matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON FROM THE PUDDLING FUR- NACE FOR THE PURPOSE OF ROLLING SAME INTO SHEETS, INTENDED TO BE COATED WITH TIN, LEAD, OR ANY OTHER METAL, APPLICABLE ALSO TO THE MANUFACTURE OF ALL OTHER SORTS OF SHEET OR BAR IRON WHERE TOUGHNESS, STRENGTH, AND DUCTILITY ARE ESSENTIAL
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Philip Woodruff at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 3rd April
1860.
I, PHILIP WOODRUFF, of Machen, in the County of Monmouth, Iron and
Tin Plate Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON FROM THE PUDDLING FUR-
NACE FOR THE PURPOSE OF ROLLING SAME INTO SHEETS, INTENDED TO BE COATED WITH
TIN, LEAD, OR ANY OTHER METAL, APPLICABLE ALSO TO THE MANUFACTURE OF ALL
OTHER SORTS OF SHEET OR BAR IRON WHERE TOUGHNESS, STRENGTH, AND DUCTILITY
ARE ESSENTIAL," to be as follows:-
The best quality of iron has hitherto been made by using charcoal, instead
of which I propose by this Invention to use in the puddling furnace as a flux
peroxide of manganese, which being a chemical compound of manganese and
oxygen, the oxygen leaves the manganese and unites with the sulphur,
phosphorous, or other matters which are combined with pig iron, and which
are noxious and at variance with malleable iron, and the manganese combines
with the iron, giving it ductility and great malleability.
For the purposes of this Invention, I take an ordinary puddling furnace
and charge it, as usual, with four hundredweight to five hundredweight (more)
or less) of pig iron or metal, and when the iron is hot and well melted, I put
in the flux of peroxide of manganese, using from one to three pounds for each

page_text: charge, the quantity to be dependent upon the nature of pig iron used, and the
quality of the iron required.
It is important in this process to put in the flux at this particular period, as
if
put in before the iron is properly melted the oxygen of the flux will not
unite so thoroughly with the sulphur and other impurities, nor will the
manganese unite so thoroughly with the iron. If the flux be put in the
furnace after the iron is melted, or at the point of effervescence (technically
called boiling), the same result will follow, as both ways hinder a combination
of elements, and therefore the flux does little or no good.
It will be found by the above mixture of manganese, with ordinary care and
attention, uniformity of product will be obtained, and in making tinned plates
the bar iron will roll with great softness, and at a low degree of heat, fineness
of surface, and with little mill waste, will open without trouble, and will
produce but few "wasters," all essential points in tin plate manufacturing,
whilst the sheets when finished are superior in appearance and toughness to
any hitherto made.
IMPROVEMENTS IN POWER LOOMS
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by François Charles Husson at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 8th
November 1860.
I, FRANÇOIS CHARLES HUSSON, of Paris, France, Manufacturer, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN POWER LOOMS,"
to be as follows:---
These improvements relate to power looms for weaving flax, hemp, cotton,
or other textile materials, and have for their object,―
Ily, imparting an equal strain to the threads of the warp web by winding
on the warp beam simultaneously with the web a woollen, linnen, or other
suitable cloth or band, so as always to have a winding of this cloth interposed
between each two successive windings of the warp. In weaving this cloth and
the web, unwind simultaneously and gradually from the warp beam, the cloth
winding itself up on another roller, while the warp threads pass in the harness
and between the teeth of the reed.
2ly, rendering the motion of the batten more regular, and thus prevent
the same from imparting sudden jerks to the warp web. For this purpose a
sort of counterweight frame or compensating batten is adapted to the shaft or
arbor of the ordinary batten, which counterweight or compensating batten
constantly equilibrates the effect of the real batten. Besides the reed is
mounted in a special frame swinging by means of gudgeons in [bearings
situated in the swords of the batten, to which latter this frame is further
connected by an elastic medium, such as a piece of india-rubber or other

page_text: suitable sufficiently elastic material; the reed is thus allowed to drive the
shoot or weft thread gradually into the open shed, acting on the weft at first
with a gradually increasing, and finally with a gradually decreasing effect, so
as to aid in doing away with any jerks that would otherwise be imparted to
the warp web by the beating up of the shoot.
3ly, obtaining a regular winding up on the cloth beam, the fabric being
drawn towards and wound on this latter by being pressed between the surface
of a revolving roller, and an endless band moving by other revolving rollers
suitably connected to the first-mentioned revolving roller and to the cloth
beam, the motion of the whole being made dependant to that of the batten by
suitable gearing and ratched wheel with clawkers.
AN IMPROVEMENT IN LAYING SUBMARINE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH CABLES
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Alfred Vincent Newton at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 6th
February 1860.-A communication from abroad by James Bell Alexander,
of New York.
I, ALFRED VINCENT NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane,
in the County of Middlesex, Mechanical Draughtsman, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVEMENT IN LAYING SUBMARINE
ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH CABLES," to be as follows:-
The object of this Invention is to enable a telegraph cable to be paid out
from a vessel in a slack condition, or so that it may not be allowed to bear on
the point where it leaves the vessel from which it is paid out, with suffi-
cient weight to be subjected to any considerable or injurious strain in laying.
To attain this end, floats are attached to the cable at certain distances as it
leaves the vessel, the same being so constructed as to support it near the
surface for as long a time as may be determined upon after it reaches the
water, and to allow it after the expiration of such time to sink gradually to
the bottom. The kind of float which is proposed to be used for this purpose
is a box of tin plate or other metal made water-tight, with the exception of a
small orifice in its bottom for the ingress of water, and a similar orifice in the
top for the egress of air, so that the box, after floating for some time, may be
sunk by water entering the lower orifice. These floats may be attached to
the cable at distances of from one hundred to two hundred yards or more or
less apart by means of a stout cord about four fathoms or more in length,

