Signalling on Railways.
Year: 1887

page_text: Date of Application, 19th July, 1887
Complete Left, 19th Apr., 1888
Complete Accepted, 25th May, 1888
of Signalling on Railways.
I, GEORGE AUGUSTUS SCOTT of No. 14 Caversham Road in the County of
Middlesex Electrical Engineer do hereby declare the nature of this invention to
be as follows:-
-
My invention consists of improvements on the invention for which Letters Patent
No. 270 dated 22nd January 1874 were granted to William Thomas Whiteman and
my said improvements consist in constructing the instrument by which the signals are
exhibited on the trains as herein after described and in the simplification of the
apparatus or arrangements described in the Specification of the said Letters Patent
for signalling on double lines of railway and in the automatic exhibition of danger
and line clear signals on trains running on single lines of railway and at places where
lines cross each other on a level the exhibition of the said signals being effected auto-
matically or independently of human agency and one or other of the said signals being
exhibited according to the relative positions of the trains. My said improvements
also consist in the exhibition of signals automatically and otherwise on trains
approaching junctions according to the position of the point levers and according to
the position of other trains on the several lines and in arrangements of apparatus for
that purpose.
"
Those of the parts of the apparatus described in the aforesaid specification and
termed therein respectively "transmitting apparatus" and "delivering apparatus
which consist of insulated metal strips or contact bars mounted on the permanent
way are herein after termed respectively setting bars and signal bars and those parts
of the apparatus termed in the aforesaid specification respectively "actuating
apparatus" and "receiving apparatus" and "exhibiting apparatus" are herein after
termed respectively the setting brush and the signal brush and the indicator. My
said improvements are hereinafter described.
In constructing the indicator according to my invention I joint an arm carrying
the discs to an angle plate of magnetized steel and secure the magnet which actuates
the said arm to the said plate or I arrange the said arm and magnet in the same

page_text: manner as or in a manner analogous to that in which the parts of the relay known as
the "Varley relay" are arranged and in any case I form a projection on the lever
of the bell hammer and mount the said lever so that it works in a plane at right
angles to that in which the said arm works and so that the said projection stands in
the path of motion of the disc arm when no current is passing through the bell magnet
and is withdrawn clear of the disc arm when a current passes. Or I otherwise
arrange the levor of the bell hammer or the disc arm or both in such relative positions
or form parts on one or other or both or arrange mechanism in connection with one
or the other or both so that the disc arm is prevented from vibrating except while
a current is passing through either or both of the magnets.
For signalling on double lines of railway I uso one neutral relay at each signal
station instead of two polarized relays at each station and connect the tongue of the
relay at each signal station to the signal bars at the same station and I connect two
batteries to each of the said relays one for giving the danger signal and the other for
giving the line clear signal the other pole of each battery being permanently con-
nected to earth. And I connect one of the magnets of the relay at each station to
the setting bar at the same station and through the opposite magnet of the relay at
the station next in the rear to the battery by which the line clear signal is given at
that station or to a separate battery. I prefer to arrange the setting bars at the same
height as the signal bars and to complete the circuits of all the batteries by means of
the signal brush and thus dispense with the setting brush. The currents from all the
batteries in this case pass through the indicator.
Where it is desirable to cause the current to pass throngh the indicator when the
brush is acting on the setting bars in the direction in which it would pass were the
brush then acting on the signal bars at the same station I connect the setting bar at
each station with the tongue of a second neutral relay through which relay the circuits
of the batteries herein before referred to are completed.
Where the relays are placed in positions in which they are liable to be shaken I so
arrange a lever relatively to the tongue of the relay that the weight of the said lever
tends to keep the tongue to the side to which it is brought by the completion of the
circuits through the magnets of the relay. And where the action of any of the relays
is required to be controlled through another circuit I lock the tongue of the relay by
means of the said lever and arrange a magnet relatively thereto by means of which
magnet the said lever is disengaged from the tongue when the latter is required to be
moved.
For signalling on single lines on which trains run in both directions I use either
single relays or neutral relays or polarized relays or I use any two or all of the said
kinds of relays conjointly and I either arrange both the setting bars and the signal
bars at the same height and use the signal brush only for completing the circuits or I
arrange the setting bars at a greater or less height than the signals bars and use two
brushes for completing the circuits namely a setting brush and a signal brush and I
connect the instruments and contact bars at each signal station with each other
and with batteries and connect the apparatus at cach signal station with that at the
stations at the farther end of each of the adjacent block sections so that the automatic
action of the brushes on the contact bars not only causes danger signals and line clear
signals to be exhibited on the indicators of trains running in the same direction
according as the block section ahead is occupied or unoccupied but in the case of two
trains running in opposite directions and approaching each other the said automatic
action also causes danger signals to be exhibited on thein dicators of both trains when they
have approached each other within a predetermined distance and further causes line
clear signals to be exhibited on the indicators when either of the trains has been backed
beyond the predetermined distance from the other.
Where I arrange the setting bars at the same height as the signal bars in either the
arrangement herein before described for signalling on single lines or in that herein-
after described for signalling on portions of lines crossing each other I prefer to
arrange the apparatus and to connect the contact bars with the instruments and the
batteries in such a manner that when the brush of a train is acting on any or certain of

page_text: the setting bars the currents shall pass through the train indicator in the direction in
which they passed when the brush was acting on the signal bars last passed by the
same train unless the apparatus connected with the latter contact bars has been
automatically actuated by another train.
Where lines are laid crossing each other on a level I arrange setting bars and
signal bars at suitable distances from the crossing portions of the lines and so connect
the said bars with relays and batteries that the automatic completion of the circuits
of the batteries will causo line clear signals to be exhibited on the indicators of any
trains approaching the crossing unless they be approaching in a crossing direction
when the danger signal is exhibited on the indicator or indicators of the train or
trains on one or other of the crossing lines either according to a prearranged order
of precedence or according to the order in which the train or trains on one or other
of the lines first passes or pass certain of the contact bars. Where it is not desirable
that one of the crossing lines and the trains running thereon be provided with
apparatus of the kind herein before described I provide the said line or the said trains
with means for simply closing the circuits of the batteries of the signalling apparatus
of the other line.
At junctions I connect the apparatus at the signal stations nearest to and on each
side of the junction with the point levers or with apparatus connected thereto so that
alteration of position of the said levers automatically controls the action of the
signalling apparatus at the said signal stations in such a manner that the signals
automatically exhibited on trains approaching the junction when passing the said
stations in all cases accord with the position of the points and are also dependent on
the position of other trains on the several lines. In some cases I arrange signal bars
and connect them with the point levers by which the said bars are normally so con-
nected with batteries that the currents passing through the indicators of trains
passing the said bars will cause danger signals to be exhibited unless the circuits
with other batteries be closed by instruments actuated by the pointsman when the
line clear signal is exhibited on the train indicators and I so arrange the connections
between the said instruments and the batteries and the point levers that unless the
point levers be in their proper positions the circuits of the batteries from which the
currents required to exhibit the line clear signals pass cannot be closed and in
some cases I also provide for the automatic control of the action of the said instru-
ments by the completion of the circuits at certain of the contact bars.
The arrangements herein before described may be used either alone as the sole
means for signalling or they may be used as a means for giving a duplicate signal on
lines provided with the ordinary semaphore signals. In the former case I prefer to
duplicate the apparatus so that two independent signals whether line clear or danger
may in all cases be exhibited on the train indicators. In some cases I so connect a small
additional battery to the signal bars that when the circuit thereof is completed the current
therefrom will pass through the indicators in the direction required to exhibit the
danger signal the power of which current is supplemented or overcome by the currents
passing from the other batteries according to the positions of the instruments arranged
in their circuits. Or a shunt from one of the batteries ordinarily required may be
connected through a resistance to the signal contacts. Or a battery may be so
connected to a contact of a relay that in case of any failure of action of the apparatus
the circuit completed at the said bars by a passing train will cause a danger signal
to be exhibited on the train indicator.
In some cases I arrange circuit breakers or vibrators either electrical or mechanical in
the circuits of the batteries connected to the signal bars or in some of the said circuits by
means of which a vibrating action of the bell of the indicator is produced when the
said circuits are completed by trains passing the contact bars.
12
7707
P T "
W. T. WHITEMAN,
Agent for the Applicant.

page_text: Improvements in Apparatus or Arrangements for and in the Method
of Signalling on Railways.
I GEORGE AUGUSTUS SCOTT of No. 14 Caversham Road in the County of
Middlesex, Electrical Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and
in what manner the same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascer-
tained in and by the following statement :—
My invention relates to the method or system of automatic electric block signalling
on railways described in the Specification of. Letters Patent No. 270 dated
22nd January 1874 and granted to William Thomas Whiteman by which method or
system line clear signals and danger signals are displayed on indicators carried by
the trains according as the block section ahead of that on which a train is travelling
is clear or is occupied by another train the said indicators being actuated by currents
of electricity from batteries connected to bars arranged on the permanent way with
which bars brushes carried by the trains and electrically connected to the indicators
make contact, one or other of the two signals being displayed by the indicators
according as the positive or negative poles of the batteries are connected to the said
bars the said connection being effected through the medium of polarized relays placed
in the circuits of other batteries which are connected to other bars which circuits are
completed by the contact with the latter bars of brushes carried by the trains and not
connected to the indicator. This method of signalling has heretofore not been made
applicable to the working of single track railways or to those parts of either double
track or single track railways where two tracks cross each other on a level.
The objects of my said invention are to simplify and otherwise improve the apparatus
heretofore used or proposed for signalling on double line railways according to the
aforesaid method or system and to render the said system or a modification thereof
applicable to signalling on single line railways and at level crossings on both single
line and double line railways and to provide means or arrangements for displaying
signals on the train indicators at junctions according to the position of the points or
switches and of the trains on the several lines.
The general arrangement on a train of the indicator by which the signals are
displayed and of the brushes which complete the circuits of the batteries by rubbing
against the bars set on the permanent way is shewn in connection with a locomotive in
Figures 1, 2 and 3 of the accompanying Drawings, Figure 1 being a side elevation,
Figure 2 a back elevation and Figure 3 a front elevation of a locomotive provided
with the said appliances.
Referring to the said Figures, A is the indicator and B B are the brushes. The
said brushes are formed of metal and are insulated from the metal of the engine and
electrically connected by the wire to one of the terminals of the indicator the other
terminal of which is electrically connected to the metal of the locomotive.
The train indicator ordinarily consists of a single stroke electric bell and a rocking
arm consisting in part of a permanent magnet and carrying two discs each of a

page_text: lifferent color (usually a white one for the line clear signal and a red one for the
langer signal) which arm is thrown to one or other side by the passage of a current
of electricity through a magnet one or other of the two discs being exhibited through
an aperture in the case of the instrument according to the direction in which the
current passes.
In constructing an indicator according to my invention I arrange the disc arm and
the magnet which actuates it in such a manner as to obtain greater certainty of
action of the disc arm when a current passes through the said magnet than is
obtained by the ordinary arrangement and I arrange the lever of the bell hammer
and the disc arm in such positions relatively to each other or I form parts on one or
the other or both or arrange mechanism in connection with one or the other or both
so that the disc arm is prevented from vibrating except while a current is passing
through either both of the magnets.
One arrangement of parts constituting an indicator in the construction of which
the essential features of my said improvements are embodied is illustrated in Figures 4
and 5 of the accompanying Drawings Figure 4 being a front elevation and Figure. 5
a side elevation. In both the said Figures a portion of the case is not shown.
Referring to the said Figures, CC are the signal discs, c' is the disc arm, c² is an
angle plate of steel to which the latter is jointed and e³ is the disc magnet which is
secured to the said plate. D is the bell, is the bell magnet and d² is the bell
hammer- is a finger on the latter which stands in the path of motion of the arm c¹
when no current is passing through the magnet d¹ and prevents the said arm from
being caused to rock by vibration of the train. are the terminals which are
respectively connected to the metal of the locomotive and to the brushes B B (see
Figures 1, 2 and 3).
35
Although I have illustrated but one arrangement of the parts of an indicator
embodying my improvements I would observe that my said improvements do not
consist merely in the precise arrangement of parts illustrated as other arrangements
differing in detail may be substituted. For instance the disc arm and the magnet by
which it is actuated may be arranged in the same manner as or in a manner analogous
to that in which the parts of the relay known as the "Varley Relay are arranged
and the disc arm may be locked by the engagement of a finger or projection thereon
with the bell hammer or the said arm and lever may be so arranged relatively to each
other that the former will be locked when no current is passing through the magnets
or the same effect may be produced by various forms or arrangements of mechanism
suitably disposed relatively to the disc arm or both the disc arm and bell lever or
relatively to and so as to be actuated by either one or both of the magnets or by a
separate magnet.
My improvements in the apparatus heretofore used or proposed for use in signalling
on double line railways according to the method or system hereinbefore referred to
consist principally in the use of neutral relays instead of polarized relays and in
providing separate batteries for the two signals and in arranging all the bars at the
same height instead of arranging certain of the bars at a greater or less height than
others whereby I simplify the said apparatus and secure greater certainty of action.
Figure 6 of the accompanying Drawings is a diagram representing a portion of
one line of a double line railway consisting of two block sections and portions of the
other block sections adjacent thereto having my improved apparatus and arrangements
applied thereto the several groups of apparatus which are placed near the adjoining
parts of the several block sections being marked respectively Signal Station No. 1,
Signal Station No. 2, and Signal Station No. 3. In the said Figure 6 Ex represents
one of the rails F¹ F F³, G G G³, H' H2 H3 the contact bars which are insulated
from earth and are each mounted on a suitable frame or support erected on the
permanent way or on the sleepers by the side of the line at such a height that the
brushes on the train (shown at B B Figures 1, 2 and 3) rub against them as
the train passes. 11 12 13 are the relays, ff, g²²² are the batteries one pole
In the said
of each of which is put to earth and JJ Ja J are the line wires.
Figure 6 and in the other Drawings accompanying this Specification the earth

