IMPROVEMENTS IN PROCESSES AND APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR COOLING AND REGULATING THE TEMPERATURE AND DRYNESS OF AIR IN HOLDS, SALOONS, AND CABINS OF SHIPS, AND IN RAILWAY VEHICLES, HOTELS, THEATRES, HALLS, FACTORIES, HOSPITALS, SLAUGHTER-HOUSES, AND OTHER INTERIORS
Year: 1878

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Henry Bell, James Bell, and Joseph James Coleman, all
of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain, for the Invention of
IMPROVEMENTS IN PROCESSES AND APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR
COOLING AND REGULATING THE TEMPERATURE AND DRYNESS OF AIR IN
HOLDS, SALOONS, AND CABINS OF SHIPS, AND IN RAILWAY VEHICLES, HOTELS,
THEATRES, HALLS, FACTORIES, HOSPITALS, SLAUGHTER-HOUSES, AND OTHER
INTERIORS."
Sealed the 21st January 1879, and dated the 1st October 1878.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Henry Bell, James Bell, and
Joseph James Coleman at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the
1st October 1878.
"
HENRY BELL, JAMES BELL, and JOSEPH JAMES COLEMAN, all of Glasgow, in the
County of Lanark, North Britain. IMPROVEMENTS IN PROCESSES AND APPARATUS
OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR COOLING AND REGULATING THE TEMPERATURE AND
DRYNESS OF AIR IN HOLDS, SALOONS, AND CABINS OF SHIPS, AND IN RAILWAY.
VEHICLES, HOTELS, THEATRES, HALLS, FACTORIES, HOSPITALS, SLAUGHTER-HOUSES,
AND OTHER INTERIORS."
This Invention has for its object the cooling of air in interiors of ships and other
structures or buildings in an improved and satisfactory manner, and so that any
desired temperature lower than that of the external atmosphere may be uniformly
maintained as well as a desirable condition of the cooled air as regards dryness.
In carrying out the Invention according to one modification the air to be cooled
is drawn from the external atmosphere by the action of cylinder and piston pumps
in which it is compressed, and whilst being compressed and also immediately sub-
sequently thereto it is acted on by jets or streams of water to remove from it the
heat rendered sensible by the compression. The water thus applied or part of it
is injected through a rose into the top of a vessel fitted with a number of perforated
diaphragms or equivalent devices for dividing and intermixing the opposing currents
Prins 1o1

page_text: up through which the compressed air passes, whilst the water finds its way down-
wards therein. After the compressed air has been thus acted on by the water it
passes through a second set of perforated diaphragms or equivalent devices in the
same or a separate vessel, and it deposits the greater part of the moisture suspended
in it on these diaphragms. The air still in its compressed state is next led through
a considerable length or lengths of piping, or otherwise over or in contact with an
extended metallic surface which is cooled externally to a lower temperature than
that of the water previously used, the object of this arrangement being to cause the
separation and deposition from the air of a further proportion of moisture which
requires an extra cooling of at least 10 degrees Fahrenheit below what can be
accomplished by the water alone and the extended course for its being properly
effected. The compressed air next proceeds to cylinders in which it expands, acting
whilst doing so on pistons so as to do work and thus contribute to the working of
the compressing cylinders or pumps, the remainder of the power for working the
latter being supplied by cylinders and pistons worked by steam.
The air re-expanded after compression and cooling in the compressed state will
have become cooled as compared with the external atmosphere to an extent
depending on the degree of compression employed and other circumstances, and it
may then be led or discharged into the hold, saloon, apartment, or interior, either
to mingle therein with air entering from the external atmosphere or it may form
the exclusive supply of air thereto. The general temperature in the saloon may be
regulated by suitably proportioning the supply of the cooled air, which can be easily
effected by adjusting the speed of the engine working the apparatus. The cooled
air supplied in this way would be objectionably charged with moisture were it not
for the extra cooling to which the air has been subjected whilst in the compressed
state, as herein-before described, such extra cooling preventing an excess of sensible
or undissolved moisture from being present in the re-expanded air.
