IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF STEAM VESSELS AND SAILING VESSELS, AND IN THE MEANS AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED FOR LESSENING OR PREVENTING SEA SIOKNESS ON BOARD SUCH VESSELS
Year: 1869

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Henry Bessemer, of Queen Street Place, Cannon
Street, in the City of London, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF STEAM VESSELS AND SAILING VESSELS, AND IN THE
MEANS AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED FOR LESSENING OR PREVENTING SEA
SIOKNESS ON BOARD SUCH VESSELS."
Sealed the 1st March 1870, and dated the 22nd December 1869
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Henry Bessemer at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
22nd December 1869.
I, HENRY BESSEMER, of Queen Street Place, Cannon Street, in the
City of London, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF STEAM VESSELS AND SAILING VESSELS,
AND IN THE MEANS AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED FOR LESSENING OR PREVENTING
SEA SICKNESS ON BOARD SUCH VESSELS," to be as follows:-
These improvements relate chiefly to that class of seagoing vessels
which are employed for the conveyance of passengers, and consists in

page_text: suspending the saloons, cabins, and some other parts of such vessels on
trunnions or pivots placed above their centre of gravity so that the
floors thereof may in consequence retain continuously a horizontal
position or nearly so notwithstanding the rolling or pitching of the vessel
when at sea, the point of suspension being in all cases (by preference)
situated as near as circumstances will permit to the centre of the rolling
and pitching motion of the vessel. The position of this centre of motion
may if required be altered by the shape of the vessel, by the distribution
of the load, and by the depth of immersion.
In carrying my Invention into practical operation I prefer to construct
a saloon or cabin on board such vessels of a hemispherical form having
a flat floor. I construct the saloon by preference of thin steel plates,
with internal T or angle ribs, and I form a large skylight or window at
the upper part having the same general curvature as the rest of the
room. I suspend the saloon at a point central with its circumference,
and by preference at a height varying from one to five feet (more or less
above) the level of the floor. The point of suspension may consist of
two steel hoops, with trunnions at right angles to each other, commonly
known as a universal joint, although neither admitting of rotatory or
vertical motion. The saloon should by preference be situated at or
near the centre of the vessel's length, and at the point of its greatest
midship section. Beneath the saloon I construct a rivetted iron or steel
girder in the form of the letter X, extending across the vessel, and
securely rivetted thereto. This girder rises in each direction at an angle
of about 30 degrees to the point of intersection, where a portion of the
girder is carried vertically upwards, and there serves to support the
trunnion rings on which the saloon is suspended. At the central part
of the saloon floor I form a hollow rivetted metal cone, in the upper
part of which the outer trunnion ring is fitted. This cone extends down-
wards below the floor of the saloon, and is there firmly rivetted to the
ends of several radial beams, which serve to give strength and stability
to the floor of the saloon. Below the X-shaped girder which supports
the saloon there is sufficient space for a large counterweight of iron or
lead to be suspended by vertical rods from the central part of the saloon
floor. This weight is further secured in place by radial tension rods
attached to it, and inclined upwards at their outer ends, which are united
to the floor beams at a point near where they join the hemispherical
shell of the saloon. This counterbalance weight must be made suffi-

