Improvements in Irons and Hinges for Use in the Construction of Glazed Doors, Windows, Hot-houses, and other Structures.
Year: 1886

page_text: Improvements in Irons and Hinges for Use in the Construction
of Glazed Doors, Windows, Hot-houses, and other Structures.
I, JEAN JOSEPH MAZELLET, of 95 Boulevard Beaumarchais, Paris, France
Locksmith, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
My Invention has for its object improvements in irons or iron fittings for
windows and glazed doors of all descriptions, also applicable to the construction of
hot houses, winter gardens, verandahs, 'shop windows, book-cases, and other similar
structures.
The series of irons employed for carrying out this novel kind of iron constructions,
presents various well defined forms, and comprises different types or patterns
which have enabled me to devise, by combining them in accordance with the
purpose for which they are required, a novel method of construction for all kinds
of doors, windows, shop-windows, and the like.
The combinations or joints used in these structures possess great strength while
being thoroughly impermeable to air, dust and water.
Moreover, by means of this invention, a reflecting surface a third greater than
that of wooden windows, is obtained, it being assumed that the windows, in both
cases, are opened to the same extent.
As regard factories, this method of construction has numerous advantages, it
being damp and fire proof, the irons resist the numerous causes of injury likely to
be met with in workshops and public buildings such as schools, barracks, prisons
and the like.
The following description will accurately illustrate the various irons and the
mode of combining and erecting them.
In carrying out this invention, I provide irons of various sections which are
combined in different manners according to the structure required. I now proceed
to describe the construction of a glazed door embodying the characteristic features
of my Invention.
I provide, 1, a door post consisting of an iron piece forming two rectangular
bars, and being somewhat similar in shape to that of the letter Z.
2. A sash or casement composed of a U iron formed integrally with a moulding
upon which is mounted the pane of glass.
3. A top or locking piece for the above mentioned sash or casement.

page_text: 4. A metal piece placed transversely in windows and separating the panes of
glass thereof. This piece corresponds to the cross-bars.
5. A half cross bar.
6. A moulding upon which are fixed the glass panes, and which is fitted for that
purpose upon the above mentioned cross bars.
7. A T iron specially designed for use as a transom.
8. An arched lintel placed over the central post of folding doors.
9. Weather strips or rails for sashes or door frames.
I have given as an example the application of my improved irons to the con-
struction of a glazed door, but it will be readily understood that these applications
may be varied, it being sufficient to select, in each case, amongst the series of types
given, the irons which are necessary for the construction of the structure in view.
The upper part of the glazed door forming the transom, pivots when opened
upon an axis, but it may, when required, be arranged to pivot upon the two
vertical jambs or posts of the door.
The use of these irons does not prevent the use of mortise locks or locks entirely
concealed from view as they may be placed wholly within the thickness of
the door.
The hinges which I provide for doors or windows are of the kind known as pin
and eye hinges, and they are so constructed as to enable the level of the door
leaves being easily regulated, and to facilitate their lubrication. A pivot is intro-
duced through a square opening into an upper socket of the hinge wherein it is
capable of moving up and down under the action of a screw turning in a tapped
piece. A lower socket forms a step and is provided in its lowest part with a steel
block upon which turns the said pivot. The oil used for lubricating purposes is
enclosed in this step and as it cannot escape therefrom, it will last a long time.
The length of the pivot is so regulated that the upper and lower sockets cannot
come into contact, the whole weight of the door resting solely upon the steel block
through the intermediary of the above mentioned pivot.
In a modified arrangement, the pivot is provided with a groove into which slides
a small screw when the pivot is shifted under the action of a regulating screw.
In order to increase the strength of the joints in corners, I provide angle irons
of peculiar form, which I arrange inside the posts and cross bars of windows and
doors, so that they are concealed from view.
I further provide a form of iron applicable to posts used in construction of a
mixed nature, such as wood and iron, and furnished, for that purpose, with a recess
into which is located the rounded projection of a wooden piece encased in the sash
frame. This arrangement has for its object to prevent the passage of cold air and
water.

