IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF MALLEABLE METALS INTO PIPES, HOLLOW SHAFTS, RAILWAY WHEELS, OR OTHER ANALOGOUS FORMS WHICH ARE CAPABLE OF BEING DRESSED, TURNED DOWN, OR POLISHED IN A LATHE
Year: 1851

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, PERRY G.
GARDINER, of the City of New York, in the United States of America, Civil
Engineer and Machinist, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Eighth day of December, in the fifteenth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Perry G. Gardiner, Her especial license, full power, sole privilege and autho-
rity, that I, the said Perry G. Gardiner, my exors, adiñiors, and assigns, and
such others as I, the said Perry G. Gardiner, my exors, adñiors, or assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times during the term of years therein mentioned, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of
Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in all Her Majesty's Colonies and Plantations
abroad, and in the Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, my
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF MALLEABLE METALS INTO
PIPES, HOLLOW SHAFTS, RAILWAY WHEELS, OR OTHER ANALOGOUS FORMS WHICH ARE
CAPABLE OF BEING DRESSED, TURNED DOWN, OR POLISHED IN A LATHE;" in which
said Letters Patent is contained a proviso obliging me, the said Perry G.
Gardiner, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, particularly
to describe and ascertain the nature of my said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, and to cause the same to be duly

page_text: enrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters
Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully
and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Perry G. Gardiner, do hereby declare that the nature of iny said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, is particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following description thereof, reference being had to the
Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked thereon
(that is to say)—
This Invention has reference to the employment of rotating dies or pressing
surfaces for swaging or otherwise forming by pressure all articles in malleable
metal which are capable of being wrought to the required shape by the action
of such rotating dies or pressing surfaces. To illustrate one mode of applying
my Invention, and the advantages derivable therefrom, I will take the case of
a railway carriage wheel to be made out of one mass of malleable or wrought
iron. If the mass of iron be heated and placed between two dies, and then
forced together by great pressure, a wheel will be produced corresponding in
form to the dies employed to shape it, but the wheel so produced will lack the
requisite finish of smoothness and polish, and will in almost all cases have
cracks and irregularities calculated to destroy its value as a wheel, whereas if,
in addition to the pressure in a direct line upon the mass, this pressure were
accompanied by a rotary motion of the dies or swages in opposite directions,
the mass of iron would be drawn or worked so that its fibres would lie in
concentric rings or in helical lines, and the result would be a wheel with a
beautifully smooth, even, and regular surface, wrought and swaged into one
solid mass, and ready to be fitted upon the axis after boring. Again, to take
the case of a very different manufacture, wherein malleable metal is subjected
to pressure between dies (viz.), the manufacture of lead pipe:-If a mass of
lead-is acted upon while cold, and after the ordinary manner of making lead
pipe, the force required is very great, and necessitates the employment of
hydraulic engines, the pipe thus produced comes out with the grain or fibre
of the metal always laid lengthwise of the pipe, and is very liable to split when
subjected to a slight internal pressure, or while being bent to any required
form; but if the mass of lead, whether cold or heated, be placed in a chamber
or die which, while it receives but a comparatively moderate pressure, is also
acted upon on the side where the pipe is to be drawn out by a rotary die, the
power required will be vastly less than in any other case, and the action of
the rotary die or side of the chamber will be to lay the fibre of the metal