page_text: connections are all marked E. The connections of the several parts of the apparatus
are clearly shown in the diagram and therefore need no description. Assuming the
line to be clear the tongues of the several relays will all be in the position shown in
the diagram and the action of the whole apparatus will be as follows:
A train running along the line in the direction indicated by the arrow on arriving
at Signal Station No. 1 completes the circuit of the battery in passing the bar Fi
the current passing from earth through the rails and the metal of the locomotive to
one of the terminals of the indicator through the magnets of the indicator (causing
the bell to be struck and the white disc to be displayed) through the wire connected
to the other terminal of the indicator through that one of the brushes B B (Figures 1,
2, and 3) which is in contact with the bar F through the said bar to the tongue of
the relay and through the said battery f¹ to earth. As the train passes the bar F the
same circuit is again completed the two bars F1 and F' being electrically connected
and as it passes the bar F³ the circuit of the battery is completed the current
passing from earth through the indicator and the left hand magnet of the relay I'
(drawing the tongue to the left) and through the said battery to earth. By this
circuit the bars F F are disconnected from the battery fl and connected to the
battery the effect of which is that if a train were now to pass the said bars the
red disc would be displayed on the indicator in consequence of the current passing
through it in a direction the reverse of that herein before described. The driver of
the train on passing the bar F1 and observing the danger signal on the indicator
would therefore slacken speed and bring his train to rest with the brush in contact
with the bar F2 and would remain at that spot until the clear signal was displayed on
the indicator in place of the danger signal which alteration of signals is effected by
the automatic completion of circuits at the next station as hereinafter described.
When the first mentioned train passes the bars G₁ and G at Signal Station No. 2
circuits are completed corresponding to those completed in passing the bars F1 F2 at
Signal Station No. 1 and in passing the bar G³ another circuit of the battery 1 at
Signal Station No. 1 is completed the current now passing from earth through the
said bar G3 and the left hand magnet of the relay 12 by the line wire J2 through the
right hand magnet of the relay 1 at Signal Station No. 1 through the said battery f
to earth. By this circuit the tongue of the relay 12 is thrown to the left and the
tongue of the relay I' is thrown again to the right the effect being to so connect the
bars G¹ G² at Signal Station No. 2 to the battery g² as to cause the current therefrom
when the circuit is completed by a passing train to pass through the indicator on such
train in the direction to exhibit the danger signal and to so connect the bars F¹
and at Signal Station No. 1 to the battery f₁ as to cause the current therefrom
when the circuit is completed by a passing train to pass through the indicator thereon
in the direction to cause the clear signal to be exhibited. Therefore if a train
following the first mentioned train had been stopped with the brush in contact with
the bar F the clear signal would now be displayed on the indicator and the driver
would consequently proceed.
The circuits completed by the first mentioned train in passing the Signal Station
No. 3 are the same relatively to the apparatus arranged at that Station and connected
therewith as those already described with reference to Signal Station No. 2 and the
circuits completed by any following train would be either the same as those described
with reference to the second train passing Signal Station No. 1 or the same as those
completed by the first train according to the distance between any one of the trains
and that preceding it the danger signal being in all cases exhibited on the indicator of
a train in any block section when a preceding train has not passed out of the block
section next ahead and the line clear signal being in all cases exhibited on the indicator
of a train in any block section when there is not another train in the block section
next ahead.
The block sections and the contact bars may be of any length desired as in the
ordinary arrangements for signalling according to the system hereinbefore referred to
and the bar at which the signal is first received at each Signal Station and the bar
electrically connected therewith at the same Signal Station may be set at any desired

page_text: distance apart provided the minimum distance between the said bars be sufficient to
admit of a train being pulled up between them when running at the highest speed
and the minimum length of all the said bars being that which will admit of a sufficient
period of contact to insure completion of the circuits of the batteries in the case of
trains running at the highest speeds.
In the further description of my invention and in the claims forming part of this
Specification I in some cases term the contact bars corresponding to those marked Fi
F G G H H in Figure 6 Signal bars and 1 in some cases term the bars corre-
sponding to those marked F3 G3 H³ in Figure 6 Setting bars and I in some cases use
the term distant signal bar in referring to that one of the signal bars of each group
at which bar the signal is first received by a train and in some cases I use the term
home signal bar in referring to that one of the signal bars of each group at which the
signal is repeated which bar is placed ahead of and electrically connected to the
distant signal bar of the same group.
And for the sake of brevity I state that a
contact bar is "to danger" or is "put to danger" when the bar referred to is so
connected to a battery that should the circuit of the battery be completed through a
train indicator by one of the brushes carried by the train rubbing against the said bar
the current from the battery connected to the bar would in passing through the
indicator cause the red disc to be brought into view or in other words would cause
the danger signal to be exhibited on the train. And I state that a contact bar is
clear" or is "put to clear" when the bar referred to is so connected to a battery that
should the circuit of the battery be completed through a train indicator by one of
the brushes carried by the train rubbing against the said bar the current from the
battery so connected to the bar would in passing through the indicator cause the
white disc to be brought into view or in other words would cause the clear signal to
be displayed on the train.
to
A suitable mode of mounting and insulating the said bars is illustrated in Figures 7,
8 and 9 of the accompanying Drawings Figure 7 being a front elevation of portions
of one of the said bars and its supports Figure 8 a side elevation partly in section
(taken on the line 1 Figure 7) and Figure 9 a plan of the same.
In the said Figures
the portions of the bar shown are marked F* the portions of the rail are marked E*
and the portions of the sleepers on which the supports of the bar F* are mounted are
marked e. The said bars may however be mounted between the rails in which case
the brushes which act on the said bars are suitably mounted below the train.
Where it is desired that the danger signal received at a signal bar may not be
removed from the indicator and the line clear signal displayed in case the driver of
a train should through negligence or inadvertance pass or stop at the setting bar at
any signal station after a danger signal had been displayed on the train indicator
while passing the signal bars at the same Signal Station I arrange for the connection
of the Setting bar at each Signal Station with one or other of two batteries according
to the position of the tongues of the relays connected to the signal bars by placing
another relay in the circuits of the batteries at each station and connecting the tongue
of the said relay to the Setting bar. By this means the current is caused to pass
through the indicator in the same direction when the circuit is completed at the
Setting bar at any Signal station as it would pass were the circuit then completed at
either of the signal bars at the same Signal station.
An arrangement for effecting this object is illustrated in Figure 10 of the accom-
panying Drawings in which Figure the additional relay at each Signal station is
marked K. By referring to the said Fig. 10 it will be seen that if either of the
signal bars at any one Signal Station be put to earth while the tongue of the relay
connected to the same bar is to the right the tongue of the additional relay at the
same Signal station will remain to the left consequently both the Signal bars and the
Setting bar are to clear and that if either of the signal bars at any one Signal Station
be put to earth while the tongue of the relay connected to the same bar is to the left
the tongue of the additional relay at the same Signal Station will be brought to the
right consequently the Setting bar is then to danger as well as the Signal bars.
Where in the arrangements herein before described and in those hereinafter

page_text: described the relays are placed in positions in which they are liable to be shaken I so
arrange a lever relatively to the tongue of the relay that the weight or pressure of
the said lever tends to keep the tongue to the side to which it is brought by
the completion of the circuit through one or other of the magnets of the relay.
Figure 11 of the accompanying Drawings shows an arrangement of this kind i¹
being the lever and a projection on the underside thereof which bears against one or
other side of the tongue of the relay according to the position of the said tongue and
tends to keep it in place.
In cases where the weight of the lever is liable to detrimentally impede the motion
of the tongue of the relay I arrange a magnet in proximity to the said lever the coils of
which magnet I place in the circuits of the magnets of the relay and which magnet
when a current is passed through its coils removes the said lever from contact with
the tongue of the relay. Where the action of the relay is required to be controlled
through another circuit I make the projection on the lever of such form as to lock
the tongue of the relay when the said lever is in its normal position and I place the
said magnet in the circuit by which the action of the relay is to be controlled.
An arrangement in which the projection on the lever is so formed as to lock the
tongue of the relay and the said lever is actuated to release the said tongue by means
of a magnet placed in the circuits of the relay magnets is illustrated in Fig. 12 of the
accompanying Drawings in conjunction with a relay forming part of signalling
apparatus arranged similarly to that at one of the Signal Stations shewn in Figure 6
of the accompanying Drawings the magnet by which the lever is actuated being
marked in the said Figure 12.
That part of my invention which relates to signalling on single lines on which
trains run in both directions consists in so arranging the contact bars at the several
Signal Stations and connecting the bars at each Signal Station with each other and
with relays and batteries and with similar apparatus at the proximate Signal Stations
that the passage of trains in either direction shall by the completion of the circuits of
the several batteries cause danger signals to be exhibited on the train indicators when
two trains are in adjoining block sections the danger signal being exhibited on the
following train in the case of two trains running in the same direction and on both
trains in the case of two trains running in opposite directions and approaching cach
other and also so that the danger signal is automatically removed and the clear signal
displayed on a following train when the preceding one has passed out of the block
section ahead and on one or other or both trains in the case of two trains which
have been advancing in opposite directions when they have been stopped and one or
other or both has or have been backed out of the block section in which it or they
received the danger signal.
In signalling thus on single lines I use either single relays, or neutral relays, or
polarized relays, or compound relays or I use any two or more or all of the said kinds
of relays conjointly and either arrange both the setting bars and the signal bars at
the some height and use one brush on the train for completing the circuits or I
arrange the setting bars and the signal bars at different heights and use an additional
brush for completing the circuits of the batteries connected to the setting bars which
brush is or may be uninsulated.
Figure 13 of the accompanying Drawings is a diagram representing one arrange-
ment of apparatus for signalling on single line railways according to my invention
the apparatus shown being that required for three signal stations and the tongues of
all the relays being shown in their normal positions that is in the positions which
put all the bars to clear. In this arrangement all the bars are arranged at the same
height. The arrows a and b indicate the directions in which the trains run. In the
said diagram the apparatus necessary for three signal stations and the manner in
which the apparatus at the said signal station is connected are shown. The parts
marked LL L³ Lª³ L³ Lº L L L L at signal station No. 1 and the parts
marked M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 at signal station No. 2 and those
marked N N N N N N N N N N at signal station No. 3 are the contact
bars, L M N being. the distant signal bars for trains running in the direction

page_text: of the arrow a and L M° N° the distant signal bars for trains running in the direc-
tion of the arrow band L M N the home signal bars for trains running in the
direction of the arrow a and L M N the home signal bars for trains running in
the direction of the arrow b. The other bars namely those marked L¹ L³ L L L L¹º,
M² Ms Ms Ms Ms M¹º, N₁ N³ No No No N10 are setting bars, 01 02 03 04 05 0° are
polarized double contact relays, P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P P P P P p p₁₂ aro neutral
relays QQQ Q1 Q³ Qº Q7 Q³ Qº Q¹º Q¹¹ Q¹º Q13 Q1 Q¹³ Q1º Q17 Q18 are local
batteries and R R R R R R are main batteries and S¹ S² S' S₁ S³ S° S' S³ aro
the line wires.
The relays P1 P2 P3 P4 P³ Pº P² P³ po po p¹ p¹² are so constructed that when no
current is passing through their coils their tongues do not touch any of the contacts.
In the diagram the said tongues are shewn suspended or pivotted at their upper ends
consequently when no current is passing through their magnets the said tongues fall
by gravity away from the contacts but where desirable springs or weights may be
arranged in connection with the tongues to retain them in the required position when
no current is passing through the magnets.
In the following description of the apparatus represented in the said diagram
Figure 13 and in the description contained herein of the action of other arrangements
of signalling apparatus it is assumed at starting that the whole of those parts of the
several lines represented in the various diagrams is clear that is that in each case there
is at starting no train on any portion of the several lines represented and in all cases
where it is not otherwise stated herein the position of the tongues of all the relays as
represented in the. said diagrams is either their neutral position or that in which they
stand when the line is clear.
The effect of a train passing along the line in either direction is as follows :-
The train in passing certain of the bars at each Signal Station puts certain of the
hars at the Signal Station next in advance to danger and also puts certain of the bars
in its rear at the Signal Station it is passing to danger and the said train also puts to
clear certain of the bars in advance of it at the Signal Station it is passing and certain
of the bars at the Signal Station next in the rear the bars which are thus put to clear
at the latter Signal Station having been put to danger by the same train while passing
that Signal Station. Thus each train is protected both ahead and in its rear by the
completion of the circuits of the several batteries at the several Signal Stations the
completion of which circuits is automatically effected by the brushes carried by tho
trains rubbing against the several contact bars. The contact bars where the circuits
are completed which put other contact bars to danger and to clear and the bars which
are so put to danger and to clear are stated with reference to the apparatus illustrated
in the said Figure 13 in the following description.
In the case of a train running in the direction of the arrow a the said train in
passing the Signal Station preceding Signal Station No. 1 puts (as above stated)
certain of the bars in its rear at that Station to danger and also puts the bars L' L' at
the said Signal Station No. 1 to danger and in passing the bar Ls at the said Signal
Station No. 1 the said train puts the bars M M at Signal Station No. 2 to danger
and puts the bars L L L L and L1° at Signal Station No. 1 to clear.
In passing
the bar L at Signal Station No. 1 the said train puts the bars L2 and L at the
same Station to danger and puts to clear those of the bars at the Station last passed
which were put to danger by the same train before it arrived at Station No. 1. In
passing the bar M³ at Signal Station No. 2 the said train puts the bars N' and No at
Signal Station No. 3 to danger and puts the bars M M Ms M' at Signal Station
No. 2 to clear and in passing the bar M at Signal Station No. 2 the said train puts
the bars M M at that Station to danger and puts the bars L L L L L at Signal
Station No. 1 to clear, and so on in passing the remainder of the bars at the Signal
Station No. 3 and the bars at all other Stations along the line which correspond to
the bars at Signal Stations Nos. 1 and 2 at which the bars at the same and other
Stations were put to danger and to clear.
In the case of a train running in the direction of the arrow b the action is tlie
same relatively to the direction in which the train is running and the order of
1

