Year: 1897

page_text: I, CHARLES CHALLINER, of 15, Plymouth Avenue, Longaight, Manchester, in
the County of Lancaster, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention
to be as follows:-
My invention relates to the manufacture of solid rubber and "cushion" tyres
for the wheels of vehicles, and to the means of securing the same onto or into a
trough shaped grooved metal rim which rim may either form the felloe of the
wheel, or may be fixed outside the ordinary wooden felloe of a wheel.
"
"
The invention is applicable more especially to such solid rubber or cushion
tyres as are provided with flat or other formed endless steel bands or rings of a
smaller diameter than that of the sides of the grooved metal rim.
Such rubber tyres have hitherto been formed by embedding the metal rings or
bands in the rubber during the process of manufacture which adds considerably
to the first cost, and also to the difficulty of repairs when necessary.
According to my invention I have the rubber forced through dies to the section
required in the ordinary way, or it may be made in moulds, and it may be made
in strips of any required length (say) from one foot to sixty feet (more or less)
whereby its manufacture is considerably cheaper thun when the bands or wires
are embedded during the process.
For the purposes of my invention I make the exterior part or tread of the
rubber tyre of the ordinary form, but instead of making the basc flat and solid
as usual I form therein a recess or recesses to receive the steel band or bands, or
ring or rings, the exterior of such recess or recesses being closed by means of two
flaps projecting from the external edges of the base and meeting (or nearly so, or
overlapping) in the centre thereof, so that these flaps may be opened out to receive
the metal bands or rings into the recess or recesses in the base and be then closed
in or folded over so as to enclose and retain the same in place, in the base of the
rubber section.
I then fix, by india rubber solution or other suitable means a strip of canvas, or
the like, over the joint so as to hold the flaps firmly in place and enclose the steel
band or ring. The latter is preferably made endless and of a smaller circum-
ference than that of the extrenal sides of the grooved metal tyre of the wheel
so that when forced into place it will uip the same tightly.
In the bottom of the channel I place au elastic cushion or packing ring of
rubber or other suitable material so that the rubber wearing tread with its steel
band or rim may be placed in the groove or channel at one side of the wheel and

page_text: then gradually forced over at the opposite side by compressing the said elastic
packing until the wearing tread has been slipped over the edge of the channel
all round, and will press firmly onto the said elastic packing, which will hold the
same in place and will give a cushioning effect and elastic motion to the tread.
In some cases I may have the rubber wearing tread moulded in an endless or
annular form, instead of forcing it through dies and then joining the ends to-
gether; for larger tyres for heavy work prefer to use two or more steel bands
or rings, and the flaps on the base of the tyre which enclose the bands or rings
may come to a butt joint or wholly or partially overlay each other at the centre,
and strips of canvas or other suitable material may be comented or solutioned
over them as before mentioned.
And in some cases, instead of using a solid india rubber packing ring in the
groove of the metal tyre as before described, I may put a tubular air cushion, in
which case the channel or groove would be made deeper, and when the wearing
tread with its steel bands has been put in place this air cushion would be inflated,
and hold the whole firmly together and to the wheel.
I further propose in cases in which wire or similar bands or rings are employed
at each inner edge of the tyre to form the tyro solid but with a series of recesses
on the inner surface, the said recesses being so near together that the tyre,
although made of ordinary rubber; is greatly softened thereby, and yet sufficiently
far apart to leave a solid buffer of india rubber between each recess which will
prevent the tyre from taking a permanently shallow form after wearing for some
time, as is the case with ordinary cushion or hollow (but not pneumatic) tyres.
I prefer to make the recesses dome-shaped to increase still further the resilience
of the tyre.
The ends of the wire rings may in this case be joined in any convenient manner.
I also propose to prolong one of the ends of each wire beyond the joint and fix
it to a second point near the other end of the wire in such a manner as to prevent
the ends of the rubber tyre from being accidentally separated.
