IMPROVEMENTS IN TOOLING BOLTS AND NUTS
Year: 1874

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Wilson Hartnell, of Rodborough, Stroud, in the
County of Gloucester, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN TOOLING
BOLTS AND NUTS."
Scaled the 12th February 1875, and dated the 11th December 1874.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Wilson Hartnell at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
11th December 1874.
I, WILSON HARTNELL, of Rodborough, Stroud, in the County of
Gloucester, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for “Im-
PROVEMENTS IN TOOLING BOLTS AND Nuts," to be as follows: —
The object of this Invention is to make bright or tooled bolts and nuts
as used by engineers from the rough forgings in an accurate and more
expeditious manner than by the machinery in general use. The bolts or
nuts are fixed to plates or chucks and passed to several tools in succession
in the same machine until all the desired parts conveniently accessible are
tooled before a bolt or nut is removed from the machine. When a bolt-
A

page_text: or nut leaves the first tool another succeeds it, and so on, all the tools
working simultaneously or nearly_so. By this means the time required to
tool the whole exposed surface on a number of bolts or nuts is reduced
to the time required to perform the longest single operation on each,
and if the machine be correctly fitted, all the tool surfaces must be truc
with each other. Thus to tool a nut it is fixed to a plate or chuck
which is secured so as to hold the nut in front of a drill which drills the
hole; the chuck is then moved so as to bring the nut before a tapping
spindle, where the thread is cut (another nut taking its place before the
drill). The chuck or plate is then moved so as to bring the nut before
a pair of spindles in line furnished with cutters, which simultaneously
tool both sides. In like manner a bolt is tooled by fixing its head and
placing it between cutters on a pair of spindles in line which roughly
turn both top of head and shank simultaneously; the bolt then passes
between a second pair of spindles and cutters and is smooth turned; it
then passes to the screwing dies, and lastly, if required, to another
spindle to finish the point. If the bolt has no head but is. screwed at
both ends, then it may be held by the unscrewed part, both ends being
first turned and then screwed simultaneously, the part in the chuck
being finished by another machine. Turned headed bolts may be forged
in pairs chucked by the piece connecting the heads and separated like-
wise in another machine.
The chucks or plates may carry one or more bolts or nuts, and may
be traversed in a straight or curved line or circle, the tools and spindles
being arranged to suit. In the latter case the chucks may be united to
form one or more revolving pieces.
To tool the polygonal faces where the screw key is applied the bolt or
nut must be rechucked by the already tooled parts so as to expose those
faces, and passed on, as before, to a succession of cutters which may
either be revolving or reciprocating. In this case it is more convenient
to make the bolt or nut traverse in a circle than in a straight line, as
many equidistant bolts or nuts being arranged in that circle as there are
faces to be tooled (or multiples of the same), the planes of these faces
and therefore of the tools being perpendicular to the chucking plate, for
in passing from tool to tool the faces become_successively parallel to the
same plane, so that one feed motion may serve for all the tools.
For the usual hexagonal shape a plate for chucking six equidistant
bolts or nuts, each moved in a circular path to three pairs of tools in

page_text: succession which cut perpendicularly to the plate, is a good arrangement.
Each pair of tools may be secured to a rest sliding on a vibrating bar
worked by a crank, and adjusted to any required size of hexagon by
right and left handed screws.
A large number of nuts or bolts may also be chucked by placing them
in parallel lines arranged in concentric. hexagons with a pair of cutters
for each line. In either case the plate must be put in three positions,
one sixth of a turn apart, to bring each nut to three pairs of tools to
begin and finish it. If preferred by traversing the tools over the longest
row all may be finished together (after taking three positions) instead of
one-sixth at a time continuously.
"When an operation is longer or requires more attention than the
others extra spindles may be introduced, or that operation may be
omitted. Thus two or more tapping spindles may be used for nuts, or
they may be tapped separately.
It is preferred to make the feed motions and sometimes the chuck
motions self acting by means of a cam or cams, so as to leave no more to
be done by hand than can be readily managed without delay. Thus if
two taps be used and the nuts pass on in line, each fixed to a separate
chuck, moving in a suitable guide frame, at least 8 chucks will be used.
The attendant need only enter and remove the taps, as in an ordinary
tapping machine, and while the taps are cutting replace the two chucks
last done with refilled with rough nuts at the commencement near the
drill. When two nuts are tapped the cam shaft is started, which by
means of suitable gear releases all the chucks and then slides one with a
rough nut to the drill, two with drilled nuts to the taps, and one with a
tapped nut to the facing cutters, pushing two chucks with finished nuts
aside; the chucks are then accurately locked in place. The attendant
then enters the taps and replaces two chucks, as above named. Mean-
while the feed cams advance and retire, the drill and cutters drilling
a rough nut and facing a tapped nut. Two chucks are again unlocked
and shifted, the two others, one with a black and the other with a
tapped nut replacing them (the chucks containing the nuts tapping
remaining locked) are locked, and these nuts tooled as before, The cam
shaft then stops until the taps are ready to begin a second pair. Similarly
with three taps three nuts would be tooled by each spindle whilst each
tapping spindlo tapped one. If the chucks revolve around a common