page_text: ciently heavy so that it may at all times hang vertically below the trunnion
rings, and thus retain the saloon floor in a horizontal position. Cushioned
seats may be formed entirely around the interior of the saloon, which I
prefer to be from 40 to 60 feet in diameter. A gallery some 7 or 8 feet
above the floor level of the saloon may also be provided with seats or
sleeping berths for the further accomdation of passengers.
To prevent much of the force of the wind on such hemispherical
saloons I prefer that the floors thereof should in large vessels be several
feet below the level of the deck, and I further enclose such parts of the
saloon as come above the deck in a second or outer hemispherical case
or jacket, which rests on and is secured to the deck of the vessel, and
rises several feet above it, a clear space of a few inches being left
between them. So much only of the upper part of the saloon is visible
externally as is occupied by the skylight and a distance beyond it equal
to the range of the outer case, so that the passengers in the saloon
cannot see any part of the skylight obscured by the passage of the
casing over it, and are thereby prevented from observing the rolling or
pitching motion of the vessel by a view of any external objects.
Although I have described a circular saloon it may in some cases be
found preferable to make it of an oval, oblong, or other suitable form so
as to get a greater capacity with a given breadth of beam, or in lieu
thereof two, three, or more separate saloons or cabins may be formed
for the accommodation of passengers or for the various other purposes
required on board such vessels; and in like manner open platforms or
spaces between decks, or on the upper deck, or above the decks may be
similarly suspended, and thus insure to passengers preferring the open
air the advantages of a steady horizontal platform to stand or sit upon.
There may also be provided small cabins, closets, cooking places, stores,
or other offices, which may be formed below the floor of the saloon or
at convenient parts projecting from it, or formed within the inside of
the saloon, and separated from it by suitable partitions as may be
required. To prevent as far as possible all vibrations of the engine and
propeller from being transmitted to the saloon I prefer to place several
thicknesses of vulcanized rubber or other elastic material or buffing
apparatus between the parts where the saloon is suspended; and in order
to retain the saloon when desired in a fixed position in reference to the
other parts of the vessel I apply a break below the counterbalance
weight, the lower surface of it being made spherical for that purpose,

page_text: and when necessary pressed upon by the end of a screw, block, or
hydraulic ram, or other equivalent device; or the space below the
counterweight may be formed into a hollow curved surface, into which
a portion of the counterweight may be lowered or forced down so as to
cause as much friction and resistance to movement as will enable the
operator to retain the saloon in any desired position with reference to
the rest of the vessel as long as may be desired for the purpose of giving
access to or egress from the saloon. A stove or other heating apparatus
may be employed to heat the saloon in winter, or warm air may be
supplied, and the general ventilation kept up by any known and
convenient means.
When employing these suspended saloons in steam vessels I prefer to
propel such vessels by means of the screw propeller, in which case I
either place the engine and boilers in the after part of the vessel, or I
place the boilers in the fore part and the engines aft, thus leaving ample
room for the suspended saloons or cabins between the engine and boilers.
The counterbalance weight employed to assist in keeping the saloons or
cabins in the desired vertical position may be enclosed within a strong
iron ring or hoop firmly attached to the vessel, sufficient space being
allowed between it and the counterbalance weight to allow of the motion
of the vessel. The exterior surface of the counterweight may be covered
with a massive piece of vulcanized rubber or other elastic material to
prevent or lessen the force of concussion when any extraordinary pitching
or rolling of the vessel might bring the hoop in contact with the sides of
the suspended counterweight.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent
filed by the said Henry Bessemer in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 22nd June 1870.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, HENRY
BESSEMER, of Queen Street Place, Cannon Street, in the City of London,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-second day of December, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, in the
thirty-third year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-

page_text: cessors, give and grant unto me, the said Henry Bessemer, Her special
licence that I, the said Henry Bessemer, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as I, the said Henry Bessemer, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CON-
STRUCTION OF STEAM VESSELS AND SAILING VESSELS, AND IN THE MEANS AND
APPARATUS EMPLOYED FOR LESSENING OR PREVENTING SEA SICKNESS ON BOARD SUCH
VESSELS." upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the suid Henry
Bessemer, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed
in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Henry Bessemer, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, that is to say :-
These improvements relate chiefly to that class of seagoing vessels
which are employed for the conveyance of passengers, and consist in
suspending the saloons, cabins, and some parts of such vessels on
trunnions or pivots placed above their centre of gravity, so that the
floors thereof may in consequence retain continuously a horizontal
position or nearly so notwithstanding the rolling or pitching of the vessel
when at sea, the point of suspension being in all cases situated as near
as circumstances will permit to the centre of the rolling and pitching
motion of the vessel. The position of this centre of motion may if
required be altered by the shape of the vessel, by the distribution of the
load, and by the depth of immersion.
When employing these suspended saloons in steam vessels I prefer to
propel such vessels by means of the screw propeller, in which case I
prefer to place the boilers in the fore part and the engines aft, thus
leaving ample room for the suspended saloons or cabins between the
engine and boilers. A large proportion of the load of passenger steam
vessels consists of the engines, boilers, and fuel, and in vessels employing

