IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO APPARATUS FOR GENERATING, CON- TROLLING, AND UTILIZING ELECTRICITY FOR LIGHTING AND OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1880

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Robert Lake, of the Firm of Haseltine, Lake,
& Co., Patent Agents, Southampton Buildings, London, for an Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO APPARATUS FOR GENERATING, CON-
TROLLING, AND UTILIZING ELECTRICITY FOR LIGHTING AND OTHER PURPOSES."
A communication from abroad by Edwin J. Houston and Elihu Thomson, both
of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Robert Lake at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 23rd January 1880.
$6
WILLIAM ROBERT LAKE, of the Firm of Haseltine, Lake, & Co., Patent
Agents, Southampton Buildings, London. IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO
APPARATUS FOR GENERATING, CONTROLLING, AND UTILIZING ELECTRICITY FOR
LIGHTING AND OTHER PURPOSES." [A communication from abroad by Edwin J.
Houston and Elihu Thomson, both of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of
America.]
The first part of this Invention relates to improvements in dynamo-electric
machines, whereby I secure ease of construction, together with great compactness
and simplicity without any sacrifice of efficiency in working.
The field magnets used in the construction of this machine are made'as a hollow
rectangular frame of iron, upon two sides of which are wound coils in such a manner
as to cause the remaining sides of the frame to become of opposite polarity.
The frame is constructed of symmetrical halves bolted together.
This division is made so as to secure ease of winding the coils. Pole pieces shaped to
conform to the circular outline of the armature, which revolves between them on
the axis, overlap the junction of the two halves of the frame. To prevent diffusion
of magnetic polarity in an outward direction, and to concentrate it upon the
armature, accessory magnet-coils surround projections, the wire of which is wound
in the same plane as the wire upon the magnets, and the current sent through such
coils in the proper direction to intensify the north and south polarities induced in
the said projections or pole pieces by the coils in virtue of the currents traversing
the latter

page_text: The frame may be made of sections (any convenient number) placed side by side,
and may be separated from one another by open spaces, which allow connection by
air currents, thus providing for the cooling of the machine. To still further
subserve this purpose holes are made through the upper and lower portions of the
frame. The armature is mounted on a shaft supported by a standard attached to
prolongations of the frame.
I will now describe the armature which I prefer to use, but it will be understood
that the frame is adapted for use with any suitable form of armature.
The armature-core may be constructed in a manner well known by coiling iron
wire in the form of a hollow ring or cylinder of the proper length, and mounting
said ring or cylinder centrally on an axis; or it may be formed by piling rings of
sheet or cast iron of equal diameter side by side until the desired thickness is
obtained, which core is mounted centrally on an axis.
I may construct an armature core as follows:-Upon the shaft are centrally
placed two discs of iron or other suitable material at a distance apart equal to the
length of the armature core required. Between these discs are secured separate
magnetizable sections, having a central rib extending from disc to disc. When the
discs are formed of electrical conducting material the sections or ribs are insulated
from the discs by interposing a thin layer of paper or the like between their other-
wise surfaces of contact. The rib has projecting from it in a direction coinciding
with the circumference of the armature core a series of elongated teeth which fit
into the spaces between the teeth of the next adjoining section on the armature,
the number of sections being such as to complete the outline of the armature, and
the distance that such section extends inwards towards the axis being regulated
by the amount of iron which it is desired that the armature shall contain. The
teeth of any two adjoining sections fitting more or less loosely into each other leave
somewhat zig zag spaces extending from one end to the other of the armature core.
By this construction the circulation of induction-currents in the core is prevented
at the same time that but few parts are needed. When desired the discs may be
replaced by a series of radial arms extending from a hub upon the axis corresponding
in number to the number of ribs. By this construction a skeleton core is provided
which allows free circulation of air in and around it.
The armature-core is wound with coils which pass diametrically or nearly so
across the ends of the armature core, and longitudinally in diametrically opposite
spaces along the length of the armature core lying in said spaces in a direction
parallel to the axis. The ends of the coils so provided are connected to a commu-
tator to be hereinafter described. The coils are three in number, each coil consisting
of a single, double, triple, or quadruple line or wire, according to the desired capacity
of the machine. The number of coils may be increased to any multiple of three,
and the capacity of the machine for yielding separate currents thereby increased.
To keep the wire in place upon the armature core encircling bands of non-magnetizable
material, such as brass or German-silver, encircle the armature-coils. The ends of
the armature coils are connected to commutator rings.
I will now describe the arrangement of parts where a single current is desired to
be obtained from the coils each wound with a single length of wire. In this case
only a single commutator-ring is needed. Where three coils are wound with single
lengths of wire there will be six terminals, half of which number will be connected
to each other. The remaining three terminals are connected to the commutator
ring, which is composed of three insulated segments covering an angle of about 120°
each.
An explanation as to which three of the six ends are connected together, as
described, will be facilitated by considering the case of the armature occupying a
definite position during its revolution with respect to the pole pieces.
The free terminals of all the coils will be of positive or negative polarity if the
neutral point of the armature be considered as midway between the poles. Take
the positive terminal of one coil, and connect it to the negative terminal of another
coil, and also to the negative terminal of the third coil, the equivalent arrangement is

page_text: to take, say, the positive terminal of the second named coil in the above connection
and connect it to the positive terminal of the third coil and to the negative terminal
of the first coil. This constitutes the common connection of the coils made at any
convenient point. The remaining end of any single length of wire is connected to
a section of the divided commutator ring. The free ends of the remaining lengths
of wire are connected to the remaining sections of the commutator ring.
The relative position and connections of any two coils are as follows:-One end
of the coil is connected to a commutator ring, and the other remaining end connected
to a commutator segment.
The next adjacent coil in any direction on the armature has that terminal which
is not connected to the ring connected to the next adjacent segment in the opposite
direction on the same commutator-ring, and so also for the third coil.
Commutator brushes placed diametrically opposite and in contact with the com-
mutator-ring, and applied thereto in positions corresponding to those in which the
armature coils are generating currents, serve as the extremities of an operative
circuit joining said brushes. Slots separating any two successive sections are
preferably made at an angle with the axis. Another ring similar to the one herein-
before mentioned may be provided, the segments of which are connected to the
terminals in the same manner as those of the other ring, said additional ring being
used similarly with the collecting brushes. In this latter case the two commutator-
rings are placed adjacent to each other on the axis, and one end of one of the
armature-coils is connected to a segment in one of the commutator-rings, while the
other end of said armature-coil is connected to a segment on the opposite side of
the axis and in the adjoining commutator-ring. The ends of the other armature
coils are similarly connected to the remaining segments of the two commutator-
rings. In this arrangement only a single pair of collecting brushes is used, each of
which is broad enough to make contact with both commutator-rings, and which
are applied to said rings in diametrically opposite positions. It is evident that the
connection as described to two commutator-rings, instead of to a single one, the con-
nection at the third ring being omitted, is rendered necessary by the fact that there
would be required in a single ring six segments, each covering an angle of 60°
instead of 120°, as is the case with the sections or segments which I employ, and
unless the segments cover a large angle, they do not remain in contact with the
collecting brushes during the whole time of that part of their revolution in which the
armature-coils are generating useful currents.
When the armature-coils are wound double, that is, two wires side by side, the
separate commutator ring is provided and the ends of the duplicate coils connected
as before. The corresponding segments of the two rings may be placed in any con-
venient position upon the axis with respect to each other.
When a greater number of parallel wires than two are wound a proportionate
increase in the number of commutator-rings is made.
Collecting brushes are applied (in a manner well known) to the commutator-rings,
(two brushes to each ring,) one brush being applied diametrically opposite to the
other, and touching three sections when the arinature coils to which such sections
or segments are attached are developing currents.
I do not confine myself in the application of the commutator connections as
herein before described to armature coils wound upon a cylindrical core, but may
apply said method of connection to the coils upon any armature capable of division
into sets of three or multiples of three. Neither do I confine myself to the con-
nection together of one set of ends of three coils and the connection of the other
ends to the three commutator segments, but I use in like manner any multiple of
three coils, one set of the ends of which are connected to one another, and the other
set of ends connected to rings, each of which is divided into three segments; thus,
if six coils are wound on the armature six of the twelve ends are connected to one
another, and the remaining six ends connected to segments composing two rings,
collecting brushes being applied to carry off the currents. With six coils there
would therefore merely be a duplication of the parts used with three coils only.

