IMPROVEMENTS. IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR AND THE METHOD OF MANUFACTURING VESSELS AND OTHER ARTICLES.
Year: 1860

page_text: ¡LETTERS PATENT to Charlés Newbold, of Nottingham, Manufacturer, for
the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS. IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR AND
THE METHOD OF MANUFACTURING VESSELS AND OTHER ARTICLES.
i
Sealed the 11th October 1860, and dated the 12th April 1860.1
+
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Newbold at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
12th April 1860:
I, CHARLES NEWBOLD, of Nottingham, Manufacturer, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for, "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR
APPARATUS FOR AND THE METHOD OF MANUFACTURING VESSELS AND OTHER
ARTICLES," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to the manufacturing of vessels of various kinds
from paper and paper materials in a novel manner, and in the construction,
arrangement,and mode of working machinery and apparatus for that purpose.
It consists in forming tubes, pipes, and other vessels, and other articles of
paper, coiled, lapped up, or wound up, one layer over another, from a con-
tinuous sheet or sheets, which in the process. of being made up into form are
caused to pass through a bath of hot bitumen, by which the interstices or
pores of the material are filled up, and the material itself preserved from the
effects of decay..
Instead of merely coiling or lapping a sheet of paper intoacylindrical form,
for the purpose of making a tube, and afterwards having to fit thereon to a
CD 077

page_text: socket, flange, or other form of fastening or connection of iron or other metal.
I form the sockets or other means of connection or fitting together in the
process of making up such tubes, pipes, and other similar articles; and in a
similar manner I construct other vessels and articles, by which the necessity
for subsequent processes is avoided.
In making pipes with sockets, I form the core or mandril upon which they
are to be made in two or more parts in length, and I provide the parts or
pieces of the core intended for the socket with rollers or pressure pieces,
against which the material forming the socket is caused to press as it is being
lapped up or formed, and such rollers or pressure pieces are caused to vary
their position according to the increasing thickness and alteration in form.
Where a screw joint is required, I employ lengths of wire of triangular,
square, or other section, and I coil these wires on to the ends of the tubes
during the operation of manufacturing the tubes or pipes, so that each end of
each pipe may have a worm or thread upon it of any suitable pitch or degree
of coarseness, , and the final coating may be formed of any number of coils of
bitumenized paper, or paper material enclosing the threads or screwed coils.
The sockets or coupling pieces for the pipes or tubes having joints as last
mentioned may be formed by a sheet of paper of the proper width sufficiently
long, being surrounded by a coil of wire of similar section, which in turn is
surrounded by another ring or ferrule of bitumenized paper, the whole being
compressed or compactly formed.
Instead of forming sockets or square flanges, or screws at one or both ends
of a pipe or tube, I prefer for some purposes to form a ring or core of small
breadth near to each end, and for the purpose of securing the opposite ends of
each pipe to surround them and the collars with a clip or band, which may
be formed in one or more pieces, and may be closed or held together by means
of bolts and nuts, pins, keys, or cotters.
For purposes where only small internal pressure has to be resisted, or where
the jointing or connecting is of a perinanent character, & not subject to dis-
turbance, I prefer to form the tubes or pipes parallel from end to end, and
whilst the paper is being wound on or coiled up to reduce or increase the
width of the sheet for the purpose of forming a lip or break joint at one end
or the other, so that the half thickness of the side of the pipe may fit into or
over the corresponding half thickness of the next succeeding or following
length of pipe, and over such joint I draw or slide a plain socket or ferule
of similar material, and by dipping the ends or the ends and the sockets into
hot bitumen at the time of making the joint, or by pouring hot bitnmen
around them, a perfectly sound joint may be ensured.