page_text: •
centre a similar motion is required for two taps. Thus four chucks, cach
holding two nuts, may be fixed on two revolving pieces, the opposite
At first both
chucks being connected, and all being in the same plane.
must move together, then alternately; the one pair pause for tapping
and refilling, whilst the other pair make an additional shorter movement
to drill and face a second nut each.
When, as in tooling bolts, all the changes of tools are made at the
same time then the chucks may be readily shifted and locked by hand,
especially if they are united, and revolve. The cam shaft should be
driven so that speed of the feed cams varies with that of the spindles
whilst the cutters are acting, but it may be driven from the countershaft
uniformly at the highest convenient speed whilst the chucks are being
changed to save time, the straps requisite being shifted by a cam and
tumbler motion.
With the arrangement for tooling the polygonal faces with recipro-
cating cutters before described if the chucks or nuts be moved from tool
to tool by hand the feed motion may be arranged with one cam partially
revolving, pushed forward by a ratchet motion, but returned by a weight
falling in and loosely filling an inclosed box. Too rapid a descent is
prevented by the inclosed air, and a liquid at the bottom renders the last
portion of the descent very slow, a valve opening downward cnabling
the weight to be quickly raised. The cam may be shaped to allow the
work rapidly to approach the tool, but move slowly when cutting begins,
as required. When the tools have finished cutting an adjustable stop
on the ratchet wheel acting on a tumbler lifts the palls and the work is
rapidly withdrawn, a second adjustable stop drops the palls and the work
again returns to the tool after a sufficient pause to allow the attendant
to move round the work one-sixth of a turn. A handle on the cam
shaft allows it to be controlled at will by hand.
may
The disposition and details of the spindles and cutters be modified
to suit the size of the bolt or nut and the product required. For some
purposes a true but unfinished surface on parts only will suffice, for
others every part must be tooled and highcly finished.
For facing the circular sides of nuts roughing and finishing tools on
face plates advanced by a wedge motion to or from the centre making
spiral cuts are preferred as most generally applicable, but they may be
replaced by fixed (revolving) tools acting on the whole surface at once.

page_text: A finishing tool may be added if needed on a separate pair of spindles, or
the nut may be rough faced where it is drilled and finished, as before.
For bolts, where both roughing and finishing spindles are generally used,
fixed cutters are more simple.
Since at times bolts and nuts must be left partly unfinished, their
precise purpose being then unknown, certain operations, such as screwing
and pointing, must at first be omitted and afterwards done at separato
machines. The spindles for accomplishing such operations may be
omitted when large numbers so tooled are required; thus the complexity
of the machine and the completeness of the process must depend on the
quantity and the requirements, but there will always remain a great
advantage from having done most of the operations simultaneously.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Wilson Hartnell in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 10th June 1875.
-TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILSON
HARTNELL, of Rodborough, Stroud, in the County of Gloucester, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Eleventh day of December, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, in the
thirty-eighth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-
cessors, give and grant unto me, the said Wilson Hartnell, Her special
License that I, the said Wilson Hartnell, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as I, the said Wilson Hartnell, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN TOOLING BOLTS AND NUTS," upon the condition (amongst others) that
I, the said Wilson Hartnell, my executors or administrators, by an
instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands
and scals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
•

page_text: said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Wilson Hartnell, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, that is to say:-
The object of this Invention is to make bright or tooled bolts and
nuts as used by engineers from the rough forgings in an accurato and
more expeditious manner than by the machinery in general use. The
bolts or nuts are fixed to plates or chucks and passed to several tools in
succession in the same machine until all the desired parts conveniently.
accessible are tooled before a bolt or nut is removed from the machine.
When a bolt or nut leaves the first tool another succeeds it, and so on,
all the tools working simultaneously or nearly so. By this means the
time required to tool the whole exposed surface on a number of bolts or
nuts is reduced to the time required to perform the longest single
operation on each, and if the machine be correctly fitted all the tooled
surfaces must be true with each other. Thus to tool a nut it is fixed to
a plate or chuck, which is secured so as to hold the nut in front of a
drill, which drills the hole; the chuck is then moved so as to bring the
nut before a tapping spindle, where the thread is cut (another nut taking
its place before the drill). The chuck or plate is then moved so as to
bring the nut before a pair of spindles in line furnished with cutters,
which simultaneously tool both sides. In like manner a bolt is tooled
by fixing its head and placing it between cutters on a pair of spindles in
line, which roughly turn both top of head and shank simultaneously;
the bolt then passes between a second pair of spindles and cutters and is
smooth turned; it then passes to the screwing dies, and lastly if required
to another spindle to finish the point. If the bolt has no head but is
screwed at both ends then it may be held by the unscrewed part, both
ends being first turned and then screwed simultaneously, the part in the
chuck being finished by another machine. Turned headed bolts may bo
forged in pairs, chucked by the piece connecting the heads, and separated
likewise in another machine.
The chucks or plates may carry one or more bolts or nuts, and may
be traversed in a straight or curved line or circle the tools and spindles