page_text: which will allow of the cable, while the floats remain on the surface of the
water, being suspended below them at such depth as not to be liable to injury
from vessels passing over it. The cords may be attached to the cable by
nippers by tying or other means of fastening it; but the simplest and
quickest mode of attaching them will, perhaps, be by providing a loop at the
free extremity of each cord large enough for the float to be passed through
it, passing the cord round the cable, and passing the float through the loop,
and then drawing the cord tight upon the cable.
IMPROVEMENTS IN TRACTION ENGINES
Year: 1860

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Joseph Siddall Travis, of Stretford, near the City
of Manchester, Book-keeper, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
TRACTION ENGINES."
Sealed the 7th February 1861, and dated the 7th September 1860.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Joseph Siddall Travis at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 7th
September 1860.
I, JOSEPH SIDDALL TRAVIS, of Stretford, near the City of Manchester,
Book-keeper, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN TRACTION ENGINES," to be as follows:-
These improvements consist in working traction engines by means of two
steam cylinders, the pistons of which move at a great velocity, and com-
municate rotary motion to two crank shafts, which can be worked inde-
pendently of each other, or coupled by a friction clutch box; on each crank
shaft is fixed a fly wheel and a spur pinion gearing into an intermediate
mortice wheel, the teeth of which gear into internal cog wheels, cast or fixed-to
the driving wheels; these driving wheels are loose on the axle, and their
circumferences are rounded and bevelled to suit the road on which they run;
the boiler, which I prefer to place vertically, is supported by the axle of the

page_text: driving wheels and by the framing, and it is surrounded by a cistern and
casing, which are in communication with the supply tank; the feed water is
thus heated before it is pumped into the boiler, and one or more safety valves
are applied to the casing to allow for the escape of steam. The piston rods
from the steam cylinder pass through a portion of the cistern, into which
water can be admitted if, owing to the great speed of the engines, the working
parts should become heated. The valves for the steam cylinders are opened
and closed by separate regulators, but a third regulator, capable of working
the valves of both cylinders simultaneously, is provided. When the engine is
working on a straight road the crank shafts are connected by the clutch box,
but in turning to one side or the other the clutch box is thrown out of gear
by a handle, which is brought into a convenient position for the steersman or
driver, and then one of the steam engines is driven rather faster than the
other, in order to move the traction engine either to the right hand or the
left, as may be required. Each steam engine is also provided with a reversing
motion similar to the link motion of a locomotive engine, in order to be able
to reverse the direction of motion instantaneously. The chimney is furnished
with a wire guard and a hood to prevent the escape of particles of fuel, and to
reduce the noise made by the steam in blowing off. The front part of the
carriage is supported by two wheels and an axle, or by a roller, as may be
found most convenient.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF INDIGO
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henry Bernoulli Barlow at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 15th
August 1860.-A communication from abroad by Messieurs Breslauer,
Meyer, and Company, of Berlin, in the Kingdom of Prussia.
I, HENRY BERNOULLI BARLOW, of the City of Manchester, Patent Agent,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF INDIGO."-A communication to me from
abroad by Messieurs Breslauer, Meyer, and Company, of Berlin, in the
Kingdom of Prussia, to be as follows:―
The nature of this Invention consists in applying metals instead of salts
in the manufacture or preparation of indigo. In performing this Invention
various kinds of metals may be employed, but those at present found most
advantageous are metallic zinc, metallic iron, and metallic tin, the latter in
particular possessing the required qualities, and being easily recovered from the
slime or sediment in the vat. In preparing the improved metallic indigo vat
the metallic, tin, or other metal is mixed with lime and indigo; water is then
added, and before the vat is used the ingredients are allowed to stand suffi-
ciently long for the reaction to take place. By thus applying metals instead
of salts in the manufacture or preparation of indigo all the advantages of the
old systems are retained while the defects are remedied.
AN IMPROVEMENT IN STACKING EARTHENWARE DURING THE PROCESS OF FIRING, AND IN APPARATUS USED FOR THAT PURPOSE
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Enoch Lockett and Herbert
Goodwin at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 30th August 1860.
We, ENOCH LOCKETT, of Great Fenton, in the Parish of Stoke-upon-
Trent, in the County of Stafford, Potter, and HERBERT GOODWIN, of the same
Place, Bricksetter, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"AN IMPROVEMENT IN STACKING EARTHENWARE DURING THE PROCESS OF FIRING,
AND IN APPARATUS USED FOR THAT PURPOSE," to be as follows:-
Our improvement consists in the employment of a "saddle" (constructed
as hereafter described) for the purpose of supporting and stacking earthenware
in the kiln during the process of firing the same. The "saddle" is formed
rather longer than the diameter of the articles to be stacked, and is provided
at each end with a foot, the upper part of each "saddle" being furnished
with recesses or holes, in which the feet of the one above it rest, so as to give
greater solidity and security to the "stack." The "saddles" are depressed in
the centre to suit the form of the ware, and are here provided with two ridges
(one at each side), on which the articles of earthenware to be fired rest. The
"saddles" are made of fire-clay, earthenware, or other suitable material, and
may be either moulded, pressed, or otherwise formed, as may be preferred.
APPARATUS FOR GOVERNING AND REGULATING THE SPEED OF MARINE ENGINES
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Frederick Bernhard Doering at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 11th May 1860.
I, FREDERICK BERNHARD DOERING, of Ebury Street, Eaton Square, in the
County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"APPARATUS FOR GOVERNING AND REGULATING THE SPEED OF MARINE ENGINES," to.
be as follows:-
The principal object of this Invention is to regulate the speed of marino
engines by hydrostatic pressure, in such a manner that as the vessel dips and
rises the screw will be so acted on as always to keep at the same speed, or
nearly so, this being effected in the following manner:-At the stern of the
vessel, and near the bottom at the sides are placed pipes or tubes communi-
cating with a cylinder open at top, in which is a piston and rod. On the piston.
rod (between a guard or guide and the piston) is placed a spiral spring here-
after described; the upper end of the piston rod is jointed and communicates-
with a throttle valve in the steam pipe through the medium of rods and:
levers.
It will appear evident, therefore, that when the stern of the vessel is deep in.
the water the pressure upon the piston will be such as to force it to the
required point, when the valve will be opened to its fullest extent; but as the-
pressure diminishes the spiral spring forces back the piston, which at once.
commences closing the valve, the spring being regulated by a set screw in the

