IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES, STEAM BOILERS, AND CONDENSERS
Year: 1839

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, HENRIK
ZANDER, of North Street, Sloan Street, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at West-
minster, the Seventeenth day of June, in the second year of Her reign, did,
for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said Henrik
Zander, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the
said Henrik Zander, my exors, adiñors, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said Henrik Zander, my exors, admors, or assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times during the term of
years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick upon Tweed, my Invention
of "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES, STEAM BOILERS, AND CONDENSERS;" in which
said Letters Patent is contained a proviso that I, the said Henrik Zander, shall
cause a particular description of the nature of my said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's High
Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the
date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference
being thereunto had, will more fully and at-large appear.

page_text: It is admitted that there are a certain number of revolutions which a paddle
wheel on a steam vessel may make in a minute, from which the best reaction
can be obtained from the water in which the paddle moves, but always accord-
ing to the speed the vessel should have. In large vessels this number of
revolutions, therefore, becomes so diminished that the velocity of the engine is
lessened beyond that limit, as should properly be. I propose, therefore, that in
great steam vessels to make use of the apparatus represented in the accom-
panying Drawing 1, Figures 1 and 2. Figure 1 is a side elevation of a steam
engine, with the second motion; and Figure 2, a front elevation. A and B
are two cylinders, acting on a common crank axle C by connecting rods D
and E. On the axle C is a cog wheel F, which acts on a cog wheel G, attached
to the water wheel axle H, which on this mode moves; but as the cylinder is
placed vertical under the axle H, so must the connecting rods D and E have
their form as it is shewn in Figure 2, E, as being double during the stroke, and
fitted together on any convenient mode. And then the strength of the teeth of
these wheels will depend on their size; so they, for instance, for a great steam
vessel, will be extremely large, which form is always inconvenient, and produce
great friction. I divide, therefore, the peripheries of the wheel F and G in
two, three, or four parts, and give to each cog in every part such a size, accord-
ing to the power required from the engine to be by the wheel transmitted.
Every cog so divided is fixed so that, for instance, the peripheries are divided
in four parts. One cog is one fourth before the joining cog is the peripheries
of the wheel divided in two parts; one cog comes then one half of its breadth
before the next cog, and so on, all with the divided parts, and the wheels are
(as for instance) two, three, or four wheels compounded. The wheels act then
on each other as if the pitch of their teeth had been two, three, or four times
less, whereby you obtain a great advantage in having a less friction, but suffi-
cient strength in the wheel teeth is gained. The wheel G is of a larger size
than the wheel F, according to that speed the engine should have over the
paddle wheel. I do not claim the application of a second motion by a steam
engine as being new, that having been before practised.

page_text: But I do claim as my Invention the mode of applying, as hereafter described,
this second motion to a steam engine. First, the double connecting rod, as is
shewn in Figure 2, E, Drawing 1 and 2. Secondly, the two wheels F and G,
Figures 1 and 2, which peripheries are divided parallel with their edges, in two,
three, or four parts, and every part is divided along the periphery in cogs, the
strength of which cogs is according to that power transmitted by the wheel.
And the cogs are so placed that one cog always in every wheel acts on each
other at the same time, thereby that advantage is gained as if the teeth have a
Jess nitch
nace at B, wherein the fire passes between a series of thin cast metal chambers C,
about one inch wide, from nine to eighteen inches high, and from four to ten
feet long, according to the size of the boiler (composed of two to four pieces),
with a space about one inch wide for the fire to pass through. The warm current
of fire will by these means be divided in thin layers, and thereby the heat it'
contains will be the more easily communicated to the water within the chambers
in the boiler before it escapes in the chimney. But in order the more to pro-
mote an easy communication of the fire with the water by having the sides of
the chambers towards the current of fire at the greatest possible thinness, and
yet at the same time to give them full strength for the expansion of the steam
from within, they are cast with partition ways standing vertically, in such a'
manner that each chamber may be considered as a series of vertical pipes open
at the upper and lower ends, as at Figure, D, more particularly shews in hori-
zontal section along the middle of the pipes, and E in verticle section along the
middle of the pipes. Each of these upstanding pipes will consequently be about
one inch in diameter if they are cast with an internal round form, or about one
inch square if they are cast in a square form. The combination of the chambers
with each other is effected by their upper and lower ends being formed in the
manner shewn in Figures F and G, which Figures represent the ends of two
chambers in section, shewn full size, placed close by each other, in order to
constitute a series for steam to be generated in channels; 1, 2, and 3 are the
fire channels, and 4 and 5 the corresponding water chambers. The sides a, b, c,'
and a, e, d, are made prior to their being joined together and fitted, and are to
be tinned, after which they are placed against each other and soldered together
with pure tin in the guide d, e, b, c, (by means of a common soldering iron
or a blowing pipe) when the boiler is to be worked at low pressure of steam;
but if for a higher temperature, solder is used consisting of tin mixed during

