CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR
Year: 1844

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, PETER
BORRIE, of Princes Square, Saint George's in the East, in the County of
Middlesex, Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her.
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Seventeenth day of October, in the eighth year of Her
reign, did, for. Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Peter Borrie, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and
authority, that I, the said Peter Borrie, my exors, adñiors, and assigns, or
such others as I, the said Peter Borrie, my exors, adñiors, or assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of
Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR;" in which said
Letters Patent is contained a proviso that I, the said Peter Borrie, shall
cause a particular description of the nature of my said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, to be inrolled in Her said
Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in
and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at
large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Peter Borrie, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and the
A

page_text: manner in which the same is to be performed, are fully described and ascer-
tained by the following Specification thereof, and Drawings hereunto annexed
(that is to say)—
The first part of my improvements consists of a machine represented by
Figures 8 and 9 (Sheet No. 1), for cutting the sugar canes into proper
lengths, when the juice is to be expressed by a hydraulic press. Figure 8
is a side elevation of the machine, and Figure 9 a front elevation of the
same, in both of which the same letters are used to indicate similar parts.
In the Figures a, a, a, a, is the framework of the machine carried by the
four wheels b, b, b, b, the axle of the front pair of wheels turning on a swivel,
and having a draw bar attached to it so that the machine can be easily
transported from one place to another. c, c, are fixed blades or knives
fastened to the framing a, a, and d, d, are moveable kuives working on the
centres e, e, so that they pass close to the edges of the fixed blades in the
manner of shears. f. f, are springs acting on the knives d, d, and keeping
them up clear of the fixed blades. g, g, are levers (to be pressed on by the
foot) connected to the moveable knives d, d, by the rod h, h. i, i, are stops
to put the ends of the canes up against in cutting, in order to make the
pieces all of one length. And k, k, are boxes into which the canes drop
when cut.
The next part of my Invention consists in certain improvements in the
construction of horizontal cane mills, shown in Figures 1, 2, 3, 6, and 7
(Sheet No. 1), the same letters in these Figures indicating similar parts.
Figure 1 is a side elevation of a horizontal cane mill, with its driving gearing
and a self-acting feeding apparatus. Figure 2 is a plan of the mill gearing
and apparatus, and Figure 3 is an end elevation of the same. Figures 6
and 7 are an elevation and section of my patent friction wheel, as applied to
the second motion wheel in the gearing. a is a pinion on the engine shaft
working into the wheel 6 on the intermediate shaft, on which shaft is a
pinion c working into the wheel d on the driving shaft of the mill. This
wheel is made in two parts, the interior part f being keyed upon the shaft,
and the exterior part e having the teeth upon it fitting exactly to the peri-
phery of the inner part. A groove is made in the inside of the exterior
part e for the friction plates 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, to act in, which plates are fitted
into recesses on the periphery of the interior part f, and are pressed out
against the exterior part by the screws h, h, h, h, h, h. These screws are
wrought in the following manner :-A ring i is made to turn freely on the
boss of the interior part of the wheel, and carries round with it the bevilled
toothed wheel j, which wheel works the pinions k, k, k, k, k, k, each of which

page_text: 6
may be then
is fixed on one of the screw rods in such a manner that the rod can slide
through its boss, the pinion being kept in its place by the collars 1, ', which
are in two halves and kept together by hinges. On the side of the exterior
part of the wheel a stud is fixed, carrying a link m; this link, by taking hold
of either of the studs n, n, connects the exterior part of the wheel < with the
moveable ring i, and consequently carries it round with it, thereby acting on
the screws h, h, h, h, h, h, through the wheel and pinions j, and k, k, k, k, k, k,
and thus tightening up all the friction plates. The link m is represented in
the Drawing as being in connection with the stud n, but when not connected
it is kept out by the spring catch o. The mode of adjusting this apparatus
at any time as follows:-The engine or other first mover being in motion
and as heavy a feed into the mill as is considered practicable to work with,
the exterior wheel e revolving upon interior f, the stud p is thrown in, which
disconnects the spring catch o and lets go the link m, which link in its
revolution catching one of the studs n, n, carries round the ring i, and thereby
tightens up the friction plates until the friction is so great as to carry round
the interior wheel along with the exterior part. The link m
thrown out by the stud q, by this means the wheel can at any time be
adjusted so as only to exert as much power to drive the mill as is considered
adequate to the safety of the various parts of the machinery, and at any time
the mill can be instantly stopped by throwing in the stud r, which catching
one of the pins n, n, on the ring i, unscrews the friction plates and relieves
the exterior wheel e. I would here remark, that I have used wheels with
friction plates tightened by common pinching screws before for sugar mills
and other machinery, but that the novelty of my Invention is, that I make
the tightening apparatus self acting, and only to create as much friction as
is required to drive the machinery, and also that by my apparatus the mill can
be instantly disconnected from the engine or other motive power without
stopping such first mover. In the mill I sometimes use strong spiral or other
springs (upon the cover bolts of the top roll) acting between the cover and
the nuts of the bolts to ease any sudden shocks that may come on the rolls.
The self-acting feeding apparatus consists of an endless band or sheets s, s,
(of leather, canvass, wire, rope, or other suitable material) carried by the two
rolls t, t, on which the canes are equally spread by a person attending the mill.
This sheet is supported by rollers u, u, u, u, u, u, upon the framing v, v, and is
driven by the chain w from the feeding roll of the mill at the same velocity as
the circumference of the mill rolls. The chain wheel on the driving roller t is
connected to the axle of the roller by a clutch wrought by the lever w'. x is a