page_text: guard, thus when the screw is out of water the motion is not accelerated. It
will be observed that the pressures of water on the screw and piston of governor
are diminished or increased simultaneously.
In place of a spring compressed air may be applied by forming the upper
part of the cylinder into a closed air chamber, and regulating the
the air by a force pump and guage.
pressure of
IMPROVEMENTS IN CARBONIZING SAWDUST AND OTHER FINELY DIVIDED VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES, AND IN OBTAINING CERTAIN USEFUL PRODUCTS BY SUCH CARBONIZATION, AND IN APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Ludwig Buchholz at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 26th September
1860.
I, LUDWIG BUCHHOLZ, of Gottenburg, Sweden, but now residing at Man-
chester, in the County of Lancaster, Merchant, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN CARBONIZING SAWDUST AND OTHER
FINELY DIVIDED VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES, AND IN OBTAINING CERTAIN USEFUL PRODUCTS
BY SUCH CARBONIZATION, AND IN APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH," to be as
follows:
According to my Invention I place the sawdust or other such substance in
a close vessel and admit steam thereto by means of perforated pipes or other-
wise, by which air and aqueous vapor or water are expelled; or I otherwise
drive off or exhaust the same, and the carbonization is then carried on by heat
from a fire.
A particular construction of apparatus I employ is a vertical retort, within
which is a perforated vessel of smaller diameter capable of being charged at
top. At the lower end is a slide, which, being moved, opens an aperture for
the discharge, and the charcoal then falls or is driven into a close chamber
beneath. I propose, if required, using instruments within the retort to agitate
the material. The products I obtain besides the charcoal, are acetic acid,
acetate of lime, of soda, or other acetate, naphtha; and gas for illumination or
heating. In obtaining these or part of them I cause the gases or vapors
given off during the carbonization to pass, firstly, into a lower vessel so