The extra cooling of the compressed air is effected according to one modification
by subjecting the pipes or vessels through which the compressed air passes to the
action of the re-expanded air itself, the parts being arranged for obtaining this
action in a variety of ways to suit the circumstances of the different cases to which
the air-cooling apparatus is to be applied. In one modification of arrangements
suitable for some kinds of ships' saloons, and also for other interiors, vertical casings
are formed in the sides and ends and are covered by panels, and the re-expanded
air is admitted from main pipes into the bottoms of such casings and passes up
them in contact with vertical pipes having the compressed air passing through them.
After acting on the compressed air pipes the re-expanded air issues into the saloon
or interior by numerous perforations at the top of the casing or in a cornice or
ceiling ornament with which the top of the casing communicates. In saloons having
fixed seats at the sides or other parts casings for the compressed air pipes may be
formed under such seats, the re-expanded air being made to surround the pipes in
such casings and then issue therefrom or from other parts in communication with
the casings. In cases in which it is desirable to use the utmost economy in the fuel
employed to work the apparatus, the communications of the saloon or other interior
with the external atmosphere should all be provided with double doors, closing as
air-tight as possible.
In another modification of the arrangements for separating moisture the vertical
pipes containing the compressed air are subjected to the action of air which is passing
from the apartment or interior, and which although not so cold as the air entering
from the re-expansion cylinders is still in some cases cool enough to have the desired
effect on the compressed air. This arrangement will be specially required when a
temperature at or below the freezing point is maintained in the apartment or interior
(for the purpose, for example, of preserving meat or other food when being conveyed
long distances) as freezing of the moisture in the compressed air pipes must be
avoided, to which end if it should in any case be necessary some air from outside
must be mixed with that passing over the pipes. In such cases the walls of the
apartinent or interior may be made double or hollow, the compressed air pipes being

page_text: placed between them with a general inclination or other provision for draining off
the moisture separated from the compressed air. The double walls are fitted with
valved inlets on both sides, and at points as distant as may be convenient from such
inlets the spaces communicate with passages leading to the compressing pumps.
With these arrangements the inlet valves can be adjusted to admit from the apart-
ment or interior and the external atmosphere respectively whatever proportions of
air may be found suitable in practice.
Instead of spaces being formed between double walls for the purposes herein-
before described suitable boxes or casings may be placed in any convenient positions;
and instead of ordinary round pipes being used for the compressed air either in the
double wall spaces, or boxes, or otherwise, the ducts or passages for the compressed
air may be made of any suitable form, the only essential points being that they
should be strong enough to resist the pressure of the air present, extended metallic
surfaces for the transference of heat, and be constructed and arranged so that
moisture be easily drained from them.
may
:
When there is any possibility that the water employed for cooling the compressed
air by being injected into it may contaminate the air with septic or other impurities
the air before entering the apartment or interior for which it is being cooled is
passed through a box or chamber containing animal charcoal or other suitablo
purifying or filtering agent.
The present Invention also comprises the automatic regulation of the action of the
air-cooling apparatus by means of a metal rod placed in the saloon or other interior,
the size of such interior being taken advantage of by making the rod as long as
possible in order to obtain considerable variation in its length by changes of tem-
perature. The rod is connected to the throttle valve of the steam engine through
levers and links, or to the valve of a steam cylinder, the piston of which is con-
nected to the throttle valve,

page_text: .
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Henry Bell, James Bell, and Joseph James Coleman in the Great Seal
Patent Office on the 29th March 1879.
