or such like Places and for Cooling Chambers.
Year: 1885

page_text: or such like Places and for Cooling Chambers.
I WILLIAM WHITWORTH NIGHTINGALE Manager and Secretary of the Universal
Glaciarium and Ice Manufacturing Company Limited of The Glaciarium Southport
in the County of Lancaster do hereby declare the nature of my invention for
IMPROVEMENTS IN MEANS OR APPARATUS FOR FORMING AND MAINTAINING ICE
SURFACES AND TREATING THE ATMOSPHERE OF GLACIARIA OR SUCH LIKE PLACES
AND FOR COOLING CHAMBERS to be as follows:-
This invention has reference to improvements in the means or apparatus
employed for effecting the freezing of large surfaces of ice, or floors of ice, for use
for skating or other purposes and for maintaining such surfaces in a frozen
condition with greater economy and uniformity; with saving as well of the power
employed, the extent of piping required, as also particularly of the space occupied
by the apparatus over and above the actual area of ice surface maintained and also
to treating the atmosphere of such places.
In forming or maintaining large surfaces of ice by means of pipes or channels
disposed below such ice surfaces through which pipes a freezing liquid is caused to
flow it is found in practice that the absorption of heat, or production of cold, by
the freezing liquid is wanting in uniformity where the freezing liquid flowing from
one side of the expanse of surface to the other gradually is absorbing heat and
becoming less cold and consequently the quality of the ice on the inlet side will
differ from that on the opposite side.
Various attempts have been made to remedy this defect but their efficiency has
been attended with drawbacks arising from the intricacy of the arrangements,
causing complication and increased extent of channels of supply and draw off for
refrigeration afresh, as well as the expense attendant on the increased space
occupied by such channels.
In carrying out my improvements I arrange the apparatus when for forming or
maintaining an ice floor or surface for skating or other purpose; thus, below the
surface of the water in the containing space or chamber suitably formed as is well
understood, I dispose a double series of pipes across from each side of the water
space to the middle portion so as to occupy the space from end to end, each of
077

page_text: $
these pipes is at its outer end or end nearer the side of the chamber connected to a
longitudinal side channel, one of which passes up each side of the chamber and
serves for flow or supply of the freezing liquid, the opposite ends of the series of
cross pipes are joined or connected to a central longitudinal pipe or channel for the
return or conveyance of the cooling liquid, raised in its temperature by traverse of
the pipes, back to the refrigerator, reservoir or storage chamber.
By these means I am enabled to maintain the greatest cold or lowest temperature
to that portion of an ice surface where it is most needed which in a Skating Rink,
Glaciarium, or such like place where the traffic is generally found to circulate
around the sides, is towards the outer edges or surface of the ice, the middle
portion not being so much travsed as a rule and most frequently being used by
fancy" skaters or those who cause a smaller wear and tear of the surface.
In the case of a chamber or hall where the conditions will admit of it, there may
be duplication or other multiplication of the entire series of longitudinal side and
central pipes with cross pipes, each series being arranged adjoining the next.
The direction of flow of the freezing liquid instead of being from the longitudinal
side or trunk pipes to the central trunk pipe for return, may be inverted and the
direction of flow may be to flow by the central trunk pipe or pipes and return by
the side pipes of each series and this arrangement may be adapted particularly to
situations where more than one set of pipes in series as described are distributed
over the floor of a chamber and the heavier traffic is directed or flows over the
parts where the greater cold is induced.
This invention will be found very useful and applicable in the formation and
maintenance of ice surfaces or cooling chambers of very wide or extended size such
as glaciaria where a very large extent of continuous ice surface is desired to be
obtained.
I also form the parts of the main or side trunks of a series of pipes, or divided
channels at or towards their ends where they approach the supply, or the.outlet,
or at some convenient place or places, so that the atmosphere of the chamber may
be brought by suitable drawing or forcing means into an enclosed place or enclosed
places surrounding the series of divided channels and be caused to deposit its
imoisture or superfluous moisture by reason of the lowering of the temperature of
the air as it comes in contact with the channels conveying the freezing liquid thus
forming what is known as a "snow-box," or air drying chamber and enabling me
to dispense with the ordinary appliances for the purpose such as now in use and
I am enabled to effect thereby very considerable economy, simplicity and to lessen
the number of parts and the space occupied.