page_text: the screw propeller both engines and boilers are usually placed aft or
more or less approaching or in part occupying the centre of the vessel 1
therefore prefer to separate the engine from the boiler and fuel, and by
that means bring the centre of the pitching motion of the vessel nearer
to the centre of the vessel's length, and while thus altering the centre of
motion of the vessel by the distribution of the load I provide space for
the construction of cabins or saloons between the engines and boilers, for
in the present mode of constructing passenger steam vessels the position
usually occupied by the engines and boilers prevents the central and
quietest part of the vessel from being utilised as cabin space for the
accommodation of passengers, the cabins being usually placed in the
fore part or fore and aft, and the engines and boilers occupy the space
between them; but when constructing steam vessels according to my
improved mode I utilize the central part of the vessel by there con-
structing the passenger cabin or saloon, and thus utilize the broadest
and most commodious part of the vessel for passenger accommodation.
The relative positions of the engines and boilers in a screw passenger
steamer constructed according to my Invention are shewn on Sheet D,
where Figure 1 represents a side elevation, and Figure 2 a plan of a
steam vessel fitted with one of my self-adjusting saloons. w is the outer
case or shell of the saloon, and g the skylight; the smoke funnel of the
boilers in the fore part is shewn at S, and the head light over the engine
in the aft part is seen at T; the steam pipe for conveying steam to the
engine as shewn at W in Sheets A. and B. Although much less of the
pitching motion of the vessel tending to produce sea sickness will be felt
by passengers thus occupying the central part of the vessel even in fixed
cabins or saloons than would be felt by them in cabins or saloons located
near to either end of the vessel, nevertheless I prefer not only to take
advantage of this central position for the saloon or cabin, but as already
stated to suspend it in such manner that the vessel may be able to move
independent of it.
I prefer to construct the saloon or cabin of a hemispherical form,
having a flat floor. I construct the saloon by preference of thin steel
plates with internal T or angle ribs and I form a large skylight or
window at the upper part, having the same general curvature as the rest
of the room. I suspend this saloon at a point central with its circum-
ference, and by preference at a height varying from one to five feet
(more or less) above the level of the floor. The point of suspension may

page_text: consist of two steel hoops with trunnions at right angles to each other,
commonly known as an universal joint, although neither admitting of
rotary or vertical motion. The saloon should by preference be situated
at or near the centre of the vessel's length, and at the point of its greatest
midship section.
Sheet A. represents a midship cross section of a steam vessel and
saloon in the relative position they would occupy when in a state of rest.
a is the plating of the vessel, and b the ribs rivetted to the plating in
the usual manner; c is the floor of the saloon strengthened by tapering
radial iron joists; d, the upper or hemispherical part of the structure e
I make for sake of lightness and strength of thin steel plates stiffened by
angle ribs e*; these ribs at their lower ends unite with the floor joists,
and at their upper ends are united to a ring or hoop f, from which rises
the skylight g, having glass louvres g* to afford ventilation. Beneath
the saloon I construct a rivetted iron or steel girder h made in the form
of the letter X extending across the vessel and securely rivetted thereto;
this girder rises in each direction at an angle of about 30 degrees to the
point of intersection, where a portion of the girder in the form of a
column is carried vertically upwards, and there serves to support the
trunnion rings on which the saloon is suspended. To prevent as far as
possible all vibrations of the engine and propeller from being transmitted
to the saloon I prefer to place several thicknesses of vulcanized rubber
or other elastic material or buffing apparatus between the parts where
the saloon is suspended. In lieu of connecting the trunnion rings directly
with the column or vertical part h* of the girder I bore out the column
and fit into it a sliding piece i, having a flange i*, a similar flange h³
being also formed on the column h*; between these flanges is a thick
packing of vulcanized rubber m for the purpose of preventing the
vibrations caused by the engines and propeller from being transmitted
through rigid materials to the saloon. I sometimes also surround the
cylindrical part i with a like elastic material for the same purpose; the
upper part of the sliding piece i has projecting from it two studs or
trunnions at opposite sides, one of which is shown at n; these studs
enter bearings formed in the massive steel hoop j, from which two other
trunnions project in a direction at right angles to the trunnions n, and
are received into suitable bearings formed in the hoop k. The cylindrical
stem is prevented turning in its socket by a keyway and feather. At
the central part of the saloon floor I form a hollow rivetted metal cone l,