page_text: For tubes of considerable length, or where they are required to resist con-
siderable internal pressure, bands or rings of paper are wound around the
tubes in several places during the process of manufacture, and where the use
of iron bands or hoops is not objectionable, I place a series thereof along the
length of pipes which have been partially or wholly completed or for some
purposes I prefer to surround the external surface with a coil of wire or a
series of rings formed by several coils forming bands of wire. In each case,
whether the pipe or tube has a socket, flanged, or screwed end, or other
mode of fastening or connection, I form the same during the process of
manufacture, and before the articles to be made has left the machine or
apparatus by which it has to be constructed.
In pipes or tubes of great length, or where the general thickness of
material is small as compared with the length, whilst the bore or passage-
way throughout the tube or vessel is parallel, I give the additional strength
required by giving to it the external form of a parabolic spindle, and this I
effect by tapering or reducing the width of the paper until the final coil or
lap is put on.
For semicircular troughs or half pipes to be used either for guttering,
eaves, troughs, or for containing telegraph wires, or for other similar purposes,
I coil a sheet of paper around a core of a suitable diameter, and withdraw
the core therefrom and collapse the tube to a semicircular form, giving to
the longitudinal edges the halved, rebated, filleted, square, or rounded form as
may be required. The half socket being formed in manner similar to the
whole pipe, or it may be formed by pressure applied to the end; or instead
of forming half tubes in the manner just described, they may be formed by
passing sheets of paper around or over a flat core, and afterwards bending
or shaping by pressure into the form required.
For the purpose of forming tubes, pipes, or cylinders of paper or paper
material, I employ a series of cylinders of suitable diameters and forms to
produce the articles required, and I mount them within a suitable framing
or framings for the purpose of pr ducing a continuous series of operations,
by which the material as received from the manufacturer is mounted at one
end of the machine, and after being passed through a bath or baths of hot
bitumen is at the opposite end of the machine delivered thereout from in
the shape and condition required; the several operations being produced by a
combination of cylindrical cores and cylindrical pressing and mouldingrollers
working against the surfaces of the article in the process of manufacture,
and actuated by means of wheel gearing and eccentric or cam motions.
For the purpose of forming circular bends, angle pieces, T's and L's, out of

page_text: similar materials as those employed for pipes and other similar articles, I am
enabled to construct them from one, or at most two strips of material cut
into the required form, and laid at suitable angles for the purpose of being
wound, lapped, coiled up into the shape required.
For the purpose of forming vessels closed at one end of short lengths of
round or square internal bore, I remove from one edge of the paper a portion
thereof by cutting or stamping out notches or pieces of requisite form, so
that upon forming each coil around the bore the projecting or overhanging
portion is folded on to the end of the mould or core, the one piece over-
lapping the other alternatively; and when the whole has been completed
forming a perfectly sound and strong end or bottom, the thickness and
strength of which may be varied by the amount of material removed or retained,
and the shape of the pieces notched or cut out, may be varied in accordance
with the form of the vessel for the purpose for which it is intended.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Charles Newbold in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
12th October 1860.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I CHARL'S
NEW BOLD, of Nottingham, Manufacturer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twelfth day of April, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty in the twenty-third year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Charles Newbold, Her special licence that I, the said Charles
Newbold, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said Charles Newbold, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at
any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR AND THE METHOD OF MANU-
FACTURING VESSELS AND OTHER ARTICLES," upon the condition (amongst others)
that I, the said Charles Newbold, my executors or administrators, by an
instrument in writing under my or their, or one of their hands and seals,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to

