CERTAIN IMPROVE MENTS IN APPARATUS FOR HEATING, GENERATING, AND COOLING FLUIDS, AND IN ENGINES TO BE ACTUATED BY SUCH FLUIDS, PART OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO RAISING AND FORCING FLUIDS
Year: 1838

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
HENRY JAMES, (late of Birmingham, but now of Lambeth, in the County of.
Surrey, Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westininster, the Sixth day of November, in the second year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said William Henry James, Her especial license, full power, sole privilege
and authority, that I, the said William Henry James, my exors, admors,
and assigus, or such others as I, the said William Henry James, my exors,
adiiors, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time
to time and at all times during the term of years therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England and Wales,
and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVE
MENTS IN APPARATUS FOR HEATING, GENERATING, AND COOLING FLUIDS, AND IN
ENGINES TO BE ACTUATED BY SUCH FLUIDS, PART OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE
APPLICABLE TO RAISING AND FORCING FLUIDS; " in which said Letters Patent is
contained a proviso that I, the said William Henry James, shall cause a
particular description of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of
Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference
being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
William Henry James, do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention,
and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are fuily described and
ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, reference being had to
the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters marked thereon,
that is to say :-
"My Improvements in Apparatus for Heating, Generating, and Cooling
Fluids, and in Engines to be Actuated by such Fluid, Part of which Improve-
ments are applicable to Raising and Forcing Fluid," are described as follows,
reference being had to the Drawing hereunto annexed:-
a
Figure 1 represents a vertical section of my apparatus for heating and
generating fluids, and consists of a fire grate or furnace (a, a.) for the reception
of fuel, which I construct in such a manner that, when the apparatus is not
required to be in action, the fire may be lowered to a distance below it, and
quantity of cold air admitted to prevent injury thereto, or the fire and furnace
may be entirely withdrawn from under the same. Around and above the fire
there is a casing (b, b, b, b,) composed of metal or other suitable material, and
which may be formed cylindrical, or of any other convenient shape, which
serves as a chimney; within this casing, and immediately above or leading
from the fire, are placed side by side, so as nearly to fill up the space within, a
series of very small spiral or zigzag metallic tubes, (c, c, c, c, c, c, c, c,), the
upper extremities of which are curved and made to pass through the said
casing by suitable apertures formed around its circumference to prevent
the joints or joinings being injured by the fire, and are there united with a
large main tube (d, d,) surrounding the said casing, wl.ich unites all their
passages together. The lower extremities of these small tubes also are made
to pass through the lower part of the casing in a similar manner, and are there
united together by means of another main tube (e,e,) also surrounding the said
casing. The upper main tube (d,d,) is used as a feed pipe for conveying a
supply of any fluid to the several spiral or zigzag tubes before mentioned,
and the lower main tube (e,e ) is used as an exit passage for allowing such fluid
to escape after being operated upon by heat arising from the fire below. Con
tiguous to this apparatus is situated a strong steam-tight vessel or receiver
(f) containing a certain quantity of water or other liquid, and is pro-
vided with a safety valve (9). There is a pipe (h) running from the bottom of
this receiver to a circulating pump (i) or other mechanical forcer, and thence
by a pipe () which communicates with the upper main tube (d, d.); and a
pipe (k, k,) also extends from the upper portion of such receiver to the lower
main tube (e,e,) with which it communicates. There are also two other tubes

