matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
AN IMPROVED INKSTAND
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Fortuné François Benvenuti at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
9th June 1868.
I, FORTUNE FRANÇOIS BENVENUTI, of Swansea, in the County of
Glamorgan, Professor of Languages, and Principal of the Swansea
Training School and Literary Institute, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED INKSTAND," to be as follows:-
may
be
This Invention consists in certain improvements in the construction
of inkstands by means of which the liquid is maintained at any desired
level, whilst at the same time it is preserved in a pure and fluid state
and cannot be spilled in whatever position the inkstand
placed. The inkstand consists of a holder or reservoir which may be
constructed of ebonite, glass, porcelain, or metal or of any other suitable
material, and of any desired external form with a cylindrical internal
cavity. The top of the holder or reservoir is provided with a cap
capable of being fixed thereto by means of a screw or other suitable
analogous contrivance. A piston formed with a stem or rod of
suitable length is placed in the interior of the holder or reservoir, the

page_text: upper end of the stem or rod passing through the cap, and the lower
end thereof being terminated by a stud, on which is fixed the piston
head formed of cork or of other material capable of working freely
in the cylinder in an air-tight manner. The piston stem or rod is hollow
and is perforated throughout its length and open at the top, so as to
act as a valve for the admission or exclusion of the external atmospheric
air. The upper end of the piston, stem, or rod is furnished with a top
which is screwed on the same above the before-mentioned cap in an air-
tight manner. The cap is placed upon the holder or reservoir in such a
manner as to allow the piston to work freely and to follow the upward
and downward motion of the cap when screwed or unscrewed. A
dipping cup is formed or placed on the lower part of the exterior of
the holder or reservoir and communicating with the interior thereof.
When it is desired to fill the inkstand the cap should be completely
screwed down, and the screw top of the piston stem or rod removed.
The ink is then poured into the cup until it ceases flowing into the
holder or reservoir, when the screw top should be replaced and the cap
partially unscrewed. When required the ink is propelled into or with-
drawn from the cup by screwing or unscrewing the cap. The ink may
be likewise withdrawn by removing the top of the piston stem or rod.
Im- PROVEMENTS IN DYEING AND WASHING YARNS AND IN APPARATUS THEREPOR
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Matheson at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents,, with his Petition, on the 16th
November 1868.
I, JOHN MATHESON, junior, of the Firm of William Stirling and
Sons, Turkey Red Dyers, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North
Britain, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "Im-
PROVEMENTS IN DYEING AND WASHING YARNS AND IN APPARATUS THEREPOR," to
be as follows, that is to say :-
This Invention has for its object to economise labor and materials in
dyeing and washing yarns, and consists in effecting these operations on
the yarns by means of apparatus such as is at present used for dyeing
and washing Turkey red cloth, the hanks of yarn being connected
together to form chains by means of rings of brass or other suitable
material. The rings are made in any convenient way so as to admit of
easily connecting and disconnecting the hanks. According to one plan
each ring is made in two parts hinged together and which are fixed
when closed by means of a screw coupling. It has been heretofore
proposed to connect hanks into chains for the same purpose, but the
fastenings or connections tried have been such as to compress the yarn

page_text: locally and to prevent the dyeing or washing process from acting
uniformly, whereas with the improved connecting rings, which are
round and smooth, the banks are quite loose and are dyed or washed
with perfect uniformity.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Tucker at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 8th January
1868.
I, JOHN TUCKER, of Old Lenton, near Nottingham, Starch Manu-
facturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in the manufacture of
paper. At the present time it is common to mix with the paper pulp
before it is made into paper, rice starch, both in the boiled and unboiled
state, but this process is comparatively speaking expensive, as the making
of starch from the rice is costly, and also separates from it matter which
is useful for making paper. Paste made from flour has also been added
to paper pulp, but there are great inconveniences in its use arising from
the gluten which the flour paste contains.
Now, according to my Invention, I treat rice with caustic soda, which
dissolves out from it the gluten, I then wash the rice and grind it in a
wet state, I may add a little sulphuric acid to the pulp as it comes from
the mill so as nearly as may be to neutralize the remaining soda, if any,

