matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
IMPROVE- MENTS IN FOUNTAIN-PENHOLDERS
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Herbert John Haddan at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 25th March 1881. A communication
from abroad by Hugo Burckas, of Leipzig, in the Kingdom of Saxony.
HERBERT JOHN HADDAN, of the Firm of Herbert and Company, Solicitors of
Patents, of 67, Strand, in the City of Westminster, Civil Engineer. 'IMPROVE-
MENTS IN FOUNTAIN-PENHOLDERS." A communication from abroad by Hugo
Burckas, of Leipzig, in the Kingdom of Saxony.
This Invention relates to penholders provided with an ink reservoir, and
commonly called fountain penholders, and has for its object to render them more
convenient for use.
The improvements consist, first, in providing the cylindrical and hollow main
portion of the penholder with an inlet and a valve which is kept open, while the
pen is used by the pressure of the finger upon a lever or plate connected with a
spring which closes the inlet when not counteracted by the pressure of the finger.
The admission of air into the reservoir, and consequently the escape of ink, is thus
prevented as long as pen is not used.
Also in the application of an interchangeable ink distributor made of a thin
pipe carrying either a spiral spring or any other suitable contrivance for trans-
mitting the ink upon the inside of the pen. The lower end of the ink reservoir is
provided at the outside with a screw thread, and closed by a cap which forms a
nut to the said screw thread, and carries the pen, which may either be fixed in a
slit or attached to a sleeve which passes over the cap. The said cap has an axial
perforation which may be lined with a thin pipe, and which communicates with
the air receptacle. The ink distributor is introduced into this lining or perfora-
tion, so as to let the spiral spring or equivalent contrivance project below, which
spiral spring presses against the inside of the pen. The essential feature of
this part of the Invention is that not only the pen but also the distributor is
interchangeable.
When the penholder is not used I pass a cylindrical sleeve over its lower end,
which sleeve ends in a conoidal tube and protects the pen.
IMPROVEMENTS IN KNITTING MACHINERY
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Samuel Fingland at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 10th October 1881.
SAMUEL FINGLAND, of Hawich, in the County of Roxburgh, North Britain,
Hosiery Manufacturer. "IMPROVEMENTS IN KNITTING MACHINERY."
This Invention has for its object to render knitting machinery capable of
producing a greater variety of ornamental effects than what is obtainable
from existing machinery.
The improvements are applicable to knitting machines of the well known kind,
having horizontal needles made with curved looks or beards and with grooves to
receive the hook points when depressed, the ordinary sinkers being used in combi-
nation with such needles, as well as other well known parts. The ornamental
effects are obtained by using yarns of different colors, the parts acting on the
sinkers being by preference arranged in the manner usually adopted with two
colors. When any one of the yarns is laid to form part of a course the yarn is
prevented from forming stitches excepting at those points where it is to appear on
the right side of the fabric by means of depressers which are made to act on
the needles and press the points or beards into the grooves. The depressers are
projecting points formed at the edges of depresser plates; and in carrying out the
present Invention according to one modification three such plates are combined.
On these three plates the depressing points are arranged or disposed in a peculiar
manner, and differently on the three plates, and the plates are combined so as to
act together as one plate, whilst different actions or effects are obtained by
adjusting the plates relatively to each other. The utility and success of the
contrivance depend on the particular arrangenient of the points on the three plates.
This arrangement or disposition of the points is susceptible of some variation, but
in the case of three plates the simplest arrangement is as follows:-Assuming the
needles to be numbered 1, 2, 3, &c., then on one plate the depressing points
correspond to numbers 3, 13, 23, &c., or one for every teu, those of the second plate
to 2, 4, 12, 14, 22, 24, &c., or two for every ten, and those of the third plate to 1, 5,
11, 15, 21, 25, &c., or two for every ten. In this arrangement depressing points for
five out of every ten needles are apparently wanting, but the combination of plates
is shifted to the extent of five needles between the two depressing actions required
Paina 271

page_text: with each color of yarn for each course. The three plates can be combined in four
different ways, and the combinations may be changed after any course, so that a
great variety of patterns can be formed.
Four, five, or more plates may be combined in a similar way, and in the case of
four plates the simplest arrangement deals with fourteen needles, and may be a
combined in eight different ways; in the case of five plates eighteen needles are
dealt with, and the plates may be combined in sixteen different ways, and
80 on.
IMPROVEMENTS IN PUDDLING FURNACES AND MILL FURNACES EMPLOYED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Jabez Lones, Charles Vernon, Edward
Holden, and Ralph Bennett at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on
the 20th August 1881.
JABEZ LONES, and CHARLES VERNON, and EDWARD HOLDEN, and RALPH BENNETT,
trading as Lones, Vernon, and Holden, of Sandwell Iron Works, Smethwick, in the
County of Stafford, Manufacturers. "IMPROVEMENTS IN PUDDLING FURNACES
AND MILL FURNACES EMPLOYED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL."
Our Invention consists of the improvements herein after described in constructing
and arranging the parts of the said furnaces, whereby great efficiency of action is
secured together with economy in fuel.
