IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES AND BOILERS, AND IN MACHINERY CONNECTED THEREWITH
Year: 1846

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, THOMAS
CRADDOCK, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Engineer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal, of the. United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing.date at Westminster, the Third day of December,
in the tenth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said Thomas Craddock, my exors, adñors, and
assigns, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I,
the said Thomas Craddock, my exors, adiñors, and assigns, or such others as
I, the said Thomas Craddock, my exors, adññors, and assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times during the
term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick upon Tweed,
and in the Islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, and also in
all Her said Majesty's, Colonies and Plantations abroad, my Invention of
IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES AND BOILERS, AND IN MACHINERY CONNECTED
THEREWITH;" in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso that I, the said
Thomas Craddock, should cause a particular description of the nature of my
said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instru-
ment in writing under my hand and seal, to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's
High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the
same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.

page_text: outwards sufficiently far to support also the brickwork f, in which the boiler is
set. The boiler is composed of a number of vertical water tubes c, c, c, which
are uniformly curved as shewn, in order to allow for the effects of expansion and
contraction, and arranged in a quadrangular form round the furnace, which is
fed from the top. These tubes are inserted at top and bottom into wrought
iron plates a, a, a, a, and secured by ferules d, d, in the same way as in the
ordinary locomotive engine, and after they have been thus fixed in their places
they are closed in at top by a hollow rectangular chamber b, b, and at bottom
by another similar chamber 6, 6, which chambers are bolted or screwed on to
the plates a, a, and have curved channels c', c', running along their edges, as
shewn in the cross section, Figure 7, so that there may be a free intercommuni-
cation between the whole series of pipes both longitudinally and transversely.
The fire grating h, h, is made in two parts (see Figure 6), which turn on hinges
at their outer ends, so that they may be let down occasionally to allow of the
escape of any clinkers or unconsumed matters which may happen to accumulate
on the grating.
The floor plate of the boiler is open in the part immediately beneath the
grating, and the free space left below the floor plate by the height of the
standards i, i, i, serves for the ash pit. Underneath the grating, and resting
against the boiler tubes, there are inclined plates,, placed, down, which the
ashes are deflected into the ash pit as they are formed, so as not to interfere at
any time with the inflow of air to the furnace. Strips of cast iron d³, ², are
inserted in the spaces between the tubes as high up as the dotted line e; e,
(Figure 1, Sheet I.); but above that line they are left open for the flame and
heated vapors to circulate amongst them previous, to their escaping into the
chimney by the flue g, which is made in the brickwork, and passes all round
and over the boiler. At the ends of the bottom case b¹ there are caps screwed
on, which can be taken off at pleasure, in order to remove any refuse matters
which may collect there.
-
The steam is generated in such boilers with perfect safety, the whole of the
parts being of small sectional area. It is demonstrable that on multiplying the
pressure of the steam even at one hundred pounds on the square inch into the
surface on which it acts with a straining or bursting tendency, the force is
vastly less than in low pressure boilers of the common kind with a pressure of
no more than ten or twelve pounds to the inch.

page_text: uniform emission of steam, and thus give steadiness to the engine, economize
fuel, and avoid unnecessary strain upon the boiler, I employ an apparatus of
the description represented in Figure 4, Sheet I. t is an air vessel, and u a
small cylinder beside it, fitted with a piston, which is attached by a chain v to
a cross lever w, which is attached by a chain v to a cross lever w, which is con-
nected by another short chain to the damper. is a tap, which commands the
passage into the air cylinder t; and s, another tap, attached to a pipe which
leads into the top of the small cylinder u above the piston. 1 is a pipe which
leads from the boiler to the two taps and s. The action is as follows:-The
tapis left open by the engineer until the pressure in the boiler has attained
to the proper working point, in doing which it forces water (cold) from the
boiler into the air vessel t, so as to compress the air in that vessel until it attains
a pressure equal to that of the steam. The tap is then closed and the tap s
opened, so that while matters are in that state no action can take place between
the steam in the boiler and the compressed air in the vessel t, except through
the medium of the piston of the small cylinder 2. As_soon therefore as any
slight encrease of pressure in the boiler arises, it produces a corresponding
depression of the piston in 2, which pulls down the chain vand lever w, and
thereby closes the damper, which lowers the pressure of the steam in the boiler
to the working standard, and when that takes place the preponderating
pressure of the compressed air in the vessel t forces the piston of u up again,
and therewith the chain and lever w, which opens the damper. The water
introduced to the cylinder u being cold allows of a leather piston being used,
the friction attending which is small and uniform.
THE STEAM CHEST.
The steam chest is placed within the chimney, and is of small transverse
diameter, but lengthened in one direction. The steam enters through the
pipe, and is conveyed thence to the engine by a pipe m, the mouth of which
is carried to near the top of the chest, so that any water which may come along
with the steam may fall by its own gravity down to the bottom of the chest.
My improvements under this head have relation to the system of con-
lensation, for which I obtained former Letters Patent for England, of date
the Sixteenth March, One thousand eight hundred and forty, and consist in