page_text: and then without drying the pulp or prepared rice paste, I boil it and
add it to the paper pulp, from which afterwards paper is made thence-
forth in the ordinary manner. It is not essential that the prepared rice
paste should be boiled before it is added to the paper pulp, but I prefer
that it should be.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TRIBASIC PHOSPHATE OF LIME, AND THE APPLICATION THEREOF TO CERTAIN USEFUL PURPOSES
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henry Carrigg at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 19th
November 1868.
I, HENRY CARRIGG, of the City of Manchester, in the County of
Lancaster, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TRIBASIC PHOSPHATE OF LIME, AND
THE APPLICATION THEREOF TO CERTAIN USEFUL PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in the manufacture or production of tribasic
phosphate of lime from horn piths, or solid bone, or other osseous sub-
stances by decomposing them in diluted hydrochloric acid, and afterwards
precipitating the phosphate with slaked lime. The phosphate thus
produced I use with great advantage for cupelling, flint glass making,
polishing plate and similar materials, and also for phosphatizing flour,
sweetmeats, and similar articles.
IMPROVED MEANS OR APPARATUS FOR REGULATING THE AMOUNT OF GAS SUPPLIED TO STREET AND OTHER LAMPS, TO RENDER IT UNNECESSARY TO SHUT OFF AND RELIGHT THE SAME
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Hollingworth and
Henry Halstead at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 15th July 1868.
We, WILLIAM HOLLINGWORTH, of Bradford, in the County of York,
Boot Maker, and HENRY HALSTEAD, of the same Place, Wool Buyer,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVED MEANS
OR APPARATUS FOR REGULATING THE AMOUNT OF GAS SUPPLIED TO STREET AND
OTHER LAMPS, TO RENDER IT UNNECESSARY TO SHUT OFF AND RELIGHT THE SAME,"
to be as follows:-
This Invention consists of a chamber or vessel (by preference of a
cylindrical form) in which a piston or cap may freely move. This vessel
is constructed to screw upon the end of the supply pipe, and is set in
or near a vertical position, the said pipe projecting into the vessel so
as to form an annular space or reservoir for holding mercury or other
suitable liquid. This piston or cap is formed with a cavity or projecting
rim to enter the space and sink into the mercury or other liquid in
which the said cap will float. The nipple or gas burner is fixed upon
the top of this piston or cap, and a passage is formed therefrom to the
bottom of the rim, having a slit or opening made therein a suitable

page_text: distance upward from the bottom. When gas is turned on at its full
pressure from the main it will enter between the cap and the mercury
and lift the cap, so as to allow the gas to escape through the opening
up the passage to the burner, but when the pressure is taken off or
reduced the cap with the burner will lower, and nearly the whole of
the slit or opening will sink into the mercury, which will prevent escape
of gas, except a small quantity to maintain a small light. To protect
this light from wind and the mercury from dirt a guard or cover may be
placed over or screwed on the top of the vessel, and project high enough
to enclose the burner when it is with the piston or cap lowered into
the vessel.
IMPROVEMENTS IN SCAFFOLDING AND APPARATUS TO BE USED FOR BUILDING AND OTHER SIMILAR PURPOSES
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Harford at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
8th February 1868.
I, the said GEORGE HARFORD, of the Borough and County of
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Sail Cloth Manufacturer, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SCAFFOLDING AND
APPARATUS TO BE USED FOR BUILDING AND OTHER SIMILAR PURPOSES," to be as
follows:-
The object of this Invention is to avoid the necessity of erecting
expensive scaffolding for the building of houses, chimneys, walls,
or any other description of erection for which scaffolding is necessary.
My improvements are especially adapted to the construction of houses
and walls of concrete in combination with hard substances as a
substitute for brick or stone work.
According to my Invention I form all around the object to be
constructed, whether it be a chimney, a wall, a vessel, or other erection,
a double frame consisting of sole plates or pieces at right angles to or
parallel with and passing through the thickness of the wall, into which
sole plates or pieces both on the outside and inside of the wall uprights

page_text: are fastened either by mortises or screws, or in any other convenient
manner; these uprights may be of any convenient length, but I propose
that when my Invention is used in the building of a house they
should be equal in length to the height of one storey of the house,
the tops of these uprights are to be kept in their proper places by
cross bars or beams. On the cross bars or beams is placed a rack and
pinion or screws, so that when the building is completed to the height
of the uprights the entire framing may be raised from off the sole
plates or pieces to the height of the next storey or portion, after which
the sole plates or pieces used at the lower portion of the building may
be withdrawn and placed upon and across the completed portion of the
building and the framing rested upon them, and so on until the entire
building or construction is complete. Any other convenient means
of elevating the framing may be adopted instead of the rack and pinion
or screw, but I have found the rack and pinion arrangement to answer
its purpose very well.
When using my improvements in the construction of buildings of
concrete combined with a hard substance, I form the mould or trough
to receive the concrete of boards jointed edge to edge, and place them
between the outside and inside portions of the framing, and these boards
are placed sufficiently far apart to regulate the thickness of the wall,
and I insert a wedge or other similar appliance between the framings
and the boards on either side of the wall, so that when the framings are
to be raised to the next storey the boards may by the withdrawal of
the wedge be relieved from the face of the wall, and may be carried up
with the framings as before described, and to these boards also on the
outside and inside of the building the brackets to support the workmen's
stages are to be attached.
IM- PROVEMENTS IN THE VALVES OF STEAM ENGINES
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Needham at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 22nd
January 1868.
I, RICHARD NEEDHAM, of Dukinfield, in the County of Chester,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said. Invention for "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN THE VALVES OF STEAM ENGINES," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in rotating or
oscillating valves of steam engines, and consists in making such valves
according to the following description:-The valve consists of two hollow
conical plugs or antifriction cones (that is cones having a peculiar
curve, the shape which is shown in the Drawing) working in corre-
sponding seats, and the bases these cones are in opposite directions,
thus rendering the valve a perfect equilibrium. These cones are made
separately, but are connected together by means of a rod or shaft, the
connection being made so that each valve may work up to its seat
independently of the other, but that the two may rotate simultaneously.
The valve thus arranged works in a chamber, and each of the cones is
provided with a partition which divides it into two compartments, the
one communicating with the chamber and the other with an outlet

