IMPROVEMENTS IN CUTTING AND WORKING STONE, MARBLE, AND OTHER HARD SUBSTANCES, AND IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED FOR SUCH PURPOSES
Year: 1864

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Joseph Dominique Jobin, of No. 14, Providence
Row, Finsbury Square, in the County of Middlesex, Mechanical En-
gineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN CUTTING AND WORKING
STONE, MARBLE, AND OTHER HARD SUBSTANCES, AND IN MACHINERY OR
APPARATUS EMPLOYED FOR SUCH PURPOSES."
Sealed the 12th July 1864, and dated the 20th January 1864.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Joseph Dominique Jobin
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
20th January 1864.
I, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE JOBIN, of No. 14, Providence Row, Finsbury Square,
in the County of Middlesex, Mechanical Engineer, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN CUTTING AND WORKING
STONE, MARBLE, AND OTHER HARD SUBSTANCES, AND IN MACHINERY OR APPARATU
EMPLOYED FOR SUCH PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
These improvement relate to the cutting and working of granite and other
hard stone, marble, and such other hard substances as are not readily acted.
upon by the steel or other tools hitherto employed for such purposes..
The Invention consists principally in replacing the steel edges or cutting
surfaces of the tools by a material called "bort" or carbon. This material is
well known to lapidaries, and may be procured from Brazil and other places
where diamonds are found, being in fact such rough or impure portions of the
[Price 8d.1

page_text: diamond as are not suitable for jewellery, such material being entirely
indestructible, and not being capable of being dulled on the edge or worn
away by any material but itself. The advantages that will arise from the use
of this material for the cutting and working hard stones that resist the action
of steel will be evident.
The ordinary lathe serves for turning cylindrical pieces, such as columns
and such mouldings as can be turned in a lathe. The chuck lathe is composed
of a strong "puppet," supporting a shaft, on which the speed pulleys are
keyed. Each pulley is formed with teeth working in a chain, which is employed
instead of a strap or other gearing. A face plate is placed at each end of the
shaft, and the pieces of stone to be turned are affixed thereto. The "puppet"
is mounted on a stone bed or other solid foundation. In front of each face
plate is fixed a rest, which moves on a table adjusted by means of a screw.
At the end of the screw are three mitre wheels, which traverse the rest back-
wards and forwards as required, and upon this rest are fixed the tools, with
their cutting edges or surfaces of the material above named.
In the machine for planing, rabbetting,and moulding the material is fixed,
and the tool revolves, and also moves in any direction that may be required.
The saw mill for sawing all kinds of hard stone or other similar material is
composed of a frame moving backwards and forwards, either vertically or
horizontally, in slides. In this frame a blade of steel is mounted, one edge
thereof being provided with teeth of "bort" or carbon, and to one of its
extremities is attached a screw, by means of which it is kept in tension.
The pieces to be sawn are placed on a carriage, which advances them (by
means of any suitable mechanism) against the blade. When the cut is
finished the carriage is brought back, moved sideways the thickness required
for the next cut, and the operation proceeds as before. This saw may also be
employed for profile cutting by giving a suitable movement to the carriage.
In machines for making mouldings and sculpturing bas-reliefs the tool is
placed in a slide, which moves on a horizontal carriage mounted at its ends
on two side frames, in which the carriage can rise and fall, so as to give any
desirable position to the working tools, whether the latter revolve on their axes
vertically or otherwise. The objects to be wrought are fixed upon a moveable
bed plate or table,and submitted to the action of the tool, so that the position
of the former with regard to the latter may be changed in every possible
direction, whether by a circular or by a rectilinear movement. It will be
evident that by this arrangement of moveable bed plate on the one hand, and
by that of the tool carriage on the other, it will be easy to cause the tool to
follow any direction whatever to cut or sculpture any required forms,