page_text: certain new arrangements for the better carrying of that system into effect.
According to this system the steam is introduced into a multitude of revolving
tubes of small diameter, and the condensation is effected by external appli-
cation of cold air or water to these tubes, and by the assistance given to the
cooling process by the rotatory or other motion of the tubes. Figure 5,
Sheet I., is a sectional elevation of my condenser as I now construct it; and
Figure 9, an external elevation of the same. Figures 18, 14, and 15,
Sheet VI., are separate views on an enlarged scale of the different parts.
The body of the condenser is of a circular form, and composed of a number
of small tubes ff, all uniformly curved, as shewn in Figure 5, Sheet I., and
separately in Figure 13, Sheet VI., in order to provide against the effects of
expansion and contraction, and inserted at top and bottom into hollow
arms e, e, and 9,9, which radiate from a hollow central shaft j, on which the
condenser is made to revolve or otherwise move, as afterwards explained. The
exhaust pipe a of the large or low pressure cylinder a conveys the steam to
a receiver c on the top of the condenser, to which it is connected by a joint b,
as shewn separately on an enlarged scale in Figure 15, Sheet VI.
From the steam passes off through diverging pipes d, d, into the radial
arms e, c, and thence into the small pipes f, f, where it becomes condensed.
The water of condensation collects in the under radial arins g, g, and passes
thence into a ring h, h, from which it is conveyed away by pipes i, i, (sce
Figure 14,) into a central annular chamber 1, 1, from which there are openings
at t, t, into the central hollow shaft j. From the water passes into another
annular chamber b, from which it is conveyed back by the pipe to the air
pump. n, Figure 9, is a mitre wheel keyed to the bottom of the central
shaft j; n', another mitre wheel which works into 2, and is supported by a
bracket m, having at the outer end of its shaft o a pulley n³, which is con-
nected by a baud and pulley p with the axis of the fly wheel. When the
rotary motion given to the condenser by means of these wheels and pulleys is
not considerable, the air pump (which communicates, as before explained with
the condensers through the medium of the parts ², b, r, j, and i, i,) effects as
perfect an exhaustion of the condenser as need be; but when the motion
becomes rapid, centrifugal force is generated, which has a tendency to retain
the water in the circular ring h, and to provide against this the following
contrivance is adopted (for the details of this on an enlarged scale see
Figure 14)-y is a fixed excentric in which the central shaft j revolves; and
is a small horizontal pump, pendant by a link a from the ring h; the excentric
y and pump are connected together by a hollow rod a, which is at one end
attached to the pump bucket e, and at the other to the excentric clip y*, ter-

