IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY AND TOOLS FOR CUTTING, TURNING, MOULDING, SAWING, AND POLISHING STONE
Year: 1873

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Henry Johnson, of 47, Lincoln's Inn
Fields, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman, for the Invention
of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY AND TOOLS FOR CUTTING, TURNING,
MOULDING, SAWING, AND POLISHING STONE." -A communication from
abroad by Herbert Cottrell, of the City of Newark, and State of
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said John Henry Johnson
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition and
Declaration, on the 13th December 1873, pursuant to the 9th
Section of the Patent Law Amendment Act, 1852.
.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
HENRY JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County of Middle-
sex, Gentleman, send greeting.
.
WHEREAS I am in possession of an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MACHINERY AND TOOLS FOR CUTTING, TURNING, MOULDING, SAWING, AND
POLISHING STONE," and have petitioned Her Majesty to grant unto me,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, Her Royal Letters' Patent

page_text: for the same, and have made solemn Declaration that the said Invention
is communicated to me from abroad by Herbert Cottrell, of the City of
Newark, and State of New Jersey, United States of America.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Henry Johnson, do hereby
declare that the following Complete Specification, under my hand and
seal, fully describes and ascertains the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed in and by the following
statement, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings, and to
the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say :—
The said improvements are directed principally to the working of stone
by means of machinery adapted to use as the cutting agent carbon or
black diamond points.
Figure 1 of the annexed Sheets of explanatory Drawings represents in
perspective a tool designed to surface or smooth stone; Figure 2 is a
longitudinal section of the same in the plane of the axis of the spindle
of the tool. This tool consists of a circular disc A armed on its periphery
'with black diamonds or carbons contained and held in steel sections a so
as to constitute a cutting edge. The disc is fixed to a revolving spindle B
which should be supported in proper bearings, and is designed to be rotated
by suitable power at a high speed. The cutter disc is preferably made
concavo-convex as shown. To the outer face of the disc is applied a
stationary beveled or wedge-shaped steel or hardened iron disc C fixed
to and supported by the front bearing or box of spindle B. This tool
can be used with any suitable machinery, and it can be fed to the stone
or vice versâ.
When the tool is in operation the rotary cutter disc cuts a kerf in the
stone, while the stationary disc C following it operates as a wedge to
break and chip off the thin layer of stone above the tool. The wedge
disc being stationary is not worn and ground down as it would be were
it to revolve with the cutter.
In Figures 3, 4, and 5 is represented a mechanism for sawing stone.
Figure 3 is a perspective view of the machine. It is the object here
to produce an endless band saw mechanism adapted to cut stone. A is
an endless metallic band running over pulleys C (one of which is to be
driven by suitable power), supported by frame D, provided with a table E.
The front part of the band passes down through an opening in the table,
and on the latter are friction rollers or balls c held in suitable sockets

page_text: and projecting far enough above the table to allow the stone to rest on
them, the object being to permit the stone to be moved about with
greater ease. Pulleys C are preferably covered, as indicated at d, with
leather, vulcanized rubber, or equivalent material. To band A are
attached at intervals steel sections B provided on the edge a which
projects beyond the edge of the band with sockets 6 to receive the
carbons which are partially embedded therein. Sockets 6 are inclined
in such position that when the band A is in motion the contact of the
carbons with the stone they cut will force them more firmly in their
sockets.
Figure 4 is a view enlarged of one of the steel carbon holding sections.
Figure 5 represents a portion of the band, and is designed to illustrate
one way in which it may be made of uniform thickness. In this
instance the band is in substance formed of two series of metallic strips
placed face to face and fastened together, the carbon holding sections,
being set in between the adjoining ends of the strips of one series, so
that they will be flush with these strips.
In Figures 6, 7, 8, 9, I have represented a machine adapted (in con-
junction with the proper cutting tool or tools to be mounted thereon)
for squaring stone, or for cutting it to any angle for cutting or forming
ornamentations in or on the stone, for turning columns and fluting the
same, for cutting posts or columns to particular angles, such as rec-
tangular, octagonal, and hexagonal; and for performing many other
kinds of work necessary in shaping or cutting stone.
Figure 6 is a perspective view of the machine; Figure 7 is a
transverse vertical central section of the carriage and stone supporting
plate; Figure 8 is a front elevation of the same; Figure 9 is a transverse
section through the axis of one of the feed or tension pulleys. The
cutting and feeding mechanisms are mounted in a frame A of suitable
structure. B is the tool carrier provided with a horizontal shelf B¹ on
which is mounted in bearings the mandrel a on which the diamond
armed cutting tool is to be fixed. This mandrel or shaft is to be rotated
at a high velocity by belting passing from the prime mover over pulley b
on said mandrel. The carrier B has a dovetailed groove on its rear face,
the edges of which overlap and engage the vertical .correspondingly
shaped edges of a moveable frame or carriage C. The carrier B slides up
and down on frame C, being actuated by a vertical screw threaded