page_text: In the machine for engraving medals, cameos, letters, and such bas-reliefs,
two plates are mounted on a carriage in such a manner as to be capable of
being moved nearer to and further from each other by means of a screw;
these two plates turn on their respective axles horizontally, being geared
together by a chain so as to revolve at the same speed. At one of the
extremities of the carriage is a raised support, on which is placed an articulated
shaft, which can move in every direction. This shaft is triangular, in order to
afford facility for adjusting with precision two puppets which slide thereon;
One of these carries a point which follows the form of the model, and the other
is provided with a tool which makes about eight hundred revolutions a minute,
and which engraves the piece which is fixed on the second plate. By the
same means the subject can be reduced or enlarged to scale.
In the machine for preparing the stones from the quarry, that is, for
squaring or rough-hewing them according to the purposes for which they are
required, the stone is placed on a level bed, on each side of which are two rails,
on which run two supports, connected together by a triangular cross rail, on
which is fitted a carriage, which is moved from one end to the other by means
of a screw. On this carriage is a slide, on which is placed a tool, which is
imade of steel, and bevilled to an angle of 45°. On the head of this tool a
bammer strikes about 500 blows a minute, the said hammer lying actuated by
a shaft which is parallel to the triangular cross rail; this shaft is made in
the form of a cam in order to raise the hammer which strikes on the head of
the tool. A stop placed on the slide prevents the tool from descending lower
than the level desired to be attained by the vivacity of the blows of the
hammer which the tool receives; it forms a groove, and the surplus breaks off;
this groove may also be formed by a two-and-fro movement mounted on the
carriage, and connected to a plate or blade having two teeth of "bort" or
carbon, which will have the effect of a saw; the cutter on which the hammer
strikes follows after and takes off all inequalities on the surface of the piece
to be hewn.
In the machine for polishing stones a carriage is arranged which travels on
a railway, the rails of which are undulated in such a manner as to produce an
alternating movement of the carriage on which the stones are placed. In front
of this carriage is mounted a grindstone mounted on the end of a revolving
shaft, and turning vertically in front of the piece, touching it lightly by means
of the alternating movement of the carriage. It will be evident that this
grindstone can never touch in the same place, which causes it to wear equally.
The simple friction of this grindstone suffices to produce a perfect polish. The
speed of the carriage or of the piece to be polished, as well as that of the

page_text: grindstone, should be regulated according to the nature of the stone, and the
same may be said as to the choice of the grindstone.
To give a brilliant polish to the stones the ordinary grindstone may be
replaced by a composition of felt, wool, and horsehair, with gum lac and a
slight mordant, according to the nature of the stone to be polished.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Joseph Dominique Jobin in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 20th July 1864.
"
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOSEPH
DOMINIQUE JOBIN, of No. 14, Providence Row, Finsbury Square, in the
County of Middlesex, Mechanical Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twentieth day of January, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four, in the twenty-seventh year
of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said Joseph Dominique Jobin, Her special license that I, the said
Joseph Dominique Jobin, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such
others as I, the said Joseph Dominique Jobin, my executors, administrators,
or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should
and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of
Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN CUTTING AND WORKING STONE,
MARBLE, AND OTHER HARD SUBSTANCES, AND IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS
EMPLOYED FOR SUCH PURPOSES," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the
said Joseph Dominique Jobin, my executors or administrators, by an instru-
ment in writing under my hand and seal, or under the hand and seal of one
of them, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause
the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Joseph Dominique Jobin, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement in writing, and on reference to the accompanying
Drawings, that is to say :-

page_text: These improvements relate to the cutting and working of granite and
other hard stone, marble, and such other hard substances as are not readily
acted upon by the steel or other tools hitherto employed for such purposes.
The Invention consists principally in the use of the materials or substances
called bort and carbon in the manner herein-after described being employed
instead of steel for the cutters or cutting surfaces or points of the tools or
machines constructed and used as herein-after described. The bort or carbon
is embedded or fastened in suitable beds or holders, leaving as much of the
bort or carbon protruding as will form a point or cutter suited for the work
required. These substances or materials herein-after termed "bort" and
carbon are well known to lapidaries, and may be procured from Brazil and
other places where diamonds are found, being in fact rough or impure portions
of stone found in connexion with the diamond, and not being sufficiently pure
to be suitable for jewellery, these substances can be used with economy and
advantage.
"Bort" and carbon are extremely hard; and in employing these substances
according to my Invention I have found them to be practically indestructible,
and not capable of being dulled on the edge, or worn away by friction with
any material but themselves.
I will now proceed to describe in detail the manner in which my Inven-
tion is carried into practical effect, and in order that the same may be dis-
tinctly understood I have annexed hereunto seven Sheets of Drawings
illustrative thereof, and have marked the same with figures and letters of
reference corresponding with those in the following explanation thereof, that
is to say:-
Sheet 1 in the accompanying Drawings shows the adaptation of a chuck
lathe and parallel lathe to the purposes of my Invention.
Sheet 2 shows a saw mill wherein the saw frame moves perpendicularly,
and the work advances in a horizontal direction.
Sheet 3 shows a saw mill wherein the saw frame traverses in a horizontal
direction, and the work is reased slowly by hydraulic pressure.
Sheet 4 shows a machine for planing, moulding, and rabbeting, an I per-
forming other similar work.
Sheet 5 shows a machine for engraving medallions, camoes, and bas-reliefs.
Sheet 6 shows a machine for squaring and rough-hewing; and,
Sheet 7 shows a machine for grinding and polishing.
In Sheet 1 of the Drawings, Figure 1 is an end view of a chuck lathe
adapted to the purposes of my Invention, and Figure 2 is a side view of the
same, and Figure 3 is a side view of the parallel lathe.

