IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CHEMICAL MEANS, APPARATUS, AND MACHINERY EMPLOYED IN DEODORIZING, DISINFECTING, AND CONVERTING INTO SUPERIOR MANURE THE SEWAGE AND OTHER FECAL MATTERS, WHETHER Human, AnimaL, VEGETABLE, SOLID, OR LIQUID, OR THE BLOOD OF ANIMALS, OR OTHER REFUSE MATTERS DERIVED FROM VARIOUS SOURCES
Year: 1871

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles Baly, of Gray's Inn, in the County of
Middlesex, Gentleman, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
CHEMICAL MEANS, APPARATUS, AND MACHINERY EMPLOYED IN DEODORIZING,
DISINFECTING, AND CONVERTING INTO SUPERIOR MANURE THE SEWAGE AND
OTHER FECAL MATTERS, WHETHER Human, AnimaL, VEGETABLE, SOLID, OR
LIQUID, OR THE BLOOD OF ANIMALS, OR OTHER REFUSE MATTERS DERIVED FROM
VARIOUS SOURCES."-A communication from abroad by Henry Headley
Parish, residing at Rome, in the Kingdom of Italy.
Sealed the 18th July 1871, and dated the 10th February 1871.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Baly at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
10th February 1871.
I, CHARLES BALY, of Gray's Inn, in the County of Middlesex,
5 Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CHEMICAL MEANS, APPARATUS, AND MACHINERY EMPLOYED
IN DEODORIZING, DISINFECTING, AND CONVERTING INTO SUPERIOR MANURE THE
SEWAGE AND OTHER FECAL MATTERS, WHETHER HUMAN, ANIMAL, VEGETABLE, SOLID,

page_text: or Liquid, or tHE BLOOD OF ANIMALS, OR OTHER REFUSE MATTERS DERIVED FROM
VARIOUS SOURCES," to be as follows:-
According to this Invention the liquid or the semi-liquid sewage is
conveyed by hermetically sealed pipes or air-tight pipes, hosc, carts,
boats, or sewers, into suitable buildings or works arranged with apparatus,
filters, and machinery which may be worked by hand, steam, or other
motive power for treating and converting the sewage or other refuse
matters into manure in accordance with my Invention. Should the
sewage be too liquid the excess of such liquid is directed into a series of
suitable filters, by preference arranged according to my improvements
one above the other, with slides between them as herein-after described.
The bulk of the sewage is conveyed into machines for mixing and
combining it with other materials as herein-after described, and the
sewage is then covered with the purifying composition herein-after
described, whereupon the rotatory apparatus within the machine is
caused to revolve so as to deodorize and convert the amalgamating
mass into a pulverizable manure superior to any hitherto known, and
cheaper.
The materials employed by me for the deodorization and convertion of
the sewage and other matters into manure according to my improve-
ments are, 1st, wood charcoal known and sold under the name of retorted
charcoal, being the product of pyrolignous acid works. The second
material used by me is slaked lime, and the above two substances mixed
together by weight of one part retorted charcoal to two parts of slaked
lime and making with the water rendering them semi-liquid a compo-
sition by weight equal to three parts applicable to five parts of sewage
constitute an amalgamation for producing superior manure in accordance
with these improvements.
The mixing machine before referred to consists of a vessel of iron or
other suitable metal or material for receiving the sewage. This vessel
is furnished with a cover fitting into a water joint to prevent the escape
of odours or noxious vapours. The vessel is provided with a revolving
axis furnished with arms or rakes, which in their revolution stir up and
combine the sewage and other materials contained in the vessel. The
revolving axis passes through stuffing boxes in the ends of the vessel,
which is arranged with valves for discharging the contents of the vessel
when required.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Charles Baly in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 10th August 1871.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, CHARLES
BALY, of Gray's Inn, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Tenth day of February, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, in the thirty-
fourth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Charles Baly, Her special licence that
I, the said Charles Baly, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or
such others as I, the said Charles Baly, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CHEMICAL MEANS,
APPARATUS, AND MACHINERY EMPLOYED IN DEODORIZING, DISINFECTING, AND CON-
VERTING INTO SUPERIOR MANURE THE SEWAGE AND OTHER FECAL MATTERS, WHETHER
HUMAN, ANIMAL, VEGETABLE, SOLID, OR LIQUID, OR THE BLOOD OF ANIMALS, OR
OTHER REFUSE MATTERS DERIVED FROM VARIOUS SOURCES," a communication to
me from abroad by Henry Headley Parish, at present residing at Rome,
in the Kingdom of Italy, upon the condition (amongst others) that I,
the said Charles Baly, my executors or administrators, by an instrument
in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and
in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to
be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Charles Baly, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, that is to say:-
According to this Invention the liquid or the semi-liquid sewage to be