page_text: arranged as to condense and receive the tar, the remaining vapors
then pass
upward through a vessel containing lime or other base for an acetate, and kept.
at a suitable temperature for arresting the acetous vapor, but allowing the
remainder to pass through a worm or other refrigerator where the naphtha is
condensed, and the gas for illumination or heating is then collected by ordinary
apparatus.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN THE PRODUCTION OF LIGHT
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Amherst Hawker Renton at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 29th
October 1860.
I, AMHERST HAWKER RENTON, of 49, Cambridge Street, Eccleston Square,
Pimlico, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN
THE PRODUCTION OF LIGHT," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to apparatus employed in the production of light,
more particularly when oxygen and hydrogen gases or their compounds are
consumed on a surface of lime or other suitable material, and consists in
combining the apparatus by which the gases are generated with that by which
they are consumed in a case or other receptacle within the base, or otherwise
attached to the lamp containing the lime or other material, so as to constitute
a portable lamp when desired capable of being moved from place to place, or
a fixed light when required to be stationary. And this I effect by placing the
generating apparatus for both the gases employed within the pedestal of the
lamp or contiguous to it, such pedestal or other receptacle being of limited
size, as the generation of the gases are regulated by the consumption thereof,
by which arrangement pipes, capacious gas-holders, and the usual appendages
to the generating portion of such system of lighting are dispensed with,
thereby producing a more economical apparatus for the production of light
and conducing to its use under circumstances where such lamps or lights
could not or would not be applied.
AN IMPROVED HANDLE OR HOLD- FAST FOR FILES, CHISELS, AND SIMILAR TOOLS
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Marc Antoine François Mennons
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 17th May 1860.-A communication from Mr. Amédée Paillard, a
person resident at Ste. Croix, near Geneva (Switzerland).
I, MARC ANTOINE FRANÇOIS MENNONS, of the British and Foreign Patent
Offices, 39, Rue de l'Echiquier, Paris, in the Empire of France, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED HANDLE OR HOLD-
FAST FOR FILES, CHISELS, AND SIMILAR TOOLS," to be as follows:-
This apparatus is composed of two metallic jaws, each tapered off at the
outer surfaces so that they take, when together, the form of a flattened conc.
These jaws are suspended freely to a circular metallic collar threaded on the
outside, and fitting in a tapped socket. The .arrangement is completed by a
wooden or other handle, in the length of which is drilled a circular cavity
receiving a wire spring. The stalk of the file or other tool to be used being
inserted between the metallic jaws, the latter are screwed up in the tapped
socket (by means of the threaded collar to which they are suspended) till
stopped by the pressure on their conical surfaces. The tool is thus securely
fixed, while its perpendicularity is maintained by the spring lodged in the
centre of the handle, as above mentioned.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OR PRODUCTION OF SULPHUR OR BRIM- STONE, SULPHUROUS ACID, AND SULPHURIC ACID
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Wilson at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 22nd June 1860.
I, JOHN WILSON, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain,
Manufacturing Chemist, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention.
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OR PRODUCTION OF SULPHUR OR BRIM-
STONE, SULPHUROUS ACID, AND SULPHURIC ACID," to be as follows, that is to.
say:-
This Invention relates to a novel system or mode of manufacturing or pro--
ducing sulphur or brimstone, sulphurous acid, and sulphuric acid, by distilling:
or calcining aluminous schist or alum shale in close retorts or chambers. The
process is simply that of ordinary distillation or calcination, and the three-
products herein-before named are all produced from the raw materials herein--
before named, according to the ordinary principle pursued when distilling:
or calcining mineral substances in closed chambers. The essential object of
the present Invention is the simple and economical production of sulphur, but.
it equally applies to the production of sulphurous and sulphuric acids.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN MACHINERY AND APPARATUS FOR AND IN TREATING FLAX, HEMP, RHEEA, CHINA GRASS, NEW ZEALAND FLAX, PLAINTAIN, AND ALL OTHER VEGATABLE AND ANIMAL FIBRES
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Rutter at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 2nd October 1860.
I. GEORGE RUTTER, of 16, Gt. Guildford Street, Southwark, in the County
of Surrey, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN MACHINERY AND APPARATUS FOR AND IN TREATING FLAX, HEMP, RHEEA,
CHINA GRASS, NEW ZEALAND FLAX, PLAINTAIN, AND ALL OTHER VEGATABLE AND
ANIMAL FIBRES," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in machinery and apparatus
for and in treating flax, hemp, rheea, China grass, New Zealand flax, plantain,
and all other vegatable and animal fibres. For this purpose the fibre in its
raw state "as taken from the field" is first passed through a machine which
I describe as a breaking, rubbing, scraping, and brushing machine combined.
One of its principal objects is to prepare hemp, flax, and all other fibres for coarse
purposes, as rope, twine, canvas, by the action of the one machine alone. The
fibres on being presented to the above breaking, rubbing, scraping, and brushing
machine are caught by two or more pairs of smooth or fluted rollers, and carried
on to a centre fluted barrel or drum driving several small rollers similarly fluted,
the said small fluted rollers working with a lateral or rubbing motion while
running round; after the fibres have passed over the centre barrel they are
caught by a pair of fluted rollers, and while passing through them is subjected
to the action of revolving beaters, and revolving brushes and knives. The fibres
for fine purposes, after being passed through the above breaking, rubbing,