page_text: top roller pressing upon the canes as they advance upon the endless sheets, and
driven at a greater velocity than the sheets. This roller is fluted or teethed
so as to take hold of the canes, and being driven at a greater velocity than
that with which they are advancing, forces them into the rolls of the mill.
It will be seen that this roller is not fixed, but that its bearings move up or
down in the slots y in the framing, according to the thickness of the feed.
The lever w has an arm at right angles to it, coming into the slot y above
the bearing of the roller x, and capable of adjustment to any distance from
this bearing. This arm being adjusted to allow only a certain thickness of
feed to pass through without the bearing of the roller a coming up against
it, if at any time too heavy a feed should be introduced, the bearing of the
roller rising acts upon the lever w, and throws the clutch out of connection
with the chain wheel, thereby stopping the progress of the feed..
In this part I do not claim the application of an endless band to carry the
canes to the mill, for I know that has been practised before; but I claim the
application of the toothed or fluted roller in connection with the disengaging
clutch and lever, to prevent too heavy a feed going into the mill.
Another part of my Invention consists in improved constructions' of hydraulic
presses to express the juice from the cane; and here I would observe, that I
do not claim the principle of applying hydraulic pressure to this purpose, but
only the peculiar construction of the apparatus for effecting it. Figs.
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, (Sheet No. 4), represent these
improvements, the same letters in these Figures referring to similar parts.
Figures 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 18, shew one method of construction which
I adopt in making hydraulic sugar presses. Figure 7 is a longitudinal section
of the press. Figure 8 is transverse elevation, with the receiving box and top
plate in section. Figure 9 is a plan or bird's-eye view of the same. Figures 10
and 11 are a plan and section of a double plate to be put between the
different layers of cane in the receiving box, and Figures 16, 17, 18, are
sections showing the method by which the columns are fixed into the bottom
and top plates. A is the cylinder; B, the ram; C, the bottom plate; D, the
travelling plate or follower; E, the top plate;
and G, the receiving box for the canes.
bosses in the top and bottom plates, as
a, a, is the end of a column turned to fit the boss in the plate, and having
a neck turned in it at such a distance from the shoulder c that the
distance between them may be equal to the length of the boss on the
plate. Two balf rings d, d, are fitted to this neck, which are kept in
their place by the hoop e fitting over them, and fixed by the screw f. The
F, F, F, F, F, F, the columns;
The columns are fixed into the
shewn in Figures 16, 17, 18.

page_text: receiving box G is made of two thicknesses of malleable iron plates having a
small space between them. These plates are revitted together, and have malle-
able iron bars between then to keep them separate. The inside plates are
pierced with holes to allow the juice from the canes to flow into the spaces
between the plates, and by that means to run down into the cistern H on the
top of the lower plate. The top plate E is in two pieces, the frame or main
part to which the columns are attached having an opening in the middle of it
corresponding with the inside of the receiving box below, and the other part,
which is moveable, slides into a dovetailed opening in the fixed part, so as to
open the top of the receiving box or close it at pleasure. In Figures 7 and 8,
this moveable piece is shown as closing the top of the receiving box; and in
the Plan Figure 9, it is shown as drawn back, and the top of the receiving
box open. The method I employ to open or close the top of the receiving
box is as follows:-I is a small cylinder strongly fixed to the top frame of the
press, and having a double leathered piston K working in it, which piston is
attached by the rod L to the moveable part of the plate. The two ends of
this cylinder are connected to a system of hydraulic pumps, herein-after men-
tioned, by the pipe Q, and the communication can at any time be shut off by
the valves. M and N; O and P are valves that may be opened to let the
water from either side of the piston which runs back to the cistern of the
hydraulic pumps by the pipe The moveable part of the plate being
drawn back so as to open the top of the receiving box, and the travelling
plate or follower D being at the top of this box, a valve is opened on the
connecting pipe to the cylinder A, which allows the water in this cylinder to
escape; and consequently the ram and follower gradually sink to the bottom
of the receiver G. During the sinking of the follower the canes cut into
proper lengths are laid into the box, double perforated plates, as shewn in
Figures 10 and 11, being put in at intervals between the layers of cane to
take the juice from the centre to the sides of the receiving box. Instead of
the above plates I sometimes use small perforated malleable iron tubes mixed
with the canes, which convey the juice into the spaces between the double
sides of the box. The receiver being thus fully charged with canes, the valve
N on the pipe Q from the hydraulic pumps is opened, and also the escape
valve O at the other end of the small cylinder, and thus the water acting
on the piston K, forces the moveable part of the plate back into its place so as
to close up the end of the receiving box. The communication is then opened
between the cylinder A and the hydraulic pumps, and the follower D is forced
up into the receiving box G, thereby compressing the canes and forcing the
juice out of them, which runs down into the cistern H. When the canes
R.

page_text: are sufficiently compressed, the connection between the cylinder A and the
pumps is shut, and the escape valve opened, in order to let a little of the
water from the cylinder escape to take off the pressure of the canes against
the top plate. The escape valve is then shut, and the valves M and P on
the small cylinder opened, the valves N and O being shut, then by the pressure
of the water on the piston K, the moveable part of the top plate is drawn
back and the end of the receiving box opened. The communication between
the pumps and the cylinder A now being opened, the follower ascends in the
receiving box and forces the compressed canes or bagass out of the top of
the box, which after being removed, the receiving box is ready for another
charge.
Another form which I use in the construction of these presses is represented
in Figures 12, 13, 14, and 15 (Sheet No. 4,) the same letters in each
referring to similar parts. Figure 12 is a longitudinal section of the press;
Figure 18 is a transverse elevation with the receiving box in section;
Figure 14 is a horizontal section through the receiving box; and Figure 15
is a front elevation of the receiving box, showing the doors. A is the cylinder;
B, the ram; C, the bottom plate; D, the follower; E, the top plate;
F, F, F, F, F, F, the columns fitted to the top and bottom plates, same as
before; and G, the receiving box for the canes. In this case the top plate
is all of one piece, and the canes are put into the box by doors made in its
ends, as shown in the elevation, Figure 15. The receiver, with its doors, is
formed of double malleable iron plates, the same as before, and the doors in
the ends are closed by means of hinges and latches, as shown in the Figures.
The top plate has a wedge piece cast on it all round and projecting down into
the receiving box. There is also another hollow wedge piece fixed on the
middle of this plate. On the follower is a double hollow wedge piece, the
wedges coming on each side of the middle wedge of the top plate. These
wedges divide the compressed mass of canes into picces, making it more
easily taken out at the doors in the ends of the receiver. They are also
pierced full of holes, and serve to convey the juice from the centre of the
canes to the sides of the box, from whence it runs into the cistern H. In
this construction I also use perforated malleable iron tubes mixed among the
canes to conduct the juice from the centre of the mass. The follower being
at the bottom of the receiving box, the box is packed full of canes at the end
doors. These doors being then shut the communication is opened between
the cylinder and the pumps, and the follower pressed up into the box, the
juice flowing into the spaces in the double sides and down to the cistern H.
After the mass of canes is sufficiently compressed, the communication to the