page_text: minating in a hollow space y³ in the body of that excentric. is an outer
tube which encloses the hollow pump rod a, and communicates by an aperture
at with the hollow rod a. it is a bracket projected from and cast in the
same piece with the annular chamber r, which carries a stuffing box b',
through which the pump rod a passes, and also supports the inner end
of the external tubel; and c is a pipe which leads from the ring h to a
valve d in the head of the pump barrel which opens into the pump bucket c.
The rod x passes through a jointed cross head as before being screwed on to the
excentric clip y, which allows of its accommodating itself to the motion of
the excentric. The mode in which the apparatus operates is as follows:-
As the condenser revolves the water is ejected by the centrifugal force from
the ring through the pipe c into the barrel of the pump, whence by the
action of the pump rod, it is drawn inwards till both the inner rod a and
external rod 1, and also the hollow space in the excentric y, are filled, and
when by the continuing action of the excentric on the pump rod a more water
is drawn in, room is made for it by the escape of a corresponding quantity
from the hollow in the excentric through the pipe f, which carries it back to
the boiler. An unceasing flow of water being thus kept up from the ring g,
and all ingress of air excluded, the retaining tendency of the centrifugal motion
is thus completely neutralized.
The manner in which the tubes of the condenser are secured at their ends
into the radial arms e, e, and 9,9, is peculiar. The holes are made in the arms
at casting, and afterwards drilled out and 'tinned. The tubes are also formed
at each end, and are secured in the manner shewn at b, b, in Figure 13, that
is, with a bulge on the inside, and a turn over or burr on the outside. When
each arm has had all its tubes thus let in, it is dipped into a vessel of melted
tin, by which every joint is made perfectly air-tight and durable. Any strain
which might arise from contraction or expansion is prevented by the curved
form given to the pipes.
Some other minor details connected with the condenser and anti-centrifugal
pump will be found given in the Drawings, Figures 13, 14, and 15, Sheet VI.,
and.may here be briefly described.
And first, as regards the revolving joint b, which connects the exhaust pipe a
with the receiver c at the top of the condenser, the following particulars are
observable-To its bottom flange there is screwed a circular crutch &, within
which there is a second crutch b, upon the inner step of which the brasses u, v,
washer (of vulcanized caoutchouc) w, and coiled spring cc, rest.
The two outer steps of the crutches are connected together by binding
screws, so that in proportion as these screws are tightened, the under step of

page_text: the crutch bis pressed up against the spring a. The moving parts are lubri-
cated from an oil cup c, the pipe of which is carried through the solid of the
turned down end of the exhaust pipe a, and which of course is stationary.
The radial arms g,g, at the bottom of the condenser are screwed at 4; 9;
into a solid piece p & o, fixed to the central shaft j, out of which piece the
annular chamber before mentioned is cut. The excentric y is bolted to the
solid piece f, which is bored out to receive the central shaft. c, c', is a ring
which revolves within the excentric, and moves on the top surface of a solid
brass. bush b', which is also, bored out to receive the shaft j. A washer of
vulcanized caoutchouc is let into a recess c¹ in the ring c. The mitre wheel
nis secured to the shaft y by a fast key, which allows of its being moved up
and down by means of the screw nut h. The brasses g¹ have a vulcanized
caoutchouc washer interposed between them, and are kept up to their places
by a coiled spring 82. J is the step and false toe of the bottom of the shaft,
and h¹ is a nut, that screws on to the brass h², and by which the entire shaft
can be raised or lowered as much as may be required. o, o, is the foundation
In Figure 3, p is the air pump, which is worked by means of the connecting
rod h, before mentioned as being carried from the cross head & of the con-
necting rod of the small high pressure cylinder. The pump is double acting,
and so constructed that all the valves are at the top of the pump, and kept
constantly sealed by water, so that the external air can have no access into the
iuterior of the pump. The details of this construction are shewn in Figures 8,
9, 10, and 11 of Sheet VI. In Figure 9 the front part is supposed to be
removed. In Figure 8, a¹ is a plate which screws on to the face a of Figure 11,
having two parts and e, which correspond with the apertures j and k. bis
a flange cast on the pump barrel, which supports a cistern 9 (Figure 3), which
rises above the level of the valves and gland, and is kept constantly filled by
water discharged from the pump, so that no air can find its way into the pump.
d, d, are receiving valves. e is a pipe which leads from the condenser into the
chamber underneath these valves, and is common to both, though the valves
themselves are divided by a bridge g. c, c,. are the delivery valves, the seats of
which are screwed on with the bridge g and flanges i, i. The pump when in
use is always filled with water at the bottom to a height a little way above the,
opening into the passage j, so that the piston in its descent always dips into
the water before it comes to the end of its stroke, and drives that water with
the air before it up the passage j, .whence they are discharged through the