page_text: shaft c which is supported in end bearings in frames C and passes through
a screw thread bearing or sleeve on the rear side of carrier B. Frame C
has a horizontal sliding movement, being for this purpose held to and
supported on guides D on frame A. The movement of the frame C is
derived from a horizontal screw threaded feed shaft d which is supported
in suitable bearings on frame A, and passes through a screw threaded
bearing or sleeve on frame C. The feed shaft d is driven by the feed or
tension pulley E mounted on one of its ends, and feed shaft C derives its
movement from a beveled gear c' on its upper end, engaging a like
gear which is mounted on a shaft c³ supported on bearings on top of
frame A. The gear c³ is united with its shaft by a spline and groove
connection to permit the gear to slide lengthwise of the shaft while
rotating with it. A clutch c on the frame C embracing a grooved hub
on gear c² forces the latter to slide with the frame C. The shaft c³ is
rotated by a tension or feed pulley F. Pulleys E, F, derive their move-
I ments from pulleys G, H, connected together by belting e passing
around reversed cones G¹, H³, fixed to the axis of said pulleys G, H, one
of them being driven by power taken from a suitable source.
The cones
enable a variable speed to be imparted to the pulleys G, H, which is
imparted by them to the feed or tension pulleys so that the speed of the
one may be varied relatively to that of the other for the purpose of
regulating the direction in which the tool is moved by the feed.
Between the feed pulleys and driving pulleys are reversible frogs I, one
for each set of pulleys, carrying each a pair of transmitting pulleys f, g,
which are in contact, so that the rotation of one will rotate the other.
The frogs are pivoted to the frame A on a horizontal axis between the
two pulleys f, g. If either frog be tilted to bring the upper pulley fin
contact with its tension pulley (as indicated in the upper set of pulleys
in Figure 6), and the lower one 7 in contact with its driving pulley,
then the tension pulley will be revolved in one direction. By tilting
the frog so as to reverse the position of the pulleys f, g, (as indicated in
the lower set of pulleys in Figure 6), then the revolution of the tension
pulley will be in the opposite direction. Thus the direction of move-
ment of either the horizontal or vertical feed can be changed at pleasure,
or either can be arrested by bringing the frog that controls that feed
in such position that it will engage neither its tension nor its driving
pulley.
The several pulleys E, F, G, H, f, g, are grooved so as to fit into and
engage one another. It will however be understood that gears or

page_text: same result.
The feed wheels E, F, are termed tension wheels or pulleys inasmuch
as their peripheries or outer parts are made separately from their hubs,
and are so united therewith as to be capable at certain times of slipping
thereon so as to automatically cease to actuate the feed whenever the
resistance to the movement of the cutting tool in the direction of either
the vertical or horizontal feed passes beyond a certain limit. This
resistance may arise from the pattern which the tool is to follow, or
otherwise and the result of the arrangement is to cause the feed to auto-
matically adapt itself to the various angles or sinuosities of the pattern,
allowing greater vertical feed than horizontal feed, or vice versa,
according to the direction in which the tool is required to travel in order.
to follow the pattern. This construction of the feed wheels is shown
clearly in Figure 9, in which the peripheral part h of the wheel is
annular, and is provided internally with a projecting rib i which is
embraced between the hub proper j and a clamp plate k, fitting on the
hub and against the opposite side of the rib, the clamp and hub being
united by screws or bolts and nuts which can be tightened to cause the
rib i to be clasped with more or less pressure, as desired. The less
pressure the sooner will the part h slip on the hub when the shaft on.
which the latter is mounted requires more force to revolve it in con-
sequence of increased resistance offered to the feed of the tool hori-
zontally or vertically, as the case may be.
In front of and about parallel with the face of the frame A extend
rails upon which runs a wheeled truck or car I, upon which is a vertical
clamp or stone supporting plate or frame J, whose base rests on and is
held to the carriage by a bolt 1 passing up through the car, and a slot A
in the base of the frame J. This bolt is provided with a screw-threaded
upper end having a nut m. The frame can thus be adjusted nearer to or
further from the cutting mechanism, as desired, and then clamped in
such position by tightening the nut m. At the ends of the frame which
project beyond the ends of the car are hook-shaped dogs n hanging from
the frame in slots n¹ therein, the hooked ends of the dogs extending
under the ends of the car, and their upper ends projecting up through
the slots n³, screw threaded, and provided with tightening nuts n². The
necks of the dogs which pass through the slots are cylindrical so that
they can turn as well as slide longitudinally therein. The frame J can