HENRY BELL, JAMES BELL, and JOSEPH JAMES COLEMAN, all of Glasgow, in the
County of Lanark, North Britain. "IMPROVEMENTS IN PROCESSES AND APPARATUS
OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR COOLING AND REGULATING THE TEMPERATURE AND
DRYNESS OF AIR IN HOLDS, SALOONS, AND CABINS OF SHIPS, AND IN RAILWAY
VEHICLES, HOTELS, THEATRES, HALLS, FACTORIES, HOSPITALS, SLAUGHTER-HOUSES,
AND OTHER INTERIORS."
Our said Invention has for its object the cooling of air in interiors of ships and
other structures or buildings in an improved and satisfactory manner, and so that
any desired temperature lower than that of the external atmosphere may be
uniformly maintained, as well as a desirable condition of the cooled air as regards
dryness.
In carrying out our said Invention according to one modification the air to be
cooled is drawn from the external atmosphere by the action of cylinder and piston
pumps in which it is compressed, and whilst being compressed and also immediately
subsequently thereto it is acted on by jets or streams of water to remove from it
the heat rendered sensible by the compression. The water thus applied or part of
it is injected through a rose into the top of a vessel fitted with a number of per-
forated diaphragms or equivalent devices for dividing and intermixing the opposing
currents, up through which diaphragms or equivalent devices the compressed air
passes whilst the water finds its way downwards. After the compressed air has
been thus acted on by the water it passes through a second set of perforated
diaphragms or equivalent devices in the same or a separate vessel, and it deposits
the greater part of the moisture suspended in it on these diaphragms or equivalent
devices. The air still in its compressed state is next led through a considerable
length or lengths of piping or otherwise over or in contact with an extended
metallic surface, which in many applications of our apparatus is cooled externally
to a lower temperature than that of the water previously used; the object of this
arrangement being to cause the separation and deposition from the air of a further
proportion of moisture, which requires in many cases an extra cooling of at least
10 degrees Fahrenheit below what can be accomplished by the water alone, and in
all cases the extended course or surface, for its being properly effected. The com-
pressed air next proceeds to cylinders in which it expands, acting whilst doing so
on pistons so as to do work and thus contribute to the working of the compressing
cylinders or pumps, the remainder of the power for working the latter being
supplied by cylinders and pistons worked by steam.
extent
The air re-expanded after compression and cooling in the compressed state will
have become cooled as compared with the external atmosphere to an
depending on the degree of compensation employed and other circumstances, and it
may then be led or discharged into the hold, saloon, apartment, or interior either
to mingle therein with air entering from the external atmosphere, or it may form
the exclusive supply of air thereto. The general temperature in the, saloon may
be regulated by suitably proportioning the supply of the cooled air which can be
easily effected by adjusting the speed of the engine working the apparatus. The
cooled air supplied in this way would be objectionably charged with moisture were
it not for the arrangements herein-before described for preventing an excess of
sensible or undissolved moisture from being present in the re-expanded air in the
form of snow or fog, which besides being prejudicial to the wholesomeness of the
re-expanded air would be liable to cause much inconvenience by choking the
passages of the expansion cylinders and the distribution pipes.
The extra cooling of the compressed air when required is effected by subjecting
the pipes or vessels through which the compressed air passes to the action of the

page_text: re-expanded air itself, either alone or mixed with air from the external atmosphere,
and either before or after it has been used for the purposes for which it has been
cooled, the parts or apparatus being arranged for obtaining this action in a variety
of ways to suit the circumstances of the different cases to which our improved air-
cooling apparatus is to be applied.
