Improved Arrangements for Coating Glass or other surfaces Used as a Support for Photographic Emulsions.
Year: 1886

page_text: Date of Application, 31st July, 1886.
Complete Left, 2nd May, 1887.
Complete Accepted, 3rd July, 1887.
Improved Arrangements for Coating Glass or other surfaces Used
as a Support for Photographic Emulsions.
JAMES WILLIAM THOMAS CADETT Photographic Chemist 84 Grove Lane
Camberwell London do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:―
My invention is intended for coating glass or other surfaces, used as a support for
Photographic emulsions, with such Photographic emulsions, where such coating is
done on travelling or moving surfaces in one direction-My invention is particularly
applicable to the tables or setting surfaces now in use where a cord or cords or chain
or chains or band or bands or other moving surfaces or arrangements carry the glass
or other surfaces to be coated, in one direction while being coated.
My invention has for its principal objects: Firstly: the even spreading of the
Photographic emulsions on the surfaces to be coated, after the Photographic emulsion
is laid down, not necessarily evenly to begin with, on the surfaces to be coated and
Secondly, means for ensuring a proper and unfailing delivery of Photographic
emulsions to the surfaces to be coated.
In combination with the above mentioned tables or carrying arrangements for the
surfaces to be coated I use a rod or rods or surface or surfaces or tube or tubes
arranged so as to rest across the surfaces to be coated without touching such surfaces
to be coated excepting at such points or places as may be necessary to support such
rod or rods or surface or surfaces or tube or tubes.
The rod or rods or surface or surfaces or tube or tubes is or are arranged at such a
suitable distance from the surfaces to be coated that when Photographic emulsions are
put on the surfaces to be coated and are carried by the above mentioned tables or

page_text: carrying arrangements under the rod or rods or surface or surfaces or tube or tubes
the Photographic emulsion is spread by capillary attraction across the surfaces to be
coated and thus a practically even film obtained.
For putting down a suitable and proper amount of Photographic emulsion on the
surfaces to be coated I prefer to use an open chamber with a series of plugs or valves
such plugs or valves when in use being kept in action by suitable power so as to
intermittently and continually open and close and thus lay down a suitable quantity
of Photographic emulsion such above mentioned chamber with plugs or valves being
filled to a suitable extent with Photographic emulsion and such chamber being placed
in suitable position over the surfaces to be coated-Arrangements can be made to
keep such chamber warm by fire, hot water or hot air or gases and the above
mentioned rod or rods or surface or surfaces or tube or tubes can also be kept warm
by hot water or hot air or gases passing preferably through it or them.
D
01
1
1
1000

page_text: ав и Бирроги тог гноюзгарито вино.
JAMES WILLIAM THOMAS CADETT Photographic Chemist 84 Grove Lane
Camberwell London do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement :—
My invention is intended for coating glass or other surfaces used as a support for
Photographic emulsions with such Photographic emulsions where such coating is
done on travelling or moving surfaces in one direction. My invention is particularly
applicable to the tables or setting surfaces now in use where a cord or cords or chain
or chains or band or bands or other moving surfaces or arrangements carry the glass
or other surfaces to be coated in one direction while being coated.
My invention has for its principal objects: Firstly the even spreading of the
Photographic emulsion on the surfaces to be coated, after the Photographic emulsion
is laid down, not necessarily evenly to begin with, on the surfaces to be coated, and
Secondly means for ensuring a proper and unfailing delivery of Photographic
emulsions to the surfaces to be coated.
In combination with the above mentioned tables or carrying arrangements for the
surfaces to be coated, I use a rod or rods or surface or surfaces or tube or tubes
arranged so as to rest across the surfaces to be coated without touching such surfaces
to be coated excepting at such points or places as may be necessary to support such
rod or rods, or surface or surfaces or tube or tubes.
The rod or rods or surface or surfaces or tube or tubes is or are arranged at such a
suitable distance from the surfaces to be coated that when Photographic emulsions are
put on the surfaces to be coated and are carried by the above mentioned tables or
carrying arrangements under the rod or rods or surface or surfaces or tube or tubes
the Photographic emulsion is spread by capillary attraction across the surfaces to be
coated and thus a practically even film obtained..
For putting down a suitable and proper amount of Photographic emulsion on the
surfaces to be coated I prefer to use an open chamber with a series of plugs or valves
such plugs or valves when in use being kept in action by suitable power so as to
intermittently and continually open and close and thus lay down a suitable quantity
of Photographic emulsion such above mentioned chamber with plugs or valves being
filled to a suitable extent with Photographic emulsion and such chamber being placed
in suitable position over the surfaces to be coated. Arrangements can be made to