We provide the tire place of the furnace with horizontal fire bars of the ordinary
kind, and also with inclined fire bars in the lower half of the front of the furnace.
We make the bridge of the furnace hollow, and cause the air entering the fire
place from the hollow bridge to pass through openings in the front of the said
bridge.
The sides and arched top of the fire place are hollow, and air enters the said
hollow sides both from the ash pit and, in the case of puddling furnaces, also from
the hollow sides and from under the bottom of the puddling chamber. The cold
air entering from the ash pit is heated as it ascends in the hollow sides of the fire
place, and mingling with the heated air from the sides and bottom of the puddling
chamber enters the fire place through openings in the inner wall of the arched top
of the fire place. The said heated air meeting with the volatile combustible
products given off by the heated fuel effects its combustion, the combustion of the
solid part of the fuel being effected mainly by the air entering through the bottom
and front bars and bridge.
In mill furnaces the hollow bridge is without perforations, and air enters by the
said hollow bridge into the hollow side walls of the fire place, and from thence to
the hollow arched top, and through the perforations in the inner wall of the arched
top into the fire place.
By the construction and arrangement of parts described so perfect a combustion
both of the solid and gaseous portions of the fuel is effected that ordinary slack
may be employed..
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR WARMING AND HEATING BUILDINGS, TANKS, VEHICLES, AND THE LIKE PURPOSES
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Robert Jackson at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 26th January 1881.
ROBERT JACKSON, of Leeds, in the County of York.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR WARMING AND HEATING BUILDINGS, TANKS,
VEHICLES, AND THE LIKE PURPOSES."
My Invention has for its object the economical heating of buildings, tanks,
vehicles and the like, and preventing a great waste of fuel.
I employ for this object a lamp of suitable size and shape enclosed in a pipe,
preferably having a bell shaped mouth; the pipe or tube is continued in coils of
suitable length, curve, and shape to heat the building, tank, or vehicle required.
The heat in the pipes or tubes increases and accumulates, and by passing around
the object to be heated the whole of the heat is utilized.
In many cases the light from the lamp could be utilized for lighting purposes,
and by fixing a stand or oven in a convenient position the heat from the lamp
might be used for cooking purposes.
IMPROVEMENTS IN OR APPLICABLE TO PERAMBULATORS
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Thomas Shaw and Henry
Duko Meredith at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the
19th August 1881.
JAMES THOMAS SHAW and HENRY DUKE MEREDITH, both of the City of
Manchester, in the County of Lancaster. “ IMPROVEMENTS IN OR APPLICABLE
TO PERAMBULATORS."
.
This Invention has for its object an improvement in double perambulators, or
perambulators having a seat at each end, whereby the hood, which may be of any
of the usual forms or constructions, can be reversed so as to cover either the front
seat or the back seat at the pleasure of the user. In carrying out our Invention
we employ a frame of wood or other suitable material, by preference of the same
form as the upper edge of the perambulator, and which frame we mount upon a
vertical pivot in the centre of the bottom of the perambulator and in such a
manner as to take up no appreciable room inside the perambulator. To this frame
the hood is affixed at one end, so that by turning such frame on its vertical pivot
the hood can be used for either end or to cover either of the seats of the
perambulator. This Invention further relates to improvements in double perambu-
lators, whereby the same are rendered capable of being used either as a double or
single perambulator, and consists in constructing the front end of the body rather
narrower than the other part of the body so as to fall down inside, and thus to
give the appearance of a single perambulator, the front seat being meanwhile
removed or folded inwards upon suitable hinges; in this case the improved hood
frame hereinbefore mentioned is constructed with hinges so as to fall down and to
follow the front end when used as a single perambulator.
AN IMPROVED VELOCIPEDE
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Robert Lake at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 22nd March 1881. A communi-
cation from abroad by G. Battista Scuri, of Turin, Italy.
WILLIAM ROBERT LAKE, of the Firm of Haseltine, Lake, & Co., Patent Agents,
Southampton Buildings, London. "AN IMPROVED VELOCIPEDE.” A communi-
cation from abroad by G. Battista Scuri, of Turin, Italy.
This Invention relates to a velocipede which has only one wheel. The wheel
is made with a hub having two cheeks or side-plates, to which are attached
the ends of spokes or rods, the other ends of the latter being attached to an angle
iron bent into the form of a hoop, and constituting the rim of the wheel. Around
this angle-iron an india-rubber ring is placed, which entering the space between
the two sides of the angle-iron surrounds the whole wheel, and forms the tyre of
the same, as in the ordinary velocipedes.
To the shaft of the hub are attached two arms, uniting above so as to form a
fork, and they support springs and a saddle. In front there is a steering handle,
and the rod extending from the same to connect it with the fork is curved forward
in such a manner as to allow the centre of gravity of the rider to be in line with
the hub when holding the steering handle with bis hands. The steering handle is
placed higher than in ordinary velocipedes. The wheel rotates in the fork, and if
the wheel stops, the fork and the saddle turn around the hub. Two pedals are
provided to enable the rider of this velocipede to work the same. This Invention
provides means for travelling upon a single wheel in such a manner that the
weight of the rider is always divided between the steering handle and the saddle;
or being supported at front or in the rear is borne by the saddle alone in such a
manner that the centre of gravity is always in a line with the hub.