page_text: pass
connected with this receiver, one (1) above and the other (m) below, the
former to convey steam or other vapour therefrom to any engine it may be
desirable to work, or to be used for any other purposes, and the latter for
allowing the injection therein of water or other liquid to compensate for the
loss occasioned by evaporation. The operation of this apparatus is as fol-
lows: The fire being lighted, and the receiver (f, f,f,) being partly filled
with water or other liquid, the circulating pump (i) is to be put in action,
which will cause part of the liquid to flow from the receiver (f,f,f,) through
the pipe () and pipe (j. j.) and upper main tube (d, d,) into the upper pas-
sages of the several small spiral or zigzag tubes before described, and to pass
through the same, and then back again through the lower main tube (e, e,)
into the receiver (f, f, f,), and by continuing the action of the pump the
whole of the liquid will by degrees be heated to the boiling point, when
vapor will be generated, which separating therefrom in the receiver, will
either through the pipe (1) to an engine, or for other uses, or through the
safety valve (g) into the atmosphere or chimney. Within the chimney are
placed a series of valves or vanes (n, n,) similar to a venetian blind, and acted
upon in a similar manner; or a single valve or damper, the opening or closing
of which will accelerate or retard the combustion of the fire below, and conse-
quently cause a greater or lesser quantity of steam or vapour to be generated
These vanes or dampers in fixed engines may be connected with the governors
thereof, so as to be operated upon thereby according to the power required, but
in locomotive engines may be acted upon by the conductor or steersman so as
to afford him the power of regulating their velocity at pleasure. I sometimes
partially fill the passages of the small spiral or zigzag tubes before mentioned
with small coils of metallic wire previous to their being bent into the required
shapes, for the purpose of more rapidly absorbing the caloric from the gases or
vapours evolved by the fuel, and imparting the same to the fluids passing
through them. I sometimes construct this apparatus in a somewhat different
manner, viz, instead of employing a separate vessel as a receiver, as shewn at
(ff, f) Figure 1, I surround the spiral or zigzag tubes, as shewn at
Figure 2, by a double casing a, a, a, a, formed of metallic plates of a suitable
thickness, and fixed at a small distance apart from each other, (say, for
example, one or two inches,) with a top (b) and bottom (c) attached thereto,
and having the double casings so bolted together laterally, as shewn at
(d, d. d, d, d, d,), or having plates rivitted between them as to form the same
into a vessel of great strength. I then employ this vessel as a receiver for the
fluids escaping from the spiral or zigzag tubes (e, e, e, e, e, e, e, e,) after having

page_text: been subjected to the action of heat. This I effect by causing the upper
portion of each of the said spiral or zigzag tubes to be united with and made
to pass downwards at equal distances around and through the top plate of the
said double casing or receiver to (about) one third of its depth, the lower
extremities being united with and opening into the bottom plate thereof. A
few inches above this bottom plate there is another plate (f) rivitted so as to
form a separation in the said double casing or receiver. A circulating pump
(f.g.) or other mechanical forcer is then so placed and connected by a pipe
(), with the upper portion thereof above the partition plate (f), as by its
action to cause any water or other liquid contained therein to flow from the
same to the said pump (9), and to be forced by it from thence through another
pipe () into the lower portion thereof below the partition plate f, and again
from thence into and through the several small spiral or zigzag tubes
(e, e, e, e, e, e, e,) back again into the upper portion of the said receiver,
when the liquid and vapour (generated) will separate, the former falling to the
bottom thereof, to be again forced through the tubes as before, and the latter,
rising upwards, may pass off either through a steam pipe to an engine (), or
through a safety valve (k) fixed upon the upper portion thereof.
Figure 3 represents the vertical section of an apparatus similar in principle
to Figures 1 and 2, but without any receiver, and the spiral or zigzag tubes
(a, a, a, a,) made to rise to the upper part of the casing (b, b, b, b,) and to
descend again to the lower part thereof, their extremities being united together
by main tubes (c) and (d), as described in reference to Figure 1.
I some-
times use an apparatus of this kind for heating liquids and generating vapours,
which are made to issue simultaneously from one of the main tubes, to such
enginesashereafter described, the separation of the liquids and vapours taking
place after their joint action upon such engines, and the liquids so separated
being pumped or forced back through the other main tube to be again subjected
to heat. I sometimes use gas flames, or a series of lamps, for heating these
generators, as shewn in Figure 2 and 3.
Figure 4 exhibits a cross section of the spiral or zigzag tubes, Figure 5 a
sectional plan of a gas apparatus for heating the same, and Figure 6 an
elevation of the exterior casing.
My object in the arrangement and invention of the previously described
apparatus is to expose a very extensive surface to the action of heat, at the
same time limiting the fluid contained therein to the least possible quantity, 30
as to render it almost immediately sensitive to any variations of temperature,
and also for the purpose of rendering it exceedingly light in proportion to its