page_text: arrangement of the bars as in the case of a train running in the direction of the
The circuits are as follows:-
arrow a.
In the case of a train running in the direction of the arrow a and nearly arrived
at Signal Station No. 1 the bars L' L' at that Station will (as shown by the fore-
going description) have been put to danger and those of the bars at the Signal
Station last passed which correspond with the bars L³ L' at Signal Station No. 1
will also have been put to danger.
When the said train arrives at the said Station No. 1 it completes the circuit of
the battery Qin passing the bar L₁ the current passing from earth through the
.metal of the locomotive or other vehicle of the train carrying the indicator through
the magnets of the said indicator and the conductor by which it is connected to
the brush from which the current passes to the said bar L to the right hand
magnet of the relay P2 the right hand magnet of the relay P¹ the said battery Q
and the tongue of the relay O¹ to earth. By this circuit the tongues of the relays P¹ P
are drawn to the right but this produces no effect when the said circuit is completed
by trains running in the direction of the arrow a.
To avoid repetition in the further description of the circuits of the apparatus
shown in Figure 13 and in the descriptions hereinafter contained of the circuits
of the apparatus shown in the other Figures of the accompanying Drawings I omit
the description of that part of the said circuits which is completed from earth through
the apparatus carried by the trains this part of the said circuits being in all cases the
same as described with reference to the circuit of the battery Q'. It will therefore
be understood that in each of the circuits hereinafter .described the currents pass
from earth to the bars through the coils of the train indicator and through the brush
carried by the train (which brush when the train passes the bars in all cases makes
electrical contact therewith) although in the said description the tracing of each
circuit is started at the contact bar.
As the train passes the bar I the circuit of the battery Q² is completed the current
passing from the bar L² to the said battery to the tongue of the relay 01 and to
earth.
In passing the bar' L³ another circuit of the battery Q₁ is completed the current
passing from the said bar to the left hand magnet of the relay P to the left
hand magnet of the relay P¹ to the battery Q1 and the tongue of the relay 01 to
carth. By this circuit the tongue of the relay P¹ is drawn to the left whereby
the circuit of the battery R₁ is completed the current passing by the line wire S3.
and the coils of the relay 0₁ to earth throwing the tongue of that relay to the
right and thus connecting the battery Q10 to the bars M7 and M so as to put them
to danger. The tongue of the relay P2 also is drawn to the left whereby the circuit
of the battery Qis again completed the current passing through the said battery
and the tongue of the said relay and the coils of the relay 02 to earth throwing
the tongue of the latter relay to the left whereby the battery Q³ is so connected to
the bars L L as to put them to clear and the battery Q is so connected to the
bars L L L as to put them also to clear.
In passing the bar L the same circuits are completed as in passing L³ and in
passing the bar L³ the same circuits are completed as in passing L the bar L' being
electrically connected to L2 and the bar L' to L³.
In passing the bar L' the circuit of the battery Q is completed the current
passing from the said bar to the right hand magnet of the relay P, the right
hand magnet of the relay P³ through the battery to the tongue of the relay O
and to earth no alteration of the connections being effected by this circuit.
In passing the bar L the circuit of the battery Q³ is completed the current
passing from the said bar through the said battery and the tongue of the relay 0³
to earth.
In passing the bar LB the same circuit is completed as in passing L and in
passing the bar L' the same circuit is completed as in passing L' the said bars L³
and L' being respectively connected to the said bars L and L.

page_text: In passing the bar L10 another circuit of the battery Q is completed the current
passing from the said bar to the left hand magnet of the relay P the left hand
magnet of the relay P³ the battery Q the tongue of the relay 02 and to earth.
By this circuit the tongue of the relay P³ is drawn to the left the circuit of the
battery R² being thus completed the current passing from earth through the coils
of that one of the relays at the Signal Station last passed (not shown in the
Drawing) which corresponds with the relay 01 at Signal Station No. 1 and through
the line wire S¹ and the tongue of the relay P' through the said battery R² to
earth whereby those of the contact bars at the said last passed station which
correspond with the bars L L L L L at Station No. 1 are put to clear. By
the said circuit of the battery Q the tongue of the relay P is also drawn to the
left the circuit of battery R¹ being thus completed the current passing from earth
through the said battery R¹ through the tongue of the said relay P and through
the coils of the relay to earth throwing the tongue of that relay to the left
whereby the battery Q³ is so connected to the bars L² L' at Signal Station No. 1
as to put them to danger.
In passing the bar M and the bar M³ the circuits of the batteries Q Q are
respectively completed which circuits correspond with those of the batteries Q¹ Q
which were completed as the train passed the bars L¹ L² at Station No. 1 and
have been already described.
In passing the bar M³ another circuit of the battery Q' is completed the current
passing from the said bar to the left hand magnet of the relay P the left hand
magnet of the relay P through the battery Q to the tongue of the relay 0³ and
to earth. By this circuit the tongue of the relay P is drawn to the left the
circuit of the battery R³ being thus completed the current passing from earth
through the said battery to the tongue of the said relay to the line wire S
through the coils of the relay 06 to earth throwing the tongue of that relay to
the right whereby the battery Que is so connected to the bars N' and N° as to
put them to danger. By the said circuit of the battery Q the tongue of the
relay P is also drawn to the left the circuit of the battery Q being thus com-
pleted the current passing from earth through the said battery to the tongue of the
said relay P through the coils of the relay 01 to earth throwing the tongue of
that relay to the left whereby the battery Q₁ is so connected to the bars M M M10
and the battery Q" to the bars M M as to put all the said bars to line
clear.
In passing the bar M* the same circuit is completed as in passing M³ and in
passing M the same circuit is completed as in passing M³ the said bar M* being
electrically connected to M and the said bar M' to M³.
In passing the bars M M M M the circuits of the batteries Q Qare com-
pleted which circuits are the same relatively to the apparatus at Signal Station No. 2
as already described with reference to the bars L L L L at Signal Station No. 1.
In passing the bar M10 another circuit of the battery Q12 is completed the current
passing to the left hand 'magnet of the relay Pa the left hand magnet of the
relay through the said battery Q₁ and the tongue of the relay O₁ to earth.
By this circuit the tongue of the said relay P is drawn to the left the circuit of the
battery R being thus completed the current passing from earth through the said
battery R to the tongue of the said relay P' the line wire S through the coils of
the relay O to earth throwing the tongue of that relay to the right whereby the
battery is so connected to the bars L L L and the battery Q is so .connected
to the bars L L as to put all the said bars to line clear the signal bars (L³ L) of
which group were put to danger when the train passed the bar L at Signal
Station No. 1. By the said circuit of the battery Q₁ the tongue of the relay Ps is
also drawn to the left the circuit of the battery K being thus completed the current
passing from earth through the said battery R³ to the tongue of the relay P³ through
the coils of the relay 03 to earth throwing the tongue of that relay to the left
whereby the battery Q is so connected to the bars M M as to put them to danger.
In passing the Signal Station No. 3 and the other Stations along the line at all

page_text: of which Signal Stations Apparatus similar to that shown in the diagram Figure 13
and having similar connections is arranged circuits are completed corresponding to
those already described with reference to the Signal Stations Nos. 1 and 2 and corre-
sponding effects are produced that is to say as the train proceeds along the line
certain of the bars ahead and in the rear of the train are put to danger and after-
wards put to clear and other bars are put to danger by the automatic completion
of the circuits of the several batteries as herein before explained.
In the case of trains running in the direction of the arrow b the same circuits
are completed and the same effects are produced the only difference being that
the order in which the circuits at the several bars are completed is the reverse of that
described with reference to a train running in the direction of arrow a that is to say
in passing the three Signal Stations shown the diagram Figure 13 the train first acts
on the bar N and last on the bar L' and (referring for convenience of description
to Signal Station No. 2) the said train in passing the bar M8 puts the bars L³ L*
danger and in passing the bar M' the bars N' and N aro, put to clear and the
bars M and M are put to danger.
The effect of a following train approaching within the prescribed distance of the
train running in the direction of the arrow a is stated in the following description in
which I will refer to the leading train as "Train a No. 1" and to the following train
as Train a No. 2."
"
If train a No. 2 were to reach the bar L' at Station No. 1 while train a No. 1 is
between Stations No. 1 and No. 2 train a No. 2 would complete no circuit in passing
the said bar the battery Q¹ being then disconnected from the said bar in consequence
of the tongue of the relay O' being to the left and in passing the bar L² the said
train a No. 2 would complete the circuit of the battery Q and receive a danger
signal the path of the current from the said battery being in this case from the
said bar L through the said battery Q³ to the tongue of the relay O' to earth.
The speed of the said train would then be slackened in consequence of receipt of the
danger signal and those in charge of the train would be prepared to stop at the
bar L. In passing the bar L³ no circuit would be completed for the reason stated
with reference to the bar L' and on arriving at the said bar I if the danger signal
were not removed the said train a No. 2 would stop and wait for the clear signal
which can only be received by the said train a No. 2 when the train a No. 1 passes
or has passed the bar M at which the circuit of the battery Q₁ is automatically
completed.
The effect of this circuit as hereinbefore stated is to connect the bars L' L' L' to the
battery Q and the bars L' L' to the battery Q2 so as to put them to clear.
On the said train a No. 1 reaching the said bar Mo the clear signal would therefore
be received by the train a No. 2 which would then proceed and while beyond the
prescribed distance from the train a No. 1 would in passing the several bars at the
several Signal Stations complete the same circuit as described with reference to a
train running on a clear line in the direction of the arrow a.
is
The effect of two trains approaching each other is stated in the following
description in which I refer to a train running in the direction of the arrow a as
6 Train a and to a train running in the direction of the arrow 6 as "Train 6."
Assuming that a train a is approaching Station No. 1 and that a train
approaching Station No. 3 when the train a reaches the bar L³ it puts the bars M
and M to danger and when the train breaches the bar N8 it puts the bars M² and M
to danger. Therefore home and distant signal bars are put to danger in advance
of train 6 by the passing of a bar at Station No.. 1 by train a and home and
distant signal bars in advance of train a are put to danger by the passing of a bar
at Station No. 3 by train the bars put to danger by train a being the signal bars
of the left hand group at Station No. 2 (namely the bars M. M') and the bars put
to danger by train 6 being the signal bars of the right hand group at the same station
(namely the bars M2 M consequently when the train a arrives at the bar M² and
the train arrives at the bar M a danger signal is received on each train and the
speed of the said trains.is slackened and they are stopped the train a. being stopped

