IMPROVEMENTS IN OVENS FOR BAKING BREAD AND OTHER SUBSTANCES
Year: 1859

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Edward Newton, of the Office for Patents,
66, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN OVENS FOR BAKING BREAD AND OTHER
SUBSTANCES." A communication from abroad by Thomas Russell, of
New York
-
Sealed the 19th August 1859, and dated the 25th March 1859.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Edward Newton
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
25th March 1839.
I, WILLIAM EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Palents, 66, Chancery Lane,
in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN OVENS FOR BAKING BREAD AND OTHER
SUBSTANCES," to be as follows: -
This Invention of improvements in ovens for baking bread and other
substances, relates to a novel arrangement of parts, whereby the oven is
rendered automatic, and consists in a system of screws and endless chains
in combination with a system of permanent ways or tracks, leading from end
to end of the interior and exterior, and through the doorways of a horizontal
oven, having two doors on the same side. one for receiving the bread or other
substance to be baked, and the other for discharging it after it has been
DS11

page_text: baked, and with proper means of connecting with the above-mentioned screws
and chains a series of carriages to run upon the ways, the whole constituting
a simple, and effective, and very durable automatic apparatus, for conveying
the bread or other substance to be baked into the oven, carrying it through
the same, and delivering it therefrom when the baking process is completed,
and for conveying the carriages, when outside the oven, from the discharging
door back to the receiving door.
The Invention also consists in effecting the opening and closing of the
receiving and discharging doors of the oven, by the pressure against them of
the aforesaid carriages.
The peculiar features of novelty sought to be protected by Letters Patent
are, the employment in ovens, which are provided with permanent ways or
tracks, arranged at right angles to each other within, without, and through
the doorways, and with a series of carriages to run on such ways or tracks, of
a system of horizontal screws and endless chains. and of teeth or their
equivalents on the carriages, for the purpose of connecting the latter with the
screws and chains. And also the opening of the oven doors, to admit and also
to permit the exit of the carriages, by the direct action of the carriages upon
the doors, thereby dispensing with special machinery for that purpose.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said William Edward Newton in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 24th September 1859.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane, in the County
of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-fifth day of March, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine. in the twenty-second year of Her
reign. did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said William Edward Newton, Her special license that I, the said William
Edward Newton, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as
I, the said William Edward Newton, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and

page_text: Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN OVENS FOR BAKING BREAD AND OTHER SUBSTANCES," being a communication
from abroad by Thomas Russell, of New York. upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said William Edward Newton, by an instrument
in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to
be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of
the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Edward Newton, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the
letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say):-
This Invention of improvements in ovens for baking bread and other
substances," relates to a novel arrangement of parts, whereby the oven is
rendered automatic, and consists in a system of screws and endless chains, in
combination with a system of permanent ways or tracks, leading from end to
end of the interior and exterior, and through the doorways of a horizontal
oven, having two doors on the same side, one for receiving the bread or other
substance to be baked, and the other for discharging it after it has been baked
and with proper means of connecting with the above-mentioned, screws and
chains a series of carriages to run upon the ways, the whole constituting
a simple, and effective, and very durable automatic apparatus, for conveying
the bread or other substance to be baked into the oven, carrying it through
the same, and delivering it therefrom when the baking process is completed,
and for conveying the carriages, when outside the oven, from the discharging
door back to the receiving door.
The Invention also consists in effecting the opening and closing of the
receiving and discharging doors of the oven, by the pressure against them of
the aforesaid carriages.
The Invention is illustrated in the accompanying Drawings, in which Fig. 1
is a vertical section of an oven constructed according to the improvements;
this section is taken through the receiving door; Fig. 2 is a horizontal section
of the same in the plane indicated by the line z, z, of Fig. 1; Fig. 3 is a
vertical section of the front of the oven taken through the discharging door.
Similar letters of reference indicate like parts in all the Figures.
A is the oven having a furnace B below it, covered by an arch C, and having

page_text: hollow end walls D, which constitute flues leading from the furnace, up
into the hollow roof E, which communicates with a chimney not shewn in the
Drawing; F is the receiving door, and G is the discharging door, both being
in front of the oven and one near each end. The oven is intended to have a
considerable length from one door to the other compared with its width from
front to back. The receiving door F is suspended by a hinge or hinges a at
its top edge, and is arranged to open by swinging inwards, and it closes itself
by dropping to a vertical position by its own weight. The discharging door G
is fitted to slide up and down in a suitable frame and opens by an upward
movement; H is a horizontal frame of cast or wrought iron occupying the
whole horizontal area of the oven and being built into or suitably supported
by the side walls thereof. The frame II contains the bearings for a double
series of small rollers b, b, which constitute ways or tracks running longitu-
dinally within the oven from one door to the other, and also for two double
series of similar rollers c, c, and d, d, constituting ways or tracks running at
right angles to the ways or tracks b, b, opposite the two doors F, G, the tops
of all the rollers being in a horizontal plane on a level with or slightly above
the bottoms of the two doorways. I is a horizontal platform of iron or timber
erected outside of the oven and extending from end to end thereof, and con-
taining the bearings for a double series of rollers e, e, which constitute tracks
parallel and level with b, b, extending from one door to the other, and for two
double series of rollers c', c', and d¹, d. constituting continuations of the ways
or tracks c, c, and d, d, through-the two doorways. These roller tracks are
for the carriages W, W, to run upon, the said carriages having flat bottoms
which will rest on all the rollers above which they happen at any time to be.
The ways c', c', c, c, are for supporting the carriages on their way into the
oven, and the ways b, b, for supporting them on their way through the oven
from opposite the receiving door to opposite the discharging door, the ways
d, d, d', d¹, for supporting them on their way from the oven, and the way's e, e,
for supporting them on their return outside the oven from the discharging door
to the receiving door. X is a stop rail to prevent the carriages from running
too far out from the oven. J is a horizontal shaft extending the whole length
of the oven having bearings provided for it in the end walls of the oven and
also in the frame K at such intervals as may be desirable, the said shaft being
arranged between and slightly below the ways b, b, and having a screw
thread J, upon it which extends from a point opposite the centre of one door
to a point opposite the centre of the other door. K is a similar shaft arranged
parallel with J between the ways e, e, outside the oven; the shaft K is