page_text: leading into the exhaust pipe, and radial openings are formed in the
cones which during the rotation of the valve alternately coincide with
the passage leading into the cylinder. I make the openings which
admit the steam to the cylinder of a peculiar form, so that the steam
shall be at first admitted through a very small aperture, which gradually
increases in size as the valve rotates, thus admitting more and more
steam until the valve is fully open, then instead of closing gradually
closes so as to shut off all the steam at once. This is accomplished
by making the opening of such a form that the shut off side is
parallel to the axis of the valve, and the inlet or leading side more
or less inclined thereto. The steam is admitted into the chamber with
which one of the compartments in each of the cones communicates,
and the valve being properly arranged is rotated by means of suitable
mechanism from the crank shaft of the engine, each port of the cylinder
being thus opened alternately to the steam and exhaust pipes. In con-
junction with the above I may use an arrangement by means of which
the opening in that part of each of the cones leading from the steam
chamber to the cylinder may be contracted at will, or by means of
mechanism worked by the engine, and thus form what is known as a
variable cut off."
A NEW OR IMPROVED METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR WORKING AND COM- MUNICATING MOTION TO SIGNALS ON RAILWAYS
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Frederic Barnes and David
Hancock at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 10th February 1868.
WC, FREDERIO BARNES, of Southampton, in the County of Hants,
Surgeon, and DAVID HANCOCK, of High Wycombe, in the County of
Bucks, Gas Fitter, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"A NEW OR IMPROVED METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR WORKING AND COM-
MUNICATING MOTION TO SIGNALS ON RAILWAYS," to be as follows:―
The essential feature in our Invention is the employment of the rails
themselves on which the carriages run as a medium whereby the signals
are worked.
The first part of our Invention consists in connecting the two poles
of a battery with the two rails, the junction of the two being only
completed at the time the wheels of a carriage united by their axles pass
over the two rails, so that at all times except when a carriage or carriages
is or are on the line of rails the circuit will not be complete, but so long
as a carriage remains on them the battery will act. Between one wire
uniting one rail and the battery we place a magnet which acts against
or which is capable of acting on a lever (of course when the circuit is

page_text: complete), and this lever is connected with a rod leading to the
semaphore arms or other signal on a post. As soon as the wheels of
an engine, truck, or carriage place the battery in action by completing
the circuit the magnet attracts the lever, which throws the signal to
danger; so long as the carriages remain on the line the circuit will still
be maintained, but as soon as the circuit is broken the battery will
cease to act, and a weighted lever throws the signal to clear or caution
as desired.
This is effected, and in this the second part of our Invention consists,
in the following manner :-At the post, or at a short distance in advance
thereof, if preferred, we disconnect one rail from the other, wo divide as
it were the two rails leaving a space between them, no matter how small
that space may be. As an engine, for example, approaches the junction
the signal is at clear (the battery not being in action), but the instant
the wheels cross the space dividing the rails the circuit is completed,
the magnet acts, and the signal is thrown to danger. So long as the
engine or train remains on these rails so long will the signal continue
at danger, but as soon as the last wheels of the last carriage have
past over the next division in the rails the circuit is broken, and
the weighted lever is free to throw the signal to clear. Of course
the distances between the divisions in the rails may be regulated
according to the distance it is desired to place the signals apart, the
signal acting equally well whether the distance be a quarter of a mile
or ten miles.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Isham Baggs at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 21st
December 1868.
I, ISHAM BAGGS, of High Holborn, in the County of Middlesex,
Chemist and Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in drawing the waste gases from the trunnel
head or upper part of an iron furnace, and after passing the same
through, or over, or in contact with ignited coke, or charcoal, or carbon
in any form, blowing the mixed or revivified gases into the furnace
again, to be again burnt by meeting the ordinary air blast at the
temperature of ignition, and so on, time after time, ad infinitum. The
draught and propulsion of these gases are effected by ordinary blowing
apparatus or by a fan, as well understood. The gases are, by preference,
cooled by passing the same through a length of pipe or into a reservoir,
or through metal tubes surrounded by water, or otherwise, before
reaching the blowing apparatus. In some cases it is advantageous to
burn the mixed gases by ignition with atmospheric air on their road

