NEW METHODS FOR WORKING AND GIVING POWERS TO MACHINERY BY MEANS OF THE PROPERTIES OF AIRS
Year: 1797

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, JAMES GLAZE-
BROOK, of Hadley, in the County of Salop, Engineer, sends greeting.
WHEREAS His present Majesty King George the Third, by His Letters
Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at Westminster,
the Seventh day of February, in the thirty-seventh year of His reign, upon
the petition of the said James Glazebrook, setting forth that he had invented
and discovered "NEW METHODS FOR WORKING AND GIVING POWERS TO MACHINERY
BY MEANS OF THE PROPERTIES OF AIRS," which he conceives will be of great
public utility, hath, for Himself, His heirs and successors, given and granted
unto the said James Glazebrook, his executors, administrators, and assigns,
His special licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that he, the said
James Glazebrook, his executors, administrators, and assigns, and every of
them, by himself and themselves, or by his or their deputy or deputies, servants
or agents, or such others as he, the said James Glazebrook, his executors,
administrators, or assigns, shall agree with, and no others, from time to time
and at all times during the term of years therein and herein-after expressed,
shall and lawfully may use, exercise, and vend his said Invention, within that
part of Great Britain called England, Dominion of Wales, and Town of
Berwick-upon-Tweed, in such manner as to him, the said James Glazebrook,
his executors, administrators, and assigns, or any of them, shall, in his or their
discretion, seem meet; and that he, the said James Glazebrook, his executors,
administrators, and assigns, shall and lawfully may have and enjoy the profit,

page_text: bencfit, commodity, and advantage from time to time coming, growing, accruing,
and arising, by reason of the said Invention, for and during the term of years
therein and herein-after mentioned, to hold, exercise, and enjoy the said licence,
powers, privileges, and advantages unto the said James Glazebrook, his
executors, administrators, or assigns, for the term of fourteen years from the
date of the said Letters Patent, according to the Statute in such case made
and provided; in which said Letters Patent (amongst other things) is contained
a proviso that if the said James Glazebrook shall not particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, by an instrument in writing under his hand and scal, and cause
the same to be inrolled in Our High Court of Chancery within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent, that
then the said Letters Patent, and all liberties and advantages whatsoever
thereby granted, should utterly cease, determine, and become void, anything
therein-before contained to the contrary thereof in anywise notwithstanding.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said James Glazebrook, in pursuance of the
intention of the said Letters Patent, and in compliance with the proviso therein
contained, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, is as follows (that is to say) :-
The particular advantages to be derived from my said Invention principally
depend upon a peculiar chymical process or method of increasing the elastic
force of compressed cool air by the application of moisture and heat, and
admitting it into proper vessels to exert its elastic power against pistons, fluids,
or other mechanical apparatuses, so as to produce effects upon, and give power
to, machinery, after which it may bo discharged round and about the cylinder
and pipes that are required to be kept hot, and from thence to the open air,
or may be preserved and conveyed to the heaters for the purpose of assisting in
the heating of the compressed cool air that is to be made use of in the succeeding
operations.
The machinery and other apparatuses that are necessary for putting in prac-
tice my said Invention are as follows:-
First, a forcing pump injector, or such other mechanical contrivance as will
answer the purpose of compressing the cool air (that is to be heated) to any
required density, and these must be in as cool situations as convenient. These
vessels I call compressers.
Secondly, vessels for moistening or making air damp with water, or such
other fluid as will most improve its elasticity when heated, whose form, strength,
and materials must be such as, when acted on by heat, will be capable of
resisting immense force. These vessels I call saturaters.