page_text: power of generating fluids, and free from the danger of explosion, which
qualities, particularly when employed for portable or locomotive engines, are of
essential importance.
Another apparatus of my invention for similar purposes is shewn at
Figure 7, and consists of a metallic tube (a, a, a,) so coiled within a casing (6)
as to form a vessel or furnace for containing ignited fuel, having a gratingand
ashpit below (c) and chimney above (d). The upper part of this coiled tube
is passed through the casing (6), and carried into a suitable vessel (e) for con-
taining any fluid to be heated, which may be placed by the side thereof or
contiguous thereto. The said tube (a,a,a,) is then turned downwards, and
formed into another coil (f,f,,), and passing then through the lower part of
such vessel, is carried back and united to the lower end of the first coil
(a, a, a,) so as to form the whole into one tube, which tube is then entirely
filled with mercury through an opening or mouth-piece (g), situated on the
upper part thereof, which opening is then perfectly closed with a stopper. The
operation of this apparatus is as follows:-Fire being placed within the first
coil (a, a, a,), which forms the furnace, and any liquid being placed in the
vessel containing the second coil (, f, f.), the difference in temperature
between them will cause, a difference in the specific gravity of the mercury
contained in such coils, occasioning thereby the constant circulation thereof,
and will thereby cause the caloric imparted to the mercury by the fire to be
conveyed and imparted from it to the liquid to be heated or vapourized.
Instead of employing two coils connected together for containing the mercury,
I sometimes employ several coils, one over the other, when surrounding
the fuel, but formed into separate coils in returning through the fluids to be
heated.
My next improvements consist in apparatus for cooling fluids, which are
formed in a very similar manner to those already described for heating and
generating fluids, the furnaces or other heating apparatus being dispensed
with, viz, by means of series of very small spiral or zigzag tubes enclosed
within a casing, having their extremities connected together by main tubes,
the upper for admitting the fluids to be cooled, the lower for allowing the
escape thereof. My method of cooling these tubes, and, consequently, the
fluids within them, consists, in causing a rapid current of cold air to impinge
6 and pass over the surfaces thereof by means of bellows, blowing fans, or air-
exhausting apparatus properly affixed above or below, as most convenient. I
also sometimes effect the same purpose by causing a blower or jet of steam to
issue from a boiler through a tube into the upper part of the casing which
contains the spiral tubes, so as to cause a rapid current of air against them

page_text: upwards. Anotherapparatus for cooling fluids constructin a similar manner
to the last described for heating and generating fluids by the circulation of
mercury, viz., by coils of tubes similarly arranged and filled with mercury,
water, or other suitable liquids for the purpose, and causing a rapid current
of cold air to impinge against the coil or coils contained within the casing,
(which for this purpose may be placed distinct from each other) by a blowing
apparatus or jet of steam, in manner last described, and the hot fluid to be
cooled being placed within the vessel containing the other coil or coils, the
difference in specific gravity of the fluid contained therein will cause the circu-
lation of the mercury, as before stated, and will at the same time cause the
caloric to be gradually abstracted from the fluid and imparted to the air
passing over the opposite coils.
Having thus described my apparatus for heating, generating, and cooling
fluids, it will be necessary for me now to state what fluids I employ, which
consist of water or other fluids, which assume the liquid state at the usual
temperatures of the atmosphere, and steam or other vapours generated
therefrom.
My next improvements are in "engines to be actuated by such fluids."
Firstly, I will describe an engine adapted to portable or locomotive purposes,
which acts upon the principle of an apparatus well known by the name or
appellation of Barker's Mill. Figure 8 represents an apparatus of this kind,
and consists of a wheel having eight tubular and semicircular spokes
(a, a, a, a, a, a,) radiating from and attached to and communicating with a
central axis (6), which is also formed tubular, and the open ends of which
tubularaxes work in two stuffing boxes fixed upon the branch ends of a pipe(c)
leading from a boiler or generator for conveying therefrom fluids for actuating
such wheel or engine. The exterior ends of the said tubular radii are extended
and so curved as to form an annulus or circumference to the wheel, the termi-
nation or mouth of each tube being made to rest upon its next in position,
and so on, each resting upon the next successively all around the circle, and
their open extremities or mouths being, at those several points of contact,
made to turn outwards, each similar to the other. There is a casing or
vessel (a) in which this engine or wheel revolves upon bearings fixed to the
sides thereof, but which bearings are not shewn in Figure; also, from the side
of this casing, above the axis, there is a pipe (e) fixed, containing a snift valve
opening outwards, for allowing the steam or other vapour to escape after
passing through the engine; and the lower part of this casing is constructed to
allow the reception of hot water or other liquid in which there is a force pump
(f) situated, connected, by means of swinging rods, parallel rods, and metal