page_text: from the furnace to the blowing apparatus or fan, and before reaching
the ignited carbon, which latter may be contained in a retort or chamber
heated externally or in any convenient way, as, for instance, by
occasionally blowing atmospheric air through it to elevate the tem-
perature of the carbon itself by superficial combustion.
AN IMPROVED MODE OR PROCESS OF PRESERVING MEAT
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John McCall at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 22nd
February 1868.
I, JOHN MCCALL, of Houndsditch, in the City of London, Provision
Merchant, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"AN IMPROVED MODE OR PROCESS OF PRESERVING MEAT," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in preserving meat by first dipping or steeping
it in sulphite or bisulphite of soda or of potash, and in then drying it
by smoking.
I proceed as follows:-I dip or steep the meat for a few minutes in
a solution of the sulphite or bisulphite. I afterwards remove it to a
smoking room in which I submit it to the action of the smoke of wood,
cocoa-nut fibre, or other material containing creosote, whereby the
meat is dried and effectually preserved, I find it desirable to add spice,
such as pimento, which I burn with the wood or other material;
should the wood or other material be deficient in creosote some may be
added.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR BREAKING AND PEELING FLAX, HEMP, AND OTHER FILAMENTOUS PLANTS
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edouard Fourmaux Rose at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
3rd October 1868.
I, EDOUARD FOURMAUX ROSE, of Provin, in the Department of the
Nord, in the Empire of France, Manufacturer, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR
BREAKING AND PEELING FLAX, HEMP, AND OTHER FILAMENTOUS PLANTS,"
to be as follows:-
The subject of the present Invention is a combined breaking or
crushing and peeling machine, the nature and manner of action whereof
will readily be perceived on reference to the annexed Drawing, and by
aid of the following description thereof.
The Figure represented is a side view of the machine. m is the shaft
of a forked rod, which is governed by the loose and fixed pullies i, i¹;
a, a', are stripping or peeling rollers, receiving the substance from a
grooved steel blade placed horizontally between the uprights of the
frame; c, c', are grooved rollers placed before the blade and destined
to peel and strip the hemp, flax, or other filamentous substance before
it is subjected to the action of the said blade; d, e, d', e', d, e, are

page_text: three couples of rollers serving to break or crush the hemp or flax
and to deliver it to the peeling or stripping rollers c, c', a, a'. The
rollers e, e¹, e, which command those d, d¹, d", receive motion from the
shaft of the eccentric g¹ by means of gear wheels. The substance to be
crushed and peeled is conducted to the crushing rollers d, e, d', e¹,
and d, e, by means of an endless band f, passing over the wooden
rollers g and h. The peeling rollers a, a', are actuated by an endless
chain passing over two toothed wheels.
The following is the manner of action of the machine:-The hemp,
flax, or other filamentous substance to be treated being placed on the
endless band is conducted by it to the crushing cylinders d, e, d¹, e¹,
and d", e; on leaving the latter it passes across a grooved steel blade,
from thence it arrives between the fluted cylinders c, c¹, and a, a,
which strip it of its straw without occasioning any waste. This result
is due to the hemp or flax entering the machine horizontally and
being beaten or crushed vertically. On leaving the machine the
filamentous substances thus treated are in a condition for spinning.
This species of machine may be worked by manual or steam power.
AN IMPROVED ROTARY HEEL FOR BOOTS AND SHOES
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Cronier at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 18th
February 1868.
I, JOHN CRONIER, of 36, Hyde Road, in the County of Middlesex,
Boot and Shoe Maker, do hereby declare the nature of the said Inven-
tion for "AN IMPROVED ROTARY HEEL FOR BOOTS AND SHOES," to be as
follows:-
That my Invention relates to the manufactering of rotary heels for
boots and shoes. The heel is made of leather, adapted by a metal
plate well riveited to the heel, the same having a round hole for a
screw or screws to pass through to an interior plate of a smaller size
from the inside of the boot or shoe, not interfearing with the top part
of the heel, giving facility to be repaired the same as in any ordinary
boot or shoe. And farther, by this Invention any person can turn the
heel round without useing any tool or removing the screw, enabeling

page_text: them to keep the heels of the boots or shoes always straight, giving
great ease in walking, and great economy in the wear, and by this
principle the heel can be removed and a new one adapted to it by
removing a screw or screws in the space of two minutes.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE SEPARATION OF COPPER AND OTHER METALS FROM SILVER
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Pearce at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 19th
May 1868.
I, RICHARD PEARCE, of Swansea, in the County of Glamorgan, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE SEPARATION OF COPPER AND OTHER METALS FROM SILVER," to be as
follows:-
This Invention relates especially to the purification of silver which
has been precipitated from its sulphate, nitrate, or chloride by copper,
but is also applicable to the analogous treatment of other metals, as
will be well understood by persons conversant with metallurgical
operations.
The impure silver is placed on a filter in a boiler. Water is
added, together with a little sulphuric acid, the quantity of the latter
necessarily varying with the amount of copper, as will be well under-
stood. Steam with air mingled therewith is then admitted by means
of an injecting apparatus, violent ebullition ensues, and the copper
becomes oxidised and is dissolved by the sulphuric acid. Should the
ebullition become too violent it may be checked by admitting less air.

