CULTIVATING AND DIGGING THE
Year: 1853

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Joseph Bauer, Captain to His Majesty
the Emperor of Austria's 57th Regiment of Foot, a native
of Vienna, in Austria, presently in garrison at Prague, in
Bohemia, for the Invention of "CULTIVATING AND DIGGING THE
Sealed the 28th December 1853, and dated the 1st November 1853.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Joseph Bauer
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Peti-
tion, on the 1st November 1853.
I, JOSEPH BAUER, Captain to His Majesty the Emperor of
Austria's 57th Regiment of Foot, a native of Vienna, in Austria,
presently in garrison at Prague, in Bohemia, do hereby declare
the nature of the Invention for "CULTIVATING AND DIGGING THE
SOIL BY MEANS OF A STEAM DIGGING AND HARROWING MACHINE" to be
as follows:
This Invention consists of a compound or combined machine
for digging and harrowing by steam power. On a frame carried by
A

page_text: four wheels (the axle of one pair of such wheels being arranged in
such manner as to be inclined to the other; and thus to guide the
direction of the carriage,) are fixed a steam engine and boiler,
similar to those used for a locomotive, but smaller. Two levers
are used, placed parallel to each other, and in a direction from the
back to the front of the carriage, and they move on their respec-
tive axes. The fore ends of these levers are connected to sectors
of pulleys placed above them, by ropes, chains, or straps, and by
suitable gearing from the main axle these levers are moved to
a horizontal position by winding up the ropes, chains, or straps.
The fore ends of the levers are connected by a shaft (across the
frame); and several spades, each provided with a stout handle,
are connected to the shaft. Over and across the frame, and just
above the digging levers, is the main axis, which receives motion
from the steam engine. By means of eccentrics the digging
lêvers are pressed towards the surface of the ground, and with
them the spades, which are forced into the soil; and by other
excentrics, acting on the handles of the spades, the shaft to which
they are attached is made to move partly round, by which the
spades are raised, together with the earth they have penetrated,
and the earth is thrown off by the impulse with which the spades
are raised. The digging levers are then moved back to their
horizontal position, and the carriage is-moved a distance. Two
shafts under the machine connect the digging machinery with a
harrow, hanging on a separate axle at the hinder part of the car-
riage, and motion is communicated from the digging levers to this
harrow, giving it a depressing and also a to and fro movement, s
de the tooth through the duo earth
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters
Patent, filed by the said Joseph-Baner in the Great Seal 30
Patent Office on the 25th April 1854.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I,
JOSEPI BAUER, Captain to His Majesty the Emperor of Austria's

page_text: 57th Regiment of Foot, a native of Vienna, in-Austria, presently
in garrison at Prague, in Bohemia, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by
Her Letters Patent, bearing date the First day of November, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three;
in the seventeenth year of Her reign; did, for Herself, Her heirs
and successors, give and grant unto me; the said Joseph Bauer,
Her special licence that I, the said Joseph Bauer, my executors;
administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Joseph
Bauer, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others; from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might: make; use; exercise, and vend; within the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of
Man, an Invention for "CULTIVATING AND. DIGGING THE SOIL BY
MEANS OF A STEAM DIGGING AND HARROWING MACHINE," upon the
condition (amongst others) that I, the said: Joseph Bauer, by an
instrument in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention; and in
what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same
to be. filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the sail Letters
Patent.:
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Joseph Bauer, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed,, to be particularly described: and. ascer
tained in and by the following statement thereof (that is to say)':..>
The steam digging and harrowing machine is a combination of
two machinesa, the steam engine (vide Table F), which serves
as a motor, and which being in all other parts like a small loco-
motive engine, differs from such a one only in as far as its crank
axle has to turn in but one direction, and therefore the mechanism
for changing the movement of the sliders is left away; and b,..
the digging machine properly said, which may be considered as:
constituting of three chief parts:-

page_text: Firstly, the frame with its wheels, and the mechanism for
wheeling and directing the machine:
Secondly, the digging apparatus, together with the harrow:
Thirdly, those parts of the mechanism by the means of which
the rotative movement of the chief axis of the machine is
altered into such movements to perform the diverse functions
of digging and harrowing, and pushing the machine over the
Gold
The frame is formed by four parallely land beams of wood or
flat iron, which at their head and hind ends are jointed and united
with cross beams. Several cross rails and screw bolts serve to
give the whole frame the necessary solidity and stiffness. Since
the weight of the machine, as well as the dimensions of the parts
it consists of (the moving gear), vary according to the breadth,
thickness of stripes, and depth of the digging the machine is to
perform, the dimensions of the frame beams must be chosen in
accordance with the intended strength or capacity of performance
the machine is made for.
The two middle long beams (Table 4, Figures 1, 3, Figure 15,)
are a little longer than the outward laying, and jut beyond the
hinder cross beam for a few inches. Upon the projectures thus
formed a wooden rail, provided with a groove along the middle of
its upper side, is fastened. Into this groove the axle of the harrow
is laid and fastened, or retained in it, by two iron clasps, one on
each projection.
Regarding the distances betwixt the four long beams, it is to
be observed that the space betwixt the two middle beams must
be capacious enough to contain the boiler with its fire and
smoke box, whilst the distances betwixt the middle and the
outward laying beams, on cach side of the machine equally
large, must be sufficiently so that all those mechanical parts,
described sub Nº 3, as being fastened to the chief axis, may be
easily placed.

page_text: Fig
In order to raise this frame to a convenient height above ground Ta
t is provided with four supporters near its head end, which are 1'
fastened perpendicularly underneath the four long beams in one 21
file or row. The place where these supporters are to be fixed
must be chosen thus; that to of the whole load the frame is to
bear (including boiler, water, coals) are born by the fore axle-tree
of the machine upon which the supporters repose. The supporters
are made of two sheet iron plates connected with screw bolts, and
are nearly of the same shape of those used on railroad waggons.
The length of the supporters must, with regard to the diameter
of the fore wheels, be chosen so that a man standing at the
head end of the machine may easily put .coals into the fire box
by means of a shovel; 2 feet G--8 inches elevation of the frame
above ground will be a convenient height. Each of the supporters
bears at its lower end a half box of white metal with flanges on
both ends, which contribute to hold together the two plates of
which the supporter is formed. Into these half boxes the fore
axle is fitted; greasing boxes, forming the other halves of the axle
boxes, and provided with quadrangular flanges, are put underneath
the axle tree, whereupon the whole is held together by two iron
bands (at each supporter), which passing underneath the greasing
box unite the two ends of each of the two plates the supporters
consists of, and which surround the axle and greasing box.
F
Near the hind end of the machine only the two outward laying T
beams have supporters or props underneath them. These props
are massive, of the same matter with the frame, and if of wood
they must be provided on their under side with friction plates of
iron, wherewith they repose upon the wooden axle-tree bed of the
hind axle. Since the machine is made to wheel or turn by putting
the hind axle into an awry position to the fore axle, the lower
ends of these props must be long enough as not to get off the
axle tree bed when the machine is to wbeel in the smallest circle
it is built for. The above-mentioned friction plates have loops or
rings at their ends, unto which the drawing rods are fastened, of
which mention will be made hereafter.

page_text: The point at which these props are to be fastened to the out-
ward frame beams must, with regard to the length of the hind
axle and the diameter of the hind wheels, be chosen thus that
the hind wheel cannot touch the dented wheels at the outsides of
the outward beams (which transmit the movement of the crank
axle to the chief axis of the machine) when the hind axle-tree is
put into the utmost admissible awry position:
Instead of supporters or props, three rails are right angularly
fastened underneath and across the two middle frame beams near
their hind end. The middle of the midmost of these rails lies
within the same line with the middle of the props.
Underneath these rails, which are fastened with screw bolts to
the frame beams, a disk is fixed, the centre of which must lie just
underneath the midst of the space betwixt the two middle beams.
Into the under side of this disc, which, like the rails, are made of
the same inatter with the frame, a flat iron ring is let, so as to
project à little beyond its surface. This ring serves as a friction
ring, and its diameter is some few inches less than that of the
disc, which must be some inches larger than the distance betwixt
the two middle beams.
"
The wooden bed of the hind axle-tree bears upon its middle
another disc, which, being likewise provided withi a friction ring;
corresponds in all its dimensions to that fastened underneath
the just mentioned rails. "The height of the rails, together with
that of the two discs, and that of the projectures of the two
friction rings which lay upon each other (betwixt the discs), must
be equal to the height of the props at the outward frame beams
and their friction plates. Through the middle of the midmost
rail, the centres of the two dises, and a hole in the midst of the
hind axle-tree, a strong iron peg or pin is laid, like that of the
fore train of any other carriage, around which the axle-tree with
the lower disc turns, and which connects the hind axle-tree and
its wheels with the machine.
5. i.
Thin iron rods (drawing rods) running beneath the outward
frame beams from their hind to their head ends, where they are