page_text: be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Charles Newbold, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement and accompanying Sheets of Drawings:-
This Invention relates to the manufacturing of vessels of various kinds
from paper and paper materials, and textile and other fabrics, in a novel
manner, and in the construction, arrangement, and mode of working
machinery and apparatus to be employed for that purpose.
It consists in forming tubes, pipes, and other vessels and other articles of
paper and paper materials, and textile or other fabrics, coiled, lapped up, or
wound up one layer over another from a continuous sheet or sheets, web or
webs, length or lengths, which, in the process of being made up into form,
are caused to pass through a bath of hot bitumen or mastic, by which the
interstices or pores of the material are filled up, and the material itself
preserved from the effects of decay.
Instead of merely coiling or lapping a sheet of paper or other material into
a cylindrical form for the purpose of making a tube, and having afterwards to
fit thereon to a socket, flange, or other forms of fastening or connection of iron
or other metal, I form the sockets or other means of connection or fitting
together in the process of making up such tubes, pipes, aud- other similar
articles, and in a similar manner I construct other vessels and articles, by
which necessity for subsequent processes is avoided.
In making pipes with sockets, I form the core or mandril upon which they
are to be made in two or more parts in length, and I provide the parts or
pieces of the core intended for the socket with rollers or pressure pieces,
against which the material forming the socket is caused to press as it is being
lapped up or formed, and such rollers or pressure pieces are caused to vary
their position according to the increasing thickness and alteration in form.
Where a screw joint is required, I employ lengths of wire of triangular,
square, or other section, and I coil these wires on to the ends of the tubes
during the operation of manufacturing the tube or pipe, so that each end of
each pipe may have a worm or thread upon it of any suitable pitch or degree
of coarseness, and the final coating may be formed of any number of coils of
bitumenized paper or paper materials, or textile, or other fabrics (being first
bitumenized) enclosing the threads or screwed coils.
The sockets or coupling pieces for the pipes or tubes having joints as last
mentioned may be formed by a sheet of paper, paper materials, or textile or

page_text: other fabrics of the proper width sufficiently long, being surrounded by a coil
of wire of similar section, which in turn is surrounded by another ring or
ferule of bitumenized paper or other material, the whole being compressed or
compactly formed and immersed in or saturated with bitumen or mastic.
Instead of forming sockets or square flanges or screws at one or both ends
of a pipe or tube, I prefer for some purposes to form a ring or core of small
breadth near to each end, and for the purpose of securing the opposite ends of
each pipe to surround them and the collars with a clip or band, which may
be formed in one or more pieces, and may be closed and held together by
means of bolts and nuts, pins, keys, or cotters.
For purposes where only small internal pressure has to be resisted, or
where the jointing or connecting is of a permanent character, and not subject
to disturbance, I prefer to form the tubes or pipes parallel from end to end,
and whilst the paper or other material is being wound on or coiled up to
reduce or increase the width of the sheet, for the purpose of forming a lip or
break joint at the one end or the other, so that the half thickness of the side
of the pipe may fit into or over the corresponding half thickness of the next
succeeding or following length of pipe; and over such a joint I draw or slide
a plain socket or ferule of similar material, and by dipping the ends or the
ends and the sockets into hot bitumen or mastic at the time of making the
joint, or by pouring hot bitumen or mastic around them, a perfectly sound
joint may be ensured.
For tubes of considerable length, or where they are required to resist con-
siderable internal pressure, bands or rings of paper are wound around the tube
in several places during the process of manufacture; and where the use of iron
bands or hoops is not objectionable, I place a series thereof along the length
of pipes which have been partially or wholly completed; for some purposes I
prefer to surround the external surface with a coil of wire, or a series of rings
formed by several coils forming bands of wire. In each case, whether the pipe
or tube has a socket, flanged or screwed end, or other mode of fastening or
connection, I form the same during the process of manufacture, and before
the article to be made has left the machine or apparatus by which it has to be
constructed.
In pipes or tubes of great length, or where the general thickness of material
is small as compared with the length, whilst the bore or passage way throughout
the tube or vessel is parallel, I give the additional strength which is required
by giving to it the external form of a parabolic spindle, and this I effect by
tapering or reducing the width of the paper, paper materials, or textile or
other fabrics until the final coil or lap is put on.