page_text: The circuit-connections may be considerably varied without affecting the principle
of operation. The feeding of four working resistances is accomplished in the
following manner :-Instead of combining the two commutator brushes that aro
positive into the circuit each brush simply constitutes a terminal of a circuit, the
negative, likewise the four quasi circuits, being united so as to cause the current to
traverse the magnetizing coil. This arrangement differs radically from that once
known and used in which the separate operative circuits are provided with separate
magnetizing circuits in connection therewith.
Another part of the said Invention relates to further improvements in the
construction and application of the dynamo electric machines described in the
foregoing part of this Specification.
I construct the armature core as described in a series of longitudinal ribs of
iron provided with teeth extending circumferentially from said ribs and with the
teeth of one section nearly filling the spaces between the teeth of a succeeding
section.
I modify the form of armature core sections as hereinafter described so as to allow
their being wound separately and afterwards put together and mounted on an
axis. The coils wound upon the armature are connected so as to give six
corresponding ends, three of which ends, as in the armature already described,
are connected to one another, and the remaining three to the three sections of the
commutator; any multiple of three may be employed.
The construction and mounting of the commutator is improved so as to render it
less liable to injury, and also to secure the greatest ease in its removal for cleaning
and its return to its proper place in a few moments.
The application of the collecting strips or brushes to the commutator I modify so
as to admit of the current obtained from a machine running at a constant speed to
be increased or diminished at pleasure without a sacrifice of efficiency in the
economy of power. A machine capable of maintaining eight lights is thus decreased
in capacity to seven, six, five, or four, as may be desired. There are usually six
armature core sections. A central rib extends the length of the core and teeth are
formed so as to permit the coils to be wound thereon and afterwards to be put
together. All six sections of the core are similarly prepared before putting
together.
When all six coils are in like manner connected there remain six corresponding
ends free, provided the direction of winding has been the same in all the coils. Of
the six corresponding terminals so produced three that are alternate are permanently
united, and the remaining three carried to the commutator. Other equivalent
connections are used when the directions of winding are not the same in all the
coils.
The
Opposite coils are connected together by one terminal from each, being united
together so that the direction of winding is reversed in passing across the axis.
The joint so made has a wire soldered to it leading to one of the three sections of
the commutator. The remaining coils are joined in pairs respectively and connected
to the two remaining commutator-sections in a precisely similar manner.
remaining six ends of the coils are finally connected in two sets of three, alternate
ends only being connected in a set. The commutator is in principle the same as
that already described. It consists of three segments of a ring mounted at equal
distances apart around the shaft. It is made by slitting a copper ring by slots that
are preferably at an oblique angle with the shaft and ring.
Each segment of the commutator has metal rods, two in number, passed through
it parallel to the axis and also a convenient distance apart. Flanged plates of metal
are secured upon the shaft of the machine. In each plate six holes are made at
equal distances from the centre and parallel to the shaft. These holes receive the
metal rods of the commutator-segments. Rings or buttons of vulcanite or hard
wood (twelve in number) surround the extremities of the rods and prevent electrical
contact with the plates. Metal sleeves are placed upon the rods and serve to
maintain the segments centrally between the plates. Insulation from the shaft is

page_text: obtained by making the diameter of the shaft considerably less than the internal
diameter of the ring from which the commutator segments were formed. The
wires from the armature coils are connected not to the segments but to the metal
sleeves upon the rods. This construction. it is evident enables the segments and
other parts to be removed at any time without disturbing the connections to the
sleeves, and the segments being completely surrounded by an air space there is no
danger from overheating or burning of the insulation, which sometimes occurs
when the insulation is in direct contact either beneath or laterally with the
segments themselves.
It has been found in practice that the commutator insulation remains in contact
even under the greatest irregularities of working, such as would be immediately
destructive with any other construction hitherto known. Likewise the removal
and replacement of the commutator segments can be effected in a very short time,
no skill being required as all the segments are interchangeable. The removal of the
segments for cleaning occupies but a few moments. The trueing of the surfaces of
the segments after wear is effected by turning, as the segments are so rigidly held
that the cutting tool cannot disturb their position. A slot between any two
segments is made at an oblique angle which may be varied within certain limits.
It serves to prevent uneven wear and vibration of the metal conducting strips
applied to the segments. A more complete contact with the segments is thereby
afforded. The commutator brushes applied to the segments may be varied in width,
that is, they may cover the whole or only a portion of the segments in width. The
current obtained will however be found to vary with each change. The smaller
the width of the segments covered by the collecting brushes the less the current,
and vice versa. When it is desired however to change the strength of the current
or electro-motive force of any machine I provide a special arrangement for the
purpose. Two pairs of collecting brushes are provided, those constituting each pair
being placed diametrically opposite to each other; the positions of each pair of
brushes with respect to the segments is adjustable, so that the moment of passage
over the slots between the segments may be made the same or different for both
pairs of brushes. When two brushes pass the slot at the same instant and likewise
two others pass the slot together, the electro-motive force is at a minimum, but by
giving an interval between the passage of each pair over the slots the electro-motive
force rises, and thus by making a slight variation in the relative positions of the
pairs of brushes considerable changes in the electro-motive force and current occur.
This feature of variability is secured without sacrifice of efficiency. This Invention
provides a sectional armature core, the sections arranged consecutively on the
circumference, each section being insulated from the next one succeeding without
the interposition of insulating material between them. The magnetic continuity
of the core is also broken at six points in the revolution forming a discontinuous
ring. The changes of magnetic polarization during revolution are consequently
more sudden and violent, and a higher electro-motive force is the result than when
a continuous ring is used. The coils when placed upon the armature constitute in
reality but a single coil having three branches and not a continuous closed circuit,
as in the well known Paccinotti machine. All the similar parts of this Invention
I prefer to make interchangeable so that facility of construction is secured.
The next part of the said Invention relates to a novel method and device,
whereby the adjusting of the collectors or brushes applied to the commutators of
dynamo-electric machines may be automatically adapted to variations of circuit
resistances, and the burning and destructive effects of false adjustments obviated.
It is a fact well known that the greatest freedom from burning and irregular
action is secured when the collecting brushes occupy a certain position, depending
in any given case on the speed of motion and resistance interposed in the outside
circuit.
A variation of either the speed or the resistance occasions a necessity for
readjustment of the commutator collecting strips after an adjustment has once
been made; no readjustment would be required were it practicable to maintain a

page_text: uniform speed of rotation of the armature, and a constant resistance of the circuit.
Attempts have hitherto been made to adjust the commutator collectors by causing
a centrifugal device to move forward said collecting brushes on an increase in the
speed of rotation, and to retract or reverse said motion on a decrease in the speed
of running. Such an arrangement fails in its purpose when variations in the
circuit resistances are occurring at the same time that variations in the speed are
occurring. By combining the force of centrifugal action dependent on speed with
magnetic force dependent on current variation a more perfectly operating device
is secured. The automatic adjustment of the commutator collecting brushes may
be effected as follows:-The commutator is mounted on a rotating shaft, and the
collecting brushes applied to said commutator; a spring tends to move the
collectors in the opposite direction to that of revolution of the commutator; a
flexible cord attached to the support of the collecting brushes passes around a
pulley supported by a lever. The supports of the collectors are free to move
around the commutator axis. The lever and pulley are moved by an electro-magnet
whose coils are traversed by the current of the machine or a shunted portion
thereof attracting its armature. The other end of the cord is attached to a lover,
the position of which is regulated by the centrifugal action of a governor in a well-
known manner. The adjustments are such that an increase in the current strength
or an increase in the speed of rotation, or both, act to cause the collectors to move
forward in the direction of revolution and against the tension of the spring, which
spring serves to cause an opposite motion of the collectors on a decrease in the
current or a decrease in the speed, or both, but the proper adjustment of the range
of motion to be imparted in each case is an operation requiring great nicety, to
obviate which I employ a method of operating by which the amount of motion to
be imparted to the collectors is directly dependent on the action of the collectors
themselves in receiving current from the commutator. I ain thus enabled to
dispense with the centrifugal regulation. The principle of this devise may be
briefly stated. I provide in addition to the ordinary collecting brushes small
accessory brushes, one or more, which serve to receive current from the commutator
segments after they have passed out of contact with the main collecting brushes;
the current received by the accessory collectors passed through the coils of an
electro-magnet serves to throw in or out of action any suitable motor device
attached to the collecting brushes for their adjustment. After passing through
said electro-magnets the current from the accessory collector joins that from the
main collector. The device for moving the commutator may be adapted to move
by the current or by the motive power, or by suitable clock work or other
mechanism adapted to be thrown in or out of action by an electro-magnet, and
constitutes therefore an unessential feature of the Invention. In the description
which follows I have assumed that the motor device selected is to be operated by
a shunted portion of the current developed by the machine, and this is found in
practice to be a most convenient disposition for the purpose.
The segments of a commutator are arranged in a suitable manner, and any
number may be employed. The main collectors are employed as ordinarily used.
In addition to these I employ accessory collectors (one or more) which may be of
much smaller width than the main collectors, and which rest upon the segments
somewhat in advance of the main collectors, as shown. The accessory collector
which serves to operate the adjusting device is electrically connected to the
main collector corresponding thereto through the coils of an electro-magnet,
which attracting its armature can establish electric contact between the
contact pieces. A regulable spring holds the armature away from a magnet
when no current is passing. The collectors are mounted upon a swinging
bar so as to rock concentrically with the shaft bearing the commutators.
A connecting rod joins the rocking supports of the collectors, and the lever
is moved by the attraction of the electro-magnet upon its armature against
the regulable tension of the spring. A dash pot serves to prevent too
sudden and violent changes of position of the lever. The coils of the electro-