page_text: scraping and brushing machine, are placed in a strong iron-bound wicker
basket, and then placed into a tank of either iron or wood, and charged with
medicated steam of about sixty pounds pressure to the square inch, which steam
can be distilled again; the fibres are then passed through a machine similar
to the above breaking, rubbing, scraping, and brushing machine, which object
is to thoroughly wash and wring the fibres; the fibre is then dried, cut into
lengths, and is then ready to be combed by the improved combing machine,
having three cylinders in the form of a triangle, carrying an endless web of
leather or other flexible material, which travels continuously, and has card
teeth fixed in it, to these travelling teeth the free ends of the fibres are
gradually presented. The advantage of this machine being that two frames of
fibre are continually subjected to the action of the card teeth while the other
frame is being emptied and refilled with fibre. After the fibres have passed
through the machine last described it is ready for spinning in the ordinary
manner.
IMPROVEMENTS IN LUBRICATING CANS OR VESSELS
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Jacob Henry Radcliffe at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
28th August 1860.
I, JACOB HENRY RADCLIFFE, of Oldham, in the County of Lancaster, Iron
and Tinplate Worker, do declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN LUBRICATING CANS OR VESSELS, to be as follows:-
To any shaped can I screw an air chamber having an air pipe extending, to
nearly the bottom of the can, air being supplied to the chamber by a pipe.
The spout or feeder is screwed to the chamber, and close to its opening at the
bottom is an opening in the chamber which passes to the outside,. through
which opening the oil passes from the can to the spout or feeder, the employ-
ment of the chamber enabling the surplus oil and the oil accumulated in the
air pipe to pass through the spout without destroying the supply of air, after
which the oil passes regularly through the side opening direct to the spout.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR DYEING, WASHING,. AND SIZING
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Pickstone and William
Bacon at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition,.
on the 30th May 1860.
We, WILLIAM PICKSTONE, of Radcliffe, Cotton Spinner,. and WILLIAM
BACON, of Southport, both in the County of Lancashire, do hereby declare the
nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR DYEING, WASHING,.
AND SIZING," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in machinery for dyeing,.
washing, and sizing. For these purposes the vessel used is of an. annular
form, and furnished with steam jackets or cavities for heating the contained
fluid, which jackets can either be placed on its exterior and interior sides, and on.
its bottom, or on such of them as may be necessary. This dye,.wash, or sizing
vessel is to be fitted with pipes for the purpose of washing the yarn, thread or
fabrics contained therein. These pipes may be introduced either over the
vessel, or near the centre, or both, and are formed with numerous holes or
slots for the injection of washing water or other fluid. In the centre of the
space formed by the inner side of the annular vessel is an upright driving.
shaft or axis, which carries a frame, also of an annular form, and such frame-
is received into the annular vessel in such manner as to be capable of revolving:
therein. The frame carries a series of pairs of rollers, arranged radially across.
the annular vessel, on which rollers the skeins, hanks, or fabrics are placed or
wound round. These rollers, with the materials to be operated upon thus.

page_text: Provision is
attached, are placed or hung in the revolving frame, and in such manner as to
keep the yarns, thread, or fabrics in a perpendicular position.
made for giving motion to the series of rollers, so that the materials may at
pleasure, uniformly or with definite alterations be acted upon by the fluids
used in the dyeing, washing, or sizing processes. The frame and machinery
are so arranged and constructed, that when the dye and wash liquors and
fluids have been run from the vessel, the yarns, thread, or fabrics carried by
the rollers may, without being removed from the vessel, be freed from moisture
by centrifugal action, caused by a quick rotation of the frame.
INPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARCHIL
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Edward Newton at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 6th
September 1860.-A communication from abroad by Mr. Jean Frédéric
Beyerbach, of Frankfort-on-the-Maine.
I, WILLIAM EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane,
in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "INPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARCHIL," to
be as follows:-
This Invention of improvements in the manufacture of archil consists in
blowing air or oxygen gas into an alkaline solution of the coloring matter
of lichens. The liquid coloring matter obtained by the decoction of the lichen
in water containing a small quantity of caustic soda is filtered and evaporated
to the density of about 9° Beaumé. A suitable quantity of caustic ammonia,
is added, and the solution is placed in convenient vessels, and atmospheric air or
oxygen is forced through the solution by means of any suitable blowing
apparatus which will force the air or gas through pipes and cause it to bubble
up through the liquor, by allowing it to escape from holes made in that part of
the air pipes which is immersed in the liquor. The air pipes are provided with
stop-cocks, for regulating or cutting off the supply of air as may be required;
the attendant therefore is enabled to increase, diminish, or altogether cut off
the supply of air as he may consider it necessary.
AN IMPROVE- MENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN DRESSING CASES AND WRITING CASES
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joseph Underwood at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 10th August
1860.
I, JOSEPH UNDERWOOD, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Manu-
facturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVE-
MENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN DRESSING CASES AND WRITING CASES," to be as
follows:-
My Invention consists in the addition to dressing cases and writing cases
of an expanding pocket. I make the said expanding pocket, by preference, of
the size of one side of the dressing or writing case, and connect it to the said
side by means of elastic bands, joined at one end to the bottom edge of the
pocket, and at their other ends to the said case. The flap which turns over
and covers the open side of the pocket is of such a length that it will cover the
said open side of the pocket when the pocket is expanded. The said flap is
made to engage with the lock of the case when the pocket is more or less full,
either by a spring slide in the said flap carrying the staple which enters the
lock, or by making several openings in the lock case, in either of which a
staple on the flap may enter and engage with the lock.
IMPROVEMENTS IN PREPARING AND IN TANNING HIDES AND SKING
Year: 1860

