Petroleum Lamp for Incandescent Light."
Year: 1897

page_text: Date of Application, 4th Mar., 1897
Complete Specification Left, 21st Oct., 1897-Accepted, 24th Dec., 1897
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
"Petroleum Lamp for Incandescent Light."
We, ARTHUR DUFFEK, of Piaristengasse 46, Vienna VIII., Engineer, and
JOHANN KOHN, of Elisabethstrasse 15, Vienna I, Manufacturer, do hereby declare
the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
As is well known, many attempts and proposals have been made to manufac-
ture a wick-lamp, fed with petroleum or similar combustible, which can be used
for the production of incandescent light through the mediation of the incan-
descence-bodies (incandescent mantles) such as are used for gas.
All lamps of this kind which have been constructed heretofore are useless in
practice for various reasons, of which the chief may be said to be the danger of
explosion, the imperfect attainment of a heating flame (blue flame) of sufficiently
high temperature, and above all, the failure to achieve an intimate mixing of
the gasified combustible with the air for its combustion.
This mixing must occur under such conditions that the illuminating flame of
the wick can be changed directly and without smoke into the heating flame
(blue flame) and vice versa; that the volume of the mixture can be regulated
always in the proportion proper to the surface of the incandescence body to be
brought to incandescence; and that the intermixture of the air and gas may
occur at the right place without diminution of the velocity produced by the
method of supplying the air, while maintaining a constant temperature at the
correct point in the zone of gasification.
Only by simultaneously fulfilling all these conditions is it possible to provide
a petroleum wick-lamp which shall meet all the requirements of practice.
The present invention relates to a lamp of this kind for petroleum incandescent
light, in which the mixing of the gasified combustible with the air is accom-
plished in a most perfect manner, by causing the previously warmed air to be
split up into as many streams as possible and brought to bear upon the flame of
the wick from all sides with great speed, whereby a vigorous eddying of the
intermixing air and gas streams is effected, together with a direct air supply
against the flame from without. This eddying produces an intimate mixture of
the warm air-particles with the gasified fuel and engenders in this mixture a con-
stant temperature. As a result of the construction of the burner and of the flame
spreader the burning mixture of gas and air is driven evenly and powerfully,
as a strong blue flame, against the inner surface of the incandescence body and
is uniformly spread over the same, so that every part of the mantle is brought
to incandescence under the same conditions and therefore exhibits the same
illuminating value.
Separate from the air streams which give rise to the eddying motion, a propor-
tionally smaller portion of the air for combustion is caused to pass over the outer
surface of the incandescence body, so that nearly the whole of the heat is used
in attaining the required temperature in the heating flame, only a little heat
radiation finding its way to the surrounding parts.

page_text: The observance of a certain proportion of the mixture to the interior capacity
of the incandescence body, absolutely necessary for smokeless combustion, is
effected by means of a regulating apparatus, which, by a suitable raising or
lowering of the mantle keeps the volume enclosed by this, and therefore the
effective inner surface, of the size suited for every flame.
The feed of the fluid fuel requisite for gasification to that part of the wick
where gasification occurs is effected by increasing the capillarity of the wick by
means of small tubes or webbing, themselves exerting a suction, while a quiet
flame is ensured by the uniform draught through the perforated surfaces in the
air channels, which prevent intermittent entry of air and therefore make the
draught of the lamp steady.
The accompanying drawing represents in Figure 1 a vertical section through
one form of construction of the lamp, whilst Figures 2 to 7 illustrate diverse
modifications which may be made in the burner and the flame spreader.
As will be seen, the lamp possesses a central air supply and is provided for
this purpose with a combustion tube which, in order to enhance the draught
as much as possible, passes through the fuel reservoir 6 and eventually also
through the stand c and the foot of the lamp.
In the upper end of the combustion tube is a tube d and in this "the flame
spreader f is situated, so that the rapidly rising air stream is divided into two
concentric currents.