page_text: For semicircular troughs or half pipes to be used either for gu¹tering, eaves,
troughs, or for containing telegraph wires, or for other similar purposes, I coil
a sheet of paper or other material, as before mentioned, around a core of a
suitable diameter, and withdraw the core therefrom and collapse the tube to a
semicircular form, giving to the longitudinal edges the halved, rebated, filleted,
square, or rounded form, as may be required, by pressure, the half socket.
being formed in manner similar to the whole pipe, or it may be formed by.
pressure applied to the end; or instead of forming half tubes in the manner
just described, they may be formed by passing sheets of paper or other material
round or over a flat core, and afterwards bending or shaping them by pressure
into the form required.
For the purpose of forming tubes, pipes, or cylinders of paperor papermaterial,
ortextile or other fabrics, Iemploy a series of cylinders of suitablediametersand
forms to produce the articles required,and Imountthem within a suitablefram-
ing or framings for the purpose of producing a continuous series of operations
by which the material as received from the maufacturer is mounted at one end
of the machine, and after being passed through a bath or baths of hot bitumen.
or mastic, is at the opposite end of the machine delivered thereout from in
the shape and condition required, the several operations being produced by a
combination of cylindrical cores and cylindrical pressing and moulding rollers.
working against the surfaces of the articles in the process of manufacture, and
actuated by means of wheel gearing and eccentric or cam motions.
For the purpose of forming circular bends, angle pieces, T's and L's, out of
similar materials as those employed for pipes and other similar articles, I
am enabled to construct them from one or at most two strips of material,,
cut into the required form and laid at suitable angles for the purpose of being
wound, lapped, or coiled up into the shape required.
For the purpose of forming vessels closed at one end of short lengths of
round or square internal bore, I remove from one edge of the paper or
other sheet of material a portion thereof by cutting or stamping out notches
or pieces of requisite form, so that upon forming each coil around the core,
the projecting or overhanging portion is folded on to the end of the mould
or core, the one piece overlapping the other alternately, and when the whole
has been completed forming a perfectly sound and strong end or bottom, the
thickness and strength of which may be varied by the amount of material
removed or retained, and the shape of the pieces notched or cut, out may be
varied in accordance with the form of the vessel or for the purpose for which
it is intended.
I prefer to use natural bitumen for some of the descriptions of articles

page_text: to be manufactured from paper, paper materials, or from textile or other
fabrics; but for most of the purposes for which pipes or other vessels are
required, I employ a composition of the solid material deposited from the
distillation of coal tar mixed with any of the well-known tempering liquids
employed in combination therewith, and I add thereto solid silicious or
other suitable earthy matter for the purpose of producing a solid, but elastic,
mastic compound suited for filling the interstices of the material to be
employed for forming vessels and other articles, such bituminous mastic
compound being used or employed at a sufficiently high temperature to
protect the material by the thinnest possible film, whilst it is not of a tem-
perature sufficiently high to injure or reduce the strength of the material whilst
being passed through the bath or baths.
For some purposes I employ india-rubber or gutta percha in varying
quantities, in combination with natural bitumen and Trinidad pitch or other
resinous materials forming the base of the mastic compound.
For purposes where acid liquid or vapour has to be conveyed or held in
vessels constructed according to this Invention, I avoid the use of lime,
chalky, or other similar materials as forming part of the mastic, and substitute
therefore silex in any convenient form, or any other material which is not
jiable to be acted upon or decomposed or subject to the action of acids
either in the form of liquid or vapor.
For the interior of tubes or other vessels intended to resist acid, I employ
a final coating of either pure bitumen alone, or a coating of water-glass,
or other deposit of glazing in liquid form, or by placing each tube or vessel
over a nozzle from a salting furnace, I drive at a high velocity and suitable
high temperature a charge of salt glaze, by which a lining or protective
coating is given to the interior of the pipe, tube, or other vessel. The
exterior surface or surfaces of pipes, tubes, or vessels and other articles
may be left with a coating of plain bitumen thereon, or a coating of bitumen
and sand or cement, or other material may be mixed with the bitumen
employed for giving the final coating.
In the process of manufacturing pipes, tubes, or other vessels, I prefer
to prepare the exterior surface of the metal or other mould by first greasing
it or coating it with a suitable wash, aud then surrounding it with a layer
of thin paper, to which is attached and upon which is wound the first layer
of material of which the pipe, tube, or other article is to be composed, and
this layer or exterior coating enables the core or mould to be easily detached
or removed from the article produced after the operation of manufacture has
been sufficiently advanced.