page_text: keep such chamber warm by fire, hot water or hot air or gases and the above
mentioned rod or rods or surface or surfaces or tube or tubes can also be kept warm
by hot water or hot air or gases passing preferably through it or them.
In order that my invention may be better understood and readily carried into effect,
I will now with the aid of the accompanying drawings proceed more particularly to
describe the same.
It is not necessary to particularly describe any of the before mentioned arrange
ments for carrying or moving the surfaces to be coated as my invention is applicable
to any methods where the surfaces to be coated can be carried or moved while
being coated, such arrangements are well known and therefore need no particular
description.
Fig. 1. shows a section of a travelling surface B B B. which is supposed to travol
in the direction of the arrows. The surfaces to be coated G G. are carried by B B B.
in the same direction as B B B is moving, on its upper surface.
T shows a section of a rod tube or surface resting across G. G.
T is prevented from touching or being too close to G G. by having 2 or more wires
or edges round or on T these wires or edges are shown in Fig. 3 by w. w.
In Fig. 1 is shown a projection or portion of the tube rod or surface T the said
projection or portion being indicated by P. P is placed between a bracket or other
suitable arrangement A the part of A between which P is placed being preferably
deep enough so as to allow T to always rest by its wires or edges on the surfaces to
be coated & G.
It is preferable though not absolutely necessary to prevent T from turning or
rolling completely round on G G, when G G, are travelling under T in order to
prevent any tendency for any bubbles, which may happen to be in the Photographic
emulsion when such emulsion is laid down on G G, before passing completely under T
from being carried over by T and then left on G G.
I find it better to make T the same length or slightly less as G G, are across in
order to prevent any emulsion from being carried over the edges of G G, when being
coated.
In order to prevent T from turning completely round as before mentioned any
suitable arrangement may be used-In Fig. 1 and 3 s is a stop or projection fixed
to T. When G G are passing under T the stop or projection S would come in
contact with a surface or spring r. It is better to have the surface or spring r of a
springy nature so as to give way a little when s comes in contact with r so that when
coating glass plates should the wires or projections ww catch on an edge of any
plate T can move round a little and let the edge of the glass slip easily under T.
In Figs. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, V is a vessel or chamber in which the Photographic emulsion
is placed In Figs. 1 and 2 an arrangement is shown for putting down the said
emulsion on G G by a series of plugs or valves c c c. In Fig. 1 only one plug or
valve is shown the drawing being in section-c c c Figs. 1 and 2 are supposed to be
closed but are drawn as if slightly open so as to show construction-It is supposed
that c c c are fixed in V so that when c c c are opened emulsion placed in V will flow
from ccc-a rod or other suitable arrangement is attached to each valve or plug c
Figs. 1 and 2 so that c can be lifted or opened, these rods being shown by d d d, the
rods d are attached in any suitable manner to a bar or rod e so that when e is moved
up and down across the direction of its length the rods d d d can be lifted and the
valves or plugs c c c be opened and closed-An arrangement is also shown in Figs. 1
and 2 by which e can be automatically moved up and down by a slotted arm on each
end of e the slotted arms being indicated by ff the lower ends of ff are connected to
a crank each respectively shown by h h the cranks h h are connected with any suitable
driving arrangement such as a driving pulley i and the driving pulley i is driven by
any suitable arrangement in any well known manner.
In Figs. 1 and 2 and 3 L L L L show the supports or framework for carrying the
various arrangements.
Fig. 3 shows an elevation of T. It must be understood that there is a projection P