And in order that our said Invention and the manner of performing the same
may be properly understood, we hereunto append five Sheets of explanatory
Drawings to be herein-after referred to, and representing examples of various modi-
fications of our improved apparatus or arrangements. In these Drawings the same
reference numerals are used to mark the same or like parts wherever they are
repeated:
Figures 1 to 8 on Sheet 1 of the accompanying Drawings represent our improved
arrangement of engines or apparatus for effecting the cooling of air together with
one modification of our apparatus for subjecting the air when in a compressed state
to an extra cooling action, as herein-before explained. The engines shown in these
Figures are specially designed for being fitted in a ship; and as in this application
it is of great importance that the least possible space should be occupied, the parts
of the engines are combined and arranged in a very compact form, regard being at
the same time had to the rendering of every part conveniently accessible for
examination or adjustment notwithstanding the very confined space between decks
in which the engines have to be placed. The engines occupy a space which is
approximately rectangular in plan, the parts being carried upon a bed frame 1, at
one end of which there are two double-acting compressing cylinders or pumps 2,
whilst the expansion cylinders 3 are at about the middle and the transverse
horizontal driving shaft 4 is at the other end. The pumps 2 and expansion
cylinders 3 are horizontal, the same piston rods being continued through the latter
to work the former, and being themselves actuated by means of connecting rods
from cranks at right angles to each other on the shaft 4. In order to reduce the
length of space occupied, vertical steam cylinders 5 are placed over the crank
shaft 4; and in order that little vertical height may be occupied and the parts bo
easily got at there are four small cylinders 5, which are arranged in two pairs. The
two steam cylinders 5.of each pair are worked with the same valves, and the two
piston rods extend downwards to one cross head below the shaft 4, from the centre
of which cross head a connecting rod returns upwards to the crank. The two cross
heads are
connected to the same cranks as the piston rods of the expansion
cylinders 3 and pumps 2, and the crank shaft 4 has fixed on it a pair of fly wheels,
there being one on each of its overhanging ends. Both the steam cylinders 5 and
the expanision cylinders 3 are provided with slide valves and with expansion
valves working on the backs of the slide valves, and all worked by eccentrics on
the crank shaft 4 as in ordinary steam engines. At each end of each compressing
cylinder or pump 2 there are three valves, the two upper ones arranged for
adınitting air, and the third lower one for discharging it when compressed by the
action of the piston into a passage 6 (Figure 5) in the bed frame casting 1. The
valves are simple conical edged disc valves fitted with helical springs for closing
them. Each passage 6 which receives the air from the same end of both pumps
communicates with a chamber. 7, having set on the top of it a cylinder 8 which is
open to the chamber 7 at its bottom and is fitted with a number of perforated
diaphragms up through which the compressed air has to pass. At the top of the
cylinder & there is fitted a water inlet pipe 9 provided with a rose, from which the
water is delivered in a shower down through the perforated diaphragms so as to
meet the ascending air and remove from it the most of the heat in it rendered
sensible by the compressing action and not already removed by water injected into
the cylinder 2. The water injected into the cylinders 2 and 8 is forced by a pair
of pumps 10, worked by eccentrics on the crank shaft 4. The compressed air
passes from the upper parts of the cylinders 8 by pipes 11 to the tops of
cylinders 12, provided with perforated diaphragms down through which it passes
to a chamber 13 below. This second set of diaphragms serves to retain from the

page_text: 3
.
.
:
air passing through them a large portion of the water mechanically carried over
the water draining down into the chamber 13, from which chamber as well as from
the chamber 7, the water is removed by means of float valves or equivalent devices.
From the chamber 13 the compressed air passes into the apparatus provided for the
separation and deposition from it of moisture still remaining in it, and which if not
removed at this stage would cause serious inconvenience on the air being re-
expanded. One modification of this depositing apparatus is shown in vertical
-section in Figure 6, in sectional plan in Figure 7, and in sectional side elevation in
Figure 8. The depositing apparatus comprises a long horizontal iron box or
pipe 14 of rectangular section forming the bottom, a series of vertical pipes 15 of
square section, and an upper horizontal box or pipe 16 connected to the bottom
box 14 by the intermediate pipes 15. The pipes 15 may be cast in sets of any
convenient number united by top and bottom flanges (and at other points if thought
desirable), the top and bottom flanges being planed to fit planed faces on the under
side of the top box 16 and the upper side of the bottom box 14 respectively. The
:compressed air enters one end of the bottom box 14, and has at once access to the
vertical pipes 15, and as it is convenient for the air to pass off from the same end
of the depositing apparatus as that at which it enters it the top box 16 is formed
with internal partitions arranged to cause the air from the vertical pipes 15 to first
proceed to the further end of the box and then return to the end at which it leaves
the apparatus, an arrangement tending to equalise the proportions of air passing
through the several vertical pipes 15. The moisture deposited from the air drains
down the internal surfaces of the vertical pipes 15, and finds its way along the
. bottom box 14 to the chamber 13.
