Year: 1885

page_text: Typographical Composition.
I PHILIP MIDDLETON JUSTICE of 55 and 56 Chancery Lane in the County of
Middlesex, Fellow of the Institute of Patent Agents do hereby declare the nature
of this invention to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to an improved system of justification or preparation of
charted copy for use in typographical composition effected either by hand or by
machinery and consists in the laying off or measurement of the copy so that the
operator on a machine or the compositor setting type may know before he starts to
compose a line just what characters and spaces are to be put into said line to make
it justify or fill up.
The mode of proceeding to justify a line by this process is as follows: A font
of type or dies containing all the characters used in printing are divided into
a number of classes, each class containing those letters which occupy the same
lateral space; thus the i, 1., and letters or characters occupying the same lateral
space, are put into one class, and given a value, which in this case we will say is 4.
The t., f., j, and letters or characters occupying the same lateral space, are in the
next class and valued 5. The e., a., o. and letters or characters occupying the same
lateral space are in the next class, and valued 6. The b., d., n. and letters or
characters occupying the same lateral space are in the next class, and valued 7.
The A. B. and letters or characters occupying the same lateral space are in the
next class, and valued 9. The m., w., H. and letters or characters occupying the
same lateral space are in the next class and valued 11. The M., W. are in the next
class and valued 12. There are also four spaces having values respectively 1.2.4. 6.
by the use of which spaces and combinations of them the words are separated one
from the other.
We first decide how many units shall be contained in the line we mean to
justify. Supposing the line to be justified contains 250 units in characters or spaces.

page_text: Commencing we add together the values of the letters and characters to be
contained in the first line, and find that it amounts to a.g., 206, leaving still to be
put into the line that it may contain the requisite number of units 44. This
remainder we mark after the last character counted with the No 5, indicating that
there are to be 5 spaces in the line, and that the number of units left over after
counting the values together, to wit: 44, is to be divided into 5 parts, and one of
these parts or spaces is to be inserted after each word in the line, except the last,
thus making the line contain 250 units either in characters or spaces.
Continuing, we add together the values of the characters contained in the next
line and find that they amount to, e.g., 217, leaving still to be put into the line in
order that it may contain the requisite number of units, 33., and as there are eight
words in the line and therefore seven spaces, we mark after the last word 7/33,
indicating that 33 units are to be divided into 7 parts, and one of these parts is to
be put between each two of the words. /-

page_text: Typographical Composition.
I PHILIP MIDDLETON JUSTICE, of 55 and 56 Chancery Lane, in the County of
Middlesex Fellow of the Institute of Patent Agents do hereby declare the nature
of this invention (a communication from abroad by William Humphrey Knowles
temporarily of 24 Boulevard des Capucines Paris France) and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement :-
This Invention relates to an improved system of justification or preparation of
charted copy for use in typographical composition effected either by hand or by
machinery and consists in the laying off or measurement of the copy so that the
operator on a machine or the compositor setting type may know before he starts
to compose a line just what characters and spaces are to be put into said line to
make it justify or fill up.
The mode of proceeding to justify a line by this process is as follows: A font
of type or dies containing all the characters used in printing are divided into a
number of classes, each class containing those letters which occupy the same
lateral space; thus the i, 1., and letters or characters occupying the same lateral
space, are put into one class, and given a value, which in this case we will say is 4.
The t, f, j., and letters or characters occupying the same lateral space, are in the
next class and valued 5. The e., a., o., and letters or characters occupying the same
lateral space are in the next class, and valued 6. The b., d., n. and letters or
characters occupying the same lateral space are in the next class, and valued 7.
The A. B. and letters or characters occupying the same lateral space are in the
next class, and valued 9. The m., w., H. and letters or characters occupying the
same lateral space are in the next class and valued 11. The M., W. are in the next
class and valued 12. There are also four spaces having values respectively 1. 2. 4. 6.
by the use of which spaces and combinations of them the words are separated one
from the other.
I first decide how many units shall be contained in the line meant to be justified.
Supposing the line to be justified contains 250 units in characters or spaces.
Commencing I add together the values of the letters and characters to be
contained in the first line, and find that it amounts to eg, 206, leaving still to
be put into the line that it may contain the requisite number of units 44. This
remainder I mark after the last character counted with the figure 5, indicating
that there are to be 5 spaces in the line, and that the number of units left over
after counting the values together, to wit: 44 is to be divided into 5 parts, and
one of these parts or spaces is to be inserted after each word in the line, except
the last, thus making the line contain 250 units either in characters or spaces.
Continuing, I add together the values of the characters contained in the next line
and find that they amount to, e.g., 217, leaving still to be put into the line in
order that it may contain the requisite number of units, 33., and as there are eight
words in the line and therefore seven spaces, we mark after the last word 7/33,
indicating that 33 units are to be divided into 7 parts, and one of these parts is to
be put between each two of the words,

page_text: necessary.
(Of the figures struck in after the lines laid off in above copy 5/44 indicates that
there are 44 units left over after counting the values of the characters and five
spaces, and the spaces to be used by the compositor will have the values 8, 9, 9, 9, 9
7/33 will have the values 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5.) The above sentence after printing and
justification comes out as follows:
Correct and accurate justification is a
cardinal point in good composition as it is
absolutely necessary."
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said
Invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, as communicated to
me by my foreign correspondent I declare that what I claim is
The improved system or process of justifying or charting in advance copy
intended for typographical composition and which consists:-
(1.) In measuring off the lateral space occupied by each character of the line,
plus, for spacing purposes, a portion of its predetermined length (say for instance
one half inch).
(2.) In dividing this remainder or surplus portion into a given number of equal
spaces (say 50.-more or less) and intercalating the same between each pair of
words in such numbers as may be required to fill up the predetermined length of
line, the whole in manner substantially as herein set forth.