IMPROVEMENTS IN DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
Year: 1882

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Friedrich Carl Glaser of Berlin, in the Kingdom of Prussia
and Empire of Germany, Engineer and Patent Solicitor for an Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES" A communication to him
«
by Carl Zipernowsky and Maximilian Deri both residing at Budapest in the
Empire of Austria
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Friedrich Carl Glaser at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 23rd September 1882.
FRIEDRICH CARL GLASER of Berlin, in the Kingdom of Prussia and Empire of
Germany, Engineer and Patent Solicitor IMPROVEMENTS IN DYNAMO-ELECTRIC
MACHINES [A communication to him by Carl. Zipernowsky and Maximilian
Deri both residing at Budapest in the Empire of Austria]
This invention relates to the construction of machines which combine the
functions of an ordinary dynamo electric machine and a reversed current apparatus,
that is to say it produces alternating currents but is so arranged as to supply its
inducing electromagnets from its own currents. It has for its object firstly to
excite, by peculiar arrangements, its own electromagnets, according to requirements,
by means of continuous or intermittent weaker currents of the same direction, and
secondly to furnish a reliable and durable current producer, applicable to the
various requirements of electric lighting, by a peculiar and effectual construction
of the induction apparatus in which the currents are produced, and a secure
.connection of the various parts.
In order furthermore to attain a perfectly reliable working, in particular when
incandescent lamps are introduced into the main current in parallel arc, a new
mode of generating the electromagnetism by differential excitement is. employed,
which enables the energy of the current to be decreased or increased automatically
in exactly or approximately the proportion required by any variation in the number
of the lamps in action.
It is also an important feature of the present invention that the very powerful
working currents are led off from fixed contact screws without commutation.and
3

page_text: without the aid of movable contacts, while only the weaker magnetising currents
are turned into the same direction either in passing or in a shunt in order to render
them available for exciting the electromagnets.
'
The main or working current passing through the circuit remains an alternating
one.
The electromagnets are prismatic iron cores arranged radially on the driving
shaft wound with insulated copper wire in such manner (as shewn in Figs 1 and 2
of the accompanying drawings) that the space available between the cores is
effectually utilised. The cores are strengthened by polar plates p and are secured
to the prismatic boss n by means of screws passing from the outer end through the
polar plates and cores, these being further stayed by means of metal end plates S
having numerous openings for preventing "Foucauld". currents and for the
admission of ventilating air currents. All the electromagnets form with the
shaft wa rigid system which is rotated by the pulley t. The coils of the electro-
magnets are connected to each other either in series or parallel so as to form a
continuous circuit in such manner that north and south poles are formed alternately.
An even number of magnetic poles. is therefore necessary, but on the other hand
the number of induction coils can differ from these and may be of uneven number
without disturbing the production of useful alternating currents. It is most
suitable, if conditions of space permit it, to make the number of induction coils
equal to those of the magnetic poles, or to make them double the number when
two separate main circuits are to be formed. The alternation of the currents is
however only governed by the number of the magnetic poles.
The induction cylinder, that is, that part of the machine in which the alternating
main currents are produced is constructed as follows:-Fig. 3 shews the core of
the induction coil. It is formed of zig-zag shaped thin ribbed cast iron, which by
virtue of its peculiar form and by careful annealing is rendered capable of changing
its magnetic condition very rapidly. The larger interstices between the ribs are filled
out with wood blocks h for fastening purposes. In order to render the cores thus
formed applicable, for coiling perforated sheet metal plates 6 are screwed to the
broad sides, between which the coiling space is formed. These plates are peculiarly
formed as shewn at Fig. 3 and are so arranged separate from each other that they
do not form a continuous conductor in order that no currents may be induced
therein; furthermore these plates are fixed both to the cores and to the wood
blocks k wedged in between the bobbins and are thus protected from vibrations
which otherwise would cause an unpleasant noise in the machine. The cores are
either wound with insulated copper wire or O shaped stamped copper plates, slit
at one point, are slid upon them and soldered together at their ends in such manner
that all the plates form a continuous spiral conductor, the separate plates being
insulated from each other by asbestos or other paper. Such bobbins are arranged
in suitable numbers to form a drum or cylinder and their conductors are connected
either in series (as at diagram Fig. 5) or parallel (as at diagram Fig. 6) to form one
or more circuits.
