CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PREPARATION FOR AND APPLICATION TO THE MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES AND OTHER PURPOSES OF CERTAIN FATTY AND RESINOUS BODIES OR SUBSTANCES
Year: 1853

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Augustus Pascal Aymard, of 4, South
Street, Finsbury, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman, for the
Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PREPARATION FOR AND
APPLICATION TO THE MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES AND OTHER PURPOSES
OF CERTAIN FATTY AND RESINOUS BODIES OR SUBSTANCES." -A com-
munication.
Invention of
CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PREPARATION FOR AND
APPLICATION TO THE MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES AND OTHER PURPOSES
OF CERTAIN FATTY AND RESINOUS BODIES OR SUBSTANCES."-A com-
munication.
Sealed the 29th September 1853, and dated the 7th April 1853.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Augustus
Pascal Aymard at the Office of the Commissioners of. Patents,
with his Petition, on the 7th April 1853.
I, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS PASCAL AYMARD, of No. 4, South Street, Fins-
bury, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman, do hereby declare that the
nature of the Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PREPARATION
FOR AND APPLICATION TO THE MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES AND OTHER PUR-
POSES OF CERTAIN FATTY AND RESINOUS BODIES OR SUBSTANCES" to be as
follows:-
The Invention consists in employing, for the manufacture of candles
and other purposes, certain fatty substances of two natures; the one

page_text: concrete, such as the carnoba and vegetable waxes and tallows, and
mineral waxes; the other fluid, such as palm, cocoa, and tallow, schistes,
coal, pitch, peat, iatropha, castor, cotton, cerame, arachide, almond nut,
colza, poppy, olive oils, &c. The resinous substances are the colophane
of cedar and others, the galapes, the virgin rosin of America, & others,
and different gums.
First process. I purify one of the above liquid oils, and I place it
in a hermetically closed recipient, & fix across the cover two tubes.
One has its inferior extremity plunged in the oil almost to the bottom
of the recipient; and its upper extremity is fixed to a still, to receive the
vapours which escape, and then conduct them to the bottom of the oil,
which they harden by penetrating through it. The other tube has its
lower extremity placed some inches above the oil, and its upper ex-
tremity above the cover, either straight, to conduct out the vapours, or
curved and plunged into another recipient filled with oil, to conduct
the surplus vapour into it. As soon as the oil is sufficiently saturated
and, becomes solidified, the vapour must be conducted into another
recipient filled also with oil, &c. To produce these vapours I place in
- a suitable vase or retort a certain quantity of the fatty concrete sub-
stances already mentionned, and I add to them nitric acid. Afterwards
the substances may be treated either separately, or united for bleaching
them, and manufacturing candles of various qualities.
Second process. After having purified and placed the oil in the
recipient, I cause the vapour conducting tube to plunge its lower ex-
tremity very deep into the oil, and the other end into a glass or earthen-
ware retort containing unrectified nitric acid; and I rectify it, or I place
in a convenient retort one of the basis suitable for producing the
different nitrates of commerce with the necessary quantity of nitric acid,
and treat as usual. The nitric vapours penetrate and harden the oil;
and thus, almost without expense, the solidification of liquid fatty bodies
is obtained. They are afterwards purified, bleached, or pressed, for
manufacturing candles.
Third process: Solidification.-The oil to be solidified and purified
is put into the closed vessel already described, into which is introduced
the vapours which escape from a retort in which oxalic acid is manufac-

page_text: tured. The bleaching and purifying of the solidified oil is afterwards
performed.
Fourth Process: Resinous Substances.-I mix one or several of the
resinous substances mentioned with one or more fatty bodies, also
already mentioned. I make the mixture undergo a strong pressure,
and I melt the whole by steam, in almost half its weight of sulphuric
acid, at about twenty degrees. I maintain it for some time at boiling
point, and afterwards pour it into boiling water, to remove every particle
of acid. After the washing I put it into a lye of potash at 5 to 10 degrees,
and keep it in a state of fusion, causing a stream of chloride gas to
penetrate it, which performs the bleaching and purification. I again
wash it in in boiling water, and again in water containing a certain
quantity of sulphuric and oxalic acid, or chlorates. The product is
then fit for manufacturing candles.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said William Augustus Pascal Aymard, in the Great
Seal Patent Office, on the 7th October 1853.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I,
WILLIAM AUGUSTUS PASCAL AYMARD, of 4, South Street, Finsbury, in
the County of Middlesex, Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Seventh day of April, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three, in the sixteenth year
of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant
unto me, the said William Augustus Pascal Aymard, Her special
licence that I, the said William Augustus Pascal Aymard, my executors,.
administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said William
Augustus Pascal Aymard, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands and Isle