page_text: fastened with screw bolts; and finding their fulcrums: (points
d'appuie) in the fore and aft supporters, serve to strengthen these
beams whilst the middle beams, beneath which such rods are
not admissible, since they would hinder the up and downward
movement of: the spades and their shaft, are strengthened by the
long beams of the frame of the steam engine, which lie just above
them, and with which they are strongly connected by props, and
screw bolts passing through them...
Of the four wheels upon which the machine moves the two fore Ta
wheels may be denominated, pulling wheels, since by them the
machine is pulled or pushed over the field. They are smaller than
the hind wheels, in order that the soil might offer more friction to
them, yet their diameter should not be less than three feet,.in
order that the machine may roll easily, and not more than four
feet, lest the handles of, the spades must be made too long,.which
would cause an enhancement of the weight, of. the,digging
apparatus, that should carefully be avoided.
Fi
The naves of these pulling wheels are of cast iron, and on their T
outsides are provided with claws. Two, muffs, gliding upon wedges
let.into.grooves.of the axle-tree..near the outsides.of.the.naves,
and provided at their insides with claws that correspond to those
of the naves, serve to engage or to disengage the. wheels with the
axle-tree, that is to say, to fix them to the axle-tree, thus that
they must turn together with it, or to loosen them, that they may
turn round the axle tree; tlie former when the machine' is
worked, the latter when it is driven by horses to or from..the
field. The engaging or disengaging of the muffs is performed by To
two crooked levers (one on each side of the machine), the longer
arms of which reach beyond and underneath the. cross beam.at
the head end of the machine, whilst their shorter arms, which are
bifurcated with cobs at the ends of. the prongs, catch into grooves
of the muffs.
Fi
an
These levers move within joints, that are fastened to the T
insides of the. outward.. supporters by means of an iron band. or
Fi
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page_text: The holes of the naves into which the spokes are set are formed
like a pyramid, the point of which has been taken away, and the
strong wooden spokes are set into them upon small and sharp iron
wedges. The spokes, which it would be perhaps profitable to
make of iron, are to be thus shaped; that their insides, that is to
say, those edges that are next to the machine, come to the same
level with the inside edges of the fallows. To this purpose they
are strengthened or embossed near their upper ends. Into these
embossed parts, on the insides of the spokes, notches or grooves
are cut, in such a way as to form a concentrical circle with the
fallows. The diameter of these circular notches, as well as their
breadth and depth, depend from the dimensions of the dented
wreaths (Table 5, Figure 26¹ and 26"), that will be described sub
No. 3.
The spokes of the pulling wheels stand perpendicularly upon
the naves and the fallows. The fallows are of wood strongly
jointed, and four to seven inches large. Their tires are not even,
but concave for the third part of their breadth in their middle;
this is in order to prevent their sinking too much into the ground,
as also to retain the wheels in a straight direction, and to prevent
their sliding sidewards.
The pulling wheels are always placed between the middle and
the outward long beams of the machine, in order that they might
continually go on undug soil.
The axle-tree of these wheels is' a round iron shaft, raw in its
middle part as to where it meets the flanges of the boxes of the
inner supporters, from which points it is turned and smoothed.
Its length depends on the breadth, its diameter on the weight of
the machine, two thirds to three fourths of which it must bear.
Very strong and heavy machines should have this axle made of
steel instead of iron, in order to avoid too large diameters, whicli
would impede an easy movement.
In order to attain the requisite stiffness of the four supporters,
and to prevent their giving way to sidewards, the two inmost of
them are united with iron bands which pass beneath the middle of

page_text: the axle-tree. These bands, the protuberance of the raw part
of the axle, which must exactly fit betwixt the two supporters,
adjusting rings put upon the axle close to the outsides of the
inmost supporters, and touching the insides of the naves of
the pulling wheels, such adjusting rings close to the outsides
of these naves within the claws, and lastly, small discs of the
same diameter with the flanges of the half boxes, fastened with
screws to the ends of the axle tree, and touching these flanges,
serve to procure the unaltered position of the supporters when
the muffs are disengaged.
During the time the machine is worked the spaces left betwixt
the insides of the outward supporters and the then engaged
muffs are filled up with the crooked pieces of iron (Table 4,
Figure 10 and 10"), which turn round one of the bolts with
which the two plates that form a supporter are connected.
Before disengaging the pulling wheels these crooked irons must
always be turned aside.
The hind wheels differ from other wheels only by the breadth
of their fallows, which should never be less than eight inches,
since when digging the third furrow the machine works betwixt
two furrows already dug up, and the hind wheels then going
over the loose soil would sink too much into it were the fallows
not very broad. The diameter of these wheels should not be less
than 4 to 5 feet. In order to lessen as much as possible the
radius of the circle described by the machine when turning
(wheeling), and yet to avoid a too long axle-tree, the spokes of
these wheels are set obliquely into their naves (wheel plate).
These wheels are of wood, and placed at the outsides of the
outward long beams. The hind axle-tree consists of a rectangular
iron bar; the ends of which are curved upwards and then again
outwards in right angles; so as to be like to a strong bar with a
crank on each end. This construction has been adopted in order
not to hinder the up and downward movement of the digging
levers, across and beneath which the hind axle-tree is laid, and
yet to attain a sufficiently large radius for the hind wheels.

page_text: The iron axle-tree is let 'into a wooden bed 5 to 7 inches high,
the upper side of which is rounded, and bears upon its middle; the
above-mentioned disc, wherein it is fastened-by means of six or
Feight iron bands and screws.
+
Two flat pièces of iron, the shape of which is. shown..by the
Drawing (Table 4, Figure 131, 13",) are fastened underneath the
middle part of the hind axle-tree, with those two of the iron bands
connecting the axle with its bed that stand next to the, disc, so
as to form a shear that projects a little beyond the. hind cross
beam at and underneath the middle of the machine. Into. this
shear a common carriage pole is laid and fastened with, the iron
clasps (Table 4, Figure 14,) when the machine is drawn by horses,
but when the machine is, worked the pole must be taken. away..
⚫. To the cross beam at the hind end of the machine strong screw
nuts are fastened, one on each side of the machine, next to but
inside the places where the cross beam is let into the outward long
beams. The strong screws that belong to these nuts must be 12 to
16 inches long; their threads should not be very-coarse. At one
of their ends they are provided with cranks; the other ends form
small 'spindles, round which horizontal loops turn loosely by means of
small rings to which they are fastened, and which are fastened in
their turn to the spindles by means of sinall screw nuts at the
ends of the spindles. By means of two strong iron chains of
equal length, these loops are connected with like ones, fastened
to those axle-tree bands which stand next to the insides of the
outward frame beams:
Both the chains which thus unite the hind axle-tree-with the
inner ends of the screws must be perfectly straight (tense) when
the axle-tree is in a rectangular position to the long beams of
the frame, and when the screws are for one half of their length
inside and for the other half outside their nuts.
i.:..
By dint of shortening one and loosening the other chain, the
hind axle tree is brought into an awry position to the fore-axle,
and the machine turns to the 'side" where the "chain has been
loosened, and thus it can easily and very accurately be directed to

page_text: any chosen point, or entirely wheeled about: When the machine
is driven by horses both the chains are loosened by turning- the
screws into their nuts until the cranks reach the cross beam, and
the directing of the machine is performed by the horses pushing
the pole to one or the other side. Two hooks at the cross beam T
at the head end of the machine; unto which a spring tree bar may a
be hung to attach horses also to this end of the machine, in which
case the leader directs the machine, going behind it by means of
the aforesaid screws.
With regard to the guidance of the machine" it must be
observed that the leader is to direct it thus; that always between
two furrows a stripe of not dug ground remains, which must be
of the same breadth with that of the spades, and that is dug up
when the machine returns to the same side of the field. The
leader must be also well acquainted with the diameter of the.
smallest circle his machine is able to make when wheeling, in
order that he might not transpose the 'hind axle-tree too soon
or too late at the end of a furrow.
Table 2, shows the machine and its frame, as seen from above.
Table 1, gives a side view of the machine and its frame.
Table 4, Figures 1 and 3, show a middle frame beam with its
supporter at the head end, and the three rails with the dise
fastened underneath it, as also the rail that bears the axle of the
harrow, together with the clasp seen from sidewards.
Table 4, Figures. 2 and 4 show an outward frame beam with
its supporters, and props, and with, the drawing rod intented for
strengthening it and the screw.
Table 4, Figures 1", 9, and 21, show the head end of the
frame (for the wheeling), and gives a side view of the shape of the
supporters. It shows, further, the fore axle-tree, and a nave, of a
fore wheel in connection with the muff belonging to it.
.
Table 4, Figures 121, 151, and 3, shows the hind end of the
frame, with the hind axle-tree and a jack (just over the middle
of the, axle. of the harrow) fastened to the grooved rail that
bears this axle, serving to lift the harrow; and the Table 4,
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page_text: Figure 7, shows a lever for engaging and disengaging the muff
(front view of the screw nuts).
Table 4, Figure 8, shows the iron band that bears the joint
within which the aforesaid lever moves round a joint pin.
Table 4, Figure 13, shows one of the two flat iron pieces of 5
which the shear for the pole is formed.
A, if two straight wooden levers (Table 5, Figures 1 and 2.)
(side view and from above) of equal length, the head end of which
is rounded and enlarged for a length of 18 to 24 inches. By en-
larging thus the heads of these levers (digging levers) not only
the greater resistance of them against the pressure they have to
sustain, but also a smaller diameter is attained for those semi-
circular levers, which perform the sinking of the spades into the
ground. The hind ends of the digging levers are embossed and
also rounded, and at the centres of these roundings they are per-
forated and provided with boxes of white metal or cast iron.
Through these perforations short iron shafts or axles (Table 5,
Figure 3,) are laid (and fastened to the boxes with quoins), where-
with the digging levers are suspended at the hind end of the frame
(one on each side of the machine) within the spaces contained
betwixt the middle and outward frame beams. To this purpose
hanging steps are fastened to the outsides of the middle and the
insides of the outward frame beams, wherein the spindles of these
axles turn. The distances of these axles from the chief axis of the
machine (which is laid right angularly across and over the frame
beams) must be equal, that is to say, they must be parallel to the
chief axis. This distances depends from the chosen length of the
digging levers, the centres of the head roundings of which must
reach (when they are in a horizontal position) beyond the centre
of the chief axis, for the radius of this axis more 1 to 2 inches
(according to the strength that is given to the nave of the curved
lever that raises the spades, and to the upward standing handles