page_text: the process of melting with a very small portion of melted copper or iron, by
which it becomes more difficult to melt and stronger. When a series of:
chambers of a required size for a certain evaporation is in the manner described.
have been joined together above and below, they are placed in the boiler in the
manner more clearly shewn in the vertical transverse section, Fig. H.. At the
sides of the chambers are fixed to the boiler, in such a manner that a space.
between (f and g) the sides and the chambers is always made in the same, of
about five inches in width, the whole length of the boiler on each side, the
upper and lower edge of these sides being formed, as is shewn in Figure G, at
h, i, k. And the guide which is then formed is soldered in the same manner
as is above described with the guide d, e, b, c, at the ends of the series of the
chambers. The boiler is fixed in the manner described about the sides, or as
Figure I., more particularly shews; lis the side of the boiler, at its foremost end,
or at 6, Figure A, Drawing 2, turned up towards the end of the chamber, as,
1, m, n, o, shews, where the soldering is made in the guide o, n, p, as is before
mentioned. At the other end of the boiler, or at 7, Figure A, Drawing 2, the
chambers are fixed in the same manner, but the edge of the boiler then is
formed as shewn by the letters q, l, m, n, o, Figure I. It is to be understood
that the same operation for fixing the chamber system is performed at the lower
sides 8 and 9, Figure A, Drawing 2. When the lower bottom r of the boiler,
Figure H, is fixed according to the operation mentioned, there becomes a space s
about six inches high between the chamber system and the bottom. This space,
together with the space 9 and f, give this method of constructing the boiler an
advantage which is of great importance, namely, a due circulation of the water.
The water chambers as well as the boiler may be made, the former of cast and
the latter of wrought iron; but as these materials are more difficult to join
together with solder, and are besides inferior conductors of heat, I in most cases
make use of copper or wrought iron for the boiler, and for the water chambers.
metal composed of about one part tin. and ten parts copper. For small boilers
brass may be used. The water in my boilers is from twelve to eighteen inches
high above the fire channels or chambers. In order that a boiler in a steam
vessel shall, during a heavy swell, retain its water divided over the whole
boiler, one plate is soldered in the length and another in the middle over the
whole water room of the boiler, from the bottom to the water standing line.
In order to give the sides of the boilers a sufficient strength for the expan-
sion of the steam, they are furnished with rods or stays, according to the usual
method, in all the three directions; and in order to give to the water chambers
greater strength, rivets may be placed here and there in the outer edges, which
by way of example may be seen in Figure G, 8, Drawing 2.