page_text: pumps
is shut off, and the water in the cylinder allowed to escape, when the
pieces of the compressed mass of bagass will fall down and may be taken out
of the end doors, and then the box is ready to be again filled with canes.
In the construction of these presses I have found it advantageous to cast the
rams hollow, as it not only makes them lighter but causes the metal to be
of a close texture, whereas solid rains are generally porous, the great pressure
forcing the water through the pores of the metal.
I may remark, that I sometimes introduce steam into the receiving box
amongst the canes, before the pressure is put on, in order to soften them, and
by its heat to make the juice contained in them more liquid. I may also
remark, that it will always be found most economical to work two presses with
the same system of hydraulic pumps, as the receiving box of the one can be
receiving the pressure while the other is emptying and refilling.
The next part of my Invention consists of improvements in the construction
of hydraulic pumps applicable to work the before-mentioned presses; but
which are also applicable to other purposes where hydraulic pressure is
required.
Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (Sheet No. 5), represent a system of pumps with
these improvements, the same letters in the various Figures indicating the
same parts. Figure is a plan of these pumps; Figure 2, a longitudinal
section; Figure 3, an end elevation; Figure 4, a front view of the excentric
or crank lever; Figure 5, a section of the connecting pipe to presses; and
Figure 6, a plan of the same. A is a cistern into which the four pumps
L, L, M, M, are placed; B is a rocking shaft supported on the frames C, C,
for working the pumps by means of the double-ended levers G, G, fixed upon
it; D is a double-ended lever by which the pumps may be wrought by manuel
power when required; E is a lever keyed upon the shaft B, which lever is
connected to a crank or excentric driven by a steam engine, water wheel, or
any other first mover; F is a disengaging apparatus to throw the connecting
rod out of connection with the lever E when the pumps are to be stopped;
H, H, are links connecting the levers G, G, with the cross heads of the
pump plungers; I, I, are cross heads on the pump plungers; K, K, are the
plungers of. the pumps; and L, L, M, M, are the pumps, the two L, L, being
larger in diameter than the two M, M. I find it a very good proportion to
make the plungers of the small ones one inch in diameter, and those of the
large ones two and a quarter inches in diameter, but I do not confine myself
to the proportion. N, N, are the bottom or suction valves of the pumps;
and o, o, are roses to prevent any extraneous matter that may be mixed
amongst the water from entering the pumps; P, P, are valves loaded to one

page_text: half, two thirds, or any other proportion of the whole pressure the pumps are
intended to give; Q, Q, are rods connected to the levers of these valves, and
to levers R, R, at the bottom of the cistern; S, S, are small spindles con-
nected to the ends of the levers R, R, and to the bottom or suction valves of
the two large pumps; T, T, are catches which engage into the rods Q, Q, and
keep them up after being forced up by the pressure on the valves P, P; U, U,
are the discharging valves of the pumps; V is a safety valve loaded to the
whole pressure the pumps are intended to produce; W, W, W, are spherical
remark,
air vessels upon the main pipe leading to the presses.
that I do not limit myself to the number of small air vessels I employ, as I
mean them to serve as a reservoir of power, so that if the pumps are kept
constantly working during any short intervals, the water may not be required
for the presses; the power will accumulate by the compression of the air in
these vessels, which will be given out again when required by the presses.
And I may
Figures 5 and 6 show a branch pipe to be connected to the cylinder of each
press, containing a safety valve x loaded to the full pressure; and another
valvez for opening to the return pipe when the water is to be let off from the
cylinder of the press. a is the coupling for joining this pipe to the cylinder; b, b,
are malleable iron rods for staying the frames b, b, together; and c, c, are rods
fixed to b, b, for carrying the guide bushes of the plungers. The operation of
the disengaging apparatus for the two large pumps is as follows:-The valves
P, P, being loaded by levers and weights to the pressure fixed on at which
the large pumps should cease to act (which pressure can be varied at pleasure
by shifting the weights along the levers), it will be seen that when these
valves lift, acting on their levers, they lift the levers R, R, by the rods Q, Q.
The levers R, R, are connected with the suction valves of the pumps by the
rods S, S, in such a manner that the valves will rise with the lever; but when
the lever is down the valves have full liberty to work. When the rods Q, Q,
are lifted the catches T, T, drop in and keep them up, and by that means
keep the suction valves up off their seats, so that the water has free ingress
and egress to the pumps; and although the plungers continue to work, they
do not throw any water, and consequently require no power to work them,
and thus the two large pumps are disengaged when the pressure becomes
too great for a given power to keep the whole in motion. In this arrangement
it will be seen that the valves P, P, may be so loaded as to throw only one
out at a time, and then when the pressure is increased to a certain extent to
throw the other out, the full pressure then being brought up by the small
pumps.
Having thus described my improvements in horizontal cane mills, and in

