Year: 1897

page_text: A mixture of gaseous hydrochloric acid and dry protoxide of carbon is introduced
into a mixture prepared from 10 parts of toluene,. 10 parts of aluminium chloride,
and 1 part of cuprous chloride. The temperature is kept at from 60 to 70 degrees
Centigrade, and during this operation. the green color first shown in the reaction
mixture turns into yellowish-red: After the gaseous mixture, has been introduced
for about 6 hours, 5. parts of aluminium chloride and part of cuprous chloride are
added, and the introduction of the gaseous mixture is then continued 6 hours
longer. Subsequently. the whole mixture. is poured into ice-water; the aldehyde
and the unchanged toluene are distilled off by means of steam, and, finally, the
mixture of aldehyde and toluene thus obtained is separated in a suitable manner,
for instance, by. means of sodium bisulphite. According to the researches of my
3.

page_text: foreign correspondents, the aldehyde thus produced represents the para compound
having the formula.-
The process proceeds in an analogous manner when using, instead of toluene, its
homologues or analogues, such as benzene, xylene, naphthalene, aromatic ethers, 5
such as anisol, phenetol, or the like, or other bodies having an analogous chemical
behaviour. Thus, for instance, from m-xylene, an aldehyde of the following
formula is obtained :-
I would here remark that my foreign correspondents do not intend to confine
themselves to the precise particulars above given, as these can be varied within
wide limits, the example being merely typical.
Thus, for example, instead of hydrochloric acid, other hydrogen acids, such as
hydrobromic acid and the like, can be used, and in place of cuprous chloride, other
cuprous halogen compounds can be employed in the above process.
NEWTON & SON,
Agents for the Applicant.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Production of Aromatic Aldehydes.
I, HENRY EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 6, Bream's Buildings,
Chancery Lane, in the County of London, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the
nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement:-
2
This invention relates to a new method of producing aldehydes of the so-called 2
aromatic series.
My foreign correspondents have found that aromatic aldehydes can be easily
produced by heating aromatic hydrocarbons of the benzene series with a mixture

page_text: of protoxide of carbon and hydrochloric acid in the presence of cuprous chloride
and anhydrous aluminium chloride, the mixture of protoxide of carbon and
hydrochloric acid acting in this process like the hypothetical formyl chloride in the
so-called statu nascendi. In case benzene is used, the new reaction will take place
5 according to the following equation :-
:-
C₁₂H₂ +
CI.CHO
CH..CHO + HCI.
benzene the hypothetical benzaldehyde hydrochloric
formyl chloride.
acid.
VAAMINE.
A mixture of gaseous hydrochloric acid and dry protoxide of carbon is introduced
into a mixture prepared from 10 parts of toluene, 10. parts of aluminium chloride,
and 1 part of cuprous chloride. The temperature is kept at from 40 to 50 degrees
Centigrade. After the gaseous mixture has been introduced for about 6 hours,
5 parts of aluminium chloride and part of cuprous chloride are added, and the
introduction of the gaseous mixture is then continued 6 hours longer. Subsequently,
the whole mixture is poured into ice water; the aldehyde and the unchanged
toluene are distilled off by means of steam; and finally the mixture of aldehyde
and toluene thus obtained is separated in a suitable manner, for instance, by means
of sodium bisulphite. According to the researches of my foreign correspondents,
the aldehyde thus produced represents the para compound having the formula
The process proceeds in an analogous manner when using, instead of toluene,
25 other hydro-carbons of the benzene series, such as benzene, xylene, mesitylene, or
the like.
Thus, for instance, from metaxylene, the known aldehyde of the following formula

page_text: are produced, the former having a boiling point of 226 degrees Centigrade, the
latter boiling at 220 degrees Centigrade.
I would here remark that my foreign correspondents do not intend to confine
themselves to the particulars above given, as these can be varied within wide limits,
the example being merely typical.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed (as communicated to me
from abroad), I declare that what I claim is :-
1. The process for producing aromatic aldehydes, by allowing mixtures of
protoxide of carbon and hydrochloric acid to act, in the presence of cuprous chloride
and aluminium chloride, on aromatic hydrocarbons of the benzene series,
substantially as hereinbefore described.
2. As new articles of manufacture, the new products obtainable as above
described.