page_text: In order to give the supply water sufficient heat according to the lesser heat
of the air current from the furnace that is introduced in the boiler through a
pipe 10, Figure A, Drawing 2, it passes up and down over the dividing plates 11,
12, 13, which are fixed vertical and transverse the boiler and the upper part 14.
When the water arrives at that part of the boiler marked 15, there is sufficient
heat to generate the air. As the construction of my improved steam engine is
calculated to make use of the steam expansively, and this is with every boiler
accompanied with the inconvenience of producing steam of unequal pressure,
especially in boilers with a less quantity of water, and that also by an unsteady
firing or mismanagement of the engine, to prevent which inconvenience I have
constructed an apparatus which I call a steam reservoir.
In order the better to understand this apparatus, I will suppose that Figure K,
Drawing 3, is a steam boiler of a capacity to contain nine cubic feet of steani
put into a boiling state. a is the furnace; b, the water line in the boiler; c is
a open box filled with five cubic feet water, and fixed to the upper part of the
boiler in such a manner that the steam from the boiler surrounds the water on
all sides, or the sides of the box. It will be plain that the water in the box c
is by the steam in the boiler heated to the same temperature which it itself
possesses, after which it goes out in the atmosphere through the pipe d. When
now the cock e is closed the steam increases in power or (pressure), but in an
inconsiderable degree, because the water which stands in the box c receives the
steam and its heat until the same has acquired the same heat as the surrounding
steam, after which the pressure of their steam rises, but always in equal pro-
portion with the increase of the temperature of the water in the box c. Suppose
now that the safety ventilator f to be loaded (charged) with, for instance, five
pounds on every square inch of its sectional area. When the steam in the
boiler and the water in the box c has arrived at a temperature of two hundred
and twenty-six degrees Fahrenheit the ventilator begins to rise and the steam
to escape. I have found that it required one hundred and fourteen cubic feet of
steam from the water in the boiler to give the water in the box c the same
temperature and pressure, but when this box is removed it requires only three
cubic feet of steam from the water in the boiler in order to produce five pounds
of over pressure, or two hundred and twenty-six degrees Fahrenheit temperatures.
I have consequently reservoired 22 times more of steam in the water of
the box c. But if the cock e is now opened it is evident that the steam in the
boiler K escapes into the atmosphere. The water in the box c has, in the first
instance, two hundred and twenty-six degrees temperature, and its steam five
pounds of pressure above the atmosphere; it therefore evaporates, and the steam
escapes through the pipe d until it has got a temperature of two hundred and

page_text: twelve degrees Fahrenheit and equal pressure with the atmosphere or the steam
in the boiler; it must evaporate nearly the one hundred and fourteen cubic feet
of steam received. The only inconvenience which now presents itself in carrying
this into execution is, that the heat of the steam requires a certain time to pass
into the water layer in the box c, and also at a decreased pressure, to be enabled
to evaporate therefrom, and much heat escapes unused from the sides of the box,
but this obstacle is perfectly removed by dividing, instead of the single box c,
the same into several parts, and by retaining the same water surface in each
part. If I then have divided this water in, for instance, ten parts, it follows
that the heat of the steam from the boiler will pass into the mass of water
nearly ten times quicker, and at a decreased pressure in the chamber, and will
evaporate nearly ten times faster or approximating thereto. In the construction
of the steam reservoir, it is therefore adviseable that it should be divided into as
many small parts as possible, in order to give as large a surface as may be
possible. For marine and other steam engines, I have considered the form of
the water chamber to be the most suitable as is shewn in Figure L, Drawing 3.
a, a, are narrow guides or channels about a quarter of an inch high, and from
a quarter to half (or greater) inch wide, made of copper or other metal. These
guides lay transversely below another layer of similarly made metal guides b,
until a series of guides shall have been formed as high as it is intended to have
the reservoir. Should it be required to have a reservoir of a large size, the
length of the guides may be divided into several partitions, and in order that
the water in them may not during a high swell on sea go out from one par-
tition to another, partitions made of plates may be placed between them, and
a smaller partition may also, from the same reason, be made in each guide by
pressing up its bottom in different places. These guides are attached to each
other in one system by brass or other wire in any convenient manner.
guide system is then placed for a boiler in the room or chamber x, at the upper
end of the boiler A, Drawing 2, about three inches from the top plate, and on
the metal layer y, eight or twelve inches from the water; or for a steam reser-
voir, as Figure N, Drawing 2, shews, the water which is conducted into the
boiler falls into a perforated guide which is placed above the whole system,
and passes through the perforated holes made in the same. The steam which
now comes from the water in the boiler, or if the reservoir constitutes a sepa-
rate room distinct from the boiler, from a pipe below the system of guides, rises
between the guides, which have square vertical channels c formed therein,
Figure L, Drawing 3, and communicates its heat to the water standing in the
guides when the ventilators are closed, but when they are opened steam will
form itself on the water surfaces in the guides, and goes out in the upper end
The