page_text: treated is conveyed by hermetically sealed or air-tight pipes, hose, carts,
boats, or sewers into suitable buildings or works arranged with apparatus,
filters, and machinery which may be worked by hand, steam, or other
motive power, for treating and converting the sewage or other refuse
matters into manure in accordance with this Invention. Should the
sewage be too liquid the excess of such liquid is directed into a series
of suitable filters, by preference arranged according to these improve-
ments one above the other, with slides between them, as herein-after
described.
The bulk of the sewage is conveyed into machines for
mixing and combining it with other materials, as herein-after described,
and the sewage is then covered with the purifying composition herein-
after described, whereupon the rotary apparatus within the machine is
caused to revolve, so as to thoroughly mix, deodorize, and at the same
time convert the amalgamating mass into a pulverizable manure,
superior to any manure hitherto known, and cheaper.
The materials employed for the deodorization and conversion of the
sewage and other matters into manure according to this Invention are,
first, wood charcoal, known and sold under the name of "retorted
charcoal", being the produce of pyrolignous acid works. The second
material employed is slaked lime; and the above two substances mixed
together by weight of one part retorted charcoal to two parts of slaked
lime make (with the water rendering them semi-liquid) a composition
by weight equal (or thereabouts) to three parts, applicable to five parts.
of sewage, thus forming an amalgamation for producing superior manure
in accordance with these improvements.
The mixing machine before referred to consists of a vessel of iron or
other suitable metal or material for receiving the sewage. This vessel is
furnished with a cover fitting into a water joint to prevent the escape of
odors or noxious vapors. The vessel is provided with a revolving axis
furnished with arms or rakes, which in their revolution stir up and
combine the sewage and other materials contained in the vessel. The
revolving axis passes through stuffing boxes in the ends of the vessel,
which is arranged with valves for discharging the contents of the vessel
when required.
T
And in order that the said Invention may be most fully understood,
11

page_text: Figure 1 shews a side elevation, Figure 2 an end view (with the cover
raised), and Figure 3 a horizontal section of a machine for mixing and
amalgamating the foecal and other matters with the purifying materials
in accordance with this Invention.
a is a vessel (by preference made of sheet metal) furnished with a
hinged cover, the edges of which when the vessel is closed enter into
a channel c formed around the upper part of the vessel filled with
water, thus forming a water joint to prevent the escape of odors or
noxious vapors from the vessel a during the mixing process; d is a
hinge or joint upon which the cover 6 moves when raised; e is a central
shaft or axis revolving in suitable bearings at each end of the vessel a;
upon this axis a series of radial arms e¹ are fixed, furnished with
blades e, thus forming them into a series of revolving rakes F, which
revolve within the lower semicircular part of the vessel a. The number
of the arms e¹ and rakes e³ may be varied, as seen by Figures 4, 5, and 6
of the Drawings, the latter being in perspective. In Figure 4 the arms e¹
are fixed alternately in four lines upon the axis e, whilst in Figure 5 they
are arranged alternately in three lines, as shewn. g is a toothed wheel
fixed on one end of the axis e, to which rotary motion is communicated by
means of the toothed pinion h fixed on the axis i, which is actuated by
the crank handles ³, 2, by manual labor, or a pulley may be fixed on
the axis i, motion being communicated thereto by means of a steam
engine or other motive power; k, k, are slide valves for discharging the
contents of the vessel a, the slides being withdrawn by the lever
handles, so as to uncover the discharging orifices at the bottom of
the vessel a.
The manner in which it is preferred to mix the several proportions
of deodorizing materials for a given quantity of manure is as follows:-
Assuming that the quantity to be dealt with is 48 lbs., it is divided
into 8 parts (or other numerical equivalent). Take 6 lbs. of powdered
retorted charcoal and 12 lbs. of slaked lime, leaving 30 lbs. of sewage.
The slaked lime must be mixed with water until it assumes the con-
sistency of cream. The powdered charcoal must be added to it, and the
whole mixed with water until it becomes semi-liquid, or thereabouts.
When these materials are well mixed weigh 18 lbs. (to form 3 parts out