page_text: Date of Application, 3rd June, 1897
Complete Specification Left, 10th Sept., 1897-Accepted, 30th Oct., 1897
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improved Apparatus for use in Tracing the Parts of Men's Garments.
I, JEAN LOUIS DELORY, of Blois, Department Loir & Cher, in the Republic of
France do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows: -
The purpose of this invention is the construction of a device in metal; wood or
other substance giving by a simple displacement of its rods which are provided
with engraved signs, the fundamental points or lines for a complete tracing of the
parts of various garments on cloth of any kind. For bent or crook backed persons,
it will be sufficient to point this device towards a higher or lower number, as
explained hereinafter.
This device is composed of three essential pieces.
Fig. 1 shows the first piece which serves for the measurements of the front
side. Fig. 2 the second piece which serves for the measurements of the back.
Fig. exchange rods for replacing rod R in Fig. 2. Fig. 4 shows the third
piece for the small side piece. Fig. 5 is a section on line 1-2 Fig. 1. Fig. 6 is
a section on line 3-4 Fig. 2.
is an
In Fig. 1 the sliding rod A forms the axis and the rod B gives the direction of
the point of the neck and shoulders, the width of the chest and the angle of the
front side.
The curved movable rod C gives the direction of the front side.
D gives the direction of the point of the shoulder; it has letters such as bo h
engraved on it, its bent movable rod E giving the direction of the shoulder of the.
front side has an indicating point which may be set at h or o orb by screwing the
pressure screw.' The latter indicates a high shoulder the latter o an ordinary
shoulder and the letter b a low shoulder.
The rectangular rod F supports (1) the branch G which indicates the separa-
tion of the front to the back for tracing the parts of vests, over coats or other
garments, (2) the branch H which serves to give the line of the arm hole in the
front side.
For the length, I indicates the total length of the front side; J the total length
of the waist of the front side.
On the rod K in the direction of one has the point of the hip measure for the
vest and towards J the size of the waist for a jacket.
The size of the hip measure of the front side is given by L.
M indicates the direction of the front side of any garment.
Fig. 2 shows the second piece of this measuring device intended for giving the
measures of the back.
N is the sliding main rod; it receives the rod 0, the curved branch of which
serves to give the line of the shoulder on the back, then the sliding rod P is fixed
with regard to the engraved numbers in order to give the depth from the neck to
the shoulders.
The sliding rod Q receives the rod R and gives the width of the shouliers on
the back; R gives only the separating line of the back at the small side for a

page_text: shaped coat.
S is an exchange rod (Fig. 3) which is fixed in the place of R in
order to give the separating line of the back and the front side for vests and
over coats.
In the sliding main rod N slides the rod T in order to give the general length
of the back, it carries the rod U which indicates the line of separation of the back,
at the front side.
Finally Fig. 4 comprises the main rod V for tracing the small side piece on the
line of the front side. With one has the length to the waist and Y for the
size of the waist, and Z for the direction of the separating line at the back and
section of the arm hole.
The use of this measuring device is executed without calculations ; thus
supposing the following measures for a person of upright figure.
1. Width of the chest 48.
2. Width of the waist 44.
Set at number 48 and 44 the sides of the apparatus as indicated.
One will thus obtain the total chest measurement, waist measurement etc. with
the margins for sewing.
It is well understood that the cutting must be operated on the lines of the
tracing except for the curves separating the small side of the back, the sides Z Y
(Fig. 4) the small side and R (back) which are cut outside the tracing.
For narrow backed persons instead of setting at 48, the slides of the back ar: set
at 46. But when the person is crook-backed the slides of the back may be set at
50 instead of 48.
Dated this 3rd day of June 1897
HERBERT HADDAN & Co.,
18, Buckingham Street, Strand, London, Agents to Applicant.
Improved Apparatus for use in Tracing the Parts of Men's Garments.
I, JEAN LOUIS DELORY, of Blois, in the department of the Loir-et-Cher, in the
Republic of France, do hereby declare the nature of this Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement, reference being had to the accompanying
drawings and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say:-
This Invention relates to an improved apparatus for use in tracing the parts of
men's garments, such as coats, waistcoats, and the like, and is so constructed as
to give, by a simple displacement and adjustment of its parts, the fundamental
points or lines for a complete tracing of the parts of such garments on cloth, or
other suitable material, of which they are to be made.
The said apparatus comprises three distinct parts or sets of adjustable bars, all
of which are marked with a scale, the purpose whereof is hereinafter indicated.
The first of these pieces serves for the tracing or setting out of the front parts
of garments, the second for those of the back, and the third for the small side
pieces, where such are used.
For deformed persons, it is only necessary to set the apparatus at a higher or
lower sign or number, as hereinafter fully explained.
And in order that my Invention may be readily understood, I will describe the
same fully with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Fig. 1 shews the first piece, that for tracing the front.