page_text: of the boiler or steam reservoir to the ventilators of the cylinders. I do not
mean to confine myself to any particular forms or shapes of the said apparatus,
as they may be varied according to the description of the boiler, and apparatus.
The very superior advantage to be gained by the use of this method invented
by me and here above described for reserving the water steam must therefore
be evident, both as regards the lessening the capacity of the boiler and the
quantity of water which is thereby gained, as of offering a greater security
against explosion when a sudden generation of steam takes place. But the
greatest advantage to be derived from the use of this apparatus is, that the
steam may be made use of dilated to an extent above what hitherto it has been
possible to effect with advantage, because, owing to the difficulty of an over-
collection of steam in the common steam chamber, there has been a great
obstacle in the use of expansive steam engines, whose preference before others
is now fully established. In order to carry into effect the above purpose, I
make use of a cylinder, wherein I intend to introduce from a boiler, for
instance boiler A, Drawing 2, with steam reservoir apparatus, high pressure
steam from four or higher atmospheric pressure. Suppose, for instance, four
atmospheres of steam at one fourth of the length of the stroke, the steam will
be cut off, and afterwards with its dilation act to the end of the stroke,, where
it has one atmosphere of pressure, and now to be conducted into a steam reser-
voir, Figure N, Drawing 2, in which there is a system of guides which contain
heated water, filled in by a cock on the top plates on a convenient mode or
pumped from the bottom. The steam is then enclosed in the water of the
steam reservoir, and is conveyed thence by means of opening the escape ven-
tilator unto another low pressure cylinder, exactly similar as to quantity and
quality as if it had been generated in a boiler, with only a loss of about one-
fourth of a pound to one pound of pressure. But I consider it as a great loss
not to suffer the same steam to dilate at least four times also in the low
pressure cylinder before it escapes into the condenser, from which I likewise
obtain a gain. I can by the method now described with advantage suffer the
steam to dilate at least sixteen times of its primitive capacities. .The steam
reservoir which receives the steam that comes from the high pressure cylinder
may be placed in any position most suitable; but in steam vessels it may in
most cases be convenient to place the same above the boiler, as Figure A and
N, Drawing 2 shows, and from whence a pipe a conveys the steam to the
low pressure cylinder. The before-described steam reservoiring system may
be used with advantage in all kinds of boilers or steam chambers. In order
to regulate the steam, I therefore reserve to myself the right of making use
of the same in whatever kind of boilers or 'steam chamber, whether high or

page_text: low pressure, as thereby I obtain, first, a steadier steam; second, greater
security against explosion; third, the practicability of thereby using smaller
boilers and a less quantity of water; and, fourth and chiefly, that by use of
them one great diletation of the steam is possible. Care must be observed that
the steam in the steam reservoir should not come into the low pressure cylinder
before that has at least one pound (to two pounds) pressure above the outer
atmosphere, and also that it never keeps under a half or three quarters of a
pound pressure above the atmosphere. I place two apparatus, probably before
used for other purposes, shewing on the Drawing 2, Figure N, b and c, but
in large size on Drawing 3; Figure 1 is the same as b, Figure N, Drawing 2;
a is a cylindrical vessel closed at the top, and the lower end plunged in mer-
cury contained in a circular groove or cavity formed between two concentric
cylinders b. These cylinders are supported upon the top plate of the reser-
voir N, Drawing 3, and communicates with them by the opening c. The
cylinder a is loaded by the weight d, according to about one pound and a half
for each square inch of the top area of the cylinder. E is an admission valve;
the stem of this valve is attached to the rod g, which is attached to the top
of the cylinder a; when the steam pressure rises in the reservoir N to one and
a half pound above the atmosphere the cylinder a will rise and open the admis-
sion valve E; but when the steam rises higher the load d on the cylinder strikes
against the frame attached to the cylinder b; and the admission valve E is
kept open for induction steam to the low pressure cylinder.
Another apparatus I place by c, Figure N, Drawing 2, but shewn in larger
size in Figure 2, Drawing 3, exactly of same construction as Figure 1; but
from the cylinder top a, Figure 2, is a rod b attached, which by the connecting
rod B rests on the valve c, fixed in the bottom of a cylinder d into the reser-
voirs N and boiler A. This cylinder connects by the bent pipe e the reservoir
with the boiler. The weight f on the top of cylinder a is so regulated, or the
diameter of the cylinder a compared with the diameter of the valve c, that
when the steam in the reservoir is under three quarters of a pound (according
to pleasure) pressure above the atmosphere, the weight f will by the rod b and
rod B rest on the valve c, and keep that open until the steam from the boiler A
passes through the valve c into the reservoir N keeps the steam there over
three quarters of a pound pressure; then the cylinder a will rise to the frame g,
and keep the valve c closed. Before the engine is set going a little cock d on
the reservoir N, Drawing 2, is opened; then the air in the reservoir escapes
through it, and it is held open until the water in the reservoir is heated to a
proper degree of steam from the valve c, Figure 2, Drawing 3. These two
apparatus, shewn in Drawing 3, Figures 1 and 2, which do not exist in any