page_text: In Figures 1 and 2, a, a, is a strong puppet fixed on a stone or other solid
foundation b, b, and carrying in suitable bearings a shaft c, c. On this shaft
is keyed a conical pulley of eight speeds d, d. It will be observed that this
pulley is furnished with teeth or projections on its several diameters for
working into the spaces or links of a peculiar form of chain (hereafter
described) which I propose to employ in such machinery in the place of a
strap or other gearing. A face plate e, e, is fixed at each end of the shaft c, c,
and upon these face plates are secured the pieces of stone, marble, or other
hard substance to be operated on. In front of each face plate is fixed a slide
rest or tool carrierf, f, (one only being shown in the Drawing) working on a
triangular bar or bed g, g. By using tools having cutters or points of "bort"
or carbon, either substance being used according to the nature of the work, of
which the experience of a competent workman will enable him readily to
judge; this machine will admit of any forms being turned which are capable
of being turned in the ordinary chuck lathe. The object of having the bar or
bed triangular in this and other machines is to prevent the dust or cuttings
of the stone, marble, or other hard material from accumulating upon the
surface of the bar or bed, and thus interfering with the proper working of the
machine, and causing an undue wear of such parts.
In Figure 3, a, a, is the fixed puppet, and b, b, the moveable one; the latter
being moveable on a triangular bed c, c, supported at each end. The fixed
puppet is provided with a shaft which carries a speed pulley d, d, with teeth
similar to the one previously described; e, e, is a slide rod or tool carrier,
which is capable of moving on the triangular bed c, c.
This lathe may be
used with the tools pointed with "bort" or carbon (as above described) for
turning cylindrical or other columns, balustrades, and other similar forms.
In Sheet 2 of the Drawings, Figure 4 is a side view, and Figure 5 an end
view of the sawmill, wherein the saw frame moves perpendicularly, and the work
advances in a horizontal direction, and which is equally capable of sawing the
hardest and the softest stones or marbles. a, a, is the frame or carriage, in
which are fixed any convenient number of blades or saws 6, 6, (one only being
shown in the Drawing,) and which moves up and down in a vertical direction
on V-slides c, c, fixed to the upright standards d, d, being actuated by the
cranks e, e, on the coupled driving shafts f,f, working in slots in the frame a,a,
one of the shafts being driven by a chain and pulley.
The stone or other substance to be sawn is mounted on a bed or carriageg, g,
which is caused to advance by means of a bell-crank lever h, h, which at every
stroke of the saw frame moves the ratchet wheel i, i, on the shaft of which is
keyed the spur pinion k, k, which gears with the spur wheel 1, 2, on the shaft

page_text: of which latter are keyed two pinions m, m, gearing into two racks n, n,: fixed
(one on each side) to the bed or carriage g, g.
.In Sheet 3 of the Drawings, Figure 6 represents an elevation (seen partly
in section); and Figure 7 a plan view of a saw mill, wherein the saw frame
traverses in a horizontal direction, and the work is raised slowly by hydraulic
pressure. a, a, is the frame in which the saws or blades b, b, are fixed. This
frame moves horizontally with great precision in V-slides c, c, on the framing
d, d, which is fixed firmly to the ground, the saw frame being actuated (as in
the former case) by. the two cranks e, e, on the coupled driving shafts f, f.
The stone or other material to be sawn is fixed on the table g, g, of a
hydraulic press, the force pump.h, h, of which is worked by the reciprocating
motion of the saw frame a, a, and by these means the stone or other material
is forced gradually up against the saws.
When the cut is complete, a tap is
opened, whereby the water from the ram is allowed to flow back into the
cistern, and the table with the stone or other material upon it will descend by
its own weight.
Figure 8 shows an endless blade or band saw passing round two drums,
which may be used for cutting various kinds of stone; this form and those
shown in Figures 10 and 11 are ordinary well known forms of saw blades.
Figure 9 is a saw blade furnished with teeth of "bort" or carbon according
to my Invention.
In Sheet 4 of the Drawings, Figure 12 is a front view, and Figure 13 a side
elevation of a machine for planing, moulding, and rabbeting, or for performing
similar work. a, a, is a pillar or column cast with a foot b, b, at the bottom
in order to fix the machine on a solid stone or other foundation. The foot b, b,
supports an adjustible collar c, c, made in two parts, so as to be moveable
round the axis of the column a, a, and fixed thereto (when adjusted) by means
of bolts and nuts d, d. The collar c, c, supports (on a table furnished with
suitable V-slides) a carriage e, e, on which the stone or other material to be
wrought is placed, and which is also susceptible of a to-and-fro movement by
means of a screw f,f. By these combined movements of the table round the
centre of the column and of the carriage across the table, the work can be
moved in any direction, and thus any desired form can be cut, and I may here
remark that a rising and falling motion may also be given to the table which
carries the work by means of an ordinary toothed rack and pinion, or by a
screw, which (in order to avoid complication) I have not shown in the
Drawings, or the work itself may be supported by "lifting jacks" on the
table. The upper part of the column a, a, carries a triangular bar g, g, which
is held down by the cap h, h, which latter also supports in suitable bearings

