IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING HEAT AND LIGHT."
Year: 1872

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Stephen Henry Emmens, of 8, Old Jewry, in
the 'City of London, Scientific Referee, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING HEAT AND LIGHT."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Stephen Henry Emmens. ·
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 16th August 1872.
a
I, STEPHEN HENRY EMMENS, of 8, Old Jewry, in the City of London,
Scientific Referce, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention.
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING HEAT AND: LIGHT," to be as
follows:-
My Invention consists, first, in the employment as fuel of a current
of air charged with inflammable vapours; secondly, in the self-acting
production of the said current; and, thirdly, in the construction of
heating and lighting apparatus bases upon the foreging features.
:
For furnaces of steam boilers, of smelting glass, and metal-works, of
brick and pottery kilns; and of all other kinds, and for heating generally..

page_text: I employ an apparatus composed of five parts which I term respectively
the "fuel tank," the "vapour pipe," the "air tube," the "fire chamber,”
and the "exit." The fuel tank is a closed vessel constructed of any
convenient shape or material and provided with an inlet and outlet pipe.
The vapour pipe is a tube proceeding from the outlet pipe of the fuel
tank into the fire chamber. The air tube is a tube affixed to the vapour
pipe. The fire chamber is the ordinary fire space of a furnace or heating
apparatus and the exit is the ordinary passage by which the products
of combustion are carried off.
The method of using this apparatus is as follows:-The fuel tank is:
charged with any convenient quantity of petroleum, naptha, tar, benzine,
or any liquid capable of yielding inflammable vapours. A current of
air is then admitted through the inlet tube and after passing through
the liquid and thus becoming charged with vapour finds its way through
the outlet tube into the vapour pipe by which it is led to the fire
'chamber where it is consumed, and the products of combustion aro
carried off by the exit.
Should it be ſound necessary to admit more air in order to ensure
perfect combustion this can be done by opening an inlet valve in the
air tube or by opening air doors in the fire chamber which otherwise
is kept completely closed on every side except where the exit is
situated.
The supply of fuel to a fire chamber may be by one or more vapour
pipes as occasion may require, and in order to obtain more rapid
vaporisation the air may be heated before entering the fuel tank.
The inlet tube admitting the air into the fuel tank should be provided
with porous diaghragms or gauze vents as also should the fuel tank
itself, in order that the air in passing may be more perfectly dissemi-
nated through the liquid. This however is not absolutely necessary.
The current of air may be produced by exterior mechanical force or
(which is the feature of my Invention in this respect) it may, by
iudiciously regulating the opening of the air doors in the fire chamber
be produced, accelerated, or diminished to any required extent by the
simple action of the draught through the exit.
The apparatus I employ for lighting is precisely the same in principle
as the heating apparatus above described, but the details are necessarily
modified. For example, in an ordinary table lamp the fuel tank is a