The hood-shaped end f¹ of the flame spreader f, standing over the wick tube,
is held on the spindle of the aforesaid flame spreader by a conically diminishing
part f³, and possesses an arched under-surface so that the air current, .passing up
the inner tube d is deflected outwards and downwards directly on to the upper
wick-edge, without losing speed as a consequence of this deflection of the direc-
tion imparted to it by the combustion tube. The very small loss of speed
entailed by the friction of the air particles against the surface of the hood is
compensated by the contraction of the air stream between the conical part 3 of the
spindle of the flame spreader and the concave inner surface of a ring h which
is fixed into the tube d.
g
The outer surface of this ring, which is shewn by itself in Figure 7, is also
concave in form, whereby the important purpose is served that the air current
which is split off from the main current and rises between the wick tube and
the inner tube d, is deflected in such a way that it strikes horizontally against
the inner side of the flame; here a diminution of velocity is equally prevented
by a contraction of the current between the outer surface of the ring h and a
wire ring (Figures 1, 3, 6) placed on the end of the wick tube or a baffle plate 2¹
(Figures 2, 4, 5) or both. The volume of the secondary current, thus directed
in a radial direction against the flame, is also determined by this constrictor i
or on the wick tube; the same end can also be attained by a conical expansion
of the lower end of the inner tube d (Figures 2, 3, 5), which, moreover, may also
serve as a support for the flame-spreader as shewn in Figures 2, 4. and 5.
The air gains access to the outside of the wick flame through the open-
ings of the gallery k and passes upwards between the wick tube and a
cap n attached to the gallery and discharging within the incandescence body; a
small part of the air, after it has been warmed by its passage in the gallery,
passes through the holes into the structure which carries the chimney glass,
in order to strike upwards against the outside of the incandescence body in con-
junction with the air which passes from the outside through the holes .
This air passes over the outer surface of the radially placed tubes m which
are passed between the structure and the cap n and open opposite the outer edge
of the wick.
The air which enters through these tubes from without strikes against the air
current rising between the cap and the wick tube and deflects it in such a way
that it impinges against the outer surface of the wick flame,

page_text: By this means the flame in the space enclosed by the incandescence body is
supplied with air from all sides in numerous currents, of which that especially
which comes up through the combustion tube a impinges upon the flame with
great velocity.
As a result, a very strongly eddying motion of the fuel gasified by the wick
flame, and an intimate mixing of the gas particles with the air. are produced;
at the same time the air entering through the tubes m maintains a constant tem-
perature in the mixture and, finally, the mixture is driven against the inner
surface of the incandescence body and is there spread out owing to the strong
pressure of the air current issuing from the combustion tube a.
To still more fully procure this spreading out, a baffle plate p, of bow-shape
and with concavity upwards, is fastened to the topmost point of the flame spreader,
which is provided with vertical or oblique holes o, so that a part of the air which
ascends the inner tube d, instead of being deflected on to the upper part of the
wick flame, passes through these holes and is diverted outwards and upwards
along the baffle plate p, whereby the air-gas mixture is pressed against the
mantle and assumes a pear shaped form.
The most intimate mixing of the entering air with the gas formed at the wick
can be still enhanced if the air current which passes up the combustion tube and
through the inner tube d is divided into a number of fine jets, as is rendered
possible, according to Figures 2 to 5, by causing the air deflected by the arched
flame spreader to issue through sieves or nets r, which may be situated in the
wall of the inner tube d or in the wall connecting the latter and the flame spreader-
cap, in which latter case the cap fi serves at the same time as a preliminary
heating chamber for the air (Figures 2, 3 and 4).
Besides the high speed of the incoming air and the maximum eddying motion
necessary for the formation of an intimate mixture, as well as the necessary high
temperature of the mixture, there is still an indispensable condition, namely a
certain ratio between the mixture and the volume enclosed by the incandescence
body, as only when this is observed can a full utilisation of the light radiating
surface be made, and smoking and sooting of the flame be avoided.
On this account the incandescence body is provided with a regulator, which
consists in effect of a rack s and pinion s¹ (Figure 1) in connection with the sup-
port of the incandescence body; by means of this the incandescence body can
be raised or lowered with respect to the burner, and thus its internal contents
into which the mixture is injected, is brought to the proportion proper to the
volume of the mixture.
The enhanced supply of the fuel from the reservoir to the upper, gasifying
portion of the wick is effected with the help of the capillary tubes t or of nets or
webbing which are situated between the wick tube and the wick.
The flickering of the flame is prevented by the sieves, perforated sheets or
nets v, which are placed in the air-way (in the combustion tube and between
the cap and wick tube) and render impossible an intermittent insuck of air to
the burner; as, moreover, only a small volume of air passes along the outside
of the incandescence body, a permanently steady flame is guaranteed.