page_text: After being boiled in this way for about two hours the solution of
sulphate of copper is drawn off, the silver stirred so as to make it a
little more granular, a fresh supply of water which has been slightly
acidulated with sulphuric acid is added, and the mixture is then boiled
for about one hour. The solution is afterwards drawn off, and the silver
carefully washed with clean water. The silver when dry has only to
be melted in crucibles for fine silver, refining in the usual way by
means of lead being quite unnecessary.
In the event of a little silver. passing into solution towards the close
of the operation of boiling, plates of copper may be introduced into
the boiler for a few minutes and the air excluded. Any traces of
silver that may have passed into solution will thus be precipitated.
A NEW MODE OF PRESERVING EGGS, AND IMPROVED APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henri Adrien Bonneville at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 28th January 1868.-A communication from Charles Hermann
Römcke and Arthur Yvernault, of the Firm of Römcke, Son,
and Yvernault, residing at Nantes, in the Empire of France,
Merchants.
I, HENRI ADRIEN BONNEVILLE, of the Britith and Foreign Patent
Offices, 24, Rue du Mont Thabor, Paris, in the Empire of France, and 10,
Sackville Street, Piccadilly, in the County of Middlesex, Patent Agent,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "A NEW MODE OF
PRESERVING EGGS, AND IMPROVED APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH," a com-
munication from Charles Hermann Römcke and Arthur Yvernault, of
the Firm of Römcke, Son, and Yvernault, two persons resident at
Nantes, in the Empire of France, aforesaid, Merchants, to be as
follows:-
The Invention communicated to me relates to the preservation of eggs
by the combined use of salt and charcoal in cases or other convenient
recipients disposed to that effect. The cases or other recipients are
preferably made of pine or deal wood, on the insides of which a thin

page_text: layer of tar should be spread, especially when a long journey by land or
sea is contemplated. In the middle of the bottom of the case or recipient
is an opening stopped up by a piece of felt or other such like absorbing
material to let out the dampness. Near the inside walls, and in the
middle of the case, when of a large size, perforated pipes or tubes are
placed in greater or lesser number. These pipes or tubes are filled with
pulverized charcoal, and their upper extremity is closed with a piece of
felt or other such like absorbing material. The eggs are next placed
with a space of about one inch between each egg on successive layers of
very dry and pulverized sea salt of about an inch thick, the last of which
filling the case covers the upper extremity of the pipes or tubes rising at
about an inch above the lower face of the lid or covering.
IMPROVEMENTS IN STANDS OR SUPPORTS FOR LASTS USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BOOTS AND SHOES
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Wallis and George
Mant at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 3rd February 1868.
WC, WILLIAM WALLIS, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick,
Boot Manufacturer, and GEORGE MANT, of Birmingham, aforesaid,
Inland Revenue Officer, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STANDS OR SUPPORTS FOR LASTS USED IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF BOOTS AND SHOES," to be as follows:-
Our Invention consists of the improvements herein-after described in
stands or supports for the lasts on which boots and shoes are made,
by which improvements great facility is afforded for the adjusting and
fixing of the last in any required position.
We construct the said stands or supports according to our Invention
in the following manner:-To a foot fixed by screws to a table or
work bench we attach a column or upright. The said column or
upright is capable of a rotary motion in the said foot and may be fixed
in the required position by a clamping screw. At the top of the said
column or upright is a ball-and-socket joint, to the ball of which the
rod carrying the last is fixed. The socket part of the said joint is

page_text: made of two hollow hemispheres capable of being made to grasp the
ball part by means of screws, the said screws passing through and
drawing together flanges on the edges of the said hemispheres. By
means of a slot in the upper hemisphere the rod described is permitted
to take a vertical or horizontal or any intermediate position. The slot
described opens at top into a circular opening in the upper hemisphere
of considerably larger diameter than the rod carrying the last. On
the said rod is a sliding collar which fits in the said circular opening,
and when the said collar is in its depressed position, that is, is in the
said opening, it fixes the rod firmly in its vertical position. When the 1
said collar is raised out of the said opening the said rod can be depressed
into a position more or less approaching a horizontal position. By the
arrangement of parts described the last is capable of taking any position
which the convenience of the workman may require. We prefer to
make our improved stand or support wholly or mainly of iron.
1
IMPROVEMENTS IN DEODORISING PETROLEUM AND OTHER OILS
Year: 1868

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Firth, of Burley Wood, near Leeds, in
the County of York, Gentleman, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN DEODORISING PETROLEUM AND OTHER OILS."
Sealed the 25th September 1868, and dated the 4th June 1868.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Firth at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
4th June 1868.
I, WILLIAM FIRTH, of Burley Wood, near Leeds, in the County of
York, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN DEODORISING PETROLEUM AND OTHER OILS," to be as.
follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in deodorizing
petroleum and other oils.

