IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN."
Year: 1880

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to (Pierre Ambjörn), Comte de Sparre, of Boulevard Saint
Denis, 1, at Paris, for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE
OF PAPER AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said (Pierre Ambjörn), Comte
de Sparre, at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 1st October
1880.
(PIERRE AMBJÖRN), Comte de SPARRE, of Boulevard Saint Denis, 1, at Paris.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER, AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED
THEREIN."
My Invention consists of improvements in the manufacture of continuous paper,
water-marked or not, and is chiefly based on the use of special paper forms. The
improvements consist in the employment of boxes or moulds connected together by
hinges and forming an endless chain which takes the place of the endless wire
cloth hitherto used in the manufacture of paper by machinery. The pins of the
hinges, which connect the said moulds, are each furnished with a roller, which travels
in a groove formed around the frame of the machine. Each of the moulds has at
each side a rack geared into by toothed wheels, which cause the endless chain to
travel. Upon these moulds are fixed the special paper forms, hereinafter
described.
When the pulp coming from the strainer reaches one of the forms the latter is in
a horizontal position and in direct contact with the adjoining form, thus producing
the same surface as the endless wire cloth, owing to the arrangement of the hinges,
which are closed when in the horizontal plane, and open when passing round the
ends of the frame. The paper is therefore formed in the ordinary manner between
the two caoutchouc belts or deckles, the lateral vibration being caused by claws of
inverted form, which are connected by a rod with an eccentric, and under which
the racks slide.
When the paper reaches the wet press cylinder it is removed by the endless felt
or blanket, and the water is extracted by ordinary air suckers, after which the
paper passes between the press cylinders and over rollers to the drying cylinders.

page_text: In order to avoid waste and to adapt the moulds to the different sizes of forms
which it may be desired to fix therein, the moulds are made so that they can be
individually shortened or lengthened by means of sliding pieces of which they are
composed in a longitudinal sense, and by moving nearer together or further apart
the caoutchouc belts, the moulds can be regulated in the transverse sense. As these
longitudinal shortenings or lengthenings alter the total length of the endless chain
the frame is made with leaves or removable pieces, so that the required tension of
the endless chain can be maintained. The endless felt or blanket, after quitting
the paper at the press cylinders, is washed in a vessel filled with water, the
surplus water being expressed by rollers before the belt returns to remove fresh
paper.
The moulds of which the endless chain is composed are either of a fixed size
for standard dimensions of paper or of variable size for unusual dimensions.
The special paper forms, watermarked or not, which I employ, consist of a metal
plate engraved in the same manner as the moulds for lithophany or transparent
porcelain, and after having cut or engraved the plate in one direction on the one
side and in the reverse direction on the other side until it is cut through into holes,
I cover it with a wire cloth previously stamped before the cutting or engraving of
the plate in such manner that after the operation the embossed cloth corresponds
exactly with the part of the engraved or cut surface which remains. By making
these engravings or cuts sufficiently close on the cloth side they support it all over
and permit of using cloth of a fineness hitherto unknown in the manufacture of
paper forms.
I obtain these forms in the following manner :-First. If a plain paper form is
required I take a metal plate of suitable thickness (a third of an inch, for example,
and even less), and I cut with a saw or other tool in one of its faces grooves, the
depth of which is a little more than half its thickness. Then I cut in the other
face in the transverse direction grooves likewise a little more than half its thickness,
so that the two operations produce as many square holes as there are crossings in
the grooves; if then it is desired to make a paper form, either for hand or machine
work, according to my method for laid paper, there is no need to cover the form
with the said wire cloth, because the grooves of the plate produce this effect; but if
it is desired to manufacture plain paper the plate is covered with the cloth, and
they are attached together either in the ordinary manner by sewing or by solder or
otherwise.
Second. If, on the other hand, it is required to produce a water marked paper
the process is more complicated; it is necessary, first, to model the subject by
transparency in wax or analogous material; this model is engraved in steel, which
is tempered, and I strike in the matrix thus formed a counterpart in steel, which is
also tempered. In this counter part I strike in bronze or other metal an impression,
which should therefore be an exact copy of the wax model, and then I press lightly
and carefully a piece of wire cloth between the two steel counterparts; therefore
it follows that the embossed cloth, being pressed in the same counterparts with
which the bronze impression was struck, corresponds exactly with the face of the
said impression. Afterwards I cut grooves on the obverse of the said bronze piece
in one direction, and other grooves on its reverse in the transverse, direction in
order to produce a perforated plate, as already explained. The grooves on the
obverse should be cut finer than those on the reverse, and the latter may be of
Tform in order to allow of the introduction therein of square headed nuts for
attaching them to the moulds.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said (Pierre Ambjörn), Comte de Sparre, in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 24th March 1881.
(PIERRE AMJÖRN), Comte de SPARRE, of Boulevard Saint Denis, 1, at Paris.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER, AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED
THEREIN.
My Invention consists of improvements in the manufacture of continuous paper
water marked or not, and is chiefly based on the use of special paper forms. The
improvements consist in the employment of boxes or moulds connected together by
hinges, and forming an endless chain which takes the place of the endless wire
cloth hitherto used in the manufacture of paper by machinery. The improved
apparatus is represented in the annexed Drawings, the same letters of reference
indicating corresponding parts in all the Figures. The part from B to D, Figures
1 and 2, corresponds with the portion of an ordinary paper machine extending
from the strainer to the point where the separation of the paper from the cloth
takes place. As already mentioned, the ordinary cloth is replaced by moulds or
boxes A, A, connected together by hinges d'. The pins of these hinges are each
furnished with a roller d, which travels in a groove formed around the frame m, m,
of the machine. Each of the moulds has at each side a rack c, Figures 1, 2, and 3,
geared into by toothed wheels b, b, Figures 1 and 2, which cause the endless chain
to travel. Upon these moulds are fixed the special paper forms hereinafter
described.
When the pulp coming from the strainer reaches one of the forms at the point z,
Figure 1, the latter is in a horizontal position and in direct contact with the
adjoining form, thus producing the same surface as the endless wire cloth owing to
the arrangement of the hinges, which are closed when in the horizontal plane, and
open when passing round the ends of the frame. The paper is therefore formed
in the ordinary manner between the two caoutchouc belts or deckles b', the lateral
vibration being caused by claws e, e, of inverted U form, which are connected
by a rod o with an eccentric, and under which the racks worked by the wheel b
slide.
When the paper reaches the wet press cylinder f it is removed by the endless
felt or blanket x, Figure 1, and the water is extracted by ordinary air suckers g, g,
after which the paper passes between the press cylinders h, h, and over rollers i, i,
to the drying cylinders k.
In order to avoid waste and to adapt the moulds to the different sizes of forms
which it may be desired to fix therein, the moulds are made so that they can be
individually shortened or lengthened by means of sliding pieces p, p, Figure 3, of
which they are composed in a longitudinal sense, and by moving nearer together or
further apart the caoutchouc belts, the moulds can be regulated in the transverse
sense. As these longitudinal shortenings or lengthenings alter, the total length of
the endless chain the frame m, m, is made with leaves or removable pieces E, F, so
that the required tension of the endless chain can be maintained. The endless felt
or blanket x, after quitting the paper at the press cylinders h, h, is washed in a
vessel filled with water, the surplus water being expressed by rollers before the
belt returns to remove fresh paper.
The moulds of which the endless chain is composed are either of a fixed size for
standard dimensions of paper, or of variable size for unusual dimensions; A, A¹, A¹¹,
Figure 3, represent a mould of variable size; c, c, are racks divided longitudinally