page_text: of. Man, an Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PREPARATION
FOR AND APPLICATION TO THE MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES AND OTHER PURPOSES
OF CERTAIN FATTY AND RESINOUS BODIES OR SUBSTANCES," communicated
to me from a foreigner residing abroad, upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said William Augustus Pascal Aymard, by an
instrument in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be
filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Augustus Pascal
Aymard, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, that is to
say:
The Invention consists in improved processes of treating certain
fatty, oily, and resinous substances for the manufacture of candles, and
other lighting purposes.
Processes for solidifying palm, cocoa, cezame, arachide, almond nut,
colza, poppy, and oleine oils, carnauba and vegetable wax, and
tallow.
I take one of the oils above mentioned, and first purify it by any of
the processes generally in use, according to the nature of the oil, and I
afterwards place it in a hermetically closed recipient. This vessel has
two tubes fixed through its cover. One of the tubes has its lower
extremity plunged in the oil almost to the bottom of the vessel; its
upper extremity is fixed to a retort, in which nitrous vapours are pre-
pared as herein-after described, and which conducts them therefrom to the
bottom of the vessel containing oil. These vapours, penetrating through
the oil, harden and purify it. The other tube has its lower extremity
placed some inches above the level of the oil, and its upper extremity
above the cover, either in a vertical position, to admit of the egress of
vapours into the air, or curved, so as to plunge into another recipient
containing oil, in which it conducts the surplus vapours. The vapours

page_text: that still remain are conducted into another recipient containing oil, to
perform a similar operation, and so on until they are exhausted.
I obtain the vapours employed for these operations as follows, at a
small expense.
I place in a suitable vessel, or retort a certain quantity, say two
hundred pounds, of one of the substances above named, and I add to it
from four to forty pounds of nitric acid, the proportion varying according
to the nature of the substance and the degree of purification and solidi-
fication required; and I operate in the manner herein-before described
with the gases that are disengaged.
Instead of the mode above mentioned I place in a retort of glass,
earthenware, or other suitable material, unrectified nitric acid, and
subject it to the rectifying process; or I place in a suitable retort one
of the bases generally employed for producing the different nitrates of
commerce, with the necessary quantity of nitric acid, and treat it in the
usual manner. I also employ rutilant vapours, which I collect during
the distillation of oxalic acid. The deutoxides of azote vapours which
are given off in the manufacture of various salts and acids, and especially
sulphuric acid, which I obtain at the manufactory, may also be
employed.
.
After the fatty and oily substances have been solidified and purified
they may be pressed and bleached, either separately or collectively, and
afterwards manufactured into candles by the usual processes.
Process for treating resinous substances, videlicet, the colophane of
cedar, the galipot virgin resin of America, and other similar resins
and gums.
I mix one or several of the resinous substances above mentioned, or
napthaline or paraffine, not hitherto employed for lighting purposes,
with one or more of the fatty bodies already mentioned, or others; I
submit the whole to a strong pressure, and melt it by the action of
steam in nearly half of its weight of sulphuric acid, at about twenty
degrees Beaumé. I keep it for some time at boiling point, and pour
it afterwards into boiling water to remove the acid. After this I intro-
duce into it a lye of potash, from five degrees to ten degrees, and keep

page_text: it in a state of fusion, causing a stream of chlorine gas to penetrate, by
which the bleaching, purifying, and disinfecting operations are effected:
I again wash it in boiling water, and afterwards in water containing a
certain quantity of sulphuric and oxalic acids or chlorates, and the
product is fit for manufacturing candles.
When the solidified oils, or resinous and nathalic products, have
been first pressed, if the liquid parts are to be used for lighting in that
state, they must be purified by any of the processes generally known,
which renders them fit to be burnt by an apparatus suitably constructed.
I would remark, that I do not confine myself to the precise mode of
conducting the several operations herein-before described, nor to the
different chemical agents I have described for producing vapours, as
the same are already known.
And having now described the nature of the Invention communicated
to me, and the manner of performing the same, I would have it under-
stood that what I claim is,-
Firstly, the solidification of fatty and oily matters by the simultaneous
production and application of the vapours disengaged, firstly, from
nitric acid; secondly, from the rectification of nitric acid, or the manu-
facture of nitrates of commerce; thirdly, from the manufacture of
oxalic acid by the application of the deutoxide of azote, obtained during
the production of oxalic acid, and obtained from the works, as herein-
before described.
Secondly, the application of resinous substances, and of napthaline,
and paraffine, to the manufacture of candles and other lighting purposes,
as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Augustus Pascal Aymard,
have hereunto set my hand and seal, this Twenty-ninth day of
September, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three
W. A. P. AYMARD. (L.S.)