page_text: smäll receptacle for the liquid to be vaporised with an inlet tube from
the exterior atmosphere and an outlet tube and vapour pipe in one
piece leading from the liquid holder to the combustion chimney and
furnished with a burner at the end. The chimney is closed where the
burner enters it so that the heated products passing upwards cause a
draught and thus produce the necessary current of air and vapour. The
intensity of this current can be regulated by opening or closing air holes
in the bottom of the chimney.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Stephen Henry Emmens in the Great Seal Patent¸.
Office on the 15th February 1873.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, STEPHEN
HENRY EMMENS, of 8, Old Jewry, in the Oity of London, Scientific
Referce, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by. Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Sixteenth day of August, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, in the thirty-
sixth year of Her reign; did; for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said Stephen Henry Emmens, Her special licence
that I, the said Stephen Henry Emmens, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as I, the said Stephen Ḥenry Emmens,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING HEAT AND LIGHT," upon the
condition (amongst others) that I, the said Stephen Henry Emmens, my.
executors or administrators; by an instrument in writing under my, or
their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same was to be performed, and causo the same to be filed in the
Great Seal. Patent Office within six calendar months next. and imme-
diately after the date of the said Letters Patent.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Stephen Henry Emmens, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement thereof, referenco being had to the
Drawings hereunto annexed, that is to say :-
The Invention relates, first, to the employment, as fuel, of the
vapours or spray of inflammable liquids or viscid substances combined
with atmospheric air or other oxidizing gas in such a manner that no
explosive mixture is formed until the moment of combustion; secondly,
the creation of an automatic supply of such fuel or illuminating agent;
and, thirdly, the construction of heating and lighting apparatus based
upon the foregoing features.
The application of the Invention to the various purposes for which it
is designed and the manner of its employment may be thus described.
For furnaces upon a large scale, such as for brick and pottery kilns
and for metallurgical operations, I proceed as follows:-I construct
two passages loading into the furnace, one for air or oxidizing gas and
the other for vapour or spray mixture; and I provide that both air and
vapour or spray shall be supplied in a highly heated state by making
them traverse either a regenerating apparatus or tubes heated by the
products of combustion of the furnace. The supply of air or oxidizing
gas is derived either from the atmospheric air or from some generating
apparatus, and can be governed by suitable valves attached to the tube
by which it is conveyed. The vapour or spray travels by means of the
vapour pipe from a closed receptacle which I term the fuel tank, and
which may be made of any suitable size or material. To this fuel tank
an inlet pipe is affixed, which, according to the nature of the liquid, or
substance employed as fuel is either provided with a gauze vent or rose
terminating below the level of the liquid or is similar to the apparatus
described in Letters Patent granted to me on the 18th November 1871 and
numbered 3130, whereby by means of nozzles properly adjusted a spray
of any distillate derived from carbonaceous or bituminous substances
may be produced in a close vessel or chamber, and furthermore the fuel
tank is provided with an outlet pipe at its upper part and leading to
the vapour pipe. The vapour or spray is produced by means of a current
of the waste gases intercepted at some convenient place during their
exit from the furnaco and conveyed into the inlet pipe. In some cases
a jet of steam of carbonic acid gas or other non-supporter of combustion

page_text: may be added to or substituted for this current of waste gases, as also
may a current of atmospheric air where there is no danger of explosion,
resulting from the premature mixture of air and vapour or spray..
In order that the Invention may be better understood and explained
in detail, I have hereunto attached a Sheet of Drawings; made upon a
scale of about one inch to the foot, similar letters of reference. being
marked upon corresponding parts on all the Figures.
. Figure 1 represents, in vertical section, a marine boiler having applied
thereto the improved arrangement of heating. apparatus ;. Figure 2
represents a similar section of an ordinary. vertical boiler; also, having
adapted thereto the improved heating apparatus, and Figure 3.represents
in longitudinal section the arrangement of heating apparatus as applied
to furnaces for smelting metal or for other similar and like purposes.
These Figures are shown as examples and modification of the appli-
cability of the Invention, in and by which it will readily be conceived
that the apparatus can be employed for other useful purposes where a
heating medium is required.
The improved combination of apparatus forming the principal features
of this Invention are composed of five parts, named and represented in
the before-mentioned Figures by the following capital letters, (viz.),
A, "fuel tank; B, "
vapour pipe;” C, "air tube;" ‘D, "fire
chamber; "and E, "the exit."
66
"
For the furnaces of marine or other steam boilers, as shown in
Figures 1 and 2, I leave the fuel tank A with its inlet pipe a and
outlet pipe B, and its vaporizing or spray producing arrangements as
before, but instead of the air and vapour tubes proceeding direct into
the furnace b, I cause them to terminate in a novel construction of
apparatus fitting air-tight in the entrance of the fire chamber D of the
furnace b.
This apparatus is divided into two chambers c and d by a diaphragme,
which together with the inside plate f is perforated or provided with
holes or tubes g in such a manner that the two compartments c and¸d,
communicate with each other direct into the furnace 6 through the holes
of the inside burner plate f.
A similar arrangement of burner for emitting the gases of combustion
into the furnace b, is shown in transverse section in the vertical boiler
Figure 2. This construction of boiler offers peculiar..advantages, for