The advantages offered by this improved velocipede or monocycle are that the
same is of much less weight than two wheeled velocipedes or bicycles, that its use
is less fatiguing, and that its cost is much smaller than that of velocipedes as
ordinarily constructed.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING RELATIVE OPENING AND CLOSING OF INLET AND OUTLET VALVES USED FOR SUPPLYING AND DISCHARGING WATER OR OTHER LIQUID
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henry William Pearson at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 16th February 1881.
HENRY WILLIAM PEARSON, of Clifton, in the County of Somerset, Civil Engineer.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING RELATIVE OPENING AND
CLOSING OF INLET AND OUTLET VALVES USED FOR SUPPLYING AND DISCHARGING
WATER OR OTHER LIQUID."
The said Invention relates to improvements in apparatus for controlling the
relative opening and closing of the inlet and outlet valves of baths, basins, or the
like, and has for its object to provide an arrangement of apparatus applicable to
inlet valves opened by raising their spindles, and to outlet valves operated in a
similar way, whereby the opening of an inlet valve or inlet valves will automatically
lock the waste valve, and so also that when the outlet valve is open the inlet valve
or valves cannot be opened.
According to the said Invention the inlet valve (or each inlet valve, if there be
more than one) has, in combination with its spindle, a plate or bolt sliding in
suitable guides, which may be furnished with antifriction rollers, in or on which
plate or bolt is an inclined slot or inclined surfaces in which engages or upon which
bears a projection from the spindle. In the spindle of the outlet valve is a slot in
line with the said plate or sliding bolt. When an inlet valve spindle is raised, the
projection thereon, bearing upon the upper inclined surface of the plate or bolt in
combination therewith, urges the said plate or bolt forward so that it enters the
slot in the outlet valve spindle, and prevents the outlet valve from being opened
until the inlet valve or all the inlet valves are closed. On the closing of an inlet
valve the projection on its spindle will act upon the lower inclined surface of the
plate or bolt in connection therewith and withdraw the said plate or bolt from the
slot in the outlet valve, and (in the case of there being more than one inlet valve)
when all the inlet plates or bolts have been thus withdrawn, the outlet valve can
be opened. When the outlet valve is opened its slot will not be in position to
receive the plate or bolt of an inlet valve, but it will present an obstruction to the
movement of the said bolt or plate, and therefore the projection on the valve
spindle of an inlet valve bearing upon the inclined surface of the plate or bolt will
prevent the said inlet valve from being raised.
IMPROVED MEANS AND APPARATUS FOR DESTROYING EXPLOSIVE GASES IN COAL AND OTHER MINES."
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Morgan at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 19th February 1881.
WILLIAM MORGAN, of Pontypridd, in the County of Glamorgan, Sculptor.
IMPROVED MEANS AND APPARATUS FOR DESTROYING EXPLOSIVE GASES IN
COAL AND OTHER MINES."
This Invention has for its object the use and application of electricity for the
production of electric sparks for igniting and destroying the carburetted hydrogen
gas as it collects in coal and other mines by the following means and
apparatus:-
First. From suitable electrical apparatus which produces electric currents and
sparks, placed or arranged outside the coal or other mines, insulated wires are laid
to a distance within the coal or other mines, and at the end of the aforesaid
insulated wires other insulated wires are placed end to end but not in contact, at
distances from each other varying from 100th part of an inch to 3 feet apart or
more, and in lengths varying from 1 feet to 1 mile or more, in succession throughout
the coal or other mines, and leading out by another outlet or direction to the surface
and from thence returning to the aforesaid apparatus.
Second. After the coal or other mines are cleared throughout of any existing
carburetted hydrogen gas the aforesaid apparatus is put in action, by which means
electric sparks are produced throughout the coal or other mines at parts in the
insulated wire where contact is broken, which said electric sparks ignite the
carburetted hydrogen gas, thereby consuming the gas and so preventing it from
accumulating in the mine.
Thus, by the application of electric currents and sparks, the carburetted hydrogen
gas is ignited as it escapes in the coal or other mines, thereby preventing its
accumulation and consequent destructive explosion.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR WORKING GRAPPLE BUCKETS AND FORKS
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Campbell Thompson at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 15th December 1881.
JOHN CAMPBELL THOMPSON of the Town and County of Kingston upon Hull.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR WORKING GRAPPLE BUCKETS AND FORKS."
The apparatus usually employed for raising stones, gravel, mud or other matters
especially from under water consists of a crane the chain of which carries a
divided bucket or a hinged grappling fork which when sufficiently elevated can be
opened apart so as to permit the contents or the matters held by it to escape.
For the purpose of opening it a second or releasing chain is employed attached to
arms so arranged that when the weight comes upon them the bucket or fork opens.