If desired the wire may be in one length passing through the rubber tyre at
both edges and bent across one end of the tyre, and this bent part is provided
with a ferrule or ferrules around which the ends of the wire are passed to tighten
the same in the rim.
Furthermore the recesses in the inner side of the tyre above named may be
plugged with soft rubber or other suitable material, or covered by a ring of such
material, to prevent dirt and dust from accumulating in the recesses.
In some cases the rubber plugs may be made with a rivet head whilst the shank
of the plug may be shorter than the depth of the dome shaped hole in the rubber
wearing tread so that a space will be allowed for the rubber wearing tread to be
compressed down before it meets the end of the plug and in this way the tyre will
be found to ride softer than would be the case if the shank of the plug were the
full length of the hole.
In some cases I may form the metal channel tyre or rim which fits on the felloe
of the wheel somewhat of a cup-shape so as to receive the rubber wearing tread
which can in this case be made with a larger wearing surface, so as to prevent it
from catching in the tram lines, whilst the base will be made narrower to fit into
the cup section rim whilst the top portion of the cup shaped rim will receive the
larger wearing surface of the rubber wearing tread and there support it, or the
rim may be of any other suitable section (undercut or otherwise) enlarged or
opened out at the outer edges, and the rubber tyre made to suit.
This rim may be used in any of the above mentioned cases.
Also in any of the above cases when I am fixing the rubber wearing tread to the
wire bands or rings, I may thread the rubbers on the wires nearly to the full extent
of the circumference required for the tyres, and then fasten the wire ends together
in any convenient way: then force the rubber back to shorten the same say a foot
more or less. Then I put a making up piece similar to the above described, with

page_text: or channel of the rim at one side of the wheel, and then gradually forced
over at the opposite side by compressing the said elastic packing until
the wearing tread has been slipped over the edge of the channel all round,
and will press firmly onto the said elastic packing, which will hold the same in
place and will give a cushioning effect and increased elastic motion to the tread.
Or, instead of using this elastic packing e I make the base of the tyre of soft
compressible india rubber as shown by the dark lines on Figs. 2 and 24 which will
produce the same effect, or in some cases (especially for heavy work) the rubber
may be all of the same compressibility.
In some cases I may have the rubber wearing tread moulded in an endless or
annular form, instead of forcing it through dies and then joining the ends to-
gether; for larger tyres for heavy work I prefer to use two or more steel bands or
rings, whilst for smaller sizes for light work one band or ring may suffice, and the
flaps b on the base of the tyre may come to a butt joint at or near the centre or
wholly or partially overlay each other and strips of canvas or other suitable
material may be cemented or solutioned over them as before mentioned.
And sometimes, instead of using a solid india rubber cushion or packing ring e
in the groove of the metal tyre (as shown at Fig. 1) or making the base of the
tread of a softer or more compressible rubber (as shown at Figs. 2 and 2) I may
put a tubular air cushion f (as shown at l'ig. 3) in which case the channel or
groove would be made deeper, and when the wearing tread with its endless steel
bands or rings has been put in place this air cushion would be inflated, and
hold the whole firmly together and to the wheel.
I further propose, in cases in which wire or similar bands or rings are or are
not employed at each edge of the tyre, to form the tyre solid but with a series of
vertical recesses g on the inner surface (see Figs. 4, 5 and 6) the said recesses
being so near together that the tyre, although mado of ordinary rubber, is greatly
softened thereby, and yet sufliciently far apart to leave a solid buffer or wall of
india rubber between each recess, which will prevent the tyre from taking a
permanently shallow or flattened form after wearing for some time, as is the case
with ordinary "cushion or hollow (but not pneumatic) tyres.
"
I prefer to make the recesses dome-shaped to increase still further the resilience
of the tyre.
Furthermore the recesses in the inner side of the tyre are closed with plugs h
of soft rubber or other suitable material or covered by a ring of such material or
canvas to prevent dirt and dust from accumulating in the recesses.