page_text: transverse to the axis of the pipe, in other words, round and round, working
and drawing it, and giving it much greater strength at a greatly diminished
expense of working.
I will now proceed to describe the manner in which I propose to apply
rotary pressing or swaging surfaces or dies to the construction of such articles
in metal as are capable of being dressed, turned down, or polished in a lathe;
and for this purpose it will suffice to explain the application of the Invention
to the two manufactures above alluded to, as its more extended application
will be obvious from these two examples.
Sheet I. of the accompanying Drawings, forming part of this my Specifi-
cation, represents a machine constructed in such a manner that, by means of
rotating dies or swages capable of gradually approximating to each other, any
required round shape or form of metals whose sides have continuous lines or
planes in the circular direction may be produced, such, particularly, as a solid
wrought-iron carriage wheel, the metal, first properly heated, being drawn or
swaged into a form the counterpart of the dies or swages which, in the case
represented in the Drawing, are formed to the shape of the outer surface of a
railway carriage wheel. The machine for manufacturing wrought-iron wheels
is shewn in longitudinal elevation at Fig. 1. Fig. is a left-hand end
elevation of the machine. Fig. 3 is a right-hand end elevation of the same.
Fig. 4 represents the machine in transverse vertical section taken in the line
1... 2 of Fig. 1, and Fig. 5 is a partial longitudinal vertical section taken
through the middle of the machine. In all the Figures like letters represent
like parts. D represents the bed frames or plates, which should be strong
and massive. B, B, B, B', are standards firmly fixed to the bed plate, and
serve to carry the shafts V, V. The standards B', B', are connected together
by the rod or bar n, which acts as a brace to keep the standards and bed plate
firm and prevent springing. V, VI, are shafts for carrying the dies or swages
E, E. These two shafts, with the dies attached, have the same straight line
for their axis or centre of revolution. V is a hollow shaft, to the outer end
of which a nut C is bolted, and it is provided with a flanch and thread at
its other end to receive and hold the die or swage E, which is made remove-
able, so that dies or swages of different forms may be substituted as required.
A, A, are pullies or drums attached to the shafts V, VI, by which a rotary
motion by means of belts is communicated to the shafts and dies in opposite
directions. is a spindle passing through the shaft V (as shewn at Fig. 5),
with a thread on one end corresponding to the female screw or thread in the
nut C, and having a flanch or upset a, and ending with a core or mandril-liko
end as seen at b. It should be observed that the flanch on this inside spindle k

page_text: limits the movement of the spindle in one direction; and when screwed up
tight to the bottom of the inside hole of the shaft V, the outside face of this
flanch, opposite to the one forming the limit of the motion of the spindle, is a
part of the dic or swage itself. The end of the spindle is to be of the size of the
hole required in the centre of the finished shape of the metal, and it is moveable
outwards for the purpose of forcing the manufactured article out of the die
on the spindle. At the other end of its axis a fly wheel Z is fastened. By
turning the spindle by means of the fly wheel, the carriage wheel formed in
the die E (as seen at d, Fig. 5), is forced out at the completion of the opera-
tion. ff, are side pieces cast on the side of one of the standards B', and
resting on and attached to the bed plate, and having cut through them slots or
openings horizontally, and on both sides and parallel to each other. Upon the
shaft V is firmly fixed a box g, which extends between the side pieces f, f, and
rests upon them. This box g has two lateral projections or keys o, which fit
into the parallel slots and are capable of sliding backwards or forwards therein.
By this means the shaft to which the box is attached when moved longitu-
dinally for the purpose to be presently explained, will have no lateral or
upward or downward motion, but will be constrained to move in a straight
line. This movement forwards or backwards is produced by two screws Y,
passing through the aforesaid box g on either side of the shaft, the box g being
pierced with holes having threads to receive the screws, the object being to
move the shaft V' forward, so that while revolving it will communicate (through
the die or swage which it carries) the requisite pressure to the metal under
operation between the dies. These screws have attached to their ends on the
other side of the standard B', through which they pass, spur wheels, 2, which
gear into each other, and are driven by a spur pinion on the spindle r, which
is turned by means of the fly wheel Z. This spindler is supported in bearings
carried respectively by a projection h on one of the standards B', and by the
standard C. The shaft V is provided with a flanch and thread for a screw
on one end to receive and firmly hold the die E, and this shaft has an upset or
flanching enlargement e, and is then brought down to its former thickness to
fit into the box g, which has a washer bolted to its end. The die or mould
at the end of the shaft V is shaped so as to give to the metal placed between
the two dies the form required on that side, and the die or mould on the end
of the shaft V is shaped to the form required for the other side of the metal,
so that when the two dies are brought together and the pressure and rotary
motion given, the form required will be communicated to the metal by the
combined operations of pressure and turning, drawing or swaging. In making
a railway carriage wheel, the dies or moulds being cut to the proper shape, as