page_text: tamning ice surfaces and rating
or such like Places and for Cooling Chambers:
I WILLIAM WHITWORTH NIGHTINGALE Manager and Secretary of the Universal
Glaciarium and Ice Manufacturing Company Limited of The Glaciarium Southport
in the County of Lancaster do hereby declare the nature of my invention for,
IMPROVEMENTS IN MEANS OR APPARATUS FOR FORMING AND MAINTAINING ICE
SURFACES AND TREATING THE ATMOSPHERE OF GLACIARIA OR SUCH LIKE PLACES.
AND FOR COOLING CHAMBERS, and in what manner the same is to be performed,.
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement :—
This invention has reference to improvements in the means or apparatus
employed for effecting the freezing of large surfaces of ice or floors of ice, for use
for skating or other purposes and for maintaining such surfaces in a frozen
condition with greater economy and uniformity; with saving as well of the power
employed, the extent of piping required, as also particularly of the ground area ór
space occupied by the apparatus over and above the actual area of ice surface.
maintained and also to treating the atmosphere of such places to abstract moisture
and maintain a dry atmosphere.
In forming or maintaining large surfaces of ice by means of pipes or channels
disposed below such ice surfaces through which pipes a freezing liquid is caused to
flow it is found in practice that the absorption of heat, or production of cold, by
the freezing liquid is wanting in uniformity where the freezing liquid flowing from
one side of the expanse of surface to the other gradually is absorbing heat and
becoming less cold and consequently the quality of the ice on the inlet side-will
differ from that on the opposite side.
Various attempts have been made to remedy this defect but their efficiency has
been attended with drawbacks arising from the intricacy of the arrangements,
causing complication and increased extent of channels of supply and draw off for
refrigeration afresh, as well as the expense attendant on the increased space
occupied by such channels.
In carrying out my improvements I arrange the apparatus when for forming or
maintaining an ice floor or surface for skating or other purpose; thus, below the
surface of the water in the containing space or chamber suitably formed as is well
understood, I dispose a double series of pipes across from each side of the water
space to the middle portion so as to occupy the space from end to end, each of
these pipes is at its outer end or end nearer the side of the chamber connected to a
longitudinal side channel, one of which passes up each side of the chamber and
serves for flow or supply of the freezing liquid, the opposite ends of the series of
cross pipes are joined or connected to a central longitudinal pipe or channel for the
return or conveyance of the cooling liquid, raised in its temperature by traverse of
the pipes, back to the refrigerator, reservoir or storage chamber.
By these means I am enabled to maintain the greatest cold or lowest temperature
to that portion of an ice surface where it is most needed which in a Skating Rink,,