A number of wood rings r are slid on the induction cylinder after covering this
with paper, which rings correspond to the wood blocks of the bobbin cores, and in
a similar manner the cylinder is provided with wood rings on each side. The
spaces between the wood rings d are filled in either with thin iron wire wound
circumferentially, or with thin iron rings insulated and slid on edgewise. The
cylinder is then fixed to the frames L of the machine by means of bars T which are
screwed to the wood blocks through the rings, and by this means the deformation,
as also the peripherial shifting of the cylinder or of the separate bobbins is
prevented.
It should be observed that the cast iron cores of the induction bobbins are not
indispensable, but only assist in increasing the inductive action thereof; the cores
-may however be formed of wood, porcelain or other neutral bodies.
The arrangement of the current producing and current carrying parts is effected
according to the following alternative methods:―

page_text: 1, The alternate currents produced in the induction cylinder, branch at their
exit from the contact screws a₁ α, (Fig. 10) and pass on the one hand unchanged
through the working resistances w₂, but on the other hand they pass to the contact
brushes b, and b, from which they can pass into the coils of the electromagnets.
This is effected by means of the commutator Fig. 8. The arrangement of the parts
thereof is shewn on the drawing. The sectors S, and S. are connected at the
circumference of the commutator cylinder right and left alternately to the rings 71
and r, while the narrower intermediate sectors S, remain insulated from both.
These latter sectors are alternately screwed either to the annular insulated pieces u
and us or to the middle annular piece us, so that every second intermediate sector
is connected as a conductor, while the diametrically opposite ones are separated
from each other. The intermediate sectors therefore always interrupt the contact
between the brushes and the coils of the electromagnets at the moment when the
change of current takes place in the machine. The other sectors S, and S₁, the
number of which is equal to that of the magnet poles, change the contacts with the
diametrical brushes so that the branch current must be turned into the same
direction. The resistances of the electromagnet coils are so arranged that the
strength of the shunted currents changed into the same direction correspond to the
degree of magnetisation required.
2, Another arrangement, according to Fig. 11 has for its object to shunt the
magnetising currents, that have to be made of uniform direction, only in a portion
of the circuit between a pinching screw of the apparatus and the working
resistances without hindering the further course of the alternate currents.
The
alternating current passing from the screw a¹ branches off before the brush b₁ and
passing partly through the commutator and partly through the resistance w₁ is
united so as to form a single current again behind the brush b₂. The commutation
is here not effected by the usual method of inversion, but by only leading the
currents of the same direction partly into the shunt circuit, where they pass round
the electromagnets; the opposite currents on the other hand being short circuited
by the contacts of the commutator are caused to pass on without entering
the electromagnet coils. In the commutator short circuiting and interruption
change as often as the direction of the current in the machine; by the use of
two circuits which are separately and alternately shunted a continuous mag-
netisation can also be effected by this means. The construction of the commutator
is seen at Fig. 9; it is divided in its width into three parts, of which the middle
one contains as many insulated sectors S as there are magnetic poles, while the
other parts form uninterrupted contact rings. A brush b₁ slides on one ring
(r, or ), that is to say, at one end of the electromagnet coils, while the other
brush b₂ must alternately touch S, and S, that is, first the one end and then the
other end of the coils. Consequently the communication between the contact
brushes is at one time short circuited, and at another time it is formed by the coils
of the electromagnets. The branch current, and with it the magnetic intensity of
the poles can be regulated by means of the variable resistance w₁; or, in order to
utilise the current energy more economically there may be introduced any constant
useful resistance in place of w₁.