page_text: The attendant need only enter and remove the taps, as in an ordinary
tapping machine, and while the taps are cutting replace the two chucks.
last done with refilled with rough nuts at the commencement near the
drill. When two nuts are tapped the cam shaft is started, which by
means of suitable gear releases all the chucks, and then slides one with a
rough nut to the drill, two with drilled nuts to the taps, and one with a
tapped nut to the facing cutters, pushing two chucks with finished nuts
aside. The chucks are then accurately locked in place. The attendant
then enters the taps, and replaces two chucks, as above named. Mean-
while the feed cams advance and retire, the drill and cutters drilling a
rough nut, and facing a tapped nut. Two chucks are again unlocked
and shifted, the two others, one with a black and the other with a tapped
nut replacing them (the chucks containing the nuts tapping remaining
locked) are locked, and these nuts tooled as before. The cam shaft then
stops until the taps are ready to begin a second pair. Similarly with
three taps three nuts would be tooled by each spindle, whilst each
tapping spindle tapped. one. If the chucks revolve around a common
axis a similar motion is required for two taps. Thus, four chucks, cach
holding two nuts, may be fixed on two revolving pieces, the opposite
chucks being connected, and all being in the same plane. At first both
must move together, then alternately, the one pair pause for tapping and
refilling, whilst the other pair make an additional shorter movement to
drill and face a second nut each.
When, as in tooling bolts, all the changes of tools are made at the
same time, then the chucks may be readily shifted and locked by hand,
especially if they are united and revolve. The cam shaft should be.
driven so that the speed of the feed cam varies with that of the spindles
whilst the cutters are acting, but it may be driven from the counter-
shaft uniformly at the highest convenient speed whilst the chucks are
being changed to save time, the straps requisite being shifted by a cam
and tumbler motion.
With the arrangement for tooling the polygonal faces with recip-
rocating cutters before described, if the chucks or nuts be moved from
tool to tool by hand, the feed motion may be arranged with one cam
partially revolving pushed forward by a ratchet motion, but returned by
a weight falling in and loosely fitting an enclosed box. Too rapid a
descent is prevented by the enclosed air, and a liquid at the bottom
renders the last portion of the descent very slow, a valvo opening down-

page_text: ward enabling the weight to be quickly raised. The cam may be shaped
to allow the work rapidly to approach the tool, but move slowly when
cutting begins, as required. When the tools have finished cutting an
adjustable stop on the ratchet wheel acting on a tumbler lifts the pawls,
and the work is rapidly withdrawn. A second adjustable stop drops the
pawls, and the work again returns to the tool after a sufficient pause to
allow the attendant to move round the work one-sixth of a turn. A
handle on the cam shaft allows it to be controlled at will by hand.
The disposition and details of the spindles and cutter may be modified
Oto suit the size of the bolt or nut and the product required. For some
purpose a true but unfinished surface on parts only will suffice; for
others every part must be tooled and highly finished.
For facing the circular sides of nuts roughing and finishing tools on
face plates, advanced by a wedge motion to or from the centre, making
spiral cuts, are preferred, but they may be replaced by fixed (revolving)
tools acting on the whole surface at once. A finishing tool may be
added, if needed, on a separate pair of spindles, or the nut may be rough-
faced where it is drilled and finished, as before. For bolts where both
roughing and finishing spindles are generally used fixed cutters are more
simple.
Since at times bolts and nuts must be left partly unfinished, their
precise purpose being then unknown, certain operations such as screwing
and pointing must at first bo omitted, and afterwards done at separato
machines. The spindles for accomplishing such operations may be
omitted when largo numbers so tooled are required. Thus, the com-
plexity of the machine and the completeness of the process must depend
on the quantity and the requirements, but there will always remain a
great advantage from having done most of the operations simulta-
ncously.
In order that my Invention may be fully understood and readily
carried into effect I have shewn in the Drawings hereunto annexed
various machines arranged according to my Invention for tooling bolts
and nuts.