page_text: of the spades). Since the axle of the spades (that will be de-
scribed hereafter, and which is laid through perforations in the
centres of the head roundings of the digging levers) must nearly
touch the under sides or edges of the frame beams when the
digging levers are raised to a horizontal position, the aforesaid
hanging steps should be fastened to the frame beams, so that
the centres of their boxes (wherein the spindles of the short
axles move) might be somewhat lower beneath the under sides
of the frame beams than the radius of the axle of the spades
measures.
Concerning the length of the digging levers it must be observed
that 5 feet 6 inches to 6 feet will prove the most convenient
length (from the centre of the head rounding to that of the hind
rounding).
If shorter digging levers be taken, the spades (which, whilst
digging, describe a segment of a circle, the radius of which is
the length of the digging levers,) they will cut the soil in a very
oblique direction, and it would be necessary to give the semi-cir-
cular levers that press the digging levers towards the ground a very
large diameter, in order to attain a depth of 12 or more inches
with the spades. If longer digging levers, suppose very long and
therefore either feeble or heavy frame, the other dimensions (as
breadth and width) of the digging levers must be fixed in accord-
ance with the total breadth of the spades the machine is to have,
and with the resistance the spades will find when pressed into the
soil; and when breaking loose the stripes the resistance varies
with the quality of the soil. Several trials I made on diversely
qualified soil showed that 75 pounds will suffice to drive a sharp-
edged spade (1 foot long and 1 foot broad) into soil, even into clay
that has been already cultivated before, within the time of a
second, and showed further that the resistance against the stripes
breaking loose does, even in tough but cultivated ground, not
exceed 2 ounces for each square inch (of the width and length of
a stripe).
The head roundings of the digging levers are, as it has been

page_text: already mentioned, perforated, and these perforations must be wide
enough that the knobs.or-embossings, of the, axle of the spades
(Table 5, Figures 13 and 13") might be pushed through. them.
These perforations are cased with boxes of brass that, have flanges
at one of their ends, and that are divided into two halves, in order
that they might be put into the perforations after the axle has been
laid through. The cut of the two half boxes: lies (covers) within
the horizontal diameter of the head rounding. Their flanges are
let into the outsides of the digging levers heads, and, fastened to
them with screws. The flanges of the lower halves of these boxes
are provided with projectures or noses, the broadest part of which
ends at the horizontal diameter (as the Drawing shows),, against
which like projectures of the adjusting rings, Figures 171-17)
of the spade axle (described hereafter) strike when the spades
fall backwards. This is in order to prevent their turning too
much backwards, and lest their upper handles would, touch the
naves of the crooked levers that raise the spades with the earth,
and that are fixed just over against these handles to the chief
*axis.
The inner ends of the half boxes are surrounded by small brass
dics, which being likewise divided are let into the insides of the
digging levers heads, and fastened to them with screws. They serve
to hold the, halves of the boxes together, and also as friction plates
against the friction of the. flanges of the spade axle (whereinto
the upper spade handles are set, which nearly touch the insides of
the digging levers heads. -
**
Within the prolongation of the horizontal diameter of the
digging levers. heads, small, but strong, iron loop. pieces (Table 5,
Figures: 6', and. 6) are fastened to the outsides of the heads, which
jut out beyond the heads edges for a few inches, and the loops of
which are curved a little to outwards. Through the loops or nooses
of these, pieces short bolts are laid (Table 5,, Figure 7), provided
at their upper ends with 'a hook, at their lower with screw threads
and two nuts, one of which nuts is placed above, the other below,
the top of the iron pieces, Figure 6. Into the hooks of these screw

page_text: bolts short ropes are laid (Table 1); wherewith to lift the digging
levers by means of parts of pullies, as will be described hereafter,
which may be shortened or lengthened by means of the two nuts!
In order to give the digging levers heads more resistance against
the pressure they have to sustain when the stripes, are broken-off
a strong iron bolt (Figure 8);, with a-flat but broad head, is laid
perpendicularly through them. The heads of these bolts are: let
into the upper sides of the digging levers, and are covered: by the
cloutings of these levers. These bolts serve also-to-fasten under-
neath the heads of the digging-levers small right angularily shaped
flat pieces of iron (Table 5,-Figures: 91, 99). One of the shanks
of these angles.lies on the under side, the other shank (that bears
a short quadrangular iron peg), on the inside of the digging levers;
to which they are also fastened. Upon the quadrangular pegs
strong spiralsprings. (Table 5, Figures 19, 911) are placed, to the
loose ends of which iron rods or staffs are rivetted. These staff's
reach unto the blades of the spades, upon which they press, thus
preventing their turning round upon their axle whilst they. are
sunk into the soil; small; discs and pins, Figure 9, and pins at
the ends of the quadrangular pegs; hinder the springs from
gliding off...
The turning of the spades whilst they are sunk into the soil may
be still better prevented by the small_leyers, (Table 5, Figures
10, 10") which are fastened at the outsides of the digging levers
heads by means of bolts, around which they turn."
The shorter downward curved arms of these levers are at their
ends curved a little outwards and then upwards, so as to form a pin
(tenon). Their longer arms diverge at half of their length into
two arms, the one of which is curved downwards, the other up-
ward. When the digging levers are lifted to a horizontal position
the upward standing pins at the shorter arms are pressed into ears
formed by the adjusting rings (Table 5, Figures, 17, 17") of the
spade axle, by dint of the longer arms striking with their upward
bent parts against iron-bars which are fastened to the iron nooses
(Table 5. Figures 121, 12) that hang down perpendicularly from

page_text: two of the cross rails that unite the out and inward frame beams,
and within which the digging levers move upwards and downwards.
Thus the chance of an overturning of the spades whilst they are
pushed into the earth is avoided, since their axle is held fast by the
small pieces of the levers shorter arms. When the spades are
entirely sunk into the ground the downward curved parts of the
longer arms of the small levers are pressed against projectures
adapted to the feet of the leading nooses of the digging levers
(Table 1), thereby the small hooks of the shorter arms are pulled
out of the ears of the adjusting rings, and the spade axle can thus
be turned, the cut off' stripe be broken off and lifted by the spades.
The execution of the small levers should be very accurate. The
small levers (retaining staffs) do not turn easily round the bolts
that serve them as axles.
Nearly half their length the digging levers are provided with
protuberances (or frogs?) on their under sides. These protu-
berances are perforated, and the perforations cased with small
brass boxes, the flanges of which are sunk into the outsides of
the protuberances and there fastened with screws. Through these
boxes a thin iron shaft is laid, which passing beneath and across
the frame unites both the digging levers, and serves also to connect
the drawing shafts, Figure 24, of the harrow with these levers. The
upper sides of the heads, the roundings of the head, and hind ends,
as well as the aforesaid protuberances of the digging levers, are
clouted. The clouting of the upper sides must be a little concave,
in order to retain the grease; the boxes of the spade axle are
greased by holes bored perpendicularly through the clouting, in
the direction of the diameter of the head roundings B. The spade
axle, which is laid through the perforations of the heads of the
digging levers, passes underneath the frame, and lies parallel to the
chief axis. Its strength must be calculated according to the resist-
ance the spades will find, and to the weight the stripes that must
be lifted will have. Its length is equal to the total breadth of the
spades but one, more 2 to 3 inches. The handles of the spades
are set at equal distances (the breadth of a spade) into holes of

page_text: this axle; which is strengthened by knobs or embossings at the
places where the holes are bored into it (Table 5, Figure 131, 13").
The holes are conical, the broader part downwards. In equal dis-
tances from the middle (which must lie just beneath the longitu-
dinal middle of the machine), and there where this axle reaches
the insides of the digging levers heads (the exact position of the
digging levers with regard to their distance from the middle of the
machine is just beneath the semi-circular levers that press them
towards the ground and that are fixed to the chief axis), it is
provided on each side with two short upright standing flanges
(Table 5, Figure 13, 14). Two strong but flat iron bars (2-3
inches broad, with regard to the resistance the soil offers against
its being broken loose, and to the weight of a stripe,) the lower
ends of which are wedgewisely though obtusely sharpened, are T
set into the spaces betwixt the two flanges perpendicularly, and 14
rivetted to them. These bars, which must be bent into such a
curve as is described by the centre of the digging levers heads,
and which must be so long that their upper ends might be in
the same level with the under sides of the frame beams when
the spades are entirely sunk into the soil, serve as upper'
handles..
.
Upwards, there are but two broad handles; downwards, there
are as many as there are spades.
The downwards standing handles are iron rods (Table 5,
Figure 151, 15), with circular embossings around their upper ends,
in the midst of which embossings they are provided with conical
pins or tenons ending as screws, which are stuck into the holes
of the spade axle and fastened so with screw nuts.
Near their lower ends these handles are provided with oblong
flanges, and with pins in the midst of them, wherewith they are set.
into the shells or hulls of the spades, at the upper ends of which
flanges, like that at the lower ends of the handles, serve to connect
the spade blades strongly with their handles by means of screws
(vide Drawing).
The spades (Fig. 15) consist of right angular but little curved.
Fi

page_text: blades of sheet.iron, which are steeled at their lower and sharpened
edges.
Shells or hulls, provided with horizontally laid oblong flanges
at their mouths, and ending at their lower part as 'flat ribs; are
rivetted to the blades at the middle of their backsides. These
shells are provided with ears at their backsides, which serve to
unite.all the.spades by means of a thin iron shaft (Table 5, Figure
16,) that is passed through the 'cars, in order to prevent one or
the other of the blades giving way to one or the other side. For
the same purpose the upper edges of all the blades are once more
connected by a small.and, thin iron band, the lower edge of which
is sharpened, and which is laid all along the whole breadth of.the
spades and fastened to the blades with screws.
In order to prevent.the stubbles, small stones, etc. from press-
ing the blades of the spades asunder, and making them stand.
ajar, the fissure between two spades. (the lines where the one
blade touches the other which is close by) are covered at the
backsides of the spades with very flat iron or steel stripes which
are sharpened at their lower ends. The spade which thus is formed
by several blades of a breadth from 9-12 inches, could also be
formed of one single very broad blade, and the aforesaid construc="
tion has been adopted. only with regard to the easier repairing in
case one or the other of the blades should become damaged. The.
length of the blades must be chosen corresponding to the required
depth of the tillagé, and with regard to the circumstance that they
cut the soil in a curve, and therefore should always be somewhat
longer than this depth. Each machine must be built for the
greatest depth wished for; lesser depths are easily attained by
fixing shorter blades to the handles, that is to say, a machine built
for the digging. of 9 inches cannot easily be employed for a digging
of 12 inches (without much alteration), but it can be employed'
to dig lesser depths. :than 9.inches, solely by exchanging the ten
inches. long spades for shorter ones. The spade blades, together
with their downwards standing handles and with the two-upright,
standing handles, must. formg'a enive like the age of a circle