:
5
Figures 9, 10, 11 on Sheet 2 of the accompanying Drawings, and Figure 12 on,
Sheet 3, are vertical sections showing some modifications of our arrangements suit-
able for some kinds of ship saloons, and also for other interiors. Figure 9 is a
longitudinal section of a passage giving access to a number of state rooms or sepa-
rate apartments, and in this example casings are formed at intervals in the partition
or wall, and are covered by panels which are at one part shown removed or broken
away, whilst a vertical section as at right angles to Figure 9 is shown at the side.
In each such casing the re-expanded air, or a small portion thereof, is admitted at
the lower part by a branch 17 from a main pipe 18, and passes upwards in contact
with vertical pipes 19 having the compressed air passing through them. After
acting on the compressed air pipes 19, the re-expanded air issues from the casing by
perforations 20 at the upper part of the casing, or it might be in a cornice or ceiling
ornament with which the top of the casing communicates. There may be some
openings (20) for delivering the air into the state cabins or separate apartments, as
well as others for delivering it into the passage or into a saloon when the casings
are fitted at the sides or ends of a saloon, and such openings (20) may be fitted with
slides for regulating the quantity of air delivered at each point. The pipes 19 are
connected to a main pipe 21, the air being compelled to pass through the pipes 19
by stops which do not prevent the passage along the main pipe 21 of water deposited
from the compressed, air, the stops dipping into depressions or pockets which allow
the water to pass whilst retaining enough to act as a seal. In saloons having fixed
seats at the sides or other parts, as shown in Figure 10, casings 22 for the com-
pressed air pipes 23 may be formed under such seats, the re-expanded air being
made to surround the pipes 23 in such casings 22, and then issue therefrom, or from
other parts in communication with the casings 22. In Figure 10 the casings 22
communicate by passages in the partitions or walls with a perforated cornice. In
cases in which it is desirable to use the utmost economy in the fuel employed to
work the apparatus the communications of the saloon or other interior with the
external atmosphere should all be provided with double doors closing as air-tight as
possible.
Figures 11 and 12 are vertical sections as at right angles to each other showing
parts of two decks of a passenger ship with a large saloon occupying the entire
width of the upper deck, and with the air-cooling engines or apparatus on the deck

page_text: below. In this example, moisture-depositing apparatus of the kind shown in Figures
6,7, 8, and herein-before described, is placed along the middle of the saloon in a
casing 24, into which the re-expanded air or a portion thereof is delivered. The air
passes from the casing 24 by hollow pillars or pipes 25 up to pipes 26 laid beside
the beams across the top of the saloon, such pipes 26 having perforations or valved
openings suitably placed for securing a proper distribution of the cooled air over the
saloon.
In other modifications of our arrangements for separating moisture, the pipes
containing the compressed air are subjected to the action of air which is passing
from the apartment or interior, and which although not so cold as the air entering
from the re-expansion cylinders is still in some cases cool enough to have the desired
effect on the compressed air. This arrangement will be specially required when a
temperature at or below the freezing point is maintained in the apartment or interior
(for the purpose, for example, of preserving meat or other food when being conveyed
long distances), as freezing of the moisture in the compressed air pipes must bo
avoided, to which end, if it should in any case be necessary, some air from the out-
side must be mixed with that passing over the pipes. In such cases the walls of the
apartment or interior may be inade double or hollow. as shown in vertical section in
Figure 13 on Sheet 3 of the accompanying Drawings, the compressed air pipes 27
being placed between them with a general inclination or other provision for draining
off the moisture separated from the compressed air. The double walls are fitted with
valved inlets 28, 29, on both sides, and at a point or points 30 as distant as may be
convenient from such inlets; the spaces communicate with a pipe or passage leading
to the compressing cylinders (2). With these arrangements the inlet valves 28, 29,
can be adjusted to admit from the apartment or interior and from the external
atmosphere respectively, whatever proportions of air may be found suitable in
practice.