page_text: Palm oil and other oils have heretofore in some cases been deodorized
by blowing air through them whilst they are kept heated in a suitable vessel
to a temperature of from 170° to 230° Fahrenheit. Now I have modified and
improved this process, and have adapted it especially to the deodorization
of petroleum, although the modified and improved process is also
applicable to the deodorization of other oils. In place of using the air
at such a pressure only as is necessary to cause it to flow through the
oil I employ it at a high pressure, more especially towards the end of the
operation, so that when it enters the oil it expands greatly, thereby
becoming intimately mixed with the oil and also cooling it rapidly below
the temperature of the air, at which temperature I prefer to commence
the treatment and not to heat the oil as heretofore. The air when used
under these conditions rapidly removes the odour from the oil, and it may
at the same time from the cold it induces be caused to chill a small
proportion of it. By straining out the chilled part or allowing it to
subside and drawing off the clear liquid a sweet and pure oil is obtained.
I find that the process is most effectively performed by first introducing
the current of air into the oil at a low pressure, and gradually by means
of the air pump increasing the compression of the air until ultimately it
is forced into the oil at a pressure of sixty or seventy pounds to the
square inch, and in some cases a still higher pressure may be desirable.
Chlorine gas or any other suitable purifying and bleaching substance
may be advantageously mixed with the air. By this means the process
of deodorization will be materially assisted, and at the same time and by
the same process the colour of the oil will be improved.
AN IMPROVED MOVEABLE RAILWAY FOR ORDINARY CARRIAGES
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edmund Leahy at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 2nd
April 1868.
I, EDMUND LEAHY, of 21, Cardington Street, Euston Square, London,
Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"AN IMPROVED MOVEABLE RAILWAY FOR ORDINARY CARRIAGES," to be as
follows:-
The moveable rails revolve around the wheels on each side of the
carriage without however any contact with the wheels except whilst
being rolled over. The rails consist of a series of short bars united
at the ends by joints, like the toes of a human foot. On each side of
the carriage the series of moveable rails are united by a band or
bands of elastic material of steel or other substance, forming a ring
of larger diameter than the wheels, enabling the latter to roll over
the rails without coming in contact with the ring of larger diameter in

page_text: any other part than that on which the wheels roll. The elastic
bands serve to keep the rails in position, and to ease the movement
of the carriage wheels over the joints (rails). The rails may be made
of iron, steel, or other metal, or of wood, or of a combination of both
metal and wood.
IMPROVEMENTS IN HARNESS AND CONNECTIONS FOR CONNECTING THE SAME TO. CARRIAGES
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Edwards at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 5th
November 1868.
I, JOHN EDWARDS, of 157, Richmond Road, Hackney, in the County
of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN HARNESS AND CONNECTIONS FOR CONNECTING THE SAME TO.
CARRIAGES," to be as follows:-
My improvements consist in making roller bolts hollow with a slot or-
slots in one side so that the traces can be dropped in from above. The
traces are made thicker at the ends to prevent them being drawn
through the slots. A cap is formed to go on the top of the roller bolts.
and cover up the opening. Also in making back bands jointed in the:
middle so as to be able to make the tug and back band in one piece..
Also in making hames with a screw at one end to connect.a chain to.
the ends instead of the present leather strap. Also in the application of:

page_text: rollers or projections inside the tugs to prevent rubbing the saddles.
Also in making screw-cock eyes for shortening traces. Also in making
the bearers of double harness to terminate in a spring to prevent the
traces lifting up the bearers when the horse is drawing.
IMPROVEMENTS IN RAILS FOR THE PERMANENT WAY OF RAILWAYS
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Heaton at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 19th
August 1868.
I, JOHN HEATON, of Langley Mill, in the County of Derby, Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN RAILS FOR THE PERMANENT WAY OF RAILWAYS," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to combined steel and wrought-iron rails, and
consists in combining a steel or wrought-iron rail forming the wheel-
bearing surface of the compound rail with wrought-iron bars rolled of
such a form as to fit accurately against the opposite sides of the web of
the steel rail, and at the same time form a base or flat bottom flange
for resting upon the sleepers. The two wrought-iron bars are bolted or
rivetted firmly together, so as to hold or grip the web of the steel rail
securely between them, the whole forming a durable and economical:
rail for the permanent way of railways.
IMPROVEMENTS IN CHIMNEY TOPS AND VENTILATORS
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Thomson at the Office-
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 7th
July 1868.
I, JAMES THOMSON, of Peckham, in the County of Surrey, do hereby.
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN CHIMNEY
TOPS AND VENTILATORS," to be as follows:-
The object of my Invention, as far as it relates to chimney tops, is
to prevent all down-draught. For this purpose I close the upper end*
of the chimney top and form a number of apertures in the sides; the
combined area of these apertures must be very much greater than (say
three times) the sectional area of the top..
The Invention applies to terra-cotta tops and others of sufficient
thickness to present a sufficient surface round the apertures formed as
before stated to deflect the wind. The apertures are, say, 1½ inches in
diameter, and are by preference circular. When a gust of wind strikes
the chimney top in a horizontal direction it enters by the apertures at
one side and issues by those directly opposite; but should the wind
strike at any angle it strikes against the surfaces round the apertures
before it can enter the top. These surfaces deflect the wind at the same