This releasing chain having to be pulled in along with the main chain is in some
cases attached to a counterweight in other cases it is hauled in by hand or by a
winch. My Invention relates to an arrangement by which the slack of the releasing
chain is hauled in, while the bucket or fork is raised, the opening of the bucket
or fork is effected automatically and the bucket or fork in descending draws out
the releasing chain. For this purpose, in combination with the steam winch which
works the main chain, I connect the releasing chain to the barrel of a subsidiary
steam winch which is of power so small that though it is sufficient to take up the
slack of the releasing chain it is not enough to support the weight of the bucket or
fork. This apparatus operates as follows. While the main steam winch by pulling
the main chain raises the closed bucket or fork with its load, the subsidiary winch
draws in the slack of the releasing chain. When the load is raised to the required
height the main chain is slacked out and the bucket or fork, thereupon in its effort
to descend puts an immediate strain on the releasing chain and this by means of a
brake applied to its winch resists sufficiently to cause the bucket or fork to open
discharging its load. The brake of the subsidiary winch being then released the
bucket or fork descends pulling out the releasing chain and so working the sub-
sidiary steam winch backwards, its power being enough to retard a little but not
to stop the descent of the bucket or fork.
AN IMPROVED SHIPS' STEERING GEAR
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Josiah Hornblower and George
Thomas Dove at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 20th April
1881.
JOSIAH HORNBLOWER, of 83, Flint Street, Bromley, in the County of Middlesex,
Engineer, and GEORGE THOMAS DOVE, of Garford Street, Limehouse, in the County
of Middlesex, Engineer.
"AN IMPROVED SHIPS' STEERING GEAR."
According to this Invention, over the tiller of the rudder and at right angles
thereto, we mount a cylinder with a screw thread on its surface, and gearing in
this thread is a stud free to pass from end to end of the cylinder as the cylinder is
rotated, this stud working in a slot in the tiller of the rudder and travelling to and
fro in guides moves and holds the rudder in any required position.
The cylinder is rotated by a hand wheel of the ordinary type carrying a chain
or rope round a barrel and led through snatch blocks on to each end of the cylinder,
around which it is wound in such a manner that it is being wound on at one end
while being wound off at the other when throwing the rudder over to one side,
and vice versa when moving the rudder in the opposite direction.
The hand wheel for the helmsman may be placed in any position, either at the
stern, on the bridge, amidship, or elsewhere, as may be desired, or there may be
more than one hand wheel, and so by connecting the one or the other to the
cylinder actuating the rudder the position of the helmsman on the ship may be
changed at pleasure, as, for instance, in coming into harbour or port he may be on the
bridge, while at sea he may be astern in the usual place. In the case of using steam
power to steer the ship we connect the cylinder with the engine either in the
same way by a chain or rope, as when using the hand wheel, or by means of a
worm wheel placed at either end of the cylinder, and in the case of using hydraulic
power the chain or rope may be used in a similar manner to that adopted in using
hand power.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN MEANS FOR PRESERVING FRUITS
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Benjamin Joseph Barnard Mills at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 21st February 1881.
A communication from abroad. by Alexandre Jacques Magaud, of Fontanès,
Department of the Loire, in the Republic of France.
BENJAMIN JOSEPH BARNARD MILLS, of the Firm of Harris and Mills, of
23, Southampton Buildings, in the County of Middlesex, Patent Agent. "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN MEANS FOR PRESERVING FRUITS." A communication from abroad by
Alexandre Jacques Magaud, of Fontanès, Department of the Loire, in the Republic
of France.
The Invention has for its object the manufacture of a shell or hard preserving
envelope, applicable to all fruits capable of receiving it, in imitation of nut-shell, by
the employment of cement, lime, or other material super-posed upon the said fruits
by any suitable means, whether this lime and cement remain in the natural state,
or whether by the aid of any mode of mixing with sulphate, oil, or other material
it is rendered harder and firmer.
These fruits may be enclosed in paper, or receive any other preparation, before
being coated with the above mentioned shell or envelope.
IMPROVEMENTS IN PHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERAS
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Bolas at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 3rd November 1881.
THOMAS BOLAS, of 1, Westbourne Terrace, in the Parish of Chiswick, in the
County of Middlesex, Analytical and Experimental Chemist. "IMPROVEMENTS IN
PHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERAS."
This Invention relates to an improved construction of photographic camera, the
essential parts of which are shown in section by the accompanying Drawings. A, A¹,
Figure 1, represent a pair of ordinary portrait lenses actuated by one single pinion,
this being moved by the milled head II. The image formed by the objective A
may be received on a sensitive plate placed in the receptacle D, this plate being
kept steady and immovable by the screw I. At E is shown in section a sliding
shutter intended to keep the light out of the receptacle D.
In the cylindrical chamber C, B, J, C', there revolves on the centre J another
cylinder which is open at the two opposite parts L and K; when this cylinder is
in the position shown in the diagram, the rays of light passing through the
objective A are screened from the sensitive plate; but if this revolving cylinder is
turned round in either direction to the extent of one fourth of a circle, the image
formed by the lens impinges on the sensitive plate; when a quick or so called
instantaneous exposure is required, the revolving cylinder is turned rapidly round
through half a circle.
F is a right angled glass prism intended to reflect some of the rays from the
objective A¹ into the eye piece G, and the position of the prism and eye piece are
so adjusted that when a sharp image of an object is projected by the lens A on
the central portion of the sensitive plate, that the same object shall be clearly and
sharply seen by an observer looking through the eye piece G.