page_text: magnet are placed in a shunt circuit through the contact points around a part of
the conducting wire of the machine, as for example, the field magnet coils, the
object being simply by the contact of the points to divert a sufficient portion of
the current through the electro magnet for the movement of the collecting brushes
as determined by said contacts. This Invention may be applied to any commutator
composed of segments or conducting strips arranged around an axis, the principle
of operation remaining the same. When applied to the Paccinnotti commutator
in its various forms I prefer to polarize the armature or the electro-magnet, or
both, so that on the passage of a current through the magnet in one direction it
shall attract its armature, but when the current is in the other direction said
armature shall be released or repelled. An accessory collector may be used if
desired to assist, or it may be directly connected to its main collector, or in certain
cases completely dispensed with, as with a proper adjustment effected on one side
of the axis the opposite collector may be set in a position corresponding thereto.
When the brushes are thus secured of an equal potential the operation of the
commutator is characterized by the absence of burning or sparks and other indices
of irregularity. I may employ the accessory collector for the automatic adjust-
ment of the main collector when the coils of the armature are connected in a closed
circuit, as in the well known Gramme, Siemens, or other similar forms. When
the accessory collector is in contact with the most positive segment the current
circulates through it and through the coils of the contact-making electro-magnet
to the main collector. In consequence of said current in the magnet contact is
effected between points followed by an adjustment of the commutator collectors,
that is, in the direction of revolution of the commutator, bringing in this manner
the main collector over the line or segment of greatest positive potential. If now
from any cause two collectors are too far forward for effective action an opposito
movement of said collectors is necessary. The magnet or its armature being
permanently polarized, as already stated, the current passing produces the opposite
effect, and a readjustment of the commutator collectors takes place opposite to the
direction of revolution, thus bringing the main collector again over the segment of
highest positive polarity. The closeness of these adjustments is regulated by the
tension given to the spring which serves to modify the action of the electro-magnet
upon its armature in closing the contacts. By means of the adjusting device thus
described the injurious effects of closed circuits in armatures, the coils of which are
connected in continuous series, may be greatly lessened, and the construction
simplified by the employment of a smaller number of coils upon said armature.
From the foregoing description it will be readily understood that the accessory
collector serves as it were the purpose of a feeler, the design of which is to test the
electrical condition of the segments of the commutator at the moment of leaving
the collectors, and originate from said condition an adjustment of said collectors in
whatever direction it is needed to secure efficient action.
The said Invention further relates to improvements in regulators for electric
lamps, of which the following is a description:
The following described form of lamp employs a shunt or derived circuit for
regulating the times or intervals of passage of the direct or are current through a
small electric motor or engine, which alone directly controls the position of the
electrodes, said electric motor being traversed solely by the direct or are current.
The shunt or derived circuit is used solely to operate a contact lever and not to
act magnetically upon the controlling clutch or escapement as hitherto commonly
used. The contact lever operated by the shunt is employed to make and break the
circuit of a shunt of practically no resistance around the electric motor or device
controlling the position of the electrodes so as to divert in whole or in part the
direct current from said motor device. The advantages claimed for this arrange-
inent over previous devices are,—
1st. The shunt or derived circuit does not act magnetically to adjust the
position of the electrodes but merely to close a contact, thus giving greater
certainty and constancy of action in the movement of the electrodes.

page_text: 2nd. The movements of the electric motive device and electrode are positive and
almost instantaneous, this resulting from the shunt simply opening and closing a
contact.
3rd. Greater facility of adjustment of length of arc is obtained.
4th. Great simplicity of construction, and no need of adjustinent for varying
current strengths.
5th. The waste of current in the shunt or derived circuit may be greatly
decreased, only sufficient power being needed in it to magnetically close a contact.
In practice I prefer to regulate the position of the positive electrode only,
although in special cases both may be connected, and proper relative movements
given in the well known manner.
The lower electrode is fixed; a rod holding the upper electrode is held laterally
between two grooved rollers, one of which is adjustable towards said rod, as
described in the Specification of former Letters Patent, dated
A.D.
1879, No. 4400. The shaft of one roller has fixed upon it a toothed wheel adapted
to be moved by a pinion placed upon the shaft of a small electric motor of any
suitable pattern. This consists of an electro-magnet and an armature mounted on
an axis. The armature is of any suitable form adapted to move in both directions
in a magnetic field. It consists of three cores of iron surrounded by coils, three in
number, said coils being connected and provided with a suitable commutator.
It is to be understood that any electric motor may be employed, which, during
the passage through it of an electric current, will impart rotary motion to the
second roller so as to lift the rod and upper electrode, and when said current ceases
will leave said roller comparatively free to move in the opposite direction. A
shunt or derived circuit around the arc between the electrodes is caused to pass
through an electro-magnet whose armature moves a lever provided with a contact
spring, which is placed opposite a stationary contact surface. The contacts are
connected to the two extremities of the wire upon the electric-motor. An adjustable
spring holds the armature away from the shunt magnet, and its force is varied to
suit the length of are desired to be maintained. The spring is weakened when
the arc is to be shortened, and its force increased when the arc is to be lengthened.
The circuit connections are as follows:-The current enters at one post, passes
through the motor, preferably by branching through the magnet as one branch and
the armature as the other branch. It then passes to the rod and upper electrode
through the rollers, and thence through the arc, the said electrode, and finally out
at the other post.
The operation of the lamp is substantially as follows:-On the first passage of
the current, the carbons being in contact, the contacts are apart and the current
then circulates in full force through the motor, its consequent movement is arranged
to be in the proper direction to rotate the second roller so as to separate the
electrodes, thus establishing the arc between them. The motor sustaining the
separation until the current through the shunt magnet is sufficient to cause the
contacts to meet. The current being shunted from the electric motor by the contacts
a slight return of the electrode takes place, at which instant the motor again acts
to prevent contact of the electrodes. Thus a position of the upper electrode is
maintained independent of the strength of the motor current and solely dependent
on the strength of the shunted or derived current, which is practically the same
for the same are length within the limits of operation. To prevent too great and
sudden separation of the electrodes on starting the lamp a small platform, furnished
with a catcb, allows motion of the rod in a downward direction only through said
platform so provided. The platform has a limited range of motion between suitable
stops.
The armature attracted by the electro-magnet, through which the direct current
passes, may be attached to one end of a cord passing over a grooved pulley, placed
upon the same axis as the second roller and substituted for the wheel. The other
end of the cord is attached to an adjustable spring. The shunt electro-magnet,
armature, lever, contacts, and spring serve as before to divert the direct current from

page_text: the electro-magnet. When the arc between the electrodes has attained such a
length that feeding is desirable.
The operation of this modified motor device does not differ substantially from
that of the rotary motor device hereinbefore described, that is, on the establishment
of the current through the lamp, the contact being open, said current passing
through the magnet causes the armature to be attracted, the cord to be drawn
around the grooved pulley attached to the roller, thus lifting the rod and separating
the electrodes. The shunt electro-magnet makes contact when the arc length has
increased, thus diverting the current from the magnet and the armature being in
consequence released, the cord straightened, and comparatively free rotation of the
roller and the descent of the rod permitted, movement being immediately arrested.
on the reestablishment of the normal distance between the electrodes.
The extreme upper portion of the rod is preferably narrowed, so that when the
carbon electrodes are consumed and the rod therefore in its lowest position the
narrow portion will be between the rollers, and failing to be held by said rollers
the rod will immediately drop, extinguishing the light, and thereby give notice that
renewal of carbons is needed.
The automatic fall of the rod and electrode is effected at any time during the
operation of the lamp by the following modification, that is to say :- -The shunt
magnet armature lever is connected at a point near its fulcrum to a bent lever,
which allows the first roller to be adjusted in position as before referred to. The
arrangement is such that after the closing of the contacts, should the dependent
feeding or downward motion of the rod fail to occur as before described, the arc
continuing to lengthen the magnetism of the shunt magnet increases until the force
upon its armature communicated to the lever releases the pressure of the first roller
against the rod, whose frictional support thereby being removed said rod falls freely
extinguishing the light, thus calling attention to the said failure of the lamp to
properly feed. This failure to feed may be due to corrosion of the contact points
or to an excess of friction in the moving parts caused by the fouling of the rollers
and rod.