page_text: described, with a radius of the same length with that of the
digging levers (from centre to centre). With regard to the lengtli
of the lower handles, it must still be; remarked that the wheels
of the machine. sink into the ground for at least 1. inclies, and
that the sharp edges of the blades must be distant..from. the
ground 2-3 inches when the digging levers.àre lifted to the hori
zontal Position and tlie spade axle is touching the under sides of
the frame beams.
In order to retain the spade axle in its exact' position two
adjusting rings (Table 5, Figure 171, 17",) are fastened.upon it, one
on each of the outsides of the digging levers heads, 'and: close to
the flanges of the boxes wherein the spade axle moves.. These
rings, the construction of which will be seen best in the Drawing,
are cut into two halves, in order to lay them round the knobby
axle; they are provided with projectures ending in ears' at the sides
that show to the hind' end of the machine. The projectures lie
against those, Figure 5, of the flanges of the-boxes when the spades
are in a perpendicular position (when the digging levers are in a
horizontal position), and the ears serve to prevent the axle from
turning whilst the spades are pressed into the earth by means of
the above described small levers (retaining staff's, Figure 10', 1'0")
pushing the pins of their smaller arms into them:..
The harrow consists of three flat iron bars (Table 5, Figure 18,)
of the same length with the total breadth of the spades. Into
each of these bars as many short and two-edged knives (Table 5;
Figure 19,) are set perpendicularly as are requisite for the length
of a bar, the knives being placed at a distance of 3-4 inches one
from the other. These bars are rivetted to five or more iron bars:
(Table 5, Figure 20¹, 20", 21") that joint them, so as to form as
it were the part of a cylinder beset with knives; the bars lie in
distances from 5-6 inches parallel one to the other.
The knives must be fixed to them in such a way as not to cover
themselves, so that none of theni can' hit-a-clot already touched and
cut by another.
The Drawing Figure -18', shows, by the diversely marked holes,

page_text: how the three bars are to be bored for the reception of the
knives.
This harrow is suspended upon an axle (Table 5, Fig. 23,) that
is laid into the groove of the rail that is laid across the hindimost
ends of the middle frame beans, by means of two iron flat bands
(Table 5, Fig. 22, 22,) one on each side). The upper ends of
these bands are shaped as ears, through which the spindles of the
just mentioned axle are laid. The under ends diverge into two
arms curved to outwards, and each of them ending with an ear
wherewith they are fastened to the joints; at the ends of two
of those are shaped bands, Fig. 201, 20", that unite the bars of the
harrow.
s of This way
tain
n
D
of suspending the harrow permits its circular move-
raw- ment fore and backward, a movement that is transmitted to it by
on, means of the two iron staffs (Table 5, Fig. 24, 24,) one on each
side, which connect the arrow with the thin shaft that is laid
through the protuberancés (frogs) at the middle and beneath the
digging levers. These levers being raised and again pushed down
transmit thus their movement to the harrow, but 'altered into a
movement back and forward. The chord of the circle described
by the digging levers at the centre of the perforations of the frogs
gives the measure of the length of the movement of the harrow,
which is but five to six inches, but very efficacious, since it is more
than once repeated on nearly the same spot, and since the knives
are also forced through the clods by the progression of the machine
itself.
Table 2: From the cross rails that unite the outward and the
middle frame beams, near the middle of the length of the machine
(which rails must be sufficiently distant from the chief axis that
all the crooked levers that are fastened to this axis might not be
hindered in their rotative movement), iron nooses or leading loops
hang down and are strongly fastened to the cross rails. Each of
these loops (Table 5, Fig. 12,:12.) consists of two curved and two
straight iron bars, connected at their lower ends and on other
places (as the Drawing shews, with smaller bars. The connecting

page_text: bars at the under ends of the loops form, so to say, a small-right
angular frame, the upper surface of which must lic within the
same level of the under sides of the digging levers when the spades
are entirely sunk into the soil (Table 1).
These loops serve to prevent sideward movements of the digging
levers, and also to give them a points d'appui when the stripes are
broken loose, or when the machine is not worked, in which cases
these levers repose upon the small frames just mentioned, which
form the foot of the leading loop. By the prolongation of those
connecting bars of the loops that are next to the outsides of the
digging levers projectures are formed, against which the curved
hind arms of the retaining staff's strike, thereby fastening or letting
loose the spade-axle close to the outsides of the middle frame
beams, and so far off the chief axis as not to hinder any part
fastened to it. Right angularly shaped levers are fastened by
means of bolts laid through the points of their angles, and upon
which they turn. The shorter arms of these levers are connected
with the staff that is laid through the ears at the backsides of the
spades hulls by means of not very. strong chains. The ends of the
longer arms of these levers are in connection with the head end of
the machine by means of two long and thin iron rods (one on each
side of the boiler), vide Table 1. These rods enable the loader
easily to raise the spades from a perpendicular position to an awry
one, so that their sharp edges may be 6-8 inches above the
ground, and to retain them in this position by the pushing ears at
the ends of the rods upon crooked bolts fastened for this purpose
to the frame beams of the steam engine."
.
This whilst the machine is driven by horses, or when not
worked.
With respect to those mechanical parts that serve to alter the
rotative movement of the chief axis into such as required to
perform the digging and pulling of the machine, it must be
remarked previously, that of each of them two equally shaped
pieces must be made, one for the right, the other for the left side
of the machine. These parts may be subdivided into such as are
:

page_text: fastened to or upon, the frame and its wheels, and, into such as
are fixed upon the chief axis. To the former, belong,
.The,dented wreaths (Table 5, Fig. 26,-26); they are of cast iron,
and consist of two rings laid concentrically at a distance of 14-1
inches, the smaller from the, larger.
They contain betwixt this space a number of teeth that depends
from the length of the pitch line of these wreaths, for every 1-1
inch of the length of which onestooth must be given... The teeth
have the direction of the radius of the wreath.
Seen from aside (Table 5, Fig. 26") they are slightly inclined
downwards at the outsides of the wreath,, an inclination that, cor-
responds, with the are described by the hook at the under end of
the pulling rod, Fig. 27, which will be mentioned hereafter, when
it is pushed betwixt the teeth. At their outsides the lower edges:
of the teeth are sharp.whilst the upper edges are rounded; this.in
order; that the hooks. of the, pulling rods might easily glide.off
when their action ceases...
By means of flanges adapted to the rings of these wreaths they
are, fastened to the spokes of the pulling wheels (§.1); the wreaths
being firstlyrlet into the grooves or notches cut into the embossings:
of the spokes, so, deep that their outsides be within the level of
the inner edges of the jaunts or fallows of the pulling wheels
(Table 1). The diameter of the pitch line of these wreaths.can,
like that of the pulling wheels, be chosen according to convenience,.
but it must be observed that, the wreath must always remain
distant-from-the-fallows for 2-3 inches, lest the tooth. holes should
be filled up with earth or mud.
It is requisite to give these wreaths a very accurate pitch, and
to let them carefully into the notches of the spokes, so that the.
centres of the pulling wheels:and that of the wreaths might cover
themselves exactly. The flanges of the wreaths are fastened with
screw bolts to the spokes, after which procedure it should again be
ried if the centres agree, as also if the turning of the pulling
wheel as well as, that of the wreath is perfectly; perpendicular,
that is to say, if; whilst running once round some, part of their

page_text: circumferences don't incline to one or the other side; one wreath-
is to be made for 'the left the other for the right
The pulling rod levers with the pulling rod (Table 5, Fig. 27):
The pulling-rod-levers are long flat pieces of wrought iron, straight
for nearly of their length, thence curved upwards for some
length, and afterwards again bent into a straight direction for
nearly a third of their length at the second bent they are also
turned in such a way that the last third-of-their length is flat in a
horizontal direction, whilst the other two thirds are flat in a
perpendicular direction; still the shape of those levers, as well
as its position with respect to that of the middle frame-beams; near
the outsides of which they are placed, is best shewn by the Draw-
ing (Fig. 27, 27) at their hind ends they are circularly enlarged
and perforated By means of these perforations they are fastened'
upon the bolts (Table 4, Fig) which are laid through thể
middle of the outsides of the iniddle frame beams, and through-the
heads of the middle supporters, just above the middle of the 'fore:
axle-tree. These bolts serve them as axles, whereon they may
turn up and downwards. (Table the Second presents their exact
position (seen from above.) Dises and screw nuts at the ends of>
the bolts prevent them from gliding off. The head ends of these
levers, which are to reach unto the middle line of-the chief axis,
nearly repose upon the naves of that small curved-levers that raise
them periodically; and which will be described hereafter.
Seen fromaside (Figure 27) their straight hind parts lie obliquely
downward, this in order to make the draught of the pulling
rod as perpendicular ás possible, though the rings whereunto they
are hung describe an are. The diverse curves into which the:
pulling rod levers are bent-have been adopted in order to avoid
their striking against short axles-that-lit just above aiid across
then mention of which will be made hereafter when they are
raised' (turned upwards).
The horizontal length of these levers from the 'centre of their
hind ends to their head ends is equal to the horizontal distance
between the centre of the fore axle tree, and that of the chief