page_text: supported in bearings in or upon the platform I, and having upon it a screw
thread K' extending the same length as the screw thread J'; the screw J' is
for moving the carriages within the oven along the ways b, b, from the door F
to the door G, and the screw K' is for moving the carriages when outside of
the oven along the ways e, e, from the door G to the door F. each carriage
being provided with a tooth on its bottom, to take into the threads of the
screws for the purpose of enabling them to be driven thereby. L, M, are
endless chains running between the ways c, c, c', c', and d, d, d', d', and
through the doors F, G, and are carried by pullies N. O, on two shafis P. Q.
arranged in bearings in the platform I behind the screw shaft K, and by
pulleys R, S, on two shafts T, U, arranged in bearings in the frame H behind
the screw shaft J; these chains are for the purpose of moving the carriages
along the tracks d, d, d', d', c, c, c', c', and for this purpose they are furnished
with fingers g, g, at proper intervals, or otherwise constructed so as to take
hold of a tooth h on each carriage, on the latter being brought by one of the
screws to a position opposite either door. The shaft J, which is the driver,
carries two spur gears and k, the latter of which gears with a spur gear U'
on the shaft U, and thus drives the endless chain M, and the former j of which
gears by an intermediate gear m upon a short shaft n, with a spur gear T¹ on
the shaft T, and thus drives the other endless chain I. The chains drive the
shafts P, Q, and the shaft P carries a spur gear P, which gears with a spur
gear, on the screw shaft K, and thus drives the said shaft. The two shafts
J-and K, rotate in opposite directions and also the two chains move in opposite
directions, as indicated by arrows in the Drawing.
The carriages consist simply of flat-bottomed trays, and may be made of
iron, either with or without brick linings; their front ends are. made of wedge
form, as shewn at q, q, in Figures 1 and 2, so that they may, by their operation
upon bevelled projections at the bottom of the inner side of the door G, raise
the said door to permit their passage out of the oven.
The operation of baking is conducted and proceeds in the following
manner; The screw shafts and the endless chains being severally set in motion
in the respective directions before described by power applied to the screw
shaft J, the carriages (which are loaded with the bread or other substance to
be baked while upon the external platform I) are taken into the oven through
the receiving door F by the endless chain I as fast as room is made for them
at that end of the oven by the operation of the screw J¹ on the carriages which
have previously entered, the door F being swung open by the pressure of the
entering carriages against it, and closing again as soon as a carriage has

page_text: entered. In this manner the ways b. b, are kept full of carriages, which as
fast as they are received upon the said ways are set in motion thereon towards
the door G by the endless screw J', which rotates at such velocity that the
time occupied by the carriages in passing from the door Flo that G is
sufficient for the baking process. As soon as a carriage arrives opposite the
door G, it is taken by the chain M and run along the ways d. d. d', d', through
the door G. which is opened by the action of the wedge-like front ends of the
carriage upon its projections p, p, and which closes by its own weight as soon
as the carriage has passed out on to the platform I: arriving on the platform.
the carriage is taken hold of by the screw K. and conveyed along the
track e, e, towards the door F, and as it slowly passes along it is unloaded and
reloaded.
I would here remark that one door is represented as swinging open, and
another as sliding open; this has been done for the sake of illustrating two
methods of opening the doors by the carriages, but both of the doors may be
arranged to open with a swinging or both with a sliding movement. The
advantage which this oven is supposed to possess over other mechanical or
automatic ovens consists chiefly in dispensing with all carrying apparatus, such
as rotating tables, endless aprons, or other equivalent contrivances, by the use
of permanent ways, and generally in the fewness of its working parts.
Instead of using rollers in the ways or tracks, as described. plain railways
may be used, and rollers or ball castors be provided on the 'carriages to run on
the railways.
Having now described the Invention of "Improvements in Ovens for
Baking Bread and other Substances," and having explained the manner of
carrying the same into effect, as communicated to me by my foreign corre-
spondent, I would observe that I do not claim the exclusive right to ovens in
which the substance to be baked travels horizontally from a door where it
enters to a door on the same side, where it is discharged; but that which
I consider to be new in the above, described improvements, and therefore
desire to claim as the Invention secured to me by Letters Patent as aforesaid,
is, constructing ovens with permanent ways or tracks arranged at right angles
to each other, within, without, and through the doorways, and with a series of
carriages to run on such ways or tracks in combination with a system of
horizontal screws and endless chains, and of teeth or their equivalents on the
carriages for the purpose of connecting the latter with the screws and chains,
as above described.
I also claim arranging the several parts in such a manner that the opening

page_text: of the oven doors to admit and also to permit the exit of the carriages is
effected by the direct action of the carriages upon the doors, thereby dispensing
with special machinery for that purpose.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Edward Newton, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, the Twenty-third day of September, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine.
.Witness,
J. W. MOFFATT,
66, Chancery Lanc.
W. E. NEWTON. (L.S.)