Instead of spaces being formed between double walls for the purposes last herein;
before described, suitable boxes or casings may be placed in any convenient positions,
and instead of ordinary round pipes being used for the compressed air either in the
double wall spaces or boxes or otherwise, the ducts or passages for the compressed
air may be made of any suitable formn, the only essential points being that they
should be strong enough to resist the pressure of the air, present extended metallic
surfaces for the transference of heat, and be constructed and arranged so that
moisture may be easily drained from them.
Figure 14 is a sectional elevation showing examples of the arranging of our
moisture-depositing apparatus in boxes or casings apart from walls or partitions,
and which boxes or casings may be placed in whatever positions may be found con-
venient or advantageous in practice. What is shown in Figures 11 and 12, herein-
before described, is also an example of the same arrangements.
Figure 15 on Sheet 4 of the accompanying Drawings is a horizontal section
showing the main features of an example of our improved apparatus and arrange-
ments as at present practically carried out on board a Transatlantic steamer for the
purpose of preserving meat during transit from the United States to this country.
Figure 16 on Sheet 5 of the accompanying Drawings is a transverse vertical
section corresponding to Figure 15. The meat chamber occupies the entire space
between the ship's sides and two transverse bulkheads 31, 32, excepting the space
required for the hatchway 33, which is at the forward end of the chamber. The
cold-producing apparatus or engines are placed forward of the fore bulkhead 32.
The moisture-depositing apparatus is of the kind shown in Figures 11 and 12
herein-before described and is placed along the middle of the meat chamber; but as
the temperature in the meat chamber has to be considerably lower than in a saloon
it is not the re-expanded air on its way from the engines to the meat chamber
which passes through the casing 24 containing the moisture depositing pipes or
apparatus. The casing 24 is provided with a number of valved gratings 28 or
apertures through which the air enters after being in the meat chamber; and in
case this air may be too cold a pipe or duct 34 with a regulating valve is fitted to

page_text: .
the after end of the casing 24, and being extended to the upper deck serves to
admit as much air from the external atmosphere as may be found necessary to yield
a suitable temperature within the casing 24, by mixing with more or less air from
the meat chamber. The air thus entering the casing 24 is drawn through the pipe
35 to the pumps or compressing cylinders 2, and when compressed the air proceeds
by the pipe 36 to the bottom of the moisture-depositing apparatus in the casing 24,
afterwards returning by the pipe 37 to the re-expansion cylinders 3. The
re-expanded air passes from the exhaust ports of the cylinders 3 into chambers 38
(Figure 2) beneath the cylinders, and thence enters a main pipe 39 which is con-
nected to branch pipes 40 extending to each side of the ship. It is desirable to
have the exhaust passages of the re-expansion cylinders 3, the chambers 38, and the
main pipe 39, of large size in order that any snow that may be separated may not
obstruct the passage of the re-expanded air. The pipes 40 communicate with
casings or ducts 41 formed along the bottoms of the sides of the meat chamber, these
ducts being made with horizontal partitions extending from their forward ends to
about the middle of the meat chamber. The communications of the pipes 40 are
under the partitions of the ducts 41, so that the air proceeds under the partitions to
the middle of the chamber, and hence proceeds fore and aft along the upper parts of
the ducts. To the tops of the ducts 41 a number of pipes 42 of thin metal or other
suitable material are connected, and these pipes are carried up the sides of the
chamber and then along the beams in the manner indicated by dotted lines in
Figure 15, the several pipes 42 delivering the air from their open ends and being of
different lengths so as to equalise the distribution of the freshly cooled air
throughout the meat chamber.