3, The above described two arrangements can also be combined in one machine
for the purpose of effecting thereby an automatic regulation of the intensity of the
current This method is particularly suited for the case when the machine has to
work incandescent lamps in parallel arc. In Fig. 12 the electromagnet has two
coils forming separate circuits, of which each one terminates in a special commutator
(according to constructions 1 and 2). The alternating current passes according to the
second method through the commutator C periodically short circuited, and thereby
made of uniform direction and through the coil u, before passing to the point
where it operates; on the other hand another weaker shunt current is separated
from the same alternating current, which, according to the first method forms
circuit with the lamp resistances. This current passes in uniform direction through
the commutator C' into the thinner coil u₁ of the electromagnets. The independent

page_text: currents circulating through the two coils have always opposite directions
consequently only the difference of the two is available for exciting the electro-
magnets, but as with the increase of the resistances in the outer circuit (i.e. when
certain lamps are cut off) the stronger of the two currents will be weakened: while
the weaker one will be strengthened, the magnetic intensity of the poles will
consequently increase or decrease in the same proportion as the number of lamps in
the circuit increases or decreases.
Thus the correct determination of the resistances will cause the working current,
by the above automatic regulation of the magnetic intensity, always to be
maintained at the particular strength which corresponds to the number of lamps in
operation at one time. This method of regulation can also be effected when the
magnetising coil u, receives a constant current from an external source, as for
instance from a dynamo machine, while the shunt current in the reverse coil, which
is made of uniform direction by the commutator C¹ and is arranged parallel to the
working resistances, serves for weakening and consequently regulating the magnetic
intensity. For this purpose, as also for all cases where the magnetic, excitement is
to be effected by external sources, the commutators (Figs. 8 and 9) are so constructed
that with suitable copper brushes an external current can be led through the contact
rings and r₂ to the electromagnets.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Friedrich Carl Glaser in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
22nd March 1883.
:
1
FRIEDRICH CARL GLASER of: Berlin in the Kingdom of Prussia and Empire of
Germany, Engineer and Patent Solicitor "IMPROVEMENTS IN DYNAMO-ELECTRIC
MACHINES A communication to me by Carl Zipernowsky and Maximilian Deri
both residing at Budapest in the Empire of Austria
"
This invention relates to the construction of machines which combine the
functions of an ordinary dynamo electric machine and a reversed current apparatus,
that is to say, it produces alternating currents but is so arranged as to supply its
inducing electro-magnets from its own currents. It has for its object firstly to
excite, by peculiar arrangements, its own electro magnets according to requirements,
by means of continuous or intermittent weaker currents of the same direction, and
secondly, to furnish a reliable and. durable current producer, applicable to the
various requirements of electric lighting, by a peculiar and effectual construction of
the induction apparatus in which the currents are produced, and a secure connection
of the various parts.
In order furthermore to attain a perfectly reliable working, in particular when
incandescent lamps are introduced into the main current in parallel arc, a new
mode of generating the electro-magnetism by differential excitement is employed,
which enables the energy of the current to be decreased or increased automatically
in exactly or approximately the proportion required by any variation in the
number of the lamps in action.
It is also an important feature of the present invention that the very powerful
working currents are led off from. fixed contact screws without commutation and
without the aid of movable contacts, while only the weaker magnetising currents
are turned into the same direction either in passing or in a shunt in order to
render them available for exciting the electro-magnets.
The main or working current passing through the circuit remains an alternating
one.
دو
The electro-magnets are prismatic iron cores arranged radially on the driving
shaft wound with insulated copper wire in such manner (as shewn in Figs 1 and 2
of the accompanying drawings) that the space available between the cores is
effectually utilised. The cores are strengthened by polar plates p and are secured
to the prismatic boss n by means of screws passing from the outer end through the
polar plates and cores, these being further stayed by means of metal end plates $
tr Foucauld currents and for the
having numerous openings for preventing
admission of ventilating air currents. All the electro-magnets form with the
The coils of the electro-
shaft wa rigid system which is rotated by the pulley t.
magnets are connected to each other either in series or parallel so as to form a
continuous circuit, in such manner that north and south poles are formed
alternately. An even number of magnet poles is therefore necessary but on the
other hand the number of induction coils can differ from these and may be of
uneven number without disturbing the production of useful alternating currents.
