Improvements in Roofing.
Year: 1899

page_text: Date of Application, 4th Sept., 1899
Complete Specification Left. 1st June, 1900-Accepted, 18th Aug., 1900
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Roofing.
I, NICOLAS DAUBACII, of Hermsdorf i/Kynast, in the Empire of Germany,
Royal Building Inspector, 'do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be
as follows:-
All the known methods of covering a roof which shall be weather-proof do not
answer their purpose. The disadvantage is that the single tiles are not connected
together tightly enough to form a single fast body; consequently in bad weather
first single tiles or rows of them are lifted and the cement or mortar breaks and
crumbles away leaving free play to effects or storm and rain. Usually it was
thought that the wet caused the crumbling of the mortar and care was taken
to protect the lines of mortar against exterior influence, but this did not really
effect a weather-proof roof, because not only the wet led to the crumbling away
of the mortar but the imperfect connection together of the single tiles and rows
thereof, which could not prevent an up and down movement caused the lines of
mortar to break." To obtain a really storm and weatherproof roof a resistent
connection must be made. This has been tried already with various kinds of
diagonal tiles or slates which cover the lines of mortar entirely and are also
better connected together by introducing connecting tongues into suitably formed
grooves. Also the use of projections engaging with the layer of tiles lying there-.
under has been tried. The connection tongues have also been formed dove-
tailed in order to keep the roof comparatively tight even if the tiles or slates
should be displaced; but all these different arrangements have not had the
desired effect as the dove-tail as well as the straight tongues with their grooves
are much too long, being compelled to run along the edges of the tiles etc. and
the material of the tiles etc. by reason of its physical qualities not being suit-
able to be formed into such long tongues and grooves so that the respective
parts can be placed one in the other, each tile contracts into a more or less
different shape when burnt. The before mentioned projections do not fulfil their
purpose at all because they catch under the joint of two neighbouring tiles so
that their effect is contrary to their purpose because they act as a lever and force
the tiles lying above from one another because the mortar cannot resist the pres-
sure of the wedge during a storm. Besides such a system even when all the
lines of mortar are entirely covered cannot make a roof weatherproof.
The object of the present invention is to obtain a roof which answers all
requirements, by the use of tiles with special arrangements so that a really
weather-proof roof is produced, which by a peculiarly arranged locking of the
tiles is so connected together, that the solidity already obtained is still further
increased by a good mortar connection.
The roof is composed of shaped tiles. The hollow left side of each tile catches
over the raised right edge of the next so that the joining line of mortar has
always a solid support and is held in a groove. On the upper left edge of each
tile is a cut out part of the same width as the cross line of mortar is intended to
be whilst the length of said cut-out part is such that the latter is even with the

page_text: right edge of the tile lying thereunder. The cross lines of mortar being placed
upon the upper borders of the tiles there is thus a direct connection effected
between the longitudinal and cross lines of mortar so that the latter have a solid
support at all points because at the said cut out part the tiles thereunder forms
the support. The connection of the lines of mortar is very important from a
technical point of view because by the connection of these the roof is directly
joined so that it forms one solid body. The arrangement of the cut out parts
has the advantage that into the cross lines of mortar long metal strips can be
placed in forming the cross lines of the roof. In order to render the roof still
more solid, two ribs are arranged close underneath the lines of mortar two on
each tile, so formed that the iree space lying between them forms a dovetail
shaped hollow. Into this hollow catch dovetail shaped projections arranged on
the under side of the tile until they come close to the lower end so that the
whole roof is again joined in lines. This joint is not at all like the projections
on diagonal tiles hitherto used because the projections do not catch under the
joint of the two adjacent tiles, but catch the middle of each tile so that a dis-
placement sideways is not possible. In order to lift a tile the wind or weather
must destroy both the side mortar lines and the junction of them with the respec-
tive cross lines of mortar but that is practically impossible because the mortar
joint lying on the right is covered by the next tile and therefore joined in all
directions. The before mentioned projections cannot be compared with the dove-
tail shaped joining tongues hitherto used in diagonal tiles which allow a rela-
tive movability of the tiles without letting them go entirely out of the joints or
obtain even by the movability of the tiles a greater solidity, as the present
arrangement acts entirely to the contrary, that is to say, to obtain an absolute.
immovability of the tiles. Finally it may be mentioned that in this roofing all
the cross lines of mortar are protected against the influence of the weather as
they are covered by the ribs and projections..
Dated this 4th day of September 1899.
HERBERT HADDAN & Co.,
Agents to Applicant.
improvements in Koɔnng.
I, NICOLAS DAUBACH, of Hermsdorf i/Kynast, in the Empire of Germany,
Royal Building Inspector, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in
what manner the same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascer-
tained in and by the following statement: -
All the known methods of covering a roof which shall be weather-proof do not
answer their púrpose. The disadvantage is that the single tiles are not connected
together tightly enough to form a single fast body; consequently in bad weather
first single tiles or rows of them are lifted and the cement or mortar breaks and
crumbles away leaving free play to effects of storm and rain. Usually it was
thought that the wet only caused the crumbling of the mortar, and care was taken
to protect the lines of mortar against exterior influence, but this did not really
obtain a weather-proof roof, because not only the wet lead to the crumbling away
of the mortar but the imperfect connection together of the single tiles and rows
thereof, which could not prevent an up and down movement, caused the lines of
mortar to break. To obtain a really storm and weather-proof roof a resistent
connection must be made. This has been tried already with various kinds of

