AN IMPROVED MODE OF AND APPARATUS FOR CHURNING BUTTER
Year: 1860

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Silas C. Salisbury, of Essex Street, in the City of
Westminster, Gentleman, for the Invention of "AN IMPROVED MODE OF
AND APPARATUS FOR CHURNING BUTTER."-A communication from abroad
W
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Silas C. Salisbury at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
15th May 1860.
I, SILAS C. SALISBURY, of Essex Street, in the City of Westminster, Gentle-
man, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED
MODE OF AND APPARATUS FOR CHURNING BUTTER," to be as follows:-
The object of this Invention is to facilitate the conversion of cream into
butter. To this end it is proposed to subject the cream to agitation in an air-
tight vessel, and while under a pressure of air exceeding that of the atmosphere.
The apparatus employed may be variously constructed, but that preferred is
simple cask or barrel mounted on trunnions which rest in bearings in a
suitable framing. This barrel is fitted with a removeable head, which is
furnished with or fits on to india-rubber or other packing to ensure an air-
tight joint. To retain the head in its place a metal strap or clip applied to
the end of the barrel, and a tightening screw, may be employed, or any other
suitable contrivance. To the removeable head of the barrel a detachable force-
pump is applied, which may be constructed advantageously of two trough-shaped
castings forming a rigid casing for an air-tight flexible bag. This bag is
operated by means of a hand lever, having for its fulcrum a pin carried by

page_text: bracket arm attached to the lower half of the metal casing. A valve is fitted
in the bag or bellows, which, as the area of the bag is expanded by raising
the lever, will allow air to pass in; the depression of the lever will cause the
air to pass out of the bag or bellows into a flexible pipe communicating with
the interior of the cask. When, therefore, the required amount of cream is
put in the cask the lid is fitted on, the force pump applied thereto, and the air
pipe (to which a tap is fitted) is brought into connexion with the interior of
the cask; the pump is set to work and air forced into the cask until the
labour of pumping becomes severe; the operation is then suspended, the tap
is closed and the force pump removed. A winch handle or other appliance
on one of the trunnions is then made to set the barrel in rotation, and the
conversion of cream into butter will be quickly effected.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Silas C. Salisbury in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
6th November 1860.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, SILAS C.
SALISBURY, of Essex Street, in the City of Westminster, Gentleman, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Fifteenth day of May, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty, in the twenty-third year of Her reign, did,
for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said Silas
C. Salisbury, Her special licence that I, the said Silas C. Salisbury, my exe-
cutors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Silas C. Salisbury,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and
no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "AN IMPROVED MODE OF AND APPARATUS
FOR CHURNING BUTTER," (being a communication from abroad by George W.
Meare, of New York, in the United States of America,) upon the con-
dition (amongst others) that I, the said Silas C. Salisbury, my executors or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of
their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six

page_text: calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Silas C. Salisbury, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the follow-
ing statement, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings forming
a part of the Specification, in which Figure 1 is a vertical longitudinal section
of a churn adapted for carrying out my Invention; Figure 2 is a vertical
transverse section of the same. Similar letters of reference in each of the
several Figures indicate corresponding parts.
The nature of my Invention consists in churning butter by means of the
combined action of compressed or expanded atmosphere and agitation in an
air-tight vessel, the pressure when the air is compressed being exerted
externally, and when it is expanded exerted internally, upon the globules or
sacks containing fatty matter, as herein-after specified.
To enable others skilled in the art to make and use my Invention, I will
proceed to describe its construction and operation.
In carrying out my Invention I employ an air-tight vessel A, or any other
shaped vessel which is capable of agitating the milk or cream by motion in
itself. The motion may be obtained by revolving the vessel A, mounted on
trunnions which rest in bearings in a suitable frame. I have an air pump C,
communicating with the vessel marked A, as shown in the Drawing, or in any
other manner. Into the air-tight vessel the cream or milk is poured by tho
top or cover being removed, marked D, until the cream rises to about one-
third full, the cover or opening is then replaced and made air-tight. To retain
the head in its place a metal strap or clip applied to the end of the barrel and
a tightening screw may be employed, or any other suitable contrivance. The
air is now pumped into the vessel as compactly as may be practicable without
endangering the vessel and other parts of the churn, and confined in the same
by means of a cock E. The pump may now be removed.
By thus forcing air into the churn the globules or sacks containing fatty
matter are thrown more compactly together and measureably compressed, and by
revolving the vessel A, as before mentioned, for a short space of time, butter will
be produced, which may be ascertained by the sound made in the vessel or by
looking through the bull's eye or glass D, owing to the sacks or globules being
thrown by and in contact with each other, and a sufficient chafing, or friction
between themselves, and the compressed atmosphere being produced to effect
the breaking of the sacks and a speedy escape of the fatty matter and its
collection into a mass. The production of the butter is also facilitated by

page_text: reason of a more even temperature in the air-tight vessel being maintained,
or by reason of the heat evolved during the agitating process being retained
within the churn instead of being allowed to escape and pass off as in churns
open to the atmosphere, aud thus made available for keeping the cream at a
proper churning temperature.
Instead of pumping air into the churn a somewhat similar effect may be
produced by exhausting the air from the vessel A, for by so doing a partial
vacuum is formed, and the globules or sacks expand and enlarge and thus
become very thin, and consequently when a dasher is used and speedily moved
through them they are readily broken, or will, by contact with each other and
with the sides of the vessel, more easily break, and thus allow the fatty matter
to escape and collect into a mass.
It will be observed that I have been very general in the description of the
mechanical means I employ for carrying out my Invention. This I deemed
necessary, as the gist of my Invention does not lie in any mechanical device
or devices, but, as before stated, in the accomplishment of the churning of
butter by the combined agency of compressed or expanded atmosphere and
agitation in an air-tight vessel, whatever be the means employed to bring the
same into use, not, however, intending to cover by this any superior or novel
mechanical devices which subsequent Inventors may contrive, but simply to
render the users of such devices, subject to my Patent, in the use of their
Inventions.
What I claim as my Invention and desire to secure by Letters Patent is,
the use of an exhausting or condensing pump in connection with the cream
reservoir, as set forth, for the purpose of forcing air upon the upper surface of
the cream or withdrawing it from it, in the manner described and for the
purpose set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Silas C. Salisbury, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Sixth day of November, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty.
Witness,
SILAS C. SALISBURY. (L.S.)
EDWIN FIREBRACE,
Clerk to Schaller & Comrie,
Patent Agents &c. 30, Regent Street.