page_text: The construction of these valves is represented in Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
of Sheet VI. of the Drawings annexed. Figure 1 is a plan of the steam ports.
a is the port which communicates with the boiler through the induction pipe a².
b and c are the ports which lead to the small or high pressure cylinder, the
former (b) communicating with it at the top, and the latter (c) at the bottom.
d and e are the ports leading to the large or low pressure cylinder, & leading
'to the bottom of the cylinder, and e to the top. f is the exhaust port, and f¹ the
exhaust pipe. Figure 2 is a section on the line B of Figure 1.
Figure 3 is a section on the line C, and Figure 4 is a section on the
line A, A, of Figure 3. Figure 5 is a plan of the face of the valve. When
the valve is in the position shewn in Figure 8, the steam passes from the
bottom of the small cylinder through the passage h into the top of the large
cylinder, while at the same time the steam from the bottom of the large
cylinder flows through f to the condenser. Figure 2 shows how the steami
passes from the upper port c of the small cylinder (through the passage c¹, c¹,)
to the lower port d of the large cylinder. When the port (h), (Figure 5,) is
over the ports e and c the steam passes from the bottom of the small cylinder
to the top of the large one, while the port ; rests on the dead face 7 (Figures 1
and 2), and the port i embraces the ports d and f. And when the steam
passes out of the lower part of the large cylinder through the passages d and f
to the condenser, the port k embraces at the same time the ports a and b of
the small cylinder, thereby allowing the steam from the boiler to pass into the
top of the small cylinder. On reversing the valve a reverse action ensues.
Secondly, my Invention consists of an adaptation by suitable modifications
of the engine and its appendages decsribed under the preceding head of this
Specification to the working by direct action of screw and other submarine
propellers. The Drawing on Sheet No II. represent all the essential pecu-
liarities of this adaptation. Figure 1 is a longitudinal section of a pair of twin
engines, boiler, furnace, and condenser (the whole of which are here placed on
the same level); Figure 2, a transverse section of the engines on the line c*, d²;
Figure 3, a plan of the engines, boiler, furnace, and condenser; and Figure 4,
an end elevation of the boiler and furnace.

page_text: THE VALVES.
a is
In this adaptation the valves h, h, are made without any steam box, in order
that they may at all times be more ready of accoss, and that the back pressure
requisite to keep them to their faces may be conveniently applied without any
unnecessary strain on the valve rods. The form of their construction is repre-
sented separately on an enlarged scale in Figures 6 and 7 of Sheet VI.
the port through which the steam enters from the boiler. .b, b, are passages,
which lead to or from the top of the high pressure cylinder; and c, c, passages
which lead to the bottom of it. k is the hollow in the valve face, which, as it
is. moved up and down, covers alternately the passage a and b, and a and c.
h is the passage through which the steam passes from the top of the high
pressure cylinder to the top of the low pressure cylinder; and ;, the passage
which on the hollow being moved over a and b communicates with c. The
valve face is held to its place by screws 8, 8, s,' s, (Figure 3,) which pass through
arms or brackets attached to the cylinders, and press a spring bar at the back
of the valve face. A valve of this form adapted to single cylinder engines is
represented in Fig. A of Sheet VI. a is the steam port, and f the exhaust
branch; c is a steam passage communicating with the bottom of the cylinder;
g is the slide valve. When the valve is in the position shown, the steam
passes from the boiler through the steam port a and the passage b to the top
of the cylinder, while the lower part of the cylinder is in communication with
the exhaust pipe f, and the passage c with the steam port a.
Thirdly, my Invention consists of an oscillating engine on the twin cylinder
high pressure expanding and condensing system, as first herein-before exempli-
fied. The Drawings on Sheet III. shew a pair of engines of this sort as pro-
posed to be applied on board ship to the working of paddle wheels. Figure 1
is a longitudinal section of the engines, and Figure 2 a transverse clevation of
the engines and wheels. à and a' are the high pressure and low pressure
cylinders (an elevation of which is given separately in Figure 3), which are
here fixed in an inverted position, that is to say, they are placed in a position
the reverse of that represented in the first arrangement herein-before described,
but at the same angle in respect to one another and to the working shaft.
b, b', are the two piston rods. 6' is connected directly with the crank shaft,
whilst is connected to the same pin through the medium of a link c.
d, d, and e, e, are guide bars and brasses. In the transverse view, Figure 2,