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Thomas Holmes, of Anlaby Road, Hull, Tanner, for
the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN PREPARING AND IN TANNING HIDES AND
SKING."
Sealed the 22nd May 1861, and dated the 28th November 1800.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thomas Holmes at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 28th
November 1860.
I, THOMAS HOLMES, of Anlaby Road, Hull, Tanner, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN PREPARING AND IN TANNING
HIDES AND SKINS," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its oject improvements in preparing and in tanning
hides and skins. For these purposes, when softening hides and skins, in place
of using stocks a barrel or cylinder is used, in the interior of which there are
on the circumference numerous pegs or projections, each a few inches long,
pointing towards the centre. The barrel or cylinder is arranged to rotate on
suitable axes at the ends, and it is preferred that the barrel or cylinder should
be about nine feet diameter and a few feet in length; but these dimensions
may be varied.

page_text: It should be stated that no claim is made to the construction of the
cylinder or barrel, similar ones having been before used for other purposes.
The hides or skins to be softened, after being steeped, are introduced with
some water into the barrel or cylinder, and the same is caused to revolve, by
which the process of softening will be more advantageously performed than
heretofore.
In performing the process of "bating" hides and skins, a similar barrel or
cylinder is used, and it is preferred that the "bating" should be commenced
in the ordinary manner, and then, in order to finish the "bating" process,
that the hides or skins should be introduced into the cylinder or barrel with
some of the ordinary bating liquid, and for a time be subjected to the action
of the rotating of the barrel or cylinder. The hides or skins are then washed,
and by preference in water introduced with them into a similar barrel or
cylinder. In order to tan the hides or skins, they are introduced inte a
similar barrel or cylinder, with bark or other suitable tanning liquor, and the
barrel or cylinder is caused to revolve, the tanning liquor being from time to
time changed, by which means the early or preparatory parts of the tanning
process will be conducted with greater advantage than heretofore. The
tanning process is then to be completed in the ordinary manner, or it may be
completed in the cylinder or barrel.
IMPROVEMENTS IN DRAIN- ING PLOUGHS
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Alfred Eddington at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 9th August
1860.
I, ALFRED EDDINGTON, of Springfield, Chelmsford, in the County of Essex,
do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN DRAIN-
ING PLOUGHS," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in draining ploughs. For
these purposes the coulter in place of being raised and lowered by the means
heretofore employed is arranged to be raised and lowered by means of a screw
and screw nut. The coulter when rising and falling is guided by means of a
roller in front, and also a roller behind, a screw nut is by preference fixed or
attached to the coulter and the screw, which raises and lowers, the coulter
turns in suitable bearings carried by the beam or framing of the plough.
IMPROVED BATHING APPARATUS
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Stephen Norwood Larkins at tho
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
15th May 1860.
I, STEPHEN NORWOOD LARKINS, of Dover, in the County of Kent, Trinity
Pilot, do hereby declare the nature of tho said Invention for "IMPROVED
BATHING APPARATUS," to be as follows:-
My improvements in bathing apparatus consist in forming such apparatus
of a buoyant character, in which the bathers seat themselves partially immersed
in the water, in which by driving the cranks of a paddle-wheel shaft they
propel the machine, and at same time throw water over themselves by the
action of the paddles. This apparatus is made somewhat of the form of a
boat, having a frame to carry any buoyant material, such as cork, which
surrounds the bather when he is seated in the opening formed in the middle
for his reception, which opening is provided with a suitablo thwart or seat at
a suitable depth below the surface of the water; a rest is also provided for the
feet. The paddle boards of the wheels can be adjusted to throw more or less
water over the person.
IMPROVEMENTS IN FOUNTAIN PENS AND FOUNTAIN PENHOLDERS
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Mead Pattison at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 15th
March 1860.
I, WILLIAM MEAD PATTISON, of Frelighsburg, in the County of Missisquoi,
Canada, Merchant, do hereby declare tho nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN FOUNTAIN PENS AND FOUNTAIN PENHOLDERS," to be as
follows:-
This Invention relates to a peculiar construction and arrangement of foun-
tain or self-supplying pen, and consists in the use of a conical valve or plug
for regulating the flow of the ink by the action of writing, this plug being
made to fit into an aperture in the lower end of the fountain or reservoir, and
is more or less raised therefrom, so as to increase or diminish the aperture,
according as more or less ink is required in writing. This plug is attached to
a spring of vulcanite or other elastic material, which also serves as a socket
for holding the pen. The force of this spring is regulated by a ring or ferrule,
which is slid along it. At the bottom of the fountain or reservoir is fitted an
internal spring of vulcanite or other suitable material, acted upon by the
conical plug herein-before referred to, so as to cause it to vibrate and agitate
the ink at the bottom of the fountain, in case it should deposit a sediment
when not in use. Underneath the pen there is a spoon or ink-holder, and
between this spoon and the pen is placed a corrugated or other metal tongue,.
for the purpose of holding the ink in the spoon by collateral attraction, an