page_text: into halves in order that they may be capable of being lengthened or shortened in
the same manner as the supports p, p, on which the pieces q, q, which support the
forms rest transversely. The moulds are binged or jointed at d, and on their
prolonged pins or spindles is a roller which is free to slide a little on its axis in
order to permit the frames to execute the lateral vibration (owing to the claws
already spoken of) without the frame being affected by it.
The special paper forms, watermarked or not, which I employ, and which may be
used either for hand or machine made paper, consists of a metal plate, engraved in
the same manner as the moulds for lithophany or transparent porcelain, and after
having cut or engraved the plate in one direction on the one side and in the reverse
direction on the other side until it is cut through into holes, I cover it with a wire
cloth, previously stamped before the cutting or engraving of the plate in such
manner that after the operation the embossed cloth corresponds exactly with the
part of the engraved or cut surface which remains. By making these engravings
or cuts sufficiently close on the cloth side they support it all over, and permit of
using cloth of a fineness hitherto unknown in the manufacture of paper forms.
I obtain these forms in the following manner :-First, if a plain paper form is
required I take a metal plate of suitable thickness (a third of an inch, for example,
and even less), and I cut with a saw or other tool in one of its faces grooves, the
depth of which is a little more than half its thickness. Then I cut in the other
face in the transverse direction grooves, likewise a little more than half its thickness,
so that the two operations produce as many square holes as there are crossings in
the grooves; if then it is desired to make a paper form either for hand or machine
work, according to my method for laid paper, there is no need to cover the form
with the said wire cloth, because the grooves of the plate produce this effect; but
if it is desired to manufacture plain paper the plate is covered with the cloth, and
they are attached together either in the ordinary manner by sewing, or by solder, or
otherwise.
Second. If on the other hand it is required to produce a water marked paper the
process is more complicated; it is necessary, first, to model the subject by trans-
parency in wax or analogous material; this model is engraved in steel, which is
tempered, and I strike in the matrix thus formed a counter part in steel, which is
also tempered. In this counterpart I strike in bronze or other metal an impression
which should therefore be an exact copy of the wax model, and then I press lightly
and carefully a piece of wire cloth between the two steel counterparts; thus it
follows that the embossed cloth being pressed in the same counterparts with which
the bronze impression was struck corresponds exactly with the face of the said
impression. Afterwards I cut grooves on the obverse of the said bronze piece in
one direction, and other grooves on its reverse in the transverse direction in order
to produce a perforated plate as already explained. G, H, and K, Figure 4,
respectively represent the plan and two profiles of a plate cut in this manner; t is
the obverse, the grooves on which should be cut finer than those on the reverse u,
and the latter may be of T form, as shown, in order to allow of the introduction
therein of square headed nuts for attaching them to the moulds A¹, A", Figure 3.
A¹ represents a mould with its transverse bars q, q, resting on the longitudinal
bars p, p, which can be lengthened or shortened; A", represents a mould covered
with different paper forms, juxtaposed as in a printing press, and attached below to
the transverse bars by clamps or otherwise.
Having now described the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, I declare that I claim,—
First. The manufacture of paper, as herein set forth, by the use of paper forms
and of apparatus arranged and acting substantially as herein before described.
Second. Constructing apparatus for manufacturing continuous watermarked or
other paper with movable moulds or boxes connected together in the form of an
endless chain, substantially as and for the purpose hereinbefore described, and as
represented in the annexed Drawings.

page_text: Third. The construction or manufacture of paper forms, substantially as and for
the purpose herein before described, and as represented in the annexed Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said (Pierre Ambjörn) Comte de Sparre, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Twenty third day of March, One thousand
eight hundred and eighty one.
PIERRE AMBJÖRN COMTE DE SPARRE. (L.S.)