page_text: two pairs of spindles in line, each having a tool holder a at one end
carrying cutters for facing and chamfering the nuts (Figures 3 and 7);
spindle A also carries a drill. Each of these spindles may also be
observed to have a driving pulley, a feed wheel, and a spring. The
springs withdraw the spindles and cutters from the nuts and keep the
feed wheels pressed in close contact with the bushes 6 of the outer.
bearings. The feed wheels and bushes on spindles B, C, D, have
inclined surfaces in contact, so that the spindles advance and retire as.
the feed wheels, which fit them loosely; slowly revolve. The feed wheel'
on the drill spindle A carries a small friction pulley, because it traverses
that spindle a longer distance than B, C, and D. The extreme forward
position of the spindles, and therefore the thickness of the nut when
tooled, is determined by adjusting the bushes by the sot screws c. The
spindle E carries the tap, which draws it forward when cutting; at other
times this spindle is moved as required by the tapping lever F connected
to it by a spindle and forked lever.
The nut chuck G is shewn in Figures 4, 5, and 6, and consists of a
plate G with a pair of dies d for securing the nut with a set screw e and a
"position" die f. The screw thread on the enlarged part of the set screw
in the "position" die is exactly half that of the smaller part. This
causes the distance from the notch in the "position" die to the centre of
the nut to be always the same, irrespective of the size of the nut. The
chuck holder H is bolted across the machine, as shewn in Figure 3,
where the chucks are omitted, but they are shewn in plan in Figure 6.
The chucks can slide on the planed surface furnished with bevilled edges,
one of which consists of a loose bar (Figures 4 and 5) held by four
bolts g. These carry a pair of washers enclosing an elastic substance,
such as india-rubber, compressed to any required degree by the nuts h,
the other end of the bolt is screwed to an eye embracing an eccentric
sunk in the locking spindle I.
The nut chucks are shewn firmly gripped, but by raising the locking
lever K (Figure 1), and thus partially revolving the locking spindle, the
eccentrics release the bolts, and directly the shoulder at i touches the
washers all pressure is taken off the bar and the chucks are freed.
The elastic washers are merely to ensure that all the bolts grip with
certainty. The chuck holder also contains three position pins k pressed
outwards by springs, their ends fit into the position dies (Figure 6), so
as to guide the chucks to their exact position. The position pins can

page_text: also be locked by the wedges 7 (Figures 1, 3,) held down by weights.
On raising the locking lever K to release the chucks these wedges are
lifted by the pins on the short levers m coming in contact with adjustable
nuts on the tails of the wedges, so that the position pins also are freed
and will slip back when force is applied to push forward the chucks.
The machine is driven as follows:-Power being applied by a strap
on the cone pulleys the driving shaft L revolves and with it the long
pinion gearing with the wheel fixed to the tapping spindle. The four
spindles A, B, C, D, are driven from an overhead countershaft not
shown, which countershaft may be driven by the pulley p on the main
driving shaft. For the feed motion a pulley on the end of spindle C
drives either of the loose pulleys n (Figures 2, 3,), one of which carrics
a pinion driving the feed shaft M. The feed shaft by means of two
pinions (Figure 3) drives the intermediate wheels o loose on the driving
shaft and gearing with the feed wheels on the spindles A, B, C, D.
The feed wheels revolve continuously, but can be stopped by the strap
lever N. Each revolution occupies the time necessary to tap a nut and
shift the chucks.
The inclines on the bushes a arc arranged to produce the following
motions as the feed wheels slowly revolve. The drill in spindle A
rapidly approaches, the nut drills slowly through it and pauses whilst the
facing cutters act, then quickly retires. The facing cutters or spindles
B, C, D, rapidly approach the nut, then very slowly advance and pause
to face, then quickly retire and rest awhile.
-
The successive positions of each chuck are indicated in Figures
3 and 5 by numerals 1 to 5. The operations in working are as
follows: Whilst the tools are cutting the attendant removes a chuck
from 5 to 1, and substitutes a black nut for the faced one.
As soon
as the tap is through the nut the tap spindle is withdrawn and the tap
replaced; about the same time all the cutters will have retired; the
locking lever is raised, the slides pushed forward, and again locked,
the chucks being moved from 1, 2, 3, 4, to 2, 3, 4, 5, respectively; by
pressing the tapping spindle the tap begins cutting, and so on con-
tinuously, the nuts being drilled and rough faced at 2, tapped at 3,
smooth faced at 4 simultaneously.
Bolt Machine. Having now fully illustrated and detailed one machino,
for the sake of brevity in describing others I have chosen combinations