The whole burner, together with its chimney glass and incandescence-body is
so mounted that for igniting the wick flame it can be removed from the combus-
tion tube projecting up from the fuel reservoir and provided with the usual regu-
lating device and if necessary it can be replaced by an ordinary flame spreader
when the lamp is to be used without an incandescence body, as the fuel in the
reservoir is kept cool by the stream of air passing through the combustion tube.
so that the danger of an explosion is entirely excluded.
Dated this 4th day of March 1897.

page_text: We, ARTHUR DUFFEK, of Piaristengasse 40, Vienna VIII., Engineer, and
JOHANN KOHN, of Elisabethstrasse 15, Vienna I., Manufacturer, do hereby declare
the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed to
be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement:-
As is well known, many attempts and proposals have been made to manufac-
ture a wick-lamp, fed with petroleum or similar combustible, which can be used
for the production of incandescent light through the mediation of the incan-
descence-bodies (incandescent mantles) such as are used for gas.
All lamps of this kind which have been constructed heretofore are useless in
practice for various reasons, of which the chief may be said to be the danger of
explosion, the imperfect attainment of a heating flame (blue flame) of sufficiently
high temperature, and above all, the failure to achieve an intimate mixing of
the gasified combustible with the air for its combustion.
This mixing must occur under such conditions that the illuminating flame of
the wick can be changed directly and without smoke into the heating flame
(blue flame) and vice versa; that the volume of the mixture can be regulated
always in the proportion proper to the surface of the incandescence body to be
brought to incandescence; and that the intermixture of the air and gas may
occur at the right place without diminution of the velocity produced by the
method of supplying the air, while maintaining a constant temperature at the
correct point in the zone of gasification.
Only by simultaneously fulfilling all these conditions is it possible to provide
a petroleum wick-lamp which shall meet all the requirements of practice.
The present invention relates to a lamp of this kind for petroleum incandes-
cent light, in which the mixing of the gasified combustible with the air is accom-
plished in a most perfect manner this being effected by a direct supply of air
from the outside to the wick flame, after this has been previously fed with heated
air passing to it in a number of jets from all sides, and flowing with great velo-
city, thus producing a vigorous eddying of the intermixing air and gas streams.
This eddying produces an intimate mixture of the warm air-particles with the
gasified fuel and engenders in this mixture a constant temperature. As a result
of the construction of the burner and of the flame spreader the burning mixture
gas and air is then driven evenly and powerfully, as a strong blue flame,
against the inner surface of the incandescence body and is uniformly spread over
the same, so that every part of the mantle is brought to incandescence under the
same conditions and therefore exhibits the same illuminating value.
of
The observance of a certain proportion of the mixture to the interior capacity
of the incandescence body, absolutely necessary for smokeless combustion, is
effected by means of a regulating apparatus, which, by a suitable raising or
lowering of the mantle keeps the volume enclosed by this, and therefore the
effective inner surface, of the size suited for every flame.
The feed of the fluid fuel requisite for gasification to that part of the wick
where gasification occurs is effected by increasing the capillarity of the wick by
means of small tubes or webbing, themselves exerting a suction, while a quiet
flame is ensured by the uniform draught through the perforated surfaces in the
air channels, which prevent intermittent entry of air and therefore make the
draught of the lamp steady.
The drawing accompanying the provisional specification represents in Figure 1
a vertical section through one form of construction of the lamp, whilst Figures 2

page_text: to 7 illustrate diverse modifications which may be made in the burner and the
flame spreader.
As will be seen, the lamp possesses a central air supply and is provided for
this purpose with a combustion tube a which, in order to enhance the draught
as much as possible, passes through the fuel reservoir 6 and eventually also
through the stand c and the foot of the lamp.
In the upper end of the combustion tube is inserted a tube d and in this the flame
spreader f is situated, so that the rapidly rising air stream is divided into two
concentric currents.
The hood-shaped end f of the flame spreader f, standing over the wick tube g,
is held on the spindle f of the aforesaid flame spreader by a conically diminishing
part f³, and possesses an arched under-surface so that the air current passing up
the inner tube d is deflected outwards and downwards directly on to the upper
wick-edge, without losing speed as a consequence of this deflection of the direc-
tion imparted to it by the combustion tube. The very small loss of speed
entailed by the friction of the air particles against the surface of the hood is
compensated by the contraction of the air stream between the conical part f³ of the
spindle of the flame spreader and the concave inner surface of a ring h which
is fixed into the tube d.