page_text: the two low pressure cylinders a, a, are those seen; the high pressure ones
are supposed to be immediately behind. e, e, are the eccentric rods, which
work the valves attached to each engine (the space between these rods is set
apart for the air pump). f is the steam induction pipe, which communicates
through the passages in the trunnions g, g, with the two high pressure cylinders."
h, h, are exhaust pipes, into which the expanded steam passes through passages
in the trunnions i, i, and thence to the condenser. The steam valve in this
arrangement is made without any box, as shewn in Figure 3 and before
described. The steam enters from the boiler by the passage j into the port k,
from which it passes alternately through the port to the top of the high
pressure cylinder, and through the port m to the bottom thereof, whilst the
exhaust steam from the top of the high pressure cylinder passes out at 7, and
enters the bottom of the low pressure cylinder at n (the valve being, as before
mentioned, so constructed as to allow the steam to pass across the bridge of
metal between and n), whilst the steam from the bottom of the high pressure
cylinder passes out through m, and enters the top of the low pressure cylinder
through the port o, p being the exhaust port of the low pressure cylinder to
which the valve is adapted. 7 is the branch pipe leading off to the condenser.
Or instead of a valve of the preceding description; one may be employed
enclosed in a box as usual, but with the ports so arranged as to make each
valve serve at once as passages to the cylinders and as communications between
them. The details of a valve of this construction are shewn separately in the
Drawings, Figures 1 to 7, both inclusive, of Sheet VII. Figure 1 is a
sectional plan on the line F. Figure 2 represents the face of the valve when
used in conjunction with an expansion valve s, placed on the high pressure
side, the operation of which is afterwards explained. Figure 3 shews the face
of the valve when the expansion valve s is not used. Figure 4 is a section
of the valve and low pressure cylinder on the line C. Figure 5 is a section of
the valve and high pressure cylinder on the line B, supposing the expansion
valves to be used. Figure 6 is another section of the valve and high pressure
cylinder on the line B, shewing the positions of the parts when the expansion
valve s is not used.. Figure 7 is a transverse section, shewing the expansion
valve s, the opening into the passage t, the hollow k on the high pressure
side of the valve, and a passage q, which leads from the hollow k into the
passage t¹ (see Figure 4) on the low pressure side of the valve. In this Figure
is also shewn a hollow i, i, ou the valve face. The dotted lines and figures in
Figure 1 are intended to represent the cylinder face and the valve. Figure 2
is supposed to be placed over it, but with the back removed, so that the parts
may be seen through it. 6 is the port leading to the top of the high pressure

page_text: cylinder, and c the port leading to the bottom of the high pressure cylinder.
d is the port going to the bottom of the low pressure cylinder. 7 is the dead
face covering the port J on the face of the valve. In the position in which
the valve is here shewn (Figure 1), the hollow h, k, on the high pressure side
of the valve is supposed to be covering c, and the steam from the lower part of
the high pressure cylinder to which it leads is supposed to be rushing in the
direction indicated by the arrows through the passages 9 and t, and port h,
into the top of the low pressure cylinder, whilst at the same time the steam
from the bottom of the low pressure cylinder is passing out to the condenser
through d and f, and the hollow in the valve face i, i. On the valve being
reversed, a reverse action of course takes place. The hollow k, k, then encloses
b, and the other hollow i, i, encloses f and e, and the steam passes from the top
of the high pressure cylinder through 7 into the passage t¹ (Figure 4), and
downward through J (which is then brought over the port a) to the bottom of
the low pressure cylinder, while at the same time the steam from the boiler
passing in through c is entering the bottom of the high pressure cylinder.
The expansion valve s is connected to a separate eccentric, which is fixed at
any desired angle in advance of the excentric which works the steam valve, so
that as the expansion valve travels upon the steam valve, which is also in
motion, the steam is cut off at any desired part of the stroke. When it is not
desired to cut off the steam ou its entering into the first cylinder, the expansion
valves and opening r, together with the passage t, on the high pressure side of
the valve are dispensed with, as shown in Figures 3 and 6. u represents the
steam pipe coming from the boiler, and w the valve box. The engines, instead
of being arranged in the manner represented in Figures 1, 2, and 3, and before
described, may be arranged according to either of the modifications shewn in
Figures 4 and 5, and best of all, perhaps, according to Figure 5. In both
these modifications two connecting links are used instead of one, as in the pre-
ceding case; but in one (Figure 4) they connect up to the crank pin d, while
in the other they connect down, and the effect of this difference of arrangement
is remarkable. For though in all the three arrangements the cranks are of
the same length, yet the length of stroke is different in cach. In each of the
Figures 4 and 5, h represents the crank, and d the crank pin when at the top
of its stroke; d', the position of the crank pin when at the bottom of its
stroke; and ff, the angles which the connecting links assume in regard to
the pistons at the top and bottom of the stroke. By comparing the positions
in the one Figure with the like positions in the other, it will be seen that in
Figure 5 there are two inches more obtained for the stroke of each piston than
would be obtainable from a crank of the same length under ordinary circum-