page_text: with its brush in contact with the bar M' and the train with its brush in contact
with the bar M' the interval of space between the said trains being dependent on
the distance apart at which the two home bars (M* M) at Station 2 are placed which
distance is not in any degree subject to limitation in consequence of the nature or
arrangement of the signalling apparatus herein described.
From the foregoing description of the effect of completion of the several circuits
by the action of a train passing along the line when clear ahead it will have been seen
that each train in passing each Signal Station puts certain of the bars at the Station
next in advance to danger and puts to clear those of the bars at the Station next in
the rear which it put to danger while passing that Station. This putting of the bars
to clear at the Station next in the rear is however not effected when a train running
in the opposite direction is approaching the Station which another train is passing
the circuit of the battery by which the said bars are put to clear being in that case
opened by the train running in the opposite direction.
To illustrate this by reference to the diagram Figure 13. If the train a by running
between Stations No. 1 and No. 2 while the train b is running between the Stations
No. 2 and No. 3 the circuit of the battery Q is not completed as the train a passes
the bar M' and the circuit of the battery Q is not completed as the train passes
the bar M because the tongue of the relay 03 is in that case to the left and the
tongue of the relay O to the right and the said circuits cannot be completed unless
the said tongues be iu the reverse positions.
Thus wherever two trains are approaching the same Signal Station the putting to
clear of the bars in advance of a train a which have been previously put to danger by
the automatic action of the same train is prevented by the circuits completed by the.
train b and vice-versa.
Figure 14 of the accompanying drawings is a diagram illustrating a modification
of the arrangement of apparatus hereinbefore described with reference to Figure 13,
the chief differences being that one relay is used at each Signal Station (in place
of each of the pairs of relays P2 P and P P and P P for completing the
circuits through which the polarized relays are actuated by trains passing contact bars
at the Signal Stations at which the polarized relays actuated are placed. Also in
the use of a double wound relay for connecting the required battery to the required
circuit or circuits in order to actuate the said polarized relays. Referring to the
said diagram Figure 14 the relays at the several Signal Stations which are substi-
tuted for the said pairs of relays are marked T¹ T2 T3 and the several double wound.
relays are marked U₁ U2 U³. Those of the parts of the apparatus illustrated in
Figure 14 which correspond with parts shown in Figure 13 and are referred to in.
the following statement are marked in the said Figure 14 with letters and figures
of reference corresponding with those marked on Figure 13.
By reference to the said diagram Figure 14 it will be seen that the completion of
those of the circuits in which the relays T T T³ are placed produces the same effect
as the completion of the circuits in which the pairs of relays P2 P4 and P P and
PP Figure 13 are placed. Also that one of the coils of the relay U' at Station
No. 1 is in the circuit of the battery Q which is completed at the bar and that the
other coil of the said relay is in the circuit of the battery Q which is completed at
the bar L and that the coils of the relays U U³ at Stations Nos. 2 and 3 are in
corresponding circuits.
22
In some cases I "put round" each of the coils of the said relays U₁ Uª Ù³ a
"shunt" or "condenser for the purpose of retarding the action of the said relays.
Where I use the said shunts or condensers I connect them to the ingoing and outgoing
conductors connected to the coils of the said relays U¹ U2 U, as shown at V1 V2 in
connection with the relay U' Signal Station No. 1.
Where lines are laid crossing each other on a level I arrange setting bars and
signal bars at suitable distances from the crossing portions of the lines and so connect
the said bars with relays and batteries that the automatic completion of the circuits
of the batteries will cause line clear signals to be exhibited on the indicators of any
trains. approaching the crossing unless they be. approaching in a crossing direction.

page_text: when the danger signal is exhibited on the indicator or indicators of the train or trains
on one or other of the crossing lines according to the order in which the train or
trains on one or other of the lines first passes or pass certain of the contact bars.
Figure 15 is a diagram illustrating an arrangement of apparatus for signalling thus
on portions of two double line railways crossing each other.
93
In the said diagram. the up and down lines of one of the railways are marked
respectively "Line a and Line" and those of the other railway aro marked
respectively "Line c" and "Line d." The contact bars for line a are marked 6° 6° 6°
those for line bare marked 6 6 6, those for line care marked 7° 7° 7° and those for
line d are marked 7 7 7. Of these bars those marked 6° 6° 7° 7' are setting bars the
others being signal bars. 8" 8" 8° 84 8° 8' are the relays and 9a 9b ge 9d 9° 9' are the
batteries.
The arrows indicate the directions in which the trains run on the several lines.
The action of the said apparatus is as follows;
That train which first passes a signal bar on either line of either railway puts to
danger the signal bars on both lines of the other railway (which I will term
" the
blocked road") unless the said bars be already to danger and on reaching the setting
bar puts the signal bars on both lines of the blocked road to clear unless in the
interval another train has passed the first signal bar on the other line of the railway
on which the first train is running (which I will term the "clear road") and has not
passed the setting bar on that line in which case the passing of the setting bar on the
clear road by the said first train does not put the signal bars on either line of the
blocked road to clear the said bars being in any case put to clear only by the passing
of the setting bar on one or other line of the clear road when there is no train on
the other line of the same road either in contact with any of the bars or at any point
between them.
In the diagram Figure 15 the relays are in such positions that all the signal bars
are to clear.
The following describes the said action with reference to the said diagram
Figure 15.
A train on line a passing the bar 6ª completes the circuit of the battery 9 the
current passing from the said bar through the left hand magnet of the relay Sa and
the left hand magnet of the relay 8 (drawing the tongues of the said relays to the
left) through the said battery 9e and the tongue of the relay 8' to earth. By the
tongue of the relay 8 being drawn to the left the battery 9 is so connected to the bars
7 7 7 7 as to put the said bars to danger consequently a train on line c would now
receive a danger signal in passing the bar 7 and stop at 7 and a train on line d would
receive a danger signal in passing 7" and stop at 7°.
After passing the bar 6 the train on line a passes the bar 6b and there completes
the same circuit as were completed at 6ª the two bars 6 and 6 being electrically
connected.
The said train then crosses the lines c and d and passes the bar 6° where it
completes the circuit of the battery 9° the current passing from the said bar 6° to
the right hand magnet of the relay 8 the tongue of the relay 8 the right hand
magnet of the relay S through the said battery 9 to earth. By this circuit the
tongues of the said relays S Se are drawn to the right the battery 9" which is con-
nected to the bars 7° 7b 7d 7° being put to earth through the contacts of the relay 8°
whereby the said bars are put to clear.
In the case of trains running on line 6 the circuits completed at the bars 6d 6° 6'
are the same as those completed at the bars 6 6 6 except that the battery 9° or the
battery 9d is connected to the bars 7 7b 74 7° through the right hand magnet of the
relay So instead of through the left hand magnet of the relay 8.
Should a train on line 6 have passed the bar 6 and not passed the bar 6' before
the train on line a had passed the bar 6 the bars 7" 7b 7d 7° would not be put to clear
by the circuit completed at 6° in consequence of the completion of the circuit of the
battery 9 at the bar 6 by which circuit the tongue of the relay 8 is drawn to the
right whereby the completion of the circuit of the battery 9 through the right hand

page_text: magnet of the relay 8 when the train on line a passes the bar 6° is prevented. The
circuit completed at the said bar 6 under the said circumstances is as follows-
From the said bar the current passes through the right hand magnet of the relay 8°
drawing the tongue to the right and through the tongue of the relay 8 and the said
battery 9 to earth. If however the train on line has passed the bar 6' while
the train on line a was passing or at any point between the bars 6° 6° the passing
of the latter bar by the train on line a would put the bars 7" 7b 7° 7d on line c and d
to clear.
In the case of a train on either the line c or the line d or of two trains one on each
of the said lines passing the bar 7" or the bar 7 before a train on either of the
lines a. b passes the bar 6 or the bar 6ª the effect is to put the signal bars of the said
lines a. 6 to danger as hereinbefore described with reference to the lines c. d.
Thus the train on either railway which first arrives at the Crossing Signal Station
puts the signal bars on the other Railway at the Crossing Signal Station to danger
and where two trains are on the same railway between the first of the signal bars and
the contact bars of the crossing Signal Station only the train which last passes the
contact bar on either line of the same railway can put the signal bars of the other
railway to clear.
The arrangement described with reference to and illustrated in Figure 15 is
applicable to crossing railways having any number of lines signal bars and contact
bars being arranged on each line and connected with relays and batteries and with
signal bars and contact bars on the other lines essentially as hereinbefore described
with respect to crossing Railways having only two lines each.
Figure 16 is a diagram illustrating an arrangement of apparatus for signalling on
portions of two single line railways crossing each other the lines being marked
respectively line e and "line" 10" 10° 10° 10° 10° 10' are the contact bars for
line e, 11 11 11° 11° 11° 11' are the contact bars for line f, 10" and 10" are the
setting bars for line e and 11ª and 11' the setting bars for line the others being
signal bars which in some cases also act as setting bars, 12ª 12º are the relays and
13 13 13 13 13 13 are the batteries.
The action is as follows.
That train on either line running in the direction of either arrow which first touches
a signal bar puts all the signal bars on the other line to danger and puts the same
signal bars to clear in passing the last setting bar.
In the said diagram Figure 16 the relays are in such positions that all the signal
bars of both lines are to clear.
The following describes the action of the apparatus with reference to the said
diagram.
A train on line e running in the direction of arrow c in passing the bar 10ª
completes the circuit of the battery 13 the current passing from the said bar 10ª
through the right hand magnet of the relay 12" and through the said battery 13ª to
earth. The tongue of the said relay 12 being to the right this circuit does not
change the position of the said tongue.
As the said train passes the bar 10" the circuit of the battery 13e is completed the
current passing from the said bar to the left hand magnet of the relay 12 through
the said battery 13° to the tongue of the relay 12 and to earth. By this circuit the
tongue of the relay 12" is thrown to the left whereby the battery 13° is so connected
to the bars 11° 11° 11° 11° of line as to put them to danger.
After the said train has completed the circuit last described the further circuits
completed by the same train in passing the several other bars are as hereinafter
described whether the line fremain clear or a train on it advance on either side of
the point at which it crosses the line e.
In passing the bars 10° 10° 10° the said train completes the same circuit as in
passing the bar 10b all the said bars being electrically connected.
In passing the bar 10 the circuit of the battery 13" is again completed the current
passing as described with reference to the bar 10 with which the bar 10' is electrically
connected. By the said circuit the tongue of the relay 12ª is drawn to the right

page_text: whereby the battery 13 which is connected to the bars 11° 11° 11' 11º is put to earth
the said bars being thus put to clear.
A train on the said line e running in the direction of arrow d while both lines are
clear would complete the same circuits as described with reference to a train running
in the direction of the arrow c.
The effect of the action described is as follows ;-
If a train on line frunning in the direction of either arrow towards the crossing
point were to pass the har 11 or the bar 11 after a train on line e has touched the
bar 10b or the bar 10e the former train would receive a danger signal in passing the
said bar 11 or the said bar 11° and would stop at the next bar namely the bar 11°
or 11 according to the direction of motion of the said train and would stop at the said
next har until a clear signal were exhibited on the indicator which would be (as stated
in the foregoing description of the circuits) when the train on line e has crossed the
line and passed the last of the bars beyond the crossing point namely either the
bar 10 or the bar 10' according to the direction in which the said train is running.
Had a train first approached the crossing on the line e in the direction of the
arrow d the circuits completed in passing the contact bars 10 10 10 would have
been the same as those completed by the train approaching in the direction of the
arrow c when passing the contact bars 10° 10° 1.0°.
The apparatus for signalling at crossings hereinbefore described and illustrated in
Figures 15 and 16 of the accompanying drawings is capable of use on railways provided
with block signalling apparatus of the kind hereinbefore described or with any other
signalling apparatus and where the said block signalling apparatus is used the crossing
signalling apparatus is placed between two of the signal stations on the crossing lines
and is or may be independent of the apparatus for block signalling.
Where one of the crossing railways and the trains running on it are not provided
with apparatus of the kind hereinbefore described I provide the said trains and the
railway or the railway alone with means for simply closing the circuits of the
batteries of the signalling apparatus of the other railway which means may be of
any suitable kind adapted to be actuated by contact with the wheels or other parts
of the trains but I prefer to use the means hereinbefore described which consists of
brushes on the trains arranged to make contact with bars mounted by the side
of the line whether or not the trains carrying the said brushes also carry indicators
for exhibiting signals.
In signalling at junctions of double lines I arrange apparatus so that the signals
received by the trains always accord with the position of the points the connection of
the signal bars with the batteries by which they are put to clear or to danger
being governed by the working of the point levers and so altered by the alteration
of the position of the said levers that a clear signal cannot be given on either line
on either side of the junction without danger signals being given on other lines
crossed by or crossing that or those on which the clear signal is given.
Figures 17, 18, 19, and 20 are diagrams illustrating the arrangement of my
apparatus at the junction of two double line railways provided with automatic
block signalling apparatus of the kind herein before described with reference to
Figure 6 four block signal stations marked respectively W X Y Z being shown in
the said diagrams in addition to the junction apparatus. The arrangement and
action of the apparatus at these stations are essentially the same as already
described with reference to the said Figure 6 the only difference being that the
apparatus at some of the said stations is connected to the junction apparatus as herein-
after described beside being connected to apparatus at other of the block signal
stations as described with reference to the said Figure 6. In each of the said
Figures the same apparatus is shown and the arrangement thereof is the same the
only differences being the alterations of the connections consequent on the alterations
of the positions of the points. In each of the said diagrams the same parts are marked
with the same letters and figures of reference.
Reference to the said diagrams 14° 14° 14° 14 14° 14' 14º 14' 14' 14' 14' 14' 14ª