page_text: axis. The strength of them (dimensions of height and breadth)
must be calculated with regard of the force requisite to pull
the whole machine backwards. There where the pulling rods
lever is met by perpendicular line which one imagines to
be drawn from such point in the pitch line of the dented
wreath, that below the horizontal diameter of the pulling wheels
or the wreaths encloses with it an arc which corresponds with
half of the length (the machine is to advance after each stroke);
upon the outward circumference of the tire these levers are
provided with strong rings which are bored in their longitu-
dinal direction. By means of rings that are cut into two halves
and provided with flanges (wherewith the two halves are fastened
together by steel screws), the lower halves of which are made of
one piece with small bells, these bells are hung upon the rings
that are welded to the pulling rods levers.
Into these bells the pulling rods (Figure 27, 27") are set per-
pendicularly, and fastened either by means of screws at their upper
ends, in which case the bells serve as screws nuts, or by small pins
of steel, which are driven through the sides of the bells and the
covered ends of the rods.
The pulling rods are short and strong staff's of round iron, steeled
at their lower ends, and their right angularly crooked to outwards,
that is, towards the wreaths of the pulling wheels. The crooks or
hooks must be thus shaped that they might be easily pressed into
the holes betwixt two teeth of the wreaths; their upper sides are
therefore flat, and a little inclined upwards at the ends, in cor-
respondence with the downward inclination of the teeth; their
under sides are smoothed and rounded, so that they might easily
glide off the upper and likewise rounded edges of the teeth.
At their backsides the pulling rods are provided with iron loops or
nooses, that stand just over against their hooks (Figure 271, 27¹¹).
The length of the space within the nooses must be equal to the
length of the chord, of such an arc of the pitch line of the wreaths as
corresponds with the whole length the machine is to advance after
each, stroke on the circumference of the tire, and more. The thick-

page_text: ness of the ring of the leading staff; Figure 291, 29", (that-will-be
described hereafter,) a ring within which the loop moves up and
down.
The length of the pulling rods must be chosen so that their
hooks may catch up those teeth of the wreaths, the under sides
of which lie for half the arc the wreaths are to be turned round
below the horizontal diameter of the pulling wheels.
The pulling rods levers, seen from above, lic parallely to the
middle frame beams, and so far distant from them that their
longitudinal middle line covers that of the small crooked lever
(fastened upon the chief axis) that lifts them periodically. The
pulling rods hang perpendicularly down when they are in repose,
and in this position the outwards standing ends of their hooks are
not distant from the teeth of the wreaths more than one quarter of
an inch wherewith the position of the pulling wheels is also given.
The leading rods, leading staffs, and their supporters (Table 5,
Figure 28, 29, and 30). The supporters (Fig. 301, 3011), each of
which consists of two plates, the shape of which it is difficult to
give with words, are made of sheet iron, and strengthened with
thin iron bars, the prolongations of which jut out beyond the lower
ends so as to form a right angle with the length of the supporters.
They are fastened perpendicularly underneath the middle franc
beams (being screwed to their under sides), so that the middle line.
of the space betwixt the two plates that form one supporter be
covered by the longitudinal middle line of the pulling rods.
The under ends of the two plates that form one supporter are
united by rings, through which the straight parts of the leading
staff's are laid; at the middle of the length of the supporters the
plates and the strengthening bars are perforated, and through
the perforations bolts are laid that serve as axles for the leading
rods, Figure 28, 28", which are suspended perpendicularly within
the space betwixt the two plates that form a supporter. The
projectures that jut out horizontally at the lower ends of the sup-
porters towards the pulling wheels serve to prevent sideward
movements of the pulling rods (towards the hind or head end of

page_text: the machine) which hang down betwixt them; and also as sledges
for the leading staffs which glide upon them when pushed towards
the wreaths or back. These projectures must be long enough
that the pulling rods cannot get out when they are pushed forward
and lifted.
The leading rods (Figure 28; 28") are iron rods, bent in the way
as it is shown by the Drawing. In the midst of their straight
length they are perforated, and through the holes the bolts are
laid whereon they turn and wherewith they are suspended in the
middle of the supporters; at their under sends they are provided
with joints, within which those rings or cars of the leading stáves
(Figure 291, 291) move that form the hind end of the straight
parts of these staves. These cars or rings of the leading staves are
retained within the joints at the under ends of the leading rods
by bolts, round which they may turn, and then the straight part
of the leading staves are laid through those cars or rings which
unite the two plates, that form a supporter at their lower ends.
The head ends of the straight parts of the leading staves end as
screws.
To these ends rings are fastened by means of screw nuts, shaped
like the bells of the pulling rods, but smaller. The rings are also
formed by two halves, the one of which halves consists of one
piece with the bells. The rings are laid around the thin staff that
forms the hind part of the nooses or loops of the pulling rods, and
then fastened togetlier by screws. (Figure 2711, 281, and 291, show
the position of these parts when the pulling rods are in repose, in
which case the rings of the head ends of the leading staves must
touch the upper end of the noose of the pilling rods. In this posi-
tion the leading staves must lie horizontally, whereby also the length
of the supporters of these parts is fixed. By means of the screws
at the heads of the leading staves they can be prolonged or
shortened, and thereby the perpendicular position of the pulling
rods, as well as their distance from the wreaths, be regulated.
The prolongation of the longitudinal middle line of the staves
must meet the pitch line of the wreath, and must also form

page_text: rods.
"
game of the pumig
D: The stayes or-levers for pushing or thrusting, the hooks of
the pulling rods betwixt the teeth of the wreaths, and for drawing
them back again (Table 5; Figure 31, 31"). These staves are
two-armed levers, the shorter arms of which are adapted in such a
way to the spindles or pins on which, tlie staves turn within the
small boxes, Figures 32 and 331, that their under sides be at the
same level with the under sides of the middle frame beams, whilst
the upper sides of their longer arms are also within the same level..
Figure 31; gives a side view of their shape and their position:
with regard to the under side of the frame; beam.
The shorter arms are not fastened to the spindle in the pro-
longation of the longer, arms, but form with 'themia very obtuse:
angle ($1", which shows the position of these, staves underneath
the middle frame beams)..
The longer arms are at half of their length bent downwards. a
little, and then again straight, in order that they might not touchi
the flanges of the plates of the leading rods supporters, wherewith
these supporters are screwed to the under sides of the middle frame:
beams.
There are four of these staves, two ander each of the middle.
frame beams. Those of then that are fastened next to the outsides;
of these frame beams serve to thrust, the hooks of the pulling rods
betwixt the teeth of the wreaths. The longer arms of these two
staves. run parallelly with the edges of the frame beams, from their
spindles unto the upper ends of the leading rods, passing through
the overtures at the upper sides of the supporters plates, and thus;
reaching a little beyond the upper ends of the leading aroils! These,.
the longer arms, are. steeled and springy (elastic); their shorter
armis forming an obtuse angle-with the longer reach, with their
free ends; the outsides of the middle frame beams, just, underneath
the middle line of the chief axis, so as to be distant froin the
outsides for of an inch at their ends. These arms are let into
the frame beams by means of oblique notches cut into these beams..

page_text: If one imagines any short edged object to be pushed betwixt the
outsides of the frame beams and the free end of the shorter arms
(into the space of of an inch), the staves will turn upon their
spindles, and their longer arms will push the upper ends of the
leading rods towards the inside (the middle) of, the machine, the
leading rods turning upon bolts at the middle of their length;
their under ends, to which the leading staves are fastened, will
communicate this movement to the leading staves, but commuted
into a movement to the outsides of the machine whereby the
leading staves will remain in a horizontal position, though the
under ends of the leading rods describe the arc of a circle, since
they can move within the joints at the under ends of the leading
rods. The leading staves finally communicate the push to the
pulling rods, thrusting them straight forward, and thereby their
hooks betwixt the teeth of the wreaths.
Since the hooks of the pulling rods are but short (equal to the
length of the teeth or the breadth of the concentrical rings that
form the wreath), and since, when in repose, these hooks are but
one fourth of an inch from the outsides of the wreaths, the whole
movement is but very short; and the length of both the arms that
form a staff (for pushing the hooks into the wreaths) must be
.chosen, so that it may suffice to press the free end of the shorter
arm for the distance of an inch from the outside of a middle frame
beam, and yet to thrust the hooks entirely into the wreaths by the
longer arm.
Those staves that serve to push the hooks of the pulling rods
back (out of the wreaths) differ from the first-mentioned only in
as far as their longer arms are not steeled, but a little stronger,
and as their shorter arms, forming also an obtuse angle with the
longer arms, run from the spindles to the insides of the middle
frame beams, their free ends also reaching unto underneath the
middle line of the chief axis, and being distant for of an inch
from the sides of the frame beams.
The longer arms must be touched by the upper ends of the
leading rods when the hooks are entirely-pushed into the wreaths;

page_text: therefore their longer arms are not parallel with the edges of the
beams, and therefore the angle they form with the shorter arms is
a little more obtuse, since the under sides of the beams are broader
than the length of the chord of the arc which the upper ends of
the leading rods are to describe, in order to push the hooks en-
tirely into the wreaths. The working of these staves is just of
the same manner as that of the other two staves, but in an inverse
sense.
The spindles of these staves move within brass boxes (Figures
321, 32, 331, 331, 33"); each of them consists of two thimble
shaped halves. At their sides pieces are cut away, so that the
arins of the staves, that are also encased by the boxes, may freely
turn round as much as requisite. The upper halves (Figure 32',
32") of these boxes are let perpendicularly into the under sides of
the middle frame beams, and fastened to shew with their flanges
by screws, so that the flanges lie within the same level with the
under sides. The lower halves (Figure 331, side view, 33" front
view, 33 seen from above) are rivetted with their flanges upon a
thin iron plate, wherewith they are fastened around the sides.and
the under sides of the frame beams, by means of screw bolts laid
perpendicularly through the middles of the plates, and by screws
at the sides.
.
All these parts should be very carefully worked; the springy
arms of the staves must not be too feeble (too much elastic).
The longer arms of the staves are sustained by small bands of
iron (Figure 49), which are laid beneath and across them, and
upon which they glide when turned. These bands are fastened
with their crooked ends to the sides of the frame beans.
To the chief. axis, Figures 48 to 65, of the machine, which lies
right angularly, across the frame beams, upon the steps (couches)
Figure 30, 30, Table 4, and the distance of which from the
hind end of the machine is determined by the chosen length of
the digging levers, are fastened the following parts:-
Two sectors of brass rings (one on each side of the machine).
The diameter of these rings (Figure 34, 34, Table 5.) must be