page_text: strap or ring with an eccentric, which is fixed upon the tubular axis, for the
purpose of enabling the said wheel or engine to actuate the said
pump. The
action of this apparatus is as follows:-Steam or vapour and hot water or
other liquids being allowed to issue together through the pipe (c), having
branches and stuffing boxes, as before described, from a boiler or generator
similar in principle to that described in reference to l'igure 3, will enter the
tubular axis (6), and then be carried with great force through the tubular and
semicircular arms (a, a, a, a, a, a, a, a,) and be ejected from the mouths
thereof, producing thereby the rotation of such wheel or engine. The vapour
and liquids then separate within the vessel or casing (d), from which the
vapour passes off into the atmosphere or a condenser by the pipe situated on
the side thereof, and the liquid falling by its gravity to the bottom of such
casing, from which it is again carried back through a pipe into the generator
by means of the said force pump. Two other apparatus of a similar kind, the
forms of which I consider eligible, are shewn by one Drawing at Figure 9.
All the appurts to the first of these herein-described engines, as regards
hollow axes, stuffing boxes, pump, casing, &c. &c., are precisely similar to
those last described in Figure 8. For the working of this engine I allow
steam or vapour, in conjunction with hot water or other liquids, to pass into
the central axis, and through a semicircular and tubular arm (which appears
dotted in the Drawing) into the hollow circumference, and around the same,
and then from thence into the said casing, from which the liquid is driven
back to a generator by means of a pump similar to that described at Figure &,
but not shewn in this Drawing. This apparatus is very similar in construc-
tion to the last described, particularly if several arms and hollow circum-
ferences are employed which may be placed one beyond the other, the only
difference in effect being, that the liquids and vapour have further to travel,
videlicet, all around the circumference, before they escape into the casing.
This Drawing, Figure 9. also exhibits another modification of this apparatus,
in which steam or vapour only is allowed to pass from the generator' into the
hollow axle (a), on one side thereof, by a pipe (b) extending from the gene-
rator, and having a stuffing box formed on the end thereof in which the said
axis revolves. There is a partition in this axle dividing it into two portions,
one for allowing the steam or vapour to enter, and the other for water or other
liquid, and which pass from thence through two separate arms or radii(c, d,)
into the hollow circumference where they mix together, and having passed
around the same are also expelled together into the casing, where they sepa-
rate, as before described, the steam or vapour passing off by a pipe (e) into the
atmosphere, and the water or other liquid falling to the lower part of the

page_text: casing; but in this apparatus, instead of its being conveyed back again into
the generator by means of a force pump, as described in reference to Figures 8
and 9, it is again elevated into the central axis of the wheel or engine through
a pipe (f), with a stuffing box fixed therein, in which it revolves by means of
the rotative motion given to the liquid contained in the straight tubular arm
or radius extending from the hollow axis to the hollow circumference, which
produces a centrifugal effect, not only sufficient to elevate this water by causing
the pressure of the atmosphere or vapour within the casing to act thereon, but
also to pass the mouth of the pipe conveying the steam or vapour also into the
hollow circumference, as before stated. There are many other variations
which may be given to the arms or cavities of wheels or engines upon this
principle which may be formed straight, as in Barker's mill, or circular or
spiral, and many other shapes, but which should be so constructed as to pro-
duce the greatest entrifugal and reactive force upon the arms, so as to affect
the rotative motion thereof. I am aware that various forms have been pro-
posed and given to apparatus constructed upon this principle when steam
only has been employed for actuating the same, and also when cold water
has been employed for a similar purpose as a substitute for the common
water-wheel, when, supplied from a reservoir of water at a higher level, and
also when employed by a force pump for producing rotary motion. On the
contrary, the improvements which I propose in these engines consist in sup-
plying and actuating them by means of heated water or other heated liquids,
in conjunction with steam or vapour, which, on being admitted into the
tubular axes, and from thence into the tubular arms or radii, will expand and
partially separate therein, driving the liquid portion thereof rapidly out at the
open ends, and producing powerful rotative action thereby.
My next improvements in engines to be actuated by fluids, consists in
an apparatus, in conjunction with a method of raising a continuous supply
of water or other liquids for the purpose of actuating by their descent
overshot or other wheels, such as are used in millwork_generally; (for
example) I will suppose an overshot wheel (a,. a, a,) such as shewn at
Figure 10, to be suspended upon bearings (b), within a casing (c), com-
prised of metal, wood, or other suitable materials, in the upper part of
which casing there is formed a reservoir (c) for containing water or other
iquid, from the bottom of which there is a spout or opening (f) to allow
a certain portion thereof to flow into the buckets of the wheel below; the
proper quantity for this purpose may be regulated by a governor connected by
pullies with the axle of the wheel, and connecting upon a valve placed in the
spout or opening before mentioned. The lower part of this casing (g) is also