page_text: angle as that at which it strikes, and the wind is thereby directed
towards and out by the apertures corresponding with that angle. When
the chimney top is made of zinc or other metal the thickness will be
insufficient for the purpose of my Invention; I therefore form the
apertures therein by stamping or punching them so that a flange is
formed inside the top all round each aperture.
For ventilators I make the apertures considerably smaller, so that
the air or wind entering through them becomes divided and therefore
cooled; it then descends by its own gravity to the apartment to be
ventilated, the ventilator being fitted to any open shaft or chimney in
communication with the apartment.
IMPROVEMENTS RELATING TO THE PRECIPITATION OF COPPER AND OTHER METALS FROM SOLUTIONS BY IRON AND TO THEIR EXTRACTION FROM SLAG OR SCORIA
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Aristides Vérel and
John Cameron at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 16th December 1868.
WC, WILLIAM ARISTIDES VÉREL, Manager, and JOHN CAMERON,
Chemist to the Tharsis Sulphur and Copper Company (Limited), of
Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS RELATING TO THE
PRECIPITATION OF COPPER AND OTHER METALS FROM SOLUTIONS BY IRON AND TO
THEIR EXTRACTION FROM SLAG OR SCORIA," to be as follows, that is to say :-
This Invention has for its object to economise the iron used in the
precipitation of copper and other metals from solutions to. render the
precipitation more rapid and the precipitate purer than in the ordinary
process, and to utilise the residuary liquor. In obtaining copper by what
is known as the wet or cementation process, as ordinarily practised, the
copper contained in iron or copper pyrites or in other ores having been
converted by calcination into a salt of copper, such as a sulphate or
chloride, is dissolved and washed out from the ore with water. The
solution thus formed contains other salts as well as the copper salts, and
amongst these per-salts of iron which attack and waste the iron afterwards
used for inducing the precipitation of the copper. The first part of the

page_text: present Invention 'consists in reducing these per-salts to proto-salts by
treating the solutions with sulphurous acid or gaseous mixtures containing
it, such as may be obtained by burning sulphur or pyrites or other
substances containing stilphur. This sulphurous acid combines with
the surplus oxygen of the per-salt, and in reducing such salt to a proto-
salt is itself converted into sulphuric acid. The application of the
sulphurous acid may be effected by means of a tower or canal or any
other convenient arrangement by which the two can be brought into
intimate contact. A solution of sulphurous acid may also be used for
deoxidising the liquor. When the liquors have been deoxidised as
described it is found that the subsequent cementation process is effected
more rapidly and advantageously. It is preferred in order to avoid waste
of iron to run off the liquor from the cementation tanks just before the
whole of the copper is precipitated-and-to-complete-the-precipitation_in
separate vessels by carefully adding the requisite quantity of spongy or
other iron.
The second part of the Invention consists in utilising the residuary
liquor from which copper or other metals have been precipitated by
exposing it in a tower or otherwise-so--as-to- absorb oxygen.from the
atmosphere to convert the proto-salts into per-salts, which last may be
advantageously used for dissolving out copper and other metals from
slag or scoria containing them.
AN IMPROVED SYSTEM OF ASCERTAINING AND CHECKING THE AMOUNT OF MONEY OR NUMBER OF FARES TAKEN BY THE CONDUCTORS OR DRIVERS OF OMNIBUSES OR OTHER PUBLIC VEHICLES
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Edward Newton at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 9th October 1868.-A communication from abroad by Charles
M. O'Hara, of the City and State of New York, United States of.
America.
I, WILLIAM EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery
Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED SYSTEM OF ASCERTAINING
AND CHECKING THE AMOUNT OF MONEY OR NUMBER OF FARES TAKEN BY THE
CONDUCTORS OR DRIVERS OF OMNIBUSES OR OTHER PUBLIC VEHICLES," to be as
follows:-
This Invention consists of a method of correctly ascertaining the
amount of money or number of fares received during a given time from
passengers in street railroad cars, omnibuses, and other public
conveyances. To this end I make a check of paper or other suitable
material, and enclose therein a sum of money of such an amount as will
make it the interest of passengers to receive the checks from the
conductors or drivers. If it be preferred a ticket, Government stamp, or
anything equivalent to the sum of money above mentioned may be