page_text: distant signal bars 14° 14° 14 14 14° and 14' home signal bars and 14ª 14ª 14' 14'
14 14 14 and 14' setting bars 15 15 15° 15 15° 15' and 158 are the relays 16ª 16”
16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 and 16* are the batterics 17 and 18 are the point
levers 17 17 17° are contacts carried by the lever 17 and 18" 18" are contacts carried
by the lever 18. 17ª, 17º, 17ª, 178, 17, 17', and 18" 18" 18" 18 are fixed contacts
through which circuits are completed according to the positions of the point levers 17
and 18 respectively. 19 is a circuit breaker or interrupter which causes a vibrating
action of the bell of the train indicator when the circuit through the said indicator
is completed through the said circuit breaker as hereinafter described, 20° 20° 20° 20ª
20° 20 20% are the line wires.
The bars 14 14 the relays 15° 15ª the point lever contacts 17° 17° 17° 17d 17° 17'
17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 and the circuit breaker 19 and the connections
of the said parts with each other and with the batteries and with the block signal
stations constitute the junction apparatus which apparatus is so arranged and connected
with the apparatus at the signal stations W X Y Z that the ordinary working of the
latter apparatus as described with reference to Fig. 6 controls and is controlled by
the junction apparatus according to the position of the point levers and according to
the position of trains on the several lines.
The effect of opening the points for the several lines is hereinafter described. "
When the points are placed in the position shown in Figure 17 that is when the
main lines a and bare both open (which I will term position No. 1.) the bars 14t
and 14 are to danger and all the other signal bars are to clear. Therefore the signal
bars of all stations on the main lines a and b for which the points are set are to clear
and the signal bars on the branch line a are to danger but those on the branch line b.
are to clear it being unnecessary to put them to danger in consequence of the points
being open for the main.
When the points for the branch line a are opened while the points are open for the
main line b. as shown in Figure 18 (which I will term position No. 2) the bars 14°
and 14 are put to danger and the bars 14 and 148 are put to clear all the other bars
remaining to clear. Therefore the signal bars of the stations on the branch line a and
on the main line b. are to clear and the signal bars on the main line a are to danger
and those on the branch line b remain to clear.
When the points are set for both the branch lines a and b. as shown in Figure 19
(which will term position No. 3) the only alteration effected in the connections of the
bars is that the bars 14" and 14h are now put to clear through the circuit breaker 19
the vibrating action of the bell of the indicator produced thereby being the signal to
the driver that the points are open for the branch. Therefore the bars are so connected
that trains on the branch line a. going to the main receive clear signals and trains on
the main line advancing towards the points receive danger signals and trains on the
main line b going to the branch receive clear signals through the circuit breaker or
vibrator.
When the points for the branch line are opened while the points for the main
line a are open as shown in Figure 20 (which I will term position No. 4) the bars 14°
and 14 are put to danger and the bars 14° and 14' remain to danger and all the other
signal bars remain to clear. Therefore only the trains on the main line b going to the
branch receive clear signals the bars on the other line being to danger.
The putting of the several bars to danger and to clear as here stated is in each case
automatically effected by the pulling over of the levers to open the points.
Those of the signal bars shown in the diagram Figures 17, 18, 19 and 20 which are
not referred to in the foregoing description of the effect of placing the points in either
of the said four positions are unaffected by the working of the junction apparatus and are
put to danger or to clear solely by the automatic action of trains passing over the lines as
hereinbefore described with reference to Figure 6 consequently the said bars remain to
clear whatever be the positions of the point levers when the whole of those portions of
the lines both main and branch shown in the diagram and also the block sections next
ahead in either direction are clear or unoccupied by any train as they are assumed to
be in the following description.

page_text: The action of the apparatus when the points are in the position No. 1 as shown in
the diagram Figure 17 is as follows:-
A train on the main line a passing the distant signal bar 14' and the home signal
bar 14° receives clear signals. By the said train passing the bar 14 the bars 14°
and 14' are put to danger and the home and distant signal bars at the station last
passed (not shown in the drawing) to clear. In passing the distant signal bar 14° and
the home signal bar 14 at station W the said train receives clear signals and by passing
the setting bar 14ª the said bars 14° and 14b are put to danger and the bars 14° and 14'
to clear. A train for the main line approaching the junction on the main line b
receives clear signals at 14 and 14" and in passing 14' it puts the said bars 148 and 14
to danger and puts the signal bars at the station last passed (not shown in the diagram)
to clear and so actuates a portion of the junction apparatus as to admit of a following
train going to the branch b. receiving a clear signal in passing 148 and 14h if the
points are set for the branch after the first train has passed beyond the points as far as
the bar 14 although if the points remain open for the main a following train would
receive a danger signal. As the train passes the bars 14 and 14' clear signals are
received and as it passes 14" it puts the bars 14 and 14' to danger and puts the bars 148
and 14 to clear. If a train on the branch line a were to approach the junction while
the points are open for the main or before the train on the main line a has passed
station W it would receive a danger signal in passing the bar 14 and stop at 14 and a
clear signal could not be received by the said train until the points for the branch line a
had been opened and the train on the main line a had passed the bar 14ª at station W.
If the points for the branch line a are opened before the train on the main line a
has passed station W or if the said train has passed that station before the points
are opened neither can alone cause the train on the branch line a to receive a clear
signal.
The action of the apparatus when the points are in the position No. 2 as shown in
the diagram Figure 18 is as follows:-
A train on the main line a passing the bar 14' at station X would receive a danger
signal and stop at the bar 14° and a train on the main line b would receive clear
signals in passing the bars at each station and produce simply the effect described with
reference to position No. 1. A train on the branch line a would receive clear signals
in passing the bars 14' and 14°. In passing the bar 14' it would put the bars 14'
and 14 to danger and put the signal bars at the station last passed to clear and would
also so actuate a portion of the junction apparatus as to prevent clear signals being
received at the bars 14' and 14° by a train on the main line a if the points were to be
opened for that line before the train from the branch line a had passed the bar 14" at
station W. In passing the bars 14° and 14 the train last referred to receives clear
signals and in passing the bar 14 it puts the bars 14 and 14 to danger and puts the
bars 14 and 14 to clear. The actuation of the apparatus to produce this effect also
admits of the bars 14° and 14' being put to clear by the opening of the points for the
main.
The action of the apparatus when the points are in the position No. 3 as shown in
the diagram Figure 19 is as follows:-
A train entering on the main line a receives a danger signal at the bar 14' and stops
at the bar 14°. A train on the main line receives clear signals in passing the bars 148
and 14 the circuit being completed through the circuit breaker 19 whereby the
vibrating action of the bell of the train indicator is produced which vibrating action
indicates that the points are open for the branch. In passing the bar 14' the bars 148
and 14 are put to danger and the signal bars of the station last passed (not shown in
the diagram) are put to clear and another portion of the junction apparatus is so
actuated that the opening of the points for the main after the first train has passed the
points allows a following train to receive a clear signal for the main when the first
train has passed the points and reached the bar 14" but causes a following train to
receive danger signals if the points remain open for the branch. In passing the
bars 14° and 14' clear signals are received and in passing the bar 14 the bars 14°
and 14º are put to danger and the aforesaid portion of the junction apparatus is

page_text: so actuated as to admit of a following train receiving clear signals for either the branch
or main according to the position of the points.
The action of the apparatus when the points are in the position No. 4 as shown in
Figure 20 is as follows:-
A train on the main line a receives a danger signal at the bar 14' and stops at the
bar 14° as in the case of positions Nos. 2 and 3. A train on the branch line a receives
a danger signal at the bar 14' and stops at the bar 14³. A train on the main line b
going to the branch receives clear signals at the bars 148 and 14h the circuit being
completed through the circuit breaker the vibrating action of the bell of the indicator
produced thereby being indicative of the points being open for the branch. In passing
the bar 14' the bars 145 and 14" are put to danger and the signal bars of the station
last passed (not shown in the diagram) are put to clear and a portion of the junction
apparatus is actuated so as to prevent a following train from receiving clear signals for
branch at the bars 14" and 14 until the first train has passed the points and reached
the bar 14.
From the foregoing it will be seen that the apparatus described provides the same
security against collision as is provided by the ordinary system of interlocking
points and signals.
The circuits are as follows:-
When the points are in the position No. 1 as shown in Figure 17 the circuits are
as follows:
A train on the branch line a passing the bar 14' completes the circuit of the
battery 16% and receives a danger signal the current passing from the said bar 14' to
the contacts 18 and 18d through the battery 16 to earth. The train then stops at
the bar 14' and waits until a clear signal is received.
The train on the main line a in passing the bar 14 completes the circuit of the
battery 16 and receives a clear signal the path of the current being from the said
bar 14 to the contacts 18 and 18° and the contacts 17 and 17° to the tongue of the
relay 15 through the said battery 16 to earth. In passing the bar 14 the same
circuit is again completed. In passing the bar 14 the circuit of the battery at the
station last passed (not shown in the diagram) is completed the path of the current
being from the said bar 14ª to the left hand magnet of the relay 15 through the line
wire 20° to the apparatus and battery at the station last passed putting the signal bars
at that station to clear. By the completion of this circuit the tongue of the relay 15°
is drawn to the left whereby the battery 16' is connected to the contact 18% and
through the contacts 17 and 17, 18º and 18 to the bars 14 and 14' whereby the
said bars are put to danger. In consequence of the connections of the battery 16t
being connected to the contact 18 the bars 14 and 14' would be put to danger
through the contacts 18" and 18" were the lever 18 moved so as to open the points for
the branch line a. In passing the bar 14° a clear signal is received the circuit of the
battery 16 being completed the current passing from the bar 14° to the tongue of the
relay 15 through the said battery 16' to earth. In passing the bar 14b the same
circuit is again completed. In passing the bar 14ª the circuit of the battery 16h is
completed the path of the current being from the said bar 14 to the right hand
magnet of the relay 15" (drawing the tongue to the right) through the line wire 20%
and the right hand magnet of the relay 15 (drawing the tongue to the right) through
the battery 16 to earth. The effect of drawing the tongue of the relay 15ª to the
right is to connect the battery 16ª to the bars 14° 14° so as to put them to danger and
the effect of drawing the tongue of the relay 15e to the right is to connect the battery
16 to the contact 18% and to the bars 14° and 14' through the contacts 17° 17° 18°
and 18 whereby the said bars 14° and 14' are put to clear.
A train on the main line 6 passing the bar 148 receives a clear signal by completing
the circuit of the battery 16' the current passing from the said bar 14s to the tongue
of the relay 15 to the contacts 17° 17' and the tongue of the relay 15d through the
battery 16 to earth. In passing the bar 14h the same circuit is again completed. In
passing the bar 14' the circuit of the battery at the station last passed (not shown in
the diagram) is completed the current passing from the said bar 14' to the right hand

page_text: magnet of the relay 15 (drawing the tongue to the right) through the right hand
magnet of the relay 15 (drawing the tongue to the right) to the contacts 17
and 17 and line wire 20" through the apparatus and battery at the station last passed
putting the signal bars at that station to clear. The effect of drawing the tongue of
the relay 15 to the right is to so connect the battery 16° to the bars 148 and 14h as
to put them to danger and the effect of drawing the tongue of the relay 15 to the
right is to so connect the battery 16° to the contact 17' that the bars 145 145 will be
put to danger when the tongue of the relay 15 is drawn to the left which is effected
by the train passing the bar 14 the passing of which bar completes the circuit of the
battery 16 the current passing from the said bar 14' through the left hand inagnet of
the said relay 15 and through the said battery 16 to earth. The object of the circuit
completed at the bar 14' is to admit of the bars 145 and 14h being put to clear by the
opening of the points for the branch line b. when a train on the main line b has passed
the points and before it has passed the bar 14m the passing of which bar causes as
hereinafter described the said bars 148 and 14" to be put to clear if the points remain
open for the main. The circuits by which the said bars 148 and 14" are put to clear
when the points are open for the branch is hereinafter described with reference to
Figure 20. In passing the bar 14* a clear signal is received the circuit of the
battery 16 being completed the current passing from the bar 14 to the tongue of the
relay 15 through the battery 16 to earth. In passing the bar 14' the same circuit is
again completed. In passing the bar 14" the circuit of the battery 16 is completed
the current passing from the said bar 14" to the right hand magnet of the relay 15'
(drawing the tongue to the left) and to the left hand magnet of the relay 15
(drawing the tongue to the left.) through the said battery 16' to earth.
The effect of
the tongue of the relay 15 being drawn to the left is to so connect the battery 16*
to the bars 14 14 as to put them to danger, and the effect of drawing the tongue of
the relay 15 to the left is to so connect the battery 16' to the bars 148 and 14h
(through the point lever contacts 17' and 17° and the tongue of the relay 15") as to
put them to clear while the points remain open for the main.
When the points are in the position No. 2 as shown in Figure 18 the circuits are
as follows:-
A train on the main line a passing the bar 14' completes the circuit of the battery 16%
and receives a danger signal the current passing from the said bar 14' to the
contacts 18 and 18 through the battery 16 to earth and on arriving at the bar 14°
the said train receives another danger signal and stops.
A train for the main on line b. receives a clear signal in passing the bars 14
and 14h and passes the bar 14' and the points and the bars 14 14 14' 14" completing
the same circuits in passing the said bars as already described with reference to
Figure 17.
A train on the branch line a passing the bar 14 completes the circuit of the
battery 16" and receives a clear signal the current passing from the bar 14' to the
contacts 18 and 18% and the tongue of the relay 15 through the battery 16" to
earth and in passing the bar 14 again completes the same circuit.
In passing the bar 14 the circuit of one of the batteries at the signal station last
passed (not shown in the diagram) is completed the current passing from the said bar 14'
to the left hand magnet of the relay 15 (drawing the tongue to the left) through
the line wire 20ª to the apparatus and battery of the said last passed station putting
the signal bars at that station to clear. The effect of drawing the tongue of the
relay 15 to the left is to so connect the battery 16' to the bars 14 14 as to put them
to danger. The bars 14 and 14' are to danger in consequence of the position of the
lever 18 the said bars being connected to the battery 16 through the contacts 18b
and 18h. Should the said lever however have been moved before the train from the
branch line a has passed the signal station W the said bars 14° and 14' are not put to
clear as in that case they are put to danger by being connected to the battery 16'
through the contacts 18 18 17 17° and the tongue of the relay 15°. In passing
the bar 14 the circuit of the battery 16' is completed and a clear signal is received
the current passing from the bar 14° to the tongue of the relay 15 through the

