IMPROVEMENTS IN APPA- RATUS FOR EXCLUDING DUST AND OTHER MATTERS FROM RAILWAY CARRIAGES, AND FOR VENTILATING THEM
Year: 1851

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, 1, MOSES
POOLE, of the Patent Office, London, Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Nineteenth day of
December (One thousand eight hundred and fifty-one), in the fifteenth year
of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant
unto me, the said Moses Poole, my exors, adññiors, and assigns, Her especial
license, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said Moses
Poole, my exors, adñiors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Moses
Poole, my exors, adñiors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and
no others, from time to time and at all times during the term of years therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within
England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in the Islands of
Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, and also in all Her said Majesty's
Colonies and Plantations abroad, the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPA-
RATUS FOR EXCLUDING DUST AND OTHER MATTERS FROM RAILWAY CARRIAGES,
AND FOR VENTILATING THEM," communicated to me from abroad; in which said
Letters Patent is contained a proviso that I, the said Moses Poole, shall
cause a particular description of the nature of my said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing

page_text: under my hand and seal, to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of
Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of
the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference
being thereunto bad, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Moses Poole, do hereby declare that the nature of the said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, are fully described and
ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, reference being had
to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters marked
thereon, that is to say:-
My Invention consists in the construction and use of certain apparatus,
which being attached to or connected with railway carriages, will cause them
when in motion to be supplied with a constant current of fresh air, from which
dust, sparks, cinders, and other foreign matters have been excluded, passing
from the atmosphere through the interior of the carriages, and thus ventilating
them. I derive the fresh air from the roof or top, or from some place near the
roof or top of the railway carriage, because of the comparative freedom of
the air from dust upon the roof or top of the carriage. 1 cause the air to be
admitted through orifices or openings in or near the roof or top of the carriage
by means of ventilators commonly so called, or tubes of metal or wood, which
projecting upon or near the roofs or tops of the carriages, and being bent
into a horizontal position, being open at the ends, and directed so as to receive
the atmosphere into the open ends when the carriage is in motion, cause a
current or pressure of air from the atmosphere into the interior of the
carriage. These ventilators may be conveniently made so as to have a double
and self-acting capacity, admitting the air freely into the interior of the
carriage, whichever end of the carriage is going first. This is effected by
means of a ventilator (see Figure 1) with two openings (a, b), one towards one
end, the other towards the other end of the carriage C, C. The air entering the
ventilator is by means of the pressure of the air upon an internal flap valve or
clapper d, d, prevented from passing through the ventilator into the atmosphere
again, and is guided down the tube e, e, through the orifice in the roof f,,
into the interior of the carriage. Other forms of ventilator may be used,
more or less self-acting or double-acting in their nature. In order to exclude
as much as possible dust, sparks, cinders, and other foreign matters from the
air entering the carriage through the ventilator, I cover the external openings
of the ventilators with wire gauze, Figure 1, g, g, or introduce into the tube
or channel of the ventilator diaphragms of wire gauze, or other similar porous
material, to screen and purify the entering air; and I sometimes use a tank or.

page_text: vessel of water or other fluid, Figure 1, h, underneath the ventilator, to catch
the sparks, dust, and cinders which may be suspended or carried in the current
of air entering through the ventilator; and I so arrange the tank or vessel of
water that the current of entering air shall impinge upon the surface of the
water, so that the sparks, dust, and cinders shall be caught and held by the
water while the air shall be deflected from the surface of the water, and shall
descend into the carriage by the channel or opening i, i, around or by the side
of the tank or vessel of water. I sometimes divide the lower portion of the
tube e, e, into several tubes by means of vertical divisions, to prevent vortices
of the air, and I sometimes divide the tank or vessel by means of compart-
ments, to diminish agitation of water. The air being thus freed from dust,
sparks, cinders, and other matters, is allowed to enter the carriage, and I
so distribute it by means of wire gauze screens, Figure 1, k, k, or by tubes or
other similar contrivances, that it shall be divided in entering the carriage so
as not to create any unpleasant or unwholesome effects of a large body of air
suddenly entering and creating too strong a draught of air. The number and
size of the ventilators to be used must depend upon the size of the railway
carriage. Each separate compartment of the carriage should be provided
with at least one ventilator, having a tube or air passage, say, from four
inches to ten inches in diameter. The ventilator may by means of move-
able slides, shutters, or valves, be so constructed as to give a diminished or
increased supply of fresh air. Fresh air free from dust, sparks, cinders, and
other foreign matters being thus supplied to the interior of the railway
carriage by means of the ventilator upon or near the roof or top of the
carriage, and being thus conveniently distributed in the interior of the carriage,
I procure and promote a constant current of air or currents of air from the
interior of the carriage outwards through openings or apertures in the sides of
the carriage. The motion of the railway carriage causes the air to pass into
the carriage through the ventilator on or near the roof or top, and I create or
promote an outward current through the openings or apertures in the sides
of the carriage by means of what I call deflectors, that is, slats, or thin
flat peices of wood, glass, metal, or other rigid material, placed vertically or
nearly vertically on the outside of the carriage, and attached to the sides of
the carriage close by the openings or apertures (whether windows or other
apertures in the sides of the carriage.
I so arrange these vertical slats or pieces, which I call deflectors, and
which are made to turn upon pivots or hinges, that the plane of the surface
of the deflector shall cross or cut the plane of the side of the carriage at an
angle, say, of forty-five degrees, more. or less, and inclined backwards to that