page_text: enclosed in each check to effect the purpose referred to. In order to
extract the contents of each check with as much facility as possible
punctures or small perforations are made either across it or in any other
convenient position. Directions to passengers or other matter may be
printed on one or both sides of a check; if however one side should
suffice for the above purpose the remaining or opposite side may be
reserved for advertisements of any description.
Another mode of making these checks is to form a piece of paste-
board or other material to the size and shape required, and to make it
coincide in thickness with the coin which is to be inserted into it; an
aperture being cut in the pasteboard and the coin adjusted therein the
whole fabric is covered over with paper, thus forming the check
required, on which directions or other printed matter afore described
may be impressed.
IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING OXIDE OF MANGANESE FROM A CERTAIN RESIDUAL PRODUCT OF THE MANUFACTURE OF CHLORINE
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPCIFICATION left by William Francis Deane at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
27th June 1868.
I, WILLIAM FRANCIS DEANE, of Farnworth, near Bolton, in the
County of Lancaster, Manufacturing Chemist, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING OXIDE OF
MANGANESE FROM A CERTAIN RESIDUAL PRODUCT OF THE MANUFACTURE OF
CHLORINE," to be as follows:-
Under the first process I take the residual still liquor of the manu-
facture of chlorine, and convey it into a strong closed vessel containing
carbonate of lime, and thereby evolve carbonic acid gas. The said
carbonic acid gas is led by a pipe or pipes through a "Cowper's" or
other furnace and heated to the required temperature. The heated
carbonic acid gas is conducted into another strong vessel containing
neutralized still liquor. The said neutralized liquor is agitated by the
carbonic acid gas as it enters, and is also thereby subjected to the heat
and pressure necessary to cause the desired reaction and effect the
transformation of the chloride of manganese into the carbonate of
manganese. When the chloride of manganese has been converted into

page_text: a carbonate of manganese, and this can be ascertained by the dis
appearance of the chloride from the supernatent liquor of the carbonate
of lime it is removed and washed and heated in contact with the
atmosphere in accordance with a well-known reaction to convent the
carbonate into oxide of manganese. Should the residual still liquor
not contain sufficient acid hydrochloric acid of greater strength can
be added in many works, weak acids from the condensing towers can be
utilized for the purpose.
Under the second process I obtain carbonic acid gas as above described
and convey it, heated if desired, into a closed vessel containing finely
divided carbonate of lime and thereby form a bi-carbonate of lime which
I mix or agitate in a closed vessel with neutralized still liquor. From
the said mixture the carbonate of manganese is deposited under the
influence of heat and pressure, the heat and pressure being obtained by
firing the closed vessel externally or by other means. The carbonate is
converted into an oxide in the ordinary manner.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF FURNACES FOR THE RECOVERY OF THE SODA FROM THE WASTE LYES RESULTING FROM THE BOILING OF ESPARTO GRASS OR STRAW, IN THE WORKING AND INCINERATING OF THE RESIDUE RESULTING FROM EVAPORATION, AND IN AN IMPROVED MEANS OF DEPRIVING IT OF ANY OFFENSIVE ODOUR
Year: 1868

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Carl Dietrich Julius Seitz, of Bury, in the
County of Lancaster, Manufacturing Chemist, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF FURNACES FOR THE RECOVERY OF
THE SODA FROM THE WASTE LYES RESULTING FROM THE BOILING OF ESPARTO
GRASS OR STRAW, IN THE WORKING AND INCINERATING OF THE RESIDUE
RESULTING FROM EVAPORATION, AND IN AN IMPROVED MEANS OF DEPRIVING
IT OF ANY OFFENSIVE ODOUR."
Sealed the 5th February 1869, and dated the 12th August 1868.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Carl Dietrich Julius
Seitz at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 12th August 1868.
I, CARL DIETRICH JULIUS SEITZ, of Bury, in the County of Lancaster,
Manufacturing Chemist, do hereby declare the nature of the said Inven-
tion for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF FURNACES FOR THE RECOVERY
OF THE SODA FROM THE WASTE LYES RESULTING FROM THE BOILING OF ESPARTO
GRASS OR STRAW, IN THE WORKING AND INCINERATING OF THE RESIDUE RESULTING

page_text: FROM EVAPORATION, AND IN AN IMPROVED MEANS OF DEPRIVING IT OF ANY
OFFENSIVE ODOUR," to be as follows:-
By the ordinary method of evaporating waste lyes and incinerating
the residue therefrom a very obnoxious stench is thrown off from the
solid residuum whilst being drawn out of the furnaces and while
burning after withdrawal.
Now my Invention consists in constructing and placing the furnaces
so that the residuum having arrived at a pasty state and having taken
fire without leaving the furnaces is transferred into an additional bed
of a second furnace, the two furnaces communicaiing with each other,
either back to back or back to side, by means of an opening which
may be opened or closed by a damper. This additional bed I heat by
waste heat or by a separate fire. In order that the residuum may be
thoroughly dried (carefully avoiding fusion) and entirely free from
smell, I mix a small quantity (say about 25 per cent. to the soda
contained in the lyes) of quicklime with the waste lyes, which makes
the residuum open and porous, and thus allows sufficient atmospheric
air to come into contact with all parts of it and to freely burn off the
resinous and gummy matters. I work and turn the mass frequently
(particularly avoiding all fusion) until all is thoroughly dry and at a
dull red heat throughout. When brought to this state it may be
withdrawn and burn itself white or nearly so after being withdrawn
without any smell whatever; it is in the state of a blackish dry
powdery mass, which gradually burns itself nearly white.