page_text: battery 16 to earth. In passing the bar 14 the same circuit is again completed. In
passing the bar 14 the circuit of the battery 16 is completed, the current passing
from the said bar 14" to the right hand magnet of the relay 15 (drawing the tongue
to the right) to the right hand magnet of the relay 15 (drawing the tongue to the
right) through the battery 16 to earth. The effect of drawing the tongue of the
relay 15 to the right is to put the bars 14" 14 at station W to danger and the effect
of drawing the tongue of the relay 15e to the right is to put the bars 14 and 14' at
station X to clear through the point lever contacts 188 and 18.
When the points are in the position No. 3 as shown in Figure 19 the circuits are
as follows:
A train on the main line a in passing the bar 14' completes the circuit of the
battery 168 as already described with reference to Figure 18 and stops at the
bar 14.
A train on the branch line a in passing the several bars on that line completes the
same circuits and consequently receives the same signals and actuates the apparatus
in the same way as described with reference to the said Figure 18.
A train on the main line 6 in passing the bar 145 completes the circuit of the
battery 16 through the circuit breaker 19 and receives a clear signal the current
passing from the bar 148 to the tongue of the relay 15 and the contacts 17° and 17'
and the tongue of the relay 15 through the said circuit breaker 19, and the battery 16'
to earth in consequence of this circuit being completed through the circuit breaker a
vibrating action is given to the bell of the train indicator by which means those in
charge of the train are informed that the points are open for the branch.
As the train passes the bar 14h the same circuit is again completed as was completed
at the bar 14. In passing the bar 14' the circuit of the battery at the signal station
last passed (not shown in the diagram) is completed the current passing from the
bar 14' to the right hand magnet of the relay 15 (drawing the tongue to the right)
to the right hand magnet of the relay 15 (drawing the tongue to the right) to the
point lever contacts 178 17 through the line wire 20° and the apparatus and battery
at the said last passed station to earth putting the signal bars at that station to clear.
The effect of drawing the tongue of the relay 15 to the right is to so connect the
battery 16 to the bars 14 and 14" as to put them to danger and the effect of drawing
the tongue of the relay 15° to the right is to connect the battery 16° to the contact 171
which admits of the bars 148 and 14 being put to clear by the opening of the points
for the main should they be so opened after the said train has passed the points and
reached the bar 14" the passing of which bar completes the circuit of the battery 16d
through the left hand magnet of the relay 15 drawing the tongue to the left. If
however the points remain unaltered the said bars 14 and 14h remain to danger and
are not put to clear until the train which has gone to the branch has reached the
bar 14 at the Signal Station Z. In passing the bar 14° the circuit of the battery 16
is completed and a clear signal is received the current passing from the said bar 14°
to the tongue of the relay 15 through the said battery 16' to earth.
In passing the bar 14P the same circuit is again completed.
In passing the bar 14 the circuit of the battery 16' is completed the current
passing from the said bar 14" to the right hand magnet of the relay 15 drawing the
tongue to the left) to the left hand magnet of the relay 15 (drawing the tongue to
the left) through the said battery 16' to earth. The effect of drawing the tongue of
the relay 15 to the left is to connect the battery 16* to the bars 14° and 14" so as to
put them to danger and the effect of drawing the tongue of the relay 15° to the left
is to put the bars 148 and 14h to clear by connecting them to the battery 16' through
the interrupter or circuit breaker 19 and the point lever contacts 17' and 17.
When the points are in the position No. 4 as shown in Figure 20 the circuits are as
follows:-
A train on the branch line a passing the bar 14' completes the circuit of the
battery 16 and receives a danger signal the current passing from the bar 14' to the
contacts 18 and 18 through the said battery 16 to earth. On arriving at the bar 14*.
the same circuit is again completed and the train consequently stops at that bar.

page_text: A train on the main line a in passing the bar 14* completes the circuit of the
battery 168 and receives a danger signal the current passing from the said bar 14' to
the point lever contacts 18 and 18 and 17 and 17 through the said battery 168 to
earth. On arriving at the bar 14 the same circuit is again completed and. the train
stops at that bar.
A train on the main line 6 going to the branch, passes through completing the same
circuits as described with reference to a train on that line in the description of
Figure 19 the line being clear.
By reference to the said Figures 17,-18, 19 and 20 it will be seen that only one
relay is used for the Signal Station X one set of the bars at which station is arranged
on the main line a and one on the branch line a one of the magnets of the said relay
being double wound to avoid the use of a second relay.
By the foregoing description and by the diagrams it will be seen that the only
circuit completed at the signal bars 14 and 14 through the interrupter or circuit
breaker 19 is that which is completed when the points are open for the branch and
the line is clear for a train to run on to the branch the indication when the points are
open for the main being the ordinary clear signal namely a single stroke on the bell
of the train indicator as the train passes each bar and the display at the same time of
the white disc on the train indicator and the indication when the points are open for
the main and the line is obstructed ahead or the points are open for the branch
and the line is obstructed ahead being the ordinary one namely a single stroke on the
bell and the display of the red disc on the train indicator.
The said contact breaker or interrupter may be of any construction and either
electrical or mechanical and may be arranged to act constantly or only when the
circuit is completed through it.
The bars 14 and 14" and the battery 16 may be dispensed with and the effect
produced by completing the circuits at the said bars may be produced by double
winding one. of the magnets of the relay 15b and connecting one coil to the bar 14*
and to the tongue of the relay 15' and connecting the other coil to the bar 14° and to
the tongue of the relay 15%.
Instead of using an interrupter for indicating, for which line the points are set the
junction apparatus may be arranged so that a train cannot receive a clear signal for
either the main or the branch unless one or other of two keys be depressed by the
pointsman provision being made for ensuring against a false signal being received
should the pointsman depress the key for the main when the points are set for the
branch or vice-versa.
Figure 21 of the accompanying drawings is a diagram illustrating such an
arrangement applied to the diverging lines at the junction of a double line railway
with a branch.
Referring to the said diagram 21ª 21" 21" 21" 21° 21' 21 21 21 21 21 21 21"
21" are the contact bars 21° 21' 21ª 21° 21' 21 21' 21' and 21m being signal bars
and 21° 21 21 21 and 21ª setting bars.
22 22 22 22 22° are the relays 23 23 23° 23 23° 23' 238 23 23' 23' are
the batteries 24 is the point lever 24 is a contact carried by the said lever 24" 24° are
fixed contacts 25 25 are the keys herein before referred to 26° 26° 26° 26 are the
line wires. The relays 22 and 22° and the batteries 23 23° 23' 23 the contacts 24ª
24 24 the keys 25" 25" and the bars 21" 21° 21' 215 and 21 are the junction
apparatus the other apparatus shown being that required for the ordinary block
signalling as described with reference to Figure 6. The bars 21ª 21° 21' are normally
so connected to the battery 23 through the contacts 24° 24° 24° that the said bars
are to danger whatever be the position of the lever 24 and the said bars are put to
clear only by the depression of one or other of the two keys 25 and 25 according to
the position of the points, the receipt of a clear signal by a following train being
prevented by the completion of the circuits at the bars 215 21 (even when the points
are set for the line onto which the said following train has to pass and the key by
which the clear signal is given is depressed) if a leading train has passed the points
but has not reached the next block Signal Station.

page_text: The circuits and the action of the apparatus are as follows:-
A train passing the bar 21" receives a clear signal completing the circuit of the
battery 23 the current passing from the said bar 21" to the tongue of the relay 22
through the said battery 23 to earth. In passing the bar 21 the same circuit is
again completed. In passing the bar 21 the circuit of the battery at the Station last
passed (not shown in the diagram) is completed the current passing from the said
bar to the right hand magnet of the relay 22ª drawing the tongue to the right, the
bars 21 21 being put to danger by being connected to the battery 23.
In passing
the bar 21 the circuit of the battery 23 is completed and a danger signal is received
the current passing from the said bar 21" to the contacts 2+ 24 and the key 25ª
through the said battery 23 to earth. After passing the said bar 21" the driver of
the train signifies to the pointsman which line he requires to go to by one whistle for
the main or two whistles for the branch. If the train is to go to the main (for which
line the points are shown in the diagram as set) the pointsman depresses the key 25ª
thereby so connecting the bars 21 21° and 21' to the battery 23 as to put them to
clear. In passing the bar 21º another circuit of the battery 23 is completed the
current passing from the said bar 21" to the left hand magnet of the relay 22" (drawing
the tongue to the left) to the left hand magnet of the relay 22 (drawing the tongue
to the left) through the said battery 23ª to earth. The effect of drawing the tongue
of the relay 22 to the left is to so connect the battery 23 to the lower contact of
the key 25 that should the said key be depressed while the points are set for the main
the bars 21 21° 21' would remain to danger. The effect of drawing the tongue
of the relay 22 to the left is to so connect the battery 23ª to the bars 21" and 21 as
put them to clear. In passing the bar 21h the circuit of the battery 23" is completed
and a clear signal is received the current passing from the said bar 21h to the tongue of
the relay 22 through the said battery 23 to carth. In passing the bar 21' the same
circuit is again completed. In passing the bar 21 another circuit of the battery 23°
is completed the current passing from the said bar 21' to the right hand magnet of
the relay 22 (drawing the tongue to the right) to the right hand magnet of the
relay 22 drawing the tongue to the right) through the said battery 23 to earth.
The effect of drawing the tongue of the relay 22 to the right is to so connect the
battery 23' to the bars 21h 21' as to put them to danger.
to
If the said train be required to go to the branch the driver whistles twice after
passing the bar 21ª thereby signifying the same to the pointsman who then sets
the points for the branch and depresses the key 25 and on the train arriving at
the bar 21 a circuit of the battery 238 is completed and a clear signal is received
the current passing from the said bar 21° to the contacts 24" 24° to the said
key 25 to the tongue of the relay 22 through the said battery 238 to earth.
In passing the bar 21' the same circuit is again completed. In passing the bar 21*
a circuit of the battery 23 is completed the current passing from the said bar 21*
to the left hand magnet of the relay 22 (drawing the tongue to the left) to the
left hand magnet of the relay 22" (drawing the tongue to the left) through the
said battery 23 to earth. The effect of drawing the tongue of the relay 22° to
the left is to connect the battery 23' to the lower contact of the key 256 so that
were the points to remain set for branch the bars 21ª 21° 21' would remain to
danger and the effect of drawing the tongue of the relay 22 to the left is the
same as before described.
In passing the bar 21' the circuit of the battery 23h is completed and a clear
signal is received the current passing from the said bar 21' to the tongue of the
relay 22 through the said battery 23 to earth. In passing the bar 21 the
same circuit is again completed. In passing the bar 21 the circuit of the battery 23"
is completed the current passing from the said bar 21° to the right hand magnet
of the relay 22 (drawing the tongue to the right) to the right hand magnet of
the relay 22 (drawing the tongue to the right) through the said battery 23% to
earth. The effect of drawing the tongue of the relay 22 to the right is to connect
the battery 23¹ to the bars 21' 21 whereby the said bars are put to danger.
The effect of drawing the tongue of the relay 22° to the right is to connect the