page_text: part of the deflector projecting beyond the side of the carriage, strikes and
presses against the atmosphere when the carriage is in motion, and deflects the
air from the aperture or opening in the side of the carriage next to and imme-
diately following the deflector, thereby creating or promoting an outward
current of air from the interior of the carriage through the opening or
aperture.
When using deflectors in this form I sometimes on certain kinds of car-
riages connect deflectors upon one side of the railway carriage together by
means of connecting rods. See Figure 2. A, A, represents part of the side
of a railway carriage. B, B, B, represents openings or apertures or windows
in the side of the railway carriage. C, C, C, represent the deflectors or vertical
slats. D, D, and E, E, represent the connecting rods, by means of which the
deflectors may be turned upon their pivots or hinges. The deflectors should
have a width or projecting surface bearing a suitable proportion to the width
of the aperture or opening from which it deflects the air, say a projecting
surface about equal in width to the width of the aperture or opening.
I sometimes arrange the deflectors or vertical slats so as to act as a blind, of
which the slats are vertical, and I sometimes make the slats of the blind of
glass or other transparent material. A blind thus constructed of slats of glass,
say about four inches in width, forms a deflecting apparatus serving the purpose
of a window. (See Figures 3.) I prefer, however, to so construct the windows,
or some of the windows, of railway carriages, as that the frames and panes of
glass composing the windows shall act as deflectors when the windows are open
and the carriage is in motion. A great variety of modes of constructing what
I call deflecting windows may be divided. Among them I shall describe
two kinds.
The first kind of deflecting windows which I shall describe is one in which
the whole windows or parts of the window, divided vertically, turn upon pivots
fixed on the top and bottom of the frames which hold the panes, so that the
windows or parts of the windows act like vertical slats of vertical blinds. See
Figure 4, a deflecting window in one piece or pane open, and represented as in
action as a deflector; and Figure 5, a deflecting window in two parts or panes,
vertical and parallel, open, and represented as in action as deflectors. P. P,
represent in Figures 4 and 5 the pivots upon which the panes turn. Projecting
sills or boards above and below the panes should be provided, and the frames
of the windows should be constructed of a curved shape, or some other equiva-
lent contrivance should be employed, so as to prevent air and dust entering the
carriage below or above the panes, or in front of the panes, between them and
the window frame, when the panes are open and in action.
:

page_text: The second kind of deflecting window which I shall describe is that which I
consider the best apparatus under this Invention, to be attached to the side of
a railway carriage for the purposes of the exclusion of dust and other matters,
and of ventilation. I construct the window of the carriage of two equal parts
or panels, each containing a pane of glass divided, and opening and meeting in
a vertical middle line, each separate part or panel being connected by means
of vertical hinges with the casing or outer frame of the window. See Figure 6,
which represents one of these deflecting windows shut, and not in action.
A, A, A, A, represents the casing or outer frame of the window. B, B, and
C, C, represent the two frames or panels of the window containing the panes
of glass D), D. E, E, E, E, represent the hinges upon which the panels turn.
Figure 7 represent the window when open, and one of the parts or panels
acting as a deflector when the carriage is in motion. Projecting sills or boards,
Figure 7, F, F, above and below the panels, should be provided, so that when
the window is open and in action no air may enter above or below the panels.
The window is adjusted for action as a deflector by simply opening outwards a
few inches more or less the panel of the window nearest the end of the carriage
which goes first, so that one end of the carriage going first one panel is opened,
and becomes a deflector going first; the other end of the carriage going
first the other panel is opened, and becomes a deflector. It is obvious that
the two parts or panels of a deflecting window may be hung by hinges
to a small vertical post erected in the middle line of the window, and that
deflecting windows consisting of only one panel, hung by hinges like a
door, may be made, and the sills or boards mentioned below and above the
panels may be firmly joined to the panels, so that the sills or boards shall
move out and in with the panel to which they are attached, like the sliding
sides of the lid of a cemera obscura; or, instead of sills or boards, pieces of
leather, india rubber, cloth, or other suitable material may be attached to the
panels, to answer the purpose of the sills or boards.
Instead of constructing the deflecting window in two parts or panels, which
when shut shall present a plane parallel with the side of the railway carriage,
the two parts or panels may be arranged so as to form a projecting or bow
window when shut, in such manner that, by drawing or opening inwards one of
the panels, the other panel becomes a deflector; see Figure 8, representing a
projection of this form of deflecting window when open and in action as a
deflector. A, A, represents the side of the railway carriage. B, B, repre-
sents one panel, C, C, the other panel of the window. B, B, is in its
place as part of a bow window, and acts as a deflector. C, C, is drawn or
opened inwards, making an aperture for the passage of the current of air out

page_text: of the carriage. E, E, represent hinges on which the panels turn. F, F, the
sill. The arrows in the various Drawings represent the directions of the
motion of the carriage. The panels or deflectors may be held in their proper
places by means of bolts, springs, or other suitable contrivances well known to
builders.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention and the mode of putting
it into operation, I do not claim the construction or use of ventilators, as
herein described, placed upon or near the roofs or tops of railway carriages,
but,-
5
I claim the use of tanks or vessels of water or other fluid, in combination 1
with or as parts of ventilators, for the purpose of catching and holding dust
sparks, cinders, and other matters, and thereby preventing their entrance into
the interior of railway carriages, substantially as herein described.
I also claim the construction and use of deflectors or slats or thin flat
pieces of wood, glass, metal, or other rigid material placed on the sides of 1
railway carriages for the purpose of deflecting the air from openings or
apertures in the sides of railway carriages, substantially as herein described.
I also claim the construction and use of deflecting windows for the purpose
herein specified, and substantially as herein described.
I also claim the use of deflectors and of deflecting windows, substantially as 2
herein described, in combination with ventilators placed in or upon or near the
roofs or tops of railway carriages, substantially as herein described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Moses Poole, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Twenty-eighth day of May, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-two.
MOSES
POOLT
Enrolled the Seventeenth day of June, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-two.