IMPROVED METHODS OF CONSTRUCTING STEAM GENERATORS FOR ENGINES, NEW FURNACES CONNECTED THEREWITH, AND THE MODE OF WORKING THEM WITH MACHINERY IN COMBINATION WITH THE USES TO WHICH THEY ARE APPLICABLE
Year: 1867

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Henry Pinkus, of No. 62, Mansfield Road, Haver-
stock Park, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, for the
Invention of "IMPROVED METHODS OF CONSTRUCTING STEAM GENERATORS FOR
ENGINES, NEW FURNACES CONNECTED THEREWITH, AND THE MODE OF WORKING
THEM WITH MACHINERY IN COMBINATION WITH THE USES TO WHICH THEY ARE
APPLICABLE."
Sealed the 6th December 1867, and dated the 4th October 1867.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Henry Pinkus at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patent, with his Petition, on the 4th
October 1867.
1, HENRY PINKUS, of No. 62, Mansfield Road, Haverstock Park, in the
County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVED METHODS OF CONSTRUCTING STEAM GENERATORS FOR
ENCINES, NEW FURNACES CONNECTED THEREWITH, AND THE MODE OF WORKING THEM
WITH MACHINERY IN COMBINATION WITH THE USES TO WHICH THEY ARE APPLICABLE,"
to be as follows, that is to say:-
My Invention consists of further improvements in and of a Patent for an
Invention of mine taken out in the name of Robert Alexander William
Westley, M.D., as a communication from me, and dated the 14th of August
1865, for a combination of improved methods, apparatus, and receptacles for
storing, pre-erving, transferring, and discharging certain fluids for protective
purposes, and which was for uniting some of such fluids or the vapours or
gases there of with superheated steam and heated air for combustion in ignition.
The generation and force of steam in the boilers of land, marine, and
locomotive engines, and applicable to other beating and manufacturing

page_text: purposes, some only of which are therein described, and as now herein improved
and described, I denominate the self-feeding self-regulating hydrocarbon
equivalent furnace and steam generator. My Invention therefore consists
in the methods adopted for the combinations, uses, and manipulations of
the elements therein and herein described, and those further combined with
the application of the principles of these herein shewn, and further com-
binations therewith of new and improved machinery necessary thereto for the
several uses described and partly exemplified by the several Drawings annexed
to the Specification of my said former Patent, and which are in parts adapted
to the several uses carried out as herein-after described, amongst which are
the means stated and exhibited in the formation of such receptacles as safety
storage tanks to be used in combination with the other apparatus herein
described, and in particular to the formation of storage receptacles for safely
storing bydrocarbon fluids in a large way, and the structures or works
necessary to sustain them on shipboard as at landing depots at docks for
bydraulic transference to the storage tanks of ships, and also storage depots
at or near railway stations or commercial or manufacturing ports or towns.
For these special objects the construction of the tanks are, whilst on the same
general principle described in the Specification of my said former Patent,
varied and modified by the improvements made for this Patent, and all which
are combined with the former means, and the methods, works, instruments,
and machinery applied to and for the uses herein described.
The combination of the herein-before referred to former Patent, Specification,
and Drawings, and herein-after described improved method of my Invention of
the combination of the said elements of combustion, hydrocarbon, superheated
steam, heated oil, and hot air, with apparatus and receptacles for safely
storing, preserving, transferring, and discharging such materials, together with
the apparatus and instruments for combining my said Invention with any
bydrocarbon, superheated steam, and heated air in due equivalent proportions
for complete combustion and final simultaneous discharge of these for
consumption in ignition may with great economy and better protection from
explosion and conflagration be now safely applied to marine as to stationary
and locomotive steam engine boilers, to general heating and manufacturing
purposes such as in the making and manufacturing of iron, steel, and other
metals, and manufactures as after described, thus constructing a self-feeding
self-regulating equivalent hydrocarbon furnace, whilst modifications of parts
thereof, when otherwise combined with furnaces for general beating purposes,
:nay be made and applied.
The difficulty of applying for consumption in ignition without waste, and

page_text: with more complete saturation, and with due equivalents of combustion in
a large way such material as crude petroleum, naptha, shale, or coal oil,
pitch, resin, or any mixture of these arising from absence of due supply.
of and saturation with oxygen at the points of or places and instants of ignition,
to prevent the formation of smoke, soot, and waste by frequently lowering
temperature to below 850 degrees F., preventing inflammation, causing
formation of much carbonic oxide only, precipitation of carbon and loss of heat
by rapid currents of incomplete combustion through funnel, overheating the
uptake, frequent varying of temperature, as in choaking boiler tubes, and
solidly filling up with hard carbon perforated vapour tubes, and under changes.
of intense beat, melting down iron if unprotected, when for the purpose such
are used within furnaces, renders it indispensible in the use of any hydro-
earbon to cause evenly regulated equivalent supply of the elements of
combustion to impinge at numerous points on such materials at the places of
their ejection, intermingling continuously in furnaces during primary incan-
descence, as herein-after described, so as to more completely disentigrate the
masses of gas or vapour, and more readily and intimately unite them in
forming carbonic acid gas, thus conveying to the transmitting heat surfaces
complete combustion without the necessity of supplying to furnaces as
usual great excess, double quantity of atmospheric air at common lowering
temperature, and insufficient time for due saturation of the elements, and so
lowering the energy of the radiating and impinging heating masses, preventing
combination of the oxygen of the superheated steam with the said gases or
vapours which lessen the requirement of oxygen from the said excess of
atmospheric air, the free hydrogen of the steam adds intensity to the flame,
the furnace is at the same time less encumbered with nitrogen of the air, a bad
conductor of heat.
The forms of boiler and furnace areas may be of common construction
as aforesaid, but are now modified the better to suit the nature of bydro-
carbon fuel, the form of boiler and the discharging apparatus now herein
described or any modification thereof for so ejecting, elevating, disentegrating,
and more completely saturating the said elements of combustion aforesaid, 'and
with water tube bridges to support a perforated fire-clay tile floor placed in the
furnace above the said heating, ejecting, and discharging receptacles described.
and shewn in said former Patent. The said floor of tiles forming a screen between
the lower part of the furnace and the apexes of the said dischargers placed below
the tile floor to keep down their temperature, may be supported by tubes
through which to circulate the water of the boiler. These may be laid
parallel with the line of the furnace, reaching from the back to the front of it.

page_text: The cals of the tubes inserted into the boiler, one end of each bent vertically
to the height of, say, one foot higher than the other, so as to cause constant
circulation of water of the boiler through the said tubes, and so as to prevent
their injury by the intense heat of a hydrocarbon furnace; or the said water
tubes may be contorted in zig-zag form to support the tiles, and be connected
with the feed pump, so that the feed water may be made to pass through
them and become heated on its passage to the boiler.
In applying the said duplex dischargers, herein described, to a common coal
furnace of a boiler a cast-iron front or mouth piece may be formed covering
the mouth piece of the furnace and ash-pit, and having apertures through
which to insert and to hold the outer end and mouth piece of said dischar_ers.
In transferring the said hydrocarbon and combining materials from said storage
tanks to the final points of discharge for saturation and ignition in manner de-
scribed, the object is thereby to eject it with force through thin longitudinal slots
made in and through the lips or aperture bars or plates, or platinized wire gauze
placed on or over upper surfaces of the said dischargers, and also simultaneously
eject from similar slots in the jacket of said duplex discharging tube, having
similar parallel slots or means aforesaid, so pierced as to eject another or other
elements for supplying oxygen to the hydrocarbon or its gas as it rises to said
lips or influmes, and by their united projectile force at the instant of its
evolving into dense vapour or flame, and so as in one case to cross the path of
the oil or gas, project, elevate, and disentegrate it in the form of vapour. The
said other elements described and forming the basis of my Invention specified
in my said former Patent of August 1865, to be simultaneously combined
with said bydrocarbon oils or gases are superheated, steam or waste steam
after it has performed its initial duty, and heated oil and atmospheric air
by one method through the outer jacket of the said duplex discharging
receptacle, shewn in cross scetion at Figures 12, and other Figures, Drawing
No. 4, of said former Patent, but which may be varied in form, or by any
other mere mechanical means whose object is to accomplish the aforesaid
combination of materials, and effect such union, saturation, and combustion
of the aforesaid elements, without which the aforesaid bydrocarbon flui Is
cannot be wholly utilized, nor without waste, deterioration of boiler and flues,
and furnace; nor can the intense heat be acquired which combination of
steam affords.
The steam, oil, and air may be specially heated, either by any of the
well-known means, or by the means described in the Specification in said
former Patent, or as herein described.
The superheating tubes should be so placed in flues, furnace, or uptake,

page_text: or according to the form of steam generator, as not to acquire red heat
which would decompose the steam, oxidize and choak the heating tubes,
wasting the oxygen of the aqueous vapour so essential for the support of
combustion in the use of the dense hydrocarbon fuel, thus lessening the usual
5 required quantity of oxygen from atmospheric air, and avoiding that excess
of it at common cooling temperature, in order to attain atomic contact of
'equivalents of combustion.
'
In transferring and discharging superheated steam in combination with the
oil vapour or gas of naptha, petroleum, shale, or coal, or other like hydro-
carbons containing usually about ten parts of carbon to one part of hydrogen
or atomically 6. C 5. H, and with hot air in due equivalent quantities; the
object is to supply bighly attenuated steam and in increased quantity as a
supporter of combustion, and in the only form or condition an approximately
permanent gas in which with a latent beat 1000 degrees F., it will readily,
simultaneously with heated air, impart its oxygen in hot media to unite with
the carbon of petroleum, shale, coal, or other like oils, and yield the now
more energetic gas free hydrogen, having sixteen times the beating energy,
which will unite with the oxygen of the heated atmospheric air let in equi-
valent quantities through the apertures in front of furnace, and under and
through said tile apertures become heated, its oxygen uniting with the hy-
drogen ignite and accord fuel, whose specific heat is four and a half times
greater than that of the gases of the said fuel, inducing intense heat capable
in some applications of being exalted to several thousand degrees for the
more perfect combustion of the crude dense hydrocarbons, and thereby effect
rapid generation of steam for impelling power, and by the method herein
described a conjested heat retained longer in contact with the transmitting
surfaces, affording more time for due saturation, and requiring less rapid
draught and consequent waste of completed combustion.
One principal
object in uniting highly heated atmospheric air simultaneously with super-
eated steam at the points of primary incandescence is to give a first
upporting element at an approximate heat with the steam so as not to lower
ts temperature and retard the separation of its oxygen.
The oxygen given by atmospheric air being only about 21 per cent., whilst the
xygen from the steam about 33 per cent., and yielding free hydrogen 66-7 per
ent., so that from a given heating surface of boiler and a minimum quantity
f hydrocarbon, and due equivalent portions of attenuated steam and bot air,
more rapid evaporation and expansive force may be acquired. The pro-
ortional quantity of superbeated steam combining with some of the other
ements of combustion may with profitable economy be enhanced, but which

page_text: will be dependant on the varying specific gravities of the bydrocarbons; and
as to the evaporating power of these it may be assumed as nearly correct that
whilst one pound of best coal will on average in a large practical way vapourize
six pounds of water at atmospheric pressure, one pound of hydrocarbon so com-
bined with superheated steam and hot air will vapourize twenty-five or more
pounds if the gravity of oil be '850 to 900. To these ends the said ejecting
discharging apparatus, or the furnace apparatus herein-after described, may be
formed of fire-clay or only the outer tube or jacket of fire-clay, and in form
herein-before referred to, and in length and diameter suited to required capacity
or magnitude of furnace and quantity of material required in combustion and
steam power. The length of said fire-clay duplex tubes may be from two to
four feet, according to the number of them in or the size of furnace chamber,
which should be of large area proportional to power of boiler; upon the lower
part of said inner duplex discharger a perforated plate was described forming
a cell, into which the oil might be transferred through the perforated tube,
placed under the perforated plate to eject oil, now hot air, or superheated
steam through it; or by branch tubes leading from the steam and hot air
supply tubes to dischargers to and connected with the said mouth piece may be
applied to pass air and steam through the immer duplex tube. The apex or
lips of the said inuer duplex open by a series of elongated slots about a quarter
of an inch wide on the hot-air side in the lip or trough, and extending along
the length of the apparatus described as solid at the back end of furnace, and
resting on a bridge, but now on water tubes herein described. The open apex
or lips of the outer jacket of said dischargers may be about two inches wide,
within which are said steam and air vents one quarter inch wide at exit part
of the air side and about a sixteenth to an eighth of an inch on the steam side;
or the apex of the discharging apparatus with its elongated slot aperture may
be formed of a separate plate or pierced bar of metal or fire-clay, and laid
into or attached to and between the lips of the apex, and in the event of
deposit of carbon removable and duplicates substituted. The said ejecting
dischargers being now situate below the tile floor screen, and not liable to red
heat, the ejecting dischargers may be disconnected, and with its mouth piece
be quickly withdrawn from the furnaces whilst the boiler is in action by dis-
connecting the said supply tubes at their union joints and duplicates inserted.
The number of said ejectors placed in one furnace of a steam boiler will
necessarily depend on the magnitude and required power of boiler; the object
is to procure many points of direct contact of the elements of combustion, oil,
superbeated steam, and hot air, so as to procure better saturation in primary
incandescence carbonic oxide, and before complete union of the full equivalents

page_text: of combustion which are to an extent secondary as in formation of carbonic
acid completed combustion. The said ejecting dischargers being maintained
at a lower heat than the combustion part of the furnace by reason of the
herein described perforated tile screen, and the cold air passing them through
the front vents yet heating the air, so that no cold material is admitted into
the furnace, some of them may at any time be thrown out of or into action
by shutting off or on the equivalent supply cocks herein described, according
to varying requirements of power convenient in steam navigation, especially in
the strategy of ships of war.
In placing the said improved discharging apparatus in furnaces they may be
laced either on a curved or flat surface, or angularly in situation if connected
with common builer furnaces whose inlets are small. Before placing them in
furnace a led of well known and heretofore used perforated fire-clay tiles
pierced with numerous small elongated apertures, and, say, three inches thick,
indented or corrugated on the upper surface, their edges curved to fit to the
water tubes, must be placed and supported on a grate of bars or on metal
tubes through which to circulate the water of the boiler in or through the
furnace, and under which the said ejecting dischargers must be placed, the
apexes of which must lay under open spaces made in the bed of tiles supported
on the water tubes.
The object of combining these perforated tiles with the said ejecting
dischargers being to form a screen separating them from the combustion
part of the furnace to avoid a red heat or too high a temperaturo and
deterioration if metal be used, and to avoid deposit of carbon, a red heat
not being necessary for vapourizing the oils, and to keep down their tempera-
ture by the atmospheric air let in through the said apertures in front of furnace
for regulating additional supply of air over and above the quantity supplied by
the hot-air side of the said duplex ejectors. The atmosphere so entering
through the said front apertures of furnace becomes heated by contact with
the dischargers, which are also at their proper temperatura superheaters of
steam and air, thus keeping down their temperature to about 850 F., whilst
the combustion part of the furnace may when protected by water face be at
the temperature of about 3000 degrees F., and in some manufacturing
applications of my Invention, such as in making iron or steel, several thousand
degrees or more.
Into the inner duplex tube in my said former Specification through and
along its entire length loosely packed layers of coarse sheet talk standing
vertically was described; now instead thereof broken bits of fire-clay or
balls may be filled in, through the interstices of either of which the said oit

page_text: or its vapour is forced by the hydrostatic pressure of the governing diaphragm
tank in connexion with and through said reservoir main pipe R, Fig. 11,
Drawing No. 4 of that Patent, and said screen tank to the feeding pipe Vin
front of furnace, and also the tubes x, x, leading thence to the said ejecting
dischargers combined with the furnace, as in said former Patent, when the
material becoming heated will be ejected, pass out of the open slots in the
apex of the inner duplex, and mixing with the streams of hot air, hot oil, and
superheated steam at many points, will either in the fluid state, after the
nanner of an argand lamp burner, with some hydrocarbon, or in the form of
gas or vapour in others, ignite, whilst simultaneously forced and expanding
streams of superheated steam and hot air ejected out of each side of the jacket
of said duplex ejectors will flow elevating, disentegrating, and mixing the
masses of the elements, and in either case impinge on the vapour or flame
support the combustion of the oil or gas, the superheated steam imparting
also its oxygen uniting with the carbon of oil or vapour in combustion, whilst
the now free hydrogen of the steam will in the body of the furnace unite with
the oxygen of the heated air admitted, as aforesaid, through the vent apertures
in front of furnace, and as berein described, the said screen tile apertures and
consume, adding intense heat for the more complete combustion of the carbo-
hydrogen, and now also through the air and steam supply tubes with equivalent
cocks led through the mouth piece into the tube ejectors to the talk or broken
bit space, some of the materials becoming heated by passing through the
dischargers support combustion in the furnace, the streams of hot air and
steam passing through the talk or broken bits of fire-clay filled into the said
inner tube will take up portions of said hydrocarbon or the vapour thereof,
and with force eject it in furnace, when or at the apex of the discharger it will
inflame. In some applications of my Invention the number of said ejecting
dischargers adopted for each furnace chamber may vary, but since some may,
as aforesaid, be retained in without constant use, and may also be there used
as superheaters of steam or air without injury, since they will be at a lower
temperature than the combustion part of furnace, and be thrown into or out of
operation as necessity for more or less engine power may be needed, particularly
in sea-going vessels making long voyages, and especially vessels for war wherein
for cogent reasons lighter draught may be attained by letting off the water
fron tanks, or increased speed may be important, increased evaporative
power or pressure may be quickly attained in any given dimensions of steam
boiler. For these objects I apply the said method of using the hydrocarbon
with other elements and combined furnace apparatus therein and berein
described in double tiers of furnace chambers with said former or herein-after