page_text: equal to that of the chief axis which passes through their r
naves;
The rings must be as
they-stand close to the
or double the height of the frame beams:
broad as the shorter arms of the staves D
insides of the middle frame beams, and are flat at these sides. "AT
their outsides (towards the middle of the machine) they are filed
obliquely for one half of their breadth, and for so much of their
thickness that their outward circumference may be but one twelfth
of an inch, whilst the inward one has one third to one half. Both
the ends of the arcs of these sectors are also filed wedgewise for
á-length of-35-40 degrees, so that the ends of these ares are but
one twelfth of an inch thick. The whole length of the arc of
these sectors is fixed by the entire length of the arc of the sectors
F (described inmediately hereafter,) with which they form an
entire circle; they are fastened perpendicularly upon the chief
axis with their naves, by quoins or wedges and adjusting screws.
Two sectors of brass rings (Figure 35', 3511) fastened upon
the chief axis, close to the 'outsides of the middle frame beams.
Their shape and diameter is like that of the sectors E. The length
of their ares (the number of degrees) is to be chosen in accordance
with the thickness of the stripes the machine is to cut, or with
the space the machine is to advance after "cach stroke. The
wedgewise formed ends of their arcs, being pressed betwixt the free
ends of the shorter arms of the levers D, and the outsides of the
frame beams, they work like the turn of a screw, thrushing these
arms gradually aside; and pushing thereby the hooks of the pulling
rods betwixt the teeth of the wreaths.
Just when this is performed the pulling rods levers B are lifted
at the head ends so high that the äres they describe at the point
where the pulling rods are suspended may be sufficiently great as
to correspond with the chosen progress of the machine (after cach
stroke) at the circumference of the tires of the pulling wheels.
During the time the pulling rods are lifting, the ring sectors F,
continually turning round with the axis, must retain the hooks, of
the pulling rods within the wreaths, but when, the lifting ceases.
these sectors also gradually cease to press against the shorter arms

page_text: of the staves D, giving room for the wedges at the ends of--the-
ares of the sectors E, which at the same time begin to operate on
the shorter arms of those-staves Dwhich lie next to the insides
of the middle frame beams. It is therefore with regard to the
space the machine is to advance after each-stroke that the length
of the ares of the sectors F must be fixed.
The function of both the ring sectors F, as well as that of both
the sectors E, must begin and end at the same moment., Table 2,
shows the position of the ring sectors on the axis: "
The arcs of the sectors E must complete those of the sectors
F to a circle. In order to avoid unnecessary friction the, shorter
arms of the staves D should not be distanced by these sectors
from the sides of the frame beams for more than one inch. The
naves of the ring sectors must be so broad as to cover entirely the
ends of the arms of the staves D, when they are pressed outwards
and when looked upon from above.
"
T
- G. Close to the ring sectors-F, small curved levers (wipers.?) Fi
are fastened to the chief axis, one on each side of the machine,
within the space betwixt the middle and outward frame-beams,
which by their rotation periodically lift the pulling rods levers, the
flat heads of which lie just above them, ending at the middle line
of the chief axis, and let them fall again. The outline' shape of
these wipers is like that of the segment of a circle fastened to the
axis excentrically; the one end of which segment has been provided;
with a nave; they are strengthened at their insides with ribs.
Their length must be calculated with regard to the diameter of the
pitch-line of the wreaths and to the progress the machine is to
make after each stroke, since they must lift the heads of the
pulling-rods levers high enough that the are for which the wreaths:
are thereby turned-round by the pulling rods might correspond: 'at
the circumference of the tire of the pulling wheels with an arc, of
the same length the machine is to advance, or but little more.
These wipers are fastened with their naves perpendicularly on the
axis by means of wedges, 'and in such a way that both may begin
the lifting of the pulling rods levers at the same moment, and not

page_text: sooner than till the hooks of the pulling rods have been entirely
pushed into the wreaths. Being of equal length they must let go
the pulling rods levers also at the same moment. The other
dimensions of the wipers must be calculated according to the force
requisite to draw the weight of the machine on wheels over loose
ground; they are of cast iron.
In order to prevent sideward movements of the pulling rods
levers, they move within the conducting nooses (Table 5, Figure
37, 37), which are fastened to the middle frame beams by screw
bolts, in such a way that the nethermost roundings of the curves
of the pulling rods levers repose upon the lower of the two
bolts that unite the two plates of sheet iron which form the lead-
ing noose.
To lessen the force of the strike which the last-mentioned bolts
would-have to sustain by the free fall of the pulling levers, the
plates of the leading nooses are provided at their insides with not
very strong springs, through which the levers must press them-
.selves by the vehemence of their fall and by their weight. From
the statement given, it results that the effect of the diverse func-
tions of the described mechanism must be the same as if men were
pushing a carriage forward by pulling at the spokes of its wheels.
Since, when digging, the machine moves over loose and unenve
ground, wherefore a mathematical accuracy of the turning of the
pulling wheels cannot be expected, the possibility that the hooks
of the pulling rods may not always be thrust into a hole of the
wreaths, but sometimes against a tooth, has been taken into con-
sideration, and it is therefore that a very narrow pitch has been
given to the wreaths, and that the longer arms of the staves D
(which thrust the hooks into the wreaths) have been made elastic.
Should the hooks happen to be thrust against a tooth they will
be pressed hard against it, but no part will be broken, and the
hooks being lifted whilst they are continually pressed against the
tooth, will glide over it and be pushed into the hole next above
this tooth and turn the wheel, though not for the same length it
would have been turned had the hooks been directly laid into

page_text: holes of the wreaths. Erom rolling farther than the chosen
distance, the machine is hindered by the spades being sunk into
the soil at the very moment when the pulling at the wreath
ceases by the resistance of the harrow, and by the short duration
of the pull itself, which does not permit the moment of inertia of
the swinging weight to take great effect, and which rather causés
the machine to roll back again. In order to prevent the rolling
back, two broad and flat pieces of iron (Table 4, Figure 18', 18",)
(stiffeners), the shape of which is shewn by the Drawing, are.
fastened at the outside of the cross beam which joins the hea,
ends of the frame beams, one on each side, just over against the
pulling wheels, hanging down for nearly half the height of the
frame. They serve to give the wooden springs (Table 4, Figure 19¹,
19") that are laid against them the necessary stiffness. The
spring are long and flat pieces of any elastic wood, which at their
upper ends fastened to the aforesaid cross beam, and leaning
against the stiffeners hang down unto a few inches from the
ground. Seen from the head side of the machine their position
is perpendicular. Seen from aside, their lower ends are farther
outwards than the upper ends, owing to the middle of the springs
being pressed against the bolts at the lower ends of the stiffeners
by the upper ends being fastened to the cross beam.
The flat outsides of these springs are clouted for their whole
length with very thin iron plate, which at their lower ends is
rolled up so as to form a short tube; through these tubes an iron
staff is laid (Table 4, Fignre 20¹).
This staff serves to connect short wooden rolls (Table 4, Figure
21, 21) that are laid across and underneath the hindward
fallows of the pulling wheels (Table 1) with the wooden springs,
by means of iron rods. The rolls should be twice as long as
the fallows of the pulling wheels are broad: Their diameter
should not exceed 6 inches. Their ends are clouted with thin
tires.
Through their axis a short axle is laid, wherewith they turn
within the ears of the straight rods that, running parallely on
C

page_text: each side of the wheel to the foresaid! staff, connect them with
the wooden springs..
When the machine advances these rolls must always slightly
touch the fallows of the pulling wheels. By these means the back-
ward rolling of the machine is entirely prevented, without exposing
the machine to the heavy shakes that cog wheels fastened to the
axle-tree would cause. The same screw bolts that fasten the upper
ends of the spring and their stiffeners to the outside of the cross
beam serve also to fasten to its inside short knives (Tablé 4,
Figure 22, 22) which clean the concave tires of the pulling
wheels from the earth that may happen to adhere to them. With
regard to the position of the axle-tree of the pulling wheels, it
must still be observed that when small machines are built, the
curved levers or wipers that serve to raise the spades and to break
loose the stripes, and that will be described hereafter, are fastened
to the chief axis just over against the fallows of the pulling wheels,
which therefore should be so far from the chief axis that these
curved levers may not touch them when rotating. If such ina-
chines are to progress continually instead of by intermission over
the field, their progress must be regulated so that they may advance
but very slow whilst the spades are sunk into the earth, and swifter
when this is performed; to this purpose two eliptical tooth wheels
(Table 6, Figure 1, 2, and 3,) of cast iron are fastened to the chief
axis, close to the insides of the middle frame beams; and just
over against them two other such wheels, equal in their dimen-
sions to them, are fastened to a shaft that is laid across the space
contained betwixt the middle frame beams pararelly to the chief
axis towards the head end of the machine. Both the ends of this
shaft must jut out beyond the outsides of the middle frame; 'and
upon these ends, close to the outsides of the beams, conical wheels
are fastened; which by means of
drive endless
bevelled
L
screws and worm wheels of cast iron that are fastened on the
fore axle-tree. The number of rotations of the smaller of the
conical wheels, and the pitch of the worm wheels, gives, with
regard to the difference of the diameters of these wheels and the
gears