page_text: In Figure 2 the armature is shewn in place in the machine, the said armature
being mounted on a shaft supported by the standard J, J, attached to prolongations
of the frame M. The commutators are shewn at D, D', and R, it being assumed
that the Drawing represents a machine from which a number of currents may, if
desired, be obtained.
I will now describe the armature which I prefer to use, but it will be understood
that the frame M, Figures 1, 2, and 3, is adapted for use with any suitable form of
armature.
The armature core may be constructed in a well known manner by coiling iron
wire in the form of a hollow ring or cylinder of the proper length and mounting the
said ring or cylinder centrally on an axis; or it may be formed by piling rings of
sheet or cast iron of equal diameter side by side until the desired thickness or
length of armature core is obtained, which core is mounted centrally on on axis.
In constructing an armature-core as shewn in Figures 4, 5, 6, and 7, I place
centrally upon the shaft A two discs L, L, Figures 4 and 5, of iron or other suitable
material at a distance apart equal to the length of the armature core desired.
Between these discs are secured separate magnetizable sections having a central
rib H, Figure 5, extending from disc to disc. When the discs are formed of
electrical conducting material the sections or ribs are insulated from the discs by
interposing a thin layer of paper or the like between their surfaces, which would
be otherwise surfaces of contact. The rib H, Figure 5, has projecting from it in a
direction coinciding with the circumference of the armature core, a series of
elongated teeth I, I, Figure 5, which fit into the spaces between the teeth of the
next adjoining section on the armature, the number of sections being such as to
complete the outline of the armature, and the distance that such section extends
inwards towards the axis being regulated by the amount of iron which it is desired
that the armature shall contain. The teeth I, I, of any two adjoining sections
fitting more or less loosely into each other leave somewhat zig-zag spaces extending
from one end to the other of the armature core. By this construction the circu-
lation of induction currents in the core is prevented at the same time that but few
parts are needed. When desired the discs L, L, Figures 4 and 5, may be replaced
by a series of radial arms l, Figure 7, extending from a hub upon the axis A and
corresponding in number to the number of ribs H. By this construction a skeleton
core is provided which allows free circulation of air in and around it.
represents a section of the armature core through the line x, x, Figure 5.
armature core is wound with coils B, B, B', B¹, and B, B", Figures 8 and 9; these
coils à pass diametrically, or nearly so, across the ends of the armature-core, as shewn
in Figure 8, and longitudinally in diametrically opposite spaces along the length of
the armature core (see Figure 9) lying in the said spaces in a direction parallel to
the axis. The ends of the coils so provided are connected to a commutator D, D',
shewn in Figure 9, and hereinafter described. As shewn in Figures 8 and 9, the
coils B, B, B1, B¹, and B, B", are three in number, each coil consisting of a single,
double, triple, or quadruple, or other line of wire according to the desired capacity
of the machine. The number of coils may be increased to any multiple of three
and the capacity of the machine for yielding separate currents thereby increased.
To keep the wire in place upon the armature-core, encircling bands e, e, Figure 9,
of non-magnetizable material, such as brass or German-silver encircle the armature-
coils. The ends of the armature-coils are connected to the commutator-rings R, D',
D, see Figure 9.
Figure 6
This
I will now describe the arrangement of parts where a single current is desired to
be obtained from the coils B, B, B1, B¹, and B, B¹¹, each wound with a single length
of wire. In this case only a single commutator-ring D is needed.
Where three
coils are wound with single lengths of wire there will be six terminals, half of
which number will be connected to each other, as at R, Figure 9. The remaining
three terminals are connected to the commutator-ring D, which is composed of
three insulated segments K, K¹, K", as shewn in Figures 10, 11, and 12, covering
an angle of about 120° each. An explanation as to which three of the six ends are

page_text: 1
connected together at R, as described, will be facilitated by considering the case of
the armature occupying a definite position during its revolution with respect to the
pole-pieces N and S. Let this position be that represented in Figure 8. Here the
free terminals of all the coils will be of positive or negative polarity if the neutral
point of the armature be considered as midway between the poles N and S. Take
the positive terminal of the coil B¹, B', and connect it to the negative terminal of
the coil B, B, and also to the negative terminal of the coil B", B", in the position
shewn in Figure 8. The equivalent arrangement is to take, say, the positive
terminal of the coil B, B, and connect it to the positive terminal of the coil B", B",
and to the negative terminal of the coil B¹, B. This constitutes the common
connection of the coils made at R or at any other convenient point. To avoid
complication Figure 13 shews only one length of wire belonging to each coil, three
of the ends of which, as above explained, are connected together, as at R. The
remaining end of any single length of wire is connected, as shewn at D, Figure 13,
to a section K. of the divided commutator-ring. The free ends of the remaining
lengths of wire are connected to the remaining sections of the commutator-ring, as
shewn in Figure 13.
The relative position and connections of any two coils B', B', and B, B, Figure 14,
are therein more fully shewn, one end of the coil B¹, B¹, being connected to R,
Figure 14, and the other remaining end connected to the commutator-segment K.
The next adjacent coil in any direction on the armature, as for instance B, B, has
that terminal which is not connected to R connected to the next adjacent segment
in the opposite direction on the same commutator-ring, as K', Figure 14, and this
applies also to the third coil. The commutator-brushes T, T¹, Figures 10, 11,
and 12, placed diametrically opposite and in contact with the commutator-
ring D, and applied thereto in positions corresponding to those in which the
armature-coils are generating currents, serve as the extremities of an operative
circuit joining said brushes, as shewn. Since those sections K, K¹, Figure 10, in
contact with the brush T will at any time be of opposite polarity to those sections,
as K¹¹, in contact with the brush T¹, Figure 10, an unbroken and practically
continuous current is obtained with extreme simplicity of parts.
The slots separating any two successive sections K, K¹, Figure 12, are preferably
made at an angle to the axis A, as shewn. The ends described as connected to
each other at R may, if so desired, be connected instead to another ring similar to
the ring D, the segments of which are connected to the terminals in the same
manner as that described in connection with the ring D, the said additional ring
being used similarly with the collecting brushes described. In this latter case the
two commutator-rings are placed adjacent to each other on the axis, and one end
of one of the armature coils is connected to a segment in one of the commutator
rings, while the other end of the said armature coil is connected to a segment on
the opposite side of the axis and in the adjoining commutator-ring. The ends of
the other armature coils are similarly connected to the remaining segments of the
two commutator-rings. In this arrangement only a single pair of collecting brushes
is used, each of which is broad enough to make contact with both commutator rings,
and which are applied to said rings in diametrically opposite positions. It is
evident that the connection as described to two commutator-rings instead of to a
single one, the connection at R being omitted, is rendered necessary by the fact
that there would be required in a single ring six segments, each covering an angle
of 60° instead of 120°, as is the case with the sections or segments which I employ,
and unless the segments cover a large angle they do not remain in contact with the
collecting brushes during the whole time of that part of their revolution in which
the armature-coils are generating useful currents.
When the armature-coils are wound double, that is to say, with two wires side
by side, the separate commutator-ring D¹, Figure 9, is provided and the ends of the
duplicate coils connected in exactly the same manner as described with reference to
Figures 13 and 14. The corresponding segments of the two rings D, D', may be
placed in any convenient position upon the axis with respect to each other.

