THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER, CARD, AND MILLBOARD FROM "CERTAIN VEGETABLE PRODUCTIONS
Year: 1855

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Louis Jullion at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 21st
. June 1855.
I, JOHN LOUIS JULLION, of Combe House, Tovil, in the County of Kent,
Analytical Chemist, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER, CARD, AND MILLBOARD FROM "CERTAIN VEGETABLE
PRODUCTIONS," to be as follows (that is to say):
The vegetable substances from which I propose to manufacture paper, card,
and millboard are the fibres of the banana and plantain plants, of straw, of
waste-or pressed sugar canes, and of the various water flags that abound in
warm countries; and the node in which I carry out the said Invention is by
dusting the said substances in the machine called a devil, cutting them in a
common chaff-cutting box, boiling in a dilute solution of caustic alkali with
or without steam pressure, (or sulpharet of sodium or of calcium may" be

page_text: employed as a substitute for caustic alkali,) and bleaching in the usual way
with hypochloride of lime.
Another process which may be employed with advantage consists in dusting.
and cutting the said vegetable productions as aforesaid, boiling or heating
them by means of high-pressure steam in a close vessel, that can be set in
motion (similar to those used in the manufacture of paper from rags), with a
solution of hydrate of soda or carbonate of soda, of a strength varying to suit
the vegetable productions, of from 1 to 7 degrees of Baumé.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John Louis Jullion in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
21st December 1855.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
LOUIS JULLION, of Combe House, Tovil, in the County of Kent, Analytical
Chemist, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent. Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-first day of June, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-five, in the nineteenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and, successors, give and grant unto me,
the said John Louis Jullion, Her special licence that I, the said John Louis
Jullion, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said John Louis Jullion, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at
any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times there-
after during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and-vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "THE MANUFACTURE
OF PAPER, CARD, AND MILLBOARD FROM CERTAIN VEGETABLE PRODUCTIONS," upon
the condition (amongst others) that I, the said John Louis Jullion, by an
instrument in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Louis Jullion, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement, and the Drawings therein referred to (that is to say):-

page_text: My said improvements have reference, firstly, to the manufacture of paper,
card, and millboard from certain vegetable fibres heretofore unemployed for
the said purposes; secondly, to the bleaching and treating of the said fibres;
and of those obtained from the straw of any grain-bearing cereals in temperate
climates, by the aid of certain chemical preparations; and, thirdly, to the
construction of machinery by which I carry out the process of bleaching and
preparing the above materials. by the above-mentioned chemical preparations
for the purpose of manufacturing paper, card, and millboard'; and the vegetable
fibres which I employ for the said purposes are those obtained from the bañana
and plantain plants, the sugar cane, and any common water flags that are-or
may be commonly found growing in conjunction with the same in hot climates;
as especially those of the aloe reed, wild melon, and cucumber :squash, the
leaves and stems of all of which plants I propose to collect together and cut
into short lengths by means of a common chaff-cutting machine, or any other
suitable contrivance, and. the straw of grain-bearing cereals, of temperate
climates may be treated in a similar manner; and I subject the cuttings thus
obtained to the process of bleaching by the use of the following materials
(that is to say)-I employ for the purpose of bleaching, firstly, a weak
solution of sulphuric or muriatic acid, or of any other .cheap acid, though I
prefer for the purpose the two of which I have made mention. Secondly, any
solution of an alkaline sulphuret, or of any sulphuret of an alkaline earth,
or any hydrate of an alkali or alkaline earth, or any mixture of any such
materials, whether alkalis or alkaline earths, or; the hydrates or sulphurets
thereof; but I would employ in preference to any others the sulpheret
of sodium, or the hydrate of soda mixed with the sulphuret of calcium..
Thirdly, I employ the ordinary hypochlorite of lime or bleaching powder,"
with or without the addition of a small quantity of soda, but other bleaching
agents heretofore employed will be also applicable to the materials I make use
of, in conjunction with my machinery and processes for the manufacture of
paper, card, and millboard. The space of time during which these agents are -
applied in their respective order, as herein described, will vary much according
to the substances employed; but as a rule, the hardest substances must be
subjected to their action during the longest period; and before the material is
bleached I separate the dust, dirt, or otherwise from the same by means,
of a dusting or winnowing machine, and I then pass the dusted and
winnowed particles. through a pair of heavy crushing rollers, for the purpose.
of effecting the abrasion of any knots or hard pieces which they may.
contain, so that the chemicals intended to operate upon them may have a.
more equal effect. I prefer the use of two heavy iron-rollers-running upon.