page_text: hydraulic presses for expressing the juice from the cane, and also in hydraulic
pumps for working the same, I would remark, that where steam power is
required to work either the mill or hydraulic pumps, I prefer using my patent
revolving steam engine as shown in connection with the mill in Figures
2, 3, 4, 5 (Sheet No. 1), for the following reasons:-First, that the power is
concentrated in comparitively very small space, and its parts are few and of
very little weight, and hence the portability of its construction is such that an
engine of twelve or fourteen horses power could be shipped and lifted about
without taking any of its parts separate except the driving shaft; second,
greater economy of fuel than is attained engines in ordinary use; third, less
liability to derangement from the fewness of its working parts; and, fourth,
the first cost of the engine is much less than that of a reciprocating engine of
the same power.
Another part of my Invention consists in an improved construction of steam
boiler represented in Figures 5, 6, 7, 8 (Sheet No. 2), which may be applied
to generate steam for a steam engine where one is used, or for generating
steam to be used in the different processes of defacating, filtering, and boiling,
in the manner herein-after described. But I do not confine myself to this
construction of boiler for this purpose, as any common construction may be
employed if found necessary. Figure 5 is a longitudinal section of this boiler;
Figure 6 is a plan, Figure 7 is a front elevation, and Figure 8 is a transverse
section of the same, the same letters in these Figures referring to the same
parts of the boiler. A, A, are the furnaces; B, B, water space bridges; C, C,
flues from the furnaces; D, return tubes above the flues and furnaces; E, the
steam chest; F, G, H, brick flues enclosing the outsides of the boiler. The
flame and heated air from the furnaces passes along the flues C, C, then
turning up, returns through the tubes D to the front of the boiler, from
whence it passes into the side flue F, and runs back along the outside of the
boiler. It then returns to the front of the boiler by the bottom flue G,
and from thence enters the other side flue H, and runs along it into the
chimney.
In the construction of this boiler I do not claim any one of the parts of
which it consists as in and by itself new, but I claim as new the general
arrangement and combination of these parts in the peculiar manner represented
in the Drawings, and herein described.
Another part of my Invention consists of different constructions of machines
or apparatus for raising the juice or liquor from a low to a higher level, and
which apparatus is applicable to other purposes. I may remark here, that
when a pump is used for this purpose, the churning motion of the piston or

page_text: bucket of the pump agitates the juice or liquor so much as to cause it to
ferment, and thereby deteriorates it greatly in quality; and to obviate this evil
I employ either of the three following constructions of apparatus shewn in
Figures 1 and 2 (Sheet No. 2), and Figures 8 and 9 (Sheet No. 3).
In Figures 1 and 2, Sheet No. 2, is represented a form of this apparatus,
which I employ where vacuum pans are used with an air pump to exhaust
them. In Figure 1 an elevation of it is shown, and in Figure 2 a plan, and
in both Figures the same letters refer to the same parts of the apparatus.
a is a juice pipe leading from the mill or hydraulic press to the juice receiver
c, the juice passing through the strainer b, which intercepts any extraneous
matter that may be mixed in it; d is an ascending pipe from the receiver
to the vessel f, on which is the cock e. g is a gauge glass to show the height
of the juice in the vessel. h is a pipe leading to the condenser attached to the
vacuum pans. i is a cock with a hollow key opening the vessel to the
exhausting pipe h, or to the external air by the nozzle j. k is a toothed
segment fixed upon the key of the cock, wrought by another toothed segment
Z upon an upright shaft which is turned by the handle m. The mode of
operation of this apparatus is as follows:--The cock e being opened, the
cock is turned to open the vesself to the exhausting pipe h, and a
vacuum being formed, the juice ascends in the pipe d and fills the vessel f;
when it is observed by the gauge glass g that the vessel is nearly full, the
cock is shut. The cock e is then shut, and the cock i is turned to the
aperture j, so as to admit the atmospheric pressure; the juice in the vessel f
may be then discharged into any other vessel below it.
Another form of apparatus which I use when vacuum pans with an air
pump are not employed, is represented by Figure 8 (Sheet No. 3). This
Figure is a vertical section of the apparatus. a is a vessel into which the
juice is to be raised; b, the ascending pipe to that vessel; c, the pipe by which
the juice is to be discharged from the vessel a; d, a cock that opens to either
of the above pipes; e, a cock that opens to the juice pipes b, c, or to the water
vessel g; f, a small cock that opens to the external air; g, a receiving vessel
for the injection water; h, a pipe leading from this vessel down into a well;
i, a cock on this pipe; k, an injection water-pipe; j, a rose on this pipe to
distribute the water in the vessel a; 1, a cock on this pipe; m, a steam pipe ;
n, a nozzle opening to the air; o, a cock connecting the vessel a to the pipe
m or nozzle n. This apparatus is operated on in the following manner :-
The cock e is opened to connect the vessel a with the vessel g, and the cock
o is opened to the steam pipe m, the small air-cock f being opened at the
same time, the steam forces the air contained in the vessel a out through this