page_text: described dischargers and equivalent apparatus, one set above the other set, and
so that combustion of the said elements may be effected, and act in the lower
chambers, and pass for better saturation into and unite in the upper furnace
chamber or not; or the gases of the upper furnace chambers may be made to
mix with the combustion of the lower furnace chambers before their exit
through vent flues or tubes. This combination may be found useful in cases
where the space allowed for boiler room and length of flue on shipboard is too
limited. In the latter case, more especially in small tube flues, the gases of
combustion for the most part take the shortest quickest paths to and through
the vents, mostly the lower tubes, much of it missing the upper where
vapourization would be most rapid; to avoid this the results of combustion can,
by this my new arrangement, be compelled to take from each tier due proportion
to upper or lower flue tubes.
In order to render the method of combining the aforesaid elements for
combustion described and claimed in the Specification of my said former
Patent, and the therein and herein described combined furnace with ejecting
apparatus self-feeding and self-regulating, with due saturating equivalents of
combustion the said elements, superheated steam, heated oil, and air, I con-
struct and combine with any hydrocarbon furnace or steam-engine boiler or
furnaces for heating, and manufacture what I denominate an automatic equi-
valent guage, so as to supply to any furnace due proportions of the separate
materials forming complete combustion. To effect this object I connect with
the spanners or levers of the slide valves or cock inlets, or the ejection or
injection to furnace of the heated oil, superheated steam, and hot air supply
tubes 80,50, 80,50, of the Specification of my said former Patent, or the
herein described means, branch tubes from the said supply tubes to the said
mouth pieces, as in the said Drawing No. 4, an instrument of parallel or
angular motion movable by a compound lever, to which is connected bars or
rods having elongated slots into which the ends of the spanner levers are
inserted; these slots admit of more or less extent of arcs of motion of the
levers, according to their different lengths of action, so as more or less to open
according to adjustment of the slide or cock valves, which being either in
parallel lines or one higher than the other, so as that by the same length of
parallel motion effected by the compound lever the areas of their vents may
be more or less opened to admit more or less of the estimated different
elements aforesaid.
The compound lever may be an adjustable hand lever; but in order
the better to effect such actions for regulated increments of supply with
more certainty than with manual labour, I construct and further combine

page_text: with a hydrocarbon furnace and steam generator said instrument of guage,
what I denominate an automatic equivalent governor; to this end I
combine a compound pyrometric bar or bars with a rotative cylinder having
geared bevel wheels of unequal diameters attached, a fixed steam cylinder
and piston with guides and connecting rod attached, with an adjustable
thumbscrew at the end of the compound lever.
The said compound pyrometric bars are formed on the well-known principle
of expansion, elongation, dilation, or contortion of flat bars of different metals,
such as brass and steel, or others, when united on their flat faces and joined
by brazing or riveting.
The bars may be composed of two double bars or more for power, or two sets
of such, the inner ones of shorter lengths than the outer, and all attached at
one end, whilst the other ends may be free to diverge. The lengths of bars
may be according to desired divergence or power; the two longest ends of the
diverging legs are connected with short rods which protrude through the front
of furnace; the compound bar is fixed at the other connected ends to the
inside front of the furnace, under which is fixed a shelf or perforated box of
fire-clay so as to prevent the surging of the incompleted combustion of gases
on the pyrometric bar, yet allowing the thermal heat of furnace to act on and
affect them.
The ends of said short rods attached to the diverging ends of bars and
protruding through the front are attached to the larger or driving bevel
wheel fixed to front of boiler geared to the smaller bevelled wheel with a
crank action on said cylinder, so fixed near to the end of said compound
lever to give rotation to the cylinders by the crank action on the larger wheel.
This cylinder is furnished with a series of projecting metal stops or pegs
graduated and fixed at points on curved lines projecting along and around the
cylinder marked with parallel lines on its periphery, according to the ascer-
tained rotation of the cylinder, by the observed degrees of heat of furnace
as indicated by the divergence of the legs of said compound bars, consequent
crank action, and rotation of the cylinder, which is so graduated as to range
over say 3000 degrees F., from 212 F. Parallel with and fixed on front of boiler
or furnace over said cylinder is attached a metal arc of convenient radius, with
degrees of beat marked thereou corresponding with the graduated stops on the
cylinder. The metal arc is formed of two flat parallel pieces forming a long
slot in which the end of the said compound lever moves. The length of the
cylinder may be, say, 18 inches; under and parallel with this cylinder is the
aforesaid steam cylinder, say two inches in the barrel, furnished with a piston
and rod, and length of stroke equal with the length of the rotating cylinder,

page_text: No text detected.

page_text: superheated steam, and heated air shewn, specilied, and claimed in the
Specification of my said former Patent.
In the applications of the herein-before described principles, when used for
the generation of common and superheated steam when the method aforesaid,
exhibited in Drawings No. 1 and No. 4, as applied to locomotive engine
boilers, the general and combined means may for better economy be further
modified and combined with such boiler for the simultaneous discharge of petro-
leum, shale, or coal oil, steam, and hot air in the manner herein-before
and herein-after described, in respect of which the principles applied and
methods of use and resulting effects in some or any of the aforesaid combina-
tions as to adoption in land and marine engine boilers obtain also in this
application.
Under the fire-box, in lieu of the ordinary construction of furnace with
grate bars, I place a water case in communication with the water of boiler,
and under the water case a superheated steam case, and under that a hot
air case; or the steam case may be placed directly under the furnace bel
for retaining higher temperature. Above the steam and water case I place
the aforesaid duplex hydrocarbon, steam, and hot air discharging apparatus,
with some or any of its appendages, or any of the means herein describe.l,
with its said mouth piece and its feeding inlet and ejecting tubes applied in
any convenient manner suited to the front of the fire-box with its usual
app nlages.
Through several of the upper series of flue tubes of the boiler, which
are made larger than the others, say, four inches diameter, I insert and lay
superheating steam copper or brass tubes, say, two inches diameter, passing
through the length of and beyond the end of boiler into the smoke box at one
end, whilst the other ends extend through the upper part of the furnace to the
front of boiler, where they are connected with the superheating steam dis-
charge pipe leading to and connected with the steam case.
The ends of the superheating steam tubes in the smoke box extend in close
groups to the slide cases of the engine cylinders througli enlarged blast pipes con-
nected therewith, and dip into the slide cases so as to receive a part of the waste
steam discharged in blast therefrom, which enters into the superheating tubes
through the ball-and-socket valves, and is forced by the impact of the blast
through the said superheating tubes laid through the boiler and furnace, and
through the discharge pipe into the steam case, whence it is discharged by the
said feeding and supply tubes or branches into the discharging receptacle.
In order to superheat steam for combustion in furnace, passing from its
reservoir in the boiler and issuing through the steam pipes to the cylinders, I

page_text: construct and place in the funnel or smoke box instead of the ordinary bridge
steam pipes a feeding steam case in the following manner, wherein is a steam
receptacle having an upper and lower steam compartment connected by a
series, say, 60 or more parallèl tubes one inch diameter, opening steam com-
munication between the compartments. The upper compartment is united
with the steam pipe at the outlet steam valve by a flange joint, whilst the ends
of the lower compartment are connected with the slide cases of the cylinders
by similar joints. The egress of the combustion of the furnace will discharge
from the boiler tubes through the interstices of the tubes in its passage to and
emission through the funnel, surebarging or drying the primed steam in its
passage to the cylinders, whence part of it will re-issue to the said super-
beating steam tubes in manner described, and discharge into the said steam'
case for the object herein described; or the tubes may be used as superheaters
for wasto steam to be conveyed by some only of the tubes directly to the steam
case of furnace through the said tubes, either for combustion or emission to
boiler.
The parts of the superbeating steam tubes passing through the furnico
may be platinized to preserve them from deterioration by action of the flame
on that part of them; or perforated tubes of fire-clay may be put over them,
and the tubes may also be protected to preserve them from the current of
flame passing then in the smoke box.
In order that the superheated or waste steam may, when under accumulation
and high expansion, be discharged from the said steam case into the boiler,
pipes four inches in diameter may be connected with the superheated steam*
case on the inner or outer sides of the fire-box and terminate in a valve case
under the man-hole in the boiler, so that when either from speed of piston,
slack of furnace heat, or other cause the pressure of superheated steam in the
case is greater than the steam in the boiler, the former will lift the said.
valve and discharge into and replenish boiler.
It may be observed that in using such material as crude petroleum, naptha,
or sbalo or coal oil, or mixtures of any of such in combination with super
heated steam and hot air for heating boilers and other purposes a more
perfect incandescence as sustain and support intensity of beat can be produced
by regulating due proportions in the feed of these elements, and the intimate
and rapid contact between the first flame and combustible gases approximately
to from two to five thousand, and in some applications more degrees F., which
admits of more time for proper saturation, yet maintaining a much less rapid
draught through boiler tubes, thus allowing longer contact of the completed.
combustion thereon to induct its caloric to the absorbent, much of which is

page_text: otherwise lost by the vent in flue or blast through the funnel, but which
regulated portions of the elements of combustion in the use of coal it has been
impracticable to effect.
The feeding tubes x, x, and 30 50, 30 50, or the said branch tubes in
Figures 11 and 13, Drawing No. 4, may at their union joints be quickly dis-
connected if required from the dischargers W at the mouth piece X, that it
may be withdrawn for adjustment and replaced as well whilst the boilers are in
operation.
With the view of more perfectly developing and attaining the full benefits
and economy, my aforesaid method of utilizing the hydrocarbons in combina-
tion with superheated steam and heated air, and thus generate gases from
waste or other steam, capable not only of supporting combustion, but rendering
intensity of heat greater than the original base of fuel by the common way,
and competent to effect more rapid generation of steam in engine boilers and
more exalted heat for the manufacture of metals and other purposes, without
the cumbrous means usually adopted to obtain such heat, but which from its
power, yet lesser bulk and simpler means of bandling and applying, neces-
sarily alter the practical conditions prescribed as to areas and dimensions in
steam boilers, flues, and furnaces consequent on the use of more ponderous fuel,
coal, or coke, and the large volumes of atmospheric air necessary therefor.
For this object I construct an improved steam boiler and furnace better
suited to effect primary incandescence, the more perfect saturation of the equiva-
lents of combustion so essential to economy of fuel and intensity of beat, neither
conditions of which are practically attainable in common furnaces or boilers
for the consumption of the solid fluids.
This steam generator is a combination of the commonly known Cornwall
flue and the small tube methods and new form of furnace, and in marine
engine steam generator with double tiers of equivalents self-feeding furnace,
either of that herein-before or with rotating equivalent ejectors berein-after
described. The larger flues may therefore be a fourth part less in ineasured
capacity than commonly estimated, and with lesser return flues to communicate
with a small tube system in the upper part of boiler.
Within the large flues I combine a well-known water tube circulator
fixed in the larger flues in spiral form curving from the mouth of flue
to the end of its vent, in such manner that the draught shall be com-
pelled to move from the centre to the sides of fluc, so as to retard the
velocity of draught to break the masses of gas, have more time to mix into
carbonic acid gas, and impart its heat as well by longer contact with the
transmitting surface as from central radiation, which is less by the square of the

page_text: distances; or instead of such hot-water circulator, which may be made to
curve from the flue into the boiler and return into flue, I construct and
apply in the flue a worm or screw whose vane radiates from a central shaft
and winds in a quick curve from the mouth to the vent of flue; this is
made of fire-clay, and is suspended on the inner sides of the fluc, so as not to
rest wholly on the lower sides, and without touching by about an inch, but:
nearer to the upper side of it where owing to the tendency of heat to rise it is
always hotter than the lower side of flue. The effect of such construction in
large flues will be in cases where for want of space too limited a length of
lead is attainable, as in marino boilers; thus in compensation for short length
of flue greater length of draught is given.
I further combine with said improved steam boiler the bydrocarbon equivalent
ejectors and furnace before described, or I construct and combine them in the
following manner: Where within the common boiler the furnace grate and
ash-pit are situate I form, if land boilers, a circular well of curved fire-clay lumps
or bricks, say, two feet six inches in diameter and twelve inches deep, or according
to magnitude of furnace, and beveled to a lesser diameter on the lower part.
If marine boilers a water-faced depression. In the centre base of this is formed
a dish with conical steps on the inner side to bold the end of a short vertical
hollow cylindrical revolving shaft square on the upper end, on to which is
placed and suspended a circular conical fire-clay disc of the diameter of the
well at the lower edge and corrugated on the upper side. The bevel of the
cone may be an angle of about 22 degrees.
On the hollow shaft and hanging over the upper edge of the corrugated cone
I suspend a covered conical fire-clay dish, with numerous apertures on the..
upper side and perhipery pointing down on to different parts of the face of the
larger cone.
From the central shaft is suspended a cylindrical ring of fire-clay of larger
diameter than the diameter of the larger cone, two inches internal diameter,
and perferated with numerous apertures pointing on to different parts of the
face of the conc.
The covered dish on the shaft is made through the hollow of shaft to revolve
in one direction, whilst the larger one revolves more slowly in an opposite:
direction, and the tubular ring at the perhipery of the larger cone revolves in an
opposite direction to the covered dish, each with regulated differential motion.
Into the covered dish superheated steam is supplied, whilst into the tubular
ring hot air is supplied, both from the aforesaid supply tubes, whose ejecting
valves or cocks, as also that of the oil, are regulated by the said equivalent
apparatus, whilst the oil from the said supply tubes is ejected through the

page_text: front of furnace in a horizontal instead of a vertical direction, as in said
former Specification. On the face of said revolving cone where it will evolve
into gas vapour, whilst interlacing intermitting streams of superheated steam
and heated air from the revolving furnace will, as before stated, impinge on
the flame from different sides, disintegrate it, lift it as aforesaid, and mingle
and mix it in due equivalent proportions, resulting in completed combustion.
The said furnace may be connected with the improved boiler or with a
common boiler, and may be placed in single or double tiers of furnaces for
rapid evaporation and increased expansive force of steam. Where double
tiers may be applied sliding panels for access to furnace may be used, and a
railed standing gallery may intervene for access to the upper tier. By another
method the larger disc may be inverted, the tubular air ring made less in
diameter, and fixed on the perhipery of the disc, whilst the covered steam dish
may be suspended over the centre of the inverted cone, into the latter of which
may be placed a mass of fire-clay balls, some of two and others four inches
diameter, and which may be made to revolve.
Another form of revolving furnace apparatus may be several perforated hollow
cylinders corrugated on peripheries nine iuches diameter by three feet long,
placed in furnace in horizontal position, the corrugations interlacing and made
to revolve vertically, and from on to and out of which the heated hydrocarbon,
hot air, and super-heated steam may in like manner act to effect with the said
accorded equivalent elements completed combustion for various applications.
And having in the Specification of my said former Patent described shewn
and claimed the new method of effecting intensity of heat in furnaces by ejecting
out of apparatus connected therewith fluid or ariform hydrocarbon as a base of
fuel in combination with regulated portions of superheated steam and heated air,
and for better economy therewith the waste steam of an engine, and in such
manner as not only to procure and render thereto from such steam an unmixed
supporter of the combustion thereof by the pure oxygen thereof, but also simul-
taneously to procure and render available larger volumes of free hydrogen
supported by the oxygen of the heated atmospheric air supplied in limited
quantity at such thermal temperature as to prevent lowering the temperature
and attenuity of the steam, being enabled thereby to consume a larger measure
of steam with a minimum quantity of hydrocarbon, and thus exalt intensity of
heat largely above that which the hydrocarbon is by common means capable
of inducing. I thus lessen the usual quantity of atmospheric air necessary in
the common way of combustion with its cooling temperature at 60 F., and
forced draught into a furnace to be maintained at from 2000 to 3000, and
more degrees F. by about 60 per cent., and pass such minimum into my

page_text: furnace at from 700 to 1000 degrees F., so much the less incumbering the
furnace with nitrogen, a bad conductor, and substituting bydrogen a conductor
equal to metal, obtaining from air about 21 per cent. only of oxygen and
79 nitrogen, whilst from steam 33.3 of oxygen and 66-7 per cent. hydrogen.
It is therefore manifest that such combination of method, apparatus, and
manipulation as formerly described is capable of application to various heating
purposes in manufactures, such as making iron, manufacturing steel, copper,
glass, &c., so that by said former and herein described improved method of
generating and applying heat a better combustion, free from the impurities
which affect metals by coal or coke, may be used, and which by the intensity
to which it may be raised admits of application by direct contact and fusion
with ores in cupulos, or puddling furnace, or by induction through transmitting
surfaces to act on the materials, for which purpose and use with my former
and improved method and furnace may be constructed a duplex cupulo and
furnace, and may be applied, the congested combustion as herein-before
described with descending currents, and impart it through medium at and on
to different layers of metal and flux, and the same means for preparing and
beating large ingots of metals for rolling or hammering may be applied.
The fluids principally to be stored, preserved from accidental fire, and applied
to the uses herein mentioned are the hydrocarbons, petroleum, naptha, shale,
coal oils, or other like materials whose economical uses are of high value in
special application of ignited combustion for the generation and force of steam,
and for manufactures, and for general heating and lighting purposes, and the
more especially for ocean navigation, but all such materials are in their nature
dangerous in storage and handling, are susceptible of changes from the fluid to-
the gaseous state by mere atmospheric temperatures, as in long contact with air
or water, and in sea-going vessels dangerous to life from the evolutions of
gases, consequent pressure, and irruption of tanks, and difusion of explosive
vapours.
The objects herein, amongst other things, are therefore so to effect storage,.
discharge, transference, and application in connection with furnaces by
methods capable in the first instance of neutralizing or preventing such
dangerous condition, without which it were reckless to bazard conflagration at
sea. To this end self-acting apparatus is necessary to lead off to use or to waste
the spontaneous evolution of gases from all the storage tanks on shipboard or at
landing depots so as to discharge from ships to landings, or thence to ship
without pumping, handling, or contact with air or water whilst the hydrostatic
and bydraulic force as described will obtain. Therefore on shipboard the tanks
should be sustained on iron beam floors with arrangement for acces, to and removal

page_text: of any defective tank. The tanks communicating with said mains on each floor,
the mains having branches for flow of material or gas to sea in event of danger,
the branches having intersecting valves moved by winches on the upper deck.
Into
Or in storage on shipboard with the less dangerous kinds of hydrocarbon the
tanks may be of large dimensions, and formed to conform to form of lower hull
of ship, but in compartments, their top surfaces forming a false deck.
these may be made to act the said hollow floating head with gas escape appa-
ratus, and with water pressure packing, but without the folding diaphragm.
The tanks may be made cylindrical or square, and the said hydraulic force
fed from the waterline of sea may flow into and on said floating head of
diaphragm to give hydrostatic force of flow to boiler room and furnace, or
through said escape branches to sea.
For storage constructions at shipping docks, or towns, or railway stations
the tanks should be constructed in water-tight brick wells below the surface
level, with a depth capable of overflow of tanks. The oil mains supported at
the base of the wells or on the surface level, and having branch outlets and
valves. The hydraulic water mains for force and flow should be sustained on
pillars at the required height for force.
In these applications the expanding and contracting folds of the dia-
phragm formerly described may for large tanks be varied and flat, or oval
metal rings of the diameter of the tanks, and say, twelve inches apart
inserted between two surfaces of the flexible material, so that on the
lift of the head these may fold in corrugations. When the aforesaid receptacles
for safe storage are applied on shipboard, and particularly in steam ships for
war all the tanks constructed on the principle of Fig. 5 and 6, Drawing No. 1,
but varied in form, should have their outlets and the transferring tubes connected
with common main pipes, situate on or above the level of the keelson, and
leading to the boiler room of a steam vessel, which boiler room should be screened
by a metal partition from the keelson to the main deck, the said mains having
intersecting vertical slide valve with ratched spanner in the boiler room,
and at the terminations of the mains in the lower part of the fixed oil well or
screen tank, as in elevation at R, Figure S¹, Drawing No. 4, of said former
Patent, through which the petroleum, naptha, shale, or coal oil passes from said
storage tanks by the pressure from the aforesaid hydrostatic diaphragm recep-
tacle connected with said main R, and as on the principle of construction in
Figs. 3, 4, 5, Drawing No. 1, of that Patent, but now modified as aforesaid,
and so governing the flow and bydraulic force of the bydrocarbon to and
through the fixed pipes V1, V₁, and x, x, a, Figure 13, Drawing No. 1, to
dischargers W and a, Figure 12 and 13 of said No. 4, and as herein modified

