IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR INDICATING AND RECORDING THE FLUCTUATIONS OF THE PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES OF LIQUIDS AND FLUIDS
Year: 1868

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Lee Norton, of Belle Sauvage Yard,
Ludgate Hill, in the City of London, and William Henry Bailey,
of the Albion Brass Works, Salford, in the County of Lancaster,
Brass Founder and Steam Gauge Manufacturer, for the Invention
of IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR INDICATING AND RECORDING THE
FLUCTUATIONS OF THE PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES OF LIQUIDS AND
FLUIDS,"
Sealed the 3rd July 1868, and dated the 7th January 1868.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Lee Norton and
William Henry Bailey at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 7th January 1868.
WO, JAMES LEE NORTON, of Belle Sauvage Yard, Ludgate Hill, in the
City of London, and WILLIAM HENRY BAILEY, of the Albion Brass Works,
Salford, in the County of Lancaster, Brass Founder and Steam
Gauge Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR INDICATING AND RECORDING THE
FLUCTUATIONS OF THE PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES OF LIQUIDS AND
FLUIDS," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in apparatus for
indicating and recording the fluctuations of the pressures and tem

page_text: peratures of liquids and fluids. For recording the pressures of steam
or other fluid any gauge may be employed which indicates the pressure
by a revolving pointer, and we transmit motion from the axis of the
pointer (by a wheel or pinion fixed thereon) to a rack capable of
sliding endwise to and fro. The rack carries at one end a pencil, the
point of which bears against the circumference of a drum, the axis
of which is parallel with the line of movement of the rack. A
revolving motion is transmitted to the axis of the drum by clockwork
in the ordinary manner. If an ordinary Bourdon pressure gauge be
employed in which the end of the bent tube gives motion to a lever
carrying a quadrant which gears with and gives motion to a pinion
on a central pivot; the pivot is carried through the back of the case,
and a wheel is fixed on it as large in circumference as the length of
the drum, or of the paper on the drum if paper be used for receiving
the indications. This wheel works to and fro with the varying
pressures and actuating the rack, the pencil at the end of the rack
will trace a line on the drum which can be read when the paper is
removed. If air be exhausted from the tube of the gauge the pressure
of the atmosphere or what is termed vacuum will be indicated;
thus making the same instrument with. a slight alteration of the
rack into a self-recording barometer, or of a vacuum created for
mechanical purposes. The pressure gauge and recording apparatus
are both enclosed in one case; the dial or face of the pressure gauge
and the face of the clock being side by side at the front of the case.
If a piston pressure gauge be employed in which spiral, helical, or
other springs force down a piston working in a cylinder, the piston
rod of the piston by a rack formed upon it gives motion to a pinion
on the axis of the revolving pointer or indicator, and on this axis is
another toothed wheel which gears with a rack carrying a pencil or
marker that works against a revolving drum, as in the arrangement
first described. The same construction of recording apparatus may
also be employed when an india-rubber diaphragm is used in place
of the closely fitting piston. It may also be used in conjunction
with that class of gauges in which a steel or other metal diaphragm is
employed.
For gas pressures, or for indicating and recording very low pressures,
such as the pressure of the wind, we use either the well-known plan
of a column of water, or use the ways indicated in the Specification

page_text: of a Patent granted to John Bailey, George William Blake, and
William Henry Bailey, dated 28th September 1863 (No. 2383). If a
dome be employed immersed at its edges in mercury, and the fluid
under pressure be conveyed to the interior of the dome through a
small pipe, we affix a rack to the top of the dome, and this rack gives
motion to an indicating and recording apparatus such as above
described. If a water column be employed, the rack which actuates
the indicating and recording apparatus is fixed to the top of the
hollow float. All gauges for steam require what is known as a
"syphon pipe" to keep away the high temperature of the steam from
the works, it having a tendency to soften the springs, to decompose
the solder, and otherwise injure the works. A U bend is for this
purpose usually made in the pipe leading to the pressure gauge, the
U bend being outside of the gauge case is just below its bottom.
According to our Invention we place a small syphon pipe inside of
the case of the gauge; if a Bourdon gauge be employed we form this
syphon by bending over the pipe into which the steam is admitted and
lead it into the upper end of a small chamber at the side of the case,
and from the bottom of this case is led the bent metal tube of the
gauge. By this arrangement the gauge is made more compact, much neater
in appearance, and cheaper than gauges as heretofore constructed, and is
also quite as cool as the old gauges. When using a gauge constructed on
the Bourdon principle for indicating and recording pressures we combine
together two or more bent tubes to actuate the quadrant which gives
motion to the central axis of the gauge. This arrangement gives greater
elasticity and more durability than where one tube only is employed as
heretofore.
For recording temperature we use either mercury or the principle
known as Dr. Ure's, consisting of two strips of different metals. In
the latter case we solder the metal strips together in a curved arc like
the Bourdon tube. One end of the metal arc is fixed, and the other
end is connected to a lever carrying a quadrant which transmits
motion to the indicator axis, as in the Bourdon gauge, and from this
axis we give motion to a rack carrying a pencil or marker working
against a drum, as herein-before described. Or the recording
apparatus inay be used in conjunction with other pyrometers or
thermoineters.
For recording delicate variations of temperature we employ a tube