page_text: the driving shaft i, i. This shaft i, i, carries a mitre wheel h, k, which by
means of a similar wheel drives the short vertical shaft or stud 1, 1, which
communicates rotary motion to the two tool carriers m, m, by means of the
spur gearing n, n. Figure 14 represents one of the tools employed in this
machine, which is furnished with a cutting point of "bort" or carbon at *.
These tools are changed according to the nature of the work, some of them
having their cutting points nearer to the centre or axis of rotation than others.
The tool carriers m, m, are mounted in a carriage o, o, which slides from end
to end of the triangular bar g, g, being actuated by hand as required by means
of the screw p, p. The mitre wheel k, k, necessarily travels with the carriage,
and slides on a feather or key on the driving shaft i, i, at the same time that
it revolves with it, or the shaft i, i, may be made of a square section; q, q, is
the driving pulley, which may either be driven by a strap or it may be
furnished with teeth or projections, and be driven by a flat link chain, as
described with reference to the other machines...
In Sheet 5 of the Drawings, Figure 15 represents an end view, and
Figure 16 a side elevation of a machine for engraving, reducing, or enlarging
medallions, cameos, or bas-reliefs.
a, a, represents a triangular bar supported upon two standards b, b; on
this triangular bar a, a, are mounted two carriages c, c, which may be
adjusted thereon (either jointly or separately) by means of a screw d, d, in
the interior of the bar a, a, each carriage having its own screw nut, which can
be thrown into or out of gear at pleasure. Each carriage supports a
shaft e, e, at the upper ends of which are fixed the revolving plates f, f, one
of these plates carries the model to be copied, reduced, or enlarged, and the
other carries the piece of stone or other material to be operated on or engraved.
Each of the shafts e, e, is furnished beneath the plate with a worm wheel, 8.5
driven by two worins h, h, mounted on the square shaft i, i, which passes
through the worms, so that they can slide thereon at the same time that they
must necessarily revolve therewith. The shaft i, i, is driven by the pulley jj,
at one end, and carries at its other end an excentric k, k, which gives motion
to a screw, l, in a second triangular bar m, m, so as to cause the two
carriages n, n, to be moved thereon either separately or together, so that as
the turn-plates f, f, revolve, the two carriages n, n, are drawn simultaneously
across their surfaces. On the carriages n, n, are mounted two vertical
shafts o, o, which are respectively driven at a velocity of about five hundred
revolutions per minute by means of a cord p, p, passing around the two
grooved pulleys q, q. One of these shafts carries a tracing point, which
follows all the contours and inequalities of the model, whilst the other carries

page_text: a cutting tool with a point of “bort" or carbon, which partakes of the same
movement, and cuts or engraves the stone or other material. In order to
allow of the tracing point and tool carriages rising and falling and moving
sideways, so as to follow all the inequalities of the model, the triangular
bar m, m, which carries them, is mounted on a universal joint at 1', 1', so as
to be capable of oscillation in all directions, and is counterbalanced by the
adjustable weights, s. This central point of oscillation r, r, can also be raised
or lowered by means of a screw t, t. It will be evident that the most faithful
enlargements of any model can be made in this machine by placing the cutting
tool and tracing point in the respective positions shown in the Drawings at
Figure 16, the proportions of the model and the work varying with the
rclative distances from the centre of oscillation r, r, at which the turn-
plates ff, and their respective carriages n, n, are adjusted. If the relative
positions of the tracing point and tool are reversed the effect will be a reduc-
tion of the model, but if a machine should be required to cut or engrave
precisely the same size as the model, the triangular bar m, m, must be so
mounted as not to oscillate in either a vertical or horizontal direction, but to
move simply up and down in parallel slides, being counterbalanced by weights
and cords passing over pulleys.
In Sheet 6 of the Drawings, Figure 17 is a front elevation, and Figure 18
a side view of the machine for squaring and rough-hewing stone or marble.
The stone or other material to be hewn is placed on a bed or anvil a, a, at
each side of which is fixed a longitudinal rail b, b, on which the machine
travels, the framework c, c, being supported thereon by grooved wheels d, d.
The machine is to be caused to advance as rapidly as the stone or other
material is cut by the tools or chisels e, e, by means of screw or toothed
gearing or other ordinary suitable mechanism, which I have not considered it
requisite to show in the Drawings; the speed at which the machine advances
will depend upon the hardness of the stone, marble; or other material under
operation. By the employment of any suitable reversing apparatus, the same
gearing will serve to take the machine back again to its original position when
Tequired to commence a fresh cut. The tools or chisels e, e, are mounted in.
a carriage f, f, which slides on a triangular bar 9.9. This tool carriage is
moved across the machine by hand by means of a screw h, h, which is turned
by a crank handle i, i. By this arrangement the tools or chisels may be
caused to rest more or less in one place, according to the greater or less
inequalities or resistance of the material under operation. The tool car.
riage f, f, also carries two hammers j, j, which are caused to strike on the
heads of the tools or chisels e, e, about five hundred blows per minute, the