page_text: and combined for relative connexion with the method furnace steam generator
and machinery now herein described of said No. 4.
The object of the screen tank is stated to be to cut off and exclude flame from
the storing tanks and reservoir main intervening united storage reservoirs of
hydrocarbon for protection from fire from furnaces as now modified. All
these storage tanks should be firmly fixed on metal grate floors or suspended
in metal frames one above the other in layers running fore and aft of a ship,
and having alleys of sufficient height and width to admit the passage of men
for access to all the tube outlets and cocks leading from the tanks to the mains,
and connected with said main pipes R and the herein-after described branches
froin mains leading seawards.
Ventilating shafts leading from the storage compartment of ships to and
above the main deck should be established, and by means herein mentioned
to carry off any gases evolved in the tank from leakage of crude petroleum,
shale, or coal oils.
For some fluids and large tauks the said metal dish covered a, a, Figures 1
and 6 in Drawing No. 1 of said former Specification may be fixed in the head
of the floating diaphragm; or the head may be made of sheet iron and hollow,
to which one end of a cylindrical flexible tube may be connected; the lower side
is perforated, and the other end of the tube connected with the outlet cock f, as
in Figure 6, No. 1 of that Specification, by which means either carbonic acid or
other gas or solid fluid which from less specific gravity will flow to top of tank
may in one form be drawn off, or explosive gases from petroleum or other similar
oils in another, thus relieving pressure and preventing irruption of tanks and
leakage. On the pipe ka cock in for shutting off water, as in said Drawing
No. 1, and for drawing off fluid or gas from the top surface of tanks, par-
ticularly tanks to be used on shipboard for the storage of said hydrocarbons,
the cylindrical flexible tube connecting said perforated dish in the floating
head with an outlet cock and tube in connexion with the main R, as in said
Drawing No. 1, will convey any gas or vapour rising in to the said floating
bead to the tap or to said main pipe R, Figure 11, Drawing No. 4 of said
former Patent, and from which main pipes on each deck or tauk floor of ship
a branch pipe must be connected rising vertically to the upper or main deck,
terminating outside of it, and furnished with an intersecting valve for the
flow to waste of gas when furnace of engine is not in operation; the exit of
this branch pipe, or within eighteen inches of its end, two partitions of wire
gauze must be attached, say one foot apart, to provent the ingress of flame.
For the purpose of emptying, replenishing, or transferring the hydrocarbon
on shipboard, the same general bydrostatic or hydraulic principles apply the

page_text: storage as herein improved, as in said former Patent described, and the
operation applies to the action of Figures 4 and 5 therein, whilst the tube
connecting the outlet tap with the said floating head will be a floating tap to
draw fluid from the top surface, so that when the floating head r, r, therein
shewn has descended to the lower end of the tank the water above the head
may run to waste, and in storage of bydrocarbon on shipboard, by similar
arrangement streams of water may be made to flow from the water line of sea
through the body of the fluid in the tanks to keep down their temperature and
continuously run to waste from below the base of the deck or floor of tanks.
These are amongst the applications of the principles described for the several
uses of the elements herein mentioned when in their primary or varied condition,
and combined with some or any of the mechanical means for the particular and
better modes of application, whether for safety in fixed storage or transit in a
large way by sea or land, or in transference and discharge for consumption.
And in order further to improve the method, apparatus, and receptacles
shewn in the said former Specification, making them applicable to the
storage, transference, and discharge of any hydrocarbon fluid or vapour
thereof for the use in hydrocarbon combustion in fixed or signal lights,
avoidance of danger in their use, or the vapours thereof when in communi-
ention with flame some of the apparatus and instruments described and shewn
in Drawings No. 1, 2, 3, of said former Patent are modified to effect the
object in manner following:-At the point of discharge of said fluids is
combined with it the said cup with its appendages, as at D, Figure 6, No. 3,
so that the vapour of water may, especially in the use of out door lights, be
with more crude and dense oils, also by the saine means generated and united
with the vapour of said oils in the said cup C, Figure 5', or in that in the same
cup, Figure 6, Drawing No. 3, so that this vapour may impinge on and mix
with the vapour of the oil at the instant of ignition, its oxygen combined with
its carbon in combustion yielding free hydrogen, whilst its oxygen, as also the
oxygen of atmospheric air will unite with its carbon, as also with the hydrogen,
rendering due equivalents of combustion and augmented light. To effect this
combined union and discharge of material a heating appendage may also be
connected with the said stem x, x, of the burner or its cup D, or connected
with the cup C, Figure 5¹, No. 2 of former Patent. This appendage may
be an endless nearly parallel metal tube one-eighth of an inch internal
diameter, and of any required length, to dip into a water and vapour vessel,
and having the well known bot water expansion valve. The tube may be
spirally coiled at its upper and lower ends, and at an intermediate part
the coil at the upper end must be in the form of a cone and be at its upper

page_text: coil platinized and hermetically sealed after being filled with water freed from
air on Perkins' well known method, or other suitable fluid for circulation.
The upper coiled end may be placed in the said air-way k of the cup C
instead of the inverted cone y, but conforming as well to its shape and use,
whilst the lower end may be wholly or partly immersed in the water stem of
the lamp, or a separate closed water receptacle placed on and around or near
to the outside of said stem, and having a vapour tube leading from its upper
part or from above a diaphragm, and connected with a vapour case or jacket
on or within the cup C, and whose vapour case is so perforated into the
gauze and oil space of cup as to admit the vapour of water to unite with the
oil or vapour of oil within the said roll of wire gauze in the cup C. The water
receptacle may have an intermediate vapour space above the water level and
the said hot water circulating tube, one side or leg of which the ascending
water side should be outside stem of the lamp may be also spirally
coiled in this, the vapour space, so as to dry or superheat the steam or vapour
as it rises to the cup C. The water case has an enlarged middle vapour
space in which the intermediate part of the coil is placed, so that when
the hot water circulation causes aqueous vapour to arise from above the
water it will surround in contact the intermediate coil, which will dry or
superbeat the vapour on its passage to cup C or C 5' of said Drawing
No. 2.
When the oil in the said discharging cup is burning it will heat
the top coiled part of the hermetically sealed tube, which may be adjusted,
raised, or lowered by a thumbscrew for more or less heat, or made to
rise or lower by action on the head of the diaphragm, causing the water
to rise to top of the coil by heat of the flame, and so force it to descend in
one leg, and circulate through the lower and intermediate parts of the water
holder, and so transmit heat into the water of the said holder or independant
outer water receptacle, parting with its coloric, then rising on the ascending
side or leg causing slow generation of vapour, which will rise through the
vapour space and middle coil, be further heated and expanded, and pass to and
through the perforated case of the said cup and roll of gauze, impinge on the
flame of the burner, yield oxygen to the carbon of the oil, and hydrogen gas
to burn and increase intensity of light, particularly for out-door uses, as railway
stations; as also may the vapour of water in the form of superheated steam or
heated air be united with such hydrocarbon vapour formed in the aforesaid
compartment 6 of the receptacle A, Figure 8, Drawing No. 2 of said former
Patent by using the waste steam of a locomotive engine boiler by combining with
the furnace thereof, and appropriating one of the said dischargers described
and shewn, but closing its described ejecting slots, and instead of the talk 80,

page_text: Figure 12, No. 4 of said former Patent placing therein in the well known manner
peat or wood charcoal, then by letting in regulated intermitting stream in
jets, the dischargers being maintained at a red heat, the hydrogen conveyed
by said flexible tube to the said oil compartment 6 of the receptacle A,
Figure 8 of said Drawing No. 2, and passing over or through said oil vapour
will by the hydrogen be formed, which may be conveyed by the said tube d, d,
to the said cup C to consume and give light, or conveyed to trains of cars for
warmth, and applying the superheated tubes herein-after described, or some
only of the superheating tubes, by connecting them as herein-after described;
the superheated steam or heated air may be thence conveyed by a metal
tube with flexible joints to the compartment b, Figure 8, and passing under
or over the surface of the fluid bydrocarbon will evolve and take up vapour,
and regulated by the said diaphragm b, b, at A will be forced through the
tubes d, d, Figure 4, and discharged into said cup C, Figure 5', Drawing No. 2
of said former Patent for consumption, for the purpose aforesaid. The water
pressure tank may in that case be dispensed with, the said diaphragm acting
instead under atmospheric pressure alone as a regulator governing the varying
pressure of the gas in the receptacle and due flow through said tubes d, d, to
said cup C, Figure 5, Drawing No. 2.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Henry Pinkus in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 4th April
1868.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, HENRY
PINKUS, of No. 62, Mansfield Road, Haverstock Park, in the County of
Middlesex, Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Пler Letters
Patent, bearing date the Fourth day of October, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, in the thirty-first year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Henry Pinkus, Her special license that I, the said Henry Pinkus, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Henry
Pinkus, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVED METHODS OF CON-
SIEUCTING STEAM GENERATORS FOR ENGINES, NEW FURNACES CONNECTED THEREWITH,

page_text: AND THE MODE OF WORKING THEM WITH MACHINERY IN COMBINATION WITH THE
USES TO WHICH THEY ARE APPLICABLE," upon the condition (amongst others)
that I, the said Henry Pinkus, by an instrument in writing under my hand
and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the
same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Henry Pinkus, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for improved methods of constructing steam
generators for engines, new furnaces connected therewith, and the mode of
working them with machinery in combination with the uses to which they
are applicable, to be as follows, that is to say :-
My Invention consists in part of further improvements in and of a Patent
for an Invention of mine taken out in the name of Robert Alexander William
Westley, M.D., as a communication from me, and dated the Fourteenth
of August, One thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, for a combination of
improved methods, apparatus, and receptacles for storing, preserving, trans-
ferring, and discharging certain fluids for protective purposes, and which was
for uniting some of such fluids or the vapours or gases thereof with super-
heated steam and heated air for combustion in ignition, the generation and
force of steam in the boilers of land, marine, and locomotive engines, and
which Invention was applicable to other heating manipulations for manu-
facturing purposes and as now herein improved and described; and I further
combine and apply with any of these parts of the method and apparatus
described and shewn in the Specification of a Patent granted to me for an
improved method and apparatus for generating gas, dated the Fifth day of
April, One thousand eight hundred and thirty, and which was for, amongst
other things, the regeneration of certain hydrocarbon fluids for combustion by
regenerating retorts and furnaces, and as now combined and used, and with
the Specification of the said Patent of One thousand eight hundred and sixty-five,
and with the methods, furnaces, and machinery described in this Specification,
I denominate the self-feeding, self-regulating, hydrocarbon equivalent furnace
heat and steam generators. My Invention therefore consists in the improved
and new methods adopted for the combinations, with manipulations, of the
elements therein and herein described, and those further combined with the
application of the principles of these berein shewn, and further combinations
therewith of new and improved machinery necessary thereto for the several
uses described and partly exemplified by the parts of the Drawings and
Figures annexed to the Specification of my said former Patents, and which

page_text: are in parts adapted to the several uses carried out as herein-after described,
amongst which are the means stated and exhibited in the formation of such
receptacles as safety storage bydrocarbon tanks to be used in combination
with some of the other apparatus herein described for use with steam
generators and other furnaces, and the structures or works necessary to sustain
them on shipboard for those objects, and indispensible for the avoidance of
danger, as at landing depots, at docks for hydraulic transference to the storage
tanks of ships, and also storage depots at or near railway stations for the
supply of locomotive engines, or commercial or manufacturing places, ports, or
towns for uses therefor. For these special objects the construction of the tanks
are whilst on the same general principle described in the Specification of my
said former Patent varied and modified by the improvements made for the
objects of this Patent, and all which are combined with the former means and
the methods, works, instruments, and machinery applied to and for the uses
herein described.
The combinations of the herein-before referred to former Patents, Speci-
fications, and Drawings, and herein-after described improved methods and
machinery of my Invention of the combination of the said elements of
combustion, hydrocarbons, superheated steam, heated oil, and hot air,
with apparatus and receptacles for safely storing, preserving, transferring,
and discharging such materials, together with the apparatus and instru-
ments for combining my said Invention with any hydrocarbon, super-
heated steam, and heated air in due equivalent proportions for complete
saturation and final simultaneous or intermitting discharge of these for
consumption in ignition, may with greater economy and better protection from
explosion be now safely applied to marine as to stationary and locomotive
steam engine boilers; to general heating and manufacturing purposes, such as
in the making and manufacturing of iron, steel, and other metals and
manufactures as herein-after described, and in this manner constructing
self-feeding, self-regulating equivalent furnaces, whilst modifications of parts
thereof when otherwise combined with furnaces for general heating purposes
may be made and applied according to the requirements of special uses
in manufacturing manipulations.
The difficulty of applying for consumption in ignition without waste
and to effect more complete saturation of the elements with due equiva-
ents of combustion in a large way, such material as crude petroleum,
naptha, shale, or coal oil, pitch, resin, or any of my said former mixtures
of these, arising froin absence of due supply of and saturation with
oxygen at the points of or places and instants of ignition to prevent the

page_text: formation of smoke, soot, and waste by frequent varying and lowering
temperatures to below 850 degrees F., so retarding inflamation, causing
formation of much carbonic oxide, only ariform suspension, and evaporation of
carbon, precipitation of carbon, and loss of heat by rapid currents of incomplete
combustion through funnel overheating the uptake of furnace, as in choaking
boiler tubes, and solidly filling up with hard carbon perforated vapour tubes,
and under changes of intense heat, melting down iron if unprotected, when
for the purpose such are used within furnaces renders it indispensable in
the use of any bydrocarbon to cause evenly regulated equivalent supply of
the elements of combustion to impinge at numerous points into contact with
the materials at the places of their injection and ejection, intermingling
continuously in furnaces during primary incandescence, as berein-after described,
60 as more completely to disentegrate the masses of gas or vapour, and more
readily and intimately mix them for more speedily forming carbonic acid gas,
thus conveying to the heat transmitting surfaces or for diffusion into masses
of materials to be reduced complete combustion without the necessity of
supplying to furnaces or difused masses as usual great excess, double quantity
of atmospheric air at common temperature, with insufficient time for due
saturation of the elements, and so lowering the energy of the radiating and
impinging beating masses, preventing combination of the oxygen, of the
superheated steam with the carbon of the gases or vapours, which lessen the
requirements in quantity of oxygen from atmospheric air. The free hydrogen
of the steam adds intensity to the flame of the furnace, which is at the same
time less incumbered with large quantities of nitrogen of the air, a bad
conductor of heat, yet requiring more rapid draught, and in some cases
injurious to the materials to be heated.
The forms of boiler and furnace areas may be of common construction,
but are now modified the better to suit the nature of hydrocarbon fuel.
The forms of boiler or other furnace, and the mixing or combining and
discharging apparatus now herein described or any modification thereof
for injecting, as in my said former Specification, and ejecting, elevating,
disentegrating, and thus more completely saturating the aforesaid elements
of combustion, and these combined with water tube bridges to support
a perforated fire-clay tile floor placed in the fire-box of furnace above the
said heating and discharging receptacles described and shewn in the Specifica-
tion of the said former Patent, and as now improved and shewn in this in order
to separate the combustion part of the fire-box of flue furnace from the first
heating and mixing part, as seen in Figures , Drawings No. 1, 2, and 8.
The floor of tiles forming a screen between the upper or combustion part

page_text: and the lower part and the apexes of the said dischargers so placed below the
tile floor to keep down their temperature to the degree suited for first mixture
of the elements, or the floor may be supported by tubes, as herein shewn,
through which to supply heated feed water to boilers. These may be laid
parallel with the line of the furnace and flues reaching from the front to the
back of them. The ends of the tubes inserted into and terminating in a water
feed box which is connected by tubes inserted into the boiler, whilst the
injecting ends are connected with the feed pumps, so that the feed water may
be made to pass through them and become heated on its passage to the boiler,
or the said tubes may be applied in manner herein described and shewn by
the letters and figures of the annexed Drawings, Nos. 1, 2, and 3, wherein
the tile floor shewn at Figures 1 and 2, Drawings Nos. 1 and 2, should be
placed and supported on the metal tubes through which the feed water of the
boiler is supplied in one application through the furnace, and under which the
said ejecting dischargers are placed, the apexes of which must lay under open
spaces made in the bed of tiles as shewn.
The apertures made in front of fire-box and covered by a sliding plate
are to let in air below the tile floor for regulating additional supply
of air over and above the quantity supplied by the hot-air side of the
said duplex ejectors. The atmosphere so entering the furnace becomes
heated by contact with the dischargers, which are also at their proper
temperature superheaters of steam and air, thus keeping down their tem-
perature to about 850 degrees F., whilst the combustion part of the furnace
may when protected by water face be at the temperature of about 3000 degrees
F., and in some manufacturing applications of my Invention, such as in
making iron or steel or manufactures, several thousand degrees or more.
Into the inner duplex tube in my said former Specification, through and
along its entire length loosely packed layers of coarse sheet tale standing
vertically at about half the depth of the receptacle was described, now instead
thereof broken bits of fire-clay or balls may be placed in, as shewn in Fig. 1,
Drawing 2, on to which through or into the interstices of either of which
the said oil or its vapour may be forced by the bydrostatic pressure of the govern-
ing diaphragm tank in connection with and through said reservoir main pipe R,
Fig. 11, Drawing No. 4, of that Patent, and said screen tank to the injecting
feeding pipe V in front of furnace, and also the tubes x, x, leading thence to
said ejecting dischargers combined with the furnace of a steam generator, as
in said former Patent. The feeding tubes x, x, x, and 30, 50, 30, 50, or
the said branch tubes in Figures 11 and 13, Drawing No. 4, of the said
ormer Patent, or the tube shewn at Figures of this Specification, may at

