IMPROVEMENTS IN PUMPS
Year: 1864

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Daniel Gallafent, of Stepney Causeway, in the
County of Middlesex, Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
PUMPS."
Sealed the 27th December 1864, and dated the 30th June 1864.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Daniel Gallafent at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
30th June 1864.
I, DANIEL GALLAFENT, of Stepney Causeway, in the County of Middlesex,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN PUMPS," to be as follows:-
According to my improvements in pumps I employ a cylinder or barrel of
rather more than double the length of the stroke of the pump; this vessel I
divide transversely by a partition into two chambers, an upper and a lower one,
in each of which there is a piston. The two pistons are fixed on the same
rod, which passes through a stuffing box, or it may be simply a passage in
the partition. The pistons have no valves, and the cylinder may be open both
at top and bottom. The diaphragm or partition above mentioned I form
double, being two discs placed at a sufficient distance apart to permit of the
inlet and outlet of the water between them, the space between the two discs
is divided into two compartments by a vertical partition, that is to say, in the
line of the axis of the barrel. The compartment on the one side is open to
the inlet for the fluid, which is regulated in its admission to the upper

page_text: pump
and lower parts of the pump by two valves exterior of the two discs, and
opening outwards from the inlet compartment, that is to say, into the
or piston chambers, while the other compartment is in communication
with the outlet, and is furnished with two valves placed between the
discs, that is, within the outlet compartment; these valves (one from each
chamber of the pump) both open towards the outlet, and alone permit the
passage of fluid from the pump chambers. Both the pistons of the pump
being on the same rod, if it be reciprocated the one pump chamber will
exhaust and receive the fluid from the inlet valve, while the other will be
expelling the contents at the outlet, and vice versa, so that the pump dis-
charges during both the up and down strokes. Instead of the cylinder being
a continuous piece, as described, it may be two chambers disposed in the same
axial line with the valves, in a separate piece fixed between them (disposed
as above described) and so as to produce the effect desired, the pistons are
fixed on the same rod, which passes through the axis of both cylinders, as
before.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Daniel Gallafent, in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
80th December 1864.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, DANIEL
GALLAFENT, of Stepney Causeway, in the County of Middlesex, Engineer,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Thirtieth day of June, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four, in the twenty-eighth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Daniel Gallafent, Her special licence that I, the said Daniel Gallafent,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
.Daniel Gallafent, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times there-
after during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN PUMPS," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said
Daniel Gallafent, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in
.writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly

page_text: describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the
date of the said Letters Patent..
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Daniel Gallafent, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the fol-
lowing statement, reference being had to the Sheet of Drawings hereunto
annexed, and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say):-
According to my improvements in pumps I employ a cylinder or barrel of
rather more than double the length of the stroke, this barrel I divide trans-
versely by a partition into two chambers, an upper and a lower one, in each
of which there is a piston; or, that is to say, one piston in the upper, and one
in the lower chamber. The two pistons are fixed on the same rod, which
passes through a stuffing box, or it may be simply a passage in the partition.
The pistons have no valves, and the cylinder may be open at both top and
bottom. The diaphragm or partition above mentioned I form double, con-
sisting of two discs placed at a sufficient distance apart to permit of the inlet
and outlet of the water between them, the space between the two discs is
divided into two compartments by a vertical partition, that is to say, in the line
of the axis of the barrel.. The compartment on the one side is open to the inlet
for the fluid, which is regulated in its admission to the upper and lower parts
of the pump by two valves exterior of the two discs, that is to say, opening
outwards from the inlet compartment into the pump or piston chambers, while
the other compartment is in communication with the outlet, and is furnished
with two valves placed between the discs, that is, within the outlet compart-
ment; these valves (one from each chamber of the pump, both open towards
the outlet, and of course permit the passage of fluid from the pump chambers
only. Both the pistons of the pump being on the same rod, if it be reciprocated.
the one pump chamber will exhaust and receive the fluid from the inlet valve,
while the other will be expelling the contents at its outlet valve, and vice versa ;.
thus the pump discharges during both the up and down strokes. Instead of
employing two pistons, there may be one double-acting piston only in the
lower part of the barrel, while the upper part may form an air chamber..
Instead of the cylinder being a continuous piece, as described, it may be two
cylinders, disposed on the same axial line with the valves, together with the
inlet and outlet, in a separate piece fixed between them, or otherwise separated,
but connected so as to produce the effect desired; the pistons are fixed on the
same rod which occupies the axis or centre of both cylinders, as before.