page_text: opening being made in the upper end of the tongue to allow the ink to flow
between it and the surface of the spoon. The head of the fountain or pen-
holder is made in two parts, and provided with a perforated partition and air
vent, the whole forming an air chamber at the top of the fountain, the air in
such chamber preventing the escape of ink through the vent when the pen
is not in use, the conical plug before-mentioned also closing the aperture at
the lower end of the fountain, consequently the ink is safely contained within
the holder without danger of its escape until the pen is again used.
A pro-
tective cap or sheath is placed over the pen when not in use, and this cap may
be made to fit on to the head of the holder, thereby lengthening the same
when required for use.
AN IMPROVE- MENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN CRAYONS FOR WRITING, DRAWING, AND MARKING
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Mattieu Williams at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 11th
October 1860.
I, WILLIAM MATTIEU WILLIAMS, of Handsworth, in the County of Stafford,
Teacher, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVE-
MENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN CRAYONS FOR WRITING, DRAWING, AND MARKING," to be
as follows:-
My Invention consists in the use of magnesia, or the insoluble or nearly
insoluble compounds of magnesia, whether natural or artificial, as ingredients
in the compositions or mixtures employed as the basis of crayons for writing,
drawing, and marking. In carrying my Invention into effect I prefer to take
one part by weight of calcined magnesia or two parts by weight of finely
powdered tale or steatite, and one part by weight of white wax, and one part
by weight of spermaceti or stearine. I fuse the wax and spermaceti or stearine,
and thoroughly incorporate therewith, by grinding or otherwise, the magnesia
or magnesian compound, the requisite colouring matter being either added and
incorporated at the same time as the magnesia or magnesian compound, or
afterwards. The composition may then be moulded or cut into sticks or
pencils of the required size and form for ever-pointed pencil cases, stick pencils,
crayon holders, or otherwise. By addition of magnesia or magnesian con-
pounds to the composition forming the basis of crayons, the said crayons have
the smooth and unctuous character peculiar to natural magnesian compounds,
and work pleasantly. Writing, drawing, or marking effected by crayons made

page_text: according to my Invention acquires a smooth or glossy character when rubbed.
When calcined magnesia is employed it gives hardness to the crayon. The
crayon may be still further hardened, where necessary, by the addition of resi-
nous matter to the composition. Such, for example, as copal, mastic, and
Canada balsam.
Although I have herein-before described the mixture or composition, which
I have found in practice to answer very well, yet I do not limit myself thereto,
as other materials may be employed in place of or in addition to wax,
spermaceti, and stearine, and the proportions of the wax, spermaceti, and
stearine may be varied, and instead of magnesia, or talc, or steatite other
magnesian compounds may be employed.
The essence of my Invention consists in the use of magnesia, or insoluble or
nearly insoluble compounds of magnesia, whether natural or artificial, as
ingredients in the composition of crayons.
IMPROVEMENTS IN CON- STRUCTING AND WORKING STAMPS FOR CUTTING AND SHAPING METALS
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Darby, at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 27th December
1860.
I, WILLIAM DARBY, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Engineer,.
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN CON-
STRUCTING AND WORKING STAMPS FOR CUTTING AND SHAPING METALS," to be as
follows:-
My Invention consists of the improvements herein-after explained in con-
structing and working stamps for cutting and shaping metals. I make the
ram or hammer of the stamp hollow so as to constitute a box, into which I
screw or otherwise fix or place weights for adjusting the weight of the said
ram or hammer to the work to be effected by it. The said ram or hammer
works in guides between two uprights in the ordinary way, and is raised and
allowed to fall by its own weight in the following manner-To the upper
part of the said ram I fix a projection or tooth, under which said tooth or
projection curved arms or cams on a rotating horizontal shaft or axis
engage and lift the said ram. When the said ram has been lifted to the
proper height by one of the said arms or cams the said arm or cam escapes
from under the fixed projection or tooth on the ram when the ram falls by its
own weight and operates upon the sheet metal or article placed on the fixed
die on the bed of the stamp. The horizontal shaft or axis carrying the curved
arms or cams is fixed in bearings about the same height as the tooth or projec-
tion on the ram, and motion is given to the said shaft by steam or other power.