Another advantage of plugging the base of the recesses is to make the base of
the tread perfectly solid and prevent it from collapsing at the points where the
recesses occur.
In some cases the rubber plugs h may be made with a rounded head, whilst the
shank of the plug may be shorter than the depth of the dome-shaped hole or recess
in the rubber wearing tread (as shown at Fig. 5) so that a space will be allowed
for the wearing tread to be compressed down before it meets the end of the plug,
and in this way the tyre will be found to ride softer than would be the case if the
shank of the plug were the full length of the hole or recess g; or the plug may
reach the end of the hole and be made thinner or weaker towards the apex (as
shown at Fig. 6).
Fig. 7 shows the application of the vertical recesses g and plugs h to a cushion
tyre in which case the plugs h pass through the central hole or chamber i and
support the wearing portion of the tread.
In some cases I may form the metal channel tyre or rim d somewhat of a splayed
or cup-shape (see Fig. 4) so as to receive the rubber wearing tread, which can in
this case be made with a larger or broader wearing surface so as to prevent it from
catching in the tram lines, whilst the base will be made narrower to fit into the
cup-section rim d, and the top portion of the cup-shaped rim will receive the
larger wearing surface of the rubber tread and there support it or the rim d may

page_text: recesses or flaps so as to fill up the vacant space to make up the full tyre, and I then
solution" or otherwise secure canvas to the base thereof.
Dated this 4th day of June 1897.
GEO. DAVIES & SON,
Agents for the Applicant, 4, St. Ann's Square, Manchester,
Improvements in Elastic Tyres for Wheels.
I, CHARLES CHALLINER, of 15, Plymouth Avenue, Longsight, Manchester, in
the County of Lancaster, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement:-
My invention relates to the manufacture of solid rubber and cushion tyres
for the wheels of vehicles, and to the means of securing the same onto or into a
trough-shaped grooved metal rim, which rim may either form the felloe of the
wheel, or may be fixed outside the ordinary wooden felloe of a wheel.
The invention is applicable more especially to such solid rubber or cushion
tyres as are provided with flat or other formed endless steel bands or rings of an
smaller diameter than that of the sides of the grooved metal rim.
The nature of my said invention and the manner in which the same is to he
carried into practical effect will be readily understood on reference to the two
sheets of drawings hereunto annexed and the following explanation thereof.
Wired solid or cushion tyres have hitherto usually been formed by embedding
the metal rings or bands in the rubber during the process of manufacture which
adds considerably to the first cost, and also to the difficulty of repairs when
necessary.
According to my invention I have the rubber forced through dies to the section
required in the ordinary way, or it may be made in moulds, and it may be thus
made in strips of any required length (say) from one foot to sixty feet (more or less)
whereby its manufacture is considerably cheaper than when the bands or wires
are embedded in the annular formed tyre during the process of manufacture.
" tread of the
For the purposes of my invention I make the exterior part or
rubber tyre of the ordinary form, but instead of making the base flat and solid
as usual I make it as shown at Fig. (on Sheet 1) of the annexed drawings with
a recess a to receive the endless bands or wires the exterior of such recesses a
being closed after the introduction of the said bands or wires by means of two
flaps projecting from the external edges of the base and meeting (or nearly so)
in the centre thereof as shown at Fig. 1, or made as shown at Fig. 2, so as to
overlap as seen at Fig. 2' so that these flaps may be opened out to receive the
steel bands or rings into the recess or recesses a and he then closed in or folded
over so as to enclose and retain the same in place, in the base of the rubber
b
Bection.
I then fix, by india rubber solution or other suitable means a strip of canvas c
or the like over the joint so as to hold the flaps firmly in place and enclose the
steel bands or rings.
The latter are preferably made endless and of a smaller circumference than
that of the external sides d of the grooved metal rim or tyre of the wheel so that,
when forced into place, it will grip the same tightly.
