton, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the
same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Arnold Morton, do. hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the

page_text: sanie is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in.and by the following statement:
The nature of this Invention consists in and has reference to substi-
tuting for the linseed oil, or other oils as at present used in painting, for
spirits of terpentine or other spirits and "dryers" used in painting, and
for the "sizes" and "gums" used in paper staining and coloring, the
mixtures or compounds herein-after set forth and described, and in
treating the various "stainers" and body colors to fit them to be used
therewith, whereby I produce paints, pigments, and colors of the
various kinds useful for house painting, paper staining, and decorative
purposes generally, which are inodorous, or nearly so, and innoxious.
And for the better exemplification of the natare of my said Invention,
and particularly as to what manner the same is to be performed, I now
proceed to describe the processes that I pursue in order to effect the
objects aforesaid, that is to say:-Thus, I take any of the paints, pig-
ments, mineral, metallic, or vegetable colors, or any argillaceous or other
earths, lime, carbonates, or colors, burnt or raw, or any chemical colors,
whether stainers or body colors, at present known or in use for house
painting and paper staining. And by the preparing; mixing, com-
pounding, or incorporating of other articles herein-after described in
various ways, I form vehicles for the same, and treat the various colors
according to their natural affinities, in such manner as herein-after
described, so as to render such colors inodorous, innoxious, and durable,
and fit for the general requirements of house painting and paper stain-
ing, and these vehicles I substitute in place of the usual linseed oils,
boiled or raw, spirits of turpentine, and dryers of every description, as
used in their present state, and likewise for all gums and sizes at
present in use for paper staining and colouring of nearly every descrip-
tion: The exact proportions in all cases cannot be precisely stated, as
it entirely depends on the relative properties or strengths of cach
chemical or body used (not always to be obtained of uniform quality).
But herein-after follows such practical directions as will enable an
intelligent operator to prepare these paints, pigments, or colors, so as to
'answer the end and objects above stated.

page_text: Thus, in preparing vehicle No. 1, or that most suitable for general
use, take milk (which I prefer to be skimmed), say two pints and
a half, to which I add eight ounces of soap (the best pale yellow being
preferred) sliced, so as to render it readily dissolvable by heat. I put-
these into a vessel, which is to be placed in another vessel containing
so much water or liquid as will surround the first-named vessel, and
apply heat thereto, and continue the action of the heat until the whole
contents of the interior vessel is incorporated and mixed together; then
pass this fluid mass, whilst in the heated state, through a sieve so as to
retain any lumps or undissolved particles of soap. Let this mixture
become cold; then let the same be worked in a pug mill until it
is brought to the consistency of ordinary shoemaker's paste; then add
gradually, still working it in the mill, six ounces of genuine alum, pow-
dered, and when this is well mixed together pass this semi-fluid mass
through an ordinary color mill until the whole becomics perfectly and
finely incorporated.
Το prepare vehicle No. 2, I proceed by combining milk and soap in
the same proportions and manner aforesaid, but instead of adding thereto
the powdered alum I add either pure or rough sulphate of zinc, pul-
verized, in the proportions of from two to four ounces, the exact amount
being dependant on its subduing the combined milk and soap, (that is
to say,) leaving the sulphate moderately in excess. This must also be
passed through a sieve, and ground as directed in the case of No. 1,
vehicle.
To prepare the vehicle No. 3, use the sanic proportions of milk and
soap, and treat them as aforesaid, but subdue
by sugar of lead or
acetic acid; that is, allow a moderate excess of acid to exist.
Το prepare the vehicle No. 4. (which may be termed a semi-vehicle
for the purpose of subduing any excess of acid existent in colors or
stainers containing same previous to being mixed with any of the
vehicles aforesaid.) take same proportions of milk and soap only, and
treat them as aforesaid, but without adding anything thereto, and
without grinding it in the color mill. And this being added in suf-
ficient quantity will subdue the excess of any acid or sulphate in any
stainer or color containing same.

page_text: Take any desired quantity thereof; let this be half-saturated with
water, and worked well in a pug mill; then add a sufficient quantity of
the semi-vehicle No. 4, to subdue any acid or sulphate it may contain,
and then add to this the No. 2, vehicle in such quantity as will suffice
to fasten it, and render it usable and durable as a paint. In like
manuer I treat the ordinary dry white lead of commerce.
TO PREPARE A WHITE OR BODY COLOR FROM LIME.
Take Gibralter, Plymouth, marble or stone lime, preference being
given in the order above stated; slack the same to the consistence of
very thin mortar, and when cold take any given quantity of the same,
first picking out the core. Take also an equal quantity, by measure,
of pulverised genuine alum passed through a sieve of 8 or 10 meshes to
the inch; put the lime into a pug mill driven by any useful power, diluting
the same with water to the consisfence of cream; let this settle about
half an hour, then draw off the fine solution into another vessel; to this
sediment add the alum, continuing the motion; the more speed the
better. This must be continued for half an hour, when the alum' will
be found to have decomposed the lime. You may then add gradually
the finer solution of lime already drawn off, which acts very visibly, and
the whole mass becomes heated until it has received nearly sufficient
to decompose the alum. The working of the same nust be kept up