page_text: hammer levers being mounted on a short shaft, and their tail ends actuated
by a continuous cam k, k, formed of three shafts or bars revolving round a
common centre, and driven by the bevil gearing 1, 1, from the vertical
shaft m, m, at the upper end of which is keyed the main driving pulley n, n.
A stop must be placed on the carriage or upon the frame to hinder the tool
from descending lower than the required level. In using this machine the
block of stone or other material to be hewn being placed upon the anvil or
bed a, a, immediately in front of the tools or chisels, the handle i, i, is turned
until the tools or chisels e, e, are brought by means of the screw h, h, opposite
to one edge of the block of stone or other material, and the machine is then
put in motion, the result being, that as the machine advances the tools or
chisels e, e, acted on by the rapid blows of the hammers j, j, will cut two
When this first cut is com-
grooves across the upper surface of the stone.
pleted the machine is drawn back, the tools are moved slightly in a lateral
direction by turning the handle i, i, and the operation proceeds as before, and
so on, until the whole of the upper surface has been levelled, when the block
of stone or other material is turned over and a fresh surface presented to the
action of the tools. The machine may be moved forwards by automatic means
when the nature of the material and the work to be done (not being subject to
much variation) will admit of it; but for general purposes I prefer that the
machine should be advanced and withdrawn by means of screws or a rack
worked by hand, as the rate of advance can then be regulated according to
the varying amount of resistance offered by the material at different portions
of the work, the form of the tools or chisels will also be varied according to
the hardness of the material, as a much broader cut can be taken at once if
the nature of the stone is soft than would be possible if granite or other
harder material where required to be operated on.
"
In Sheet 7 of the Drawings, Figure 19 is an end view, and Figure 20
a side elevation of a machine specially adapted for for grinding and polishing
columns or cylinders of stone, marble, granite, or other material, but which
(with slight modifications which will readily suggest themselves to the ordinary
mechanic) will be equally applicable to grinding and polishing flatsurfaces or
other forms in the same material. A strong puppet a, a, fixed on a solid
foundation of stone or other material (see Figure 10) supports a shaft or
spindle b, b, which is driven by a flat link chain passing round the toothed
speed pulley c, c, as previously described with reference to other machines.
(Figure 21 is a front view of the pulley c, c.) Each end of the shaft or
spindle b, b, carries a grindstone d, d, one of which only is shown in the
Drawing, and I may remark that the remainder of the machine (which I am

page_text: about to describe) is to be repeated on the other side of the fixed puppet a, a,
in front of the second grindstone, so that two cylinders or columns can be
ground or polished at the same time; or, if preferred, one end of the shaft
may carry a grindstone, and the other a polishing "lap." The grindstone or
"lap" employed must be chosen according to the nature of the material under
operation; but if stone of a soft texture or an artificial stone or marble is to
be polished, the "lap" should be made of a fine mordant mixed with felt or
hair. The speed also will be varied from about eighty to one hundred and
twenty revolutions per minute, according to the nature of the work. The
cylinder e, e, of stone or other material to be ground or polished is mounted on
a centre at each end between two puppets f, f, and is caused to revolve slowly
by means of an articulated driving shaft g, g, so as to allow the axis of the
cylinder e, e, to rise or fall and incline in either direction whilst it continues its
rotation. The puppets f,f, which carry the cylinder e, c, to be operated on, are
fixed on a carriage h, h, which is supported by flanged wheels i, i, running upon
the undulated rails k, le; the carriage h, h, is connected by two chains 7, 7, to two
drums or pulleys m, m, which are driven alternately so as to give a to-and-
fro movement to the carriage h, h, at the same time that the rails k, k, impart
an undulating movement thereto.
".
From the foregoing description it will be evident that as the grindstone or
"lap" revolves rapidly the cylinder to be polished revolves slowly in contact
with it, and at the same time the latter has a to-and-fro movement and an
undulating movement imparted to it; the result of these combined movements
being that the grindstone or "lap" never touches twice in the same place, and
grinds or rubs in a constantly varying direction, and hence a perfectly true
grinding and polishing movement is obtained. The drums or pulleys m, m, are
driven alternately in different directions by means of two worm wheels n, n, and
two worms 0, 0, one of the latter having a right-handed and the other a left-
handed thread, and the two being alternately thrown into and out of gear with
the shaft p,p. Figure 22 shows the details of the articulated shaft g, g.
Figures 23 and 24 show respectively an edgeview and a plan view (drawn full
size) of the flat link driving chain which I propose to employ in connection
with toothed pulleys (Figure 21) for actuating any or all of the above described
machines, instead of using ordinary toothed gearing or driving straps.
In making this chain, I first cast the square links a, a, in malleable cast iron,
and then place them in a revolving cask or barrel with sand and wood sawdust
to clean them, I then unite them by means of the flat links b, b, which are
made of a strip or ribbon of metal, coiled by a small machine through each
pair of links, and then rivetted or brazed into a solid mass. A chain of this