page_text: In the accompanying Drawings, Sheet 1 represents a series of views of
pipes or tubes and other articles manufactured according to this Invention,
and such views are intended-more particularly to exhibit some of the modes
of connecting and fastening pipes or tubes as herein-before referred to. Sheet
2 exhibits a side elevation and a plan of machinery constructed according
to my Invention for manufacturing pipes or tubes or other articles with
sockets or other means of connecting such articles together within the same
machine and during the process of manufacture, but such machinery and
apparatus may be employed for manufacturing plain cylinders or other simple
forms not having sockets or additions thereto, for the purpose of connecting
or fastening them together.
The several parts of the machinery or apparatus shewn in Sheet 2 are so
simple and will be so readily understood on reference to the said Drawing by
any one conversant with machinery as to render any detailed description
thereof, and of the mode of working and employing the same in practice,
perfectly superfluous, except to state that the coil, web, or length of material
to be employed for the purpose of the manufacture is coiled upon a drum or
cylinder at one end of the machine; and where two or more pieces of material
have to be employed, each piece or length is similarly mounted and used up
or employed during the operation or the progress of the material or materials
from one end to the other of the machine or apparatus. From the roller or
rollers the material is drawn off and wound on to the mould after having
passed through a bath of hot bitumen or mastic composition suitably prepared,
according to the purpose for which it is intended to be employed. Where
the exterior surface of the article manufactured is cylindrical and requires a
coating of a similar or any other compound to that previously employed, a
second bath for such material is provided, and the tube, pipe, or other
articles, after it has left the first bath, is then caused to rotate in contact with
a roller or cylinder, and from thence passed into the second bath, and thence
on to or against a second cylinder or drum, with which it revolves in contact,
and is either polished thereby by means of surface contact alone, or by the aid
of a stream of cold water. Where a coating of sand or other material is
required to be given, the same may be effected by providing a hopper charged
with the material, and mounting the same above the last or finishing roller.
Although I have, by preference, shewn in the accompanying Drawing,
Sheet number 2, a machine designed for the purpose of making tubes and
such like articles, yet it will be plainly understood that only such modifications
as are necessitated by variation of form in the articles to be produced will be
needed to make machinery of the same principle of construction and mode of

page_text: working suitable for producing other articles and other forms than that of a
parallel socketed pipe such as I have specially adapted. The machine shewn
in the accompanying Drawing, and which I have merely employed in the
present instance for illustrating one form in which the machinery constructed
according to my present Invention, may be employed and worked; and I have
omitted, for the sake of more clearly shewing the principal parts or main
features of the said machine or apparatus, several of the additions or working
parts which may be placed in various positions without affecting the principle
of construction or inode of working, such, for instance, as the pressing
cylinders or moveable pressing surfaces employed for more closely and
perfectly lapping or winding on one layer after another, so as to produce as
dense a resulting body or article of manufacture as the strength of the
material employed will admit of; and thus too, and for the same reasons,
I have omitted some of the minor arrangements for retaining the rollers,
moulds, or cores in their respective gabs, forks, jaws, or seats during the
process of winding on and increasing the diameter, and also where merely
employed for the purpose of holding or retaining the article during the further
process of manufacture.
Within the general arrangement of framing is shewn two baths mounted at
different levels, the one being placed at one end of the machine for the
purpose of giving to each layer of material its proper charge of bitumen or
mastic; the second bath is placed between the first and second cylinder of
large diameter employed for operating upon the exterior surface or surfaces
of the article under manufacture; but these baths need not necessarily be
disposed at different levels, as the second set of arms, being made of a suitable
length, will only have to describe the larger portion of a circle.
A is a feeding roller, which is conveniently mounted at one end of the
framing enclosing the paper pipe-making apparatus; R is a small feed roller,
containing a supply of paper for making the sockets of socketed pipes; the
position of the small feed roller is such that the centre of its length shall be in
a line with the inner line of the projection of the mandril, for forming the
socket or thereabouts) in such manner that when the paper is unwound from
this small feed roller and caused to pass round the mandril, one half of the
paper (or thereabouts) shall be coiled round the projection of the mandril,
and the other portion round the cylindrical surface of the pipe which has been
formed round the mandril itself. C is a bath or cauldron; D is a metal
cylinder, working in the cauldron, and partially around which the sheet of
material to be wound up is passed on its way to the core, mandril, or spindle;
d is the moveable portion of the large cylinder D, and worked by a handle d¹;