page_text: Improvements in Irons and Hinges for Use in the Construction
of Glazed Doors, Windows, Hot Houses, and other Structures.
I, JEAN JOSEPH MAZELLET, of 95 Boulevard Beaumarchais, Paris, France,
Locksmith, do hereby declare the nature of this Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement, reference being had to the accompanying drawings,
and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say :-
My Invention has for its object improvements in irons or iron fittings for
windows and glazed doors of every description, also applicable to the construction
of hot houses, winter gardens, verandahs, shop fronts, book-cases and other similar
structures.
The series of irons employed for carrying out this novel kind of iron construction
assume various determined forms, and comprise different types or patterns which
enable me to devise, by combining them according to the purpose for which they
are required, a novel method for the construction of doors, windows, shop fronts,
and the like.
The joints formed in these structures possess great strength while being
thoroughly air, water and, dust proof. Moreover, by means of this invention,
a reflecting surface, a third greater than that of windows constructed with wooden
frames, is obtainable, the windows in both cases being opened to the same extent.
As applied to workshops, factories, and other industrial establishments, this method
of construction has many advantages, it being damp and fire proof, the irons with-
standing the numerous causes of injury likely to occur in public buildings, such as
schools, barracks, prisons and the like.
The following description will accurately illustrate the various irons, and the.
mode of combining and erecting them. The accompanying drawings shew, by way
of example, sections of the various irons used in this novel kind of metallic
construction, as well as two applications of such irons, the one to a glazed door, the
other to a window.
Fig. 1 (Sheet 1) is a door post consisting of an iron piece forming two rectangular
bars, and resembling somewhat the shape of the letter Z
Fig. 2, is a sash or casement composed of a U iron formed integrally with a
moulding upon which the pane or sheet of plate glass bears.
•
Fig. 3 is a capping or locking piece for the sash or casement.
Fig. 4 is a metal piece arranged transversely in windows, and separating the
panes of glass thereof. This piece corresponds to the cross bars.
Fig. 5 is a half cross-bar.
Fig. 6 is a moulding upon which the plate glass bears, and which is fitted for
that purpose upon the above mentioned cross-bars.
Fig. 7 is a Tiron designed to be used as a transom.
Fig. 8 shews the capping piece or arched lintel placed over the central post of
folding doors or windows.
Fig. 9 is a section of a weather strip or rail for sashes and window frames...

page_text: Fig. 11 shews a detail belonging to a post.
Fig. 12 is an iron joint or knee piece for doors or windows.
Fig. 13 is a rounded capping iron.
Fig. 14 is a grooved or channelled capping groove.
Fig. 15 is a recessed capping iron having the shape of a socket.
Fig. 16 is an iron joint or knee piece.
In the above mentioned examples, I have illustrated the mode of using my
improved irons as applied to the construction of a glazed door, and to that of a
window, but it will be readily understood that such applications may be varied, it
being sufficient, in each case, to select among the series of types given, those that
are necessary for the construction of the piece or part required.
Fig. 17 (Sheet II) is a general view of a glazed door.
Figs. 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 and 23 (Sheet II) are details of this door.
Fig. 24 is a general view of a window.
Figs. 25, 26, 27, 28 and 29 are details thereof.
Figs. 30 and 31 (Sheet III) are modifications of the fixed parts or sashes and
frames of windows or doors.
Figs. 32 and 33 are modifications of the jambs or posts of door or window leaves.
Figs. 34 and 35 shew a type of angle irons suitable for strengthening the
angular parts of joints.
Figs. 36 (Sheet 1) and 37 (Sheet III) shew improved forms of locking bars or
devices.
Figs. 38, 39 and 40 (Sheet III) illustrate the mode of fitting a suitable lock in a
door post.
The upper part of the glazed door forming a fan light turns, when opened, upon
the axis P, Q. Fig. 17 (Sheet II). It will be readily understood that it could also
be made, when opened, to pivot upon the two vertical door posts.