page_text: pulling-wheels; the length for which the machine.advances during
one stroke
samay d
Table 6, shows the sketch of a steam digging machine to be built
for a digging of eight:feet of breadth of the: furrows, a depth of
twelve mêtres, and a continual progress of five; inches during each
stroke.
**
The great-axis of the elliptical wheels here-adopted' has twelve
inches, the small axis: hás 10:4 inches eccentricity;: three-inches
difference of rapidity as 1:9 The machine. would progress. bu
of an inch whilst the spades are sunk into the earth; aipro-
gress that does not.impede the digging. When this mechanism
is adopted with the construction of a machine all those parts
described; see 6 A.-
Of the parts put in use to perform the digging the following are
fastened to the chief. axis, as each of these parts is to be made
twice, one for each side of the machine.
A
H. Two long and curved levers (wipers) of cast iron (Table 5,
Figure 139) Their outline is that of the segment of a circle,
fastened excentrically to the chief axis by means of ainave adapted
to one end of the arc.
They are fastened to the chief axis next to the wipers g, and
just over against the upper handles of the spades. They serve to
break loose the.cut off strips, and to lift the spades, together with
the earth, by pressing, whilst they turn round with the axis against
the upper ends of the upright standing upper handles (Table 1),
thereby turning the spade axle for a certain part of a circle, so
that the sharp edges of the spades inay be lifted for a space not
exceeding 6-9 inches above the surface of the field. The length
of these levers must be chosen in accordance to the height of the
lifting, and with regard to the length and the curve of the upper
handles of the spades. Their breadth must be the same with that
of the upper handles. Their thickness, -as well as the strength of
their..ribs with which they are provided at their insides, must be
calculated with regard to the height of the spades to the weight of
the stripe of earth that is to be lifted (95-105 pound per
の
cubic

page_text: foot, when already cultivated before, and to the coherence of the
soil (2 ounces per square inch), as well as with regard to the
celerity with which they are to perform their functions. They are
fastened with their naves by wedges perpendicularly to the axis in
such a way as to touch with their upper parts (that are next their
naves) the upper ends of the upright standing handles the very
moment when the spades are entirely sunk into the earth. Both
must begin and cease their function at the same time.
Two curved levers or wipers, of cast iron (Table 5, Figure 38).
Their outline is that of a semi-circle, put excentrically to the axis
by means of naves adapted to one of the ends of the semi-circle.
They are fastened with their naves by wedges close to the levers H,
and just above the upper sides of the digging levers heads, which
by their rotation are pressed towards, and thereby the spades, into
the earth. The length of these curved levers results from the
greatest depth to which the machine is to dig, as from the space
betwixt the upper sides of the digging levers and the centre of the
chief axis (these upper sides touch nearly the naves of these
levers when the digging levers are in a horizontal position), from
the space (2-3 inches) betwixt the ground and the sharp edges
of the spades when the digging levers lic horizontally, and, finally,
from the length of the digging levers themselves.
They must be as broad as the upper sides of the digging levers.
The thickness of these levers, as also the strength and number of
the arms with which they are strengthened, must be calculated
with regard to the resistance the earth offers to the total breadth
of the spades that are to be sunk into it within a given time
(75 pound to a spade 1 foot broad, one foot deep, within a second,
when the soil is already cultivated, and not too dry). To the
chief axis these levers must be fastened so that their pressure upon
the digging levers may begin at the very moment when the
sectors of toothed wheels that are described immediately hereafter
let fall the digging levers. Both the levers must begin and end
their function at the same moment.
..K. Two sectors of tooth wheels of cast iron (Table 5, Figure 40).

page_text: They are fastened to the chief axis with their naves by wedges, in
such a distance of the last mentioned semi-circular levers I, that
they may stand just over against like sectors that turn round
separate axles, and that will be described hereafter. The diameter
of the pitch line of these sectors is equal to the direct distance
between the centre of the chief axis and the centre of the separate
axles just mentioned, a distance which must be chosen with regard
to the length of the curved levers II, which, whilst rotating, must
pass underneath these axles.
The strength of these sectors and their teeth, as well as the
pitch, must be calculated with regard to the weight of the digging
apparatus, not omitting the resistance. which the knives of the
harrow offer, and to the celerity with which this weight is to be
lifted to the given height.
They must be fastened to the chief axis in such a way that
when rotating their uppermost teeth may catch up the uppermost
teeth of the sectors standing over against them, at the very moment
when the under ends of the curved levers E leave the
upper ends
of the spade handles (thereby letting fall the spades with the earth).
and that their function must cease at the very moment when the
sanie circular levers I, have got by means of their rotation into
such a
position as to begin anew their pressure on the digging
levers, which by this time must be lifted to their horizontal
position.
From this statement it results that the ares contained between
the points at which the function of the three parts H; I, K, begin
and end, complete themselves to a whole circle, half of which is
taken away by the function of the curved levers I, alone; and
therefore the length of the arcs of these sectors must be chosen
with regard to the just mentioned arrangement. It is evident that
the longer the curved levers H continue their function (whilst the
chief axis turns once around), the shorter the arcs of the sectors
will be, and the shorter the time will also be within which the
digging levers must be lifted into the horizontal position.
It is therefore necessary to make the digging apparatus as light

page_text: as possible, without impairing the requisite strength of its parts,
and-not to lift the sharp edges of the spades for-more than six to
nine inches above the surface of the field by the levers H.:
Since during the time the digging levers are lifting the machine
must advance (when the first-mentioned mechanism for pushing
the machine forward is adopted), in order that that the spades may
cut off a new strip of earth, the wipers G must, with regard to
the position of these sectors K, be fastened to the chief axis, so
that they get off the heads of the pulling rods levers a little.
later than the digging levers are let go; and the spades partially
sunk into the ground, by which arrangement a stop. is. put-to a
greater progress of the machine than is wished for.
L. Parrallelly to the chief axis, towards the head end of the
machine, and at such a distance from the axis that the curved
levers may not be hindered in their rotation, two short axles
(Table 5, Figures 45, 45",) are laid right angularly across the
spaces contained betwixt the outward and the middle frame beams
upon elevated steps (couches) (Table 5, Figures 41, 42,) which
are screwed to the upper sides of the frame beams. (Those of these
steps-that are fastened upon the outward-frame beams-are-of-cast
iron, the other of wrought iron.) Upon these axles sectors of toothed
wheels are placed, which in all their dimensions are like to the
sectors R, with the exception of their naves that fit to their axles
(Tables, Figures 44',, 44"), and three or four small flanges at their
insides, wherewith sectors of wooden pullies are fastened to them.
The radius of these sectors of pullies must be so long that the
length of the arcs of these pullies at the bottom of their notches or
grooves may be equal to the height to which the digging. levers are
to be raised in order to lie horizontally, though these ares must be
equal in number of degrees to the arcs of the sectors of toothed
wheels to which the pullies are fastened:
Above the upper ends of the grooves of these pullies hooks
are fastened, into which the upper ends of the ropes are laid,
wherewith the digging levers are "periodically lifted, and the
tinder ends of which are fastened at the digging levers-heads,

page_text: as has been already described. The sectors L, with their pullies,
must be placed upon the axles, so that, seen from the hind or
end head of the machine, the ropes may hang down perpen-
dicularly, and in this position the sectors K. must stand just over
against them, so that when catching up the teeth of the sectors L
they may not touch the pullies.
In order to retain the sectors L, which can turn freely around
their axles in this, and also in such a position that their uppermost
teeth be caught up at the very inoment when the curved levers H
leave the upper handles of the spades, their naves, and that of the
pullies fastened to them, are enclosed by the rings of the fork-
shaped pieces (Table 5, Figures 431, 43",) which are strongly
fastened to the axles by means of wedges, in such a way that
when the under sides of the sectors L and their pullies repose
upon the round cross bar that unites the two prongs of the fork,
which must be the case when the spades are entirely sunk into
the earth, the uppermost teeth of these sectors may be caught
up by that of the sectors K, which are fastened to the chief
axis.
By the rotation of the sectors K, the pullies at the insides of
the sectors L wind up the ropes that connect them with the
digging levers heads, and which must be equally long (their
length can easily be regulated by the hooked bolts (Table 5,
Figure 7, (already described) until the digging levers lie horizon-
tally, then the sectors which stand opposite each other on each side
of the machine disunite, and the digging levers fall freely down
for the short space of two or three inches (from the ground to the
sharp edges of the spades), but at the same moment the pressure
of the semi-circular levers T begins. When the digging levers
fall, the sectors L and their pullies fall also, and strike with their
under sides against the cross bars of the forks, which prevent them
from turning more around their axles, a fall which, considering
their weight, would give a heavy shock.
In order to lessen this shock two springs are fastened to the
upper sides of the prongs or arms of the forks, near to where

page_text: they end as rings (Figures 43', 43"). These springs stand
upright upon the prongs, and reach with their upper ends unto
angular pieces of iron plate which form the prolongation of
the arcs of the sectors L, and the insides of the pullies. They
serve as breaks, since they press against the rings of the sectors L,
and the insides of the pullies, thus considerably lessening the
shock.
The prolongations are necessary, lest the under sides of the
sectors would get out from between the springs; when turned up-
wards their length or height must be equal to that of two and a
half to three pitches, a measure nearly equal to that for which the
sectors L are turned more than the length of their arcs, in order
that the undermost teeth of each of the two sectors standing over
against each other can leave themselves.
Close to those spindles of the short axles (Figures 451, 45",)
which lie next to the middle of the machine, each of these axles
are provided with two short upright standing flanges, that being
perforated at their middle form joints; within these joints the
under ends of the levers (Tables, Figure 46) are laid and retained
by bolts, round which they may be turned from the inside to the
outsides of the machine. These levers serve to hinder the axles
from turning around, together with the forks fastened to them, to
which purpose they are laid into the lower of the two slits which
are cut into the flat but broad rings of the adjusters (Table 5,
Figures 47, 47) that are fastened perpendicularly, standing above
the elevated steps of the short axles c, Figure 45,) which stand
upon the middle frame beams by means of curved bars ending as
ears, with which they are put into joints at the hind feet and the
fore parts of the caps or covers of these steps.
In order to prevent these levers from getting out of the slits
into which they are laid by the repeated shocks caused by the fall
of the sectors L, not very strong springs are fastened to their out-
sides, which pressing with their upper and free ends against the
outsides of the slits retain them within the slits. By means of
pulling these levers out of the lower slits, and pushing them