page_text: In Figure 15 are shewn two wires supposed to run parallel and side by side (but
shewn separate for clearness), two of whose ends are connected to R and the
remaining ends respectively connected to segments on opposite sides of the axis and
in different commutator-rings D, D'. When a greater number of parallel wires are
wound a proportionate increase in the number of commutator-rings is made.
Collecting brushes are applied (in a manner well known) to the commutator rings
D, D', two brushes to each ring, one brush being applied diametrically opposite to
the other, and touching the sections K, K¹, K", when the armature coils to which
such sections or segments are attached are developing currents.
I do not confine myself to the application of the commutator connections, as
herein before described, to.armature-coils wound upon a cylindrical core, but may
apply the said method of connection to the coils upon any armature capable of
division into sets of three or multiples of three. Neither do I confine myself to the
connection of one set of ends of three coils and the connection of the other ends to
the three commutator-segments, but may use in like manner any multiple of three
coils, one set of the ends of which is connected in the manner described to one
another, and the other set of ends connected to rings, each of which is divided into
three segments; thus, if six coils are wound on the armature, six of the twelve ends
are connected to one another, and the remaining six ends connected to segments
composing two rings D, D¹, collecting brushes being applied, as herein before
described, to carry off the currents. With six coils there would therefore merely
be a duplication of the parts used with three coils only.
In Figure 16 one arrangement of circuits is shewn which is rendered possible by
the use of the commutator, consisting of the ring R and the divided rings D, D₁,
before described. The two positive collecting brushes of the adjacent rings D, D',
are connected side by side to furnish one terminal of the operative circuit P, the
two negatives of said rings being connected to furnish one terminal of the operative
circuit P. The two circuits or resistances P, P¹, are connected through the coils
of the field-magnets M, M, and N, Figure 16, before described for magnetization,
and the current traversing the said coils is of the same strength as that traversing
the circuits or resistances P, P¹
The common connection at the ring R is in this case preferably connected to the
middle of the circuit of the magnet coils, as shewn by Q, Figure 16. By this means
ȧ connection of the equipotential points of the armature coils and of the operative
circuits and magnet-coils is provided, and no current will flow through Qunless the
circuits P, P', are of unequal resistance, and said connection tends to steady the
action of the machine, and compensate for difference in the resistances of the
circuits P, P', rendering them in a measure independent of each others variations.
The connection Q may be omitted when the various circuits P, P¹, are of uniform
working resistance.
The circuit connections above described may be considerably varied without
affecting the principle of operation. The parts shewn in Figure 16 are capable of
feeding four working resistances; this is accomplished in the following manner, that
is to say: Instead of combining the two commutator-brushes that are positive in the
circuit P, as described, each brush simply constitutes a terminal of a circuit, the
negative, likewise the four quasi circuits being united so as to cause the current to
traverse the magnetizing coil M, M, and N, as before. This arrangement differs
radically from that heretofore known and used, in which the separate operative
circuits are provided with separate magnetizing circuits in connection therewith.
Another part of the said Invention relates to further improvements in the
construction and application of the dynamo-electric machines above described.
I construct the armature core of a series of longitudinal ribs of iron, provided
with teeth extending circumferentially from said ribs, and with the teeth of one
section nearly filling the spaces between the teeth of a succeeding section.
I modify the form of armature core sections as hereinafter described so as to
allow their being wound separately, and afterwards put together and mounted on
an axis. The coils wound upon the armature are connected so as to give six

page_text: corresponding ends, three of which ends, as in the armature already described, are
connected to one another, and the remaining three to the three sections of the
commutator; any multiple of three may be employed. The construction and
mounting of the commutator is also improved so as to render it less liable to injury
and also to secure the greatest ease in its removal for cleaning, and its return to its
proper place in a few moments.
The application of the collecting strips or brushes to the commutator I modify so
as to admit of the current obtained from a machine running at a constant speed to
be increased or diminished at pleasure, without a sacrifice of efficiency in the
economy of power. A machine capable of maintaining eight lights is thus decreased
in capacity to seven, six, five, or four, as may be desired.
This part of my Invention is illustrated in Figures 17 to 24, in which,-
Figures 17 and 18 represent the form given to the armature core sections.
Figure 19 represents an armature core section wound with its appropriate
coil.
Figure 20 represents the sections and coils in place ready to be mounted on the
shaft.
Figure 21 represents the armature mounted between non-magnetic flanges or
spiders placed on the shaft.
Figure 22 shews the manner of connecting the coils, hereinafter described.
Figure 23 shews my improved commutator complete.
Figure 24 represents the arrangement for changing the strength of the current of
a machine.
The armature core sections shewn in Figures 17 and 18 are usually six in number.
The central rib H extends the length of the core, and the teeth T, T, are formed so
as to permit the coils to be wound thereon, and afterwards to be put together.
C¹, Figure 19, shews the coil wound upon an armature core section. All six sections
of the core are similarly prepared before being put together.
The connection of the coils is shewn in Figure 20. The opposite coils C and C+
have one pair of ends connected to each other, the direction of winding being
preserved as shewn. When all six coils are in like manner connected, there remain
six corresponding ends free, provided the direction of winding has been the same
in all the coils. Of the six corresponding terminals so produced, the three that are
alternate, viz., t, t³, and to, Figure 20, are permanently united, and the remaining
three to, t, to, are carried to the commutator. Other equivalent connections
are employed when the directions of winding are not the same in all the coils.
When wire of one half the transverse section of that used in the coils Figure 20 is
desired to subserve the same purpose, I connect the coils as shewn in Figure 22.
Opposite coils C¹ and C are in this instance connected together by one terminal
from each being united together, so that the direction of winding is reversed in
passing across the axis. The joint so made (J, Figure 22) has a wire soldered to
it leading to one of the three sections of the commutator. The remaining coils are
joined in pairs respectively, and connected to the two remaining commutator
sections in a precisely similar manner, as shewn at J2 and J³.
The remaining six ends t, t, ts, t, to, to, of the coils are finally connected in two
sets of three, alternate ends only being connected in a set. These connections are
shewn at a³ and 68, Figure 22.
The commutator is in principle the same as that already described. It consists
of three segments of a ring mounted at equal distances apart around the shaft. It
is made by slitting or dividing a copper ring by slots that are preferably at an
oblique angle with the shaft and ring. Each segment of the commutator shewn in
Figure 23 has two metal rods r, r, passed through it parallel to the axis, and at a
convenient distance apart.
Flanged plates of metal P2, P2, are secured upon the shaft of the machine. In
each plate six holes are made at equal distances from the centre, and parallel to the
shaft. These holes receive the metal rods r, r, of the commutator-segments.
Rings or buttons of vulcanite or hard wood (twelve in number) surround the

page_text: extremities of the rods r, r, and prevent electrical contact with the plates P³, P³
Metal sleeves S2, S3, are placed upon the rods r, r, and serve to maintain the
segments K, K¹, centrally between the plates P, P. Insulation from the shaft is
obtained by making the diameter of the shaft considerably less than the internal
diameter of the ring from which the commutator-segments were formed.
The
wires t, t, from the armature coils are connected not to the segments K, K', but to
the metal sleeves upon the rods, as shewn at S³, Figure 23.
This construction it is evident enables the segments K, K', and others to be
removed at any time without disturbing the connections to the sleeves S³, S³, and
others, and the segments K, K¹, and others being completely surrounded by an air
space, there is no danger from overheating or burning of the insulation, which
sometimes occurs when the insulation is in direct contact either beneath or laterally
with the segments theinselves.
It has been found in practice that the commutator insulation remains in contact
even under the greatest irregularities of working, such as would be immediately
destructive with any other construction hitherto known; likewise the removal and
replacement of the commutator-segments can be effected in a very short time, no
skill being required, as all the segments are interchangeable. The removal of the
segments for cleaning occupies but a few moments.
The trueing of the surfaces of the segments after wear is effected by turning, as
the segments are so rigidly held that a cutting tool cannot disturb their position.
The slot B2, Figure 23, between any two segments K, K, is made at an oblique
angle, as shewn; this angle may be varied within certain limits. It serves to
prevent uneven wear and vibration of the metal conducting strips applied to the
segments, and a more complete contact with the segments is thereby afforded. The
commutator brushes applied to the segments may be varied in width, that is to say,
they may cover the whole or only a portion of the segments in width. The
current obtained will however be found to vary with each change. The smaller
the width of the segments covered by the collecting brushes the less will be the
current, and vice versa. When it is desired however to change the strength of the
current or electro-motive force of any machine, I provide a special arrangement for
this purpose, as shewn in Figure 24. Two pairs u, x, and v, y, of collecting
brushes are provided, those constituting each pair being placed diametrically
opposite to each other; the positions of each pair of brushes with respect to the
segments is adjustable, so that the moment of passage over the slots between the
segments K, K¹, may be made the same or different for both pairs of brushes.
When the brushes x and y pass the slot at the same instant and likewise the
brushes u and v pass the slot together, the electro motive force is at a minimum,
but by ensuring an interval between the passage of each pair over the slots, as
shown, the electro-motive force rises, and thus by making a slight variation in the
relative positions of the pairs of brushes considerable changes in the electro-motive
force and current occur.
This feature of variability is secured without sacrifice of efficiency. This part of
my Invention provides a sectional armature core, the sections arranged con-
secutively on the circumference, each section being insulated from the next one
succeeding without the interposition of insulating material between them. The
magnetic continuity of the core is also broken at six points in the revolution
forming a discontinuous ring. The changes of magnetic polarization during
revolution are consequently more sudden and violent, and a higher electro-motive
force is the result than when a continuous ring is used. The coils when placed upon
the armature constitute in reality but a single coil having three branches, and not a
continuous closed circuit, as in the well known "Paccinotti " machine.
All the similar parts of this Invention I prefer to make interchangeable, so that
facility of construction is secured.
The next part of the said Invention relates to a novel device whereby the
adjustment of the collectors or brushes applied to the commutators of dynamo-