page_text: which may have so much in common with this first that only the main
differences need illustration.
$6
"
Figures 8, 9, 10, represent parts of a machine for tooling bolts. The
parts omitted are supposed to be much the same as those of the nut
machine already described, except that the feed wheel of spindle C need
be like that of A, and both would need some modification for long bolts.
Spindle A is hollow; four tools are fixed at the end to rough turn the
bolt and rough face under its head. Inside the spindle are fixed two
dies b, each with a number of cutting edges on their inner edge (being
of that class commonly known as rose or "milling" tools. The
first reduces the rough turned part to the size required for screwing; the
second slightly tapers the end of the bolt the better to enable the
screwing dies to seize it. Spindle C carries two rose tools; it is also
hollow. The first tool reduces the rough turned part beyond the thread
to the finished size, and finishes the bolt under the head. The tools
on B and D are like those of the nut machine, except that they cut to
the centre of the bolt head.
The screwing spindle E is furnished with three chasing tools c of the
usual form resting in grooves in a head forged on the spindle. The
outer ends of the chasing tools are pressed against the eccentric surfaces
of the ring d by a circular spring e. By turning the ring d a little
forward the chasers are allowed to open and release the screwed bolt; by
turning it back they are closed again for work. To accomplish this
without stopping the spindle the ring d is bolted to a second ring f
which is pressed forward by a coiled spring 7 held back by a trigger or
9
catch ½, the extent of its rotary movement on the spindle head being
governed by a stop k dotted in Figure 9; but the extreme position of
the chasing tools can be adjusted by means of circular slots where the
rings are bolted to each other. A swivelling bar 7 is placed so as just
to clear the revolving trigger; it has a sliding adjustable stop m, and
to it is fixed the releasing lever n which is held up by its lower end
resting on a lug p on the frame.
When a bolt is being screwed the tool box is drawn forward until
it reaches the stop m which it pushes forward until it pulls the releasing
lever from under the lug p, when it drops, raises the edge of the
releasing bar, which strikes the revolving trigger, and allows the spring
to push the rings forward and open the dies. The dies. are closed by

page_text: retarding the outer ring until the catch again seizes it, either by pressing
the releasing bar in hard contact with the ring, and then lifting it
quickly to clear the catch, or by withdrawing the spindle by the
screwing lever F, Figure 1, bringing the coned edge of the ring into
contact with the coned lugs q on the frame. Since the screwing ceases
by self-acting gear, if the spindle be withdrawn by a spring or counter-
weight, it may be advanced to seize the bolt by a cam, all its movements
being thus self-acting. The bolt is chucked by its head, and the shank
presented to spindles A, E, C. The operations in working are much
the same as in the nut machine, the bolt being placed in readiness
at. placo 1, is rough turned at 2, screwed at 3, finished at 4, pushed
aside finished to 5, all the cutting operations being nearly simultaneous.
Double-ended Bolts. If the bolt has no head, but is screwed at both
ends, then it may be chucked by the unscrewed part, as shown in
Figure 11, the part in the chuck being afterwards finished by another
machine. Turned-headed bolts may be forged in pairs, chucked by the
piece connecting the heads, as in Figure 12, and separated in another
machine to any desired form, as indicated by dotted lines. In either
case the chucks and chuck holders, shown in Figures 5 and 6, would
require to be modified to allow bolts to clear the chuck holder, and
spindles like A, E, C, Figure 10, must be used on both sides.
Polygonal Faces.-To tool the polygonal faces the bolts or nuts must
be chucked by the already tooled parts so as to expose those faces.
This may be done as in Figure 13. The faces to be tooled are now
perpendicular instead of parallel to the chucking plate, and the plane.
of the revolving splindles, if such be used, must be correspondingly
changed. If hexagon nuts pass on in a straight line they may be tooled
by three pairs of cutters on three spindles inclined to each other and
connected by bevil gear. The chucks and chuck holder might be much
the same as already described, but the spindles should be fixed to one
frame capable of sliding to and from the bolt head with a feed motion..
I have not shewn the complete machine, preferring to illustrate in full
two machines where the nut chucks revolve, having as many equidistant
nuts as there are faces, whereby the faces to be tooled are parallel. Such
a. machine for hexagon nuts is shewn by Figures 15, 16. The chucks.
are united to form one plate with the chuck holder H, which carries six
bolt heads or nuts, and has besides six taper holes for the end of the
position pin. This plate is fixed to the spindle and firmly pressed