page_text: towards the hind end of the machine, and then into the higher
laying slits, the axles of the sectors L are turned downwards,
together with the forks, and then the teeth of the sectors L
cannot be caught by the sectors K; that is to say, by these levers
the leader is enabled to interrupt the digging at a moment's notice.
The upper part of these levers are bent perpendicularly upwards,
in order to avoid the steam and water pipes and the water gauge
of the steam engine.
The rotation of the chief axis (from the head to the hind of
the machine, is obtained by pinions (gearing wheelwork?) at both
the outsides of the frame. The diameter of the smaller dented
wheels which are fastened to the crank axle of the steam engine
should be to that of the larger wheels fastened to the chief axis as
1-3, in order to obtain a sharp draught.
In order to regulate the working of the machine heavy fly
wheels are fastened at both ends of the crank axle. .
The steam engine which belongs to the digging and harrowing
machine (Table 7) differs but little from that of a loconiotive with
inner cylinders. Since the crank axle that is right angularly
across the whole frame upon the steps (Table 4, Figure 31', 31",)
(there being four of them fastened on the upper sides of the frame
beams) has to turn in but one direction, from the hind end to the
head end of the machine, the mechanism for altering the movement
of the sliders is left away.
.
Since the draught caused by the exit of the steam cannot be so
strong as that of a locomotive, there should never be supposed
more than 5-6 pounds of steam generated per square foot. When
calculating the heating surface great care should be taken to
obtain a great height of water above the fire box, in order that it
might not be laid dry should the machine incline to hindwards; it
is therefore that the hind wheels of the machine (Table 1) should
be also made so large that when standing upon horizontal ground
the machine may incline in a longitudinal direction to headwards
for 1-2 inches, a measure for which the hind wheels sink more
into the dug-up soil than the fore wheels that never touch the

page_text: dug-up soil: Considering the short-dimensions of the boiler, it is
farther requisite that the slider of the regulator should be as much
as possible above the water level-in order to get dry steam into the
cylinders:
1:
+
Beneath the grate an ash-pan is adapted, the sides of which
can be shut or opened with regard to the current of air or to the
wind.".
The frame of the steam engine consists of two long beams
(stretchers) laid parallel to and above the middle frame beams,
and sustained in this position by six props (three on each side), the
upper parts of which are of cast iron (Table 7). Strong screw
bolts passing perpendicularly through the frame beams of the
digging, machine; through the props, and through the frame beams
of the steam engine, connect these parts; the 'hind ends of the
stretchers are propped up against the middle frame beams, just
where they are supported by the hind axle-tree, by buttresses
(small posts):
There where the hind side of the fire box lays, when the .steam
engine is laid betwixt the two stretchers, they are jointed by a
broad wooden piece that reaches downward' unto the middle frame
beams, upon which it likewise reposes. To the middle of this
piece, which unites both the stretchers strongly by means of iron
clouting angles, a step or coucli is fastened, wherein the middle of
the crank axle turns; this in order to prevent a bend of the crank
axle, which thus is supported by five steps.
-
The fore ends of the sledges within which the cross heads of the
piston rods glide, and the upper parts of which are attached to the
boiler, are fastened with their under parts to props that stand
perpendicularly betwixt the middle-frame beams and the stretchers
of the steam engine. The leader of the machine must be enabled
to open the water pipes adapted at the outsides and under the
cylinders from the head end of the machine.
The pumps (Table 4, Figure 23,) can be driven either directly
by the steam engine, in which case they are placed like that of a
locomotive, or, as it is the case with the model-machine, vide

page_text: Table 1 and 2). indirectly by the digging levers, which latter
arrangement offers the advantage that they may also be driven
by.men....
لف
To this purpose the pumps,are fastened perpendicularly to the
outsides of the middle frame beams; and of the struts that serve to
prop the stretchers of the steam engine frame against these
beams, at the places where the chord of the arcs described by the
circular movement up and down of the digging levers is of the
same length with the motion of the plungers (pistons)-(Table 4,
Figures 251, 25!!): At the same places straight-bolts are fastened
perpendicularly. upon the insides of the digging levers-(Table 5,
Figure 51). By means of iron rods, provided with ears at both their
ends (Table 4, Figures-24', 24"), the lower of which are stuck upon
the bolts just mentioned, and the upper of which are united with
the ears at-the. upper ends of the plungers by the bolts-(Table 4,
Figure 26,) the up and down movement of the digging levers is-
communicated to the plungers, which are retained in their perpen-
dicular position-by the iron, pieces, Figures 271, 27, Table 4, which
are fastened to the upper sides of the struts, and the ears at the
upper ends of which serve as conducting-rings. The bolts (Table
4, Figure 26,) which are laid through the upper ears of the iron
rods, Figure 24, and that of the plungers; pass also through rings
at the downward bent ends of an iron-cross bar that serves to
unité- the plungers of both the pumps, being laid right angularly
above and across the middle frame beams and the space contained-
betwixt them (Table 4, Figures 281, 28", Table 2). Into the
two joints at the upper sides of this cross bar the bifurcated lever,
Figures 50, 50, Table 5, is laid, the prongs of which find their
pivot in small joints (Table 4, Figures 29,-29), which are
fastened to the hind side of 'the-smoke box. By pulling the upper
ears of the rods (Figures 24) from, the bolts, upon which-they
are retained by small disks-and pins, the pumps can be driven by
the hand. The diameter of-the- pumps must be chosen larger
with regard to the slow movement if this arrangement be
adopted:

page_text: The steam engine is fastened to the stretchiers by means of
strong iron angles at the sides of the fire and the smoke box. The
cistern and the coal tenders (one on each side of the machine).
Table 7, are placed as the Drawing, Table 1, demonstrates. The
water in the cistern could be warmed by leading part of the steain
that issues through the blowing tube (beneath the chimney) into
the cistern, a proceeding which would also serve to make the
leader aware of a want of water in the cistern, by laying the
orifice of the tube employed to this purpose some inches above
the lowest water level or the bottom of the cistern.
Since the machine can only advance if the friction on the
circumference of the pulling wheels be greater than the force
requisite to draw the machine, great care should be taken to have
the greater part of the weight of the whole machine reposing on
the fore axle-tree, whereby the further advantage is got that the
hind wheels cannot sink deep into the loose ground. It would
be well to place the water tender as well as the coal tenders on
the head end of the machine, since by the weight of the water
the distribution of the whole weight can be easier regulated.
Before the machine is put to work, the spades, suspended by
means of the chains already mentioned, are let down, so as to
touch, though still in an awry position, with their sharp edges,
the soil; this by unhooking the thin rods that run from the head
end of the machine to the right angular levers, to the shorter
arms of which the chains whereby the spades are hung up are
fastened.
Then the leader causes the first cut of the spades to be made,
not by the steam, but by turning, himself, one of the fly wheels,
in the direction from hind to forward, until the spades are entirely
sunk into the soil, but not farther, whereupon, by means of a
common spade he must be provided with, he either loosens the
soil which lies just before the spades for a breadth equal to or a
little larger than the length of the spades from one end of the
broad spade blade to the other, or immediately digs out a small
trench just before the spades, since it would require two strong

page_text: handles-and-too-much-force to raise the first-stripe, whereupon the
steam may be put to work. By the now beginning rotation of the
chief axis the curved levers H raise the spades, together, with the
just loosened earth of the first stripe, by dint of turning the spade
axle, and when leaving the upper handles let them fall back again.
Thereby the under side of the strip (the raw part that has just
been broken loose) which lies upon the sharp edges of the spades
fall first, and upon the undug soil, whilst the grass grown part
sinks into the ditch made by the spades; thus the soil is entirely
turned. When working very slow the stripes remain nearly
unbroken, but already when the machine makes but 18-20 strokes
per minute, the strips are cast for a distance of two-three feet
towards the hind end of the machine, and are entirely crushed
and crumbled by the heavy shock. The functions of the divers
parts fastened to the chief axis follow now, as it has been
stated when describing these parts, and in the provisional de-
scription.
The leader of the machine must take care to put large stones,
and dry and packed or turf-grown mole hills, out of the way
of the pulling wheels, which would not be able to surmount
them.
I think the breadth of 7-8 feet, and a process of 4-5 inches,
with a depth of twelve inches, to be the most convenient, since
larger machines would be two heavy for cultivated soil. With
regard to the statements given with the description of the divers
parts, the force requisite to work such a machine of any given
strength may be easily calculated; and I may but mention here
that a machine built for eight feet breadth of furrow, five inches
progress, and twelve inches depth, wont require more than six
horse power (effective) when it is to make thirty strokes per
minute.
It is not the shape of any of the described parts which I claim
as my Invention, but the principle according to which the machine
is constructed, that is, such a combination of these parts, if these
parts be now known already or not yet) wherewith the digging is

page_text: performed by steam, in'imitation of a man that digs and retrogrades
after each stroke or cut:
In witness whereof, I, the said Joseph Bauer, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Eighteenth day of April,
in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and
fifty-four
LONDON:
Printed by GEORGE EDWARD EYRE and WILLIAM SPOTTISWOODE,
Printers to the Queen's most Excellent Majesty. 1854-
::
4. I