page_text: their union joints be quickly disconnected if required from the dischargers W,
and at the mouth piece X, and any of them may be withdrawn from the fire-
box for adjustment and replaced as well whilst the boilers are in operation, or
as now applied and shewn at Figs. 1 and 2, Drawing No. 1 and 2 of this
Specification.
With the view, therefore, of more perfectly developing and attaining
the full benefits and economy of my aforesaid method of utilizing the
bydrocarbons in combination with superheated steam and heated air and oil,
and thus generate gases from the waste or boiler, steam superheated, capable
not ouly of supporting combustion, but rendering intensity of heat greater than
the original base of fuel by the common way, and competent to effect more
rapid generation of steam in engine boilers, and more exalted heat for the
manufacture of metals and other purposes without the cumbrous means usually
adopted to obtain such heat, but which from its power, yet lesser bulk, simpler
meaus of bandling and applying, necessarily alter the practical conditions
prescribed as to areas and dimensions in steam boilers, flues, and furnaces con-
sequent on the use of more ponderous fuel, coal or coke, and the large volunies
of atmospheric air necessary therefor.
For this object 1 construct an improved steam boiler and furnace
better suited to effect primary incandescence, the more perfect saturation
of the equivalents of combustion so essential to economy of fuel and in-
tensity of heat. This steam generator shewn in front elevation and cross
section, and in longitudinal sectional elevation, Figs. 1 and 2, Drawing
No. 1, is a combination of the commonly known Cornwall flue, and the
small tube methods with the new form of furnace, and in marine engine
steam generator with the equivalent self-feeding furnaces either of that herein-
before or with rotating equivalent injectors herein-after described. The larger
flues may therefore be a fourth part less in measured capacity than commonly
estimated, and with lesser return flues to communicate with a small tube
system in the upper part of boiler in manner shewn. Within the large flues
I combine a well-known water tube consulator fixed in the larger flues in
spiral form, curving from the mouth of flue or end of fire-box to the end of
its vent in such manuer that the draught and combustiou shall be compelled
to move from the centre of its mass and rotate to and along the sides of the
flue so as to retard the velocity of draught to break up, the masses of gas
have more time to mix into carbonic acid gas, and impart its heat as well by
longer contact with the transmitting surfaces as from central radiation, which
is less by the square of the distances from contact. Or instead of such hot
water circulator, which may be made to curve, from the flue into the boiler

page_text: and return into flue, I construct and apply in the flue a worm or screw, form
whose vanes radiate from a cental shaft and winds in a quick curve froin the
mouth to the vent of flue; this is made of fire-clay and is suspended on the
inner sides of the flue so as not to rest wholly on the lower sides and without
touching by about an inch, but nearer to the upper side of it, where owing to
the tendency of heat to rise it is always hotter than the lower side of a flue.
The effect of such construction in large flues will be in cases where for want
of space too limited a length of lead is attainable, as in marine boilers, thus in
compensation for short length of flue greater length of draught is given, as at
E, E, Figures 2 and 1, Drawings Nos. 1 and 3, is shewn. Drawing No. 1,
Figure 1, is an end view and sectional elevation; and Figure 2 is a longitudinal
and sectional elevation, shewing the combination of the large and small flues
adopted with the rectangular fire-boxes with their divisions of mixing, dis-
charging, and combustion part of the fire-boxes. The said duplex dischargers,
the spiral fire-clay mixer, the tile floors suspended on water tubes terminating
in hot water boiler feed in one application, and heated air and superheated
steam in other applications, and receiving the heated aerified elements from
the superheaters, shown on dotted lines, Figure 1, and side view Figure 2; these
in connexion with the duplex air and steam reservoir pipes cross and long
section, with their respective supply tubes, as seen in Figs. 1 and 2, together
with the duplex oil and steam injector of the mixing and discharging recep-
tacle, and the hot oil supply tube with their respective cock, valves, and
spanners in connexion with the mouth piece of the dischargers, also the hot
air supply box at opposite end of boiler with auxiliary hot air and steam feed
duplex steam and air feed in cross section, as also in Fig. 2; the boiler feed
to the superheaters for engines, and O is the cross section of main pipe for
leading the impact of the steam of the cylinders to the parts of the super-
heaters in the smoke box appropriated to supply the combustion part of the
fire-box part of the flues. In these Figs. 1 and 2, A, A, A, A, are the said
fire-boxes of the boiler leading to the lower round flue, which is contracted beyond
the bridge. B, B, are two series of twenty-four solid return flues, say nine inches
in diameter, formed of Russell's well-known rolled tubes, which are attached by
caulking at their ends; C are the combined small tubes of different diameters,
the lower series being of two inches, the middle series three inches, and the
upper series of four inches diameter; the object of these varied diameters in
the small tube series is to neutralize the tendency of the combustion, to take
mostly the nearest shortest paths, thus avoiding the upper series where the
diffused vapourization would be more rapidly given off with less priming.
D, D, D, Figs. 1 and 2, are the duplex mixing and discharging receptacles;

page_text: E is a perforated spiral clay gas combining apparatus. having a hollow shaft
nine inches in diameter; F, Fig. 2, is a hot-air box (for in one application)
supplying the perforated hollow shaft and the air tubes leading through the
bollow shaft to front of boiler, the air main and the discharger; G, Figs. 1
and 2, are some of them steam superheaters, and others air heaters, the
number of these may be increased and supended parallel with the others in
the same flues H, H; Figs. 1. and 2 are the steam mains leading to engines;
J is the safety valve; M, Fig. 2, is a cross section of a perforated fire-clay
pipe, eight inches diameter, extending across the back of the furnaces, and
having within it a three-inch perforated steam tube for supplying an additional
feed of hot air and steam to the gases as they rise to the return flues B, B;
N, Fig. 2, is another suspended perforated D-shaped tube, being an air supply
tube, also an inner perforated steam tube with supply pipe, having regulating
cocks for supplying an additional feed of either air or steam to the combustion
on its rising to the series of small tubes. At the back end of the boiler
opposite the central flue is a square water box with stand pipe P, shewn in
dotted lines connected with the water space in the boiler, and having a valve
and spanner P, in Drawing No. 3, for supplying hot feed to the boilers, and
as shewn in another Drawing herein-after described. L is a duplex air and
inner steam tube equal in length to the front of the boiler for supplying super-
heated steam and heated air to the dischargers, and to the tubes M and N.
In cross and longitudinal section, Figs. 1 and 2, a, a, a, a, are the perforated
tiles supported by the tubes b, b, b, b; c, c, are the long slots in the tile floor
for allowing the gas to pass from the lips of the dischargers; d, d, is the
bridge for supporting the end of the dischargers and the tubes 6 before
entering the shaft of worn E, where they are grouped, as shewn in cross section
at e, Fig. 1, within the cross section of the worm shaft E; f, d, are the air
and steam supply tubes connected with the mouth pieces of the dischargers;
h, h, h, h, Figs. 1 and 2, are the branch steam tubes taking steam and air from
the tubes fand 9; and k is a hot oil tube leading to the duplex injectors n,
Fig. 2; m, Fig. 2, is the oil supply pipe connected with a screen tank herein.
after described; p, p, are the spanners for regulating equivalent supplies of
oil, steam, and air to the mixer and discharger D, herein-after shewn and
described; r, r, are half-inch apertures perforating the shaft of the fire-clay
worm E; 3, 3, 3, 3, is a plate having three apertures for suspending therein
the mixing dischargers; this plate encloses the fire-box, or where the applica-
tion of this method, apparatus, and machinery may be applied to boilers of
common construction to cover mouth of fire-box and ash-pit, and to suspend
the said dischargers therein. u, u, is a sliding panel for access to fire-box;

page_text: n is the duplex injector, the inner tube perforated on its upper side, whilst
the outer tube envelopes it with an annular steam space around the oil tube
v, v, is the outer shell, and w, the inner shell of the duplex discharger.
In Drawing No. 2, which shows some of the principal parts of Drawing
No. 1 on an enlarged scale, the same letters of reference will apply to the
same parts. Figs. 1, 2, and 3, as in No. 1 A, Fig. 1, is the said fire-box of
boiler; B, Fig. 1, are the return flues; D, Fig. 1 and 2, is the duplex mixing
and discharging apparatus; a, a, a, Fig. 1, the tile floor; and b, b, b, its support-
ing tubes, and as in cross section, Fig. 2; c, c, c, Figs. 1 and 2, are long slots
in the tile floor; d is the bridge supporting the discharger and tubes b; Lis
the duplex superheated steam and heated air reservoir; and g and f, Figs. 1
and 8, are the steam and air injecting supply tubes; V, V, and W, W,
Figs. 2 and 3, are the duplex discharger, the mouth piece, Fig. 3, conforming
to its sectional form; h and n, Fig. 1, are the branch steam and injecting
tube; is the hot oil tube; m is the oil supply pipe, connected with said
screen tank; and n is the duplex steam and oil injector; a, a, are broken bits
or balls laid on the inside of the discharger.
The operation of the elements applied in connection with the boiler in
Drawings Nos. 1, 2, and 8, in which my method of supplying the waste steam
of cylinder of engine to superheaters for combustion in the fire-box of steam
generators is as described and exemplified in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, Drawing
No. 7, and it is the application of the same principle when applied to the
superheaters of the marine engine and boiler, herein described and shown
in Drawing No. 1, wherein by the evaporative force of steam through the
exhaust pipes of cylinders it impacts from its base of dynamic motion the
piston head with an impinging force on any obstructive surface with an elastic
fluid pressure measured by the surface of impact, its distance from the base
of motion, and the area of fluid expansion for each discharge of cylinders.
This evaporative force may therefore be applied either to convey the waste
steam through pipes, as at O, to a distance from cylinders to and through the
superheaters described at G in Fig. 2, Drawing No. 1, for the object described,
and it may also be simultaneously applied to work an auxiliary engine or
cylinders to move independent air pumps to force as well air into the air
heaters described and shewn, being parts of those shown at G, and as at P,
Figures 1 and 2, Drawing No. 1.
-
It will be seen by reference to the letters in Figs. 1 and 2, Drawing
No. 1, and which exemplifies similar parts in Drawing No. 3, that a greater
length of flue surface is obtained than is usual, especially in marine boilers,
and the length of combustion lead around the worm, as at E, Fig. 2, is equal

page_text: in effect to much greater length of lower flue, whilst it facilitates the contact
and combination of the elements of combustion and heating the air, feed water,
and superheating steam passing as may be arranged through any of the fire-
boxes or lower flues, the hot air passing first into the box Fund feeding the gas
vapour in lower flue through the apertures r, r, of the central shaft of E, and
also the tubes b, the air part of the duplex pipe L, and the said discharges D by
the tubes f, f, and also the air parts of M and N; at the same time the feed water
of boiler is forced through tubes b, b, in and through another fire-box and flue
and through the central shaft of E as at P, Figs. 1 and 2, Drawings 1
and 3, into the water box P, and thence into the boilers simultaneously. The
waste steam of engine is as aforesaid conveyed through the pipe O to some of
the superheaters G connected with a like group of tubes b, b, b, passing
through E in one flue and connected with the tubes 9, 9, into the duplex
steam part of L, and thence through the steam supply tubes 9, 9, 9, into the
steam jacket of the discharger D, and by the tube h; h, into the duplex oil
and steam injector n, n, into the interior of D, and on to the bits or balls as
At the same time the
through h, h, and n in Figs. 1 and 2, Drawing No. 2.
fluid bydrocarbon flows from the supply pipe m, m, m, in Figs. 1 and 2,
Drawings Nos. 1, 2, and 3, and through the tube k, k, into and out of the
furnace chamber, becoming heated passes through the cocks p, p, to the duplex
injector n, n. Thus the elements of combustion, hot oil, hot air, and super-
heated steam are simultaneously supplied to the fire-boxes and flues in due
equivalent proportions for combustion, or any variation in excess of either by
the regulation of the spanners of the inlet cocks, which are connected with
the equivalent instruments herein described and as shewn. In the Drawings
Nos. 1, 2, and 7, the combining elements forming into carbonic oxyde in the
lower flues are met at the passage to the return flues B, B, B, by a further
feed of hot air and superheated steam out of the duplex pipe M, and whilst
being saturated and forming carbonic acid gas are met with a further supply
of hot air or of superheated steam from the duplex air steam pipe N, whilst
entering the smallest series of tubes, from which the now completed combus-
tion is in part deflected to the higher and larger series. The feed of the
materials to the furnaces, made either continuous or intermitting, as herein
described, by the action of the said equivalent instrument on the cocks by
their spanners, the first inflamation of the combustion whilst passing around
the spiral of E impinges on and lays longer in contact with the heating
surfaces of the lower flues. When the same boiler and its arrangements are
applied as marine boilers, as in Drawing No. 3, wherein for the purpose of
feeding it with one of the aforesaid elements, hydrocarbon oils, it becomes

page_text: necessarily connected and combined by apparatus with the storage tanks of
the oils, in relative position with which it is shewn in Fig. 1, representing a
single row of boilers, but screened by bulkheads extending from the keelson
to the deck and forming gangways at each end of the boiler, thus separating
the storage tanks from the boiler room, the feeding of the boilers being alter-
nately on each side of each gangway. The Drawing of this boiler being on a
smaller scale than in No. 1, some only of the principal parts already described
are shown, amongst which are A, the fire-box and lower flue B, the return
tubes C, the small tube system D, the mixing and discharging apparatus E,
the perforated spiral worn G, the position of the superheaters H, the main steam
pipes supplying engines P, the hot water feed box for boiler with stand pipe
valve and spanner with hot water tubes passing through the tile floor, the shaft
of spiral and water projecting in water box. 8, s, the plate suspending the
dischargers, and m the oil supply tube connected with the screen tank. In
connecting the fire-box of the furnace of the said boiler, or as in Fig. 1,
Drawing No. 3, with the safe storage tanks, and the hydraulic transferring
mains with the said safety screen tank and supply oil tube m leading to the
discharger D are shewn within the cross section of an amour-plated ship in
cross section and elevation, Figs. 2 and 3, wherein Q, Q, are two duplex
hydraulic oil mains in cross section, the outer one quadrangular, say twelve inches
square, the inner one Q round and 6 inches diameter, having a neck with a
flange to bolt it to the top side of the main, and having at intervals two
2-inch apertures, into which are screwed two inch bends t, having a tee-piece
connected with a union; these bends and tees communicate with the interior
of the inner or gas main, similar bends with tees and unions, but three inches
diameter, are connected at intervals with the oil part of outer or square part
of said main, and having similar stand pipes as at W with the flexible tubes
x, x, x, connected by unions y, y, y, on the oil cocks of the tanks, whilst similar
bends t, tee pieces, and stand pipes, two inches diameter, are placed to the tee
pieces, of which other flexible tubes, two inches diameter, a, a, a, are con-
Dected with their unions to gas cocks on the lower part of said tanks, as in
Fig. 2 and 3. The cocks =,=, are connected on the inside of the tanks each
by a union with a flexible tube 1, 2, 8, 4, 5, 6. Figs. 2 and 3, are storage tanks
supported on iron frames and screened from the boiler room by air-tight bulk.
heads x, x, in cross section, Figs. 2 and 3, and connected with bulkheads
leading from the floor of engine room to the first deck, and as further shewn
and described in Drawings Nos. 4 and 5, the lower tanks 1 and 2, Figs. 2 and 3,
are shewn in section, and exhibit the floating head with flexible diaphragm,
herein-after more particularly described and shewn on a larger scale in

page_text: Drawing No. 6, and in 1 and 2, Figs. 2 and 3, wherein is an air-tight
floating head 7, and having a dome 8 and a perforated plate 9, into which
is inserted a conical tube or rose connected by a flexible cylindrical Lube 10,
one end of which is connected on the inside of the tank with a gas
cock connecting the flexible tube,, with the gas stand pipe, and the
bondst communicating with the gas main q. 11 is an hydraulic oil main
connecting the duplex oil main Q, Fig. 2, with the duplex oil main, Fig. 3,
thus connecting all the storage tanks in Fig. 2 with the storage tanks in
Fig. 3; 12 is an intersecting valve on the transferring oil main 11 to shut off
such transference; 13, 13, 13, 13, Figs. 2 and 3, are feeding mains round or
square, say, nine inches diameter, connecting with the oil main Q, Q, and
nscending by the inner sides of the ship to above the waterline as at 14, 14, and
having an intersecting valve 15, 15, through which from the exterior of the
ship bydrocarbon oil may be supplied to fill simultaneously all the storage
tanks on shipboard; 16, 16, are other intersecting valves on the mains 13, 13,
for letting in to or from the oil pipe in the duplex main Q, Q; 17, 17, are
bulkheads forming fore and aft gangways, and 18, 18, are foot boards for
passage to the upper tanks and cocks; 20 is the said screen tank with outlet
to f; 19, 19, in tanks Nos. 1 and 2, shew the bydrostatic pressure tanks
herein described and shewn on the larger scale, Drawing No. 6.
Drawing No. 4 is a cross section of the same model of ship shewing the situation
of the safe storage of tanks in elevation athwartship suspended in the cross iron
framing or cribs, the tanks not resting on one another. 21, 22, and 23 are fore
and aft gangways leading to the extremities of the storage of tanks; Q, Q, Q,
are cross sections of the duplex oil and vapour mains, as at Q, Q, in Drawing
No. 3; 24, 25, 26, and 27 are vapour mains eight inches diameter, and con-
pected at Q, Q, Q, with the vapour main in the duplex, similar mains in
Drawing No. 3 shewing stand pipes and oil inlets to the duplex mains, as
also herein for the next section of storage; 28, 29, 30, and 51 are intersecting
valves opening or closing communication as described for Drawing No. 3, the
several series of storage tanks and the duplex mains Q, Q, Q; 32 and 33 are
wire gauze valves as vents for vapour and to shut off flame; v, v, v, are gas
stand pipes.
Drawing No. 5 is a longitudinal elevation of the storage tanks fronting
the boiler room on both sides of ship, and divided from the stoke hole
by the aforesaid air-tight bulkheads, broken off to shew elevation of tanks
and the iron crib or framing, together with two sections of the duplex oil
and gas mains Qq, Qq, and the mode of uniting the sections, y being the
oil connecting tube, and r the flexible vapour tube, each furnished with a

