INCANDESCENT ELECTRIC APPARATUS AND THE MANUFACTURE THEREOF to be as follows:
Year: 1884

page_text: I, JOSEPH STOKES WILLIAMS of Riverton, New Jersey, United States of
America Engineer do hereby declare the nature of the said invention for
"INCANDESCENT ELECTRIC APPARATUS AND THE MANUFACTURE THEREOF to be
as follows:-
"
My invention relates to the construction of incandescent lighting apparatus my
object being to employ an indestructible base or support for the conducting
material the base and conducting elements being adapted to operate in unison for
the development of light the material of which is distributed in the thinnest
practicable layer or layers or a mere film so as to reduce to a minimum the
quantity of material in any given cross section from which light is emitted or to be
emitted upon the passage of an electric current I can employ various materials or
compounds as the base for instance chalk lime fluor spar French chalk calcined
materials or magnesium calcium or metallic oxides basalt or any combination of
such materials or sheets of such material but preferably asbestos which are treated
mixed or saturated with cellulose ligneous or vegetable fibre oil gum turpentine
petroleum paraffine starch collodion chrysene india ink or other carbonizable
material in a determined quantity so as to regulate the electrical resistance or give
sufficient conductivity to permit of the passage of an electric current of high force
or by flashing from induction coils condensers or otherwise such indestructible
bases or material previous or when saturated being compressed into the shapes or
forms desired such as thin sheets layers or preferably films perforated angular or
other forms so as to constitute the light emitting portion of the conductors with
increased amount of material at parts of the same so as to provide for the
attachment of the terminals which may be fused or carbonized to form a perfect
union or the bases or supports for instance asbestos mixed or not with or without
lignite cellulose ligneous or other fibre or prepared by mixing with a very small
proportion say 1 to 4 per cent of cellulose dextrine gums resins or other
carbonizable or non carbonizable cementing agent which I subject to a great
pressure and reduce to the thinnest possible sheets ribbons gauze or other suitable
forms or shapes which may be adapted to provide for immediate attachment to the
terminals or to provide for being stamped into the proper shape for to constitute

page_text: or as
the light emitting portions of the apparatus when such carbonizable material is so
embodied the material can be carbonized by heat in the well known manner or the
asbestos sheets are struck cut or stamped therefrom or otherwise formed or can be
dipped into collodion paraffin turpentine or other liquid containing carbon as herein
referred to and may be subsequently carbonized by any known means
described in my application for Patent of this date under title "Carbon fabrics or
materials their manufacture and application" or the asbestos structure can be
impregnated with and covered by a mere film of carbon in a gas jar or chamber
which I preferably heat electrically and in all cases when I so impregnate the
asbestos or indestructible structure I prefer to use the electric current as the test of
resistance so as to prevent any excess of deposit.
In carrying this into practice I arrange the structure or series of them on a small
insulating indestructible frame or.clamp through which the terminals extend and
to a system of circuit makers or breakers outside of another outer chamber which
is gas tight and preferably filled with hydro carbon gas to exclude the air from the
device supporting the structures to be carbonized In the circuits I employ
automatic cut off devices which are brought into operation the moment the proper
resistance is reached in such a manner as to prevent the heating and deposit or I
can employ other regulating and measuring devices to ensure uniform resistance
this not being difficult as I take care that temperature quality and other conditions
requisite are kept to the standard and I employ automatic regulators for testing
and maintaining such conditions I find that a very fine gauze or fabric of asbestos
woven or stamped as an open net work from the thinnest possible sheets gives good
.results the important features of such lighting apparatus being that when such light
emitting elements are employed that an infinitesimal quantity of carbon or
conducting element is employed distributed in as a mere film (which would
otherwise be non self sustaining) and as the asbestos or indestructible base is also
distributed in a thin layer or as a gauze the meshes of which are as fine as possible
and with a flat section it is evident that I am enabled to materially reduce the
length of the light emitting portion and obtain the surface necessary for lights of 5
10 15 or 20 or 30 candle power with the material but a short distance from the
base of the lamp or the point where union is made between the metal wires and the
light emitting portion.
In some cases I employ means to reduce partly or entirely the ligneous fibre
mixed with the asbestos to a pulp or cellulose and such process is applicable when
asbestos paper or sheets are employed from which the filaments are to be
constructed when such material is so reduced I employ means to cleanse the same
of all foreign or deleterious elements and subject the fabric or structure to great
pressure in order to reduce it to uniformity. The terminals may be adapted to
extend in the same or opposite directions through the enclosing chamber as usually
employed for incandescent lighting the conductors may have the form of a flat loop
with or without a flat circular head or a loop with angular projections corrugations
or apertures or perforations or a ring with the material distributed in a layer
principally as a flat surface with or without corrugations perforations apertures, or
angular projections or in the form of a cone semi spherical or equivalent surfaces
with or without corrugations apertures or angular projections or in the form of a
sheet ribbon or cross the sheets blades or wings having straight or curved edges
presenting principally a flat surface or curved or angular surface or a surface with
or without corrugations apertures, or angular projections or such last named forms
may be built up of such sheets or surfaces so as to present an illuminating surface
in the form of a triangle cone pyramid sphere with or without the central
portion H shaped or having two three or a greater number of wings or projections
adapted to constitute the light giving portion of the conductor. These various
forms can provide for the deposition of and supporting the conducting element I
can deposit the conducting element or combine it withe indestructible base
mechanically electrically chemically or through the direct application of heat, or by
...