page_text: be turned on bolt as a centre so as to set its face at any angle in a
vertical plane with respect to the cutting mechanism, and can then be
held in such position by bringing the dogs n into position and tightening
up their nuts n².
°
The track on which the car runs may extend to any point desired,
and the car can thus be used to bring the stone to the machine. After
thus bringing the stone to the machine it is desirable to fasten the car
in proper position in front of the cutting mechanism, and to this end
there is provided in the portion of the track in front of the cutter a V
centre rail o which is embraced by beveled clamps o¹ sliding on support p]
on the under side of the car. Through this support and the upper ends
of the clamps o¹ passes shaft p¹ provided with cams q fitting in apertures
formed in the clamps.
By rotating the shaft the cams q are rotated and can thus be caused
to draw up the clamps and cause them to grasp firmly the centre rail or
to lower the clamps, in which case they will release the centre rail and
thus permit the car to be moved.
☐ The stone or slab to be operated on is held on 'the vertical face of the
plate J, or it may partly rest also on the car. The face of the plate J is
provided with vertical and horizontal dovetailed groove J¹, J³, to receive
the dogs by which the stone is held in place.
For the purpose of adapting the machine for turning columns &c.,
adjustable and detachable centres are provided, as shown in Figures 8
and 7, consisting each of a pedestal or upright piece K carrying the
centres similar to those in turning lathes, and provided with bolts s
terminating in dovetailed plates or feet s¹ fitting in the horizontal
groove J2 on plate J, and caused to clamp and hold the parts K in
position, tightening the nuts s² on the other ends of said bolts. One of
the centres is provided with a toothed wheel L meshing into a gear L'
on the frame J which is driven by suitable means. In this way the
frame J may be fitted whenever desired with these adjustable centres,
between which the stone to be turned into a column or other article can
be held.
In Figures 10 and 11. is represented a tool for cutting circular holes

page_text: Figure 10. is a perspective view of the tool; Figure 11 is a vertical
central section of same. A is the face plate of any suitable diameter; it
is provided with a hub A' adapted to be driven or otherwise suitably
secured on a revolving mandrel, and is slotted as at a to receive one or
more arms 6 whose lower ends or cutting points are armed with carbons
or diamonds e secured in or on said ends by proper means, and so located
as to project below the ends to which they are attached to form cutting
points which operate to cut the slab against which the tool is brought.
Two arms 6 are shewn in the Drawing, but one only may be used, or
three or more, as desired; each arm 6 has a square or rectangular
shank d which passes through the slot and fits snugly between the sides
of the same.
Below the shank there is on the arm a shoulder e, and
above the shank the arm terminates in a screw-threaded stem f, upon
which nut g is screwed. The arm after adjustment in one direction or the
other, so as to bring it nearer to or further from the centre of the face
plate according to the size of the hole to be cut, is held in place by
tightening the nut g which has the effect of drawing up the shoulder e
tightly against the face plate. The revolving mandrel on which the tool
is designed to be mounted should have a feed movement imparted to it
in the direction of its length which will have the effect of carrying the
tool forward so as to completely cut through the slab, against the face of
which it is forced; the cutting points revolving rapidly in a circle of
which the axis of rotation of the face plate in the centre will thus cut a
circular hole in the slab, the diameter of which will be determined by
the adjustment of the cutting arms.
In Figures 12 and 13 is represented a moulding tool adapted to form
moulded edges on stone.
Figure 12 is a perspective view of the moulding cutter, the hub and
chuck being represented detached from one another. Figure 13 is a
vertical central section of the tool with the hub and chuck united. The
chuck A is metal, and of any suitable diameter; in it are formed radial
slots in number corresponding to the number of cutting sections to be
employed, and of dimensions to properly receive and support said
sections. Each section B is received in its own slot, being readily fitted
in and removed therefrom. In order to hold the lower ends of the
sections in place there is on the bottom of each slot an upwardly pro-
jecting rib or tenon a, preferably beveled or wedge shaped; and in the
lower end of each section is a mortise 6 of corresponding shape and
"