page_text: cock and spanner, as shewn; V, V, V, are the oil stand pipes and flexible tubes,
and v, v, v, show the vapour stand pipes and their respective flexible tubes
2,2,2; the duplex mains Q are within the said bulkhead of the boiler
room. 40 is one of the intersecting vapour valves 24, 25, 26, 27, Drawing
No. 4, for allowing exit of the vapour through the sides of the ship seawards
to waste in the event of undue pressure in the gas condensing main. 50 is a
transverse bulkhead forming a gangway at the end of the boiler room, and a
The
screen separating the athwartship storage tanks from the boiler room.
operation of the oil storing and feeding tanks when in connection with marine
boilers as described, shewn at Figs. 1 and 2, Drawing No. 3, in sectional
elevation and cross section of a ship, as also elevation in the athwartship storage
in Drawing No. 4, and in longitudinal elevation in Drawing No. 5, in the latter
Drawing the bulkhead that screens the boiler room from the storage tank
whenever such may be in the same section of a ship is broken off to shew the
iron framing of storage, the position of the duplex oil and condensing vapour
main, and its connection with the different tiers of tanks, as also in Drawing
No. 4, and the oil and vapour stand pipes connecting all tiers of tanks with the
duplex main with the transferring main pipes with their intersecting valves,
and for conveying the oil from the tanks on one side of the ship to the other,
together with the conjunction of the main u, and 13, 13, in No. 3, as in the
transferring main 25, 26, 27, in No. 4, through these the hydrocarbon are
fed to fill all or any of the tanks from the land storage depots, or to empty to
land any or all the tanks, or in case of danger to force seaward to waste, or
through the main 24 and 27, and other like pipes to allow of escape any oil
vapour that might not recondense when engines are not in operation, or in hot
climates, but through which mains and pipes the oil vapour will find vent to
waste when under pressure in the mains.
In Drawings Nos. 4 and 5 the stand pipes are shewn in their relative positions
as connected in groups of tanks with the duplex oil and vapour mains, and
means of communication with the transferring and inlet and exit pipes in filling
or emptying the tanks. The oil flows through the stand pipes for oil into the
groups of tanks with which each is connected by these flexible tubes, and so in
emptying the oil descends to Q, Q, through the same.
In Drawing No. 4 the gangways are shewn leading fore and aft, and giving
access to all the storage tanks in manner shewn in Drawing No. 5, wherein
the distance apart of the stand pipes and the mode of connection, and also
shewing the lengths of the section of the duplex mains and method of uniting
the different sections.
The operation of the flow of oil to fill the tanks from land is as follows:-

page_text: A connection is made between any oil main on shore and the inlet pipo 18, 13,
Drawing No. 3, at the bend 14, 14, passing out of the side of the ship, the
intersecting valve 15, 15, being opened, as also the valves 16, 16; oil will
flow down the main 13, 13, into the duplex main Q, Q, Figs. 2 and 3, in No. 4.
The oil cocks being opened in the tanks the oil will rise out of the oil part of
the main Q up through the stand pipes t, t, into the tank through y, y, y, y,
the air cocks at top of tank being opened, lifting the floating heads of the
tanks in any or all the series with a hydrostatic pressure due to the altitude of
land supply. The atmosphere is let into the tanks on the upper side of tho
aforesaid folding diaphragm, but the air does not come in contact with the oil.
When the upper tanks have drained their contents into the main Q, Q, and
there is less pressure in the flow of oil, the air cocks being closed water may
be let into the lower tanks, as at 19, 19, Figs. 1 and 2, which will give force to
the flow of oil from the mains Q, Q, and when the floating head has descended
to the lower surface of tank the water may be let off to feed boiler. The
valve 12, Fig. 3, being closed the oil from the main Q will flow into and
through the aforesaid screen tank 20 to and through the supply tubes m, m, to
the fire-box and discharger D, Fig. 1, in No. 3, whence the operation with the
other elements will be as described in Drawing No. 1, for the generation of
steam for engines. When it is required to empty the tanks and restore to land
or to other ships the said air pumps moved by the steam engine by forcing
air into the tanks on to the upper side of the said diaphragm will expedite
the flow of the oil. And when upon occasions it may be desirable to wash out
the tanks jets of steam from the boilers may be let into the tanks under the
floating bead by the said oil or vapour stand pipes.
In applying the said duplex dischargers herein described to a common coal
furnace of a boiler a cast-iron front or mouth piece may be formed, covering
the mouth of the furnace and ash-pit, and having apertures through which to
insert and to hold the outer ends and mouth pieces of said dischargers.
In transferring the said hydrocarbon and combining materials from said
, into tho
storage tanks and injecting them through the supply tube Figures No.
dischargers for mixing or saturation, ejection, and ignition in manner described
and shewn in Drawings Numbers 1, 2, and 3, the object is thereby to eject it
with force through thin longitudinal slots made in and through the lips or aperture
bars or plates placed on or over the upper surfaces or lips of the dischargers
and also simultaneously eject from similar slots in the jacket of said duplex
dischargers, having similar parallel slots or means aforesaid so pierced as to
eject another or other elements for supplying oxygen to the bydrocarbon or its
vapour as it rises to said lips or inflames, and by their united projectile forces at

page_text: the instant of its evolving into dense vapour or into flame, and so as in one case
to cross the path of the oil or gas, project, elevate, and disentegrate it in the
form of vapour, spray, or clouds, as described in the first of my aforesaid former
Specification.
The other elements described and forming the basis of my Invention specified
in my said former Patent of August 1865 to be simultaneously combined
with said hydrocarbon oil vapours or gases, air, superheated steam, or waste
steam, that is, steam after it has performed its initial duty in the cylinder of
engine with heated oil and heated atmospheric air by one method through the
outer jacket of the said duplex discharging receptacle shewn in cross section
at Figures 12 and other Figures, Drawing No. 4, of said former Patent of 1865,
or said former or other Patent, mixed in the discharger through the branch
tubes, or by the injector of my said former Patent, or by any other mere
mechanical means whose object is to accomplish the aforesaid combination of
materials, and effect such union, saturation, and combustion of the aforesaid
elements without which the hydrocarbon fluids cannot be wholly utilized nor
without waste and deterioration of boiler flues and furnace, nor can the intense
heat be acquired which the combination with superheated steam affords.
The steam, oil, and air may be specially heated in manner shewn in Draw-
ings Numbers 2 and 3, or by any of the well-known means, or by the means
described in the Specification in said former Patent, or as herein described.
The superheating tubes should be so placed in flues, or furnace, or uptake in
manner shewn at G, Figures 1 and 2, Number 1, or according to the form of
steam generator, and sheathed with fire-clay tubes having an annular space so as
not to give a red heat to the steam tubes, which would decompose the steam,
oxydize and choak them, and waste the oxygen of the aqueous vapour so
essential for the better support of combustion in the use of the dense bydro-
carbon fuel, lessening the required quantity of oxygen usually obtained from
atmospheric air, and avoiding that excess of it at common cooling temperature
necessary in order to attain atomic contact of a sufficiency of its oxygen with
the base of combustion.
In transferring and discharging superheated steam in combustion with
with the oil, vapour, or gas of naptha, petroleum, shale, or coal, or other
like hydrocarbons, containing usually about 10 parts of carbon to one part
of hydrogen, or atomically 6 C, 5 H, and with hot air in due equivalent
quantities. The object is to supply highly attenuated steam in increased
quantity as a principal supporter of combustion, and in the only form or
condition, an approximately permanent gas in which with a latent heat
1000 degrees F. it will readily simultaneously with heated air impart its

page_text: oxygen in hot media and unite with the carbon of petroleum, shale, or coal, or
other like oils, and yield the now more energetic heat of the freed hydrogen,
having four times greater heating energy, which will unite with the oxygen of
heated atmospheric air let in in equivalent quantities or any desired excess
through the jackets of the dischargers or the apertures under them in front of the
furnace, and under and through said tile apertures, and through the perforated
hollow shaft of the spirally formed mixer E, or M and N, the air becomes
heated, its oxygen uniting with the hydrogen will ignite and accord fuel whose
specific heat is greater than that of the gases of the said fuel, inducing intense
heat capable in some applications of being exalted to five thousand degrees
for the more perfect combustion of the crude dense hydrocarbons, and thereby
effect rapid generation of steam for impelling power or various manufacturing
purposes, and by the method and the equivalent instrument herein-after described
a congested or compressed combustion and exhalted heat retained longer in
contact with the transmitting surfaces, or when diffused into or amongst
materials and affording more time for due saturation requiring less rapid
draught, and consequently less waste of completed combustion. One principal
object in uniting highly heated atmospheric air simultaneously with superheated
steam at the points of primary incandescence is to avoid a chilling effect, give
a first supporting element at an approximate heat with the steam so as not
to lower its temperature and retard the separation of its oxygen. The oxygen
given by atmospheric air being only about 21 per cent., whilst the oxygen from
the steam about 33 per cent., and yielding free hydrogen 66-7 per cent. so that
from a given beating surface of boiler and a minimum quantity of hydrocarbon
with due equivalent proportions of attenuated steam, hot air, and oil, as at E, &
M, N, in Numbers 1 and 2, a more rapid evaporization and increased expansive
force may be acquired. The proportional quantity of superheated steam
combining with some of the other elements of combustion may with economy be
increased, whilst quantity of heated air be but which will be dependent
in part on the varying specific gravities and qualities of the hydrocarbons, and
as to the evaporating power of these it may be assumed as nearly correct that
whilst one pound of best coal will on average in a large practical way vapourize
six pounds of water at atmospheric pressure, one pound of hydrocarbon so
combined with superheated steam and hot air will vapourize twenty-five or more
pounds if the gravity of oil be 900. To these ends the said ejecting discharging
apparatus, or the furnace apparatus herein-after described, may be. formed of
fire-clay or only the outer tube or jacket of fire-clay and in form herein-before
referred to, and in length and diameter suited to required capacity or magnitude
of furnace and quantity of material required in combustion and steam power.
,

page_text: The length of said fire-clay duplex tubes may be from two to four feet according
to the number of them in or the size of fire-box of flue chamber, which should
be of larger area proportional to power of boiler. Upon the lower part of
said inner duplex discharger a perforated plate was described in said Patent
of 1865, forming a cell into which the oil might be transferred through the
perforated tube 3, placed under the perforated plate to eject oil, or hot air, or
superheated steam through it, or the injecting branch tubes leading from the
steam and hot air supply tubes into the mouth piece of the dischargers are
now dispensed with. The apex or lips of the said inner duplex opening by a
series of elongated slots about a quarter of an inch wide on the hot air side
in the lip or trough, and extending along the length of the apparatus described
as solid at the back end of furnace and resting on a bridge, but now on the
water tubes described. The open apex or lips of the outer jacket of said
dischargers may be about 2 inches wide, within which are the said steam and
air vents one quarter inch wide at exit part of the air side, and about a sixteenth
to an eighth of an inch on the steam side; or the apex of the discharging
apparatus with its elongated slot aperture may be formed of a separate plate
or pierced bar of metal or fire-clay, and laid into or attached to and between the
lips of the apex, so that in the event of deposit of carbon they may be
removed and duplicates substituted. The dischargers being situato below the
tile floor or screen and not liable to red heat the injecting tubes may be
disconnected, and with its mouth piece be quickly withdrawn from the fire-box
whilst the boiler is in action. The number of dischargers to be placed in one
furnace of a steam boiler will necessarily depend on the magnitude and required
power of boiler, the object is to procure many points of direct contact of the
elements of combustion, so as to procure better saturation for primary incan-
descence, carbonic oxide, and before complete union of the full equivalents of
combustion, which are to an extent secondary, as in formation of carbonic acid
completed combustion. The place of the dischargers being maintained at a
lower heat than the combustion part of the furnace by reason of the
perforated tile screen and the cold air passing them through the front vents, yet
heating the air so that no cold material is admitted into the furnace, some of
them may at any time be thrown out of or into action by shutting off or on the
equivalent supply cocks herein described according to varying requirements of
power convenient in steam navigation, especially in the strategy of ships of
war.
When the materials of combustion are applied in manner described and
seen in Drawings Numbers 1 and 2 become heated thus will be injected into and
ejected out of the open slots in the apex of the inner duplex, and mixing with
the streams of hot air, hot oil, and superheated steam atmany points will after

page_text: themanner of an argand lamp burner in the form of gas or vapour ignite,
whilst simultaneously evaporating force of streams of superheated steam and hot
air injected into discharger or ejected out of each side or jacket of said duplex
ejectors will flow into the combustion part of furnace, elevating, disentigrating,
and mixing the masses of the elements, and in either case impinge on the
vapour or flame, support the combustion of the oil, vapour, or gas, the super-
heated steam imparting also its oxygen to the carbon of oil or vapour in the
upper or combustion part of the furnace, whilst the now free hydrogen of the
steam will in the same part of the furnace unite with the oxygen of the heated
air admitted through the apertures in front of the fire-box and through the
said screen tile apertures supporting the combustion of the hydrogen, thus
adding intense heat for the more complete combustion of the carbo-hydrogen in
the other application, as shewn in Figure, Drawing Number 2, steam and air
will with expansive force flow through tho air and steam supply tubes, having
equivalent regulating cocks, and through the mouth piece by the tube injectors,
and into the mixing dischargers on to the broken bit or ball space, some of the
oil materials becoming further heated by passing through the dischargers and
then through the slots of the perforated tile screen support combustion in the
furnace, the streams of hot air and steam passing over or through the broken
bits or balls of fire-clay laid on to the inner duplex tube as shewn in
Drawing Number 2, will take up portions of said hydrocarbon, vapourize it,
when with evaporative force it will be ejected into the combustion part of
the furnace, whereas at the apex of the dischargers it will inflame. In some
applications of my Invention the number of said ejecting dischargers adopted
for each furnace chamber may vary, but since some may as aforesaid be
retained in without constant use and may also be there used as superheaters
of steam or air without injury, since they will be at a lower temperature than
the combustion part of the furnace and be thrown into or out of operation as
necessity for more or less engine power may be needed, particularly in sea-going
vessels making long voyages, and especially vessels for war, wherein for cogent
reasons lighter draught and more speed may be attained by letting off the
water from tanks when filled, or to trim ship, or obtain more immersion.
Where increased evaporative power or pressure may be quickly needed it
may be attained in any given dimensions of steam boiler by throwing into action
other duplex dischargers in fire-box. For these objects I in some cases
apply the said method of using the bydrocarbon with the other elements
and combined furnace apparatus therein and herein described in double tiers
of furnace chambers, or instead thereof the method additional feed as by M,
N, in No. 1, and with said former or herein-described dischargers and equiva-

page_text: lent apparatus, one set above the other set, and so that combustion of the said
elements may be effected and act in the lower chambers or pass for better
saturation into and unite in the upper furnace chamber, or the gases of such
upper furnace chambers may be made to mix with the combustion of the
lower furnace chambers before their exit through vent flues or tubes, and be
further fed with hot air, or superheated steam, or both, by the duplex feeders
M and N, in Figures 1 and 2, Drawings No. 1. This combination may be found
useful in cases where the space allowed for boiler room and length of flue on
shipboard is frequently too limited. In the latter case, more especially in
small tube flues, the gases of combustion for the most part take the shortest
paths to and through the tubes, mostly the lower, much of it missing the upper,
wherein by additional heat evaporization would be most rapid with less
priming, the combustion can therefore by this my new arrangement, seen
in Figs. 1 and 2, Drawing No. 1, be compelled to take from each series
of variable sized tubes due proportion to the upper as to the lower flue
tubes, the upper having an additional feed of the supporters of combustion
from the hot air and steam tubes, as at M, N.
Having described the system of my hydrocarbon storage tanks and their
machinery in combination with the furnaces of marine engine boilers, and
emepflified the method of the hydrostatic force of and transference of the oil
from the tanks to the duplex mains and the means of feeding therefrom, the
fire-boxes of boiler flues shewn in the Figures of Drawing No. 1, 2, 3, and 5,
the sectional tanks 1 and 2 in No. 3 being on too small a scale to distinctly
shew the operations of the parts may be better understood by the smaller
parts in the Figures of Drawing No. 6, which embraces the same application
of principle when used for charging or filling the storage tanks of ships from
land depôts or docks or discharging or emptying the ship's tanks for occasion.
These large scale of tanks are also necessary safety reservoirs for storing
and feeding stationary engine boilers, or supplying railway station tanks for
locomotive engine boilers.
In Drawing No. 6 the tanks are constructed in round water-tight brick
wells A, formed below the surface level and of any required capacity and
depth, say 15 feet by 30 feet diameter, and are open to the atmosphere or
covered by opened roofed sheds; B is the cross section of a low-level water
drain; C is an elevation of the oil tank; D is a sectional elevation of the
same, wherein E is vertical section of the said floating head with perforated
dome and folding draphragm; F is a cylindrical flexible water tube, 6 inches
diameter, passing through the floating head and attached to the water pipe f,
having an intersecting valve; G is a cylindrical flexible vapour tube, say

page_text: 4 inches diameter, communicating with the perforated dome of the floating
head E, and having a cock and spanner q, q; I, II, is an oil main, say 9 inches
diameter communicating with the oil main reservoir in D by the pipo j
6 inches diameter, and having an intersecting oil valve k, whilst the oil main
has an outlet valve m; the valve k is moved by the rod n, effected by the
bevel wheels p, p, worked by the winch r, and which moves an intersecting
water valve s, s; K is a waste water lift valve for emptying the water of the
brick wells; M is duplex water and oil main, 12 inches diameter, supported
on columns at a height of, say, 9 feet from the surface level. The water
part of the main communicates with the interior of the tank abovo the
floating head, and on the inner side of the folding diaphragm through the
stand pipe N and water valve s, 8, whilst P is the inner vapour pipe of the
duplex main communicates with the interior of the perforated dome of E by
the stand pipe P through the cock 9, 9, and the stand pipe P; and u, u, is a
syphon tube for collecting the condcused oil vapour; w, w, is the circular
floating diaphragm surrounding the floating head and the inside of the tank;
its lower edge attached to the step on the floating head and its upper edge of
the tank. u, v, are a series of tubular hoops or rings 1 inches diameter,
and having a continuous slit on the side next the tank; the number of these
rings will be equal to the number of feet in depth of the tank, say if the tank
be 15 feet deep the number of rings will be 13; when the flexible diaphragm
is distended or unfolded the ring hoops will be suspended 12 inches apart, but
when the flexible diaphragm is folded the tubular hoops will lay one on and
over the other as shewn. In order to attach the flexible surface of the
folding diaphragm to the tubular rings the material which is composed of two
surfaces of raw ox hide cemeted together in squares, the seamis breaking
joints, a fold is made of two surfaces, and the edge of it is pressed into the
slit of the tube, and when in the inserted edge is opened and a smaller tubular
hoop is inserted between the folded material, and being larger than the slit
retains the cloth; in this way the rings are attached to the cloth at given
distances apart. R is a portable oil tank on a railway for transference through
a flexible pipe connected with the oil main I through the valve m to the
tank by its tap 2; W is a branch water pipe on the stand pipe N for filling
the brick well. The fluids whose uses are of high value in special application
of combustion for the purposes, and the more especially for ocean navigation,
but all such materials being in their nature dangerous in storage and handling,
are susceptible of changes from the fluid to the gaseous state, producing
vapours of different kinds and quantities by mere changes in atmospheric
temperatures, as in long contact with air or water, and in sea-going vessels