page_text: cock. The cock f must be shut when steam begins to come out of it, as also
the cock o. The injection cock is then opened, and a vacuum produced by
the condensation of the steam in the vessel a, the injection water running
into the vessel g. The cock e is then turned to open to the juice pipe, the
cock d at the same time being open to the ascending pipe b, and the vessel a
immediately fills with juice. The cock d is then to be turned to open to the
discharge pipe c, and the top cock o to the air-nozzle n, and the juice will run
through the pipe c into any vessel below it. The cock i and the air cock f
are then opened, and the water in g will run down into the well.
The other construction of apparatus which I use is also adapted to cases
where vacuum pans with an air pump are not used. A vertical section of this
apparatus is represented in Figure 9 (Sheet No. 3). a is a vessel into which
the juice runs from the juice receiver by the pipe b; c is an ascending pipe to
convey the juice to a higher level; d is a cock which opens the vessel a to
either of the pipes 6 or c; aude is a pipe connected to a steam boiler with a
cock upon it. This apparatus is used in the following manner :-The cock
d is opened to the pipe 6, and the juice runs in from the juice receiver (which
is on a higher level) and fills the vessel a. The cock d is then opened to the
ascending pipe c, and also the cock f upon the steam pipe, and the pressure of
the steam upon the surface of the juice in the vessel a forces the juice up into
the pipe c to the height required, the steam in the boiler being of sufficient
elastic force to overcome the weight of the given column of juice.
Another part of my Invention consists of an apparatus for surcharging or
raising the temperature of steam to be used in the processes of defecating or
clarifying, filtering and concentrating the juice or syrups in the manner herein-
after described. This apparatus is shown in Figures 1, 2, 3 (Sheet No. 4), in
which the same letters refer to similar parts.
Figure 1 is a longitudinal section of the apparatus; Figure 2 is a trans-
verse section through the furnace; and Figure 3 is a plan of the same. a is a
steam pipe leading from the boiler into the expansion vessel e, and having an
equilibrium valve b in the chest c interposed between it and the said expansion
vessel; f is a small cylinder upon the vessel e, having the piston g working
freely in it, which piston is loaded to the pressure at which the steam is to be
used by the weights h; i is a lever connecting the piston 'g to the valve b;
K, K, is a pipe passing along one side of the furnace 1, 1, and connected to a
pipe 8, 8, on the opposite side by a series of vertical pipes r,r,r,r; l, l, is a
furnace containing the above pipes, and having a brick arch or screen o, o, to
protect the pipes from the direct action of the fire; m, m, are the grate bars,
and n is the fire door of this furnace; p is a damper at the top of the furnace

page_text: wrought by the lever q; t is a pipe leading from the furnace 1, 1, and having
a thermometer u inserted in it. The operation of this apparatus is as follows:
-The steam coming along the pipe a from the boiler, enters the chest c and
passes through the valve 6 and into the expansion vessel e by the branch d,
from thence it passes into the pipe k, k, and through the series of vertical
pipes r, r, r, r, into the pipe s, s. Now, as these pipes expose a great heating
surface, the steam in passing through them imbibes a great amount of
caloric, which can be transmitted to any body through its medium. It will be
observed that although the steam in the pipe a from the boiler may be of a
high pressure, and that although this steam in passing through the series of
heated pipes is increased in elasticity, still its elastic force in the expansion
vessel e, and, consequently, in the series of heated pipes and pipe leading there-
from cannot much exceed the pressure to which the piston g is loaded, for if it
exceed this the piston g immediately rises, and by the lever i shuts the valve b,
thereby cutting off the supply of steam from the boiler, and no more is admitted
until the pressure decreases, when the piston sinks and again opens the valve.
The temperature of the steam passing from the apparatus can be observed by
the thermometer u, and the heat of the furnace regulated accordingly by the
damper p.
I would here observe that the whole of the pipes leading the steam to the
apparatus of the different processes are to be well clothed with felt or other
nonconducting substance.
The next part of my Invention consists of improvements in the apparatus
for defecating or clarifying the juice. These improvements are represented in
Figures 1, 2, and 4 (Sheet No. 2), the same letters and figures referring
to similar parts in all the Figures.
Figure 1 shows a front elevation of a system of clarifying vessels with one of
the pans or vessels in section. In Figure 2 a plan of the same is shewn, and
in Figure 4 an end elevation of the apparatus is represented. n, n, n, n, n, n,
are clarifying vessels having a double bottom with a space o, o, to be filled with
steam to heat them. These vessels may be made of copper or malleable or
cast iron, but if of iron I prefer having the inside surface in contact with the
juice galvanized or glazed or enamelled, as is well understood.
I may also observe here that heating these vessels by steam has been prac
tised before. But what I claim as new is, heating them with steam over-
charged with caloric, and the general form and arrangement of the apparatus
for effecting the same.
p, p, are cocks to admit the juice into the vessels n, n, from the juice
elevating vesself before described; 2, q, are cocks to admit the steam into the

page_text: louble bottom from the steam pipe r, r, and it will be observed that these
same cocks also serve to take off the water generated from the condensation of
the steam from the double bottoms. This is done by the small pipe t leading
from the double bottom to the cock 9. which cock has a passage through it
distinct from the steam passage, and is so formed that when the steam passage
is open the passage for the condensed water is also open. The water runs from
the cocks into a main pipe s, s, leading it to the well; u, u, are cocks to run
These cocks have two branches
off the clarified juice from the vessels n, n.
or openings, the one leading by the pipes w, w, to the cistern 4, and the other v
leading by the gutters x, x, into the draining vessel y. z, z, is a strainer or
cullander in this draining vessel, and 1, 2, are cocks at the top and bottom of it.
The action of this apparatus is as follows:-One of the vessels n is filled to a
p. The proper
proper height with juice from the elevation f by opening the cock
temper of lime or other substance is then mixed with it, and the steam cock q
opened to admit the steam into the double bottom, the heat being regulated by
the degree of opening given to the cock, and the same cock serving for the
When the heating of the juice is com-
escape of the water of condensation.
pleted, the steam cock q is shut and the juice in the vessel allowed to settle,
after which the clear or clarified syrup is run by the cock u into the cistern 4 by
the pipe w, and by turning the same cock half round the scums are run into
the draining vessel y by the gutter x. Any juice that may be mixed with the
scums drains through the strainer z, z, and is drawn off by the cock 2, and
the seuns when drained are drawn off by the cock 1. The lower part of the
draining vessel is connected to the vacuum pipe by a pipe 3 with a cock on it,
so as to produce a partial vacuum, and by the pressure of the atmosphere on
the top to drain the scums quicker.
Another part of my Invention consists of improvements in filters for
filtering clarified juice or syrups. These improvements are represented in
Figures 2, 3, and 4 (Sheet No. 2). the same letters indicating the same parts in
the various Figures. In Figure 2 a plan of a system of these filters is shewn;
Figure 3 is a front elevation of this system; and in Figure 4 is shown a
vertical section of one of the filters. A, C, is a cylindrical vessel (but which
may be of any other form) having the upper part or head A larger than the
lower part. This vessel may be of copper or iron, and if of iron I recom-
mend that the inside surface should be galvanized, glazed, or enamelled. Bis
a filter box (baving a wire guaze and flannel or muslin bottom) filled with
charcoal or other filtering medium, and hanging into the vessel A, C, by its
upper flange, which flange is made tight all round by resting on a canvass or
flannel joint. The box B may be also of copper or iron that has received