It is most suitable, if conditions of space permit it, to make the number of
induction coils equal to those of the magnetic poles, or to make them double
the number when two separate inain circuits are to be formed. The alternation
of the currents is, however, only governed by the number of magnetic poles.
The induction cylinder, that is, that part of the machine in which the
alternating main currents are produced, is constructed as follows:-Fig. 3 shews

page_text: the core of the induction coil. It is formed of zig-zag shaped thin ribbed cast
iron, which by virtue of its peculiar form and by careful annealing, is rendered
capable of changing its magnetic condition very rapidly. The larger interstices
between the ribs are filled out with wood blocks h for fastening purposes. In
order to render the cores thus formed applicable for coiling, perforated sheet metal
plates bare, screwed to the broad sides, between which the coiling space is formed.
These plates are peculiarly formed, as shewn at Fig 3, and are so arranged separate
from each other that they do not form a continuous conductor, in order that no
currents may be induced therein; furthermore these plates are fixed both to the
'cores and to the wood blocks K wedged in between the bobbins and are thus
protected from vibrations which otherwise would cause an unpleasant noise in
the machine. The cores are either wound with insulated copper wire, or ☐ shaped
stamped copper plates, slit at one point are slid upon them and soldered together
at their ends in such manner that all the plates form a continuous spiral conductor,
the separate plates being insulated from each other by asbestos or other paper.
Such bobbins are arranged in suitable numbers to form a drum or cylinder, and
their conductors are connected either in series (as at diagram Fig. 5) or parallel (as
at diagram Fig 6) to form one or more circuits.
A number of wood rings rare slid on the induction cylinder after covering this
with paper, which rings correspond to the wood blocks of the bobbin cores, and in
a similar manner, the cylinder is provided with wood rings on each side. The
spaces between the wood rings d are filled in either with thin iron wire wound
circumferentially, or with thin iron rings insulated and slid on edgewise. The
cylinder is then fixed to the frames L of the machine by means of bars T which are
screwed to the wood blocks through the rings, and by this means the deformation,
as also the peripherial shifting of the cylinder or of the separate bobbins is
prevented.
It should be observed that the cast iron cores of the induction bobbins are not
indispensable, but only assist in increasing the inductive action thereof; the cores
may, however, be formed of wood, porcelain or other neutral bodies.
The arrangement of the current producing and current carrying parts is effected
according to the following alternative methods:
1, The alternate currents produced in the induction cylinder, branch at their
exit from the contact screws a₁ α (Fig. 10) and pass, on the one hand, unchanged,
through the working resistances w, but on the other hand, they pass to the
contact brushes b, and b₂, from which they can pass into the coils of the electro-
magnets. This is effected by means of the commutator Fig 8. The arrangement
of the parts thereof is shewn on the drawing. The sectors S, and S. are connected
at the circumference of the commutator cylinder right and left alternately to the
rings, and and r,, while the narrower intermediate sectors S, remain insulated from
both. These latter sectors are alternately screwed either to the annular insulated
pieces and us, or to the middle annular piece u₂, so that every second inter-
mediate sector is connected as a conductor, while the diametrically opposite ones
are separated from each other. The intermediate sectors therefore always interrupt
the contact between the brushes and the coils of the electro-magnets at the moment
when the change of current takes place in the machine. The other sectors S₁
and S₂, the number of which is equal to that of the magnet poles, change the
contacts with the diametrical brushes so that the branch currents must be turned into
the same direction. The resistances of the electro-magnet coils are so arranged that
the strength of the shunted currents, changed into the same direction, correspond 5
to the degree of magnetisation required.