page_text: of 8) from the mixture, which is the quantity (or thereabouts) which is
required to purify 30 lbs. or thereabouts (to form 5 parts out of 8) of
sewage.
The success of the process greatly depends upon using the proper
proportions of retorted charcoal and of the slaked lime, and if the latter
is not perfectly mixed before the charcoal is added it will be difficult to
make it soft enough to combine, as the charcoal would harden the lime,
and the whole would remain rough and clotted, and badly mixed.
When the proper quantity of sewago together with the deodorizing
mixture has been introduced into the vessel a the rotary apparatus is
set in motion, by which means the deodorizing mixture will in a short
time become thoroughly incorporated with the sewage, and thus convert
it into valuable manure. The slides or valves at the bottom of the
vessel a are then withdrawn to open the valves through which the
contents of the mixing machine are discharged into suitable receptacles
underneath. The manure thus prepared is allowed to dry, and may be
easily pulverized ready for being applied for manuring and fertilizing
land.
According to another part of this Invention if the sewage to be treated
is more than semi-liquid, or altogether liquid, such as urine, another
process is employed, by which the fertilizing properties of the liquid
manure are extracted therefrom and combined with charcoal, sláked
lime, and common earth, so as to produce valuable manure. For this
purpose in carrying out this part of the Invention the liquid manure is
conducted into a series of filters or vessels containing the absorbent
deodorizing and purifying materials.
A convenient arrangement of the filtering vessels employed in
accordance with this part of these improvements is shewn in Sheet 2
of the Drawings hereunto annexed, Figure 7 being a side elevation,
Figure 8 an end view, and Figure 9 a plan of a series of such filtering
vessels arranged one above another, in order that the liquid sewage may
flow from one to another as required. Openings covered with wire
guaze or other perforated material are formed at the bottom of each
vessel, such openings being closed by a slide or cover, so that the fluid
sewage can be retained for any suitable length of time in each of the
filtering vessels, and then be discharged into the one below by with-
drawing the slide. The uppermost filtering vessel (1) of the series is

page_text: filled with unpowdered retorted charcoal in lumps or grains. The
filtering vessel (2) is filled with slaked lime, and the filtering vessel (3)
is filled with common earth. The liquid sewage is first conducted by a
spout 8, as shewn, or otherwise into the filtering vessel vessel (1) con-
taining charcoal, where it is allowed to remain for about half an hour,
the slide 8¹ is then withdrawn by means of the lever handle ¹, to allow
the liquid to flow from the filtering vessel (1) through the discharging
orifice O¹ into the filtering vessel (2) containing slaked lime, where it is
allowed to remain for about half an hour, when the slide s² is withdrawn
to allow the liquid to filter through the orifice 0% into the vessel (3)
below filled with common earth, where it remains for about half an
hour, and when the slide 8 is withdrawn the liquid.flows away as clear
water into the conduit or passage p, the fertilizing properties of the
sewage being deposited in the filtering materials contained in the series
of vessels (1), (2), (3), which materials when thoroughly impregnated
or charged with matters extracted from the liquid sewage constitute
three distinct qualities of manure, which are passed separately from the
series of vessels (1), (2), (3), down the several shoots 1*, 2*, 3*, as
shewn, into trucks or waggons w upon a tramway t, or into a cart,
boat, or other receptacle, as may be found most convenient. The
contents of each vessel thus converted into manure are kept separate,
so as to be applied separately or combined to the purpose for which
they are best suited.
Having thus described the nature of the Invention communicated to
me by the said Henry Headley Parish, what is claimed under the above
in part recited Letters Patent is,--
First. The combination of charcoal with slaked lime in the pro-
portions herein described, or thereabouts, such compound being employed
for deodorizing and converting a given quantity of sewage or other refuse
matters into manure, substantially as herein-before described.
Second. The arrangement of machinery and apparatus shewn and
described in reference to Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 (Sheet 1) of the
Drawings hereunto annexed, for mixing the deodorizing compound with
the sewage for converting the same into manure in accordance with
these improvements, substantially as herein-before described.
Thirdly. The conversion of liquid sewage into manures of different
qualities by filtering the same through a series of vessels containing

page_text: charcoal, slaked lime, and common earth, in which the valuable
properties of the liquid sewage are deposited, thus converting the
said materials into valuable manures, substantially in the manner
herein described and shewn in reference to Figures 6, 7, and 8
(Sheet 2), of the Drawings hereunto annexed.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Baly, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Second day of August, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one.
Witness,
J. G. TONGUE,
Patent Agent,
34, Southampton Buildings,
Chancery Lane.
C. BALY. (L.S.)