The outer surface of this ring, which is shewn by itself in Figure 7, is also
concave in form, whereby the important purpose is served that the air current
and
which is split off from the main current and rises between the wick tube
the inner tube d, is deflected in such a way that it strikes horizontally against
the inner side of the flame; here a diminution of velocity is equally prevented
and a
by a contraction of the current between the outer surface of the ring
wire ring i (Figures 1, 3, 6) placed on the end of the wick tube or a baffle plate i¹
(Figures 2, 4, 5). The volume of the secondary current, thus directed
in a radial direction against the flame, is also determined by this constrictor i
or on the wick tube; the same end can also be attained by a conical expansion
of the lower end of the inner tube d (Figures 2, 3, 5), which, moreover, may also
serve as a support for the flame-spreader as shewn in Figures 2, 4 and 5.
The air gains access to the outside of the wick flame through the open-
ings of the gallery k and passes upwards between the wick tube and a
cap n attached to the gallery and discharging within the incandescence body; a
small part of the air, after it has been warmed by its passage in the gallery,
passes through the holes into the structure 1 which carries the chimney glass,
in order to strike upwards against the outside of the incandescence body in con-
junction with the air which passes from the outside through the holes .
This air passes over the outer surface of the radially placed tubes m which
are passed between the structure and the cap n and open opposite the outer edge
of the wick.
The air which enters through these tubes from without strikes against the air
current rising between the cap and the wick tube and deflects it in such a way
that it impinges against the outer surface of the wick flame.
By this means the flame in the space enclosed by the incandescence body is
supplied with air from all sides in numerous currents, of which that especially
which comes up through the combustion tube a impinges upon the flame with
great velocity.
By means of the air supplied by the small tubes m, serving as draught channels,
there is produced according to the above described invention, a very strongly
eddying motion of the fuel gasified by the wick flame, and an intimate mixing of
the gas particles with the air are produced; at the same time the air entering
through the tubes m maintains a constant temperature in the mixture and, finally,
the mixture is driven against the inner surface of the incandescence body and is
there spread out owing to the strong pressure of the air current issuing from
the combustion tube a.
To still more fully procure this spreading out, a baffle-plate p, of bow-shape

page_text: and with concavity upwards, is fastened to the topmost point of the flame spreader,
which is provided with vertical or oblique holes o, so that a part of the air which.
ascends the inner tube d, instead of being deflected on to the upper part of the
wick flame, passes through these holes and is diverted outwards and upwards
along the baffle plate p, whereby the air-gas mixture is pressed against the
mantle and assumes a pear shaped form.
The intimate admixture of the air supplied with the gas bubbles forming at
the wick can be still farther increased by supplying to the flame highly heated.
air which is fed uniformly from all sides with a considerable velocity into the
flame. This is accomplished by arranging the cap f¹ of the flame spreader, as
shewn at Figure 2, at a suitable distance over the upper end of the inner tube d,
which has a form corresponding to this cap, this latter being held by means of
a ring formed of a perforated plate or of wire gauze, and having openings r; or
it may be held by small rods connecting it with the top of the tube.
The air flowing upward through the inner tube strikes against the under sur-
face of the cap, and is distributed uniformly in a circle, impinging into the blue.
flame already burning in the combustion space of the incandescence mantle;
the mixture of gas and air will thereby be mixed with a supply of highly heated
air, and in consequence of the impact effected by such currents of highly heated
air, the mixture will be distributed uniformly over the inner surface of the incan-
descence body.
In order that the velocity which the air assumes in the combustion tube and
inner tube may not be appreciably reduced by its impact against the distributing
cap f, the under surface of the latter is made as a conoidal body with the apex
directed downwards, and having a concave generatrix.
The air flowing through the inner tube is conseqently made, on issuing between
the cap and upper end of the tube, to flow in a curve outwards, so that it will
impinge with practically no diminution of velocity against the flame.
As the upper part of the flame spreader is situated in the zone of intense heat,
it will possess a high temperature in comparison with that at the lower end of
the inner tube, and this difference of temperature will cause the requisite high
velocity to be imparted to the air flowing through.