page_text: stances; while at the same time the crank pin is not brought closer down to
the cylinders than is convenient for clearance, and the whole of the arrange-
ments are brought within the smallest possible space. The boiler and furnace,
the condenser and the air pump, in this arrangement, are all on the same plans
as those before described.
'
Fourthly, my Invention consists of an adaptation of the twin cylinder high
pressure expansive and condensing steam engine to the propulsion of carriages
on railways, as exemplified in Sheet IV. Figure 1 is a longitudinal elevation
of a railway locomotive on this system; Figure 2, a sectional plan of the
same; and Figure 3, an end view. a, a, are two boilers and furnaces, which
are arranged precisely in the same way as in the arrangement described under
the second head of this Specification, with the exception that the furnaces are
fed through doors in the top, one of which opens over each fire-grate, as shewn
in Figure 4. A footway b², protected by a railing a², extends all round the
engine, and enables the stoker to obtain ready access to the fire doors, as also
the engineer to pass to any part of the engine. The two boilers and furnaces
are divided by the hind axle b, and are necessarily of unequal lengths. z,,,
are flues through which the heated vapours and smoke pass in their way to the
enlarged flues c, c, which terminate in the funnels d, d, as in the marine boiler
described under the second head of this Specification. m and m¹ are two
steam chests placed within the funnels, from the top of which pipes convey' the
steam as usual to the cylinders. Those parts of the boiler which do not come
in contact with the heated air and vapours passing off to the chimnies have a
casing of sheet iron, between which and the tubes there is some non-conduct-
ing substance introduced, such as charcoal dust, sand, or sawdust.
c and c¹
are the high and low pressure cylinders, which work out at opposite ends, the
piston of the high pressure cylinder being connected by the rod d to the pin of
the crank ou the hind wheel, and the piston of the low pressure cylinder being
connected by the rod e to the pin of the crank on the front wheel. g and g¹
are the eccentrics which are attached to the axes of the front driving wheel,
and work on to a small shaft h. Motion is given from these eccentrics through
the medium of the levers i and j, and rod k, to the valves, which are of the
kind without any steam box before described. 1, 1, represent the exhaust pipe,
which conducts the used steam to the condenser C, which is mounted on the
front part of-the engine, and steadied by a stay passed from the front funnel
to the top of the condenser shaft. The construction of this condenser is the
same in all respects with that first herein-before described, excepting only that
the steam is introduced into the shaft at the bottom instead of the top. The
alterations required by this modification of the apparatus are shewn separately