page_text: represented at Fig. 5, and the shaft V₁ being drawn apart from the shaft V,
by the operation of the fly wheel Z, and the wheels and screws attached, the
mass of iron of the required weight heated to a soft welding heat, is placed
within the die upon the shaft V. The fly wheel Z is then turned so as to
bring the die upon the shaft V in contact with the heated metal, and the
pullies or drums A, A, are set in motion in opposite directions by means of
power belts. While the shafts and dies are revolving and the metal is being
operated upon, pressure is kept up and graduated by turning the fly wheel Z
by hand or other power. The more rapid the revolution of the shafts and dies
the less time will be required to finish the operation, and the faster the rotary
motion the less will be the amount of pressure required to be put on by means
of the screws to complete the operation in a given time. When the dies come
"home" or into contact with each other, the wheel will be formed solid with a
smooth and beautiful surface, and welded or swaged with the fibres of the iron
drawn and laid evenly on either side of the wheel. If thought necessary or
convenient the shaft and dies may be placed vertically, with corresponding
changes in the other parts of the machinery. The hole in the centre of the
wheel should be of a size a little smaller than is required, so as to allow of its
being bored to fit exactly the axle for which it is intended.
When a very
slow rotary motion is given to the dies or swages the mass of metal to be acted
upon may require a second heat, but the velocity, pressure, and heat must be
regulated to some considerable degree by the nature of the metal acted upon
and the form required, all of which will be readily determined by the judgment
of the operator. By this improved process lead may be drawn or swaged into
beautiful forms when rounded figures are required, the lead being operated
upon in a cold state, and so with tin or other metals or alloys, soft and ductilo
enough to be drawn in this manner.
A modification of the above, and of the machinery for carrying the same
into effect, may be applied to the manufacture of lead pipe, and of pipe from
metals or alloys that are of a ductile nature, and to the manufacture of hollow
shafting from wrought or malleable iron for steam engines or other purposes.
The machinery for the last-mentioned purposes acts upon the same principle of
combined pressure and simultaneous rotary drawing or swaging of the metallic
mass under operation.
Sheet II. of the Drawings represents a machine for drawing metal pipes or
hollow shafting. In this case, more particularly for drawing lead pipe, the
same letters represent the same parts in this Drawing as in that already
described. Fig. 6 is a side elevation of the machine. Fig 7 is a transverse
section taken in the line 1. . . 2 of Fig. 6. Fig. 8 is a similar section taken