Another arrangement of parts for distributing the cooled air in the meat chamber
is shown in transverse vertical section in Figure 17. In this modification instead
of the side ducts 41 having a number of separate pipes (42) connected to them, they
communicate with thin continuous spaces 43 formed along the sides of the meat
chamber, and open along the top so that the air may enter the chamber in con-
tinuous films along the tops of the sides. The ducts 41 communicate with the
spaces 43 by a number of separate openings which may be fitted with valves, or be
made of such sizes as to secure a sufficiently uniform distribution throughout.
When there is any possibility that the water employed for cooling the compressed
air by being injected into it may contaminate the air with septic or other impurities,
the air before entering the apartment or interior for which it is being cooled is
passed through a box or chamber containing animal charcoal or other suitable
purifying or filtering agent.
Our present Invention also comprises the automatic regulation of the action of
the air-cooling apparatus by means of a metal rod placed in the saloon or other
interior, the size of such interior being taken advantage of by making the rod as
long as possible in order to obtain considerable variation in its length by changes of
temperature. The rod is connected to the throttle valve of the steam engine
through levers and links, or to the valve of a steam cylinder the piston of which is
connected to the throttle valve.
Having thus particularly described our said Invention, and the manner of
performing the same, we have to state that we do not restrict ourselves to the
precise details herein described and delineated, but that what we believe to be
novel and original, and claim as the Invention secured to us by and in terms of
the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,-
1. The combination of refrigerative processes for cooling air for interiors of ships
and other structures or buildings, wherein compressed air is first cooled by injecting
water during compression, and by intermingling opposite currents of water with the
air immediately after compression; is secondly passed in contact with extended
metallic surfaces for the deposition of moisture; is thirdly re-expanded against
resistance; and is fourthly passed in contact with the moisture-depositing apparatus,
all substantially as and for the purposes herein-before described.
2. The arranging or combining together of steam engine, air compressing,

page_text: compressed air cooling, and air expansion apparatus in the improved manner sub-
stantially as herein-before described with reference to Figures 1 to 5 of the
accompanying Drawings.
3. The moisture-depositing apparatus herein-before described with reference to
Figures 6, 7, 8, of the accompanying Drawings.
4. The combined moisture-depositing and re-expanded air-distributing apparatus
herein-before described with reference to Figure 9 of the accompanying Drawings.
5. The combined moisture-depositing and re-expanded air-distributing appa-
ratus herein-before described with reference to Figure 10 of the accompanying
Drawings.
6. The arranging of the moisture-depositing and re-expanded air-distributing
apparatus as herein-before described with reference to Figures 11 and 12 of the
accompanying Drawings.
'
7. The placing of the moisture-depositing apparatus in casings or in hollow
partitions provided with inlets, outlets, or connections, and valves for controlling
the passage in contact with the said apparatus of whatever current or currents of
air are found suitable, the parts being arranged substantially as herein-before
described.
8. The constructing of a chamber in which a temperature below or not much
above freezing point is to be maintained, substantially as herein-before described
with reference to Figure 13 of the accompanying Drawings.
9. The combined arrangements herein-before described with reference to Figures
15 and 16 of the accompanying Drawings.
10. The arrangements for distributing the re-expanded air herein-before described
with reference to Figures 15 and 10 of the accompanying Drawings.
11. The arrangements for distributing the re-expanded air herein-before described
with reference to Figure 17 of the accompanying Drawings.
In witness whereof, we, the said Henry Bell, James Bell, and Joseph James
Coleman, have hereunto set our hands and seals, this Twenty-second day
of March, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
nine.
HENRY BELL.
JAMES BELL.
(L.S.)
(L.S.)
JOSEPH JAMES COLEMAN. (L.S.)