page_text: Thirdly, vessels wherein compressed moist air may have its elastic force
increased by the application of heat, whose form, strength, and materials must
be suitable to their use and situations. These vessels I call heaters.
Fourthly, vessels wherein may be employed the properties of compressed
moist heated air to act upon pistons, the surface of fluid, or otherways, for the
purposo of working and giving power to machinery, or to assist in the working
and giving power to machinery. These vessels I call expansive air vessels.
Fifthly, regulating wheels, that make one revolution for each ascent and oach
descent of the piston, loaded on one side, to act against the piston in the first
part of its ascent or descent, and to act with it in the latter part.
To elucidate and fully explain the nature of the said Invention is hereunto
annexed Drawings of the most material parts of a machine, wherein the air'
is to be moistened, and receive such a degree of heat as to cause it to expand
when at liberty, so as to occupy something more than four times the space it
did when cool and in the compresser, or to support a column of mercury ninety
inches, besides the weight of the atmosphere. When a higher or lower degree
of heat is made use of than this, the compressers and expansive air vessels
should vary more or less in their capacities accordingly; the other parts of the
machinery may be varied or altered in their forms (adhering to the radical
principle of the Invention) as found convenient.
In witness whereof, !, the said James Glazebrook, have hereunto set my
band and seal, the Twenty-eighth day of July, in the thirty-seventh year
of the reign of our Sovereign Lord George the Third, by the Grace of
God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the
Faith, and so forth, and in the year of our Lord One thousand seven
hundred and ninety-seven.
Figuro 1 (Part 1) is a section of a vessel in which the expansive force of
compressed hot air is exerted. A is a cylinder of iron or other suitable
materials sufficiently strong, and bored perfectly smooth, with a top and bottom
made equally strong with the cylinder, to be capable of resisting the greatest
force that may at any time be required. In the openings B, B, are the,
regulating valves for admitting the hot air from the heaters to press against
the piston; likewise at C, C, are valves for discharging the air from above and
from below the piston when required. Into the said cylinder is fitted the
piston D (which is drawn on a larger scale, and properly lettered, Figure 8,
Part 1,) with the rod E, and packing of cotton or other suitable materials F, F,
which is made air-tight by causing fluids to act above and below it as follows:-
The piston being as near as convenient to the top of the cylinder, has a quantity

page_text: of rape oil (or other suitable fluid) above the ring G; the regulating valves
B, C, at the top of the cylinder, and B at the bottom, are shut close, and the
valve C, at the bottom, opened for the escape of the air under the piston (the
confined elastic air in the heaters endeavouring to occupy larger spaces); the
valve B at the top is then opened, and the air from the heaters thereby rushes
along the pipo H, and presses upon the surface of the oil, and thereby causes
the piston to descend, in its descent part of tho oil is driven through
the packing F, F, by the force which acts upon it; this oil, instead of
passing by the whole of the piston, is stopped by another packing I, I,
and turned through the opening K, K, to the cavity L, L, which
has an open communication with the air under the piston by means of the
tubes a, a. Now, suppose the cavity L, L, to be full of oil to a little below
the ends of the tubes a, a, as at b, b, and the piston returning from the bottom
of the cylinder with the acting force below the piston, similar to what was
before acted above, this force then acts through the tubes a, a, on the surface
of the oil at b, b, and thereby forces it back to its former situation for use, as
before; by this means the escape of air is prevented till such time the oil is all
gone from off the ring G, or the cavity L, L, is empty, as at c, c, (the piston is
suppliod with oil through a hole or opening at d, in tho nozle M). This
vessel and pipes thereto should as much as possible be inclosed in a case of
iron surrounded by brickwork or other substances not easily admitting heat,
with a space between it and the cylinder, which has a communication occasion-
ally with the fire under the heaters, for the purpose of heating the cylinder
and pipes when got cold by standing, after which the communication is closed
and the cylinder and pipes are kept hot by discharging the air from above and
below the piston on and about the surface of the said cylinder and pipes by
means of the valves c, c, from which it is conveyed to the pipe N and enters
the space between the cylinder and its case at 0 (or any other part thought
more convenient), from within this case the air may be conveyed to the licators
to assist in heating the air thrown in by the compressor.
Figure 2 (Part 1) is a section of the compressor, literally nothing more
than a double forcer (it is drawn to shew the pipes and nozles, in which nozles
are fitted valves, but is situated as seen in the ground plan, Figure 2, Part 2).
The pipe A is connected by other pipes from the flanch B to the heaters; tho
pipe C is continued from D to a convenient place for supplying the compressor
with cool moist air.
Figure 3 (Part 1) is a section of the pump fitted with valves, as Figure 2,
for changing the air, situated as seen in the ground plan, Part 2, Figure 3.
Figure 4 (Part 1) is a section of the saturater. A, A, is a cylindrical vessel