page_text: description, in connection with a toothed pulley as herein-before described,
will be found much more capable of trausmitting power than driving straps or
bands as ordinarily employed, and can be used in positions where ordinary
toothed gearing is unavailable.
Having now described the nature and object of my said Invention for
Improvements in Cutting and Working Stone, Marble, and other Hard
Substances, and in Machinery or Apparatus employed for such Purposes,"
together with the manner in which the same is to be or may be performed or
'carried into practical effect, I would remark in conclusion that I claim as my
Invention,-
Firstly, the use of the materials called "bort" and carbon applied as
herein-before described for the cutting points, edges, or surfaces of tools used
in machines constructed substantially as herein described.
Secondly, I claim the general construction, combination, and arrangement
of the various machines above described and illustrated in the seven Sheets of
Drawings hereunto annexed, or any mere modification or imitation thereof
operating in substantially the same or a similar manner.
In witness whereof, I, the said Joseph Dominique Jobin, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twentieth day of July, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four.
Witness,
GEORGE DAVIES,
Patent Agent,
1, Serle Street,
Lincoln's Inn.
J. D. JOBIN. (L.S.)

page_text: En the Matter of a Patent granted to JOSEPH DOMINIQUE JOBIN,
of No. 14, Providence Row, Finsbury Square, in the County of
Middlesex, Mechanical Engineer, for "IMPROVEMENTS IN CUTTING
AND WORKING STONE, MARBLE, AND OTHER HARD SUBSTANCES, AND
IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED FOR SUCH PURPOSES,' bearing
date at Westminster, the Twentieth day of January One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-four (No. 148).
DISCLAIMER AND MEMORANDUM OF ALTERATION proposed to be
entered by JOHN NETTLETON, to the Title and Specification of the
said Patent pursuant to an Act passed in the fifth and sixth years
of His late Majesty's reign entituled "An Act to Amend the Law
touching Letters Patent for Inventions."
WHEREAS I have been advised that certain matters contained in
the Specification of the said Patent were or may be deemed to be to
[Price 8d.]

page_text: some extent anticipated by a prior user, so far as respects the use of
one of the mineral substances therein named, called bort: And whereas
I have discovered that machinery similar in principle of action to some
of the machines described in the said Specification (but without using
a tool with a cutting point, edge, or surface of carbon) has been here-
tofore used, I desire to disclaim by erasure, and do hereby disclaim such
mineral substance called bort, and such machinery, except as herein-
after mentioned, and I desire to confine the Invention to that portion
of the description which has reference to the use of "carbon," sometimes
called or known in the arts by the name carbonads, and to the apparatus
or tool employed for applying such substance to the purposes of the
Invention (that is to say) I strike out from the title of the said Letters
Patent the words "machinery or and before the words "hard
substances" I insert the word "analogous."
"
And the title when so amended will stand as follows, viz., "Improve-
ments in Cutting and Working Stone, Marble, and other Analogous
Hard Substances, and in Apparatus employed for such Purposes"
And from the Specification of the said Letters Patent I strike out
from line 35, page 4, the word "on," and from line 4, page 5 of the
printed copy of the said Specification, the word " principally;" and in
the same line the words "materials or substances" are to be altered
to the singular number instead of the plural. In line 5 of the same
page I strike out the words "bort and," and at the end of line 6
the word "or," and from line 7 the words "machines" and "bort or,"
and from line 9 the words "bort or."
"
From line 10 I strike out the words "herein-after and "bort and,"
and I alter the words "these substances or materials" in line 10, and
the word "are" in line 11 to the singular number. At the end of line
11 and the beginning of line 12 I strike out the words "and other
places." At the end of line 12 and the beginning of line 13 I strike
out the words "or impure portions of." At the end of line 13 and the
beginning of line 14 I strike out the words "and not being sufficiently
pure to be suitable. for jewellery," and I alter the words " these sub-
stances into the singular number. From line 16 I strike out the
words bort and " and alter the words "are" and these substances"
to the singular number, and I alter the word "them "in line 17 to
"it," and I strike out the whole of lines 18 and 19.
"
66
From line 22 1 strike out the word "seven," and in line 28, after the

page_text: page 11 inclusive.
And in order to render intelligible the description of
the other Figures in Sheet 7 I insert at line 31, page 11, before the
words "Figures 23 and 24," the words "In Sheet 7 of the Drawings ;'
aud in line 32 I strike out the words "I propose to employ," and insert
the words "may be employed."
And in order to make the concluding part of the Specification agree
with the title of the Letters Patent, as proposed to be amended, I insert
after the words "and other," in line 6, page 12, the word "analogous;
and from line 7 I strike out the words "machinery or."
"
And from line 11 I strike out the word "Firstly," and also the words
"bort and; " and I alter the word "materials" to the singular number,
Finally, I strike out the whole of the second claim as set forth at
lines 14, 15, 16, and 17.
And when the said Specification has been so altered and amended it
will read as follows:-
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOSEPH
DOMINIQUE JOBIN, of No. 14, Providence Row, Finsbury Square, in the
County of Middlesex, Mechanical Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent bearing date the Twentieth day of January, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four, in the twenty-
seventh year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said Joseph Dominique Jobin, Her special license
that I, the said Joseph Dominique Jobin, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as I, the said Joseph Dominique Jobin, my
executors, administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and
no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
CUTTING AND WORKING STONE, MARBLE, AND OTHER ANALOGOUS HARD SUB-
STANCES, AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED FOR SUCH PURPOSES," upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said Joseph Dominique Jobin, my exe-
cutors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my hand
and seal, or under the hand and seal, of one of them, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed

page_text: in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Joseph Dominique Jobin, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement in writing and reference to the accompanying
Drawings (that is to say):-
These improvements relate to the cutting and working of granite and
other hard stone, marble, and such other hard substances as are not
readily acted upon by the steel or other tools hitherto employed for such
purposes.
The Invention consists in the use of the material or substance called
carbon, in the manner herein-after described, being employed instead of
steel for the cutters or cutting surfaces or points of the tools constructed
and used as herein-after described. The carbon is imbedded or fastened
in suitable beds or holders, leaving as much of the carbon protruding as
will form a point or cutter suited for the work required. This substance
or material terined carbon is well known to lapidaries, and may be
procured from Brazil where diamonds are found, being in fact rough
stone found in connection with the diamond. This substance can be
used with economy and advantage.
Carbon is extremely hard, and in employing this substance according
to my Invention I have found it to be practically indestructible.
I will now proceed to describe in detail the manner in which my
Invention is carried into practical effect; and in order that the same may
be distinctly understood I have annexed hereunto Sheets of Drawings
illustrative thereof, but the machines therein shewu I do not claim,
save so far as the tools used therein are shewn with cutters, cutting
surfaces, or points of carbon, and have marked the same Drawings with
figures and letters of reference corresponding with those in the following
explanation thereof, that is to say :-
Sheet 1 in the accompanying Drawings shews a chuck lathe and
parallel lathe suitable to the purposes of my Invention.
Sheet 2 shews a saw mill wherein the saw frame moves perpendicularly
and the work advances in a horizontal direction.
Sheet 3 shews a saw mill wherein the saw frame traverses in a hori-
zontal direction and the work is raised slowly by hydraulic pressure.

page_text: Sheet shews a machine for planing, moulding, and rabbeting, and
performing other similar work.
In Sheet I. of the Drawings, Fig. 1 is an end view of a chuck lathe
suitable to the purposes of my Invention, and Fig. 2 is a side view of
the same, and Fig. 3 is a side view of a parallel lathe.
In Figures and 2 a, a, is a strong puppet fixed on a stone or other
solid foundation b, b, and carrying in suitable bearings a shaft c, c. On
this shaft is keyed a conical pulley of eight speeds d, d. It will be
observed that this pulley is furnished with teeth or projections on its
several diameters for working into the spaces or links of a peculiar form
of chain (hereafter described) which may be employed in such machinery
in the place of a strap or other gearing. A face plate e, e, is fixed at
each end of the shaft c, c, and upon these face plates are secured the
pieces of stone, marble, or other hard substance to be operated on. In
front of each face plate is fixed a slide rest or tool carrier f, f, (one only
being shown in the Drawing) working on a triangular bar or bed g, 1.
By using tools having cutters or points of carbon this machine will
admit of any forms being turned which are capable of being turned in
the ordinary chuck lathe. The object of having the bar or bed triangular
in this and other machines is to prevent the dust or cuttings of the
stone, marble, or other hard material from accumulating upon the
surface of the bar or bed, and thus interfering with the proper working
of the machine and causing an undue wear of such parts.
In Fig. 3 a, a, is the fixed puppet, and b, the moveable one, the
latter being moveable on a triangular bed c, c, supported at each end.
The fixed puppet is provided with a shaft which carries a speed pulley d, d,
with teeth similar to the one previously described. e, e, is a slide rest
or tool carrier which is capable of moving on the triangular bed c, c.
This lathe may be used with the tools pointed with carbon (as above
described) for turning cylindrical or other columns, balustrades, and
other similar forms.
In Sheet 2 of the Drawings Fig. 4 is a side view, and Fig. 5 an end
view of a saw mill wherein a saw frame moves perpendicularly and the
work advances in a horizontal direction. a, a, is the frame or carriage
in which are fixed any convenient number of blades or saws b, b, (one
ouly being shewn in the Drawing), and which moves up and down in a
vertical direction on V slides c, c, fixed to the upright standards d, d,
being actuated by the cranks e, e, on the coupled driving shafts f, f,