page_text: like the tube of an ordinary thermometer containing mercury, the
stem of the tube is bent just above the bulb at the lower end of the
tube, and at the point where the tube is bent it is fixed to and
carried by a pivot, upon which is a lever arm which carries a
quadrant which is to transmit motion to the axis of the indicator
and recorder. If the temperature increases then the mercury will
rise higher in the part of the stem which is above the point of
suspension, and so the pivot and quadrant will be turned, and this
movement will be recorded as before described. If metallic rods be
employed for indicating temperature we employ a long metallic rod
such as a copper wire, which is fixed at one end, and at the other
is fixed to a lever quadrant which may give motion to an indicator
point and recording apparatus, as herein-before described. The lever
quadrant or free end of the wire has a spiral or other spring attached
to it, which always keeps taut the long metallic wire, and in order
to be able to employ a metallic wire of considerable length in
comparatively small space we bend the wire to and fro thus
rollers being placed at the point or points where the wire is bent.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent
filed by the said James Lee Norton and William Henry Bailey
in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 7th July 1868.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, JAMES
LEE NORTON, of Belle Sauvage Yard, Ludgate Hill, in the City of
London, and WILLIAM HENRY BAILEY, of the Albion Brass Works,
Salford, in the County of Lancaster, Brass Founder and Steam Gauge
Manufacturer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Seventh day of January, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, in the thirty-
first year of Her reign, did for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto us, the said James Lee Norton and William
Henry Bailey, Her special licence that we, the said James Lee
Norton and William Henry Bailey, our executors, administrators, and

page_text: assigns, or such others as we, the said James Lee Norton and William
Henry Bailey, our executors, administrators, and assigns, should at
any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and law-
fully might make, use, exercise, and vend within the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of
Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR INDICATING AND
RECORDING THE FLUCTUATIONS OF THE PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES OF
LIQUIDS AND FLUIDS," upon the condition (amongst others) that we,
the said James Lee Norton and William Henry Bailey, our executors
or administrators, by an instrument in writing under our
or their
hands and seals, or under the hand and seal of one of us, or them,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said James Lee Norton, on behalf of
myself and the said William Heury Bailey, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to
be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement
thereof, that is to say:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in apparatus for
indicating and recording the fluctuations of the pressures and tem-
peratures of liquids and fluids. For recording the pressures of steam
or other fluid any gauge may be employed which indicates the pressure
by a revolving pointer, and we transmit motion from the axis of the
pointer (by a wheel or pinion fixed thereon) to a rack capable of
sliding endwise to and fro; the rack carries at one end a peucil, the
point of which bears against the circumference of a drum, the axis of
which is parallel with the line of movement of the rack. A revolving
motion is transmitted to the axis of the drum by clockwork in the
ordinary manner. If an ordinary Bourdon pressure gauge be employed
in which the end of the bent tube gives motion to a lever carrying
a quadrant which gears with and gives motion to a pinion on a central
pivot, the pivot is carried through the back of the case, and a wheel
is fixed on it as large in circumference as the length of the drum

page_text: or of the paper on the drum (if paper be used for receiving the
indications); this wheel works to and fro with the varying pressures and
actuating the rack the pencil at the end of the rack will trace a line on
the drum which can be read when the paper is removed. If air be
exhausted from the tube of the gauge the pressure of the atmosphere or
what is termed vacuum will be indicated, thus making the same instrument
with a slight alteration of the rack into a self-recording barometer, or of a
vacuum created for mechanical purposes.
In Figure 1a is the clock which gives motion to the drum b. An
ordinary Bourdon gauge c gives motion to the lever d carrying a quadrant
which works into the pinion e. The wheel is fixed on the same axis as
this pinion, and the circumference of this wheel is equal to the length
of the drum b. The wheelf gears into the rack g, to which is connected
the pencil or marker h, which thus records the movements of the gange
on the paper on the drum, while the rotating motion imparted to the
drum by the clock causes the time of such movements also to be recorded.
The pressure gauge and recording apparatus are both enclosed in one
case, the dial or face of the pressure gauge and the face of the clock
being side for side at the front of the case. If a piston pressure gauge
be employed in which spiral, helical, or other springs force down a
piston working in a cylinder the piston rod of the piston by a rack formed
upon it gives motion to
a pinion on the axis of the revolving
pointer or indicator, and on this axis is another toothed wheel which
gears with a rack carrying a pencil or marker that works against a
revolving drum, as in the arrangement first described. The same con-
struction of recording apparatus may also be employed when an india-rubber
diaphragm is used in place of the closely fitting piston; it may also be
used in conjunction with that class of gauges in which a steel or other
metal diaphragm is employed.
Figure 2 shows the arrangement adopted when a piston gauge is used.
To the piston a is attached the rack 6 working into the pinion c, on the
axis of which is fixed the wheel d having a circumference equal to the
length of the drum. The motion of this wheel is transmitted to the
pencil e by means of the rack e. A portion of the drum is shown
at f.
For gas pressures, or for indicating and recording very low pressures
withan the all