page_text: of copper or other suitable materials, with its ends and branches B, B; this
when in use is part full of water, as at the dotted line C, in which is immersed
the pipe D, E; the end D receives the air by means of other pipes from the
compresser, which has no other way to escape into the vessel A, A, than
through the holes in the under and top side of the pipe marked a, a, a, &cª.
The holes in the top side need be but few, from the lower holes the air being
forced through the warm water and is thereby moistened; it is then conveyed
by the pipe F to other pipes or heaters, to receive such degree of heat as will
sufficiently increase its elastic force.
Figure 5, Part 1, is the section of the vessel for receiving water to supply the
saturater A. and pipe F, as at P, P. The pipe A is continued to the saturater,
and pipe 2 (as seen in the ground plan, noted by the same letters), with the
stopcocks E, E, between, with the ends p, p, something lower than the part
that is connected to the vessel, and its inside a little below the dotted line C,
so that when the water falls lower than the line C the air enters the pipe A
at P, passes up and into the vessel B, and thereby displaces the water as it is
wanted. To know when the vessel is empty of its water the cock at C is
opened, whose pipe is continued to D, and if air is forced through the cocks
at E, E, (as seen in ground plan, Figure 5) are shut, and the plug or screw F
is drawn, and the vessel is again filled to G, by putting in water at C, after
which the screw F is put tight in its place, the cock at C shut, and those that
are required at E, E, opened; the vessel is then ready to supply the saturater
and pipes as before, and is filled again as often as is required.
Figuro 6, Part 1, is a section of a barometrical tube and bulbe for measuring
the expansive force of the air within the machine. A is a tube of glass or
metal 8 feet long, made fast in the bulbe B, and continued to near the bottom.
The pipe C is connected to such part of the machinery where the compressed
air may have free intercourse with the surface of the mercury at D. In the
tube A is a buoy that floats upon the mercury as it rises and falls in the tube,
and by being connected to the cap E, which is connected to the hand F, the
pressure may be found by an index on the plate G. On Part 2 is a ground
plan and section of the principal parts of the machinery connected together
(explained by the same figures and letters as the sections on Part 1). A
(Figure 1) is the vessel in which the expansive force of compressed moistened
hot air is exerted. E, Figure 2, the compresser, whose area is to Figure 1 as
one to four, and are both connected by their piston rods to a leaver or working
beam in the same manner as the piston rods of double power steam
engines (their distance from the center of the beam is represented by
Figure 7, Part 1). A represents the distance that the piston rod of the