page_text: made to serve as a reservoir for containing the water or other liquid as it falls
from the wheel above. This is a large aperture (h) containing a valve
or series of valves (i), opening downwards, and leading into the short leg (j)
of an inverted syphon, the orifice of which is attached by means of a flange
around the said opening; to the bottom of such lower reservoir the long
leg (k) of this inverted sypher has also its orifice attached, and passing into
the upper reservoir, before mentioned, above the surface of any water con-
tained therein, and its lower part near the bend is enlarged to (about) double
its usual size for the purpose of allowing a steam pipe (1) leading from any
description of boiler to be affixed upon and pass into the same, the end of
this steam pipe being made to turn upwards, upon which is fixed a rose pipe
or cover full of small apertures, very similar to that of a common garden
watering pot. The operation of this engine is as follows: A quantity of
water being put into the lower reservoir (sufficient for the purpose of sup-
plying the waterwheel), part thereof will descend through the valves or valve
before described, and fill the pipes forming the lower portion of the inverted
sypher, so as to stand at the same level in the long leg thereof as it assumes,
when at rest, in the lower reservoir; steam or vapour being then allowed to
pass from the boiler through the steam pipe and rose pipe into the enlarged
portion of the longest leg of the inverted syphon will therein mingle with the
water or other liquid in the form of small bubbles, which will be condensed at
first by the cold water contained therein, but as the same becomes gradually
heated thereby to the boiling point, these bubbles will become permanent,
and rise by their smaller specific gravity with the water. The consequence of
this mixing of the water with bubbles of steam in this long leg of the syphon
is, that it will render the medium specific gravity of the water and steam
together contained therein so much less than that of the water, only that
if the inverted syphon tubes are carried any considerable depth below the
lower reservoir, the weight of the column of water therein added to that in
the short leg of the syphon leading therefrom will be greater than that of the.
steam and water in the longer leg thereof, and will cause by its descent and
subsequent mixture with bubbles of steam in passing the rose pipe a continual
circulation thereof from the lower into the upper reservoir, where the water
being separated by its superior gravity from the steam will flow through the
spout opening into the buckets of the wheel below, and having acted thereon,
by its gravity will fall from thence again into the lower reservoir, to be again
raised into the upper reservoir in a similar manner, so as to keepupa constant
supply for the wheel as long as the steam is admitted from the boiler, which
steam as it escapes from the water in the upper reservoir may be conveyed.
B