page_text: either of the two afore-mentioned processes. D, D, is an outside case of iron
between which and the vessel A, C, a space is left which is filled with steam
by the cock F from the steam pipe P; E is a cock to let the syrup or juice
in from the cistern 4 to the top of the filter A; and G is a cock connecting
the bottom of the filter to the vacuum pipe below, the same cock also having
a nozzle on it to open to the atmosphere; H is a pipe leading to the cock J
for emptying the bottom of the filter of juice; K is a small cock and pipe
for taking the water of condensation from the space between the outside case
and the vessel A, C; L is a vacuum guage to indicate the degree of vacuum
in the bottom of the vessel A, C; M is a cover on A, C having a door on it;
N is a guage glass by which the height of the syrup or juice in the lower part
of the filter is seen; and O is a crane by which any of the filter boxes may
be lifted out to change the charcoal or other filtering medium. The operation
of this filter is as follows:-The filter box B being filled with any approved
substance as a medium through which the juice or syrup is to be filtered, the
cock E is opened and the juice or syrup admitted into the upper part of the filter
A, steam being admitted by the cock F to heat the filter and make the juice or
syrup more fluid. The cock G is then opened to the vacuum pipe to such an
extent as to give that degree of vacuum in the bottom of the filter as in
practice may be found most advantageous. When it is observed by the
guage glass N that the bottom part of the filter C is about full, the cock E is
then shut, and the cock G turned to open to the atmosphere, then the filtered
liquor will be discharged through the pipe II into a juice elevator to be herein-
after referred to.
In this part of my Invention I claim as new the general arrangement and
combination of the different parts, the use of steam to heat the filter, and the
employing of a partial vacuum on the lower side of the filtering medium, so
that the pressure of the atmosphere on the top of the liquor in the filter may
have greater effect in forcing it through, and by this means a much deeper
strata of filtering medium may be employed.
Another part of my Invention consists of improvements in the construction
and arrangement of open pans or vessels for concentrating sugar cane juice,
which improvements are represented in Figures 1, 2, and 3 (Sheet No. 3),
the same letters referring to similar parts in all the Figures. In Figure 1 an
end elevation of a system of pans is shewn; in Figure 2 a plan of the same; s
and Figure 3 is a longitudinal elevation of the system, the first or largest pan
being in section.
a is a juice elevator connected to the discharge pipe Qof
the filters (Figure 4, Sheet No. 2) by the pipe i, or if the juice is to be
concentrated without being filtered, the pipe i will lead to the juice cistern 4

page_text: (Figures 2, 3, 4, Sheet No. 2). b, c, d, e, are pans or vessels having double
bottoms, as shewn in the section b, into the spaces between which surcharged
steam is introduced to heat the juice in the pans. These vessels may be
made of copper or malleable or cast iron, but when of iron I recommend that
the inside surface in contact with the juice be galvanized, glazed, or enamelled.
I also recommend that the bottoms of these vessels, as well as the bottonis of
the clarifying vessels herein-before described, and of the vacuum pans herein-
after described, should be clothed with felt or other nonconducting substance,
as shewn in section of the first pan b. f is a cock and pipe to admit the juice.
from the elevator a to the first pan 6; and g is a pipe leading from the first
to the second pan, and having the cock f on it. In like manner there is
a pipe and cock between the second and third and the third and fourth pans."
h, h, h, h, are branches with cocks from the main steam pipe admitting steam
into the double bottoms of the pans; and j.j, j,j, are small pipes with cocks
for taking the water of condensation from these double bottoms; k is a cock
to run the concentrated juice from the fourth pan or teache into the cooler or
granulating vessel l. The operation of boiling by this arrangement of apparatus
is as follows:-The juice being raised into the vessel a in the manner herein--
before described, it is filled into the first pan 6 by the cock f, and the steam
b
cock h being opened the juice undergoes a certain degree of concentration in'
this vessel, the heat being regulated by the degree of opening given to the
cock h. In like manner it is run from the first to the second, from the second
to the third, and from the third to the fourth pan or teache, in each of which
it receives the proper degree of heat to evaporate it, regulated by the steam
cocks h, h, h. When the juice is found to be sufficiently concentrated in
the fourth pan or teache e, it is run into the granulating vessel or cooler l,.
from whence after being sufficiently cooled it may be filled into shallow coolers
or moulds.
In the construction and working of this system of pans or concentrating:
vessels, I claim as new the application of surcharged steam to heat the different
vessels of the system, and the general arrangement and combination of the parts:
to effect this in the manner shewn in the Drawings, and herein described.
Another part of my Invention consists of improvements in vacuum pans, for
which improvements are represented in Figures 1, 2, and 4 (Sheet No. 8), the
same letters indicating the same parts in each Figure. In Figure 1 a front
elevation of two vacuum pans is shewn. In Figure 2, a plan of the same;
and Figure 4 is a vertical section of one of the pans. A is the vacuum pan,.
having a double bottom, surcharged steam being admitted into the space
between the bottoms to heat the juice or syrup contained in the pan. I also.