The details of this fanlight are shewn in figs. 18 and 19 (Sheet II) being
respectively sections on line C, D, and on line B, C of Fig. 17. The upper post,
which is fixed in the masonry or brick-work, is of the type shewn in fig. 1 Sheet 1),
and the contour or outer edge of the sash is formed of an iron similar to that
shewn in fig. 2, locked by a capping piece, shewn in fig. 3, and provided with a
moulding fitted thereto in order to serve as a rest for the glass. For the moulding
upon the lower part of the fanlight the weather strip or rail shewn in fig. 10 is
substituted, which forms a dripping piece protecting the window from the downpour
of rain water. The hinges are fixed, on the one hand, upon the capping piece
placed over the sash, and on the other hand, upon the T iron of the fan light
which is permanently fixed in the vertical door posta.
The construction of the posts is shewn in fig. 20 which is a section on lines D, E
and E, G of fig. 17 (Sheet II). This post is composed of a prism formed of two
lateral pieces similar to those shewn in fig. 1, and having a similar shape to that of
the letter Z, the said pieces being joined together, firstly, by a capping piece, and
secondly, by a flat iron piece bolted, screwed or rivetted upon the two inside faces
of the said post.
In fig. 30 (Sbeet III) is shewn a modification of the type of iron used for posts,
such as are intended to be employed in structures of a mixed nature, that is to
Bay, formed of wood and of iron. For this purpose the post carries a socket d, e, f,
into which fits a knee shaped portion g, of the wooden block h arranged within
the sash post
This arrangement has the advantage of preventing the passage by infiltration of
either air or water, and hence that of cold air during the winter months.
Fig. 81, shews an entirely metallic joint possessing similar advantages to those
of joints used for structures formed of wood and iron. The wooden knee piece is
replaced by the metallic knee piece g, h, fitting into the socket f, e, d, when the
door or window, to which it belongs, is closed. This arrangement precludes the
possibility of any passage for air or water,

page_text: The contour of the sashes, formed of metallic frames similar to those described in
fig. 18 (Sheet II), are articulated upon the posts by means of peculiar forms of pin
and eye hinges, hereinafter described.
The bottom of the door consists of a frame shewn in figs. 22 and 23 (Sheet II)
which are respectively sections on lines B, B, and A, A, of fig. 17. The upper part
(fig. 22) consists of two pieces similar to those shewn in fig. 2 joined by two flat
iron bars. The panels formed of one or two iron sheets are held in position in the
same manner as glass panes, as clearly shewn in the drawing.
Fig. 21 (Sheet II) illustrates the mode of joining the two sashes or casements.
Each sash is composed of the irons shewn in figs. 2, 3 and 6 joined together in the
manner shewn with reference to sections A, A, C D, etc.; and of a flat iron bar
extending along the whole height of the door and rivetted or bolted upon one of
the branches of the U irons so as to form a hermetical joint. In order to further
ensure the impermeability of the joint, I may use the modifications shewn in
figs. 32 and 33 (Sheet III), the distinctive feature of which is the application
of irons of the class shewn in figs. 13, 14, 15 and 16 (Sheet 1). In the joint
illustrated in fig. 32 (Sheet III), which is specially designed for a door, instead of
using an iron provided with a straight capping piece for locking the post, I use an
iron provided with a circular capping piece i, and another iron formed with a
capping piece j, having the shape of a socket. These two irons fit one into the
other when the door is closed. The iron i, has two shoulders p, p, embracing the
iron of the post and imparting great stability to its screw joint, and the iron j, is
provided with two flanges for the same purpose.
In the type applicable for windows, and shewn in fig. 33 (Sheet III), the
capping piece of one of the posts is formed of channel iron, the web l, of which is
arched, and the flanges tt of which act as cover plates.
The capping piece m, of the other post moves into the socket 7, the iron of the
post fitting into recesses r, r of the said piece.
Fig. 21 shews, in horizontal section, the position of the uprights of the leaves of
a door, placed side by side, the door being closed; it will be seen that each leaf
forms, as a whole, a prism A, B, C, D, A¹, B, C, D¹, of rectangular section, and
that these prisons are hollow and thus capable of containing any required fittings.
The prism A, B, C, D which is the one corresponding to the leaf to be first closed,
contains a bolt or French window-fastener E, for the purpose of securing the leaf
at its top and bottom; the prism A¹, B', C¹, D¹, which corresponds to the leaf to be
closed last, contains a lock, not shewn in the drawings.