page_text: one another at an unequal speed, and kept to their work by means of weighted
levers, but I do not confine myself to any particular, form of roller's or
metliod of crushing. It is particularly desirable that the material. in each
batch or quantity to be operated upon should be as much as possible of
uniforin specific gravitys
1
But in order that this my said Invention may be more fully understood and
readily carried into effect, I now proceed to describe it by the aid of the
accompanying Drawings, reference being had to the letters and figures thereon
marked (that is to say):-
.
Fig. 1; Sheet 1; represents a sectional elevation of my improved machine,
in which I immerse the said substances in a weak solution of sulphuric or
other acid of the strength of about 1° Twaddle, either warm or cold; Fig. 2,
ausidė elevation; Fig. 3, a 'top. or plan view; and Fig. 4; a plan view of a
beating or poaching engine. 'In each Figuré the same letters of reference
denote similar corresponding parts. A, A, wooden vessel or tub; B, B, man-
holes; C; C; man-hole covers; D, D, clamps for securing the said covers;
E; E perforated diaphragm, suspended on hollow trunnions F and F¹, upon
which the tub or vessel rotates; G, G, bearings supporting the said trunnions;
H, Hstandard columns; I, I, worm wheel, mounted and firmly keyed upon
the trunnion F; J, J, worm or thread, taking into the worm wheel I, I,
mounted upon a horizontal shaft K. K, working within the bearings L, L;
M and N, fixed and loose pulleys for giving motion to the shaft K, K, through
the. intervention of driving riggers, from steam or any other motive power
engine; O, C, chamber or vessel, furnished with a syphon tube P, P, and tap
and funnel Q and R; S, tap in communication with the interior of the wooden
vessel or tub; U and U', tap and pipe leading from a cistern containing warm
or cold water; V and V, tap and pipe leading from a steam boiler; W, W,
taps for running the liquor off when required; X, X, pipe for running in the
acid liquor. When this apparatus is used, the material to be operated on is
inserted at the man-holes and the covers put on; the acid liquor is then run in
by the pipe X, and a slow rotary motion given to the vessel. After the motion
has been continued for a short time; the vessel 0, 0, (previously filled with
bleaching liquor through the funnel R and tap Q) has its communication
opened with the interior of the vessel by the tap S, thus allowing the bleaching
liquor to mingle with the acid pickle and material contained within the vessel,
thereby causing the generation of a pressure of chlorine gas, the pressure
obtained being regulated by the amount of bleaching agent admitted from the
chamber 'O, O. When the material is sufficiently acted upon by the acid
liquor with or without chlorine gas, the fluid is run out. of the vessel through

page_text: the taps W, W, into a receptacle for after use with fresh material; cold or
warm water is then let in through the tap and pipe U and U¹ in large quan-
tities, for the purpose of wasliing away all traces of the pickle, which will be
accelerated by a jet of steam' from the tap and pipe V and V. A modification
of the apparatus may be effected by leaving out the perforated diaphragm, and'
employing one man-hole only. After the pickling process the material is ready
for boiling; which may be effected in an open vessel with an ordinary fire for
steam pipe; but I prefer the use of a boiler that combines percolation with
high-pressure steam, together with an alternating tumbling motion; as repre-
sented at Figs. 1, 2, and 3, Slicet 2 (that is to say):
Fig. I represents a sectional side elevation of an alternating percolater";
Fig. 2, a side elevation thereof; Fig. 3, a top or plan view. a, a, wrought-
iron boiler, in the centre of which is a perforated partition E, E, dividing the
boiler into two parts; the ends of the boiler are also fitted with perforated'
partitions b, b. The man-holes on each end are inade so as not to communicate
with the spaces between the perforated partitions b, b, and the ends of the
boiler. The worm J (gearing into the worm wheel I, as before described,) is!
keyed upon the shaft K, and driven by a rigger and pulley M through the
medium of the intermediate shaft c, when the clutch'd is in gear, but 'when'
oùt of gear the pulley and intermediate shaft c revolve, whilst the shaft K
remains stationery; the clutch d being thrown in and out of gear by the
lever e, which is worked by a cam f, f, secured to the worm wheel.g, g, which
has the same number of teeth as the worm wheel I. The worm wheel 9,
which is driven by a worm h; h, loose on the shaft c, is thrown in and out of
gear by the clutch i: The bar and'rollers j, j', and j², cause the cam to work'
the lever e without the aid of a spring or weight. k, k, bent pipes, passing
through the trunnions and communicating with the spaces between the perfo-
rated partitions b, b, and the end of the boiler. With these pipes communi-
cate also the pipes., 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, which lead to the boiler, or not, at pleasure, by
means of the taps 'm, m, m, in lieu of which three-way taps may be employed."
The pipes 1, 1, which communicate with a steam boiler, are fitted with valves'
n, n, to prevent the return of any steam or water. The pipes 1, 1, commu-
nicate with the top and bottom of an iron cistern o, o, Fig. 4, whilst the
pipe communicates with an ordinary water cistern, and the pipe 7° with a
drain.
.
ーー
The cistern represented at Fig. 4 is supplied with water or alkali through
the pipe p, and provided with a man-hole for cleaning out; and the action of
the machine is as follows: The materials to be acted upon are p put into the
boiler through the man-holes, and the covers put on, the clutch'd being out of
رات العامة