2, Another arrangement, according to Fig 11, has for its object to shunt the
magnetising currents, that have to be made of uniform direction, only in a portion
of the circuit between a pinching screw of the apparatus and the working resis-
tances without hindering the further course of the alternate currents. The 5
alternating current passing from the screw a¹ branches off before the brush b, and
passing partly through the commutator and partly through the resistance w, is

page_text: united, so as to form a single current again behind the brush b². The commutation
is here not effected by the usual method of inversion, but by only leading the
currents of the same direction partly into the shunt circuit, where they pass round
the electro-magnets; the opposite currents on the other hand being short circuited
by the contacts of the commutator are caused to pass on without entering the
electro-magnet coils. In the commutator, short circuiting and interruption change
as often as the direction of the current in the machine; by the use of two circuits
which are separately and alternately shunted a continuous magnetisation can also
be effected by this means.
The construction of the commutator is seen at Fig. 9;
it is divided in its width into three parts, of which the middle one contains as
many insulated sectors S as there are magnetic poles, while the other parts form
uninterrupted contact rings. A brush b, slides on one ring (r, or r₁) that is to say,
at one end of the electro-magnet coils, while the other brush b₂ must alternately
touch S, and S₂, that is, first the one end and then the other end of the coils. The
contact brushes are consequently also displaced relatively to each other in the axial
direction, and only that which slides on sectors causes the interruption and the
short circuit, while the other continually makes contact. The passage of the
particular brush from sector to sector always takes place at the moment when the
change of direction of the current takes place in the machine. The sectors
connected to one ring are insulated from those connected to the other ring and from
the shaft of the machine. Consequently the communication between the contact
brushes is at one time short circuited, and at another time it is formed by the coils
of the electro-magnets. The branch current and with it the magnetic intensity of
the poles can be regulated by means of the variable resistance w₁, or, in order to
utilise the current energy more economically there may be introduced any constant
useful resistance in place of w₁.
3, The above described two arrangements can also be combined in one machine
for the purpose of effecting thereby an automatic regulation of the intensity of the
current. This method is particularly suited for the case when the machine has to
work incandescent lamps in parallel arc.. In Fig 12 the electro-magnet has two
coils forming separate circuits, of which each one terminates in a special com
mutator (according to constructions 1 and 2). The alternating current passes,
according to the second method, through the commutator C periodically short
circuited, and, after being thereby made of uniform direction, through the coil u
before passing to the point where it operates; on the other hand, another weaker
shunt current is separated from the same alternating current, which, according to
the first method forms circuit with the lamp resistances. This current passes in
uniform direction through the commutator C¹ into the thinner coil u₁ of the electro
magnets. The independent currents circulating through the two coils have always
opposite directions, consequently only the difference of the two is available for
exciting the electro-magnets, but as with the increase of the resistances in the outer
circuit (ie. when certain lamps are cut off) the stronger of the two currents will
be weakened, while the weaker one will be strengthened, the magnetic intensity of
the poles will consequently increase or decrease in the same proportion as the
number of lamps in the circuit increases or decreases.
Thus the correct determination of the resistances will cause the working current
by the above automatic regulation of the magnetic intensity, always to be
maintained at the particular strength which corresponds to the number of lamps
in operation at one time. This method of regulation can also be effected when the
magnetising coil. u receives a constant current from an external source, as, for
instance, from a dynamo machine, while the shunt current in the reverse coil,
which is made of uniform direction by the commutator C" and is arranged parallel
to the working resistances, serves for weakening and consequently regulating the
magnetic intensity... For this purpose, as also for all cases where, the magnetic
excitement is to be effected by external sources, the commutators (Figs 8 and 9).
are so constructed that, with suitable copper brushes, an external current can be
led through the contact rings r, and r, to the electro-magnets. By the variable

page_text: nature of the shunt current, an automatic regulation of the magnetic intensity and
consequently also of the intensity of the current will be effected in consequence of
the dependence of the shunt current on the working resistances; and this is of
particular importance for working incandescent lamps in parallel arc.
The self magnetising of the machine can also be effected by causing the current
of one bobbin, or, for larger machines, of two bobbins that are entirely separated
from the others, to pass to the commutator for uniformly directing and
magnetising the inner rotating magnets. By this me..ns, a machine working with
self excitement as above described, can be made to supply currents simultaneously
and of different intensity, to arc lights and incandescent lights.