page_text: at each end of T and also a bracket a at each end of T. Only one bracket a and one
projection P are shown in Fig. 1 the drawing being in section.
In order to explain the working of my invention it is supposed that in Figs. 1
and 2 the vessel V is filled or partly filled with Photographic emulsion-It is
supposed that B B B is being moved in any suitable manner by suitable power in the
direction of the arrows such power being conveyed to move BBB through one or
both of the rollers J. J. It is also supposed that the driving pulley k Fig. 1 is in
connection with J so that when J is driven k will be driven also the roller J
on the
same side of the drawing as k is here indicated. It is also supposed that k is driving
the pulley by a cord or band as shown in the drawing.
i
On application of power to the arrangements in Fig. 1 the surface G G will be
moved in the direction of the arrows while the plugs or valves ccc will be opened,
thus letting some emulsion fall by the spouts m m m Figs. 1 and 2 and from m m m
to G G. The emulsion on G G will then be carried under T and be thus evenly
spread across G G by T acting by capillary attraction, the evenly coated surface
of G G will then pass on for setting and, removal as is usual in setting and carrying
arrangements for Photographic plates.
It will be seen that the objects of my invention are firstly: the even spreading of
Photographic emulsion on the surfaces to be coated and secondly means for ensuring
a proper and unfailing delivery or quantity of such emulsion to the surfaces to be
coated.
Now it will be evident that considerable variations can be made in the construction
of the arrangements for the purposes of my invention without departing from the
principle of my said invention. For instance: Several such rods, tubes, or surfaces
such as T in Figs. 1 and 3 can be used and where more than one rod, tube, or
surface T is used, the rods tubes or surfaces may be shorter than the distance
across GG so long as the part of G G not covered by one tube, rod or surface, be
covered by another rod, tube, or surface. Moreover any system of laying down
emulsion in regular quantity and at distances not too far apart will suit the working
of T.
It will be seen that great variation can be made in the second object of my
invention without departing from the principle of my said invention. For instance:
the said emulsion may flow direct on to G G instead of running down the
spouts m m m or the emulsion might be made to flow into one or more slotted
chambers and thence to G. G. or through one or more chambers having holes therein.
Moreover great variations can be made in the arrangements of the plugs or valves
as for instance in Figs. 4, 5 and 6.
In Fig. 4:
V is a vessel for containing emulsion similar to V in Figs. 1 and 2.
c is a valve or plug similar to c c c in Figs. 1 and 2-c² is a similar valve excepting
that d can pass through c² as shown by the inner dotted lines extending to o. d is a
rod similar to d d d in Figs. 1 and 2. The outer dotted lines show tube fixed to c¹
extending to a boss or stud u. o is a similar boss or stud as u. x is a tube or
chamber in V which can be opened and closed at its ends by c and c¹. y is an
eccentric wheel or cam revolving at a centre a¹ for the purpose of raising and letting
fall u.
z is a similar eccentric wheel or cam at the same or other suitable centre a
for the purpose of raising and letting fall o.
In this case it will be evident that in working the valves or plugs c and c¹ will be
alternately opened and closed, the eccentric wheel or cam y being so arranged as to
be opposite in action to z so that when o is raised and thereby c raised, c¹ remains
closed and when c¹ is opened c remains closed. If therefore emulsion is kept in V
above the valve or plug c¹ the tube or chamber will be filled and emptied at each
revolution of the wheels or cams y and z and the emulsion laid down in definite
quantities on G G.
For clearness no supports are shown in any of the drawings to V nor to d or q in
Fig. 4 as they can be supported in any well known mechanical manner.