page_text: back by a spiral spring. The position pin K. can be advanced by a hand
wheel and screw so as to give the feed motion by pushing the chuck
plate to the cutters. A is the driving spindle with two pairs of milling
tools driving the parallel spindle C with one pair. Cutters as in
Figures 3, 7, are equally available. As in the other machines each time
an untooled nut passes from 1 to 2 a tooled one passes from 4 to 5.
A machine for tooling the hexagonal faces by means of reciprocating
cutters is shewn in Figures 17, 18, 19, 20.
The nuts to be tooled are secured to the chuck plate H, as in Figures
15, 16. The chuck plate rests on a sliding table G, so that it can bo
turned round intermittently and secured by the locking lever K on a
loose ring with a pawl lever and the position lever k. Both the latter
press against projecting bushes in the holes of the chuck plate. The
table can be advanced to bring three nuts to the three pairs of cutters
respectively by the table screw c or by traversing its nut, which is carried
by a lever d resting against the feed cam b. The feed cam is turned
forward by a ratchet wheel n with a self-acting ratchet and pawl, but it
is pulled back, together with the lever and table,. by a chain attached to
a weight e, falling in a cylinder, where the imprisoned air prevents a
shock, and a liquid at the bottom renders the last part of the descent
sufficiently slow to allow the table to be then turned round by hand. A
valve in the weight allows it to rise freely.
The ratchet wheel n (Figure 20) is provided with two stop pins m,
which can be adjusted so that when the nuts are past the cutters the one
stop oversets a tumbler f which pushes the releasing pin g under the
ratchet and pawl, raising them, thus allowing the table to be drawn back
by the weight until the other stop returns, the tumbler dropping the
ratchet gear which again advances the table. The tools are attached to
three pairs of rests a, which can be opened and closed simultaneously by
a double right and left-handed screw or adjusted separately by turning
the nuts on that screw. The rests slide on a bar forming part of a
reciprocating frame A driven from a crank pin B on the driving shaft.
Thus the nuts are advanced to the cutters and returned by continuous
self-acting gear, but turned from one pair of tools to another by hand.
Nuts with black faces being supplied at place 1 they are delivered
with tooled faces at place 5, the six faces (though on three successive
nuts) being tooled simultaneously. The table might be intermittently
revolved by the ordinary star wheel, cam, and self-acting gear.
.

page_text: Figures 22 and 23 shew in part a machine in which the nuts traverse
in a circle to be drilled, tapped, and finished. The spindles with cutters
A, B, (not shewn) and C, D, (Figure 23) occupy the same position, and
might with their feed gear be the same as in Figures 1, 2, 3; but to
illustrate another mode of tooling rose cutters are supposed, the
chamfering being done by the spindles A, B, so that flat rose tools only
are shewn (Figure 23) for finishing on spindles C, D. The tapping
spindle E is placed below the centre of the nut chuck holder H. Tho
nut chucks are much the same as before, but the position die f becomes
a lug fixed to the chuck holder. This holder is turned by hand and
secured by the position pin k resting in cither of four notches, and
locked by an eccentric on the locking spindle I by the lever K.
The driving shaft L carrying the cone pulleys passes through the
centre of the nut chuck holder and drives all the surrounding spindles
by gearing, as indicated by the pitch circles, Figure 22.
The feed wheels are connected as before by a loose wheel on the main
driving shaft, but the feed shaft M. now gears with the feed, wheels
on spindles B and C. With suitable spindles as already described
this machine can be used for bolts without any alteration in the chuck
holder.
The working of these machines is almost identical with that shown by
Figures 1, 2, 3, save that there are no loose chucks to be transferred.
It may be observed that when each chuck is separately locked inde-
pendently of its neighbours, as in Figure 3, it may be adjusted to take
exactly the same relative position in regard to each of the spindles,
although the latter be not perfectly equidistant.
The chucks are susceptible of many modifications.
C
Figure 24 represents a simple chuck carrying four bolts. Theso
chucks must be traversed from nut to nut, but need not be passed from
5 to 1 or refilled until four nuts are completed. The position notches
and therefore the position pins are raised to the upper edge instead of
the centre. In like manner a number of nuts might be arranged in a
circle.
Instead of six hexagon nuts being arranged in the form of a hexagon,
Figure 20, they may be arranged in the form of concentric hexagons,
Figure 25, but require a pair of tools to each row, in this case seven pairs.

page_text: If the chuck plate be moved one-sixth of a turn successively, as in
Figure 17, six nuts will be finished each time; or the tools may be
traversed across the entire series, and on the plate being turned one-sixth
of a turn twice successively, having assumed three positions, the whole
36 nuts will be tooled. The tools may be then arranged in a straight
line and two sets of chucks used, the one being filled whilst the other
is. under the tools. A series of revolving cutters on a single bar A,
Figure 25, may be substituted for the tools acting, as in Figure 17, or a
series of tools may, be swept through, acting as those of an ordinary
planing or shaping machine.
Machine with Two Taps.-Figures 26, 27, and 28 show in part a front.
view, side view, and plan view of a nut machine with two tapping
spindles, with self-acting gear for traversing the nut chucks; Figure 29
shows certain parts omitted in Figure 28; Figure 20 is the nut chuck.
Spindle A (Figure 28) carries a drill only; it is advanced and retired by
a tube with a coarse double thread fixed to the feed chain wheel, and
working in a nut w fixed to the frame. The two tapping spindles E are
moved by hand by the tapping lever F, which is connected to them by a
cross piece c on a guide spindle. Two spindles in line C, D, carry each a
pair of roughing and of finishing tools for facing and chamfering. These
tools are secured to slides a, which are traversed to and from the centre
by adjustable bolts d, whose heads are shaped to slide in oblique grooves
on the square end of the central draw bars 1. The tools therefore
approach the centre when these bars are drawn backward, and vice
versa; in revolving the tools make spiral cuts towards the centre. The
oblique grooves acting on the rests with finishing cutters are steeper
than the others, so that in chamfering, although the roughing tool
begins, the finishing tool overtakes it and finishes. Each of these
spindles C, D, also carries a feed chain wheel fixed to a loose tube g kept
in place by collars at each end. The spindles are advanced to the nut
and held there while the cutters act by oblique surfaces 6 on the outer
bushes, which are adjustable in the same manner as in Figures 2, 3.
The inner end of cach tubo has a double thread working in a nut h,
which is allowed to traverse but not revolve by its tail pin i. Tho
central bars are pressed forwards by a spring, and are connected with
the nut by a collar and cottars 7. The threads in the feed nuts have
such sido play that when the feed wheel is partially rotated they do not
act until the spindle has first been pushed forward by the oblique