page_text: electric machines may be automatically adapted to variations of circuit resistances,
and the burning and destructive effects of false adjustments obviated.
It is a fact well known that the greatest freedom from burning and irregular
action is secured when the collecting brushes occupy a certain position, depending
in any given case on the speed of motion and resistance interposed in the outside
circuit. A variation of either the speed or the resistance occasions a necessity for
readjustment of the commutator collecting strips. After an adjustment has once
been made no readjustment would be required were it practicable to maintain
a uniform speed of rotation of the armature and a constant resistance of the
circuit.
Attempts have hitherto been made to adjust the commutator collectors by causing
a centrifugal device to move forward the said collecting brushes on an increase in
the speed of rotation, and to retract or reverse said motion on a decrease in the
speed of running. Such an arrangement however fails in its purpose when variations
in the circuit resistances are occurring at the same time that variations in the speed
are occurring.
By combining the force of centrifugal action dependent on speed with magnetic
force dependent on current variation a more perfectly operating device is secured.
This part of the said Invention is illustrated in Figures 25 to 28, in which,-
Figure 25 shews one of the methods in which the said actions may be
combined for securing the automatic adjustment of the commutator collecting
brushes.
Figures 26 to 28 are hereinafter referred to.
The commutator K, Figure 25, is mounted on a rotating shaft, and the collecting
brushes applied to the said commutator. A spring S tends to move the collectors
in the opposite direction to that of the revolution of the commutator K, shewn by
the arrow. A flexible cord Z attached to the support of the collecting brushes S, S,
passes around a pulley P³, Figure 25, supported by the lever L³. The supports of
the collectors S, S, are free to move around the commutator axis. The lever L³ and
pulley P³ are moved by an electro-magnet M² whose coils are traversed by the
current of the machine, or a shunted portion thereof for attracting its armature N³.
The outer end of the cord Z is attached to a lever 1, the position of which is
regulated by the centrifugal action of the governor g in a well known manner.
The adjustments are such that an increase in the current-strength, or an increase
in the speed of rotation, or both, act to cause the collectors S, S, to move forward
in the direction of revolution, as shewn by the arrow, and against the tension of
the spring S, which spring serves to cause an opposite motion of the collectors on
a decrease in the current, or a decrease in the speed, or both; but the proper
adjustment of the range of motion to be imparted in each case is an operation
requiring great nicety, to obviate which I employ a method of operation by which
the amount of motion to be imparted to the collectors is directly dependent on the
action of the collectors themselves in receiving the current from the commutator.
I am thus enabled to dispense with the centrifugal regulation.
The principle of this device may be briefly stated. I provide in addition to the
ordinary collecting brushes small accessory brushes (one or more) which serve to
receive the current from the commutator-segments after they have passed out of
contact with the main collecting brushes. The current received by the accessory
collectors passed through the coils of an electro-magnet serves to throw in or out
of action any suitable motor-device attached to the collecting brushes for their
adjustment. After passing through the said electro-magnets the current from the
accessory collector joins that from the main collector. The device for moving the
commutator may be adapted to move by the current, or by the motive power,
or by suitable clock-work, or other mechanism adapted to be thrown in or out of
action by an electro-magnet, and constitutes therefore an unessential feature of this
Invention.
In the description which follows I have assumed that the motor-device selected

page_text: is to be operated by a shunted portion of the current developed by the machine,
and this is found in practice to be a most convenient disposition for the
purpose.
In Figure 26 K, K¹, K", represent the segments of a commutator arranged in a
suitable manner, and of which any number may be employed; S, S, are the main
collectors as ordinarily used. In addition to these I employ accessory collectors S³, So,
(one or more) which may be of much smaller width than the main collectors S, S,
and which rest upon the segments K, K¹, K", somewhat in advance of the main
collectors S, S, as shewn. The accessory collector S³ which serves to operate the
adjusting device is electrically connected to the main collector corresponding thereto
through the coils of an electro magnet W³, which attracting its armature X³ can
establish electric contact between the contact pieces p, q, as shown. A regulable
spring S holds the armature X³ away from the magnet W³ when no current is
passing. The collectors S, S, S5, S6, are mounted upon a swinging bar R¹ so as to
rock concentrically with the shaft bearing the commutators K, K¹, K".
A connecting rod 2 joins the rocking supports R*, R*, of the collectors, and the
lever L³ is moved by the attraction of the electro-magnet M2 upon its armature N³
against the regulable tension of the spring S4. A dash pot D' serves to prevent too
sudden and violent changes of position of the lever L³. The coils of the electro-
magnet M² are placed in a shunt circuit through the contact points p³, q, around
a part of the conducting wire of the machine, as for example, the field magnet coils,
the object being simply by the contact of the points p³, q³, to divert a sufficient
portion of the current through the electro-magnet M² for the movement of tho
collecting brushes S, S, as determined by said contacts. As before stated any
motor device operated by the magnet W8 or its armature X³, and serving to fulfil
the purpose of the magnet M³ and lever L³, may be used as convenience
determines.
This part of the Invention may be applied to any commutator composed of
segments or conducting strips arranged around an axis, the principle of operation
remaining the same. When applied to the "Paccinnotti" commutator in its various
forms I prefer to polarize the armature X³, or the electro-magnet W³, or both, so that
on the passage of a current through the magnet W³ in one direction it will attract
its armature X3%; but when the current travels in the other direction the said
armature will be released or repelled.
The method of operation is as follows, that is to say:-Assuming the segments
K, K¹, Figure 26, to be in contact at a certain part of the revolution with the brushes
So, S, respectively, and that the said segments are of unequal electrical potential,
and in consequence the brushes S5, S, respectively in contact therewith are also of
unequal electrical potential, a current will flow during said difference of potential
through the electro-magnet coils W³ tending to equalize the potentials of S³ and S.
The armature X³ is therefore attracted, and the electrical contact made at p³, q³,
thus causing the current to circulate through the coils of the electro-magnet M³,
which in turn attracts its armature N³, the lever L³ being moved thereby and its
motion transmitted to the commutator collectors S through the connecting rod L³
and the rocking supports R4, R4, thus effecting such an adjustment of the said
collectors as will equalize their potentials, at which moment the current through
the electro magnet W³ ceases, the spring S³ breaks contact at p³, q², and the armature
X³, in consequence being released, motion in the opposite direction is begun, to be
immediately checked or resumed in the former direction when a difference of
potential of the brushes S and S again manifests itself. The accessory collector S
may be used, if desired, to assist the spring S, or it may be directly connected to
its main collector S, or in certain cases completely dispensed with, as with a proper
adjustment effected on one side of the axis the opposite collector may be set in a
position corresponding thereto.
When the brushes S³ and S are thus secured of an equal potential the operation
of the commutator is characterized by the absence of burning or sparks, and other
indices of irregularity.
B