page_text: therefrom by means of a pipe (m) either into a condenser or the atmosphere,
and for the sake of economizing fuel the condensation thereof may be in part
effected by a current of atmospheric air impinging against a condenser formed
of spiral or zigzag tubes, as before described, previous to entering the fire by
which the boiler is heated, by which contrivance heated air may be supplied
thereto instead of cold air, which, of course, will save a certain quantity
ofcaloric and fuel, or such steam may be used for any other purposes to which
it is applicable after it has been discharged from the apparatus, such as the
heating of liquids, &c. &c.
My next improvement consists of a rotary pump for raising andforcing fluids,
which pump may be employed for forcing and circulating liquids within and
through boilers or generators, as before described, one of which is shewn so
applied to a generator at Figure 2; these pumps may be applied to various
purposes. The construction of a pump upon this principle is shewn at
Figure 11, and consists of a hollow axis (a), the ends of which are made to
revolve in stuffing boxes, one of which stuffing boxes form the end of a
pipe (6) for the admission of water, and the other forms part of a pipe (c) to
allow of its ejection therefrom. In the former pipe there is fixed a valve (d)
opening inward, and in the latter a valve (e) opening outward. There is a
circular coil of pipe fff, the ends of which are turned inwards, and are made
to communicate one with the tubular axis on one side of the partition therein,
and the other with the same on the other side of such partition. Between the
axis and the inner circumference of the circular coil of pipe are fixed two or
more spokes, to afford necessary strength; the operation of this pump is as
follows: The cavity thereof being first filled with water or other liquid, rapid
rotation is given to the same upon its axis by means of a wheel and band, or
other mechanical contrivance for effecting this purpose; the consequence of
this will be that as the centrifugal force given to the water in the two arms
will be equal, and the tendency of the water in the hollow circular coiled pipe
being to remain at rest while the pump itself is in motion, the vis inertia
of the said water will cause its pressure to be greater on one side than on the
other, and consequently, by its increasing the centrifugal force in one arm and
overcoming itin the other, it will cause the water to enter the axis through the
pipe and valve on the one side, and be expelled through the other in a
constant stream as long as the rotation is continued, and sufficient water
supplied.
Having thus described my improvementsin heating, generating, and cooling
fluids, and in engines to be actuated by such fluids, and also my apparatus for
raising and forcing fluids.

page_text: Firstly, in respect to my apparatus for heating and generating fluids by sub-
jecting them to the operation of heat, when passing through series of spiral
or zigzag tubes, either partially filled with spiral coils of wire or other-
wise, and in causing the circulation of such liquids through them by means of
a circulating pump or other mechanical forcing apparatus, I claim the general
arrangement thereof, as described in reference to Figures 1, 2, and 3, and
particularly the use and application of such tubes, when employed in con.
junction with such circulating pump or other mechanical forcer for causing the
circulation of fluids therein.
Secondly, in respect to my apparatus for heating and generating fluids
by the circulation of heated mercury in tubes, I claim the apparatus as
herein described, when so applied, in reference to Figure 4.
Thirdly, in respect to my apparatus for cooling fluids, I claim the general
arrangement of spiral or zigzag tubes connected together, as herein described
for this purpose, when atmospheric air is caused to impinge against the same
by any known mechanical air-forcing or exhausting apparatus, or by a blower
of steam applied as herein described.
Fourthly, in respect to engines to be actuated by such fluids, I claim the use
and application of hollow axles, upon which are fixed tubular arms or wheels,
with cavities formed within them to answer the same purpose. When such
axles are supplied with hot water or other heated liquids, in conjunction with
steam or vapour, to produce rotative motion of such axles or arms or wheels
by the action of centrifugal or reactive forces, on the principle of Barker's
mill, as herein described, without limiting myself to the position of such arms
or cavities.
I likewise claim the general construction of the apparatus, as described in
reference to Figures 8 and 9, acting upon this same principle, when similarly
supplied with hot water or other heated liquids, in conjunction with steam
or vapour. But I do not claim hollow axles with arms or wheels of any
particular construction, when actuated by steam or vapour only, upon the
aforesaid principle of Barker's mill. Neither do I claim such axles or wheels
when actuated by water or other liquids, only flowing from a reservoir thereof
at a higher level, or propelled by a force pump for producing rotary motion, as
herein described.
Fifthly, in respect to the apparatus described in reference to Figure 10, I
claim the general arrangement thereof,and particularly the use and application
of the inverted syphon and rose steam pipe inserted therein for raising, by
means of steam or other vapour, fluids from one level to another, as herein
described, for the purpose of actuating machinery by the re-descent thereof.

page_text: Sixthly, in respect to my improved rotary pump for raising and forcing
liquids, I claim the construction thereof, as herein described.
Having now stated my several claims, I wish it further to be distinctly
understood, that I do not claim the individual parts herein described, but
merely the combinations thereof for the purposes herein mentioned; neither do
I confine myself to the precise forms of the several parts herein described, but
consider myself at liberty to make any variations therein that is not atvariance
with the general principles of my Invention.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Henry James, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Sixth day of May, One thousand eight hundred