page_text: at least three hours, and must not cease any length of time until the
operation is complete. The best test for ascertaining the sufficiency of
the quantity of lime is by applying the tip of the tongue to the same; if
there be not sufficient lime no readily appreciable effect will be felt by
the tongue, but if sufficient a very sharp acrid effect will be felt; this
being ascertained, continue the working for another hour, repeatedly:
testing with the tongue as before, and if the acrid effect ceases more
lime must be cautiously added and worked until it returns and remains.
Let this stand 24 hours at least, or any longer time convenient. Set
the mill in motion, adding water gradually until it is sufficiently thinned
to admit of being plunged in more water. Draw off the same into
another vessel, adding more water, gradually contuing the plunging.
until the same is thinned to the consistence of milk, and pass it
through a sieve (of 110 or 120 meshes to the inch) into a strainer,
and when the water has passed off through the strainer the same must
be pressed to the consistence of satin white, as at present used by paper
stainers, but differing, as it possesses a superior body approaching more
to enamel. This white thus prepared must be neutral, and will freely
mix with any of the former vehicles excepting No. 4. To prepare a
white from sulphate of barytes, grind the same in water. This will
also freely mix and work in vehicles 1, 2, and 3. To prepare a white
from dry zinc white, grind the same in water, to which I would add
vehicle No. 2.
I now proceed to state. the manner of treating or preparing the
various stainers and chemical colors so that they may be worked in
their genuine state apart from any body colors.
:
Of raw umber pulverized take any quantity, to which add pulverized
genuine alum sufficient to impregnate same to a slight excess when
finely ground in water, and add to this No. 1, 2, or 3, vehicle.
The same treatment, and the use of the same vehicles, is to be adopted
for burnt umber, stone ochre (raw), stone ochre (burnt), Indian red,
Venetian red, brown ochre, spruce ochre, burnt sienna, raw sienna, and.
Vandyke brown.
But for ultramarine blue, indigo blue, Prussian blue, chrome yellows,
deep and lemon, lamp black, and drop black, the above treatment is-

page_text: not required, it being requisite simply to finely grind same in vehicles
Nos. 1, 2, or 3, (the last two preferred.) This applies also applies to
blue verditer and green verditer, scarlet, crimson, and purple drop
lakes; also vermillion, except that No. 2, vehicle must be used.
Emerald greens are to be subdued by (that is) impregnated to a
slight excess with the semi-vehicle No. 4, and finely ground in vehicles
No. 1,, or 3.
In preparing paints, pigments, and colors, as above stated, it will be
necessary to observe great care in duly admixing and compounding the
same, and this must be especially kept in view with the finer kind of
colors, such as lakes for instance. In using these paints and pigments
when they are required, after drying on the wall or work, to become
hard and impervious to water and soaps, it will be necessary to coat
the same with a saponaceous solution composed of soap (by preference
the best pale yellow), dissolved by boiling in water to the consistence
of boiled linseed oil, when in a warm state (in which state it should be
used), and sufficient to decompose any acid that may be in the work
when dry; and in mixing and compounding these paints, pigments,
or colors, it will be sufficient test that they are duly admixed and
compounded, when such solution, on being applied to a surface painted
or colored therewith, does not curdle thereon; and should any sucli
curdling take place, then, in order to rectify the paint, pigment, or color,
resort must be had to thoroughly incorporating therewith a sufficient
quantity of semi-vehicle No. 4, to prevent such curdling. And if a
painter should find any such curdling arise on the surface upon using
any such paint or pigment, he must rince off the curdle, and allow the
work to dry, reapplying the solution.
The semi-vehicle No. 4, might even bé incorporated with any dry
pigment, color, or material for painting, prepared in the manner here-
tofore practised, and then painted with, by passing over the same when
dry an acid solution, and when this dried in the saponaccous solution
aforesaid.
The before-mentioned vehicles 1, 2, and 3, may be incorporated
with any of the pigments or colors used paper stainers, or any other
pigments or colors: not enumerated, according to the affinity of such

page_text: vehicles; and it might even be sufficient simply to first grind such
pigment or color in water withont any other preparation, and no gums,
oils, dryers, or spirits will be required on being applied as aforesaid; and
in compounding or finally preparing these paints, pigments, or colors
for painting, paper staining, and colouring, they are to be thinned or
reduced by water only, as found necessary. And it may be remarked
that although I have given directions for the preparing, mixing, and
compounding of paints, pigments, colors, or materials for painting, paper
staining, and decorative purposes generally; yet, as regards distemper
colors, it might be suflicient to paint a surface with them as prepared in
the ordinary manner, and when dry to coat the same with any of the
vehicles aforesaid, except No. 4.
Having now described the nature of my said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I claim is,
the Invention of the nature and character herein-before set forth and
exemplified.
In witness whereof, I, the said Arnold Morton, have hereunto set
hand and seal, this Thirteenth day of January, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-four.
my
Signed & sealed in my presence,
F. W. CAMPIN,
ARNOLD MORTON. (L.S.)
Patent Agent,
156, Strand.