In order to change those plates which have been exposed, separate slide
receptacles, shown in section by Figure 2, are employed, and these are made of
metal or other suitable material, a sliding shutter at E serving to exclude the
light. The mouth of the movable receptacle being fitted to the mouth of the
receptacle which forms part of the camera, a plate may be easily shifted from one
to the other by turning the apparatus over.
The surface of the prism F which is next to the eye piece G may either be
polished or left rough like an ordinary foccusing screen.
The essential parts of the apparatus as herein described are enclosed in an outer
casing of metal, wood, ebonite, or other suitable material.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PREPARATION OF EDIBLE OILS AND FATS
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Andrew Fenwick at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 8th June 1881.
ANDREW FENWICK, of Hampstead, in the County of Middlosox, Chemist.
*IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PREPARATION OF EDIBLE OILS AND FATS."
This Invention relates to improvements in the preparation of edible oils and
fats. There are a number of oils, such as cotton seed oil, which might be more
largely used as food, but which are converted to other purposes because unadapted
to the requirements of ordinary cookery. To turn such oils to more general
nutritive account is the object of my Invention.
Having mixed flour with water and baked it after the manner of biscuit, I then
reduce it to a granular condition, taking care to avoid extreme comminution, and
having it dried thoroughly. Oil in suitable measure is then applied to the
granules, and when thoroughly absorbed, the result is a combination with the
appearance of moist sugar, which after a dressing of rice flour, which assists to
keep the granules apart and otherwise improves the product, is ready for use.
Oil thus prepared is applicable to a multiplicity of culinary purposes, and when
suitably packed keeps fresh for indefinite periods.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF BOTTLES AND OF STOPPERS, FOR CLOSING THE SAME
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Frederick Samuel Stokes Darby at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 16th December 1881.
FREDERICK SAMUEL STOKES DARBY, of High street, Wandsworth, in the County
of Surrey. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF BOTTLES AND OF STOPPERS,
FOR CLOSING THE SAME."
This Invention consists in improvements in the construction of bottles for
containing aerated and other liquids and in stoppers for closing the same, by means
of which improvements the said bottles can be securely closed in an air-tight
manner without corks or wire, whilst at the same time they can be readily opened,
the necessity for the employment of corkscrews or pressers, as in the case of internal
stoppers, being entirely dispensed with.
On opposite sides of the exterior of the neck of the bottle which is constructed
in the ordinary manner and of usual material, I cast or form indentations in such
a manner that corresponding projections will be produced in the interior of the
neck, the lower surface or face of such projections being inclined at a slight angle
from the horizontal.
The stopper is formed of ebonite, lignum vitæ or other suitable material, and is
provided with a head which is larger than that portion which enters the neck of
the bottle, so that the lower part of such head will form a shoulder against which
is arranged an india rubber washer. That part of the stem of the stopper which is
immediately below the head thereof is made of the same diameter, or nearly so, as
the interior of the neck of the bottle, whereby the stopper is guided and steadied
when in position, and the contact of the liquid with the india rubber washer is
prevented. The remainder of the stem of the stopper is made of any suitable size
or shape so as to pass freely within the neck of the bottle, and on the lower end of
the said stopper are formed two projecting pieces.
To close the bottle, the stem of the stopper is inserted into the neck thereof until
the washer rests on the mouth of the same, the stopper is then turned so as to
bring the projecting pieces on the end thereof respectively against the upper ends
of the inclined lower surfaces of the projections in the neck of the bottle, when by
continuing the turning of the stopper the said projecting pieces will bear against
and descend along the said inclined surfaces of the projections, thereby forcing the
stopper down and compressing the elastic washer between the head of the stopper
and the mouth of the bottle, thus securely closing the latter.
A NEW OR IMPROVED METALLIC ALLOY
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Koppel at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 22nd January 1881.
WILLIAM KOPPEL, of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster, Manufacturing
Chemist. "A NEW OR IMPROVED METALLIC ALLOY."
My Invention has for its principal object to produce a metallic alloy, which will
be suitable for use in the formation of bearings for axles or shafts or for the moving
parts of machinery, but the alloy produced in accordance with my Invention is also
suitable for many other purposes. In the production of the said alloy I make use
of spelter, iron, and copper. The proportions of the metals which I have found to
give the best results, so far as my researches have extended, are, spelter eighteen
to twenty parts, iron ten parts, and copper ten parts; but I may find that I can
vary these proportions to a slight extent without injury to the product. The said
alloy is produced at a comparatively low cost, and I believe that it will be useful
for many purposes, and that it will resist corrosion and the action of some acids to
a great extent.
IMPROVEMENTS IN BED BOTTOMS, SPRING MATTRESSES, SEATS, AND OTHER ARTICLES FOR SITTING OR RECLINING UPON
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Clark at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents on the 9th August 1881. A communication
from abroad by the Firm of Fullemann, Wyss, and Company, of Paris,
France.