page_text: working in slots in the frame a, a, one of the shafts f being driven by a
chain and pulley.
The stone or other substance to be sawn is mounted on a bed or
carriage g, g, which is caused to advance by means of a bell-crank lever
h, h, which at every stroke of the saw frame moves the ratchet wheel i, i,
on the shaft of which is keyed the spur pinion k, k, which gears with a
spur wheel 1, 1, on the shaft of which latter are keyed two pinions m, m,
gearing into two racks n, n, fixed (one on each side) to the bed or
carriage g, g.
In Sheet 3 of the Drawings Fig. 6 represents an elevation (seen partly
in section) and Fig. 7 a plan view of a saw mill wherein the saw frame
traverses in a horizontal direction and the work is raised slowly by
hydraulic pressure. a, a, is the frame in which the saws or blades b, b,
are fixed.
This frame moves horizontally with great precision in V slides
c, c, on the framing d, d, which is fixed firmly to the ground, the saw
frame being actuated (as in the former case) by the two cranks e, e, on
the coupled driving shafts f, f.
The stone or other material to be sawn is fixed on the table g, g, of a
hydraulic press, the force pump h, h, of which is worked by the recipro-
cating motion of the saw frame a, a, and by these means the stone or
other material is forced gradually up against the saws. When the cut
is complete a tap is opened, whereby the water from the ram is allowed
to flow back into the cistern and the table with the stone or other
material upon it will descend by its own weight.
Fig. 9 is a saw blade furnished with teeth of carbon according to my
Invention.
In Sheet 4 of the Drawings Fig. 12 is a front view and Fig. 13 a side
elevation of a machine for planing, moulding, and rabbeting, or for
performing similar work. a, a, is a pillar or column cast with a foot b, b
at the bottom in order to fix the machine on a solid stone or other foun-
dation. The foot b, b, supports an adjustable collar c, c, made in two
parts so as to be moveable round the axis of the column a, a, and fixed
hereto (when adjusted) by means of bolts and nuts d, d. The collar c, c.
supports (on a table furnished with suitable V slides) a carriage e, e, on
which the stone or other material to be wrought is placed and which is
lso susceptible of a to-and-fro movement by means of a screw ff. By
hese combined movements of the table round the centre of the column
nd of the carriage across the table the work can be moved in any
'

page_text: direction, and thus any desired form can be cut; and I may here remark
that a rising and falling motion may also be given to the table which
carries the work by means of an ordinary toothed rack and pinion
or by a screw which (in order to avoid complication) I have not
shewn in the Drawings; or the work itself may be supported by "lifting
jacks" on the table. The upper part of the column a, a, carries a
triangular bar g, y, which is held down by the cap h, h, which latter
also supports in suitable bearings the driving shaft i, i. This shaft i, i,
carries a mitre wheel, k, which by means of a similar wheel drives
the short vertical shaft or stud 1, l, which communicates rotary motion
to the two tool carriers m, m, by means of the spur gearing n, n.
Fig. 14 represents one of the tools employed in this machine, which is
furnished with a cutting point of carbon at .. These tools are changed
according to the nature of the work, some of them having their cutting
points nearer to the centre or axis of rotation than others. The tool
carriers m, m, are mounted in a carriage o, o, which slides from end to
end of the triangular bar 9, 9, being actuated by hand as required by
means of the screw p, p. The mitre wheel k, k, necessarily travels
with the carriage and slides ou a feather or key on the driving
shaft i, i, at the same time that it revolves with it, or the shaft i, i, may
be made of a square section. 9, 7, is the driving pulley which may either
be driven by a strap or it may be furnished with teeth or projections,
and be driven by a flat link chain as described with reference to the
other machines.
In Sheet 7 of the Drawings Figures 23 and 24 shew respectively an
edge view and a plan view (drawn full size) of the fit link driving
chain, which may be employed in connection with toothed pulleys
(Fig. 21) for actuating any or all of the above described machines,
instead of using ordinary toothed gearing or driving straps.
In making this chain I first cast the square links a, a, in malleable
cast iron, and then place them in a revolving cask or barrel with sand
and wood sawdust to clean them; I then unite them by means of the
flank links b, b, which are made of a strip or ribbon of metal coiled by
a small machine through each pair of links, and then rivetted or brazed
into a solid mass. A chain of this description in connection with a
toothed pulley as herein-before described will be found much more.
capable of transmitting power than driving straps or bands as ordinarily
employed, and can be used in positions where ordinary toothed gearing
is unavailable.

page_text: Having now described the nature and object of my said Invention
for "Improvements in Cutting and Working Stone, Marble, and other
analogous Hard Substances, and in Apparatus employed for such Pur-
poses," together with the manner in which the same is to be or may
be performed or carried into practical effect, I would remark in con-
clusion that I claim as my Invention, the use of the material called
carbon applied as herein-before described for the cutting points, edges,
or surfaces of tools used in machines constructed substantially as herein
described.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Nettleton, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, the First day of December, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine.
JN°. NETTLETON. (L.S.)
To the Clerk of the Patents for Inventions.
I hereby grant my fiat, giving leave to the above-named John
Nettleton to file in the Great Seal Patent Office, with the Specification
to which the same relates, the above written Disclaimer and Memo-
randum of Alteration.