page_text: a combination of such means as herein described or as set forth in the application
for Patent under the title herein mentioned, terminals, or conductors can be
combined with the light emitting portions mechanically and by carbonizing electro
plating or fusion. Enlargements may also be provided upon such formed conductors
by the employment of the surfaces or plates provided with the recesses containing
the necessary excess of material, and I fuse the terminals adapted to clamp the
asbestos on such base in firm contact therewith or with any suitable carbon paste
or a carbonizable material such filaments can be mounted in transparent or
semi-transparent globes from which the air is exhausted and excluded in any
known or suitable manner the connections through the globe are maintained in
their proper position and the glass is compressed upon them provision being made
for such fittings and connections as is desired to adopt or apply.

page_text: I JOSEPH STOKES WILLIAMS of Riverton New Jersey United States of America
Engineer do hereby declare the nature of my invention for "-INCANDESCENT
ELECTRIC APPARATUS AND THE MANUFACTURE THEREOF" and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement:-
My invention relates to the construction of incandescant lighting apparatus my
object being to employ an indestructible base or support for the conducting material
the base and conducting elements being adapted to operate in unison for the
developement of light the material of which is distributed in the thinnest practicable
layers or mere fibres so as to reduce to a minimum the quantity of material in any
given cross section from which light is emitted or to be emitted upon the passage
of an electric current.
(a) I employ various materials or compounds as the base for instance french
chalk calcined materials magnesia calcium or metallic oxides or any suitable com-
bination of such materials or sheets of such material treated mixed or saturated
with cellalose lignious or vegetable fibre oil gum turpentine petroleum paraffin
starch collodium indian ink or other carbonizable material in a determined quantity
so as to regulate the electrical resistance or give sufficient conductivity to permit
of the passage of an electrical current by flashing or carbonizing from induction
coils condensers or otherwise.
(b) Such indestructible material is previously or when so treated compressed into
the shapes or forms desired such as thin sheets layers or films presenting perforated
angular or other forms so as to constitute the light emitting portion of the con-
ductors having an increased amount of material at parts of the same so as to
provide for the attachment of the terminals.
(c) The terminal connections can be fixed or carbonized with the aforesaid light
emitting portions to form a perfect union or the bases or supports for instance
asbestos mixed or not with ligneous or other fibre or prepared by mixing the same
with a small proportion say 1 to 4 per cent of collodium dextrine gum resin or
other carbonizable or non carbonizable connecting agent is subjected to pressure
and reduced to sheets ribbons or gauze or other suitable forms or shapes which may
be adapted to provide for immediate attachment to the terminals or to provide for
being stamped into the proper shapes to constitute the light emitting portions of
the apparatus.
(d) When carbonizable material is embodied or compounded in the structure, it
can be carbonized by heat in the well known manner or the asbestos sheets or
structure cut or stamped therefrom or otherwise formed can be dipped into collodium
paraffin turpentine or other liquid containing carbon as herein set forth and may
be subsequently carbonized by any known means or as described in my application
for Patent of the year 1882 No 24 or the asbestos structure can be impregnated
with and covered by a mere film of carbon in a gas jar chamber which I can heat
electrically.
(e) In cases when I impregnate the asbestos or indestructible structure with a
carbonizable material I prefer to use the electric current as the test of resistance
so as to prevent any excess of conductivity In carrying this into practice I