page_text: in the upper part of which the hoop k is fitted; this cone extends
downwards below the floor of the saloon, and is there firmly rivetted to
the ends of several radial joists or beams d, which serve to give strength
and stability to the floor of the saloon. Below the X-shaped girder
which supports the saloon there is sufficient space for a large counter-
weight of iron or lead p to be suspended by vertical rods o, o, from the
central part of the saloon floor; this weight is further secured in place
by radial tension rods q, q, attached to it, and inclined upwards at their
outer ends, which are united to an annular box girder and to the floor
beams at a point near where they join the hemispherical shell of the
saloon, this counterbalance weight must be made sufficiently heavy so
that it may at all times tend to hang vertically below the trunnion rings,
and thus retain the saloon floor in a horizontal position. Cushioned
seats, as shown at s, may be formed entirely around the interior of the
saloon, which I prefer to be from 40 to 60 feet in diameter; a gallery
some 7 or 8 feet above the floor level of the saloon may also be provided
with seats or sleeping berths for the further accommodation of
passengers. This gallery is shown at t, and is supported by cantilevers
u, and is also provided with seats vor with sleeping berths, as found
most convenient, it may be approached by a staircase on one side not
shown in the Drawings. In order that such hemispherical saloons may
be sheltered from the force of the wind I prefer that the floors thereof
should in large vessels be several feet below the level of the deck; and I
further enclose such parts of the saloon as come above the deck in a
second or outer hemispherical case or jacket w, which rests on and is
secured to the deck of the vessel, and rises several feet above it, a clear
space of a few inches being left between them. So much only of the
upper part of the saloon e is visible externally as is occupied by the sky-
light and a distance beyond it equal to the range of the outer case w, so
that the passengers in the saloon cannot see any part of the skylight
obscured by the passage of the casing over it, and are thereby prevented
from observing the rolling or pitching motion of the vessel by a view
of any external objects; they will be thus releaved from those unpleasant
sensations caused by watching the apparent rapid oscillation of surround-
ing objects, and which in some cases tends so much to promote sea
sickness; this tendency will also be greatly lessened by their freedom
from the pitching and rolling of the vessel which under ordinary circum-
stances they would be subjected to. The large opening made in the
deck of the vessel for the purpose of allowing free play to the moveable

page_text: saloon would tend greatly to weaken the vessel at this part, unless suit-
able provision were made to strengthen it. For this purpose I construct
a large hollow circular girder A, which entirely surrounds the opening
in the deck occupied by the cabin; this circular girder has four project-
ing parts, which are securely rivetted to the plating of the ship's sides and
forms a stop also for the main ribs to be fastened to. Its shape in plan
will be better understood by reference to Sheet D. of the annexed Draw-
ings, where a diagram showing its form is represented at Figure 3; A
being the circular part surrounding the large opening in the deck, and
A* the portions which unite it for a considerable distance with the sides
of the vessel; the casing w may also be made stout enough to add much
to the strength of this part of the structure if desired.
Although I have described a circular saloon, it may in some cases be
found preferable to make it of an oval, oblong, or other suitable form, so
as to get a greater capacity with a given breadth of beam, or in lieu
thereof two, three or more separate saloons or cabins may be formed for
the accommodation of passengers or for the various other purposes
required on board such vessels; but by this arrangement the great
advantage gained by suspending the saloon or cabin at the centre of
motion of the vessel is surrendered. In like manner open platforms or
spaces between decks or on the upper deck or above the decks may be
similarly suspended, and thus ensure to passengers preferring the open
air the advantages of a steady horizontal platform to stand or sit upon.
On Sheet D. of the annexed Drawings a suspended platform is shown
at Figure 5, which represents a cross section of a vessel. A beam B
extends across the vessel; in the centre of its length is an aperture, and
on either side thereof are bearings to support the axes or trunnions of
the ring C, which carries in suitable bearings a cross axis D, on which
the standard E is fixed. The standard E passes through a slot in the
deck, and is firmly attached to a floor or platform F surrounded by a
hand rail. At the lower end of the standard E beneath the axis a heavy
counterweight G is fixed for the purpose of retaining the floor F in a
horizontal position, although the vessel may be rolling from side to side.
To effect this object, however, it is necessary that the point of suspension
should coincide as near as may be with the centre about which the
vessel rolls, and which may be ascertained by a trial at sea when the
vessel is loaded down to her intended water line.
In connection with suspended saloons or cabins there may also be