Having thus described the nature of this invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed as communicated to me by my correspondent, I claim :-
First Constructing cylindrically curved sector bobbins of thin ribbed zig-zag
shaped cast iron cores fitted with wood blocks and with sheet metal guards for
enabling them to receive the induction coils; also, the construction of an induction
cylinder of such sector bobbins which are connected either parallel or in sequence.
Second. Coiling on the said bobbins insulated copper wire in such manner that
the wire mass is arranged between the curved guard plates as cylinder sectors next
the magnet poles.
Third. The use of wood rings, arranged on the induction cylinder both at the
ends and in positions corresponding with the wood filling of the bobbin cores,
which rings serve to confine the iron wire coils or rings of thin iron, and also to
effect the securing of the drum and as insulated conduit for the ends of the
induction coil wires.
.
Fourth. Securing and fixing the sector bobbins by auxiliary plates, arranged in
broad perforated pieces on both sides and on both surfaces of the bobbin and in
single narrow strips on the concave bobbin surface, separated from each other. All
these plates form pieces which do not extend beyond the width of a bobbin surface
and are not in conducting connection with each other, by which means, as also by
their perforated condition, the generation of induction currents therein is
prevented.
Fifth. Connecting the said metal strips and guard plates on the one hand to the
bobbin cores and on the other hand to the wood blocks between the bobbins in
such manner that the vibration of the plates and consequently the unpleasant
humming of the machine is prevented.
Sixth. Connecting the sector bobbins to iron bearers, by securing the wood
filling of the bobbin cores or the wood cores by the mediation of the wood rings
to the bearers, and the securing in this manner of the bobbin cylinder to the
framing.
Seventh: The described construction of à commutator and its application for the
purpose of turning into the same direction a branch current, such commutator
consisting of contact sectors that are combined to one piece by a ring in two
insulated systems, and of intermediate sectors which, at the moment of changing
current, cause a short interruption of the shunt circuit passing from brush to brush,
and the peculiar connection of these intermediate sectors to three metal rings
insulated from each other, they being, for this purpose, screwed alternately to the
two outer rings or the inner ring.
Eighth. The described construction of a short circuit commutator for the purpose
of leading the reversed current in the same direction intermittently into the electro-
magnets, and of employing it for their exitation, in such manner that the one
brush slides on an uninterrupted contact ring of the commutator while the other
brush slides on that portion of the circumference which is divided into as many
sectors as there are magnet poles.
Ninth. The combined use of the methods described for changing reversed
currents continuously or intermittently into the same direction, on the one hand in
the shunt from the working resistances, on the other hand in a part of the main
circuit, for the purpose of causing two independent currents, which have been

page_text: turned into the same direction in different ways and by different commutators, and
which are dependent upon different conditions, to flow through two separate coils
of one and the same electro-magnet in contrary directions, so that only their
difference is operative in exitement of the magnets; also, the described use of the
method of exitement for automatically regulating the magnetic intensity, and
thereby also the strength of the current, according to the number of the incandescent
lamps in parallel arc in the circuit.
Tenth. The method of turning reversed currents in the same direction in a shunt
from the working resistances consisting :-
-
a, In the use of the part current turned into the same direction in the shunt,
the main use of which is for exciting the magnets.
b, In the described method of turning into the same direction, periodically and
intermittently, reversed currents in one part of their external circuit by causing
only currents of the same direction to pass through the commutator and electro-
magnets, while the currents of opposite direction are passed on without interruption
by the short circuiting.
c, In the use of a shunt circuit which is arranged parallel to the part of the
external circuit referred to at b, where the periodical short circuiting takes place,
for the purpose of causing only a corresponding partial current to be intermittently
commuted, while the other part flows on uninterruptedly externally to the magnet
coils. The regulation of the magnetising current and consequently of the magnetic
intensity is effected in the shunt circuit by alteration of the resistances.
In Witness whereof, I, the said Friedrich Carl Glaser have hereunto set my
hand and seal this fifteenth day of March in the year of our Lord,. one
thousand, eight hundred and eighty three.
TATRADTAT
213T
Ax