page_text: on an enlarged scale in Figure 16, Sheet VI. The exhaust 7 is screwed on to
a receiver n³, which surrounds the central shaft j, from which receiver the
steam enters by slots 0, 0, 0, into the interior of the shaft j. The steam then
ascends the shaftj to a receiver c (Figures 5 and 9, Sheet I.) at the top, whenco
it is transmitted by diverging pipes d, d, to radial arms e, e, which distribute it
among the condensing pipes f, from which the water of condensation descends
into a second set of radial arms g, g, and thence into a ring h; the arrange-
ments so far, from c downwards, being all exactly the same as in the condenser
first before described. From the ring the water of condensation is conducted
by pipes i, i, into a hollow ring 2, which encircles the. shaft and revolves along
with the condenser, from which ring it descends into a stationary annular
chamber t, through passages 1, 1, which are encircled by the ring g'. From t
the water is carried off by a pipe v, v, to the air pump. The rings, ³,
revolve on the top surface of the chamber t, and are packed by a washer of
vulcanized caoutchouc let into the recesses 1', 1'. The condenser, air pump, and
boiler pump are worked by a small auxiliary engine n, independently of the
main engine, and placed in the rear of the locomotive, as shewn in Figures 1, 2,
and 3. o is a small crank shaft, to which is coupled at o' the bearing to which
the connecting rods n², ², of the cylinders n, n, of the small engine are
attached. 2, 2, are two rods which spring from the ends p, p, of the shaft o,
and taking hold of the cross head r, work the air pump s. s¹ is the pipe which
connects the air pump with the condenser, as already explained, being carried
between the boiler and the side of the frame along the part marked t, t. u is
a shaft on the side of the locomotive opposite to t, t, which is made to revolvo
by means of two friction pulleys w¹, w³, one of which (w¹) is worked by the
small engine, and brought into frictional contact with w³, by means of the
compound lever a, a, a, which is acted upon by the engine driver, through the
winch on the screwed rod of the spring balance y. The rotation of the shaft u
gives motion to two sets of mitre wheels v¹, ³, and thus gives motion to the
condenser. The engineer can thus regulate at pleasure the degree of speed to
be given to the condenser, and may ascertain by the spring balance the exact
power required to give any degree of speed to it.
Fifthly, my Invention consists in the adaptation of the angular twin cylinder
arrangement, described under the first head of this Specification, to railway
locomotives, in the manner exemplified in Figure 5, Sheet IV. The two
pistons in this arrangement being attached to one crank pin, it can be readily
applied to locomotives with single driving wheels, as at present. The other
parts are in all respects similar to those of the engine described under the first
head of this Specification, with the exception that the cylinders are set hori-

page_text: zontally instead of vertically, and therefore need not be here particularly
described.
Sixthly, my Invention consists of a twin cylinder high pressure expansion
and condensing engine, represented in Sheet V. of the Drawings annexed, in
which the cylinders are inverted, as in the arrangement first herein described,
but are set parallel to one another, and their piston rods are connected to
different cranks. Figure 1 is a front elevation of an engine on this plan;
Figure 2, a sectional clevation; and Figure 3, a side elevation. a and a¹, are
the two cylinders; band b', the piston rods; c and c', connecting rods; and
d and d, the cranks, between which is placed one of the plumber blocks (e), the
other being placed on the off side of the crank d. is the excentric; m³, a
rod which gives motion to the weigh shaft, and through it, to the lever j, which
works the boiler pump i. is another lever on the weigh shaft k', which gives
motion to the steam valve h, which is of the kind before described, which is
without any steam box. o is the rod which communicates motion to the air
pump, which
constructed in the same way as in the arrangement first hercin-
before described. ³ is the pipe which connects the air pump with the condenser,
which may be of either of the forms before described. m' is the pipe leading
to the steam chest; and a¹ is the pipe leading from the low pressure cylinder to
the condenser.
Sevently, my Invention consists of an improved steam guage represented
in Figure 8, Shect, VII of the Drawings annexed. The object which I have
here aimed at has been to obviate the inconvenience attending the very minute
and scarce readable subdivisions in the compressed air steam guages, when such
guages are employed to ascertain high degrees of pressure, say from one
hundred to one hundred and fifty degrees, and upwards. The improvement
consists in the bore or area of the tube upwards being diminished in a ratio
proportionate to the encrease in the compression of the air in the bulb at top, so
that the volume of air displaced by the mercury in rising through any given
distance, say an 'inch, shall be as nearly uniform as possible. The figures on the
left-hand side indicate the pressure of steam in pounds, and those on the right-
hand side the corresponding degrees of temperature.
And, eighthly, my invention consists in an improved stop-off steam valve, of
which a sectional elevation' and plan are given in Figures 17 and 18, Sheet VI.,
of the Drawings annexed. A is the valve; a, the inlet passage for the steam;
, the exit passage. is the valve spindle, which passes up through a pipo da
in the centre of and cast with the valve box, and is secured at top by a screw
cape, and fa is the valve face, which is made with three apertures, so arranged