page_text: in the line 3. . . 4. Fig. 9 is an elevation of the right-hand end of the
machine, and Fig. 10 is a longitudinal vertical section taken through the
middle of the machine. W is a shaft resting on bearings in the stand-
ards B, and carrying at one end a die, mould, or swage E. At the
other end this shaft is hollowed to receive the screw X, which screw
operates in a nut y bolted to the flanched end of the shaft W. This
shaft W moves backwards and forwards in a straight line with the other and
opposite shaft W, by means of the screw X, upon the end of which screw,
after it passes through the standard B, the spur wheel is affixed, and which
kept in its place by means of a nut and washer. s is a spindle supported
in bearings in the standards B, C, and carrying a pinion, which gears into
and drives the spur wheel, it being itself operated by the fly wheel Z' on the
end of the spindle s. The shaft W is provided with two feathers or pro-
jections g', g', at opposite sides, which feathers fit into corresponding key slits
or openings cut into the pillar blocks B, B, and serve to hold the shaft W
steady, so as to permit no lateral or rotary movement, but yet allow of its
sliding backwards and forwards. under the operation of the screw X. The
shaft W' is furnished with a screw to receive the die or swaging mould E,
which fits against a flanch on the shaft. Into this die E is fitted and fastened
by a key, one end of the spindle t (as shown at Fig. 10). This spindle is a
rod sufliciently long to project through the centre of the die carried by the
shaft W, when the two dies are in contact, as at Fig. 10, and is moveable
horizontally. The projecting end of the spindle acts as a core to determine the
inner diameter of the pipe to be made, and its diameter will therefore depend
upon the kind of pipe required. The shaft W is hollow, and has its bearings
in a pillar block and standard B, B; rotary motion is communicated to this
shaft and to the die E', which it carries by a pulley or drum A. The bore of
the shaft W is to be of a size sufficient to admit of the pipe, as it is formed,
passing freely through it, and thence out of the machine. The shaft Wis
furnished with a flanch against which the die E abuts, and a screw thread for
holding the die firmly in its place. The die is fitted with a steel ring 7, 2
(see Fig. 10), the inner diameter of which corresponds to the outside diameter
of the pipe or shafting to be made. The front of this die or mould E¹ forms
a hollow cone with its apex towards 7, 7, which hollow cone may have a
smooth internal surface, or have cut into it hollow grooves, spiral or straight,
from the centre outwards, as shown at Fig. 8. The die E is hollow, and its
internal diameter is equal to the external diameter of the die E', the object
being that it shall fit upon and be capable of sliding over that die. The bottom
or inner end of E is provided with grooves running from the centre outwards,

page_text: as shewn at Fig. 7. The metal should be cut, shaped, or moulded to fit the
chamber formed by bringing the two dies together or in contact, a central
hole being made through the mass to admit of the spindle or core t passing
through it. When lead or a similar soft and ductile metal or alloy is to be
used, it may be put in either in a cold or heated state; but if iron is to be
operated upon for making hollow shafting or pipe, it must be highly heated so
as to be in a soft welding state. When the metal mass thus prepared is
placed within the dies, the shaft W¹, with its die or swage E, is screwed up
and brought forward towards E' by turning the fly wheel Z, and at the same
time the shaft W, with its die E' attached, is rotated by a strap from any
first mover passing over the drum A, which rotary movement, together with
the forward pressure of the die E, will cause the metal to exude from the
chamber formed by the dies in the shape of pipe or shafting, as the case may
be, and pass out of the machine through the hollow shaft W, as shewn at
Fig. 6. It may then be coiled upon a wheel, supported by a frame, as shewn
at s in that Figure. The pressure and swaging or rotary drawing operation are
such in their united action, that lead pipe may in this way be made of any
length by a renewal of the mass of metal as it is from time to time reduced in
the dies or swages, the pieces or parts being perfectly united and welded by
the operation, so as to form continuous pipe as long as desired.
Lead pipe lined with tin may be by this machinery easily made, the
tin for the inside coating being placed inside of the leaden mass in the form
of an inner ring of tin, the operation of the process being to bring out the pipe
with the lead on the outside, and the tin coating on the inside, even and uni-
form throughout. The fibre or grain of the metal is laid by this process
transverse to the axis of the pipe, or round and round, thus giving to the pipe
a tenacity and strength never before attained.
Having now described the nature of my Invention, and the manner of
carrying the same into effect, I wish it to be understood that under the above in
part recited Letters Patent, I claim the manufacturing of malleable metals into
pipes, hollow shafts, railway wheels, or other analogous forms which are capable
of being dressed, turned down, or polished in a lathe, by the employment in
such manufacture of a pair of suitably-shaped dies or swages, one or both of
such dies or swages being made to revolve, and being gradually brought into
closer proximity, whereby the mass of metal which is placed between them to
be acted upon is caused to assume the form of the article required to be
made.
I also claim the general arrangement and construction of machinery, as

page_text: herein described, for carrying out the principle upon which my Invention is
based.
In witness whereof, I, the said Perry G. Gardiner, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Fourteenth day of May, in the year of our
Lord, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two.