page_text: E is a mandril or core piece the required form of the pipe to be made, which
is supported in the first pair of arms or levers (and also provided with a
moveable socket piece e, when necessary) F, which vibrate upon a central
shaft or axis, with which is connected the worm wheel G, by which the core,
roller, or spindle is made to travel in an arc, and to be discharged or delivered
into corresponding jaws in a second set of lever arms H, which lie at a
suitable angle to receive the core or mandril with the partially completed
article thereupon, and which lever arms H, after the large cylinder I has
revolved in contact with the exterior surface sufficiently long, are then caused
to move in an arc, and deliver the article thus far manufactured into similar
or corresponding jaws or forks formed in the ends of lever arms K, which lie
at a suitable angle to receive the core, mandril, or spindle, which has been
delivered alternately from the first to the second, and now from the second to
the third series of arms, each of which are caused to move in an arc; thus,
after the pipe or tube formed upon the core has been caused to rotate in the
second bath sufficiently long, it is raised thereout from by the movement of the
arms K, and brought into contact with the finishing cylinder L, which is made
to revolve at a suitable velocity by means of the horizontal shaft, which is
shewn as carrying three bevilled pinions thereon for working the bevilled
wheels fitted upon the ends of the rollers D, I, and L, respectively, and upon
the same shaft is shewn three worms or screws, which take into the three sets
of worm wheels respectively keyed on to the spindles or axes of the three sets
of lever arms F, H, and K, respectively; upon each of these wormed wheels a
projecting cam piece is provided on each face, for the purpose of rendering
self-acting the forward or backward vibration of each pair of arms at the
proper time, such levers and reversing gear are shewn connected with each set
of arms, and interposed between the lines of horizontal shafting, which are
connected together by means of a strap or band M working around drums
or pulleys.
In Sheet 3 I have shewn in outline a modification of part of the machinery
shewn at Sheet 2, for the purpose of enabling several mandrils to be employed
at the same time and in contact with the same cylinder or drum.
I construct a cylinder of larger diameter than the cylinders I and Lin
Sheet 1, and either cause it to revolve in a bath of bitumen or not, as may be
preferred, but by means of a sufficiently large hollow trunnion at each end, I
introduce into the centre, or along the length of the cylinder, jets of gas for
the purpose of maintaining it at a sufficiently high temperature to prevent the
chilling of the bitumen. For making the socketted ends of various thicknesses,