page_text: dangerous to life from the evolution of vapours, consequent pressure, and
probable eruption of tanks with diffusion of explosive vapours.
The objects, amongst the other things, herein described, are therefore so
to effect storage, transference, discharge, and application in connection with
furnaces by methods capable in the first instance of neutralizing or preventing
such dangerous condition, without which the use were hazardous, especially
at sea. To this end self-acting apparatus is necessary to lead off to use or to
condensation or waste the spontaneous evolution of vapours from all the storage
tanks on shipboard or at landing supply depôts, so as to discharge from ships to
landings, or thence to ship, without pumping, handling, or contact with air or
water, whilst the hydrostatic and hydraulic force described will obtain therefore
on shipboard for steam impelling power, the tanks should therefore be constructed
and sustained in manner shewn in the Figures of Drawings Numbers 3, 4,
5, and 6, and with which may be connected similar arrangement. Streams of
water may be made to flow from the water line of sea through the body of
the fluid in the condensing and feed mains by passing small tubes through the
mains to keep down their temperature and continuously run to waste from
below floor of tanks by continuing the small water tubes along up the insides
of and through the sides of the ship terminating below water line. These are
amongst the applications of the principles combined and described for the
several uses of the elements herein mentioned when in their primary or
varied condition and combined with some or any of the mechanical means for
the particular and better modes of application, whether for safety in fixed
storage, to supply furnaces of boilers of sea-going ships, or freight transit of the
materials in a large way by sea or land, or in transferrance and discharge for
consumption into steam propelled ships.
The operation of the storage diaphragm tanks exemplified in Drawings No. 6,
when constructed for land surface, as at public docks, for transferring oil to ships,
or at railway stations or works to supply locomotive steam generators, or at iron,
steel, or other manufacturing works, the hydrocarbon oils may be conveyed to
the storage tanks in the common manner or in iron railway dioaphragm tanks.
The water supplied to the hydrostatic main M, M, may be from a river or
reservoir of any higher level than the main, or may be pumped in by any
engine of power, whether of steam, hot air, or of my hydrocarbon engine
specified in my Patent of 1839. If the oil is conveyed to the storage by my
railway tank cars, and if the level of rails be above the level of the oil main,
the oil will run to it from tank cars, but if below the level an air pump
attached to the engine will force air into the tank on the upper side or head
of the diaphragm, when the valves 5, 8, of the stand water pipe N, N, and the

page_text: valve 9 at f; B, being opened the water in the tank G will run out from
above the floating head E through the flexible waste pipe F into the low-
level drain B, the intersecting valve m on the duplex oil main H, HI, being at
the same time opened as well as the valve q, q, in the stand pipe P, P, being
also opened, and the valve k, k, on its stand oil pipe k being opened by the
rod n, n, and the bevel gearing p, p, and the winch r, r, the oil will flow from
the rail tank or other reservoir into and through the oil main H, H, through
the stand pipe k, k, and its valve k, k, into the tank at D with a force due to
the altitude of supply or engine power lifting the floating head E, whilst the
flexible diaphragm v, v, w, w, will fold up in manner shewn, and at the same
time any vapour that may arise from the motion of the transferred oil, or by
any change of temperature, will rise through the flexible pipe at G, through
the cock q, q, and the stand pipe and its duplex main P, P, where it will
recondense and flow through the syphon tube u to a reservoir. When the
tank D is thus replenished to any height, and it is desired to discharge oil to
ships or railway tank cars the action is reversed, the intersecting valve on the
main M, M, being again opened hydraulic flow will give water to the main,
which will flow through the stand pipes N, N, the valves 8, 8, being opened by
r, r, and the valve k, k, being also open the oil will flow from the tank D into
the main H, H, through the valve m, and into the tank car by the flexible
tube on the cock a with a bydrostatic force due to the altitude of the water
main M, and in like manner a train of cars may be filled or discharged, or the
tanks of a ship may be filled or discharged.
Instead of the mixing discharger, shewn in Drawings No. 1 and 2, I
further combine with said improved steam boiler or with other furnaces
hydrocarbon equivalent ejections, with their injecting supply tube and fire-
box, as at Figure 1, Drawing No. 2, in the following manner, with another form
of fire-box, where within the common boiler the furnace grate and ash-pit
are usually situate. I form, if land boilers, a circular well of curved fire-clay
lumps or bricks, say, 2 feet 6 inches in diameter and twelve inches deep,
or according to magnitude of furnace, and bevelled to a lesser diameter on the
lower part. If marine boilers, a water-faced depression, in the centre base of
this is formed a dish with conical steps on the inner side to hold the end of a
short vertical hollow cylindrical revolving shaft square on the upper end, on
to which is suspended a circular conical fire-clay disc of the diameter of the
well at the lower edge, and corrugated on the upper side. The bevel of the
cone may be an angle of about 22 degrees. On the hollow shaft and hanging
over the upper edge of the corrugated cone I suspend a covered conical fire-
clay dish with numerous apertures on the inner side, and perhipery pointing

page_text: down on to different parts of the face of the larger cone.
From the central
shaft is suspended a cylindrical ring of fire-clay of larger diameter than the
diameter of the larger cone, 2 inches internal diameter, and perforated with
numerous apertures pointing on to different parts of the face of the cone. The
covered dish on the shaft is made through the hollow of shaft to revolve in
one direction, whilst the larger one revolves more slowly in an oposite
direction; the tubular ring at the perhipery of the larger cone revolves also,
but slower than the covered dish, with regulated differential motion. Into
the covered dish superheated steam is supplied, whilst into the tubular ring
hot air is supplied both from the aforesaid supply tubes shewn in Drawings
Nos. 1 and 2, whose injecting valves or cocks, as also that of the oil, are regu-
lated by the said equivalent apparatus; whilst the oil from the supply tube
is injected through the front of furnace in a horizontal instead of a vertical
direction, as in said former Specification. On to the face of said revolving
cone where it will evolve into gas vapour whilst interlacing intermitting
streams of superheated steam and heated air from the revolving burner will,
as before stated, impinge on the flame from different sides, disintegrate it,
raise it in manner described in one of my said former Patents into sprays or
clouds, and mingle and mix it in the fire-box in due equivalent proportions,
resulting in completed combustion whilst passing over said worm E in flues.
By another method the larger disc may be inverted, the tubular air ring
made less in diameter and fixed on the perhipary of the disc; whilst the
covered steam dish may be suspended over the centre of the inverted cone,
into the latter of which may be placed a mass of fire-clay bits or balls, shown
in Drawing No. 2.
Another form of rotating furnace burner may be several perforated hollow
cylinders, corrugated on their pehepheries about nine inches diameter by
three feet long, placed in fire-box of a furnace in horizontal position, the cor-
rugations interlacing and made to revolve vertically, and on to which from the
supply tubes and injectors, Fig. 1, Drawing No. 2, and through the front of
boiler the heated hydrocarbon, hot air, and superheated steam may, in like
manner, be injected, mix in the fire-box or furnace flues, and effect with the
equivalent elements completed combustion for evaporization for steam power,
and various applications for manufacturing purposes, steam or hot air engines
for field or other operations in agriculture.
In order further to improve the method, apparatus, and receptacles shewn
in said former Specification, making them applicable to the storage, trans-
ference, and discharge for combustion of any hydrocarbon fluid or vapor
thereof which may be useful in reverbatory furnaces for metalurgical

page_text: operations, or in fixed or signal lights, avoidance of danger in their use when
in communication with flame. Some of the apparatus and instruments
described and shewn in Drawing of said former Patent are modified to
effect the objects in manner following:-At the point of discharge of the
fluid is combined with it the cup with its appendages, the vapour of water
may be with more crude and dense oils also by the same means generated
and united with the vapour of the said oils in the cup C, Figure 5, so that this
vapour may impinge on and mix with the vapour of the oil at the instant of
ignition, its oxygen combining with the carbon in combustion yielding free
hydrogen; whilst oxygen and that of atmospheric air will unite with its
carbon, as also with hydrogen, rendering due equivalents of combustion and
augmented heat or light. To effect this combined union and discharge of
material a heating appendage may also be connected with the burner at
the cup C, Figure 51, No. 2, of former Patent. This appendage may be an
endless nearly parallel metal tube one-eighth of an inch internal diameter if
for small applications, or enlarged for greater and of any require.l length to
dip into a water and vapour vessel, and having the well-known hot water
expansion valve. The tube may be spirally coiled at its upper and lower ends
and at an intermediate part; the coil at the upper end must be in the form
of a cone, and be at its upper coil platinized, and hermetically sealed after
being filled with water, freed from air on A. M. Perkins' well-known method,
or other suitable fluid for circulation. The upper coil end may be placed in
the air-way K of the cup C, Drawing No. 2, of former Patent, instead of the
inverted cone y, but conforming as well to its shape and use; whilst the
lower end may be wholly or partly immersed in the water stem, or a reservoir,
or a separate closed water receptacle placed on and around or near to the
outside of cup, and having a vapour tube leading from its upper part or from
above a diaphragm similar to that described herein, and connected with a
vapour case or jacket, or within the cup C, and whose vapour case is so per-
forated into the gauze and oil space of cup as to admit the vapour of water
to unite with the oil or vapour of oil within the said roll of wire gauze in tho
cup C.
The water receptacle may have an intermediate vapour space
above the water level and the hot water circulating tube, one side or leg of
which the ascending water side should be outside the stem of the apparatus,
and may be also spirally coiled on the outside of the vapour space, so
as to dry or superbeat the steam or vapour as it rises to the cup C.
The water case has an enlarged middle vapour space, in which the inter-
mediate part of the coil is placed, so that when the hot water circulation causes
aquæous vapour to arise from above the water it will surround in contact the

page_text: intermediate coil, which will dry or superheat the vapour on its passage to cup
C or C 5¹ of said Drawing No. 2. When the oil in the above discharging cup is
burning it will heat the top coiled part of the bermetically sealed tube, which
may be adjusted, raised, or lowered by a thumbscrew for more or less heat, or
made to rise or lower by action on the head of the diaphragm, causing the
water to rise to the top of the coil by heat of the flame, and so force it to
descend in one leg and circulate through the lower and intermediate parts of
the water holder, and so transmit heat into the water of the said holder or
independent outer water receptacle, parting with its caloric, then rising
on the ascending side or leg, causing slow generation of vapour, which will rise
through the vapour space and middle coil, be further heated and expanded,
and pass to and through the perforated case of the said cup and roll of gauze,
impinge on the flame of the burner, yield oxygen to the carbon of the oil or
vapour of oil, and hydrogen gas to burn and increase intensity of beat or
light, as also may the vapour of water in the form of superheated steam
or heated air be united with such hydrocarbon vapour formed in the aforesaid
compartment of the receptacle A, Figure 8, Drawing No. 2 of said former
Patent, by using the waste steam of a locomotive engine boiler, by combining
with the fire-box thereof and appropriating one of the said dischargers
described and shewn herein, but without its described ejecting slots, and
instead of the tale 80, Figure 12, No. 4 of said former Patent, placing
therein in the well-known mauner peat charcoal, then by letting in by a con-
nected tube to the close retort regulated intermitting small streams or jets of
superheated steam from said steam chest under the fire-box of the locomotive
engine, tho discharger being so situated in the firo box as to acquire a red
heat; the oxygen of the steam will be absorbed by the charcoal, and hydrogen
set free and conveyed by said flexible tube to the said oil compartment 6 of
the receptacle A, Figure 8, of said Drawing No. 2, and passing over or
through said oil, hydrocarbon oil, vapour will by the heat of the hydrogen be
formed and suspended in it, and which may be conveyed by the said tube d, d,
to the said cup C to consume and give heat or light to compartments of railway
carriages for warmth by pure air from the outer case of a duplex heater by
the combustion the cup C on its inner case. The superheated steam or heated
air may be thence conveyed by a metal tube with flexible joints to the com-
partment b, Fig. 8, and passing under or over the surface of the fluids
the hydrogen will evolve and take up vapour, and regulated by the said
diaphragm b, b, at A, will be forced through the tubes d, d, Figure 4, and
discharged into said cup C, Figure 51, Drawing No. 2 of said former Patent
for consumption for the purpose aforesaid. The water pressure tank may in

page_text: that case be dispensed with and a diaphragm tank gas holder acting instead
under atmospheric pressure alone as a regulator governing the varying
pressure of the hydrogen gas in it with due flow through said tubes d, d, to
said cup C, Fig. 5', Drawing No. 2, or the hydrogen set free by the
absorption of its oxygen on passing over the layer of charcoal in such close
retort may be conveyed to the said tanks placed in the guard's van, and without
the use of hydrocarbon oil, but fed from such tank as a gas holder to tubes d, d,
and directly to the cup C and burn and give light, or to the compartments of
railway carriages, when it may be applied to the said burner and cup C fixed
into a duplex metal receptacle in the compartments of carriages to burn in
the interior part of the duplex receptacle and beat pure air admitted to
the outer case of the duplex to diffuse pure warm air, thus to effect heat
and light by the waste steam of a locomotive engine boiler with the cost of
the peat charcoal only.
Drawing No. 7 is a sectional elevation of a locomotive engine and boiler
with the bydrocarbon steam generator combined with the fire-box.
In order to superheat the steam for combustion in furnace when issuing
from the cylinders of engine I construct and place in the smoke box of a
locomotive in advance of the bridge steam pipes a steam case in the following
manner, as shewn at Figs. 1, 2, 8, and 4, Drawing No. 7, wherein a, a, a,
Figs. 2 and 3, is a steam receptacle having an upper and lower compart-
ment b, b, b, connected by a series, say, 60 or more parallel tubes one inch
diameter, opening steam communication between the compartments; the
upper compartment communicates with the lower by the steam pipes a, a, at
the exhaust steam valve by a flange joint, whilst the ends of the lower com-
partment are connected with the slide cases of the cylinders through the
exhaust pipes, as in dotted lines, Fig. 2, by similar joints; the egress of
the combustion of the furnace will discharge from the boiler tubes through
the interstices between the tubes in its passage to and emission through the
funnel, surcharging the steam in its passage from the cylinders and through
the exhaust and the blast pipe, whence it will by its impact issue into the
lower compartment 6, 6, by the bent pipe 9, 9, to the said superheating steam
tubes by the ball valves e, e, e, and passing though the superheating tubes in
boiler discharge into the steam case under the fire-box of the engine, part of
the waste steam being thus conveyed, whilst the remainder of the exhaust
steam passes through the apertures h, h, h, Fig. 3, into the blast pipe k, k,
directly to the steam case of furnace. The parts of the superheating steam
tubes passing through the upper boiler tubes or fire-box may be sheathed by
fire-clay tubes to preserve them from the action of the flame. In order that

page_text: the waste steam from the cylinders may after passing into and through the
superheaters by the evaporative force of its impact, and under accumulation at
high pressure in the steam case be discharged from it into the boiler, when
under lowering pressure pipes four inches in diameter are connected with the
superheated steam case on the inner or outer sides of the fire-box and termi-
nate in a valve case M under the man-hole in the boiler, as shewn in Fig. 5,
Drawing No. 7, so that when either from speed of piston and slack furnace
heat or other cause the pressure of the superheated steam in the steam case
is greater than the steam in the boiler the former will lift the valve M and
discharge into and replenish boiler. Fig. 1 is the sectional elevation of
the fire-box, with which is combined the said mixing and discharging
apparatus herein-before described and shewn in the Figures in Drawing
No. 2, where in that, as in this Drawing D, is the discharger. a, a, is the
tile floor; b, b, the supporting water tubes; d, the bridge; m, oil pipe;
k, the hot oil feed; p, p, p, the cocks and spanners; n, the duplex oil and
superheated steam injector; h, h, the branch steam supply tube; g, the
superheated steam supply tube connected with the duplex air and steam
reservoir main L. Under the fire-box of the locomotive, in lieu of the ordinary
construction of furnace with grate bars, I place a water case N in communi-
cation with water of boiler, and under the water case a superheated steam
case P, and under that a hot air case Q. Above the steam and water case I
place the aforesaid duplex hydrocarbon, steam, and hot air mixing and dis-
charging apparatus with some or any of its appendages, or any of the means
berein described and shewn in Figs. Drawings No. with its said
mouth piece and its feeding inlet and injecting tubes applied in any con-
venient manner suited to the front of the fire-box with its usual appendages.
Tbrough several of the upper series of the flue tubes of the boiler, which are
made larger than the others, say four inches diameter, I insert and lay super-
beating steam brass tubes S, S, S, covered with fire-clay tubes, say, two inches
diameter passing through the length of and beyond the end of boiler into the
superheating case a, a, a, at one end, whilst the other ends extend through
the upper part of the fire-box to the front of boiler, where they are connected
with the superheating steam discharge pipe W leading to and connected with
the steam case P. The operation for combustion, heating, and evaporization
of steam is the same for Drawing No. 7 as described for Drawings Nos. 1
and 2, with the omission of the worm E.
'
'
It may be observed that in using such material as crude petroleum, naptha,
or shale, or coal oil, or mixtures of any of such in combination with super-
heated steam and hot air for heating boilers and other purposes a more perfect

page_text: incondescevse, as sustained intensity of heat can be produced by regulating
and applying due equivalent proportions in the feed of these elements, and the
intimate and rapid contact between the first flame and combustible gases,
approximately to from three to five thousand, and in some applications more
degrees F., which adınits by this method of more time for proper saturation of
the elements, yet admitting of a much less rapid draught through boilers, flues,
and tubes, allowing longer contact of the completed combustion thereon to
induct its calorie to the absorbent, much of which is otherwise lost through
the vent in flues or blast through the funnel, but which regulated portions of
the elements of conibustion in the use of coal it has, been impracticable to
effect.
In order to render the method of combining the aforesaid. elements for
combustion described and claimed in the Specification of my said former
Patent and the therein and herein described combined furnace with injecting
supply tubes, and the said hydrocarbon injector and ejecting apparatus self-
feeding and self-regulating with duc saturating equivalents of combustion, the
said elements, superheated steam heated oil and air, I construct and combine
with any bydrocarbon furnace, or the fire-box of a steam engine, boiler, or
furnaces for heating and manufacturing purpose, what I denominate an
automatic equivalent instrument of guage, so as to supply to any furnace due
proportions of the separate materials forming complete combustion, or any
desired excess of either. To effect this object I connect with the spanners or
levers of the slide valves or cock iulets of the injectors to or ejectors of furnace
of the heated oil, superheated steam, and hot air supply tubes 30 50, 30 50,
of the Specification of my said former Patent, or the herein-described means,
or branch tubes froin the said supply tubes w on the said mouth pieces, as in
the said Drawing, No. 4, or as herein shewn at Figures 1 and 2, Drawings
No. 2 and 1, au instrument of parallel or angular motion movable by a com-
pound lever to which is connected bars or rods having alongated slots into
which the ends of the spanner levers are inserted and adjusted by thumb-
these slots admit of more or less extent of arcs of motion of the levers
according to their different lengths of action, so as more or less to open
according to adjustment of the slide or cock valves, which being either in
parallel lines, or some one higher than the other, so as that by the same length
of parallel niotion effected by the compound lever and its connec.ions the
areas of their vents may be more or less opened to admit more or less of the
estimated different elements aforesaid. The compound lever may in some
heating applications be an adjustable hand lever; but in order the better to
effect such actions for regulated increments of supply with more certainty.
screws;