page_text: Fig. 2 the second piece, that for the back, and
Fig. 3 the third piece, that for the sides.
Fig. 4 is a change bar for use in place of that shewn in Fig. 2.
Fig. 5 is a section taken on the line a, a, of Fig. 1, and
Fig. 6 a transverse section taken on the line y, y, of Fig. 2.
Fig. 7 is a longitudinal section taken on the line z, z, of Fig. 2.
Figs. 5, 6 and 7 are drawn to a larger scale than the previous figures.
Referring to the drawings, it will be seen that the front part, Fig. 1, consists
of a main hollow bar or rod A, containing a sliding bar a adapted to be retained
in any desired position by a set screw a*. This bar A is provided, at a short
distance from its lower end, with a hollow limb, branch, or arm B, having an
angular sliding bar b and set screw *. Upon the angular limb 6 of the bar b,
is a slide C, (with set screw c*) having arms c¹ and ², the former of which is
hollow and is provided with a set screw c³ to enable a sliding bar c, having
curved arms, co, to be adjusted, as may be required. The arm c² is solid and is
provided with curved arms c³, 8.
At a short distance from the upper end of the bar A, is a hollow branch or
limb D (having a set screw d*) in which slides a bar d, to one extremity of which
is pivotted a curved bar d, by a pin d². This bar is provided with an index or
pointer, near its pivotted end, adapted to be set at any one of three radial
lines HOL, on the sliding bar d, the purpose of which will be hereinafter
pointed out.
The uppermost end of the bar A forms a hollów branch or limb E, and is pro-
vided with a set screw e*, for receiving a sliding bar e to which is pivotted at e¹ a
slightly curved rod e².
To the lower end of the sliding bar a, is pivotted, at a¹, a hollow bar F having
set screws f, f', the former of which serves to fix an adjustable sliding bar f²,
while the latter serves to fix a similar bar f³. The bar f2 carries, at its outer end,
a slightly curved rod ft pivotted thereto by a pin f³.
It will be seen from the drawings that the two bars f², f³, are arranged side
by side in the hollow bar F, and are capable of being slidden in opposite directions
the one to the other.
The part for the back, shewn at Fig. 2, comprises a hollow main bar G, provided
with a set screw g, in which slides a bar g¹, carrying at its lower end a rectangular
hollow arm g having a set screw g³ serving to hold an adjustable bar g* formed
with a slightly curved arm g. The hollow bar G is provided, near its upper end,
with a hollow branch or limb M, furnished with a set screw m, and carrying a
sliding bar m terminating in an angularly disposed rod m². A sleeve N, adapted
to be adjusted on the bar G, is fixed in position by a set screw n, and in order to
prevent this screw scratching or defacing the scale on the bar G, a bearing plate n¹
(Fig. 7) is interposed between the foot of said set screw and bar. One end of this
plate n¹ is bent at right angles to form a stop, and it has, at its other end, a
screw 2 for preventing it becoming detached from the adjustable sleeve N.
Extending at right angles from this sleeve, is a hollow branch or limb n³, furnished
with a set screw n retaining a sliding barn. The outer end of this bar is pro-
vided with an angular hollow arm n6, having a set screw n³, for holding an adjust-
able bar n8. The outer end n of this latter is curved, as shewn in Fig. 2, and is
used for tracing the parts of a coat, while for tracing a jacket, or a waistcoat, the
change piece, Fig. 4, is substituted therefor.
The part represented in Fig. 3 for the side pieces of coats, consists of a hollow
bar P whose upper end P1 is curved, and said bar is provided with set screws ?¹, 1²,
at its extremities. The end P1 is fitted with a suitably curved bar having a
curved arm p. The lower end of the bar P receives an adjustable bar på having
a rectangular hollow arm 26 furnished with a set screw 27 for holding a sliding
bar 28 whose outer end carries a slightly curved arm p³.