"
WILLIAM CLARK, of 53, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Patent
Agent. 'IMPROVEMENTS IN BED BOTTOMS, SPRING MATTRESSES, SEATS, AND
OTHER ARTICLES FOR SITTING OR RECLINING UPON." [A communication from
abroad by the Firm of Fullemann, Wyss, and Company, of Paris, France.]
This Invention consists of an improved bed bottom which is composed of wire
trellis work, and combines strength and elasticity, and has the further advantage of
ensuring thorough ventilation and cleanliness, thereby preventing the harbouring
of noxious insects.
In order that the Invention may be readily understood I have illustrated it in
the accompanying Drawings, in which Figure 1 shows a half sectional side
elevation of a bedstead provided with the improved bed bottom of this Invention;
Figure 2 is a cross section; and Figures a plan of same; Figure 4 shows a
portion of the metallic trellis drawn full size.
The bedstead consists as usual of head and foot pieces a, a, united by side
bars b, the ends b¹ of which are curved as shown. The metallic trellis o forming
the bed bottom is composed of twin wires, d, d, Figure 4, in order to combine the
necessary strength and elasticity. The wire work is coiled on itself at each side, as
shown at e, Figure 2, and is fixed at each end to a square iron rod or bar f
extending across between the ends 6' of the side frames b, the wire work passing
around the bar f and terminating at g in a cross rod inserted in the meshes.
An angle iron h is applied upon the square rod fand rivetted thereon, so as to
clamp the end of the wire work and hold it firmly in place. The wirework having
been fixed at one end in the manner described, is then suitably stretched by acting
on the bar fand angle iron h at the opposite end, and then fixing these latter to
the end frame b¹.
This wire trellis may also be employed for spring mattresses, litters, benches,
seats, and other articles for sitting or reclining upon.

page_text: Figure 5 shows in perspective view an example of the Invention applied as a
spring mattress, Figure 6 being an underside plan of same..
As seen, the metallic trellis is attached to two "curved side pieces a which are
united by cross¸ties b, b.
Figure 7 shows the trellis work as composed of three wires a, a, a², in juxta-
position, instead of two, as in Figure 4, but a greater number of wires may be
combined if desired, and the meshes be of any suitable dimensions.
IMPROVED APPLIANCES FOR USE WITH THE SHOES OF HORSES (AND OTHER ANIMALS) TO PREVENT SLIPPING
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George William Elliott and Augustus
Edward Stayner at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 29th
October 1881.
"
GEORGE WILLIAM ELLIOTT, of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, and
AUGUSTUS EDWARD STAYNER, of Sheffield, in the County of York. IMPROVED
APPLIANCES FOR USE WITH THE SHOES OF HORSES (AND OTHER ANIMALS) TO
PREVENT SLIPPING."
This Invention relates to appliances for use with the shoes of horses (and other
animals) to prevent slipping.
One of the ordinary methods of preventing the slipping of horses (in frosty
weather, etcetera) is to sharpen the heads of the ordinary horse-shoe nails so that
they may penetrate ice, but owing to their weak form they are not durable.
The object of this Invention is to construct a combined horse-shoe nail and frost
spike, which can be readily fixed, and which strong and durable.
In carrying into effect this Invention we construct that portion of the nail which
enters the hoof and that portion which enters the shoe of ordinary form, and above
we form a taper or spike head having a flat base, the said flat base bearing against
the face of the shoe when the nail is driven up to its proper position. The use of
spike headed nails, as above described, will generally obviate the necessity of the
"calks," which are formed on the ordinary horse shoes, and with which ordinary
nails are employed.
The improved nail and spike combined may be of iron or of steel, or of iron and
steel combined, and the spike head may be hardened to resist wear.
As a modification, the spike may be separate from the nail and the nail have a
tapered or screwed projection, which is inserted in a corresponding hole in the
spike, and be rivetted or screwed thereto; or the head of the nail may be of
ordinary form, but longer, so that it may be driven through the spike and shoe,
and bold the spike securely in position.
The base of the spike (where it bears against the shoe) may be flat, or tapered, or
coned, and the shoe will be of corresponding form, so that the one fits the other,
the projection on one fitting into a recess in the other.
IMPROVED MIXTURE OR COMPOUND TO BE USED AS A SUBSTITUTE For Coffee
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Rowland Hall at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 13th May 1881.
"AN
ROWLAND HALL, of Lindley, near Huddersfield, in the County of York.
IMPROVED MIXTURE OR COMPOUND TO BE USED AS A SUBSTITUTE For Coffee"
The object of this Invention is to prepare a mixture or compound (as a
substitute for coffee) which shall be nutritious and yet inexpensive as compared
with coffee. The substances or materials employed consist of lintels, the kernal
and shell of English or foreign nuts, browned linseed, browned wheat, browned
licorice, browned sugar, raw sugar, and treacle. If the mixture is prepared in a
liquid form, water previously fermented is added, and the whole boiled together.
If the mixture or compound is to be prepared into a powder or cake form the
water is omitted, and the various substances or materials mentioned above are
ground up together in a mortar, mill, or other suitable grinding apparatus.
In addition to the above mentioned materials a small quantity of coffee or chicory
may be added if preferred.