page_text: syrup
sometimes use small tubes placed various ways in the bottom of the pan, and
communicating with the steam space in the double bottom, to increase the
heating surface. This pan may be made of copper or iron, but if of iron the
inside surface in contact with the juice or syrup should be coated by either of
the processes before mentioned for the clarifiers and open pans. B is a pipe
and cock for admitting the juice from the filters into the pan. C is a discharge
valve by which the concentrated juice or syrup is run from the pan into the
beater D. D is a heater, having a casing all round, and into which casing
surcharged steam is admitted by the cock E. F is a valve to admit or shut
off the steam to or from the double bottom of the pan. G is the top or
capital of the vacuum pan. H, H, a pipe, leading from this capital. I, a
vessel to contain any syrup or juice that may boil over through the pipe H, H.
K, a two-way cock at the bottom of this vessel, to run off the syrup or juice
contained in it into the heater D or other vessel. L, a small three-way cock,
in a partition in this vessel, to open the bottom part to the pipe II, H, or to
the atmosphere; and W, a gauge glass on this vessel to shew the height of the
in it. M is a valve by which the communication of the pipe II, H, with
the condenser may be shut off; and N, N, a pipe leading from this valve to
the condenser. O is the condenser; P, the injection cock and pipe; and
Q, the exhaust pipe leading to the air pump. R is a barometer or vacuum
gauge. S, a thermometer going down amongst the syrup. T, a proof stick.
U, a gauge glass. V, a small cock and pipe to take off the water of conden-
sation from the double bottom; and X is an air cock to admit air into the
pan. The method of working this pan is as follows:-The communication
between the condenser and air pump and the pan A being opened by means of
the valve M, a partial vacuum is formed in the pan. The cock B is then
opened, and juice or syrup admitted from the filters to fill the pan to a
sufficient height. The steam valve F is then opened and steam admitted into
the double bottom to heat the juice or syrup, the heat being regulated by the
degree of opening given to this valve. When by trials with the proof stick
the syrup is found to be sufficiently concentrated the steam valve F is shut, as
also the valve M. The air cock X is then opened, and also the discharge
valve C, and the concentrated syrup is then discharged into the heater D, from
which it may be filled into the moulds. When it is observed that the overflow
vessel I is full, it should be discharged into the heater, or, if it is thought that
the syrup contained in it is not sufficiently concentrated, it may be discharged
into another vessel, and again introduced into the vacuum pan.
In this apparatus I do not claim any one of the parts of which it consists as
in and by itself new, but I claim as new the using of surcharged steam to heat

page_text: the syrup in the pan, and the general arrangement and combination of the
parts in the manner represented in the Drawings, and herein described.
is
Another part of my Invention consists in improvements in air pumps to be
used for exhausting the condensors in connection with vacuum pans, which
improvements are represented in Figures 5, 6, and 7 (Sheet No. 3).
Figures 5 and 6 are a plan and section of one description of pump I use, the
same letters indicating similar parts in both Figures. a, a, is the barrel of the
pump. c, c, is a close piston, with metallic packing. b, b, the piston rod,
working through the stuffing box d, d. e, e', are induction valves, and f, ƒ³,
are discharge valves, one of each being at each end of the pump barrel.
the passage communicating with the condensor, and h is the discharge passage.
It will be observed that the working of this pump produces a double action,
for when the piston c, c, is ascending the water or air above it is discharged at
the valve f, and at the same time water or air is drawn into the pump at the
valve e'; and again when the piston is descending the water or air below it is
discharged at the valve f, and the water or air drawn in above the piston at
the valve e; thus the action is constant, forcing and drawing, both at the
upward and downward stroke.
Figure 7 is a vertical section of another description of air pump I employ,
and in this case the air pump is shewn as placed inside of the condenser, but I
do not confine myself to this mode of placing it. This air pump is of the
rotatory description, and as its action is constant it is calculated to produce a
better vacuum with less power than a common reciprocating bucket pump.
A revolving or other steam engine, or any first mover, is also more easily
applied to work it, as a connecting rod, parallel motion, crank or beam, is not
required. A, A, is the condenser. B, a cylinder, in the inside of which the
internal cylinder C revolves. The latter cylinder is placed excentric to the
former, and fixed on the shaft D, which passes through stuffing boxes in
the ends of the cylinder, and has bearings on two frames fixed to a bed-
plate cast on the condenser. E, E, E, E, are four sliding pistons, each
opposite pair being connected together by four rods passing on each side
of the shaft, their breadth being equal to that of the outer cylinder. These
pistons slide freely at right angles to each other through openings made in
the circumference of the revolving cylinder, their sliding motion being caused.
by the pressure of one of their extremities on the ascending side of the outer
cylinder and the excentricity of the revolving cylinder through which they
slide. These pistons are kept water-tight, both at the ends and the out-
side, by the metallic packing placed between the two plates of which they