page_text: and to suit different thicknesses of pipes, I have moveable drums or cylinders
made in halves to attach to the ends of the large cylinders, and capable of
being slid back and forth.
A series of mandrils or cores are disposed radially around the main cylinder
or drum as shewn, although the number may be increased and the arrange-
ment and disposition of them varied. The several rolls of paper are mounted
upon a series of drums or spindles, and after being carried through the bath
or baths of bitumen over rails or bars suitably placed therein, each sheet is
carried upward to the mandril or core, which, being caused to rotate by inde-
pendent gearing from a common motion shaft, or by means of bands or chains
and pullies, each may be stopped or set in motion independently of the other.
The mode of supporting each mandril or core in its place, and at the same
time permitting of the increase of diameter due to the winding on of the paper
.or other material, and the corresponding removal of the centre of each mandril
or core from the centre of the main cylinder, may either be effected by
.supporting each in a radial arm having an L-shape groove or gab thereiu ; and,
for enabling changes in the diameter of the pipe to be made, or various sizes
of mandrils or cores to be employed, the radial arms are so constructed as
to be capable of extension or elongation, or curved side frames, having suitable
openings.or jaws therein, may be erected upon or made to spring from the
frame, and to this framing may be connected the means of giving motion to
the cores or paper cylinders.
paper,
Under each sheet of paper, and immediately before it reaches the mandril
or core, I place a rail or fence bar, which, while acting as a support to the
is also taken advantage of for enabling the .sheet of paper to be cut
across on the completion of the winding, and above each of the rails or
fence bars I mount a similar bar, for the purpose of holding or retaining the
sheet after it has been cut or severed from the mandril or core, and by which
means the end is then in a condition to be attached to the exterior surface.of
the next mandril or core. I employ a similar arrangement in connection
with the machine shewn in Sheet 2. The knife or cutter may either be the
whole length of the sheet and caused to move against the face of the upper
bar, or it may be an inclined knife blade which is caused to travel from end
to end of the bar in the manner of a velvet loom knife.
The operation of removing the mandrils with the surrounding tube from the
first cylinder may either be done by hand from the fixed arch framing, or from
the radial arms, or by means of a circular rack; they may be removed by
the interposition of a pinion and gearing, and carried over into contact with

page_text: a second or polishing cylinder, either directly or after having been submitted
to the operation of a second bath, for the purpose of receiving an external
coating, as previously described.
In setting the bitumen pans or cauldrons, I either form the outer bottom
side concave, and apply a number of gas jets thereto, or a slow burning
fire, and where bituminous coal or gas coke is employed as fuel, I employ a
pan or cauldron of the shape shewn in Figure 1, Sheet 2, but protect the
bottom by an arch of fire-brick erected over the fire-bars, so as to prevent
the direct action of the fire upon the bottom of the cauldron.
Having now described my Invention, and illustrated the same herein and
with the accompanying three Sheets of Drawings, to which I have herein-
before referred, I wish it to be understood that what I claim as my Inven-
tion is,―
First, the mode or method of manufacturing tubes, pipes, and such like
articles with sockets, junction pieces, or other means of combining, jointing,
or connecting them together, formed or produced during the process of
manufacture, as herein described.
Second, the manufacture from one or more pieces of material suitably
shaped, of bends, elbows, and other intermediate junction pieces intended to
be interposed between lengths of pipes, as herein described.
Third, the manufacture of vessels closed at one end, moulded or formed as
herein described.
Fourth, the manufacture of half tubes, guttering troughs, and such like
articles from the materials herein mentioned, in manner herein set forth.
Fifth, the construction, arrangement of parts, and mode of working
machinery or apparatus as herein described and illustrated, for manufacturing
tubes or pipes with sockets as herein described, irrespective of the materials
employed in the manufacture of such tubes or pipes.
Sixth, the construction and arrangement of parts of machinery orapparatus
as shewn in the accompanying Drawings, or the mechanical equivalents for
any of the respective parts thereof, when employed for the purpose of manu-
facturing paper, paper materials, or textile or other fabrics, or material or
materials manufactured in great lengths, into vessels of various forms and
other articles, whether the same be tubes, pipes, or articles of other shapes or
forms, and whether the framing of the said machines be in one piece, and so
constructed as to contain the entire apparatus, or composed of two or more
pieces, each containing a part of the machinery, made to work in unison with
some other part or portion thereof.

page_text: Seventh, the use or employment of cylinders for surfacing, finishing, or
polishing the exterior of tubes and such like vessels.
Eighth, the use or employment of a revolving cylinder or cylinders in con-
junction with the use of water for the purpose of in part manufacturing tubes
and other articles composed of bituminized paper, paper materials, or textile
pr other fabrics, or any similar material or article employed for such purpose.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Newbold, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Tenth day of October, One thousand eight
hundred and sixty.
Witness,
WILLIAM DEACON,
19, Salisbury Street, W.C.
CHARLES NEWBOLD. (L.S.).