IMPROVEMENT IN FURNACES TO ENSURE PERFECT COMBUSTION AND PREVENT SMOKE
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edward Kaulbach at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 3rd December 1881.
EDWARD KAULBACH, C.E., of 125, Gray's Inn Road, London, Gentleman.
"IMPROVEMENT IN FURNACES TO ENSURE PERFECT COMBUSTION AND PREVENT
SMOKE."
I have a longitudinal opening in the centre of the bottom of the furnace, which
varies in size in proportion to the dimensions of the latter. The said opening, wide
at the mouth, tapers downward, somewhat funnel-shaped, and with an easy
curviture to avoid crushing into a horizontal channel, and is formed partly of bars.
It is connected at its lower or outer extremity with a horizontal cylinder, in
which is a perpetual screw of easy pitch, and equal in diameter to the bore of the
cylinder. On the upper part of the said cylinder is a longitudinal rectangular slot,
which may vary from a foot in length upwards, into which is fitted a funnel-
shaped iron box or hopper. In the horizontal portion of the aforesaid channel
beneath the furnace, and at a suitable distance from its junction with the horizontal
cylinder, is a vertical slide-door or grating which separates the horizontal portion of
the channel into two compartments. The bottom of the compartment nearest the
aforesaid cylinder has a trap which is made to open downwards at an angle of
about 45° on to an inclined plane.
Having thus fully described the nature and disposition of the several parts con-
stituting my Invention, I will now proceed to explain the object and working of
the same.
When it is requisite to supply fuel to the furnace the aforesaid vertical
slide-door or grating is opened so as to throw the two compartments into one.
The coal is then thrown into the hopper, and falling between the blade or thread
of the screw is forced by the rotation of the latter into the furnace beneath the
uass of ardent fuel, which is thus upheaved and remains upon the surface.
When the supply is sufficient the screw is stopped, and the trap being opened
the coal remaining between the slide-door or grating and the cylinder drops on to
the inclined plane, and is collected in the pan placed for its reception. The slide-
door or grating is then again closed, and the operation is complete.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TISSUES
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Arthur Charles Henderson at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 15th February 1881. A com-
munication from abroad by Messieurs Martin, Willems, and Co., Manufacturers,
of Lille, in the Department of the Nord, in the Republic of France.
ARTHUR CHARLES HENDERSON; of 6, Southampton Buildings, Holborn, in the
County of Middlesex. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
TISSUES." A communication from abroad by Messieurs Martin, Willems, and Co.,
Manufacturers, of Lille, in the Department of the Nord, in the Republic of
France.
VELVET
Up to the present time no tissue has been made which is velveted after weaving
with the combination of two warps and two wefts of material of different sizes
which forms the essential characteristic of the present Invention.
In the present case the weft which constitutes the ground is of 40 twist cotton,
and that forming the velvet of 12 ply hemp.
The thickness of the wefts may be modified according as it is desired to produce
a more or less close velvet, but the relative proportions of the two must remain the
same.
The first warp serves to form the ground of the tissue; it is borne on a separate
roller, and should be stretched as in the manufacture of all other tissues.
The second warp serves to bind the weft that is to form the velvet; it secures it
below the tissue, and used in this way it allows the knife to slide more easily and
prevents cutting the ground of the tissue.
This warp contains no more threads than the first, and only works in the part
where the weft forms the velvet; it enters the ground, and by its special and novel
use gives solidity to the velvet.
This second warp is firmly stretched and mounted on a separate roller.
From this novel combination a stout resisting tissue is obtained of regular
formation, made of velvet, and capable of bearing without any alterations all the
subsequent manipulations of carding, finishing, dyeing, printing, and so forth,
without the velvet being in the least affected thereby.
IN TRUEING UP AND FINISHING ROUND BARS, RODS, OR TUBES, AND IN APPARATUS FOR THE SAME."
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Henry Brown at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 13th January 1881.
WILLIAM HENRY BROWN, of Sheffield, in the County of York.
IN TRUEING UP AND FINISHING ROUND BARS, RODS, OR TUBES, AND IN
APPARATUS FOR THE SAME."
"t
'IMPROVEMENTS
My Invention relates to the trueing up and finishing round bars, rods, or tubes
in a more perfect manner than has heretofore been accomplished, and it consists
chiefly in a combination of the processes, technically known as reeling and rolling,
and operating on the bar, rod, or tube at one and the same time.
In carrying out my Invention I fix at the back of the reeling machine or rolls,
and as near to the machine as convenient, a pair of rolls, by preference grooved to
suit the diameter of the material to be operated upon, and driven at a suitable
speed. These rolls are fixed at right angles, or thereabouts, to the reeling rolls, and
so that they will receive the rod, bar, or tube as it is passed from the rolls of the
reeling machine.
The rolls are so adjusted that they act on the revolving rod, bar, or tube without
stopping its rotary motion; and by this combined action of the rolls with the
reeling machine a perfectly cylindrical and true surface is given to the rods, bars,
or tubes.
If found desirable the rolls may be placed between two reeling machines, the
rcd, bar, or tube being passed direct through the three combined machines.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SHIRTS, WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE PARTLY APPLICABLE TO THE MANUFACTURE OF FALSE FRONTS
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John William Frost at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 24th October 1881.
