NEW DISCOVERED INVENTION AND IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND LIGHTS UPON NEW PRINCIPLES
Year: 1805

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
HACKWOOD, of Shelton, in the County of Stafford, Potter, send greeting.
WHEREAS His present Majesty King George the Third, by His Letters
Patent bearing date at Westminster, the Fifth day of February, in the forty-
fifth year of His reign, hath given and granted unto me, the said William-
Hackwood, my executors, administrators, and assigns, special licence, full
power, sole privilege and authority, during the term of years therein expressed,
to make, use, exercise, and vend, within that part of our United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland called England, our Dominion of Wales, and Town
of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my "NEW DISCOVERED INVENTION AND IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND LIGHTS UPON NEW PRINCIPLES;" in which
said Letters Patent there is contained a proviso obliging me, the said
William Hackwood, particularly to describe and ascertain the nature of my said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument
in writing under my hand and seal, and cause the same to be inrolled in
His Majesty's High Court of Chancery within one calendar month next after
the date of the said Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being
thereunto had, may more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Williain Hackwood, do declare that my said Invention of constructing
sashes and fraines for windows and lights on principles entirely new, and never,
before practiced by any person whomsoever, and the method of performing the

page_text: same, is laid down and explained in the following descriptions and explanations
of the Figures hereunto annexed. But previous to specifying my Invention,
and in order to do it in such a manner as may shew the novelty as well as the
utility of the same, and thereby prevent the claim of others to the discoveries
I am about to represent as my own sole and original contrivance, I think it
proper to make some observations (that is to say):-
The sashes and lights hitherto constructed have been constantly com-
plained of,-
First, as admitting too small a portion of light by reason of the great
bulk of the frames receiving the glass.
Secondly, as being liable to great decay, especially when exposed to different
atmospheres, as moisture and dryness, or damp and heat..
Thirdly, by the continual want of cleaning and ornamenting, as with new
supplies of painting; and,
Lastly, their liability of take fire, are defects which chiefly apply to such
frames as are made of wood; and though attempts have been tried to remedy
these complaints as to the admission of a greater quantity of light and in
ornament by substituting metallic substances in the stead of wood, in the
construction of such frames, yet that such attempts have never been attended
with the wished for success. The obvious inconveniences arising from the
ponderosity of metallic substances, their liability to decay; and the great
expence of the article, and of the ornamenting thereof, added to the subsequent
continual inconvenience and danger to human health of repairing such orna-
ments, are disadvantages so obvious that further elucidation is unnecessary.
To give the greatest portion of light in the compáss of any sash, window, or
frame required, at the same time making the same frame sufficiently firm and
substantial, connected with a durability not to be calculated upon, not to be
effected by any alteration of atmosphere, and bearing an appearance most
divested of heaviness, to all which may be added ornaments or colouring from
the most plain and simple colour to the most highest pitch of enamel and gold
durable and lasting, so as never to require repair, renewal, or any sort of those
pernicious matters, painting, or varnishing, in the course of the wear, nor stand
in need of scarce further labour than merely removing any trifling dust that
may adhere thereto, and being incombustible,-are the improvements in this
Invention, in the enjoyment of which I claim to be secured under the Patent:
The article of which I construct frames for receiving and retaining the glass
in windows and lights is potteryware of every sort and kind, and of every
composition, of whatsoever material or materials the same can be formed and
made, by whatsoever name called or known; nevertheless always prefering such