page_text: Figures 27 and 28 shew the application of the accessory collector S³ for the
automatic adjustment of the main collector when the coils of the armature are con-
nected in a closed circuit, as in the well known Gramme, Siemens, or other similar
forms. The dotted lines in Figures 27 and 28 are supposed to pass through those
segments at opposite sides of the commutator possessing the maximum, positive, and
negative potentials, or through those segments at which the two branches of the
circuit through the armature coils join.
When in this instance the accessory collector S is in contact with the most
positive segment, as shewn in Figure 27, the current circulates through it and
through the coils of the contact making electro-magnet W³ to the main collector.
In consequence of the said current in the magnet Ws contact is effected between the
points p, q, Figure 26, followed by an adjustment of the commutator collectors
S, S³, in the direction of the arrow 12, Figure 27, that is to say, in the direction of
revolution of the commutator, bringing in this manner the main collector S over
the dotted line or segment of greatest positive potential. If now, from any cause,
the collectors S5 and S are too far forward for effective action an opposite movement
of the said collectors is necessary. This condition is shown in Figure 28, where the
dotted line indicating the points at which the two branches of the circuit through
the armature coils join is on the other side of the collector S to that shewn in
Figure 27. In this case the current through the electro-magnet W³ is in the opposite
direction to that in Figure 27 in consequence of the accessory collector S³ being in
contact with a commutator strip or segment less positive than S. The magnet W
or its armature being permanently polarized, as I have already stated, the current
passing as in Figure 28, produces the opposite effect from that in Figure 27, and a
readjustment of the commutator collectors takes place opposite to the direction of
revolution, as shewn by the arrow I2, Figure 28, thus bringing the main collector S
again over the segment through which the dotted line passes, that is to say, the
segment of the highest positive polarity. The closeness of these adjustments is
regulated by the tension given to the spring S, Figure 22, which serves to modify
the action of the electro-magnet Ws upon its armature in closing the contacts.
By means of this adjusting device the injurious effects of closed circuits in
armatures, the coils of which are connected in continuous series, may be greatly
lessened and the construction simplified, by the employment of a smaller number of
coils upon the said armature.
From the foregoing description it will be readily understood that the accessory
collector S serves as it were the purpose of a feeler, the design of which is to test
the electrical condition of the segments of the commutator at the moment of leaving
the collectors, and originate from said condition an adjustment of the said collectors
in whatever direction it is necessary to secure efficient action.
The said Invention further relates to improvements in regulators for electric
lamps.
In the form of lamp about to be described I employ a shunt or derived circuit
for regulating the time or intervals of passage of the direct or are current through a
small electric motor or engine, which alone directly controls the position of the
electrodes, the said electric motor being traversed solely by the direct or are current.
The shunt or derived circuit is used solely to operate a contact lever, and not to act
magnetically upon the controlling clutch or escapement, as hitherto commonly used.
The contact lever operated by the shunt is employed to make and break the circuit
of a shunt of practically no resistance around the electric motor or device controlling
the position of the electrodes, so as to divert in whole or in part the direct current
from the said motor device. The advantages of this arrangement over the devices
heretofore employed are as follow, that is to say :-
First. The shunt or derived circuit does not act magnetically to adjust the position
of the electrodes, but merely to effect a contact, thus giving a greater certainty and
constancy of action in the movement of the electrodes.
Second. The movements of the electric motive device and electrode are positive and

page_text: almost instantaneous, and result from the shunt simply opening and closing &
contact.
• Third. Greater facility of adjustment of the length of arc is obtained.
Fourth. Great simplicity of construction and no need of adjustment for varying
current strengths are ensured.
Fifth. The waste of current in the shunt or derived circuit may be greatly
decreased, only sufficient power being needed in it to magnetically close a contact.
In practice I prefer to regulate the position of the positive electrode only,
although in special cases both may be connected and proper relative movements
given in a well known manner.
Figures 29 to 33 of the Drawings represent an electric lamp embodying the
principles of this part of the said Invention.
Figure 29 is an elevation of the lamp, and
Figure 30 is a plan or top view of the same.
Figure 31 shews a simplified construction of various parts of the said lamp, and
Figure 32 is a plan or top view of the same.
Figure 33 represents a device for preventing the continuance of too long arcs in
case of failure of operation.
In Figure 29 E, E', are the electrodes, the lower one E¹ being fixed. The rod R
of the upper electrode E is held laterally between two grooved rollers P, P¹, one of
which is adjustable towards the said rod, as described in the Specification of former
Letters Patent, dated A.D. 1879, No. 4400. The shaft of the roller P has fixed
upon it a toothed wheel W adapted to be moved by a pinion W₁ placed upon the
shaft of the small electric motor of any suitable construction. In the Drawing I have
shewn the said 'motor as consisting of an electro-magnet M and an armature N
mounted on an axis O. The armature N is of any suitable form adapted to move
in both directions in a magnetic field. It is shewn as consisting of three cores of
iron surrounded by three coils, the said coils being connected and provided with a
suitable commutator.
It is to be understood that any electric motor may be employed, which during
the passage through it of an electric current will impart rotary motion to the
roller Pso as to lift the rod R and electrode E, and when the said current ceases
will leave said roller comparatively free to move in the opposite direction. A shunt
or derived circuit around the arc between the electrodes E, E', is caused to pass
through an electro-magnet K whose armature A moves a lever L provided with a
contact spring p which is placed opposite a stationary contact surface q. The
contacts p, q, are connected to the two extremities of the wire upon the electric
motor M, N. An adjustable spring S holds the armature A away from the shunt
magnet K, and its force is varied to suit the length of arc desired to be maintained,
the force of the spring S is weakened when the arc is to be shortened, and increased
when the arc is to be lengthened.
The circuit connections are as follow, that is to say, the current enters at the
post X, passes through the motor M, N, preferably by branching through the
magnet M as one branch, and the armature Ñ as the other branch. It then passes
to the rod R and electrode E through the rollers P, P¹, and thence through the arc,
the electrode E, and finally out at the post Y.
The operation of the lamp is substantially as follows, that is to say, on the first
passage of the current the carbons being in contact, the contacts p, q, are apart, and
the current then circulates in full force through the motor M, N, and causes the
said motor to move in the proper direction to rotate the roller P¹ so as to separate
the electrodes E, E', thus establishing the arc between them, the motor M, N,
sustaining the separation until the current through the shunt magnet K is sufficient
to cause the contacts p and q to meet. The current being shunted froin the electric
motor by the contacts p, q, a slight return of the electrode takes place, at which
instant the motor again acts to prevent contact of the electrodes. Thus, a position
of the electrode E is maintained independent of the strength of the motor current

page_text: and solely dependent on the strength of the shunted or derived current, which is
practically the same for the same are length within the limits of operation. To
prevent too great and sudden separation of the electrodes on starting the lamp a
small platform T furnished with a catch C permits the motion of the rod R in a
downward direction only through said platform so provided. The platform T has
a limited range of motion between suitable stops.
In Figure 31 the armature N attracted by the electro-magnet M through which
the direct current passes is attached to the end D of a cord passing over a grooved
pulley placed upon the same axis as the roller P¹ and substituted for the wheel W,
Figure 29. The other end of the cord D is attached to an adjustable spring F, as
shewn. The shunt electro-magnet K, armature A, lever I, contacts p, q, and
spring S serve, as in Figure 29, to divert the direct current from the electro-
magnet M when the arc between the electrodes has attained such a length that
feeding is desirable.
The operation of this modified motor device does not differ substantially from
that of the rotary motor device, shewn in Figures 29 and 30, that is to say, on the
establishment of the current through the lamp, the contacts p, q, being open the
said current passing through the magnet M causes the armature N to be attracted,
and the cord D to be drawn around the grooved pulley attached to the roller P¹,
thus lifting the rod R and separating the electrodes. The shunt electro-magnet K.
makes contact at p, q, when the arc length has increased, thus diverting the current
from the magnet M, and the armature Ñ being in consequence released, the cord D
is straightened and comparatively free rotation of the roller P¹ and the descent of
the rod R permitted, this movement being immediately arrested on the re-establish-
ment of the normal distance between the electrodes.
The extreme upper portion of the rod R is preferably narrowed, as at Z, so that
when the carbon electrodes are consumed, and the rod R is therefore in its lowest
position the narrow portion Z will be between the rollers P, P', and failing to be
held by said rollers the rod R will immediately drop, extinguishing the light, and
thereby give notice that renewal of carbons is needed.
The automatic fall of the rod R and electrode E is effected at any time during
the operation of the lamp by the modification shown in Figure 33. In this Figure
the shunt magnet armature lever L is connected at a point near its fulcrum to the
bent lever L' which allows the roller P to be adjusted in position, as before referred
to.
The arrangement is such that after the closing of the contacts p, q, should the
dependent feeding or downward motion of the rod R fail to occur, as before
described, the arc continuing to lengthen the magnetism of the shunt magnet K
increases until the force upon its armature A communicated to the lever L¹ releases
the pressure of the roller P against the rod R, whose frictional support thereby
being removed, said rod falls freely, extinguishing the light, thus calling attention
to the failure of the lamp to properly feed. This failure to feed may be due
to corrosion of the contact points p, q, or to an excess of friction in the moving
parts caused by the fouling of the rollers P, P¹, and rod R.
Having thus fully described the said Invention, as communicated to me by my
foreign correspondents, and the manner of performing the same, I wish it under-
stood that I claim,-
First. In a dynamo-electric machine, the frame M provided with coils F, F', in
combination with accessory coils f, f¹, placed in the interior of the said frame, as
above set forth and for the purpose specified.
Second. In a dynamo-electric machine an armature-core constructed of ribs of
iron H, H, extending longitudinally the length of the said core, and having a series
of teeth or projections extending from the said ribs in the direction of the circum-
ference of the said armature core, the whole being suitably mounted on an axis, as
above set forth for the purpose specified.
Third. In a dynamo-electric machine, an armature, the coils on which are divided
into sets of throe, one half of the terminals of each set being connected to one