JOHN WILLIAM FROST, of the Parish of St. Mary the Virgin, London.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SHIRTS, WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE
PARTLY APPLICABLE TO THE MANUFACTURE OF FALSE FRONTS."
This Invention has for its object to afford the advantage of a reversible front and
cuffs to a shirt, or of a reversible front to a false front.
My improvements consist, firstly, in fitting the front of a shirt or a false front
with a reversible semi-front cr flap so fastened thereto that no join is perceptible
therein. Two button holes are worked, one in each corner of such semi-front or
flap, which take on to buttons attached to the shirt body or shirt front, and so
keep the semi front or flap in position. The operation of this part of my Invention
is as follows: When one side of the front is soiled the semi front or flap is reversed,
and a clean front is thus presented to view.
My improvements consist, secondly, in fitting each of the cuffs of a shirt with an
additional reversible banded cuff having a button hole worked in each corner in the
ordinary manner. By this means, when the shirt cuffs become soiled, it is only
necessary to turn over such additional reversible banded cuff to at once obtain a
clean cuff.
Shirts manufactured upon my improved principle not only greatly enhance the
convenience of the wearer but are also more durable, and greatly economise
washing.
IMPROVED PROCESS FOR DRYING CERAMIC PRODUCTS AND BRICKS
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Lars Westergaard Beck at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 10th June 1881.
LARS WESTERGAARD BECK, of Duffel, in the Kingdom of Belgium, Manufacturer,
"IMPROVED PROCESS FOR DRYING CERAMIC PRODUCTS AND BRICKS."
The drying of green articles made from clay as hitherto carried out causes a
great loss of time, necessitates the use of large sheds or shelters, and is very costly
as regards labour.
Many attempts have been made to dry by heat, but a further and most serious
objection has here arisen inasmuch as the articles are liable to crack from the
external shrinkage before the interior becomes warm,
Now the object of this Invention is to dry the articles while in the green state
in such a manner as to avoid the formation of cracks in the surfaces of the
articles.
To this end I have found that by enclosing the article, say a brick, in somo
material of a porous or capillary nature before being placed in the kiln, I obtain a
most satisfactory result. Thus by wrapping up a brick in a piece of felt or other
tissue before exposing it in a kiln at such a heat as will not affect the felt the
brick has been dried without cracks in 48 hours.
When using sand, breeze, or other similar materials to cover the brick being
dried, I have found that it is necessary in order to obtain a good result to enclose
the brick in an envelope of wire gauze or other material of a similar character, so
that the heat may be able to circulate equally all round the brick and the moisture
contained in the brick can readily pass off. In this way I am enabled to obtain
in 11 hours a perfect drying of the brick without cracks, the heat of the kiln
varying from 100 to 300 degrees centigrade.
The quantity of porous or capillary material used will depend upon the heat
to which the articles are subjected. This improved process may be employed
in all kinds of kilns or drying stoves in which the temperaturo is sufficiently
regular on all the surfaces.
It is also applicablo where the article is to be dried by the direct flame of a
furnace or by the smoko from furnaces.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR DRYING GRAIN AND MAKING MALT
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Charles Edward Templeman Mew
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 22nd April 1881.
CHARLES EDWARD TEMPLEMAN MEW, of Newport, in the Isle of Wight.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR DRYING GRAIN AND MAKING MALT."
This Invention relates to improvements in apparatus for drying grain and making
malt, whereby labour is saved and the malt so produced preserved from mould, the
drying being effected at much less cost than by the ordinary method at present in
use.
For this purpose, according to my improvements, I place the malt or grain in a
vessel which rotates. This vessel may be in the form of a cask or of any other
suitable form, and is partly filled with the grain to be dried or converted into malt,
and it is turned when required, thereby avoiding the trouble and expense of laying
and turning it upon the floor of a malting house.
Air is introduced into the rotating vessel as required at a suitable temperature,
impregnated with moisture if necessary.
The barley or other grain may be wet, grown, and dried in the same apparatus
if required.
PROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO THE GRINDING OF CAUSTIC SODA AND OTHER VERY DELIQUESCENT SUBSTANCES."
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Holden Davis at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 3rd October 1881.
'IM-
RICHARD HOLDEN DAVIS, of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster.
PROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO THE GRINDING OF CAUSTIC SODA AND OTHER
VERY DELIQUESCENT SUBSTANCES."
In the grinding of caustic great difficulty is experienced from the extremely
deliquescent character of the material and its great causticity. If exposed to the
atmosphere during grinding it is apt to take up water and carbonic acid, and the
ground material instead of being the dry pulverulent matter desired is a damp
caking mass.
Now I get over this difficulty by two means,-
1st. Dessication of the air in which it is ground; and
2nd. Great rapidity of grinding.
There are several ways of dessicating the air; one is to conduct the operation in
an artificially refrigerated atmosphere; another to grind in a current of air which
has been passed through layers of fused calcium chloride or other dessicating
medium.
I ensure great rapidity of grinding by use of Carr's disintegrator or other like
machine which grinds by force of impact.