page_text: other steam engine where steam is conducted from a working cylinder to a
vessel or other steam boiler, in order that from the vessel or boiler afterwards
conducted to another working cylinder to obtain new power from. it, and as
that cannot with advantage be performed for want of those described two
apparatus, I reserve to myself by virtue of my Patent right to be allowed to
apply to all vessels or boilers (with or without application of my steam reser-
voiring apparatus) therein steam conducts or tubes from one working cylinder,
and from those vessels or boilers further conducts or tubes to another working
cylinder by a steam engine, whereby I am enabled to use the steam a second
time, as before described and shown at Drawing 3; Figures 1 and 2 shows an
apparatus which performs that same purpose, namely, to keep out the steam in
such mentioned vessels by proper expansion, as above described. The water
which collects on the bottom of the steam reservoir N, Drawing 2, may be
withdrawn by a pump, put in motion in any convenient manner, down to the
guide of the steam reservoirs system x in the boiler A, and also up over the
guide; N° 16 on Figure N, Drawing 2, are pipes containing the safety venti-
lating valves for the first boiler A; the number and size may be varied as
required; the steam escapes into the steam reservoir N, and by means of the
safety valves 17 the steam escapes therefrom into the atmosphere.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE REFRIGERATOR OR CONDENSER.
The best arrangement for the advantageous use of this apparatus is, that
the eduction steam on its passing into a condensing vessel must almost
instantaneously be changed into water; for this purpose I have con-
structed and included in my Patent right the improved condenser hereafter
described. Figure O, Drawing 4, is the side elevation, and P the front eleva-
tion, of a single refrigerator standing in a vessell filled with water or other
cooling medium, and the eduction steam from a working cylinder enters into
the pipe a, and being condensed into water goes out through the pipe b to the
air pump. The sides of the refrigerators are made of copper and the ends of
brass; the distance between them being about a half an inch, and in order to
keep them at this distance, and not to be pressed by the air, I apply copper
slips half an inch wide, and placed edgeways, and bent between the plates,
which method as well as the form of the flat plate surface may probably before
have been adopted and made use of in refrigerators; and I therefore do not
include in my Patent right a refrigerator constructed in the last-mentioned
manner; but I do consider as my own Invention, and as being included in my
Patent, the right to form within the sides of these plates or slips of metal in
the form of a stop or a water layer, wherein the eduction steam is received,