page_text: that until they all coincide more or less with the parts of the valve, no escape
of steam can take place.
And having now described the different improvements constituting my said
Invention, I may observe generally of the double or twin cylinders, which form
an essential feature of each of the said improvements, that they may be either
made separately or cast in one piece, but that I prefer having them cast in one
piece. And I declare that what I claim is as follows:-
First, I claim the double cylinder high pressure expansion and condensing
steam engine with its various appendages, described under the first head of this
Specification in the general combination and arrangement of parts of which the
same consists, whereby high pressure steam is worked expansively, in conjunction
with a vacuum and the condensation of the exhaust steam, by the external appli-
cation of the atmosphere to the condenser, and the retention of the water of con-
densation and other advantages are secured; that is to say, in so far as regards the
angular set given to the double cylinders, and the connecting of them to one
crank pin, the boiler and furnace, the damper or steam supply regulating
apparatus, the steam chest, the condenser (which may be cooled by water in
some cases instead of the atmosphere), the air pump, and the steam valves.
Second, I claim the mode or system of working high pressure steam expan-
sively in conjunction with a vacuum, and the condensation of the exhaust
steam and retention of the water of condensation by the external application
of the atmosphere to the condenser, whether carried out according to any of
the particular arrangements described in this Specification or by any other
equivalent arrangement.
.
Third, I claim, in relation to all that class of high pressure engines in which
steam of a high pressure is used in one small cylinder and then expanded into
a second and larger cylinder, the setting of the cylinders at an angle and con-
necting them to oue crank pin, as before described, whether combined or not
combined with my other improvements, all or any of them, and in whatever
position the said cylinders may be fixed in other respects, as horizontally, verti-
cally, or obliquely.
Fourth, I claim the arrangement of the tubes of tubular boilers in quad-
rangular sets with the furnace in the interior area, and also the uniform curvature
given to them, both as exemplified under the first and other heads of this
Specification.
Fifth, I claim the damper or steam supply regulating apparatus, as before
described, whether applied to my angularly set double cylinder engines or to
engines and boilers of ally other description.

page_text: Sixth, I claim thei condenser before described in the improved formation,
combination, and arrangement of parts of which the same consists;--that is to
say, in so far as regards the uniform curvature given to the pipes, in conjunction
with the mode of securing the joints of the same; the small pump and other
appliances employed to. neutralize the tendency of the centrifugal action, and
the mode of securing the joints of the moving parts: to whatever, engines or
purposes such condenser and the said peculiar parts thereof may be applied.
Seventh, I claim the improved. air pump before described, to whatever engine
or purpose the same may be employed.
Eighth Inclaim the steam valves, without steam boxes, described under the
first and secondheads of this Specification, in their application, to engines of
every description.
Ninth, Iy claim, the adaptation of angularly set double cylinder engines.of-the
high pressure class, specified in my second claim, to screw.and other submarine
propellers in the manner exemplified under the second, head of this. Specification
and relative Drawings.
Tenth, I claim the employment in steam engines of valves with and without
steam boxes, constructed in the manner described under the third head of this
Specification.
=
Eleventh, I claim the twin cylinder oscillating engine described under the
third head of this Specification in so far as regards the angular set given to the
cylinders, whichever of the three modes of connecting them with the crank pin
there described is adopted, and however the said cylinders may be fixed, whether
horizontally, vertically, or obliquely, and such parts of the arrangements of
the said engine as may be applicable to oscillating engines of any other de-
scription.
Twelfth, I claim the adaptation of double cylinder engines of the class afore-
said attached to separate cranks to railway locomotives in the manner exemplified
and described under the fourth head of this Specification.
Thirteenth, I claim the adaptation of the angularly set double cylinder
engine mentioned in my second claim to railway locomotives, as before <le-
scribed.
Fourteenth, I claim the particular modification of my condenser, whereby the
exhaust steam is admitted at the bottom of it, and it is rendered better adapted
to railway locomotives, as before described.
Fifteenth, I claim the twin cylinder high pressure expansion and condensing
engine described under the sixth head of this Specification in so far as regards
the mode of connecting the piston rods to separate cranks, with a plummer block