As has been proved by experiment, the difference in the temperature existing
already between the cap and the top of the inner tube is so great that on ex-
tinguishing the lamp the cap will appear almost white hot, while the end of the tube
is quite dark. Consequently a strong superheating of the air issuing between
the two parts will take place.
In the modifications of the flame spreader shewn at Figures 3, 4 and 5, the
intimate mixture of the air and gas is effected by causing the air deflected by
the arched flame spreader to issue through sieves or network r, which may be
situated in the wall of the inner tube d, or in the wall connecting the latter and
the flame spreader-cap, in which latter case the cap f¹ serves at the same time
as a preliminary heating chamber for the air (Figures 2, 3 and 4).
Besides the high speed of the incoming air and the maximum eddying motion
necessary for the formation of an intimate mixture, as well as the necessary high
temperature of the mixture, there is still an indispensable condition, namely, a
certain ratio between the mixture and the volume enclosed by the incandescence
body, as only when this is observed can a full utilisation of the light radiating
surface be made, and smoking and sooting of the flame be avoided.
On this account the incandescence body is provided with a regulator, which
consists in effect of a racks and pinion s¹ (Figure 1) in connection with the sup-
port of the incandescence body; by means of this the incandescence body can
be raised or lowered with respect to the burner, and thus its internal contents,
into which the mixture is injected, is brought to the proportion proper to the
volume of the mixture.
The enhanced supply of the fuel from the reservoir b to the upper gasifying

page_text: portion of the wick, is effected with the help of the capillary tubes t or of nets or
webbing which are situated between the wick tube and the wick.
The flickering of the flame is prevented by the sieves, perforated sheets or
nets v, v which are placed in the air-way (in the combustion tube and between
the cap and wick tube) and render impossible an intermittent insuck of air to
the burner; as, moreover, only a small volume of air passes along the outside of
the incandescence body, a permanently steady flame is guaranteed.
The whole burner, together with its chimney glass and incandescence-body is
so mounted that for igniting the wick flame it can be removed from the combus-
tion tube projecting up from the fuel reservoir and provided with the usual regu-
lating device, and, if necessary, it can be replaced by an ordinary flame spreader
when the lamp is to be used without an incandescence body. As the fuel in the
reservoir is kept cool by the stream of air passing through the combustion tube,
the danger of an explosion is entirely excluded.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of this inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, we declare that what we
claim is:-
1. A petroleum incandescence lamp with air supply on both sides of the wick,
wherein the mixture of the combustible vapour generated from the liquid by
means of the wick flame with the air supplied to the wick is effected under strong
eddying motion produced by air currents led to the wick through radial tubes m
opening radially into the burner cap n, and serving as draught channels, by
which eddying motion the intimate mixture necessary for the formation of the
blue flame is produced, substantially as described.
2. In the construction of incandescence wick lamp referred to in the preceding
claim, the use, for maintaining the correct proportion of the gas and air mixture
produced, to the inner space of the incandescence mantle, of a regulating device
consisting of the toothed racks s combined with the mantle carrier, and the
pinions for raising or lowering the incandescence mantle, substantially as
described.
3. In the incandescence oil lamp referred to in the first claim, the arrangement
of capillary tubes t or network or weavings on the surfaces of the wick, substan-
tially as described.
4. The construction of the flame spreader in which there is provided on the
cap an inversely curved deflecting plate p, the cap being formed with holes o
directed against such deflector, in order to cause a portion of the air current rising
through the tube d, to be led against the said deflector, and thereby to impart
to the blue flame a pear shaped form, substantially as described.
5. The construction of the flame spreader referred to in claim 4 wherein its
cap f¹ is connected to the upper end of the inner tube d by means of sieve like
annular surface or by rods, while at its underside it is formed with a down-
wardly projecting concave conoidal surface, so that the air supply, highly heated
by contact with the cap and flowing with a high velocity in consequence of the
difference of temperature between the inlet and outlet end of the flame spreader,
will be directed against the flame without loss of velocity and in a uniformly
distributed manner, substantially as described.
6. In the incandescence oil lamp referred to in the first claim, the arrange-
ment of a ring h inserted into the inner tube d and having concave inner and
outer surfaces, for the purpose of contracting the air currents passing up between
the tube d and the flame spreader or wick tube, substantially as described.
noted this 01st day of October 1807
ABEL & IMRAY.
Agents for the Applicants.