page_text: It may here be mentioned that the three parts are shewn in the drawings in
their relative positions to each other, but that in practice they would be placed as
near as possible to each other, with only sufficient space between them to allow for
the passage of the tailor's chalk.
In order to use the apparatus, say for tracing the body part of a coat, the pieces
shewn in Figs. 1, 2, and 3 are laid on the cloth or other material, from which the
coat is to be made, and are then adiusted in the following manner, according to
the measurements previously obtained in the ordinary way with the usual
measuring tape.
It is to be understood that the cloth is double, as usual, and that the apparatus
represents the pieces required for one half of the coat, the other half being
identical.
Now, supposing the measurements taken to be:.
Chest
Collar
Length of front down to waist
دو
back
"
do.
Girth of waist
19 inches, one half being 9 in.
18
"
17
"
18.
"
"
34 inches, one half being 17
"
10
"
Length from arm pit to hip
Armhole
19 "
,
the bar d in the hollow limb D, and the bar n in the branch or limb n³, are then
both adjusted to that division on the scale representing 9 inches, or half the
chest measurement, and are retained thereat by tightening the set screws d*, n³.
The bars e and m¹ are then drawn out as far as the divisions marked 18 repre-
senting the measurement of the collar.
The bar a is adjusted to the length at front down to the waist, being here
17 inches, and the bar g¹ to 18 inches for the back.
The bars and p5 are next adjusted to 10 inches representing the length from
the arm pit to the hip.
The bars f, f, 8 and 9, are now adjusted to 17 inches, or one half of the girth
at the waist, and the limb F is then turned on its hinge-pin or pivot a¹ so as to
bring the lowest point of the arm f level with p³.
The bars and 18 are next adjusted to the numeral 19 for the arm-hole, and
the points 73 and n8 are placed adjacent to the numeral 19 of the scale on the
curved arms c², c8.
The bar is turned on its pivot d so as to set the pointer to the central
line O, if the person for whom the coat is intended have ordinary shoulders. For
persons having high, or low, shoulders, the lines H or L, instead of 0, are used
accordingly.
It now only remains to set the curved rods e² and f4 by sight according as whether
the person is stout, or not.
The lines are then traced on the cloth by following the contour of the apparatus,
and completing them from point to point as indicated by dot and dash lines.
The lines traced along the curved arms 2*, p³ and n³, g, form the side seam
with the back.
For deformed persons, the bars a and g¹, and rods e and f are, as before,
adjusted to the required measurements, and the bar is set to high, or low,
shoulders as the case may be.
For tracing a jacket, the piece Fig. 3 is not required, and the upper end of the
arm f, marked V, is brought to a level with the bar g, while the curved bar n
is replaced by that shewn in Fig. 4 for the side seam.
It is thus evident that the apparatus can be set in a few moments to any
measurement, and to suit various forms of garments, thus obviating the necessity
of having a large number of patterns while, at the same time, the chance of
making mistakes in setting out is reduced to a minimum.

page_text: Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
Invention and in what manner the same may be performed, I declare that I
claim.
1. An apparatus for tracing the parts of men's garments, comprising three
main pieces, one for the front, one for the back and one for the side pieces, (where
required), the said pieces being each provided with sliding bars (furnished with a
scale) and adapted to be adjusted and fixed at the required points by suitable
means, according to the measurements previously obtained, substantially as
described.
2. In apparatus for tracing the parts of men's garments, as above claimed, the
combination with the pivotted arm on the piece for the front, of an index or
pointer, substantially as and for the purpose described.
3. My improved apparatus for tracing the parts of men's garments, constructed
and arranged for use substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the
annexed drawings.
ERNEST DE PASS,
Chartered Patent Agent,
78, Fleet Street, London, and 5A Market Street, Nottingham,
Agent for the Applicant.