page_text: :
.
battery 238 to the lower contact of the key 25 in consequence of which con-
nection the bars 21ª 21° 21' would be put to clear were the points afterwards
set for the branch and the said key 25° depressed.
In the case of a single line junction I provide one of the relays at each of
the three signal stations nearest the points with additional contacts and so connect
them to batteries and with the apparatus at the other of the said three signal
stations that a train approaching the points and passing one of the said signal
stations in either direction on either the branch or main causes certain of the
bars at each of the said stations to be put to danger and after passing the points
and in passing that one of the said three signal stations which is next beyond
the points on the line on which the train is travelling it puts the bars of the
other two signal stations to clear. And I arrange additional bars on the main
line near the part where the lines diverge and connect them with the point lever
and through the point lever with keys and batteries essentially as described withi
reference to and illustrated in the diagram Figure 21 the connection with the
point lever being made through other apparatus connected with the said three
signal stations.
Figure 22 of the accompanying drawings is a diagram illustrating the arrange-
ment at the three signal stations nearest the points of a single line junction of
apparatus essentially similar to that described with reference to Figure 13 the
several sets of apparatus being modified and connected with each other and with
the connections of the point lever as stated in the last preceding paragraph.
Those of the parts of the apparatus shown at the signal stations Numbers 1
and 2 in the said Figure 22 which are the same as the apparatus shown in
Figure 13 are marked with the same figures and letters of reference and need no
further description. The same parts of the apparatus shown at the signal station
No. 2 (which is the signal station for the branch line) are marked with the
same figures and letters of reference as the signal station No. 2 plus an asterisk.
Those of the parts of the said several sets of apparatus the form and connections
of which are modified are the relays P¹ P7 and P7* each of which relays is
provided with an additional pair of contacts with which an insulated portion of
the tongue (namely the portion farthest from the pivot) makes contact and the
contacts on each side of the tongue are connected to separate batteries marked R R*
R R R* R10* the contacts on the right of the insulated portion of each of the
said tongues being connected to one of the said batteries and those on the left
to another of the said batteries. The insulated parts of the tongues of the said
relays P¹ P' are connected together and to the coils of the relay O* and the insulated
part of the tongue of the relay P7* is connected to the coils of the relay O* and to
the upper part of the tongue of the relay P¹.
The arrangement and object of the additional bars on the main line adjacent to the
points are the same as described with reference to Figure 21 and the said bars are
marked with the same figures and letters of reference the said bars are however
connected to the point lever contact 27 through the contacts of a relay 28. The
right hand magnet of which is placed in the circuit of the battery Q signal station
No. 1 and one coil of the left hand magnet (which is double wound) is placed in the
circuit of the battery Q' signal station No. 2 the other coil being placed in the circuit
of the battery Q* signal station No. 2* the circuits of which batteries are respectively
completed at the bars L10 M¹ M¹* when the tongue of the relay 02 is to the left and
the tongues of the relays 03 03* are to the right. The object of the keys 30. 31. is
the same as described with reference to the keys 25ª 255 Figure 21 and they are
similarly connected to the fixed point lever contacts 32. 33 except that the key 30
and contact 32 are connected through a circuit breaker 34. The contacts above the
keys are each connected to a battery 35 and those below the keys to a battery 36.
The effect of the said apparatus is as follows. A train on the main approaching
the points in the direction of the arrow a in passing the bar L³ at signal station No. 1
puts the bars M'M' at station No. 2 and the bars M7* M* at station No. 2* to
danger. In passing the bar L¹ the signal bars at the station last passed (not shown

page_text: in the diagram) are put to clear and the bars 21 21° 21' are put to danger by
connection with the battery 35. On arriving at the bar 21 the driver indicates to
the pointsman which line his train is bound for by one or by two whistles as the case
may be and if the points be set for the required line the pointsman depresses the key
for that line which causes a clear signal to be received by the train in passing the
bars 21 and 21. Assuming that the train has gone to the main after passing the
points it completes the circuit of the battery Qin passing the bar M the current
passing through one of the left hand coils of the relay 28 drawing the tongue to the
left thereby disconnecting the bars 21 21° 21' from the key 31. The said train then
passes signal station No. 2 and in passing the bar M10 at that station it puts the
bars M² and M to danger and puts the bars M* and M** at station No. 2* to clear
and puts the bars L2 and L at station No. 1 to clear.
A train on the main approaching the points in the direction of the arrow b in
passing the bar M8 puts the bars L L at signal station No. 1 and the bars M* M**
at signal station No. 2* to danger and in passing the bar M¹ it puts the bars M' M
to danger and the signal bars at the signal station last passed to clear and draws the
tongue of the relay 28 to the left (if it he not already to that side) and in passing
the bars 21 21 21ª it receives no signal those bars being then disconnected from
their battery. In passing the bar Lo the tongue of the relay 28 is drawn to the
right whereby the said bars 21 21 21 are connected to their battery.. In passing
the bar L the bars L' L' are put to danger and the bars M' M and M'* M** are
put to clear.
A train on the branch approaching the points in the direction of the arrow bin
passing the bar M* puts the bars IL at signal station No. 1 and the bars M' M
at signal station No. 2 to danger and puts the signal bars at the station last passed
to clear. As the said train passes the bar M¹ the bars M* M* at signal station
No. 2 are put to danger and the tongue of the relay 28 is drawn. to the left. In
passing the bars 21 21 21 no signal is received the reason being as before explained
and in passing the bars L and L at signal station No. 1 the same effect is produced
as before described with reference to a train on the main line running in the
direction of the arrow b.
The circuits by which the said effects are produced are as follows :—
A train passing signal station No. 1 in the direction of the arrow a in passing the
bar I completes a circuit of the battery Q₁ the current passing from the bar L' to
the right hand magnet of the relay P2 to the right hand magnet of the relay Pl
(drawing the tongues of both relays to the right) through the said battery Q¹ to
the tongue of the relay O¹ to earth. The effect of drawing the tongue of the
relay P to the right is to complete a circuit of the battery R¹ the current passing
from the said battery R¹ to the tongue of the relay P2 through the coils of the
relay 02 to earth throwing the tongue of the said relay to the right whereby the
battery Q is so connected to the bars L' L' as to put them to danger. The effect
of drawing the tongue of the relay P¹ to the right is to complete two circuits of
the battery R one circuit being from earth to the said battery R³ to the upper
part of the tongue of the relay P¹ to the line wire S3 to the coils of the relay O
to earth which circuit throws the tongue of the said relay 0* to the left if it be not
already to the left as shown in the drawing.
The other circuit of the battery Rs which is completed by the tongue of the relay P¹
being drawn to the right is from earth through the battery R8 to the insulated part of
the tongue of the relay P¹ to the line wire S through the coils of the relay 0** to
earth drawing the tongue of the said relay 0** to the left if it be not already to
that side as shown in the drawing. In passing the bar L³ the circuit of the battery Q
is completed the current passing from the said bar L³ to the left hand magnet of the
relay to the left hand magnet of the relay P¹ through the battery Q and the tongue
of the relay 01 to earth. The effect of this circuit is to draw the tongues of both the
relays P P to the left. The effect of drawing the tongue of the relay P² to the left is
to complete the circuit of the battery Q2 the current passing from earth to the tongue of
the relay O¹ through the battery Q to the tongue of the relay P2 through the coils of
D

page_text: the relay O2 to earth throwing the tongue to the left whereby the bars L' L' are so con-
nected to the battery Q³ as to put them to clear. The effect of drawing the tongue of the
relay P' to the left is to complete two circuits of the battery R. One of the said circuits
is from earth to the battery R' to the upper portion of the tongue of the relay P¹ to the
line wire S³ to the coils of the relay O₁ to earth throwing the tongue of that relay to
the right whereby the bars M M are so connected to the battery Q10 as to be put to
danger. The other circuit of the battery R' is from earth through the said battery R
to the lower or insulated portion of the tongue of the relay P¹ to the line wire S
through the coils of the 0** to earth throwing the tongue of that relay to the right
whereby the said, bars M7* M** are so connected to the battery Q10* as to be put to
danger.
In passing the bar L10 the circuit of the battery Q is completed the current passing
from the said bar L10 to the right hand magnet of the relay 28 to the left hand magnet
of the relay P (drawing the tongue to the left) to the left hand magnet of the relay P³
(drawing the tongue to the left) through the said battery Q and the tongue of the
relay O to earth. The effect of drawing the tongue of the relay P to the left is to
complete the circuit of the battery R¹ the current passing from earth through the said
battery to the tongue of the relay P4 through the coils of the relay O' to earth throwing
the tongue to the left whereby the bars LL are so connected to the battery Q³ as to
be put to danger.
The effect of drawing the tongue of the relay P³ to the left is to complete the circuit
of the battery R² the current passing from earth through the said battery and the
tongue of the relay P³ and the line wire S¹ to the apparatus at the signal station last
passed putting the signal bars at that station to clear. The effect of the current
passing through the right hand magnet of the relay 28 is to draw the tongue of
that relay to the right if it be not already to that side as shown in the drawing.
In passing the bar 21" the circuit of the battery 35 is completed and a danger
signal is received the current passing from the said bar 21" to the tongue of the
relay 28 to the point lever contacts 27 and 33 to the key 31 through the said battery 35
to earth.
After passing the bar 21 the driver indicates to the pointsman by one or by two
whistles whether his train is bound for the main or for the branch and if the train be
bound for the main (for which the points as shown in the drawing are set) the points-
man depresses the key 31 thereby causing a clear signal to be displayed on the train
indicator as the train passes the bars 21° and 21' in passing which bars the circuit of
the battery 36 is completed the current passing from the said bars to the tongues
of the relay 28 to the point lover contacts 27 and 33 to the key 31 and through the
battery 36 to earth.
In passing the bar M' at signal station No. 2 the circuit of the battery Q' is com-
pleted the current passing from the said bar M¹ to one of the coils of the left hand
magnet of the relay 28 (drawing its tongue to the left) to the right hand magnet of
the relay P (drawing its tongue to the right) to the right hand magnet of the relay P
(drawing its tongue to the right) through the said battery Q7 to'the tongue of the
relay O³ to earth. The effect of drawing the tongue of the relay 28 to the left is' to
disconnect the bars 21 21° 21' from the keys 30, 31. The effect of drawing the tongue
of the relay P to the right is to complete the circuit of the battery R³ the current passing
from earth through the said battery to the tongue of the relay Pe through the coils of
the relay Oto earth. The tendency of this circuit is to throw the tongue of the
said relay to the right on which side it was before the said circuit was completed.
The effect of drawing the tongue of the relay Ps to the right is to complete the circuit
of the battery R the current passing from earth through the said battery to the
tongue of the relay P³ to the line wire S to the apparatus at the station next ahead
producing no change in the connections of the said apparatus.
In passing the bar M³ another circuit of the battery Q is completed the current
passing from the said bar M³ to the left hand magnet of the relay P to the left hand
magnet of the relay P³ through the said battery Q to the tongue of the relay O³ to
earth drawing the tongues of the said relays P and P to the left. The effect of

page_text: drawing the tongue of the relay P to the left is to complete a circuit of the battery Q
the current passing from earth to the tongue of the relay O³ through the said battery Q
to the tongue of the relay P through the coils of the relay 0 to earth throwing the
tongue to the left which connects the bars M M and M10 to the battery Q12 and the
bars M M to the battery Q" whereby the said bars are put to clear. The effect of
drawing the tongue of the relay P to the left is to complete the circuit of the
battery Rs the current passing from the said battery R³ to the tongue of the relay P³
to the line wire S and to the relay at the signal station next ahead corresponding
with the relay 0 at signal station No. 2 putting to danger those of the signal bars at
the said next station which correspond to M M at station No. 2.
In passing the bar M8 a circuit of the battery Q" is completed the current passing
from the bar Ms to the right hand magnet of the relay Ps to the right hand magnet
of the relay P (drawing the tongues of the said relays to the right) through the said
battery Q to the tongue of the relay O' to earth. The effect of drawing the tongue
of the relay Ps to the right is to complete the circuit of the battery Q₁ the current
passing from earth to the tongue of the relay 04 through the battery Q" to the tongue
of the relay Ps through the coils of the relay 03 to carth throwing to the right the
tongue of the said relay 03 which was thrown to the left by the circuit completed
at the bar at the station last passed corresponding to the bar M at station No. 2.
By the tongue of the said relay 03 being brought to the right the battery Q is so
connected to the bars M' and M as to put them to clear. The effect of drawing the
tongue of the relay P' to the right is to complete two circuits of the battery R
one of the said circuits being from earth through the said battery R' to the upper
part of the tongue of the relay P7 to the line wire S through the coils of the
relay to earth throwing the tongue of the said relay 0¹ to the left whereby the
battery Q³ is so connected to the bars L L as to put them to danger. The other
circuit of the said battery R is from earth through the said battery R to the lower
insulated portion of the tongue of the relay P7 to the line wire S to the coils of the
relay to earth throwing the tongue of the said relay 0** to the right whereby the
battery Q10 is so connected to the bars M7* M** as to put them to danger.
In passing the bar M10 a circuit of the battery Q1 is completed the current passing
from the sail bar M to the left hand magnet of the relay 1 to the left hand magnet
of the relay P (drawing the tongues of both the said relays to the left) through the
said battery Q to the tongue of the relay 0 to earth. The effect of drawing the
tongue of the relay Ps to the left is to complete a circuit of the battery R³ the current
passing from earth through the said battery to the tongue of the relay P through the
coils of the relay 03 to earth throwing the tongue of the said relay 0 to the left
whereby the bars M² M* are so connected to the battery Q as to be put to danger.
The effect of drawing the tongue of the relay P7 to the left is to complete two circuits
of the battery R10 one of the said circuits being from earth through the said battery R¹º
to the upper portion of the tongue of the relay P' to the line wire S through the coils
of the relay O¹ to earth throwing the tongue of the said relay to the right whereby
the bars L L are so connected to the battery Q and the bars L L L so connected
to the battery Q1 as to be put to clear. The other circuit of the battery R¹0 is from
earth through the said battery to the insulated lower portion of the tongue of the
relay P to the line wire S through the coils of the relay 0* to earth throwing
the tongue of the said relay 0** to the left whereby the bars M* M** are so connected
to the battery Qu* and the bars M** M* M10* so connected to the battery Q12* as to
be put to clear.
A train running in the direction of the arrow b on either the main or the branch
completes in the reverse order the same circuits as have been described with reference
to a train running in the direction of the arrow a except the circuits which were
described as completed at the bars 21 21° 21' which bars in the case of a train running
in the direction of the arrow bare disconnected from their battery before the train
reaches them by the circuit completed at the bar M' signal station No. 2 if the train
have come from the main and by the circuit completed at the bar M¹* if the train have
come from the branch. The circuit of the battery Q7* which is completed at the