page_text: ware whose bodies, clays, or compositions are vitrifiable to the more free or
not vitrifiable bodies. The substance of the body. of which I intend to
compose the frames for the reception of glass (herein-before mentioned) being
prepared in such sort as the same must be for the immediate use of
throwing, moulding, or squeezing by the potter, I nearly fill what
in the Staffordshire potteries is called a squeezing box. This machine is
usually a cast-iron cylinder open at the upper end, and the lower having a
portion of a bottom cast therewith around so as to catch a false bottom with
any less aperture required, which last is a loose plate of iron containing an
orifice in the centre, proportioned to the size of the orifice in the dod intended
to be made use of. To the cylinder is neatly fitted a pistern, and that is
attached to a screw of a proper power and length; which screw is inserted
into a nut or female screw attached to a cross bar of iron, which is supported
by two upright iron pillars fixed to the bench or platform on which the box is
placed over an aperture in such platform, in exact opposition to each other, and
the screw is worked by a leaver, the pistern being impelled downwards by the
screw. The clay will exude through the same apertures downwards. This
machine is delineated by Figure the First. a the section of the cylinder; b,
the screw connected with the pistern; c, c, the uprights; d the cross bar; e the
leaver. But previous to employing this machine to actual service, I form
what, in the Staffordshire potteries is called a dod, which is a substantial plate
of metal, other hard substances, or rather well baked or fired potteryware, in
the centre of which is cut, made, or formed in the preparing, an aperture,
which is the ordinary way to give the shape and figure desired to be
obtained to the clay that is intended to pass through the same, and is the
simple process usually used by the Staffordshire potters to obtain the form
of the handles for a variety of their manufactures, to which, by this method,
any moulding required is easily and expeditiously produced. To the dod to be
put over the aperture in the bottom of the squeezing box for preparing the
lengths of the inside parts of the window or light, I put a bow or handle,
extending from one end to the other of the dod, and from thence let drop a
point of the same material of which the dod is formed as near as possibe into
the centre of the aperture in the dod, of an oval form, to and exactly with the
lower surface of the dod. This reduces the lengths to be produced from the
said box into tubes, and will make the orifice oval so as to admit two lengths
of wire for the purpose herein-after mentioned. I then supply the clay, and
proceed as before-mentioned. The lengths so produced are partially dried,
and mitres are formed, as the method of joiners, in their formation of windows
and lights, will fully explain. The dods are described by Figures Second,

page_text: Third, and Fourth. Figure Second describes a section of the dod for forming
the inner lengths of the sashes and lights; a, a, a, the bow thereof; and b shews
the suspended part from the same going through the dod to produce the per
foration in the lengths before mentioned. Figure the Third shews the under
surface of the dod. a,.a, a, a, shews the orifice which forms the mouldings of
the lengths of the inner parts; 6 is the part, through which the depending
middle part from the bow makes its appearance through the dod, and to cause
a perforation through the same lengths. Figure the Fourth shews the under
face of the dod for producing the outward part of the pottery frames used
when wood is made a part thereof. a, a, is the dovetail to be inserted into the
outermost frame after-mentioned; the form of the moulding being to be varied
at pleasure needs no description. I need not to have mentioned, that previous
to joining all the lengths of potteryware together; they must be fired and
embellished in the ordinary way in which that manufacture is usually finished;
because those processes are obvious and notorious. Figure the Fifth shews a
part of a sash. putting together. Figure the Sixth shews a sash compleat,
For stationary windows and lights the entire frame made of pottery will be
found best, and the moveable ones may be entirely made of the same material,
observing only to pass the pieces composing such frames last mentioned through
a squeezing box, and forming an aperture for the purpose of connecting the
outward parts, as is before mentioned. With respect to the inward lengths; I
do not say but that all the lengths may not be produced from moulds; but I
have pointed out what I conceive to be the best method; but in every case
my principles must be adhered to. The outward frame of each light-sash,
door, or window, may be composed of pottery materials; but, for the sake of
lightness or easier connection with substances, one part thereof may be made
of wood or metal, or any other proper substance. To illustrate this point as
fully as necessary, I select an instance of a sash window, as described in the
two Figures Five and Six:-I cause a frame of well seasoned wood, of a proper
strength, to be framed, and in the inside of this frame I cause a groove-to be
made so as to receive what the joiners call, a dovetail, described by Figure the
Fourth. What is exposed to view of this outward pottery rim of the sash or
light is about one half of the moulding of the frames for the inside panes,
ornamented in the like manner with them. The wood part is too apparent to
need a detailed description, except to state that the two lines a, a, a, in Figure
the Fifth, shew the pottery.frame inserted in the other part thereof, which is
to be of wood or other proper material, and the wires which are to be fastened
with screws or otherwise on the outermost parts of the window or light are
shewn. And in case the whole frames or lights are constructed of pottery:

page_text: ware alone, any fastnesses or appendages that may be required may with ease
be attached or connected thereto by many obvious ways, and clearly from the
wires and screws before mentioned, by which may be secured pieces of wood
or metal, to which may be affixed hinges, cords, or other necessary substances.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Hackwood, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, the Sixteenth day of February, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and five.
Inrolled the Twenty-second day of February, in the year above written.