page_text: and is again to give its heat to the outer sides during the performance of the
stroke. I carry this into effect in such a manner that the above-mentioned
slips of plates are fixed in such a way that their surfaces may detain the con-
densed water for so long a period as is possible during its descent. This is best
effected by the slips being solely furnished with holes in the way shewn in
Figure Q, or are folded in several separate places, as is shewn in Figure R.
The water that is formed by the eduction steam can only in a slow degree run
down these slips, and form a water surface on both sides of the slips, which is
not even, but consist of great numbers of elevations and cavaties. But in order
still further to detain this water, there are fixed between each row of slips
twisted brass or copper wires, as Figure S, a, and S, b, shews; the condensed
water runs from and to them, and to and from the slips, and is formed into an
infinite number of drops, and a constant circulation of the water is occasioned,
which circumstance as well as this great surface is produced by this operation,
and takes from the eduction steam its heat, and perfectly cools it when the
valves are open and before the piston reaches far on its way; but likewise
easily to deliver the heat to exterior plates by communicating while the piston
travels the rest of the stroke. This mode of steam condensing may be con-
sidered as a compound of condensing with injection water and condensing against
metal plates surface, because this water column, as are performed on plates,
divisions plates (slips), and brass wire, has time to communicate its heat while
the pistons whole stroke; then again, in all other condensing apparatus the
eduction steam the greatest part must have been cooled before the piston per-
forms a very little part of the stroke, when a good vacuum will be obtained.
Figure T, a, shows the inner construction of a part of a refrigerator made
according to the above-described method with holes on the slips; and T, b, with
folded slips; it is in a vertical section, slips, and wire in Figure T, b, are com-
bined in one system, and introduced between plates in the condenser without
that be attached thereon; but for to keep them in proper position they have
vertical ends a, a, a, which are double and twisted, and so long that they go
beyond the slips to the condenser sides, as a, a, a, shew. I do not claim as
my Invention any particular forms or shapes of apparatus by which my mode
of condensing is to be carried into effect; but I propose to avail myself of any "
which may be fit or proper for the purpose of forming a porous water layer in
a refrigerator that consists of flat sides. When it is meant to apply the same
to large engines it is to be made into several single refrigerators placed close
to each other in a water cistern, and provided with induction and eduction pipes"
in common with them all; and also one pipe furnished with a cock in each
end placed between the condenser and the air pump, which pipe fills with

page_text: steam from the boiler or reservoir before the engine is set agoing, and is called
the blowing through pipes; there it serves, because it gives one partial vacuum
when the engine shall go and induction steam cock is shut, and the other cock
to the condenser is opened; then the air before of the steam is forced through
the air pump communicating with the air pump; and this pipe is, therefore,
always open distilling of sea or other water to be replaced; that water lost from
leakage of water or of steam in the engine can be performed by those engines
according to that method which is convenient.
After now having described the essential parts improved in the steam engine,
for which I have obtained a Patent, I proceed againg to define and explain the
extent of my claims.
First, I do not claim as my Invention the exclusive use of the compound
application in a second motion for a steam vessel. But I do claim the par-
ticular form and description of the above-described double connecting rod and
cog wheel with divided perephiries.
Secondly, I do claim as my Invention the exclusive use of the particular
form and description of the above-described cast metal water chamber in the
steam boiler, between which the heat from the furnace passes, in order to be
communicated to the water in the chambers, whatever form the boiler may be.
Thirdly, I do claim as my Invention the exclusive use of the method of
reservoiring the water steam, as is described.
Fourthly, I do claim as my Invention the exclusive use of the particular
form and description of the above-described valve, shewn at Drawing 3,
Figures 1 and 2, or other valves for use to describe purpose in steam room
or boiler; in general therein steam is introduced from a working cylinder, and
therefrom the (chamber or boiler) escapes to another working cylinder in a
steam engine.
And, fifthly, I do claim as my Invention the exclusive use of the particular
method above described to forming refrigerators for steam with flat sides, a
porous water layer with a surface, and a dessention of the condensing water
wears for a longer period than has hitherto been effected in the use of con-
densers for steam engines, by which a quicker process of cooling is obtained;
and also the use in general to every refrigerator for steam engines the described
the blowing through pipe.
In witness whereof, I, the said Henrick Zander, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this 16th day of December, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and thirty-nine.
.
HENRIK (L.S.) ZANDER.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Sixteenth day of December,
in the year of our Lord 1839, the aforesaid Henrick Zander came before our
said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form above
written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the
tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Inrolled the Seventeenth day of December, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and thirty-nine.