IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT
Year: 1854

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Benjamin Fullwood, of Bermondsey, in the County
of Surrey, Manufacturing Chemist, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT."
Sealed the 10th October 1854, and dated the 17th April 1854.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Benjamin Fullwood at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
17th April 1854.
I, BENJAMIN FULLWOOD, of Bermondsey, in the County of Surrey, Manu-
facturing Chemist, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT" to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in manufacturing cement by calcining together chalk
or other native carbonate of lime and oxymuriate of lime, or any other chloride
or chlorine, or muriate of soda or any other muriate, or muriatic acid, the
object being to dissipate the carbonic acid gas contained in the chalk or car-
bonate of lime, and to replace it to some extent by chlorine or oxymuriatic
gas.
The quantity of the cement thus produced may be modified by mixing
with it oxide of zinc or native sulphate of zinc in the proportion of about
one part by measure to seven parts of the cement.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Benjamin Fullwood in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
17th October 1854.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, BENJAMIN
FULLWOOD, of Bermondsey, in the County of Surrey, Manufacturing Chemist,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria; by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Seventeenth day of April, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-four, in the seventeenth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Benjamin Fullwood, Her special licence that I, the said Benjamin Fullwood, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Benjamin
Fullwood, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might maké, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANU-
FACTURE OF CEMENT" upon the condition. (amongst others) that I, the said
Benjamin Fullwood, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same
to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Benjamin Fullwood, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
-performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, that is to say:-
My Invention consists in manufacturing cement by calcining together chalk
or other native carbonate of lime and oxymuriate of lime, or any other chloride
or chlorine, or muriate of soda or any other muriate, or muriatic acid, the
object being to dissipate the carbonic acid gas contained in the chalk or
carbonate of lime, and to replace it to some extent by chlorine or oxymuriatic
gas: The quality of the cement thus produced may be modified by mixing
with it native or manufactured oxide of zinc or other cementitious or colouring
-matter,-in-the-proportion-of-about-one-part-by-measure-to-seven-parts of the
cement, or in any other suitable proportions.
The manner in which my Invention is performed is as follows:-I make
use of a kiln, somewhat similar to a lime kiln, having a wide orifice at top to
facilitate the dispersion of the evolved carbonic acid gas. I first lay about one

page_text: and a half cwts. of coal, coke, breese, or other like fuel at the bottom of the
kiln, above which I place about one ton of chalk or other native carbonate of
lime, and on this I spread about one and a quarter cwts. of either of the above
named chlorides or muriates reduced to powder, or a quantity of chlorine or
muriatic acid chemically equivalent thereto. I then spread another layer of
coal, coke, breese, or other like fuel on the said matters, and then another
layer of chalk or other native carbonate of lime and chloride or muriate, and
I continue this succession of layers until the kiln is charged, when I kindle
the fire in the kiln, and allow the charge to calcine in the manner practised
when burning limestone. When the materials have been sufficiently calcined,
they are drawn from the kiln, ground, sifted, and packed for use.
Instead of proceeding as before described, by depositing the matters in
successive layers, I sometimes, when a soluble chloride or muriate is used,
dissolve it in water and inımerse the chalk or other native carbonate of lime
therein, so as to cause it to become saturated with the solution before placing
it in the kiln with the fuel for calcination.
The oxide of zinc or other cementitious or colouring matters, above stated
as applicable to be mixed with the cement produced, as before described, may
either be so mixed with it after calcination, or may be mixed before and calcined
with it, according as their properties are more or less volatile.
I do not confine myself to the use of the exact proportions of materials
above specified, although I consider those laid down to be useful for ordinary
purposes.
And having now described the nature of my said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I claim as my said
Invention is,
The manufacture of cement, by calcining with coal, coke, breese, or other
like fuel, chalk or other carbonate of lime, and a metallic, earthy, or alkaline
chloride or muriate, or chlorine or muriatic acid, with or without the admixture
of oxide of zinc or other cementitious or colouring matter before or after
calcination, as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Benjamin Fullwood, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Seventeenth day of October, One thousand eight
hundred and fifty-four.
BENJN FULLWOOD. (L.S.)