page_text: gear, and consequently the boiler still. The liquid to act upon the material is
then mixed in the cistern o, o, and passed into the boiler through the pipe .
Steam is then admitted by the pipes 1, 1, and the clutch i thrown into gear.
The pulley M gives motion to the shaft c, the worm J, and worm wheel I,
causing the cam f to revolve; when the incline of the cam comes to the roller j,
it raises, the levere and throws the clutch d into gear; the worm J then.
revolves, and by driving the worm wheel I, the boiler is caused to turn on its
trunnions. When the worm wheel I has made half a revolution and the.
boiler turned upside down, the worm wheel g, will also have made half a
revolution, and the incline of the cam f will have reached the roller ; it will
then depress. the lever e and throw the clutch & out of gear; the boiler will
then remain stationery until the worm wheel has made another half revolution,
when the cam f will again throw the clutch d into gear, and thus cause the
boiler to return to its original position; by this motion it will be alternately
stopped and started. When the boiler is stationery, one half of the materials in.
the interior will be immersed in the liquid, and the other half will rest on the
perforated partition, and be exposed to the action of the steam; the turning
over of the boiler causes the liquid to percolate through the material from one
side of the partition to the other. The aggregate areas of the perforations in
the partitions b, b, are considerably greater than the areas of the pipes k, k.
When the material is sufficiently acted upon, the steam can be blown into the.
water by the pipe 3, and the liquid withdrawn by the pipe 7; the materials can
then be washed with water partially heated from the cistern o, o, or cold
water from the pipe 1, as required. The operation completed, the man-hole
covers are removed, and the boiler emptied, by being made to revolve constantly
by throwing the clutch i out of gear. This boiler may be heated by steam
pipes in the interior, or by means of a jacket, either of which arrangements.
may be varied by the employment of heated air, it being necessary in all cases.
to maintain a current of heating media, and to reduce any pressure within.
the boiler before letting out any of the liquor or stopping the motion of the
machine.
The chemicals to operate on the material when being boiled are, a solution
of soda, or sulphuret of sodium, or of sulphuret of calcium, or hydrate of lime,
or a mixture of any or all of these, of a strength of about 3° or 4° Twaddle, or
less when the material is in a soft state. The boiling must be continued until
about five or six hours after the boiler has attained its intended pressure; the
connection with the steam generator is then closed, and the pressure in the
whole apparatus reduced, by letting in a sufficient quantity of cold water, or
by any other convenient method; after which the boiled material is drained of

page_text: effete liquor, and in order to remove all effects of the caustic agents, the
material must be well washed with either warm or cold water. It may be
advisable in some cases to boil the straw of cereals, waste sugar cane, reeds, or
otherwise, as above mentioned, in an open vessel, the caustic liquor in which
case should be from 8° to 12° Twaddle, and the boiling be from 12 to 20 hours'
duration, and the materials may then be washed as in the other process.
The
materials, when boiled in high-pressure steam or in open vessels, and washed
as aforesaid, will bleach in an ordinary steeping chest, or may be broken into
"half stuff" and bleached; or the bleaching agent applied (as in the case of
rags) in a beating or poaching engine; in either case the bleaching will be
materially improved and accelerated by blowing a current of air through the
whole substance, which may be effected by means of perforated pipes, as
represented at q, q, Fig. 4, Sheet 1; in which Figure, r, 1, represents the
beating drums, s, the shaft, and t, t, the bottom of the apparatus; or any
other perforated contrivance may be employed. The boiling processes and
materials above mentioned, with the exception of straw, are equally applicable
to the manufacture of millboard of a superior description. The pickling
process may be very much abridged or even dispensed with in the manufacture
of paper or cardboard of an inferior quality.
Flaving now fully described the nature of this my said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, I would have it clearly understood
that I do not confine myself to the precise details herein described, as the
same might be varied without departing from the general priciple of this
my said Invention; neither do I claim the exclusive use of the sulphurets
before mentioned, or a mixture of the sulphurets, in the manufacture as above
described in the case of jute or hop bine; nor do I claim the exclusive use of
hydrate of soda or soda and lime in the manufacture of paper from straw,
excepting when these agents are used for such purposes in connection with the
apparatus herein-before described; but that which I do claim as new, and of
my said Invention is,―
Firstly, the manufacture of white paper and card from the fibres of the
plantain and banana plants, sugar cane, and reeds by the processes herein-
before described.
Secondly, the employment of alkaline sulphurets, or a mixture of alkaline
and earthy sulphurets, with hydrates of alkalis in the manufacture of paper
from straw.
Thirdly, the application of percolation under high pressure, combined with
an alternating tumbling motion, in boiling all substances intended for the
manufacture of paper, card, and millboard, as herein-before described.

page_text: Fourthly, the employment of a rotatory vessel in which a pressure of
chlorine gas is generated for the purpose of pickling or bleaching materials
used in the-manufacture of paper.
;
And, fifthly, the employment of a current of atmospheric. air, either warm
or cold, in the process of bleaching, in the manner and for the purposes herein-
before set forth and described.
In 'witness whereof, I, the said John Louis Jullion, have hereunto set my
liand and seal, this Twentieth day of December, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-five.
Witness,
JOHN LOUIS JULLION. (L.S.)
"F"R. DARKIN CAMPBELL,
Clerk to Messrs. Weatherdon & Co.,
77, Chancery Lane.
31.