page_text: are formed, and this packing is pressed by springs towards the ends and
circumference of the outer cylinder. There are also metallic packings
acting against the ends of the rims of the inner cylinder, which project
into packing boxes in the cylinder ends. G, G, are induction passages
communicating the condenser with the inside of the oylinder B. H; H, is
a discharge passage communicating at a and b with the inside of this
cylinder; and I is a discharging valve at the top of this passage... The
action of this pump will be readily understood, for if we suppose the shaft D
to be connected to the shaft of a revolving or other steam engine, or any
first mover, the revolution of the pistons E, E, E, E, will draw the water
or air in at the induction passages G, G, and discharge it at the discharge
valve I; and as the pistons revolve they will produce a continuous action.
With regard to this part of my Invention I may observe that I am well
aware that pumps on the same principle as that shewn in Figures 5 and 6
have been used before; but what I claim is their application to the manu-
facture of sugar, and the particular form and arrangement of the parts of the
pump to adapt it to that purpose, and as shewn in the Drawings and described
in this Specification.
2.
As to the second construction or revolving pump, I claim as new-the com-
bination and arrangement of the parts of which it is composed; in the manner
shewn in the Drawing, and herein-before described, to form a pump to act by
a rotatory motion.
Another part of my Invention consists in improvements 'in apparatus for
curing or draining sugar when filled into moulds or forms. These improve-
ments are represented by Figures 19, 20, and 21 (Sheet
letters referring to the same parts in all the Figures.
No. 4, the same:
Figure 19 is a longitudinal section of this apparatus; Figure 20 a trans-
verse section, and Figure 21 a plan of the same. a, a, is a shallow box or
vessel of iron or other substance, having its bottom inclined, so that it is
deeper at one end than the other, and having a number of holes in its top to
receive the moulds c, c. This box has a deep part 6 at one end of it for the
drainings to run into, with a cock f upon it, by which they may be drawn
off. The moulds c, c, I make of either wrought or cast iron, galvanized or
glazed or enamelled inside. These moulds have flanges on them, which are
to be carefully turned on the lower sides, fitted to the projecting part: round.
the holes in the top of the box, and made air-tight by a joint of canvas,.
flannel, or other material. d is a cock connecting the box a, a, with the
exhaust pipe e, so that when the holes in the top of the box have been filled

page_text: with moulds by opening the cock d a partial vacuum will be formed in it, the
moulds being pressed down upon their seats by the external air, and then
syrup or any other proper liquid being poured on the top of the sugar in the
moulds, will be forced through it by the atmospheric pressure, carrying with it
the molasses and other uncrystallized substances.
I may remark that I am fully aware that a-partial vacuum has been
employed before to facilitate the process of draining sugar loaves, and that
:metallic sugar
moulds have also been in-use before; but what I claim! as new
is the arrangement and form of apparatus as shewn in the Drawings and
herein described; and the employment of iron sugar moulds, coated inside in
the manner herein-before referred to, and formed with flanges, so as to be
adapted to the before-mentioned arrangement of apparatus.
·
In the Drawings I have represented the buildings containing all the
machinery and apparatus as constructed wholly of iron. The sides or walls
are formed of a series of cast-iron. pillars spaced at equal distances, and having
cast-iron connecting beams on the top. These pillars. have flanges cast on the
sides for the sheet-iron. to join to, which covers in the spaces between them,
there being also a number of upright standards of this form of section (1),
to which this iron is also fixed." If found necessary, the inside may be lined with
wood or iron, fixed to the inside flanges of the above standards, and leaving an air
space between in order to prevent the conducting power of the iron making
the inside too warm from the action of the sun's rays upon it. The roof is also
formed of plates of iron, zinc, or other material, resting on T-formed iron,
thus (r), of which the frames or rafters are made, and which are trussed
with iron rods in the manner shewn in the Drawings. Buildings formed in
this manner present many advantages; when for colonial or foreign use, from
their portability and facility of exportation; as the whole could be taken to
pieces at the p
'place where it is made, and, after being exported, erected in any
situation with very little trouble.
"
S-
Having thus described the nature of "my Invention, and the manner in
which the same is to be performed; what I claim is,
First; the construction and arrangement of à machine for cutting the sugar
canes into proper lengths, when the juice is to be expressed by a hydraulic
press.
Second, the use of a friction wheel and self-acting feeding apparatus, as
described in the Specification in the construction of horizontal cane mills.
Third, the use of hydraulic presses to express the juice from the cane, of

page_text: the peculiar construction shewn in the Drawings aud described in the
Specification.
Fourth, the use of hydraulic pumps of improved construction to work the
above presses, which are applicable to other purposes connected with the
manufacture of sugar.
Fifth, the general arrangement and combination of the parts of the steam
boiler, as represented in the Drawing and described in the Specification.
Sixth, different constructions of apparatus for raising the juice or liquor from
a low to a higher level, as described and specified.
Seventh, an apparatus for surcharging or raising the temperature of steam
to be used in the processes of defecating or clarifying, filtering and concen-
trating, the juice or syrup.
Eighth, heating defecating vessels or clarifiers by surcharged steam, and the
general form and arrangement of the apparatus for effecting the same.
Ninth, the general arrangement and combination of the different parts of
filters, the use of steam to heat the filter, and the employing of a partial
vacuum on the lower side of the filtering medium, so that the pressure of the
atmosphere on the top of the liquor in the filter may have an effect in forcing
it through, and by this means a much deeper strata of filtering medium may
be employed.
Tenth, the application of surcharged steam to concentrate syrup or juice in
open pans or vessels, and the general arrangement and combination of the
parts to effect this, in the manner shewn in the Drawings and described in the
Specification.
Eleventh, the use of surcharged steam to heat the syrup in a vacuum pan,
and the general arrangement and combination of the parts of the apparatus
connected with such pan, as represented and specified.
Twelfth, improvements in air pumps to be used in connection with vacuum
pans, as represented in the Drawings and described in the Specification.
Thirteenth, the arrangement and form of apparatus for curing or draining
sugar loaves, and the employment of a particular form or construction of sugar
mould adapted to this apparatus, in the manner described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Peter Borrie, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Sixteenth day of April, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and forty-five.
PETER (L.S.) BORRIE.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Sixteenth day of April, in the
year of our Lord 1845, the aforesaid Peter Borrie came before our said
Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form
above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according
to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Seventeenth day of April, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and forty-five.