In the bottom of the channel I sometimes place an elastic cushion or packing
ringe (as shown at Fig. 1) of rubber or other suitable material, so that the
O rubber wearing tread with its steel bands or rings may be placed in the groove

page_text: be of any other suitable section (undercut or otherwise) enlarged or opened out
at the edges, and the rubber tyre made to suit.
This splayed form of rim may be used in any of the above mentioned cases.
Also in any of the above cases when I am fixing the straight length of rubber
wearing tread to the wire bands or rings I may thread the rubbers on the wires
nearly to the full extent of the circumference required for the tyres and then fasten
the wire ends together in any convenient way; then force the facing ends of the
rubber backwards so as to shorten the same say about a foot (more or less) and
then I introduce between the ends a making-up picco of similar section with
recesses or flaps, or both, so as to fill up the vacant space to make up the full tyre
and I then "solution" or otherwise secure canvas to the base thereof.
16
In the case of wired-on" tyres I propose to use a single wire made in one
length and threaded twice through the length of rubber tread from end to end
before it is joined into an annular form, the wire boing first threaded through
one hole from end to end, near one edge of the base then bent across one end of
the rubber tread and returned back through the hole near the other edge so that
both ends of the wiro appear at the first cud of the strip of rubber where they
are united together by a suitable ferrule or equivalent devico. (Sec Sheet 2 of the
drawings.)
An arrangement of this sort is shown at Fig. 8, where represents the single
wire which is threaded through the ferrule 7, then passed through the whole
length of rubber tyre and back again. The ends of the tyre are then brought
together into an annular form and the ends of the wire rivetted to the ends of the
ferrule 1.
Or in some cases I double the wire as at m Fig. 9 and aftor passing it through
the length of rubber join the ends together as at n.
I then bend the rubber with the wire in it into an annular form and press the
rubber back endwise so as to leave the two loops m and n projecting and I then
join these two loops together by a split ferrulo or flat loop o as shown at Fig. 10.
Or I may bring the two loops m and n past each other and fasten them by
means of a hook bolt pas shown at Fig. 11 or instead of the hook bolt the loops m
and n may be strained over a stud y fixed in the base of the metal rim b, as slown
at Fig. 12.
93
Either of these two latter devices vizt.: the hook bolt p or the stud q will also
effectually prevent all tendency of the tyre to "creep round the circumforenco
of the metal rim.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said in-
vention and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is :-
1. In the case of "wired-on" solid or cushion tyres for wheels, forming in the
base of the rubber tyre a longitudinal recess or recess for the introduction of end-
less bands or rings of wire and providing the said base with a flap or flaps for
covering or closing up such recesses after the introduction of such bands or rings,
substantially as shown at Figs. 1 and 2 of the drawings annexed,
66
21
2. In the caso of wired-on tyres formed according to the first claim (as
above) solutioning or otherwise fixing over the said base when the flaps are closed
a strip of india rubber, canvas, or other suitable material to keep the same in
position and retain the endless wires and flups in place.
"wired on "
3. In connection with
tyres formed according to Claims 1 or 2
(or both as above) making the lower part of the base of softer or more compres
sible rubbor or placing a band of soft rubber or a pneumatic cushion between the
base of the tread and the bottom of the grooved metal rim as, and for the purposes,
herein before mentioned and as illustrated by Figs. 1 and 3 of the drawings.
4. In solid or cushion tyres forming vertical recesses on the inner surface of
the rubber tread and closing the lower ends of such recesses with plugs of india

page_text: rubber or other suitable material subtantially as hereinbefore described with
reference to Figs. 4, 5, 6 and 7 of the aunexed drawings.
5. In connection with wired on tyres I claim the method of fixing the same by
means of a single wire threaded twice through the length of tyre, then the rubber
and doubled wire bent into an annular form, and, the two ends or loops of the
wire united or connected together substantially as described with reference to
Figs. 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 of the drawings.
Dated this 3rd day of March 1898.
GEO. DAVIES & SON,
Agents for the Applicant, 4, St. Ann's Square, Manchester.