page_text: another in the manner described, and the other three terminals of each set being
separately and singly connected to the three insulated segments of the appropriate
commutator-rings, substantially as above described.
Fourth. In a dynamo-electric machine, one or more commutator rings, each con-
sisting of three insulated conducting segments, to each of which is attached a
terminal or terminals from one of a set of three armature coils, the other terminals
of the said coils being connected to one another in the manner described.
Fifth. In a dynamo-electric machine, the combination of an armature wound
with three coils, three of the six ends of the said coils being connected in the
manner described to a commutator ring D composed of three insulated segments,
each covering an angle of nearly 120°; with a second commutator ring similar to
the ring D, and to the segments of which are connected the three remaining ends
of the armature coils, all substantially as above described.
Sixth. In a dynamo-electric machine, the combination as described of several
branched circuits, including the working resistances P, P¹, and separate armature
coils in a single circuit traversing the field magnet coils.
Seventh. In a dynamo-electric machine, the pole pieces N and S placed inside a
hollow magnetizable frame M and surrounded by coils f, f¹, for the purpose
specified.
Eighth. In a dynamo-electric machine, a sectional armature, any section of which
consists of a rib H, H, provided with teeth T, T, extending circumferentially as
described in combination with a coil C¹ placed thereon, and encircling one set of
teeth T, as shewn, all the sections together forming a discontinuous ring, whose
parts are insulated electrically from one another as above set forth.
Ninth. In a dynamo-electric machine, a ring armature, the opposite coils of which
are connected so as to leave six corresponding terminals, three of the said six
terminals that are alternate being permanently connected as described, while the
three remaining terminals are carried to the commutator, the whole system of coils
constituting a single three branched conductor.
Tenth. The combination in a dynamo-electric machine of a discontinuous
armature core, the sections of which follow one another circumferentially without
electrical contact with a system of six armature coils, constituting three pairs of
opposite coils, which coils are united to form a single three-branched conductor,
the three free ends of which are connected to a commutator, substantially as
described.
Eleventh. In a dynamo-electric machine, a commutator, the segments of which
are mounted upon metallic rods, two to each segment, the said rods being in turn
supported in boles in metal flanges placed upon the shaft, the rods insulated from
the said flanges by a suitable insulator, metal sleeves placed upon the said rods to
which the armature coils are connected, the whole arranged substantially as above
set forth and for the purpose specified.
Twelfth. In a dynamo-electric machine, a commutator, the segments of which
are surrounded on all sides by an air space for the purpose specified.
Thirteenth. In a dynamo-electric machine, a commutator, the segments of which
are mounted between metal discs or flanges, and held in position at a distance from
the said flanges by interposed metallic sleeves S2, S3, to some of which the armature
coil terminals are permanently attached and arranged so as to permit the ready
removal of the said segments for cleaning or replacement.
Fourteenth. In a dynamo-electric machine, the combination with a commutator
consisting of three insulated segments of four or more collecting brushes, consti-
tuting two or more pairs of diametrically opposite brushes, each pair being adjustable
with respect to the said commutator segments to be used for the purpose of varying
the electro-motive force of the machine, substantially as above set forth.
Fifteenth. The hereinbefore described manner of automatically adjusting the
collecting brushes of a dynamo-electric machine, consisting in making said adjust-
ment directly dependent on the electrical condition of the commutator segments
on leaving said collecting brushes.

page_text: Sixteenth. In combination with the commutator for dynamo-electric machines
an accessory collecting brush (one or more) placed in advance of the main collecting
brush for the purpose specified.
Seventeenth. The combination in a dynamo-electric machine of a main collecting
brush, and an accessory collecting brush connected to one another through the coils
of an electro-magnetic device, by the operation of which an automatic adjustment
of the said collecting brushes is effected.
Eighteenth. In a dynamo-electric machine for the purpose of controlling the
adjustment of the commutator collecting brushes, an electro-magnetic device,
polarized or unpolarized, operating as a contact-maker by means of the current
derived from an accessory collecting brush, substantially as above described.
Nineteenth. The combination in a dynamo-electric machine with main and
accessory commutator collecting brushes of an electro-magnetic device, operated by
a current resulting from a difference of potential of the said main and accessory
collecting brushes, which electro-magnetic device serves in turn to operate a
suitable motor for the automatic adjustment of said commutator collecting
brushes.
Twentieth. As a motor for effecting the adjustment of the commutator collecting
brushes an electro-magnet M² traversed by the current, or a portion of the current,
of the machine whose attraction upon its armature N' moves the said commutator
collecting brushes in one direction, motion in the other direction being obtained by
the action of a spring, substantially as above described.
Twenty first. The combination in a dynamo-electric machine of a contact maker
operated by the current resulting, from a difference of potential of the main and
accessory collecting brushes with an electro-magnetic motor placed in a shunt or
derived circuit around any portion of the field magnet coils, the said shunt or
derived circuit to be closed or opened by said contact maker as may be required
for the automatic adjustment of the commutator collecting brushes.
Twenty second. In a dynamo-electric machine, an electro magnet traversed by
the current of the machine, the variations in the power of which magnet determine
or effect the adjustment of the commutator collector.
Twenty third. In an electric lamp, a shunt electro-magnet, whose current is
derived from that traversing the arc provided with an armature adjustable with
respect to said magnet, and the motion of which armature is employed to open and
close an electric contact, which contact when made or broken serves, in connection
with suitable mechanism provided therefor, to adjust the position of the carbon
electrodes, substantially as above set forth.
Twenty fourth. In an electric lamp the combination of an electric motor acting
to separate the electrodes with a shunt magnet separately acting to open and close
an electric contact, the separation of the electrodes by said motor being sustained
until by an increase in the arc resistance the power of the shunt magnet is suffi-
ciently increased to close the aforesaid electric contacts, and thereby divert the
electric current from the motor which, ceasing to act, permits the approach of the
carbon electrodes, substantially as above described.
• Twenty fifth. In an electric lamp, an electro magnetic device, traversed by a
current derived or shunted from that of the carbon electrodes, the increase or
decrease in the strength of which makes or breaks an electric contact, said contact
completing a branch or shunt around an electro-magnetic device traversed by the
direct current or a portion thereof, which latter electro-magnetic device alone
adjusts the position of the carbon electrodes during normal operation.
Twenty sixth. In an electric lamp, an adjustable spring S, the degree of elastic
force of which acting in opposition to the magnetic power of a shunt magnet K
determines the moment of closing the contacts p, q, in virtue of an increased power
of the shunt magnet due to an increased arc resistance consequent on an increased
length of arc.
Twenty seventh. In an electric lamp, the separating device M, N, the intervals
of action of which are controlled by an electric contact, the closing and opening of

page_text: the said contact being dependent directly upon variations in the power of a shunt
electro-magnet K, whose variations are themselves dependent upon variations in
the arc resistance, substantially as above described.
Twenty eighth. In an electric lamp, the rod R, supporting an electrode and
narrowed at Z for the purpose specified.
Twenty ninth. In an electric lamp the combination of the shunt magnet lever L
and roller lever L³, so as to relieve the rod R of its support on an abnormal increase
in the strength of the shunt magnet, substantially as above set forth and for the
purpose specified.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Robert Lake, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty third day of July, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and eighty.
W. ROB. LAKE. (L.S.)