The bolt or French window-fastener, E which may be of any construction, being
contained inside the hollow prism A, B, C, D, is not visible. Instead of being
operated by means of a handle, as ordinarily, a key is used to lock and unlock the
same. But in order that the key-hole be not visible exteriorly, it is placed at F, in
such a manner, that when the second leaf A¹, B¹, C', D', is closed, it is hidden in
the rebate of the door.
<
This locking bar or device being thus entirely concealed from view serves to
ensure great safety in the mode of securing the door. The locks (whatever their
kind) may, as shown in figs. 38, 39 and 40 (Sheet III) be located within the posts
or uprights. Hence, such doors do not require to be fitted, like wooden doors,
with projecting locks which are subjected to injuries or deteriorations of all kinds,
and by the absence of which the appearance of such structures is moreover
improved.
The hinges used for doors or windows are, as shewn in fig. 36 (Sheet I), of a
peculiar construction, being arranged so as to enable the height of the leaves to be
readily regulated, while they are also capable of being easily lubricated.
.
The pivot R, enters through a square opening into the upper socket of the pin
and eye hinge wherein it is capable of moving up and down under the action of a
screw W, turning in a tapped piece. The lower socket T, forms a step and is
provided at its lowest end with a steel block V upon which moves the pivot R.
The lubricant stored in this step, cannot issue therefrom, and hence will last for a

page_text: considerable time. The length of the pivot is regulated so that the sockets S and T
may not come into contact, the whole weight of the door bearing only upon the
steel block through the intermediary of the above mentioned pivot.
I have shewn in fig. 37 (Sheet III) another type of garnet hinge based upon the
same principle as above, and applicable either to wooden or to iron doors. This
hinge differs mainly from that shewn in fig. 36, by its pivot being entirely
cylindrical and provided with a groove R', in which slides a small screw R
when the pivot is shifted under the action of the regulating screw. This mode of
construction is less expensive than the preceding one.
As will be easily understood from the drawings, window joints are not essentially
different from door joints.
The section I, J, fig. 25 (Sheet I) is similar to that of fig. 18. The sections of
iron shewn in figs. 27, 28 and 29 are identical with those of figs. 19. 20 and 21
(Sheet II). The lower part of the window sash however rests, when closed, upon
à special piece shewn separately in fig. 9 (Sheet I) and forming the weather strip
or rail of the window frame, a small tube serving for the outward discharge
of water which may have accumulated by infiltration in the small channel formed
in this strip or rail.
It will be seen with reference to fig. 29 that, as the locking device in this case
actuates at the same time the two window leaves, it should necessarily be fixed
outwardly as in ordinary windows.
Fig. 26 (Sheet I) shews a peculiar kind of metallic cross-bar provided with
mouldings upon which the plate or sheet glass used; rests; this cross-bar is also
applicable to glazed doors.
In order to further strengthen the corners or angles of the joints, I have devised
angle irons which I arrange within the posts and cross bars of windows and doors,
but so as to be concealed from view.
Such angle irons are shewn in figs. 34 and 35 (Sheet III). Their form and angle
are variable but they should be capable of readily taking the shape of the parts
which they serve to consolidate. The angle iron shewn in fig. 34, of the drawings.
is U-shaped in cross section. These irons are designed for the angles of moveable
parts.
.
For the corners of door and window frames or of the fixed parts, the angle irons
have a form similar to that of the letter L and are further shaped according to the
section a, b, c, d, of figs. 30 and 31.
Having now described my invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, I declare that I claim :-
1. The series of irons above described and shewn in the accompanying drawings,
and the mode of erecting, fitting and connecting them for the construction of iron
structures to which they are capable of being applied.
•
2. The improved pin and eye hinges, substantially as described and shewn,
whereby the height of doors, or window leaves, can be regulated at will by means
of a screw acting upon a pivot capable of sliding in the upper socket while the
lower socket serves as a step.
3. The various combinations of these irons with wood in the case of structures
of a mixed nature, or formed of wood and iron.