page_text: than with manual labour I construct and further combine with a bydrocarbon
furnace or steam generator said instrument of guage what I denominate an
automatic equivalent guage or governor. To this end I combine a compound
pyrometric bar or bars with a rotative cylinder having geared bevel wheels, or
wheel and pinion of unequal diameters attached to a fixed steam cylinder and
piston with guides and connecting rod attached, with an adjustable thumb-
screw at the end of the compound lever. The compound pyrometric bars are
formed on the well-known principle of expansion, elongation, dilation, or con-
tortion of flat bars of different metals, such as brass or steel, or others, when
united on their flat faces, and joined by brazing or riveting. The bars may
be composed of two double bars or more for power, or two sets of such, the
inner ones of shorter lengths than the outer, and all attached at one end,
whilst the other ends may be free to diverge; the lengths of bars may be
according to desired divergence or power; the two longest ends of the
diverging legs are connected with short rods which protrude through the front
of furnace. The compound bar is fixed at the other connected ends to the
inside front of the furnace, under which is fixed a shelf or perforated box of
fire-clay so as to prevent the surging of the incompleted combustion of gases
on the pyrometric bar, yet allowing the thermal heat of furnace to act on and
affect them. The ends of said short rods attached to the diverging ends of
bars and protruding through the front are attached to the larger or driving
bevel wheel fixed to front of boiler geared to the smaller beveled wheel with a
crank action on said cylinder so fixed near to the end of said compound lever
to give rotation to the cylinders by the crank action on the larger wheel.
This cylinder is furnished with a series of projecting metal stops or pegs
graduated and fixed at points on curved lines projecting along and around
the cylinder marked with parallel lines on its periphery according to the ascer
tained rotation of the cylinder by the observed degrees of heat of furnace as
indicated by the divergence of the legs of said compound bars, cousequent
crank action, and rotation of the cylinder, which is so graduated as to range over
say 3000 degrees F. from 212 F. Parallel with and fixed on front of boiler
or furnace over said cylinder is attached a metal arc of convenient radius with
degrees of heat marked thereon corresponding with the graduated stops on
the cylinder. The metal are is formed of two flat parallel pieces forming a
long slot in which the end of the said compound lever moves. The length of
the cylinder may be, say 18 inches.
Under and parallel with this cylinder is
inches in the barrel, furni bed with a
equal with the length of the rotating
the aforesaid steam cylinder, say two
piston and rod, and length of stroke
cylinder, with slide valves, connecting rod, and guides, steam slide valves, or

page_text: two-way cock. The end of the connecting rod is attached by an adjusting
thumbscrew to the compound lever acting on the motions of the supply cocks
and vents, which also may be connected by a rod with the damper of furnace,
or superheater. Parallel with the cylinder and its stops is a bar notched or
indented on its upper edge intersecting said indicating metal arc, so that when
the said cylinder rotates by the action of the pyrometric bar the metal stops shall
point to and pass into and rest, or by continued rotation of said cylinder move
out of any of said notches, each one resting in a notch or indentation, according
to the degree of heat in furnace causing rotation of cylinder and presentation
of stops until a change of heat withdraws one and inserts another in a different
place. When such movement takes place the rotating cylinder acts on the
two-way cock or steam cylinder slide to move the piston in one direction or
another, and so by its connecting rod with the said lever moving it up to and
against any of said movable stops and holding it from time to time.
The operation of this automatic equivalent governor is, that according to.
the magnitude of furnace and boiler and required steam force the relative
quantities of heated bydrocarbon fuel, superheated steam, and hot air required
for combustion, the area of the slide or cock vents of the said supply tubes,
being also determined and adjusted to the lever and motion according to the
well understood laws of ingress of fluids through apertures, whether solid or
aeriform, and in accordance with the heads or pressure of supply, whether
from head of fluid or thermal degrees of expansion and flow and force of steam,
or air. The combined apparatus being so adjusted after heat of furnace is
got up to the desired point for due evaporization and pressure noted by the
common steam indicator which may be connected therewith, the compound
lever adjusted to the required degree marked on said indicating are by the
thumbscrew to the connecting rod of the said steam cylinder and the said.
steam cock or slide adjusted, the lever is forced up to and against the stop
resting on said indentations, where it will be retained until a change of tem-
perature shall remove the stop and present another in another slot of higher
or lower heat, and the lever again forced up to the stop by the change of
furnace temperature and steam force and steam connecting rod on the lever,
The compound lever simultaneously moving the said parallel motion acting on
the spanner levers of the cocks at 30, 50, or branch tubes of supply to said
mouthpieces as at x, x, Fig. 13, Drawing No. 4 of my former Patent, and as
herein described, so as to feed the furnace or its apparatus with each of said
elements of combustion in their due relative and equivalent proportions
according to the method of combining heated oil, superheated steam, and
heated air examplified, specified, and claimed in the Specification of my said

page_text: former Patent, and the method of constructing and applying the aforesaid
equivalent instrument may be modified and varied in its actions to suit a
varied method of applying the feed of said elements or for intermitting feeds,
as now herein described and shewn at the Figures and Drawing No. 8.
In the applications of the berein-before described principals and method, when
used for the generation of common and superheated steain after the method
aforesaid exhibited in the Drawings as when applied to locomotive engine
boilers, the general and combined means may, for better economy, be further
modified and combined with sucb boiler for the simultaneous discharge of
petroleum, shale, or coal oil, steam, and hot air in the manner herein-before
described and shewn by the letters and Figures in Drawing No. 7, in respect
of which the principles applied and methods of use and resulting effects in
sonic or any of the aforesaid combinations as to adoption in land and marine
engine boilers for combustion purposes obtain also in this application, an I
combine the said equivalent instrument, herein-before and herein-after described
and shewn in Drawing No. 8, with the boiler and furnaces shewn in
Drawings No. 1, 2, 3, and I also combine the said instruments with a
blast or other furnac. One of said instruments may be attached to each
boiler or furnace, or one may be made with a power to o, crate on a row of
three. The equivalent instruments may be varied in many ways with
different forins more or less complicated to arrive at the intended objects of
constant continued or intermitting feeds of the equivalents of combustion,
when combined with any furnace. The following are varied forms in the con-
struction of such instrument-Fig. 1 is a front elevation, and Fig. 2 a side
elevation of the machine at C. Figure 2 is the pyrometer firmly bolted to the
inside of the flame box of the boiler, and actuating the gate end O, which is
furnished with a gab lever for throwing it out of gear; this rod gears on to the
pin o 1 of the lever p, which lever works loosely on its axis q 1, but can be
clamped firmly on it by means of the nut on the axis q¹ pinned fast, the
tooth sector g gearing into the pinion h, which is fixed on the spindle of the
stop or striker barrel A. The barrel a runs on centres fixed in the side
frames a 1 bolted to the front plate of the boiler, and carrying the rotating and
sliding parts of the apparatus. Above the barrel a, and sliding in suitable
bearings is the bar b, which is es larged at one part, as shown, to carry the
cross slides, which slides in U-guides; the bar is notched at its lower part to
allow the passage of the stops or strikers C on the barrel A. In front of the
bar bis the bar 1, which serves both as a stay to the frames a 1, and alo
by means of the notches m, m, as a stop or regulator to the lateral travil of
the bar b and its sliders s; the particular form of this sliders is best shown

page_text: in Fig. 2; over it is the paul n working on a pin carried by one of the fixed
V-guides, and is actuated by the projection n on the top of the slide proper
mounted in bearings; on the frames a 1, a 1, is the spindle j, carrying the
leavers 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2; these levers are connected at their lower ends by the
rod V, which passes through a stop hole in sliders, shown in dotted lines,
Fig. 1, and in section, Figure 2. The levers 2, 1, 2, 1°, are kept in a vertical line
by means of a spring Y, but are capable of motion to a limited extent on
either side of the perpendicular; to one of the levers 1 is attached the
small arm w working by means of the rod or link a the bell-crank t, t, which
in its turn actuates the slide valve of the steam cylinder B; the piston rod of
the cylinder is articulated by means of the rods of the lever e, the upper
end of which is linked to the sliding bar by a link d, while the lower
end actuates by means of suitable rods the oil, steam, and air cocks of the
combustion apparatus; it is guided by a bar z firmly attached to the boiler
and frame a 1, which is graduated to shew the degree of opening of the cocks
above n:entioned. The action is as follows:-The pyrometer c, in expanding,
curves from the vertical to the position shewn (more or less); the rod o, to
which it is articulated, moves the toothed sector g. and consequently the
barrel A, until one of the stops or stickers C passes through the notch in the
lower part of the bar b, where it comes in contact with the small projection at
the lower part of the slider s; this in its outward rotation it slides back
towards the boiler, at the same time moving the levers t1, t1; t2, and w, and
consequently the bell-crank and the slide valve of cylinder B, thereby
admitting steam at the front of the piston, and drawing the lever e. link d, and
sliding bar 6 in direction of the arrow; the sliders in its traverse raises the
paul n, and allows the steam piston to move the sliding, bar one division on
the stop bar; the levers i, i, i 2, as soon as one or any of the strikers m
have passed resume (by means of the spring K) their former vertical position,
the paul n falls into the first notch on the bar 6 it comes to and the action is
stopped, till by increased heat and action of the pyrometer another striker 8.
comes into action, when the whole motion is repeated, and by these means the
rods attached to the oil, steam, and air cock are properly regulated or shut
off. In case of decrease of heat, the pyrometer curves the reverse way, and
the reverse action is communicated to the whole apparatus.
Fig. 3 is a front elevation of an apparatus for obtaining an intermittent
supply instead of a regulated but continuous one, as obtained by the apparatns
described in Figures 1 and 2. A, E, i, g, 3, is a steam cylinder fitted with slide
valve worked by a small toothed sector, the spindle of which passes through a
stuffung box, and carries a lever or handle a provided with a crank stud, on
י

page_text: to which gears the rod from the pyrometer. To the cross head b on to the
piston rod is linked the slotted rod c working or sliding in the pin of the
treble arm lever d, d1, d2; the ends d 1, d 2, of this lever carry projecting
studs e, which are intended alternately to raise the lever and counterweight or
tumbler, and up to and over 'the vertical line, when if the lever falls over
by the gravity of the weight on to the stops g, 91, consequently working the rods h,
and so shutting off or opening the oil, steain, and air cocks, as before mentioned.
The action is as follows:-Suppose the change of equivalents previously
injected to have become nearly consumed, the intensity of the heat becomes
somewhat lower; the pyrometer c contracts in consequence, and in so doing it
actuates the rod o backward, and so admits steam on the top of the piston of the
steam cylinder A, thereby forcing it along slotted C down on to the stud i,
thereby depressing the arm of the lever and ultimately throwing the tumbler f
over to the other stop 9 carrying with it the rod h attached to the cock span,
and opening them, thereby delivering a fresh change of equivalents into the
furnace. The pyrometer now begins from the increased heat to expand and
curve the reverse way, thereby reversing the action of the slide valve gradually
till it ultimately opens to steam the lower port when the piston ascends, and
the whole action is reversed, and so on. Between the slotted rod c¹¹ and
attached to the cross head pin is a gab rod and lever ; which is intended to
gear on to the stud Z fixed on to the arm Z 1 of the tumbler lever f, and by
raising this rod in gear the apparatus becomes a gradual regulator in the same
manner as described in Figures 1 and 2.
Figure 4 is another arrangement by which a more perfect and regular
intermittent supply of equivalents is obtained, as it is capable of being regulated
to perform any required number of strokes with certainty by hand or by the
action of the pyrometer. It consists of a steam cylinder A furnished with a
slide valve a, but having only two ports, one steam, communicating with the
under side of piston, and one exhaust which also communicates with the space
above the piston, whereby when the slide valve is down the steam is in equili-
brium on both sides of piston. Attached to the piston rod is a cross bead which
is attached by means of the link c to the working lever d, the lever is furnished
with a heavy weight sufficient not only to cause the descent of the piston and
appendages, but also to inove the steam, oil, and air cocks; above and attached
to the steam cylinder is a plunger pump e working in a small cistern f containing
water, oil, or other suitable fluid, the foot or inlet valve g is of large size to
allow of free access of the fluid on the up stroke, there is however no delivery
or exit valve but merely a small hole h, furnished with a stop-cock i, which
Lock is either regulated by hand or by the gab rod of the pyrometer by

page_text: means of the lever pin and handle; pinned fast on to the shank or plug of the
cock attached to the plunger rod K which is purposely made heavy and
furnished with cup leather packing that it may run easily is a cross head h
from which depends side rods m working in suitable guides o attached to
pump cover and bottom cover of cylinder A, these rods terminate in forks n
to receive the ends of the steam piston cross head 6'; the slide valve is actuated
for the up stroke of piston by the stop or lappet p, attached to the side rod m
and adjustable, striking the lappet lever g, thereby drawing the valve up and
opening the lower port to steam causing the piston to ascend at the same time,
raising by means of its cross head the forked rods m and the pump plunger k.
When near the top of its stroke the projection 6,11 on the cross head strikes
the lower lappet lever y 1, thereby depressing the slide valve and allowing
the steam to escape into the exhaust and also access to the top of the piston,
which being thereby in equilibrium immediately descends by the action of the
weighted working lever d. The exit of the water is however retarded either
by the action of the pyrometer on the stop or regulating cock i, or by partly
adjusting it by hand, the plunger K and side rods m therefore descend more
or less slowly, (and when near the bottom of the stroke the tappet p again strikes
the upper tappet lever 2 causing anther up and lown stroke of the st am piston.
It is obvious that by these means any number of strokes may be obtained.
The time of descent of the steam piston may be regulated in a like manner by
introducing a stop-cock not shown on the Drawing on the exhaust pipe,
thereby throtthing the exit of the steam and causing the steam piston to
descend at any required speed, whereby the steam, oil, and air cocks deliver
a layer (or smaller as the case may be) quantity of equivalents into the
furnace.
I combine either of the berein described equivalent instruments, or, as shown
in the Figures of Drawing No. 8, with the furnace and boiler described and
shewn in Drawing Nos. 1, 2, and 3, to be connected with the cock spanners
and with dampers, or with any furnace for manufacturing purposes, or with
any blast or metal furnace or apparatus, or with that described and shewn in
Drawing No. 9, for the purpose of regulating the feed of the fuel with due
equivalents of combustion, or any less or more of each element, or with the
view of feeding with intermitting supplies for time to effect more complete
saturati n of elements supplied in applying the intermitting feed. One object
besides is after each feed or flow of each of the elements, the furnaces being
entirely closed ones, to close the dampers of flue vents to prevent expansion of
the combined elements of combustion, and thus greatly augment the energy of
the beat, which being retained longer in contact with heat conducting surfaces

page_text: effect more rapid evaporization at each successive feed of fuel the damper as
intermittingly reopened.
And having in the Specification of my said former Patent described shewn
and claimed the new method of effecting intensity of heat in furnaces by
injecting into or ejecting out of apparatus connected therewith fluid or riform
bydrocarbon as a base of fuel in combination with regulated portions of super-
heated steam and beated air, and for better economy therewith the waste
steam of an engine, and in such manner as not only to prcure and render thereto
from such steam an unmixed supporter of the combustion of the hydrocarbon
by the pure oxygen thereof, but also simultaneously to procure and render
available larger volumes of free hydrogen supported by the oxygen of the
heated atmospheric air supplied in regulated limited quantity at such thermal
temperature as to prevent chilling or lowering the temperature and attenuity
of the steam being enabled thereby to consume a larger mea-ure of steam
with a minimum quantity of hydrocarbon, and thus exalt intensity of heat
largely above that which the hydrocarbon is by common means capable of
inducing, I thus lessen the usual excess double quantity of atmospheric air
necessary with solid coal fuel in the common way of combustion with its
cooling temperaturo of, say 60 F., and consequent forced draught into a
furnace required to be maintained at, from 2000 to 3000, and more degrees F
by about 60 per cent., and pass such minimum into my furnace at from 750
and more degrees F., so much the less encumbering the furnace with nitrogen,
a bad conductor of heat and injurious in some manufactures, and substituting
hydrogen, a conductor equal to metal, thus obtaining from air 21 per cent. only
of oxygen, 79 nitrogen being set free, whilst from steam 33-3 of pure oxygen,
and 66-7 per cent. of hydrogen are obtained.
It is therefore manifest that such combination of method, apparatus, and
manipulation as formerly described in the Specification of my said Patent of
August One thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, was and is capable of
application to various beating purposes in manufactures such as making iron,
manufacturing steel, copper, and other metals, glass, &c., so that by said
former and herein described improved method of generating and applying
heat from that combined source a better combustion free from the impurities
which affect metals by coal or coke may be used, and which by the intensity
to which it may be raised by the herein described methods admits of
application by direct contact and fusion with ores in blast furnaces, cupulas, or
puddling furnaces, or by endosmotic conduction, and with or without compressed
gas beat, through surfaces to affect the materials without contact with the
oxygen of atmospheric air, or to enable them to absorb other materials in tho

page_text: form of gases, for which purposes and uses with my said former and improved
methods, and herein described means, I construct a blast furnace, or cupula,
or puddling furnace, or the described steel making apparatus and apply a
compressed or congested combustion, as herein-after described and shewn in
the Figures and Drawing No. 9, with ascending or descending currents of
hydrocarbon vapour or of steam, and impart it by difusion on or into and
through the mass or layers of metal and flux, and I apply the same means
for preparing and heating large ingots of metals for rolling or hammering,
and I use the waste steam of the engine boilers in manner herein described
and shewn by the letters and Figures in Drawing No. 9, wherein by this
application of my new furnaces with my Invention of methods of
generating beat by the combination of the hydrocarbon gaseous vapours with
superheated steam highly attenuated to the condition of approximating a
permanent gas with mixture of atmospheric air similarly heated and alternately
combined and fed in due relative proportions, according to special applications
in beatings, evaporization, or manufactures, regulating the feed with due
equivalents of or for partial or completed combustion by the combination with
furnaces of my Invention of equivalent automatic instruments berciu described.
I combine and apply the methods, materials, instruments, apparatus, machinery,
and arrangements described and exemplified in the Figures and Drawing
No. 9 in further combination with a common blast furnace for the reduction
or smelting of iron to a common pudling or refining furnace or apparatus for
the manufacture of steel or other metalurgical processes.
For the manufacture of iron or steel I construct or apply to any blast
furnace the works, machinery, and arrangement exhibited in Figures 1, 2,
and 3 in Drawing No. 9, wherein A is a sectional elevation of a blast
furnace; B, Figure 2, is a plan of the same through a line between the hearth
and the boshes; C, circular furnace tunnels twelve feet diameter passing at right
angles and interse ting under the base or foundation of the cone of the
shaft A, where entrances may be formed D, as in two of the tunnels is a
bydrocarbon furnace with the mixing dischargers herein-before described and
shewn. a, a, are combustion chambers separated by the wall b, and the
arches c, c; d, is an arch being a combustion reservoir feeding the flues e, e,
and forming a ventilating space over d; 9, 9, is the combustion pipe. lined.
with a fire-clay inner tube for conveying the gases from the chamber d to the
hearth of furnace through an aperature i and is furnished with a regulating
valve h; k, k, k, is the inner one of a duplex pipe k, k, with an outer
steam pipe 1, 1, 1, leading to the superheating tubes m, m, m, m, above the
throat of shaft or tunnel hole, the outer pipe 1, 1, 1, conveying the waste steam