page_text: size so located that it will meet the tenon when the cutting section is
forced down in its slot, the engagement of the mortise and tenon serving
to draw the lower end of the section closely down into place, and to
prevent it from moving either out or in. In the upper end of the chuck
is an annular recess c, the sides of which are preferably beveled as
shown; and the upper ends of the sections B are recessed or mortised
at d in corresponding form, the said mortises d being so located and
shaped that when the cutting sections are inserted in place in the chuck
there will be a continuous annular recess in the top of the chuck. The
chuck is provided with a central screw-threaded stem A' designed to
screw into a central screw threaded socket C¹ in the hub C, which hub
on its face contiguous to the upper end of the chuck is provided with
an annular beveled rib or projection e, which when the hub and chuck
are screwed together will enter the annular recess in the top of the
chuck and thus bind the sections in place.
The hub is designed to be driven or fastened in the usual way on a
mandril which is revolved at high speed.
Any suitable number of cutting sections may be employed; three are
shown in the Drawing. Their outer edges which are all of a corre-.
sponding pattern, according to the shape desired for the moulding, arc
armed with carbons or diamonds.
The aggregate number of diamonds on the sections is such that if the
said diamonds were all collected on the moulded edge of one of the
sections they would completely fill that edge from top to bottom, and
they are so distributed on the several sections that those on the one
section will be opposite the intervals between those on the other sections,
thus causing each section to do one-third of the work, and to cut its own
particular portion of the moulding.
The sections are, as above stated detachable, and any number of inter-
changable sets of sections of different patterns may be provided; thus
permitting an unlimited variety of designs to be produced by a single
tool.

page_text: mandrel to be revolved by suitable power connected with the carrier G
by a ball-and-socket joint F. The ball stem B is held in the spindle by
set screw C. On the lower end of the spindle are radially projecting
arms D which enter slots in a collar E on the carrier. The latter is
thus caused to partake of the rotary movement of the spindle. At the
same time as the arms have vertical play in the slots the carrier can be
tilted on the ball-and-socket joint so that the tool or polisher proper can
conform to irregularities in the surface that it may pass over.
H is a
chuck screwing on the lower end of the carrier and carrying the annular
polisher I of soft metal, or emery composition, or other suitable material
which is held to the chuck by a disc J which overlaps a flange b on the
polishing ring, and is made fast to the chuck by screw K. Perforation's
may be made through the top of the chuck, through which polishing
material or water can be supplied to the interior space a. In lieu of
the polisher shown a metal or other polisher for sunken grooves, etc.,
can be employed. This polisher should have a contour to fit the groove
or other part to be polished, and is to be screwed on to the carrier in
lieu of the chuck H.
In Figure 16 is represented a side elevation of a machine for working
stone, particularly adapted for carving or polishing the same.
H is a
table for the work adapted to turn on a centre in the arm or bracked I
which is supported by the standard M. The arm can slide up and down
on the standard, and to provide for this movement is provided with a
toothed wheel indicated by dotted lines a, meshing with a rack 6 on the
standard. On the axis of the wheel a is a ratchet c provided with
pawl d, the two serving to hold the table at any desired elevation.
A crank and handle may be connected with the axis of the wheel a.
On the top of the standard M is a swiveled head L turning on a
vertical axis, as indicated by dotted lines, and provided with branching
arms L' which receive journals e on pulley frame d¹.
The pulley E and its frame are shewn in plan on an enlarged scale in
Figure 17, and in front elevation in Figure 18, which latter Figure is a
detached view, partly in transverse vertical section, of a portion of the.
swiveled head L and parts carried by it. The swiveled head L is open
or slotted to permit the passage through it of the bar F, shaped in cross
section as seen in Figure 18. Between the head and the bar on each
side of the latter is a bar guide plate G, as seen in Figure 18, and to

page_text: these plates the swiveled head is connected by pivots G¹. The top and
bottom of the opening through the head are rounded or convex longi-
tudinally, as indicated by dotted lines in Figure 16. The result of the
above construction is that the bar F can readily tilt upon the pins G¹ as
its axis, while at the same time it can freely slide in the head. Held
above the bar by end pieces is a shaft C supported to turn in suitable
bearings. The shaft is grooved longitudinally its whole length as at D,
and the driving pulley E before described is mounted on said shaft, and
has a spline to engage groove D. Thus the driving pulley is free to
slide on the shaft during the various movements of the frame or bar F,
but will at all times when suitably driven communicate rotary move-
ment to the shaft. On the front of driving shaft C is a beveled gear B
engaging a similar beveled gear B¹ mounted on the upper end of the
spindle A, which is supported in suitable boxes, and is designed to carry
the polishing, cutting, moulding or carving tool required for the work.
A handle A¹ is provided whereby the tool carrying frame and con-
sequently the tool can be moved in any direction necessary during the
progress of the work.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of the
said Invention, and the manner in which the same is, or may be used,
or carried into effect, I would observe in conclusion that what I consider
to be novel and original and therefore claim as the Invention is, the
improvements in machinery and tools for working, turning, moulding,
sawing, polishing, and carving stone, substantially as herein-before
described and illustrated by the Drawings hereunto annexed.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Henry Johnson, have to this
my Complete Specification set my hand and seal, the Eighth
day of December, One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
three.