page_text: Glaciarium, or such like place where the traffic is generally found to circulate
around the sides, is towards the outer edges or 'surface of the ice, the middle
portion not being so much traversed as a rule and most frequently being used by
fancy" skaters or those who cause a smaller wear and tear of surface.
"
In the case of a chamber or hall where the conditions will admit of it, there
may be duplication or other multiplication of the entire series of longitudinal
side and central pipes with cross pipes, each series being arranged adjoining
the next.
The direction of flow of the freezing liquid instead of being from the longitudinal
side or trunk pipes to the central trunk pipe for return, may be inverted and the
direction of flow may be to flow by the central trunk pipe or pipes and return by
the side pipes of each series and this arrangement may be adapted particularly to
situations where more than one set of pipes in series as described are distributed
over the floor of a chamber and the heavier traffic is directed or flows over the
parts where the greater cold is induced.
This invention will be found very useful and applicable in the formation and
maintenance of ice surfaces or cooling chambers of very wide or extended size such
as glaciaria where a very large extent of continuous ice surface is desired to be
obtained.
I also form the parts of the main or side trunks of a series of pipes or divided
channels at or towards their ends where they approach the supply, or the outlet, or
at some such convenient place or places, so that the atmosphere of the chamber
may be brought by suitable drawing or forcing means into an enclosed place or
enclosed places surrounding the series of divided channels and be caused to deposit
its moisture or superfluous moisture by reason of the lowering of the temperature
of the air as it comes in contact with the channels conveying the freezing liquid
thus forming what is known as a "snow-box," or air drying chamber and enabling
me to dispense with the ordinary appliances for the purpose such as now in use
and I am enabled to effect thereby very considerable economy, with simplicity and
to lessen the number of parts and the space occupied.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Fig. 1 shews a plan view of an arrangement of apparatus according to my
invention. Fig. 2 is a section of the same taken transversely on the line A* A*
Fig. 1. Fig. 3 is a similar section taken through the line B* B* of Fig. 1. Fig. 4
is a cross section of the same taken on the line C* C* of Fig. 1.
a indicates the line of ice surface to be maintained, which may conveniently be
at about two inches and a half above the upper surface of the channels of freezing
liquid disposed in series below the same. b indicates the main or trunk channel
for supply of freezing liquid which on being brought within the walls As of the
chamber or hall A may be divided and pass one part b¹ around one side A¹ of the
chamber A and part 62 around the other side thereof A². This divided main supply
channel b1, b2 communicates by tubes 63 of smaller diameter with the two series of
distributing pipes 6 or channels for flow of freezing liquid arranged closely
together over the surface of the chamber A and the return of the liquid is effected
through the tubes 66 also of smaller diameter than the tubes b', to the return
trunk or main return pipe 66, 67 which is shewn divided internally into two
channels one be serving to return liquid supplied by pipe b¹ and the other that
supplied by pipe b².
The trunk or main return pipe 66, 67 after passing through the wall of the
chamber A is divided up into a number of smaller channels 68 and 6° each of the
series of smaller pipes or channels 68, 69 being about equal in their respective
united sectional area to the sectional area of the tubes 66 or 67 and these smaller
pipes 68 and 6 are arranged so as to cause the return liquid to traverse the
inner or air chamber C and are again returned to a trunk or return pipe 610 by
which the liquid is reconveyed to the refrigerator.

page_text: The pipes 6 and b6 b7 are shewn of half round section with the flat side upwards
but the form as well as the form of the distributing pipes may be varied.
The arrangement of distribution shewn enables the liquid at the lowest tem-
perature to operate at the sides of the chamber where as a rule in a glaciarium it
is found the greatest wear and tear takes place and the ice surface requires more
constant renewal and the liquid which has become more warm exerts its lessened
heat abstracting power on the less worn central part in the direction of How
indicated by the arrows.
The number of series of supply, distribution and return pipes may be multiplied
as may also be the air chamber.
The atmosphere of the chamber or hall A is drawn or forced by any suitable
means into the air chainber C and coming, in its warmer state loaded more or less
with moisture, into contact with the series of return refrigerating tubes 6° 6° the
air is caused to part with moisture which falls in flakes, or is condensed, in the
chamber and may be removed in trays, or otherwise, as it accumulates; thus
utilizing refrigerating power remaining in the liquid after it has served in the
inain chamber A.
a is a dwarf wall dividing the air chamber C from the chamber A and serving
to aid in supporting the pipes of supply and return and the floor of chamber A.
The upper surface c of the chamber C may form a platform in the main
chamber A or this may be otherwise a ranged.
Having now particularly described, and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is,
1. The construction or arrangement and combination of supply, distribution and
return pipes or channels for the conveyance and distribution of refrigerating means
for forming and maintaining ice surfaces as set forth.
2. The arrangement and use of divided channels in an air chamber for treating
the atmosphere of glaciaria and such like places, so as to utilize the return low of
refrigerating medium or liquid as set forth.
3. The general arrangement and combination of parts of apparatus for use in
forming and maintaining ice surfaces and for treating the atmosphere of glaciaria
and such like places substantially as set forth.
Dated this 7th day of May 1886.
WM BROOKES & SON,
Agents for the said William Whitworth Nightingale,