page_text: provided small cabins, closets, cooking places, stores, or other offices,
which may be formed below the floor of the saloon or at convenient parts
projecting from it, or formed within the inside of the saloon, and
separated from it by suitable partitions, as may be required.
In order to retain the saloon when desired in a fixed position in
reference to the other parts of the vessel, I apply a break below the
counterbalance weight, the lower surface of it being made spherical for
that purpose, and when necessary pressed upon by the end of a screw
block, or hydraulic ram, or other equivalent device, or the space below
the counterweight may be formed into a hollow curved surface, into
which a portion of the counterweight may be lowered or forced down
so as to cause as much friction and resistance to movement as will
enable the operator to retain the saloon in any desired position with
reference to the rest of the vessel as long as may be desired for the
purpose of giving access to or egress from the saloon.
The latter of these arrangements is shown in Sheets A. and B. It
will be seen that a mass of iron F is fitted so as to slide vertically through
the centre of the counterbalance weight p. Above the weight F a
pillar Q is fixed, having a central spindle G and handle H; the lower part
of the spindle is formed into a screw which fits a nut formed in the
upper part of the weight F, so that it may be lowered down and caused
to press on the curved surface on the large iron dish K, which is strongly
ribbed on its under side and firmly held in place in the lower part of the
vessel. The friction of the break F when forced down will prevent the
movement of the saloon on its axes and make it rigid with the vessel,
and the rising of it will as quickly give freedom of motion to the saloon.
The means of ingress or egress are by an ordinary staircase leading
from the upper deck U, as shewn in the side elevation on Sheet C., a
portion is broken away in order to show the staircase X and also a part
of the saloon in section, the saloon being in all cases fixed by the
break F during the time that passengers are going in and out of it; so
that the opening or doorway leading into the saloon is brought opposite
the landing Z at the foot of the stairs. A stove or other heating
apparatus may be employed to heat the saloon in winter, or warm air
may be supplied and the general ventilation kept up by any known and
convenient means. The counterbalance weight employed to assist in
keeping the saloons or cabins in the desired vertical position may be
enclosed within or surrounded by a strong iron ring or hoof firmly

