CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR WEAVING, AND IN PREPARING MATERIALS FOR WEAVING
Year: 1846

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, PETER
CLAUSSEN, of Leicester Square, in the County of Middlesex, Esquire, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters. Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date
at Westminster, the Twentieth day of February, in the ninth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Peter Claussen, my exors, adññiors, and assigns, Her especial licence, full
power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said Peter Claussen, my exors,
admors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Peter Claussen, my exors,
adñiors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time and at all times during the term of years therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and
the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in the Island of Jersey, Guernsey,
Alderney, Sark, and Man, and also in all Her said Majesty's Colonies and
Plantations abroad, my Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY
FOR WEAVING, AND IN PREPARING MATERIALS FOR WEAVING;" in which said Let-
ters Patent is contained a proviso that I, the said Peter Claussen, shall
cause a particular description of the nature of my said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's
High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by
the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Peter Claussen, hereby declare that the nature of the said Invention, and in
what manner it is to be performed, are fully described and set forth in and
by the present Specification thereof; reference being had to the Sheets of
Drawings hereunto annexed, marked No. I. to No. VIII. both inclusive, that
is to say.
The said improvements in weaving machinery consist,-
First, in combining in one machine all the different known modes of
weaving, or, in other words, the capabilities of all these modes, whatever may
be the sort of material woven, as flax, wool, cotton, or silk, or whatever the
actuating power, as hand labour or steam.
Second, in the said machine being so constructed that it can weave at one
and at the same time, and by one movement, or one series of movements,
several pieces of cloth, each with its separate and distinct selvages.
And, third, that the machine may be worked by manual power, and is,
moreover, of so simple a character, that the most unskilled hand can by means
of it produce all sorts of woven fabrics at as cheap a rate as they are now
produced by the best power machines, and of a better quality. And the
manner in which the said improvements are carried into effect is represented
in the said Drawings hereunto annexed and herein-after described.
The Drawings on Sheet No. I. represent a single loom on this system, and
those on Sheets Nos. II. and III. a double loom, from which last it will be
readily understood how three, four or more looms may be in like manner
'combined within one framework; and all worked at one time. A, A, are two
uprights or standards connected by five cross pieces, namely, by two at bottom
'B, B, which are of wood; one (B¹) in the middle of the frame, which is also
of wood, and serves the workman as a breastpiece; and two at top B", B",
which are of iron, and of an arched form. In the middle of the loom
there is a third standard C, which is bolted to the three wooden cross pieces
B, B, and B. The lay is suspended from the top of the frame, and carries as
many shuttle boxes as the loom is intended to produce pieces of cloth at one
time, with one over, or a spare box. The cross head D¹ of the lay oscillates
in two sockets in the side standards A, A, and from it are suspended iron
slings D", which carry the wooden beam D¹¹, on which the shuttles slide, and
two others D, which in the case of double looms serve to enclose the
reed D The slings D" extend downwards beneath the lay, and are there
connected to rods F, which again are connected to the cranks G of the
working shaft H. J is a longitudinal bar in front of the loom, by the turning
of which the workman moves the two projecting side arms I, which raise and
%

page_text: lower the rods F, which acting on the crank G cause the shaft H to rotate,
the effect of which is to impart a to and fro movement to the lay D. At one
end of the working shaft H (which may be either the right or left end),
it carries a pinion K of twenty teeth, which works into a wheel L of eighty
teeth, which is attached to the end of a second shaft M (below H), which
carries the tappets or excentrics N. Some of these tappets act on the marches
or treadles O, which transmit their movement to the leaves of the chain P to
effect the raising and sinking of the leaves, in the same way as in the
common loom, and others act on the marches Q, which communicate an
álternating motion to the bell crank levers Q¹, which give motion to the
shuttles through the medium of the driving stick Q" suspended over each
shuttle box. The chain beam S is supported in iron brackets R, R, bolted
to the back of the frame, and is furnished át its extremities with cast-iron
pieces S, S¹, see Sheet IV., upon which are wound cords, to which are attached
the tension weights S, or those which serve to produce the resistance of the
cloth against the reed D. In front of the loom, under the breastpiece B',
is fixed the cloth beam T, on which the cloth is wound as it is woven. On
one of the ends of each of these beams there is a loose pulley T, round which
winds a cord T, which is carried by the intervention of other pulleys T to
the top of the loom, whence it hangs with a weight. T suspended from it,
which serves as a counterpoise to the tension weight S. On each of the
opposite ends of the beam T is fixed a finely toothed wheel T, by the taking
into which of the ratchet clicks T the cloth is prevented from unrolling, and
also from being wrinkled by the pressure of the reed against the weft. From
the preceding general description it will be seen that the only moving power
in this system is that which the workman exerts on the longitudinal bar j,
which serves to accomplish all the operations performed by hands and feet in
the common loom. It will be farther readily conceived that a mechanism
which can thus supersede the numerous movements of the hand loom; must be
also capable of every modification which has been made in that loom, in order
to adapt it to the weaving of different sorts of fabrics. It is in this respect,
indeed, that the present loom is most favorably distinguished from what
is known by the name of "the power loom" (understanding by that term the
power loom as chiefly employed in the cotton manufacture). The movements
of the power loom are of one fixed and invariable character, but the present
loom is equally applicable to all known processes of weaving. It can producè
every thing that every one of the others can produce. Its movements are
based on general principles, which are alike applicable to all sorts of materials,
as silk, flax, wool, cotton; &c. For the better understanding of those pecu