page_text: the generation of steam by this class of heating apparatus, inasmuch
that the flames from the burner can be so regulated and directed
in their course to the heating surface (which is considerably extended
by the use of "field" tubes, among which the flames are well diffused,)
that they will, simultaneously with the gencration of steam, heat by means
of baffle plates or other equivalent the air or escaping gases from the
chimney when passing into the fuel tank.
Upon referring to the Drawings and the following lettered description
the method of using the apparatus will be readily understood. The
fuel tank A is charged with any convenient quantity of petroleum,
naptha, tar, or any liquid capable of yielding inflammable vapours. Into
this tank the air, vapour, or spray, is passed by the pipe a which is
arranged in this case to intercept a portion of the waste gases in the
chimney or exit E which being conveyed as described into the tank A
becomes impregnated with hydrocarbon vapour, and passes on by the
vapour pipe B to the chamber c of the furnace apparatus. A current of
air at the same time being passed into the chamber d of the same
apparatus through the pipe C is caused to commingle with the vapour
at the exit orifices in the burner plate f, where being ignited combustion
of the gases takes place and intense heat is produced. The vaporizing
current in all these cases may, by judiciously opening or closing air doors
provided for this purpose in the fire chambers, be produced, accelerated,,
or diminished by the simple action of the draught through the exit, and
thus the supply of fuel becomes automatic.
Where however the supply thus produced is insufficient for the full
working of the furnace it may be aided by mechanical means being used
to draw a current of waste gases from the exit, and to propel the same
through the fuel tank and vapour tube, and for this purpose I employ
by preference a special arrangement as follows:-In cases where stcam
is generated by the furnace I take a jet of the same either direct from
the generating vessels or as escaping from the cylinder or other part of
a machine after duty done, and conduct it into the exit through a turbine
or similar apparatus by means of which it is made to turn a fan or work
a pump for the purpose of creating the desired current. In cases where
no steam is generated I employ the body of waste gases escaping :
through the exit as the motive power for turning a turbine set of vanes
or some similar apparatus connected with the fan or pump used to
produce the current.

page_text: The apparatus I employ for lighting is precisely the same in principle
as the heating apparatus just described, but the details are necessarily
modified. For example, in an ordinary table or signal lamp, as in
Figures 4, 5, 6, and 7, the fuel tank is a small receptacle for the liquid
to be vaporized, with an inlet tube from the exterior atmosphere and
an outlet tube and vapour pipe in one piece, leading from the liquid
holder to the combustion chimney and furnished with a burner at the
end. The chimney is closed where the burner enters it, so that the
heated products passing upwards cause a draught and thus produce the
necessary current of air and vapour. The intensity of this current can
be regulated by opening or closing air holes in the bottom of the
chimney.
Having now described the nature of my said Invention together with
the method of carrying the same into effect, I would wish it to be
distinctly understood in conclusion that I claim,-
First. The novel and peculiar arrangement, employment, and use of
the apparatus producing a non-explosive current of inflammable vapour
or spray, together with the use of such a current in combination
with atmospheric air or other oxidising gas as a fuel, as herein-before
described, set forth, and fully illustrated in the Drawings attached.
Secondly. The general arrangement, construction, and adaptation to
steam boilers, or for other purposes and places where heat is required
of the parts herein-before described, and set forth in the Drawings
attached or any slight modification thereof so long as the essential
features of this Invention are retained.
And thirdly. The arrangement of apparatus for illuminating in the
manner described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Stephen Henry Emmens, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Fourteenth day of February,
One thousand eight hundred and seventy-three.