page_text: attached to the vessel, sufficient space being allowed between it and the
counterbalance weight to allow of the motion of the vessel. The exterior
surface of the counterweight or the inner surface of the ring may be
covered with a massive piece of vulcanized rubber or other elastic
material to prevent or lessen the force of concussion when any extra-
ordinary pitching or rolling of the vessel might bring the hoop in contact
with the sides of the suspended counterweight.
In order to render this buffing apparatus as effectual as possible, in
case of an occasional lurch of the vessel bringing the surfaces in contact,
I prefer to construct a circular box girder, as shewn at M or Sheets A.
and B., and at Figure 4, Sheet D., which shews the girders h and M in
plan. The circular girder M connects the four legs of the girder h
together, and is further held in place by the large ring of iron plating N,
see Sheets A. and B., which also stiffens the bottom plating of the vessel.
A massive band of vulcanized rubber is fastened on the upper and under
inclined surfaces M* of the girder M, so that whenever the vessel rolls
over beyond the extent usually expected the counterweight p will come
in contact with the soft buffing surface of the under side of the girder M,
and the box girder will also come in contact with buffing material M*
on the upper surface of the girder M, as shown on Sheet B., which
represents the vessel rolling heavily, the saloon being retained in its
proper position.
I would observe, however, that the man in charge of the break should
do his best to prevent any actual contact of the buffing apparatus from
taking place by putting on a certain amount of friction with the break
under his control.
I would further observe that although I have herein described only
the manner in which I construct and suspend saloons or cabins on
board steam vessels, I nevertheless desire it to be understood that my
Invention or parts thereof are also applicable to sailing vessels, for the
purpose of lessening or preventing sea sickness on board such vessels, and
in all cases when constructing sailing vessels with suspended saloons or
cabins I place their axes at a point substantially coincident with the
centre about which the vessel pitches or rolls, and in other respects I
make such provision for the proper working of the apparatus as herein-
before described and arranged for steam vessels.
Having thus described my Invention, and the manner in which the
same may be practically applied on board steam and sailing vessels for

page_text: lessening or preventing sea sickness, I wish it to be understood that I
do not confine myself to the precise details herein given, as the same
may be modified without departing from the general or peculiar character
of my Invention; but,-
Firstly. I claim the construction of a steam or sailing vessel with a ;
suspended saloon, cabin, floor, or platform so mounted as to be free to
move (in relation to the vessel) about a point substantially coincident
with the centre about which the vessel pitches and rolls, substantially
as described.
Secondly. I claim the construction of steam and sailing vessels with
saloons, cabins, floors, or platforms suspended by means of hoops or
trunnions situate within the circumference of such saloons, cabins, floors,
or platforms, substantially as described.
Thirdly. I claim the construction of steam and sailing vessels with
suspended saloons or cabins of a hemispherical form, substantially as I
described.
Fourthly. I claim the construction of steam and sailing vessels with
suspended saloons and cabins enclosed or covered in at the top and
lighted by a skylight in the roof, substantially as described.
Fifthly. I claim the construction of steam and sailing vessels with 2
suspended saloons or cabins supported on girders or beams situate below
the floors thereof, substantially as described.
Sixthly. I claim the construction of steam and sailing vessels with
suspended saloons or cabins having heavy counterbalance weights
pendant from them, substantially as described.
Seventhly. I claim the construction of steam and sailing vessels with
suspended saloons or cabins fitted with a gallery for giving additional
accommodation to passengers, substantially as described.
Eighthly. I claim the construction of steam and sailing vessels with
an outer case or jacket to defend a suspended saloon or cabin from the
weather, substantially as described.
Ninthly. I claim the construction of steam and sailing vessels with
open and suspended floors or platforms above or on the deck, suh-
stantially as described.
Tenthly. I claim the construction of steam vessels with suspended
saloons, cabins, or floors, having vulcanized india-rubber or other elastic

page_text: material interposed between them and their supports to check the
transmission of vibrations, substantially as described.
Eleventhly. I claim the construction of steam and sailing vessels with
suspended saloons, cabins, platforms, or floors provided with breaks for
stopping or controlling the motion of such suspended saloons, cabins,
platforms, or floors, substantially as described.
Twelfthly. I claim the construction of screw steam vessels with the
engine and boilers separated the one from the other, the space between
them containing the centre about which the vessel pitches and rolls
being occupied by saloons or cabins, either fixed or moveable, sub-
stantially as described.
Thirteenthly. I claim the general arrangement of apparatus, sub-
stantially as described, for lessening or preventing sea sickness on board
steam and sailing vessels.
Fourteenthly. I claim the construction of screw steam vessels with a
suspended saloon or cabin at or near the centre, and with the engines in
the after part and the boilers in the fore part of such vessel, substantially
as described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Henry Bessemer, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Twenty-second day of June, in the year.
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy.
HENRY BESSEMER. (L.S.)