page_text: of boilers through the feed pipe n, n. 0, 0, is a cover to throat of shaft;
and p, p, is the smoke vent of shaft made outside of the lantern part of flue
throat, and is a closing circular damper moved by the bevil gearing r, 1º,
by the rod s, s, for opening or closing damper; t, t, is a jointed inlet closing
plate to the tunnel mouth; u, u, u, Fig. 1 and 2 are the tuyers of the blast
feed v, v; w, w, is a gallery surrounding the furnace with band rail; x, x, is
a branch gas combustion pipe having a regulating valve y; Z, Z, are tubular
apertures made from the outside of and penetrating into the belly of tho
shaft, 12 inches diameter, and lined with a tube of refractory fire-clay tube,
reducing the diameter of the aperature to six inches. Z1, Z1, are metal rods
the outer ends moving in a threaded screw and moving through a bonnet Z?,
Z2, into the shaft to move the ore from the vent of the aperture so as at
intervals to admit the bydrocarbon vapour.
It may be here observed that in charging blast furnaces in the common
mode of use with masses of coal or coke & flux, and by the large quantity
of such fuel used in excess for the temperature it should produce, the
quality of metal is deteriorated and in the combustion and elimination silicato
and ash slag is increased to be volatalized, pyritic sulphure:s and phosphides
imbibed below at the expense of and quality of the iron, whilst in most cases
the metal is inferior to that produced from the purer combustible charcoal.
The chemical changes during the descent from the throat of the shaft to
the layers and the low degrees of heat in its middle and upper parts
from the excess of atmospheric air ascending and carrying up the im-
purities volatalised below and in the boshes to be reimbibed in its course
by the partly reduced metal under low red heat in the belly of the shaft,
whilst below it most of the oxygen of the air is absorbed in the for-
mation of carbonic acid before the gas can reach higher than the top of
the boshes above which the carbonic acid gas is by contact with carbon
reconverted into carbonic oxide with much expansion and lowering temperature,
and in this condition is forced higher in the tunnel without due equivalent
support of combustion, and is slow in this part in acting on the oxyde of
iron in reducing it to metal, whilst the largest portion of the fuel in nitrous
carbonic oxide and carburetted hydrogen is lost through the throat of the
tunnel.
My improved methods herein described and shewn for the generation of
intensity and diffusion of heat from fluid hydrocarbons in combination with
superheated steam and hot air by the means described and any suitable parts
of the apparatus or machinery shewn or described when with the works and
machinery exhibited in combination with an ordinary blast furnace as herein

page_text: described and exemplified in Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, Drawing No. 9, will there-
fore accord a more manageable and economical fuel wholly free from the
impurities contained in coal or coke which so much influence the qualities of
iron or steel or other metals, incumbers the furnaces, and retard the more
rapid reduction of metals which fluid bydrocarbons with this method are
capable of effecting.
The method of operation by these improvements are as follows:-Into the
tunnel shaft A, Fig. 1, I place layers of iron or roasted ore; in some cases
not with the usual layers of flux, but without the introduction of coal or coke,
and into the aforesaid mixing discharges, shewn in Drawings No. 1 and 2,
and at C, Figure 1, Drawing No. 9, supplying the fluid hydrocarbon, super-
heated steam, and hot air in manner berein-before described, and combine my
equivalent instruments, herein-before described, with any suitable parts of the
apparatus and machinery for regulating with due equivalents the elements
used in combination or varying the proportions of either of them according to
the requirements of completed combustion, carbonic acid gas or carbonic
oxide for injection into the hearth at the tuyers to meet and mix with the bot
air blast for combustion, or for injection of carbonic oxide into the belly of
the tunnel for diffusion of the mixed and intensely heated hydrocarbon. The
mixed combustion generated at C, Figure 3, Drawing No. 9, flow into and
through one of the chambers a; and returning through the other chamber a,
mingling between the interstices of solid fire-clay balls, say, from nine to
twelve inches diameter, and pierced with apertures through them to present
larger beating surfaces. The gases or vapours becoming highly heated flow
into the chamber a and through the flues c, e, and ascend by the bend
pipe 9, 9, through the regulating valve h and the cavity into the boshes
above the hearth of the furnace, when meeting and mixing with the hot blast
at the tuyers intense heat is evolved, which penetrated higher than when
coal or coke is used, will extend through the boshes towards the belly of the
tunnel shaft producing a more rapid reduction of metal in this part than
usual; whilst at the same time the tunnel shaft being less encumbered with
such conglomeration of pasty masses as is produced by coal or coke; the last
will penetrate high into the metallic masses. And in order to extend effective
combustion yet higher in the tunnel, a further feed of bydrocarbon gas is
fed into the belly of the shaft from the reservoir d by the branch pipe a, a,
through the regulating valve y, into and through the aperture,=, into the
belly of the tunnel at a height of, say, ten feet above the boshes; the hot
blast being more easily forced to this height owing to the louse masses of
materials than with solid fuel; the feed through Z, Z, being yet deficient in

page_text: duc equivalent of oxygen, but diffusing through the mass will receive it
from the hot blast at this higher heat zone, and effect more rapid reduction of
metal at this altitude; the said equivalent instrument regulating the excess
of hot blast needed for converting the carbonic oxide into carbonic acid gas.
The tendency of the descending mass will be at this widest part of tunnel to
press upon the apertures Z, Z, to relieve them; a tool is made to pass with
force from time to time through the aperture with force to clear the vent of
the apertures; this is effected by suspending the to Z 1, Z 1, having a
threaded screw on its outer end working in and through a female boss on the
hand rail, which rod or tool is moved by a fixed pully moved by a ban 1, or
in any convenient manner. Through the waste steam pipe n and the duplex
transferring steam pipe 1, 1, the waste steam of the boilers is conveyed to the
the superheaters m, m, m, m, in lantern of the tunnel shaft, whence the
current of superheated steam descends through the inner pipe k, k, k, to the
mixing generators at C, thus supplying highly attenuate steam of from 750
to 1000 degrees F., for consumption as fuel at the hearth of the tunnel, pro-
ducing intense heat and volatalizing impurities, which are driven out at the
vent. The equivalent instrument giving either continuous or intermittent
feed to the hearth of tunnel, and acting on the damper 9 moved by the rod s, s,
and the bevel gearing r, r, to open or close the smoke vent p outside of the
lantern, and the closing plate o, o, and t, t, in order to prevent at given
intervals the expansion of the equivalent elements of combustion and
exalt the energy of a congested or compressed heat, thus avoiding such
cooling effect and loss in common when coal or coke is used by the large
excess of atmospheric air applied in blast furnaces to effect reduction of
ores, and which nitrogenises the reduction, deteriorating the metal of some
kinds of ores.
Having in my former Patent, herein-bfore referred to and num-
bered 5926, specified the construction of a rotating divisional retort to be
combined with a regenerating coke oven in which the waste gases of coal
were conveyed to hydrocarbon retorts for the regeneration or volatilezation of
condensed vapours and mixing of hydrogen and other gases therewith, an I
having carried this into practical operation in a large way on my own works
for public use, and having with the rotating retorts applied hydrocarbon
injectors of material to force fluid oil into a retort in the form of sprays or
clouds, and having herein described and shewn improved constructions and
applications of said injectors and retorts herein designated, dischargers being
open receptacles, I now herein construct and apply the improved dischargers
as hydrocarbon or other gas or vapour mixers, as in my Patent of 1865, either

page_text: combined directly with furnaces or connected with them by apparatus, as
herein shewn, for different uses in vapourization or manufactures, and I
connect a rotating hermetically sealed retort with the pan of the crucible of the
blast furnace below B, Figure 1, and as herein shewn at Figures 5, 6, and 7,
Drawing No. 9, for the purpose of directly tapping the molten metal in the
crucible, and leading it, as shewn, into the rotating apparatus, which may be
placed, as shewn, in one of said arches under the base of the blast furnace A.
Figure 1, for the purpose of converting such molten metal into steel in con-
tinuous operation from the reduction tunnel A. Figure 5 shews one of such
apparatus formed of fire-clay or refractory material, as gas retorts are made
in elevation; Figure 6 is a cross section through its middle, and Figure 7 is
n longitudinal section of the same suspended on a frame; 3, 4, 5, 5, are
projecting necks suspended in two rollers at each end of the frame, and
having vent apertures through the neck, and a discharging vent as at 6;
at 5, Figure 5, is a driving pulley connected with a band; 7 is a metal
receiver on a moveable packed joint 8, 8, 8, 8; Figures 6 and 7 are cups cast
solid with the apparatus for lifting and pouring the molten metal; 10, 10, is
a fixed steam or other vapour tube furnished with a cock attached in a
packed joint to allow the nick to revolve in it; 11, 11, is a channel through
the base of tunnel leading to the pan of the crucible in which a fire-clay
gutter may be laid to feed the neck 5.
The objects of this rotating retort with its metal lifting cups is to raise the
molten .etal and let it descend in streams from the top to the lower side of the
apparatus whilst it is made to rotate, and at the same time either continuously
or intermittingly regulate and admit gases or vapours intensely heated to
envelope the descending streams of metal by the method and in condition
herein described, and similiarly to the well-known pneumatic method of a
Patent specified by Joseph Gilbert Martien, dated the 15th September 1855,
and numbered 2082, wherein the means adopted was by the forcing of atmo-
spheric air or the low stream of water from below that it might rise up through
the molten metal before being run into a reverbatory furnace in order to
purify the iron.
Now my method of generating intense heat by the means herein-before
described, or by the method of my Patent of 1865, were combined with the
apparatus and means in Figures 5, 6, 7, in Drawing No. 9, is to decarboniso
iron, volatalize impurities, or neutralize them and render it into steel, or effect
other metallurgical operations by the application of any suitable gases or
materials in combination with bighly superheated and attenuated steam and
highly heated air, or in some cops hydrocarbon vapours separately or

page_text: combined in regulated equivalent portions, feeding the apparatus either com-
binedly or separately with the elements, and under compressed or conjested
beat, in manner herein-before described, and by throttling the vent of
apparatus and regulating it by connecting with the rotating apparatus the
said equivalent instrument. By the excess of oxygen in given volumes of
highly attenuated steam greater than in the same volumes of heated air a
more perfect combustion of the carbon can in the same time be given than
by atmospheric air alone, whilst the union of the oxygen with the carbon will
be effected with less nitrogen of air which is detrimental to some kinds of
metal. Any approved materials may be added within the apparatus for either
carbonising or decarbonising the metal or producing any metalurgical
change or chemical effect in the metal whilst under high or varied tem-
perature.
Now, therefore, having in this Specification described and exemplified,
by the Figures and Drawings numbered from No. 1 to No. 9, the nature of
my aforesaid Invention, and the means by which each application of principle
is combined with mechanical appliances, arrangements, and varied modes of
manipulations to effect the processes and objects of my Invention, yet these
may each be modified to effect with the same elements of materials, either
separately or combined or varied in proportional quantities and mixtures, to
effect substantially the same ends or objects herein described.
And having in the Specification of my said former Patent, dated the 14th
of August 1865, described the new means whereby the fluid bydrocarbons
hitherto vainly sought to be utilised for such purposes might thereafter with
great public benefit be used in combustion for general heating, evaporating,
propelling, and manufacturing purposes by the therein exemplified method of
effecting the same, with avoidance of danger in storing, transferring, and
bandling the same, as therein more particularly exemplified in the Figures
and Drawing No. 4 of that Patent, and the therein described method of
combining with the oils or their gases or vapours the elements of superheated
steam of necessity to be highly attenuated in order to render it available as a
supporter of combustion, and at the same time a profitable source of augmented
beat by its hydrocarbon set free, and supported in its combustion by highly
beated atmospheric air, and to adapt facility in mechanical means for its
proper introduction into furnaces I modified the method and mechanical
means which I had shewn and described in a Patent for hydrocarbon volita-
Jization, herein referred to, and adapted the process of injection for combustion
by an injector therein shewn, by rendering the supply tubes feeding the
furnace with materials for combustion, and the jackets of the receptacle dis-

page_text: chargers suitable injectors of the separate materials used for combination or
combustion, as shewn in the said Drawing No. 4 of my said Patent of 1865;
and I now further modify, improve, and combine the same in this Specification,
as shewn in Drawings Nos. 1, 2, 3, 7, and 9 in combination with the uses and
the other mechanical arrangements shewn, and having in the claims
of my Patent of 1865 specially claimed the combination of method and
mechanical means therein described, meaning thereby as also herein the
whole processes, materials of combustion, arrangements, and manner of
applying them, to obtain the specified results. I now, therefore, with the
same materials, processes, improved applications, arrangements, with new
furnaces and machinery adopting the commonly understood meaning of method,
I claim,
Firstly. The combination of methods in the application of the same
materials, heated hydrocarbon, superheated steam, and bigbly heated atmo-
spheric air united or combined as in my said former Patent of August 1865, and
these applied in combination with the new and other improved furnaces, fire-
boxes, and flues herein described and shewn in the Figures and Drawings
numbered 1 and 2, together with the improved manner or processes of injecting
the said solid fluid or aeriform hydrocarbons and ejecting them in con-
nection with highly superheated steam and heated air, and uniting or mixing
them or any of them simultaneously or alternately in equivalent proportions
by means herein described for due saturation for combustion as carbonic acid,
or so as to form first primary incandesence, carbonic oxide with subsequent
feed of either element for complete saturation, combustion, and exalted heat
in the furnaces herein described or any furnaces.
Secondly. I claim the method of arrangement, herein described and shewn
in Figures 1 and 2, Drawing No. 1, comparing the large and small flues,
divisional fire-boxes, beating and mixing chamber and combustion chamber
in combination with the furnaces of steam engine boilers or other furnaces;
and I claim the construction and combination of the worm E, in Figure 2,
with the feeding tubes b, b, b, in the hollow shaft thereof and the hot air
box F, and the combination of the mixing discharger D with its connected
apparatus and appendages K, M, and H, G, and steam, oil, and air injecting
tubes F, G, N, and the duplex steam and air tube L, and the duplex feeding
pipes M and N in Figure 2, Drawings Numbers 1 and 2, and their further
combination with the herein described equivalent instruments, some of which are
shewn in the Figures in Drawing No. 8, and any one of these combined with
the boilers in No. 1 and 2, or any boiler or furnace for regulating equivalents
of combustion, water feed of boiler or steam of or for superheaters and

page_text: feeders of cylinders in steam superheaters for combustion in fire-boxes shewn
in No. 7.
Thirdly. I claim the method and arrangement for effecting the impact of
the exhaust steam of cylinders of engines, as herein described and shewn in
Drawing No. 7, and which is also applicable to the boiler and its appendages
or engines to be connected therewith, when applied as and for the objects
herein described; and I claim the method described for heating and lighting
railway carriages by the waste steam of the locomotive engine, as herein
described.
Fourthly. I claim the method of constructing the storage tanks, their
connections, appendages, and mode of arranging and fixing them in structure
on shipboard, and the method of constructing and working the duplex trans-
ferring hydraulic and bydrostatic main and service pipes, and stand pipes
and their oil and vapour connexions therewith with the valves of operation,
and these connected with the bulkheads the boiler in Numbers 1 and 3, as
berein described and shewn in the Figures and Drawings Numbers 1, 3, 4,
and 5.
Fifthly. I claim the method of constructing and working the safety storage
land tanks for docks to supply steam, propelled ships, or railway engines with
bydrocarbon oils, and the application therewith of the hydrostatic and
Lydraulic principles, and the combination of the tanks, wells, drains,
floating head and diaphragm inlet and outlet oil or vapour, or water mains
and stand pipes, valves, and flexible tubes connected therewith, as herein
described and shewn in elevation and section, Drawing No. 6.
Sixthly. I claim the application to, and combination with the fire-box,
smoke-box, flue tubes, funnel eduction pipes, blast pipe, and manhole of a
locomotive steam engine of the bydrocarbon superbeated steam and hot oil and
air mixing and ejecting receptacle discharger D, with their appendages for
injecting superheated steam, heated oil, and air, as in Drawing Nos. 1, 2,
and 3, together with the aforesaid steam case.
P, hot air box; Q, super-
heaters a, a, a, b, b, b, and expansion valve, Figure 5; and I claim the method
of obtaining, transferring, feeding, and consuming the waste steam of engine
cylinders in combination of the aforesaid other elements of combustion fron
and by the said impact steam, herein described, exemplified, and shewn in
Figures 1, 8, 4, and 5 in Drawing No. 7.
Seventhly. I claim the combination of the equivalent instruments, berein
described, with the steam boiler in Nos. 1 and 2, or any other steam engine,
boiler, or furnace for heating, puddling, refining, or smelting furnaces, or
metallurgical operations, or for any manufacturing purposes for the objects,

page_text: processes, and the other elementary combustion and heating uses, herein
described, which instruments are shewn in Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4 in Drawing
No. 8.
Eighthly. I claim the combination of the works, structures, apparatus, and
machinery, herein described and shewn in Figures 1, 2, and 3, with a common
blast furnace, or when modified, to combine with a puddling or refining
furnace. And I claim the combination with such blast or other furnace of
the apparatus combustion chambers as at C, Figure 3. Flues, duplex steam
pipes, injecting supply pipes, shaft perforations, gallery clearing tools and
pullies with flue vent dampers for the operations described, and steam super-
heaters in lanterns, and all these further combined in use for the objects
stated of my method of generating and applying intense heat by the com-
bination of the hydrocarbons with superheated steam and heated air, as
described in the Specification of my Patent of August 1865, and as and all
which as herein further improved, and in the processes and operations for
smelting iron, as herein described and shewn. And I claim the method and
apparatus shewn in Figures 5, 6, and, 7, in section and elevation, for the mani-
pulations of the metal of the said blast furnace by tapping the crucible
thereof and leading the molten metal for manipulation to the interior of the
said rotating receptacle for the manufacture of steel, as and by the method
and processes herein described and shewn in Drawing No. 9.
In witness whereof, I, the said Henry Pinkus have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Fourth day of April, 1868.
Witness,
ROB. WESTLEY,
62, Camden Road.
BALBINA EMMA WESTLEY.
H. PINKUS. (L.S.).