page_text: DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS.
Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, represent several views of pumps constructed
according to my Invention, Fig. 1 being an external view, which is applicable
to and illustrates any of the other Figures, they being almost identical in
external appearance, although differing somewhat in their internal arrangement.
Fig. 2 represents a longitudinal vertical section of the pump. a, a, is the
barrel, which being most adapted for a portable pump, and for the direct
application of hand power, I make of brass tube with a suitable cap 6 and
bottom c; e, f, are the two pistons fixed on the rod d, one in the upper the
other in the lower part of the barrel a, which is separated into two compart-
ments by the double diaphragm g, g, represented in horizontal section at Fig. 6.
The rod d works freely through a hole in the boss of the double diaphragm 9, 9,
but is well fitted, so that no escape or only a very slight escape or passage of
water can take place thereat. A packing may be inserted in the boss if
desired to render it water-tight. The pistons e & fare packed in the usual
manner of pump plungers or pistons, that is to say, with double cup leathers,
or with a hemp gasket, in Fig. 2, the cap 6 with its packet gland h merely
forms a guide for the piston rod d. Holes are made in the cap b and foot c,
for the free inlet and air to the ends of the barrel a, that is to say, above
the piston e and below piston f. The cavity between the discs 9, 9, of the
double diaphragm is divided into two compartments; i, the inlet, and k, the
outlet. The one i drawing the water by a flexible or other pipe from any
suitable source, and the other delivering it by a pipe m at any point
required. If for watering a garden, for instance, or for extinguishing fire, the
pipe m would be furnished with a suitable nozzle for the purpose, as well
understood. Each compartment i, k, has two openings of communication, one
with the lower chamber of the pump and the other with the upper chamber;
these openings are furnished with valves p, p, and q, q; valves p, p, open from
inlet i to the pump chambers, while valves q, q, open from the pump chambers
to the outlet k; r, r, are two foot pieces jointed to c, which can be folded up
to the barrel a when not used, but which in pumping are placed horizontal
under the feet of the operator, as shown dotted in Fig. 1, who works the pump
by the handle t. The diaphragm g, g, is soldered or otherwise fixed in the
pump barrel a in position to coincide with the inlet and outlet junction
pieces u, v, which may also be soldered on outside, or otherwise secured
thereto. The action of the pump is this, when the handle t and rod d are
depressed, the lower piston descends and draws water from the inlet i in the
pump chamber above piston f, while on the return or up stroke the water in

page_text: the lower compartment is prevented (by the valve p) returning where it
entered, and is expelled through valve 9 at the outlet k. Simultaneously with
the action of the lower chamber of the pump, the piston in the upper chamber
operates in like manner, but with this difference, when the lower piston f is
expelling the water, the piston e is drawing in the water from the inlet, and
expels it again during the exhaustion of the lower one, thus delivering a
constant supply at the outlet k.
In Fig. 3, I have represented the pump with one double-acting piston f
instead of the two pistons as before described. The double diaphragm 9, 9,
with the inlet and outlet valves and passages, are as before, but in this case
the rod d is made hollow a part of its length to establish communication
between the lower side of the piston f¹ and the upper side of the diaphragm g, g,
as seen indicated by the arrows. The water passes by holes wat the top of
the tubular part of rod d to a chamber formed by a larger tube x, and divided
from the upper half of the barrel a by such tube x and a diaphragm y, the upper
part of a thus separated forms an air chambers, whereby the delivery of the
water will be rendered more equal than will be the case with a reciprocating
action without such air vessel; this air vessel z is placed in communication
with delivery passage k by passage j, the water has free ingress and egress by
passage to air chamber z, which is closed at top, the air is compressed and
acts as a spring to maintain and equalize the pressure in the delivery pipe m,
as well understood. The action of this pump is otherwise precisely as before
described with reference to Fig. 2. The passage jis seen dotted in the
external view, Fig. 1.
Fig. 4 represents a vertical section of a pump according to my Invention, in
which both the pistons are rendered double acting, whereby double the quantity
of water may be discharged than will be the case with the pump first herein
described. The general arrangement of the pump with the double diaphragm g,g,
and valves is the same as before, but in this case the top and bottom are
closed water-tight. The two pistons e and fare fixed to and connected by two
tubes n, n, the one tube n having its upper end open above piston e, and
with its lower end closed below piston f, but with holes 1, 1, communicating
with the lower pump chamber above piston f. The other tube n¹ has its
lower end open below piston f, but closed at its upper end, except by the
holes 2, 2, opening to the upper pump chamber below piston e. These
tubes n and n¹ pass freely through holes in the double diaphragm (seen in plan
and horizontal section of pump Fig. 7), but fit sufficiently close to prevent the
passage of water from the upper to the lower side of the diaphragm, or vice
versa, as before explained with regard to the piston rod d of Fig. 2. The

page_text: rod d terminates at the upper piston e, but communicates motion to the lower
piston by the tubes n, n¹; on reciprocating motion being given to the
handlet and rod d, as before mentioned, the suction and delivery will proceed
as before explained and as indicated by the arrows, the suction or inflow being
represented by red arrows, and the outlet and discharge by black arrows. The
quantity of water pumped at each stroke will be twice as much as that of
pumps shown at Figs. 2 and 3, by reason of the double action of both the
pistons.
Fig. 5 represents in vertical section a modification of the pump last herein
described, the only difference being, that instead of two tubes n and n', one large
tube nonly is used, but which is divided by a longitudinal central diaphragm,
forming in fact two pipes acting precisely as described with reference to the
foregoing pump Fig. 4. The same letters of reference and numerals are used
in all the Figures where the same parts recur.
Fig. 8 represents a plan of the diaphragm 9, 9, and tube n³ passing through it.
Having described the nature of my Invention and the manner of performing
the same, I declare that what I claim as the Invention to be protected by the
herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is, arranging and constructing
pumps, as herein-before described and represented in the Drawings annexed.
In witness whereof, I, the said Daniel Gallafent, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Thirtieth day of December, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four.
DANIEL GALLAFENT. (LS.)