page_text: surfaces at the outer bushes; the nuts are then drawn outwards, and
with them the central bars e, thus traversing the tools across the nut.
The chucks, Figure 30, are much the same as in Figure 5, but they
arc carried vertically. The position die has a horizontal rib f extending
across the chuck. There are also four vertical position grooves or raised
lugs, and a notch m at the bottom. The chuck holder is in two
pieces H, H, bolted together, so as to leave a space for the chucks to
slide in, the chucks being supported (Figure 27) by the ribs of the
position dies sliding in a groove, the top part of which is removed at
places 1, 2, 11, 12, to allow the chucks to be put in or taken out. The
chucks are locked in place by four pairs of position clips k, each with
two projections to fit the vertical position grooves. It may be seen that
these clips can swivel sufficiently to hold or clear the chucks, and are
connected to two pairs of weighted locking levers K in such a manner
that the one pair of levers secure two chucks before the tap; the other
pair two outer chucks before the drill and cutters respectively. The
chucks are moved from tool to tool by the sliding frame O, formed of
two bars O (in Figure 28 these bars are shewn in plan with the rest of
the frame omitted) attached to a spindle q. The frame is drawn back-
ward by a chain, but returned to a fixed stop o by a counterweight. The
bars have seven projecting lugs p, which in some positions (as drawn in
Figure 28) clear the chucks and allow the frame O to be drawn back-
wards without touching the chucks, but when the frame is swivelled on
either side by the lever x the projections may enter the notches, the
bottom of some of the chucks, and may thus move them forward.
All the self-acting motions are derived from a series of cams on a cam
shaft M, each with its lever and friction pulley (as commonly used in
such gear, only two levers are shown in front view, Figure 26, to
avoid confusion), the levers resting on a shaft N. The worm spindle
(Figure 29) for driving the cam shaft has two loose pulleys n with a
fixed one between them, which can be driven by either of two straps;
one strap being driven from the machine, its speed depends on that of
the spindle which is suited to the size of the nut. The other strap is
driven at an uniform quick speed from a countershaft, so that the chucks
may always be shifted as quickly as practicable. The straps can be
moved on and off the fixed pulley by the handle t, and also by the
tumbling lever v.

page_text: In Fig. 27 the following cams are shewn:-Cam 1 and lever 1 with a
projecting pin at its end lifts the weighted levers and unlocks the chucks
at the drill and cutters; cam 2 in like manner unlocks the chucks at the
taps; cam 3 and-bell-crank lever 3, and its bar swivels the slide frame
to four different positions, videlicet, to cause the longest projection
(p, Figure 28) to seize one chuck, to cause the four others on the same
side also to seize chucks, to release all the chucks, and lastly to seizo
two chucks; cam 4 and-lever 4 with its chain works the sliding frame in
Figure 29 as follows:-Cam 5 and end 5 of the bell-crank lever
connected to the tumbling lever shifts the worm strap to the slow speed;
cam 6 and lever end 6 shifts the worm strap for quick speed, and also to
the loose pulleys to stop the worm; cam 7 and lever 7 with its two
chains work the feed wheels on spindles C and D. Cam 8 in like
manner works the feed wheel on the drill spindle; though not shewn in
side view it with its lever closely resembles 7.
The moving parts are illustrated in the position they would occupy
when the cam shaft has stopped, except that the spindles A, C, D,
would be drawn back, and the frame O would have been moved by cam
4, until the longest of the projections p was in front of the centre of the
chuck at place 5.
The routine of working is as follows:-Whilst the taps are cutting, the
attendant moves two chucks from places 10, 11, to 1, 2, and changes the
nuts. When the taps are through the nuts he withdraws the tapping
spindles by the lever F, replaces the taps, starts the cam shaft by the
handle t, and pausing whilst the chucks are shifted re-enters the taps in
two fresh nuts.
The self-acting motions are as follows:-Cams 1, 2, unlock (i.e., cause
to be unlocked) all the chucks; cam 3 seizes (i.e., causes the long tooth
of the frame O to seize, &c.) chuck 5 only; cam 4 draws chuck 5 as far
from 4 as 6 is from 7, and pauses whilst cam 3 seizes the chucks 1, 3, 4, 7,
then cam 4 moves them all until the slide reaches the stop. It may
now be inferred that chucks from 1, 2, are at 3, 4, from 4, 5, at 6, 7, from
6, 7, at 8, 9. Cams 1, 2, now lock all the chucks; cam 5 puts on the slow
motion, whilst cams 7 and 8 drill and face one nut, during which cam 3
releases the sliding frame and allows cam 4 to draw it back in readiness.
Next, one nut having been drilled, and one nut faced; cam 2 unlocks
their chucks at 4 and 9; cam 3 seizes chucks at 3 and 8; cam 4 transfers