page_text: diagonal tiles or slates which cover the lines of mortar entirely and are also
better connected together by introducing connecting tongues into suitably formed
grooves. Also the use of projections engaging with the layer of tiles lying there-
under has been tried. The connection tongues have also been formed dove-
tailed in order to keep the roof comparatively tight even if the tiles or slates
should be displaced; but all these different arrangements have not had the
desired effect as the dove-tail as well as the straight tongues with their grooves
are much too long, being compelled to run along the edges of the tiles etc. and
the material of the tiles etc. by reason of its physical qualities not being suit-
able to be formed into such long tongues and grooves so that the respective
parts can be placed one in the other, each tile contracts into a more or less
different shape when burnt. The before mentioned projections do not fulfil their
purpose at all because they catch under the joint of two neighbouring tiles so
that their effect is contrary to their purpose because they act as a lever and force
the tiles lying above from one another because the mortar cannot resist the pres-
sure of the wedge during a storm. Besides such a system even when all the
lines of mortar are entirely covered cannot make a roof weather-proof.
The object of the present invention is to obtain a roof which answers all
requirements, by the use of tiles with special arrangements so that a really
weather-proof roof is produced which by a peculiarly arranged locking of the
tiles is so connected together, that the solidity already contained is still further
increased by a good mortar connection.
In the annexed drawings, Fig. 1 is a plan view of the roof, Fig. 2 is a section
on line I-I of Fig. 1, that is, a section through a mortar joint. Fig. 3 is a
section on the line II-II of Fig. 1. Fig. 4 section on line II-III of Fig. 1.
Fig. 5 shows a single tile. Fig. 6 is a section on line IV-IV of Fig. 5, Figs. 7
and 8 sections on lines V-V and VI-VI of Fig. 5. Fig. 9 shows a metal fill-
ing for the cross lines of mortar.
The roof is composed of (shaped tiles (Fig. 1). The hollow left side
of each tile catches over the raised right-edge of the next so that the joining line
qr mortar has always a solid support and is held in the groove a (Figs. 3 and 4).
On the upper left edge of each tile is a cut out part b (Figs. 1 and 5) of the sanie
width as the cross line of mortar is intended to be whilst the length of said cut
out part is such that the latter is even with the right edge of the tile lying
thereunder (Figs. 1, 2 and 5). The cross lines of mortar being placed upon the
upper borders of the tiles (Fig. 1) there is thus a direct connection effected
between the longitudinal and cross lines of mortar so that the latter have a solid
support at all points because at the cut out part the tile thereunder forms the
support. In Fig. 1 the longitudinal lines of mortar e and the cross lines d are
represented by dotted lines whilst in Figs. 2 and 4 their connection is shown.
Such a connection of both said lines of mortar is very important from a technical
point of view because by the connection of these, the roof is directly joined so
that it forms one solid body. The arrangement of the cut out parts has the
advantage that into the cross lines of mortar long metal strips i can be placed in
forming the cross lines of the roof. In order to render the roof still more solid,
two ribs f f are arranged close underneath the lines of mortar, two on each
tile, so formed that the free space lying between them forms a dovetail shaped
hollow g (Figs. 1, 3, 5, 7 and 8). Into this hollow y catch the dovetail shaped
projections arranged on the under side of the tile until they come close to the
lower end (Figs. 3 and 8) so that the whole roof is tightly joined. This joint is
not at all like the projections on diagonal tiles hitherto used because the projec-
tions do not catch under the joint of the two adjacent tiles, but catch the middle
of each tile so that a displacement sideways is not possible. In order to lift a
tile the wind or weather must destroy both the side mortar lines and the junction
of them with the respective cross lines of mortar but that is practically impossible
because the mortar joint lying on the right is covered by the next tile and there-
fore joined in all directions. The projection h cannot be compared with the

page_text: dovetail shaped joining tongues hitherto used in diagonal tiles which allow a
relative movability of the tiles without letting them go entirely out of the joints
or obtain even by the movability of the tiles a greater solidity, as the present
arrangement acts entirely to the contrary, that is to say, to obtain an absolute
immovability of the tiles. Finally it may be mentioned that in this roofing
all the cross lines of mortar are protected against the influence of the weather
as they are covered by the ribs f f and the projections h.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what
I claim is
1. In a roof the combination of consecutive series of overlapping tiles, each
tile overlapping its neighbour on one side and each series overlapping that next
below it the said tiles having each a recess at its upper overlapping corner,
mortar joints between each tile and its neighbour, and mortar joints between
each series and the next, the two series of said mortar joints being integrally
joined throughout the roof by means of the aforesaid recesses.
2. In a roof the combination of consecutive series of overlapping tiles, each
tile overlapping its neighbour on one side and each series overlapping that next
below it, the said tiles having each a recess at its upper overlapping corner,
mortar joints between each tile and its neighbour, and mortar joints between
each series and the next, the two series of said mortar joints being integrally
joined throughout the roof by means of the aforesaid recesses and continuous
metal strips in the horizontal mortar joints.
3. In a roof the combination of consecutive series of overlapping tiles, each
tile overlapping its neighbour on one side and each series overlapping that next
below it, the said tiles having each a recess at its upper overlapping corner and
having non-continuous ribs on their upper surfaces near their upper edges and
counter part non-continuous ribs on their lower surfaces at their lower edges
adapted each to interpose with the corresponding non-continuous ribs of the tiles
above and below them, mortar joints between each tile and its neighbour and
mortar joints between each series and the next, the two series of said mortar
joints being integrally joined throughout the roof by means of the aforesaid
recesses.
4. A tile having on one edge a cut out portion b and on its surface near the
upper border, running parallel therewith, a non-continuous rib f f forming a
dove-tailed hollow interval and on the under side ending on the lower border,
a dovetailed projection adapted to catch into the interval g of the tile lying
thereunder to form a continuous rib.
HERBERT HADDAN & Co.,
Agents to Applicant, 18, Buckingham Street, Strand, W.C.