page_text: Fig. 5 shows another arrangement of the plugs or valves as used for the purposes
of my invention.
In this case the valves or plugs are in the form of a pump or pumps-A tube or
chamber e¹ in V communicating with the emulsion in V through the bottom valve or
plug c nearest to G G in Fig. 5 The socket or counterpart of c¹ shown in Fig. 5 as cl
is in this case made in the form of a hollow piston d' the head o¹ being connected by
a rod f¹ to a crank h¹ and thence to a driving pulley i¹ the support for i¹ and h¹ is not
shown as this can be of any well known kind. 6' is a tube or chamber connected
with e¹ to allow the emulsion when pumped by moving the pulley ¹ to flow over e¹
at g and down b¹ on to G G or on to any suitable arrangement leading to G. G.
Fig. 6: This shows another arrangement of plugs or valves in the form of a pump
or pumps In this case the plug d¹ acts as a piston the valves or plugs c and c¹ being
arranged in ordinary pumping manner so that on moving d' up and down in
emulsion will flow down 6 on to G G or in or on to any suitable arrangement
connected with G G.
In Fig. 6 V is a vessel or chamber for holding emulsion similar to Figs. 1, 2, 4
and 5 and d¹ can be connected to a crank or other suitable driving arrangement as in
Fig. 5 or any other suitable and well known manner.
It will thus be seen that considerable variations can be made in the arrangements
of my invention without departing from the principle thereof.
The plugs or valves can be made in the form of ordinary taps if desired so as to
open and shut by any suitable arrangement.
My reason for preferring intermittent opening and closing of apertures for laying
down emulsions is on account of the uncertainty with which Photographic emulsions
flow through small holes or slots sufficiently small to allow a constant flow of emulsion
to take place in proper quantity for coating the surfaces used.
By my method of intermittent supply larger apertures can be used with practical
certainty.
I am aware that tubes or rods have been used in hand coating to aid spreading of
emulsions and I am aware of an arrangement described by Mr. Charles Whiting in
the "Year-book of Photography and Photographic News Almanac" in which a rod or
tube is used for spreading emulsion but the arrangement described is of the nature of
a hand tool and does not apply to automatic machinery where the plates or surfaces
to be coated are moved along by automatic arrangements. Hitherto no successful
arrangement has been made for quick and automatic coating by passing emulsion
under a rod tube, or surface arranged as described by me in conjunction with carrying
or moving arrangements for the surfaces to be coated and also no successful arrange-
ment has been described hitherto for using a rod tube or surface as described
by me in conjunction with automatic arrangements for laying down the emulsion.
It is clear that a rod or rods, tube or tubes, surface or surfaces such as T. Figs. 1
and 3 may be supported by more than 2 wires or edges from touching or being too
close to G G or such rods tubes or surfaces may be supported by brackets or other
arrangements not resting on G G but in practice it is better to have the supports
such as ww Figs. 1 and 3 resting on G G so as to follow irregularities in the
thickness and surfaces of G G. Fig. 2 is an elevation of Fig. 1 but T is not shown
in Fig. 2 for clearness T is therefore shown in Fig. 3.
Arrangements are not shown for keeping the emulsion warm in V as such are well
known and in common use.
Hot water or hot air or hot gas may be passed through T to keep T warm but I do
not find it absolutely necessary to keep T warm as in work the emulsion will do this
when using warm emulsions. It is also evident that several bands or carrying
arrangements such as B. B. B can be used if desired or moving arrangements as
described by Mr. Alexander Cowan of London may be used in conjunction with my
invention. It will be seen that there may be considerable variation in the number
and distance apart of the plugs or valves. It is better not to have the plugs or valves
too wide apart as beyond a certain distance, depending partly on the nature of the

page_text: emulsion, it becomes difficult for T. Figs. 1 and 3 to spread the emulsion evenly over
its entire length, there is considerable latitude but I find that a distance between each
set of plugs or valves of 11 inches works well so that for coating a width of 6 inches
I use 5 sets of plugs or valves though more or less may be used if desired. For
larger widths or smaller widths of surfaces to be coated I use approximately more or
less respectively sets of valves or plugs. I also find that a distance of 8 inches of
surface to be coated in the direction of the arrows of B B B in Fig. 1 is properly
coated by 5 openings and closings of the valves or plugs though of course great
latitude in this respect may be used.
It will also be clear that there are many mechanical devices of a nature well known
by which the said plugs or valves may be brought into action.
The driving pulley k Fig. 1 is not shown in Fig. 2 for clearness.
I am also aware that tubes or surfaces with slots or holes have been used for laying
down emulsions but in these cases the emulsion has been laid down on the surfaces to
be coated on the side of the said tubes or surfaces where the coated surfaces are
leaving or going away from the said tubes or surfaces but in the case of my invention
the emulsion is laid down on the surfaces to be coated on the side of the rod tube or
surface where the coated or to be coated surfaces are approaching the said rod tube
or surface and the coated surfaces in my case are carried to and completely under the
rod tube or surface as described.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I claim is
(1.) The use of a rod or rods, surface or surfaces or tube or tubes substantially as
described arranged so as to rest across the surfaces to be coated as described in
conjunction with arrangements for moving or carrying the surfaces to be coated.
(2.) The use of plugs or valves for intermittently opening and closing substantially
as described.
(3.) The use of the said rod or rods, surface or surfaces or tube or tubes as
mentioned in claim (1) in conjunction with the plugs or valves for intermittently
opening and closing substantially as described.
Dated this 2nd dor of May 1997