page_text: arrange the structure or series of them in a small insulating indestructible frame or
clamp from which the terminals extend and to a system of circuit makers or breaker
outside of another outer chamber which is gas tight and preferably fitted with
bydro-carbon gas to exclude the air from the device supporting the structures to be
carbonized in the circuits I employ automatic cut off devices which are brought
into operation the moment the proper resistance is reached in such a manner as to
prevent the heating and deposit or I can employ other regulating and measuring
devices to ensure uniform resistance this not being difficult The temperature
quality and other conditions requisite are kept to the standard and I employ
automatic regulators for testing and maintaining such conditions.
(f) I employ fine gauze or fabric of asbestos woven or stamped as an open net
work to form thin sheets with good results the important features of such lighting
apparatus being that when such light emitting elements are employed that a small
quantity of carbon or conducting material is employed distributed as a mere film
(which would otherwise be non self sustaining) and as the asbestos or indestructible
base is also distributed in a thin layer or as a gauze or with a flat section I am
enabled to materially reduce the length of the light emitting portion and obtain
the surface necessary for lights of 5. 10. 15 or 20 or 30 candle power with the
material but a short distance from the base of the lamps or the point where union
is made between the metal wire and the light emitting portion.
(9) In some cases I employ means to reduce partly or entirely the fibre mixed
with the asbestos to a pulp or carbon and such process is applicable where
asbestos paper or sheets are employed from which the filaments are to be con-
structed when such material is so reduced chemically I employ means to cleanse the
same (by washing or chemical agents or both) of all foreign or deleterious elements
and subject the fabric or structure to great pressure in order to reduce it to a
homogeneous structure.
(h) The terminals may be adapted to extend in the same or opposite directions
through the enclosing chamber as usually employed for incandescent lighting the
conductors may have the form of a flat loop with or without a flat circular bead or
a loop with angular projections corrugations or apertures or perforations or a ring
with the material distributed in a layer principally as a flat surface with or without
corrugations perforations apertures or angular projections or in the form of a cone
semi spherical or equivalent surfaces curved with or without corrugations apertures
or angular projections or in the form of a sheet ribbon or cross the sheets blades or
wings having straight or curved edges presenting principally a flat surface or
curved or angular surface or a surface with or without corrugations apertures
or angular projections or such last named forms may be built up of such sheets or
surfaces so as to present an illuminating surface in the form of a triangle cone
pyramid sphere with or without the central portion H shaped or having two three
or a greater number of wings or projections adapted to constitute the light giving
portion of the conductors-I can combine material of the conducting element with
the indestructible base mechanically electrically chemically or through the direct
application of heat or by a combination of such means as herein described or as set
forth, the terminals or conductors can be combined with the light emitting portion
mechanically and by carbonizing electroplating or fusion-Such filaments or
structures can be mounted in transparent or semi transparent globes from which
the air is exhausted and excluded in any known or suitable manner the connections
through the globe are maintained in their proper position and the glass is com-
pressed upon them provision being made for such fittings and connections as is
desired to adopt or apply.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
Invention and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what
I claim is
1. The manufacture or use of electric lighting filaments composed of materials
substantially as set forth in paragraph a.

page_text: 2. The manufacture or use of electric lighting filaments as described under
paragraph a compressed and formed substantially as set forth in paragraph b.
3. Incandescent lighting filaments or apparatus manufactured from sheets com-
posed of material substantially as set forth in paragraph c.
4.. The method of manufacturing or regulating the resistance of electric lighting
filaments substantially as set forth in the respective paragraphs d f, g.
5. The method of or apparatus for manufacturing or regulating the resistance of
electric lighting filaments substantially as set forth in paragraph e.
6. The employment or use of electric lighting filaments of the class described in
the preceding claims in the construction of electric lighting apparatus substantially
as and for the purposes set forth.