page_text: expansive air vessels, Figure 1, is connected from the centre B; C, the
distance that the piston rod of E, Figure 2, the compresser, is connected
from the center; and D, the place of connection to the machinery). The
cylinder A, Figure 1, and E, Figure 2, are connected together by pipes or
heaters made of copper or other suitable materials for their situations, marked
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1; the pipes marked 2, 2, 2, 2, are of iron, or other suitable
materials, on account of their form; these pipes and saturater (Figure 4)
are screwed together and made air-tight with rings of copper between such
of their joints as are much exposed to heat, the others are made securo
with rings of lead; all are laid in brickwork, with a convenient part under
3 for fire, from which part are carried flues, under and about the pipes
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, and 2, 2, 2, 2, and saturater (Figure 4), for the purpose of heating
and increasing the clastic force of the air injected by the compresser E, and
to the chimney stack 4. At 5 is a small projection from the bottom of the
branch B and pipe 2 for stopping the water in the pipe F, when that in the
saturater A is falling (as seen in Figure 4, Part 1, at 5); 6 is the vessel for
supplying the saturater and pipe F with water (as before explained); 7 is the
pump for assisting in putting the machine in motion. At is a safety valve
occasionally to let the superfluous air escape. Now, suppose the piston rods
of A and E (Figure 1 and Figure 2) to be connected to the working beam
which is connected to the machinery, the valves all shut that are necessary, and
overy other part of the machine made close and secure, the communication
between the fireplace at 3, and the chimney stack at 4, is then stopped at b, b, b,
and a fire is made under the pipe 1 at 3, whose heat is part conveyed round
and about the cylinder, under pipes, Figure 1, to prepare them for use, tho
other part is carried off by the chimney stack c, c, c, c, c, built over the part
where the fire is made. The saturater A, Figure 4, and pipe F, havo a
sufficient quantity of water within them; the cylinder and pipes, Figure 1,
being made hot, and having a sufficient quantity of fire under the Part 3, the
communication between the fire at 3 and the chimney stack at 4 is then opened
at b, b, b, and the communication between the cylinder, Figure 1, and the chim-
ney stack c, c, c, c, is closed, the heat from the firo has then no other way to escapo
than along the flucs under and about the pipes 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, and to the chimney
stack at 4; by this means tho air within the pipes 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, is heated,
and endeavours to occupy larger spaces, but is not admitted so to do till
within the vessel Figure 1. The mean time this operation is going forward the
cool air is pumped from 8 by means of the pump 7, and forced into the pump 2
at 9, from which it passes over the part where the fire is, and to the pipos
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1; the elastic force of the air by those meaus being sufficiently

page_text: ncreased (as known by the barometrical tube, it being connected as before
noted) and the piston of Figure 1 at the top of the cylinder, and that of
Figure 2 at the bottom of its cylinder, everything being in readiness, the; pump
7 is stopped from changing the air from 8 to 9, the regulating valve at B at
the top of the cylinder, Figure 1, is then opened, and the hot elastic air is
admitted to press upon the piston (the air escapes from under the piston at the
valve C at the bottom of the cylinder into the pipe N, and from there round
and about the cylinder and pipes) in the vessel with its whole force only
during one fourth part or portion of the piston's descent, after which the valve
that admitted the air to press upon the piston is to be perfectly shut, the piston
afterwards descends with the acting power of the air upon it, decreasing as the
space it occupies increases; at the same time the piston in Figure 1 descends
to the bottom of its cylinder, the piston in Figure 2 ascends to the top of its
cylinder, and injects into the heater a sufficient quantity of cool air to supply
the loss of what was expended upon the piston in the cylinder of Figure 1, to
cause it to descend, raising its load at the other end of the beam. The same
operation takes place below the piston to cause it to ascend, and so alternately
above and below. The unequal powers that act against the piston in the ascent
and descent are applied to machinery nearly uniformly by the following method
or contrivance; that is to say, to the same beam that the piston rods of Figure
1 and Figure 3 are connected is connected a revolving crank (see Figure 9)
made fast on a shaft and confined in brasses in the usual manner; on the same
shaft is a toothed wheel three fect diameter, which drives another wheel
eighteen inches, on whose shaft is a fly or regulating wheel fourteen feet
diameter, or more or less in proportion to the size of the cylinder; this wheel
has so much more weight or matter connected with one part of the rim than
the part opposite as to require so much of the power acting against the piston
in the first part of its ascent or descent, to raise it from under the center, and
bring it over, as will make good the deficiency caused the air's expansion in the
latter part of its ascent or descent, by acting with its gravity the other part of
the revolution. The machinery that opens and shuts the regulating valves is
worked by the motion of the engine similarly to that of steam engines.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on tho Twenty-ninth day of July,
in the year above mentioned, the aforesaid James Glazebrook, came before
our Lord the King in llis Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained, in form above written.
And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of
tho Statuto in that case made and provided.
Inrolled the Third day of August, in the year above written.