page_text: of a column of water, or use the ways indicated in the Specification of
a Patent granted to John Bailey, George William Blake, and William
Henry Bailey, dated 28th September 1863, No. 2383. If a dome be
employed immersed at its edges in mercury and the fluid under pressure
be conveyed to the interior of the dome through a small pipe we affix
a rack to the top of the dome, and this rack gives motion to an indicating
and recording apparatus such as above described. Such an arrangement
is shewn at Figure 3. a is the dome, the edge of which dips into the
annular trough of mercury b. The fluid under pressure is conducted
to the interior of the dome by means of the small type d. If a water
column be employed the rack which actuates the indicating and recording
apparatus is fixed to the top of the hollow float. All gauges for steam
require what is known as a "syphon pipe" to keep away the high
temperature of the steam from the works, it having a tendency to soften
the springs, to decompose the solder, and otherwise injure the works.
AU bend is for this purpose usually made in the pipe leading to the
pressure gauge, the U bend being outside of the gauge case is just below
its bottom. According to our Invention we place a small syphon pipe
inside of the case of the gauge. If a Bourdon gauge be employed we
form this syphon by bending over the pipe into which the steam is
admitted and lead it into the upper end of a small chamber at the side of
the case, and from the bottom of this case is led the bent metal tube of
the gauge.
By this arrangement the gauge is made more compact, much
neater in appearance, and cheaper than gauges as heretofore constructed,
and is also quite as cool as the old gauges. Figure 4 shows this improved
form of gauge, which instead of being furnished with an ordinary syphon
pipe outside the gauge has the small syphon pipe a fixed inside. When
using a gauge constructed on the Bourdon principle for indicating and
recording pressures we combine together two or more bent tubes to
actuate the quadrant which gives motion to the central axis of the gauge.
This arrangement gives greater elasticity and more durability than where
one tube only is employed as heretofore. Figure 5 is a plan of three
Bourdon tubes combined together.
For recording temperature we use either mercury or the principle
known as Dr. Ure's consisting of two strips of different metals. In the
latter case we solder the metal strips together in a curved arc like the
Bourdon tube. One end of the metal arc is fixed and the other end is
connected to a lever carrying a quadrant which transmits motion to the

page_text: indicator axis, as in the Bourdon gauge, and from this axis we give motion to
a rack carrying a pencil or marker working against a drum, as herein-before
described; or the recording apparatus may be used in conjunction with
other pyrometers or thermometers.
Figure 6 is an apparatus constructed of two strips of different metals
soldered together on Dr. Ure's principle. Any change of temperature
affects the apparatus, and the motion is transmitted to the rack carrying
the pencil as shown in the Figure and already described.
For recording delicate variations of temperature we employ a tube
like the tube of an ordinary thermometer containing mercury; the stem
of the tube is bent just above the bulb; at the lower end of the tube.
and at the point where the tube is bent it is fixed to and carried by
a pivot upon which is a lever arin which carries a quadrant which is
to transmit motion to the axis of the indicator and recorder. If the
temperature increases then the mercury will rise higher in the part
of the stem which is above the point of suspension, and so the pivot
and quadrant will be turned, and this movement will be recorded as
before described. Figure 7 shows this sufficiently clear without further
description. If metallic rods be employed for indicating temperature
we employ a long metallic rod, such as a copper wire, which is fixed at
one end and at the other fixed to a lever quadrant which may give
motion to an indicator point and recording apparatus, as herein-before
described. The lever quadrant or free end of the wire has a spiral or
other spring attached to it which always keeps taut the long metallic
wire; and in order to be able to employ a metallic wire of considerable
length in a comparatively small space we bend the wire to and fro
rollers being placed at the point or points where the wire
is bent. In Figure 8 the wire a is fixed at b, and being bent to and fro
passes over the pulleys c, c, c, and is attached to the lever d which carries
the quadrante working into the pinion f, by means of which the pencil may
be actuated, as already described. Any changes in the length of the wire
consequent on variations of temperature will thus be transmitted to the
pencil and be recorded on the paper on the drum.
thus
'
Figure 9 shews an apparatus specially adapted for recording the
flnctuations of temperatures of liquids. a is a brass tube, to the bottom
of which is fixed one end of the porcelain rod b, the other end of which
is attached to the lever c; the top of the rod a' is a fixture; thus any

page_text: T
Tre nowyes.
change in the length of the tube a consequent upon the temperature of the
liquid in the vat e is transmitted to the lever, and thence to the recording
apparatus, as shown in the Drawing and already described.
In witness whereof, I, the said James Lee Norton, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Sixth day of July, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight.
J. L. NORTON. (L.S.)