page_text: Two or more stamps may be worked according to my Invention from the same
shaft, and when so worked any of them may be thrown out of gear with the
raising mechanism by means of a lever. I prefer to arrange two of the said
curved arms or cams at opposite points on the shaft, the ram being raised and
allowed to fall twice at each revolution of the said shaft; but three or more
of the said arms or cams may be used when the rams or hammers are required
to have a quick motion.
The said arms or cams may be made capable of being lengthened or short-
lose height
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF HYPOSULPHITE OF SODA
Year: 1860

page_text: Sealed the 29th May 1860, and dated the 16th March 1860.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Nixon at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 16th March
1860.
I, JAMES NIXON, of St. Peter's Quay, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, do hereby
declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE
OF HYPOSULPHITE OF SODA," to be as follows:-
My Invention refers to the manufacture of hyposulphite of soda. I manu-
facture the hyposulphite of soda by reducing in a furnace sulphate of soda or
salt cake with coal, charcoal, or any other carbonaceous matter or reducing
agent. In practice I find it useful to add to the mixture some infusible com-
pound, such as sulphate of barytes or lime, or any other compound which
prevents the mass froin becoming too fluid and running out of the furnace.
When the mass has been well fused it is withdrawn from the furnace into a

page_text: barrow, and allowed to cool, when it may undergo either of the two following
processes:-
Process I. The mass technically called ball is ground to powder, and mixed
with sulphur in about equivalent proportions to the sulphate of soda used. It
commences to heat and must be occasionally turned, and water thrown in it to
prevent it from taking fire; the heat continues for a few days until at the end
of a week the mass has swollen much and become quite cool. On digesting
the mass in water hyposulphite of soda is dissolved, and on boiling down the
solution to 80° or 90° Twaddle, and allowing it to cool, the hyposulphite of
soda crystallizes. I do not consider it essential to mix the mass with sulphur,
as a compound of sulphur would answer, such as pyrites or the polysulphurets
of sodium. In fact, hyposulphite of soda may be made without any such
addition, but practically, I find it expedient to add sulphur.
2nd Process. The balls from the furnace may be ground and exposed to the
air or not, dissolved in water, and a current of sulphurous acid passed into the
solution, but I prefer to pass the solution through a chamber filled with coke
in pieces, one end of which is in connection with a chimney or other apparatus
capable of creating a draft, the other end of it being in connection with an
apparatus in which sulphur or pyrites is burnt. The gas becomes absorbed by
the solution in its passage through the chamber, and on boiling down the
solution and cooling hyposulphite of soda crystallizes.
I also make hyposulphite of soda by first preparing sulphuret of barium by
heating sulphate of barytes with coal or carbonaceous matter, and then mixing
this sulphuret of barium with sulphate of soda, with or without the addition of
sulphur or compound thereof, and exposing the mixture to the air. Hypo-
sulphite of soda dissolves out from the mass when thrown into water; or a
solution of sulphuret of barium may be mixed with a solution of sulphate of
soda, and the solution drawn off from the precipitate which takes place, gassed
with sulphurous acid, as described above, boiled down and crystallized, gives
hyposulphite of soda.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN KILNS EMPLOYED IN AND FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joseph Menday at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 31st May
1860.
I, JOSEPH MENDAY, of Quarry House, Frindsbury, Rochester, in the County
of Kent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN KILNS EMPLOYED IN AND FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT," to be
as follows:-
This Invention relates partly to certain improvements upon a former Patent
granted to James Lamb and Joseph Menday on the 23rd Octr. 1852,
No. 14,337, for construction of kilns for burning or calcining cement, chalk,
limestone, and other substances requiring such process, application of the heat
arising therefrom to the generation of steam;" and the present improvements
consist in introducing into the interior of the kiln, therein described and repre-
sented, a strong blast of either hot or cold air for the purpose of causing
more rapid generation of steam; and also for effecting consumption of the
igneous, inflammable, and noxious gases evolved during the calcining process,
whereby the quality of the cement is rendered more uniform than heretofore,
and is more durable. The means by which these improvements may be effected
are as follows:-The lower part of the kiln is built with vertical openings
through the centre thereof, one over the other; the smaller opening being
uppermost is surmounted by a conical-shaped cap perforated with holes for the
passage of hot or cold blast, which is forced through the same by a fan; the

page_text: pipe employed to conduct the blast into the kiln extends to within a short
distance of the bottom of the aforesaid opening, and the lowermost vertical
opening aforesaid is made considerably larger than the former opening. If
desirable I propose to introduce hot or cold blast into the kiln from the top
thereof as well as the bottom, as just described, or at the sides; or I direct the
blast into the kiln either at the top, bottom, or sides thereof separately, as in
practice I may find most desirable; and although I have described this Inven-
tion as being applicable to a former Invention of the 23rd Octr. 1852, afore-
said, I propose to adapt these improvements to all other kinds of kilns
employed in and for the manufacture of Portland cement.