page_text: bar M through the apparatus at signal station No. 2* and by which circuit the said
bars are disconnected is the same as the circuit of the battery Q which is completed
through the apparatus at signal station No. 2 which latter circuit is herein before fully
described with reference to the train running in the direction of the arrow a.
Where in the arrangement shewn in the said Figure 22 the vibratory action of the
hell of the indicator is required only when a clear signal is given to a train approaching
the junction in the direction of the arrow a and going to the branch the circuit
breaker or vibrator is placed between the lower contact of the key 30 and the
battery 36.
In some cases I use circuit breakers at each of the signal stations and I either place
them in the clear circuits alone or in the danger circuits alone or in both circuits but
I prefer to place them in only one or other of the said circuits.
In the diagrams of the arrangements hereinbefore referred to in which circuits are
opened and closed by alteration of the position of the point levers I have for the sake
of simplicity shown the necessary contacts as affixed to and arranged in direct
connection with the said levers I however prefer to arrange the said contacts on and
relatively to bars or rods or levers connected to the point levers or to otherwise arrange
the said contacts so that the circuits will be opened or closed as required according to
the position of the said levers without the said contacts being exposed to risk of injury
or derangement in the ordinary manipulation of the levers.
Figures 23, 24 and 25 of the accompanying drawings illustrate such arrangements
of the contacts shown in connection with the point levers 17 and 18 in Figures 17, 18,
19 and 20 of the accompanying drawings.
In the said Figure 23 the moving contacts 17° 17° 17° and 18ª 18 are arranged
on rods or bars 37 and 38 jointed to the point levers 17 and 18 and the fixed contacts
17 17 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 are so arranged relatively to the said bars or
rods that the same circuits are opened and closed by the motion of the point levers as
in the arrangement of contacts shown in the said Figures 17, 18, 19 and 20.
In Figure 24 the moving contacts are carried by a lever 39 against which one or
other of two projections 40 and 41 on a bar 40° jointed to the point lever 17 bear when
the said point lever is near the end of its traverse in one or other direction. The lower
end of the said lever 39 engages with an inclined projection 42 on the free end of a
lever 48 connected to a spring 44. By this arrangement the interval between tho
opening of one set of circuits and the closing of the other is rendered considerably
shorter than the time occupied in throwing the point lever 17 from one side to the
other the lever 39 remaining to the left until the point lever is moved nearly fully
over to the right when the projection 40 bearing against the contact lever 39 pushes
it also to the right sufficiently far to pass over the crown of the incline 42 on the
lever 43 the action of the said incline 42-and the spring 44 then throwing the contact
lever 39 against the fixed contacts on the right.
In Figure 25 the contact lever 39 is pushed and held against the fixed contacts on
the left by a finger 45 on the point lever when moved to the left and is thrown by a
spring 46 against the fixed contacts on the right when the point lever has been
partially moved to the right.
The arrangements hereinbefore described may be used either alone as the sole means
for signalling or they may be used as a means for giving a duplicate signal on lines
provided with the ordinary semaphore signals or signals of other kinds. In the former
case the apparatus may if desired be duplicated so that two independent signals whether
line clear or danger may in all cases be exhibited on the train indicators. This
however is not necessary.
In some cases I so connect a small additional battery to the signal bars that when
the circuit thereof is completed the current therefrom will pass through the train
indicators in the direction required to exhibit the danger signal the power of which
current is supplemented or overcome by the currents passing from the other batteries
according to the positions of the instruments arranged in their circuits. Or a shunt
from one of the batteries ordinarily required may be connected through a resistance
to the sigl bars. Or a batiery may be so connected to a contact of a relay that in

page_text: case of any failure of action of the apparatus the circuit completed at the signal
bars by a passing train will cause a dangor signal to be exhibited on the train
indicator.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what
I claim is :-
1. The means hereinbefore described for locking the disc arm of an indicator for
use in signalling automatically on railways substantially as hereinbefore described.
2. The general combination and arrangement of parts of the indicator illustrated in
Figures 4 and 5 of the accompanying drawings.
3. Apparatus or arrangements for automatic electrical signalling on railways
consisting in part of setting bars and signal bars mounted in the same vertical and
horizontal planes relatively to the proximate rail or rails of the railway.
4. Apparatus for automatic electrical signalling on railways consisting in part of
setting bars and signal bars all arranged in such positions relatively to the rails that
the circuits of batteries connected to the said bars may all be completed by one contact
maker carried by a train travelling along the line.
5. The improvements herein before described in apparatus for automatic electrical
signalling on railways in which the circuits of batteries are completed by trains
travelling along the line and carrying indicators that is to say the arrangement of such
apparatus so as to admit of the completion of the circuits of all the said batteries
through the train indicators.
6. The general combination and arrangement of apparatus for automatic electrical
signalling on railways hereinbefore described with reference to and illustrated in
Figure 6 of the accompanying drawings.
7. The improvements herein before described in apparatus for automatic electrical
signalling on railways arranged substantially as described with reference to Figure 6
of the accompanying drawings that is to say the connection with the setting bars of
apparatus by which they are put to danger when the circuit of the battery connected
to the proximate signal bars is completed while the latter are to danger and by which
the said setting bars are put to clear if they be to danger at the time of completion
of the circuit of the battery by which the said proximate signal bars are put to
clear.
8. The arrangement illustrated in Figure 10 of the accompanying drawings by
which the setting bars are put to danger and to clear.
9. The general combination and arrangement of apparatus for automatic electrical
signalling on railways illustrated in Figure 10 of the accompanying drawings.
10. The combination with a relay for use in signalling on railways of means
tending to keep the tongue of the relay against one or other of the contacts except
while a current is passing through the magnets which actuate the tongue.
11. The combination with a relay for use in signalling on railways of the arrange-
ment described with reference to and illustrated in Figure 11 of the accompanying
drawings for keeping the tongue against one or other of the contacts when no current.
is passing through the relay magnets.
12. The combination with a relay for use in signalling on railways of a device by
which the tongue is prevented from moving when a current is passing through the
magnets by which it is actuated unless a current be passing at the same time through
another magnet forming part of the said device.
13. The combination with a relay for use in signalling on railways of the arrange-
ment described with reference to and illustrated in Figure 12 of the accompanying
drawings for controlling the motion of or locking the tongue of the relay.
14. An arrangement of electrical apparatus for signalling automatically on single
line railways consisting of setting bars and signal bars placed in the path of motion
of contact makers carried by the trains the said bars being connected to relays and
batteries in such a manner that the completion of the circuits of the said batteries
through the said contact makers as the trains travel along the line causes certain of

page_text: the signal bars both ahead and in the rear of each train to be put to danger and
to clear successively when no other train is within a predetermined distance.
15. An arrangement of electrical apparatus for signalling automatically on single
line railways consisting of setting bars and signal bars placed in the path of motion
of contact makers carried by the trains the said bars being connected to relays and
batteries so that the completion of the circuits of the several batteries as the trains
travel along the line causes certain of the signal bars both ahead and in the rear of
each train to be put to danger and to clear successively when no other train is within
a predetermined distance and so that when two trains approaching each other are
within the predetermined distance from each other the completion of the circuits of
certain of the said batteries by each of such trains is so controlled by those completed
by the other of such trains that the signal bars which have been put to danger ahead
of both the said trains cannot be put to clear until one of the said trains has been
backed beyond the predetermined distance from the other.
16. An arrangement of electrical apparatus for signalling automatically on single
line railways consisting of contact bars so connected to relays and batteries and so
placed in the path of motion of contact makers carried by the trains and connected to
signal indicators thereon that the completion of the circuits of the several batteries
as the trains travel along the line causes clear signals to be displayed on the train
indicators when the trains are beyond the predetermined distance from each other
and causes danger signals to be exhibited on the indicators of trains advancing or
which have advanced within such distance from another train or trains.
17. Apparatus for electrical signalling automatically on railways arranged sub-
stantially as hereinbefore described with reference to and illustrated in Figure 13 of
the accompanying drawings and acting substantially as described with reference
thereto.
18. Apparatus for electrical signalling automatically on railways arranged sub-
stantially as hereinhefore described with reference to and illustrated in Figure 14
of the accompanying drawings and acting substantially as described with reference
thereto.
19. An arrangement of electrical apparatus for signalling automatically at or near
the crossing portions of double line railways and consisting of setting bars and signal
bars placed in the path of motion of contact makers carried by the trains and so
arranged on the several lines and connected to batteries and relays that a train on
either line of either railway approaching the crossing causes the signal bars of both
lines of the other railway to be put to danger and causes the same bars to be put to
clear after passing the crossing portion of the lines if there be then no other train
between the signal bars of the crossing on the other line of the railway on which the
said train is travelling.
20. Apparatus for electrical signalling automatically at or near the crossing portions
of double line railways arranged substantially as hereinbefore described with reference
to and illustrated in Figure 15 of the accompanying drawings and acting substantially
as described with reference thereto.
21. An arrangement of electrical apparatus for signalling automatically at or near
the crossing portions of single line railways by which a train approaching the crossing
on either one of the railways in either direction and when within a predetermined
distance from the crossing point causes danger signals to be displayed to a train on
the other railway approaching the crossing in either direction and within a predeter-
mined distance therefrom and further causes a clear signal or clear signals to be so
displayed after passing the crossing point.
22. An arrangement of electrical apparatus for signalling automatically at or near
the crossing portions of single line railways and consisting of relays and batteries so
connected together and to means for automatically closing the circuits of the said
batteries by the action of trains running on either of the crossing railways that a train
on either of the said railways when approaching the crossing and when within a
predetermined distance from the crossing point causes a danger signal to be displayed
and after passing the crossing point causes a clear signal to be displayed to those in

page_text: charge of a train on the other railway when approaching the crossing point and withia
a predetermined distance therefrom.
23. Apparatus for electrical signalling automatically at or near the crossing portions
of single line railways arranged substantially as herein before described with referenco
to and illustrated in Figure 16 of the accompanying drawings and acting substantially
as described with reference thereto.
24. Arrangements for electrical signalling automatically on double line railways in
which apparatus at the several signal stations nearest a junction is connected with
apparatus connected to the point levers or worked thereby or with apparatus the
working of which is controlled by the point levers so that the signals displayed accord
with the positions of the points.substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to
Figures 17, 18, 19 and 20 of the accompanying drawings.
25. The arrangement of a contact breaker or interrupter in the circuit of a battery
in connection with apparatus for electrical signalling automatically on railways by the
display of signals or indicators carried by the trains.
26. Apparatus for electrical signalling automatically on double line railways at or
near junctions arranged substantially as herein before described with reference to and
illustrated in Figures 17, 18, 19 and 20 of the accompanying drawings and acting
substantially as described with reference thereto.
27. The combination with apparatus or arrangements for electrical signalling on
railways at or near junctions of apparatus consisting essentially of keys and contacts
connected to the point levers and to batteries and other apparatus the whole being so
arranged that the actuation by the pointsman of one or other of the said keys
causes signals to be displayed on the trains in accordance with the position of the
point levers.
28. In arrangements for electrical signalling on railways at or near junctions in which
signals are caused to be displayed on indicators carried by the trains by the completion
of the circuits of batteries by means of keys or other contact makers actuated directly
by the pointsman the combination with the apparatus connected to such contact
makers of other apparatus automatically actuated by the trains by means of which
latter apparatus the effect produced by the working of the said contact makers is
controlled substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figure 21 of the
accompanying drawings.
29. Apparatus for electrical signalling on railways arranged substantially as herein-
before described with reference to and illustrated in Figure 21 of the accompanying
drawings and acting substantially as described with reference thereto.
30. Electrical apparatus for signalling automatically on single line railways in which
the apparatus at the several signal stations nearest a junction is so connected that the
automatic action of a train on any one of the lines causes danger and clear signals to
be displayed to trains on the other lines according to its position relatively to the said
signal stations.
31. Apparatus for electrical signalling on single line railways arranged substantially
as hereinbefore described with reference to and illustrated in Figure 22 of the
accompanying drawings and acting substantially as described with reference thereto.
Dated this 10th day of April 1888.
W. T. WHITEMAN,
Agent for the Applicant.