page_text: them to the drill and cutters; cam 2 locks them, the chucks before
the taps remaining undisturbed; cams 7, 8, 3, and 4, again act as before,
and a second nut is drilled, and a second faced cam 6 then stops the cam
shaft. When the two nuts are tapped and the taps replaced, the
attendant starts the cam shaft and so on.
Figure 31 shews an arrangement where the nut chucks revolve and
two taps are used. The spindles, driving gear, feed gear, &c., may be
supposed to be like those for Figure 22. The opposite pairs of chucks
are connected, all being in the same plane. There are two locking
handles, one with its gear the same as in Figure 22, the other differs in
having two position pins k, l.
The working of this machine is as follows:-Whilst the tools are
cutting, the nuts at places 1, 2, are changed; when two nuts are tooled
at 4 and 9, the chuck holder H is unlocked, moved and relocked, bring
the nuts at 3 and 8 to 4 and 9. As soon as the taps are through and
replaced, both G and H are unlocked, moved together two spaces and
relocked, two drilled nuts being brought to the tap, and so on.
The machines here described may be variously modified to suit parti-
cular circumstances. Separate sets of roughing. and finishing cutters
may be dispensed with either by more frequently renewing their cutting
edges or when merely a true surface is required. In such case in Figures
1, 2, 3, the spindle B or C and D might be omitted. If but one true
face were required but two spindles A and E are needed. But I prefer
to take advantage of simplicity of operation not to dispense with tools,
but the rather to put them where more useful. By placing three drilling
and facing spindles like A and using three tapping spindles triple such
work would be done. Here a revolving carrier needs only three positions
but nine nut chucks.
In Figures 8, 9, 10, any other arrangement of screwing tools or a simple
solid die may be used, the screwing spindle gear being altered to suit.
By providing this spindle with the means of holding a tap the machine
can be used for nuts. So that either this machine or Figures 22, 23,
can be made so that the same machinery will tool either bolts or nuts.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention and the manner
of performing the same, I would have it understood that I claim,-
First. Fixing nuts or bolts in chucks which can be readily passed,
substantially as herein described, to several independent tools before the
1

page_text: nut is again removed, whereby it can be insured that all the tooled faces
of each nut may be true with each other.
Second. The combined arrangements, substantially as herein described,
for grouping the tools and guiding and securing the chucks, so that
the nuts or bolts may be passed on and secured in place simultaneously.
Third. The means of closing and opening the dies of screw-cutting
apparatus, substantially as described and shewn at Figures 8, 9, and 10,
whereby the cutting of a screw thread can be stopped at any fixed point.
Fourth. The combined arrangement of apparatus, substantially as
described and shewn at Figures 15 and 16, the bolts or nuts being
traversed in a circle and acted upon by three pairs of revolving cutters.
Fifth. The combined arrangement of apparatus, substantially as
described and shewn at Figures 17, 18, 19, and 20, the bolts or nuts
being acted upon successively by three pairs of slotting or planing tools.
Sixth. The revolving carrier for the nut chucks, substantially as
described and shewn at Figures 22 and 23, to present the nuts or bolts to
the several tools.
Seventh. The combined arrangement of apparatus for tooling the sides
of nuts or bolts, substantially as described and shown at Figure 25,
whether the nuts or bolts are acted upon by revolving or fixed cutters.
Eighth. Construction of machinery for tooling nuts and bolts, so
that two or more of the nuts or bolts under operation may be shifted
whilst one or more remain in front of screw taps, substantially as
described and illustrated in Figures 26 to 30.
Ninth. The construction of machinery for tooling nuts or bolts in such
manner that the chucks holding the nuts or bolts are shifted and the
working of the tools governed by means of cams, substantially as described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Wilson Hartnell, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Ninth day of June, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five.