page_text: FIRST. THE WORKING SHAFT.
The working shaft H has as many crank arms G as there are levers I to
the working bar J. These levers I have each their fulcrum (a) at a point
which is on a line with the slings D₁ of the lay, and the force exerted by them
is in proportion.to the distance of the fulcrum from the cranks G.. It follows
that the length of these levers being determined, the greater the distance
between each fulcrum and the crank on which it. acts, the greater will be
the force exerted, and vice versa. It follows farther that the lower down
their fulcra are in relation to the reed, the less. will be the range of the lay,
and that the closer they approximate to it the greater will be that range,
that is to say, that the radius described by the lay is greatest when the lever
which imparts the to and fro movement is nearest. Again, the arc which the
workman causes the bar J to describe. must be proportionate to that
described by the cranks G of the working shaft; whence it follows that the
larger the circle described by the cranks G, the greater will be that described
by the working bar J, and consequently that what it thus gains in power
it must lose in speed. The length of the cranks of the working shaft ought
therefore to be regulated according to the nature of the cloth to be woven,
and they should be made moveable with slots in them at different points, for
the reception of binding keys, so that they may be shortened or lengthened
without disturbing the shaft itself. The finer the thread the more the length
of the cranks may be reduced, and the less consequently the angular opening
made in the warp, because in proportion to the fineness of the thread is
always the size of the shuttle, and the smaller the shuttle the easier it will
pass through the acute angle formed by the threads of the warp.
When a
cloth is to be woven which requires the employment of great force, and
consequently a strong pressure of the reed against the thread of the weft,
such as stout linen cloth, or sail cloth, the cranks G of the working shaft
should be from eighteen to twenty centimeters (about seven to eight inches
English). When the cloth is such as to require the use of a.large shuttle,
such as woollen or broad cloth, the opening of the warp may be increased
a centimetre or so (about two fifths of an inch English), in order to allow
greater room for the shuttle to pass. It may also be proper, when the loom is
of a larger size.than ordinary, to encrease the length or range of the cranks G,
in order both to facilitate the passage of the shuttle and to give an increase

page_text: of power. All the cranks G should be of exactly the same length, and
ranged in one line on the working shaft. The fulcra a should also be all on a
line. The fly wheel b fixed at the end of the working shaft (at the right or
left end, as the case may be), may also be much lighter for fine than coarse
fabrics, but any weight which is taken off should be from the circumference in
preference to any other part. Farther, in place of suspending the lay from
the top of the loom, the cross head D¹ may be placed below, and made to
vibrate on trunnions, as shewn in the Drawing, Sheet VII., in which case
the slings D" must be connected to the rods F behind the shuttle beam D¹¹¹,
and a little underneath the levers I, the inner end of which levers
terminate in round rods which pass through moveable rings c, and the outer
ends are connected to the extremities of the working bar J. The same
mechanism as last described may be also applied to looms in which the lay is
suspended from the top of the loom, when it is desired to give a greater range
to the lay without changing the cranks G. It may here be proper to observe,
that when the lay oscillates on trunions in the bottom of the loom, its height
must be limited by the height of the breastpiece B. The rod F, which is
placed horizontally at the level of the working shaft H, being connected with
the lay behind the shuttle beam D", produces a very great radius with a small
extension of the cranks G, but this combination is attended with a loss of
power, and where the height of the room or floor will allow of it, the
Inventor prefers having the lay suspended from the top of the loom,
especially when employed in the weaving of coarse cloths, or where large

page_text: toothed wheel L is next fixed, and the point of contact of that wheel with the
pinion K serves to determine the central point of the first tappet N. And
the central part of the first tappet N being ascertained, that determines the
three other points of a square circumscribed by the circle described by the
four tappets N in raising the leaves, as well as the four catches Q, which will
command the shuttle drivers Q. The working bar J being put in motion as
soon as the weaver draws it towards himself, the lay presses on the weft as
long as the angle or shed of the warp is open, that is to say, until the weft is
crossed. The position of the parts just described is suitable for the weaving
of light muslins and some sorts of silks, but for other coarser stuffs it is
necessary, when the cranks G of the working shaft are in the perpendicular
position, that the tappets N should be athwart the wheel d (see Sheet 4).
of the marches O, so as to let the leaves be at rest. To effect this, the
wheel L must be ungeared to the extent of one sixteenth of its circum-
ference, that is to say, of five teeth in a wheel of eighty. On their giving
a circular movement to the working bar J, the threads of the warp are
opened, the shuttle delivers the woof, and so on. It still remains to be
shewn how the position is to be determined of the wipers Q, which bear
against the wheels of the marches Q, the shuttle drivers Q", and which give
to them their to and fro movement. These wipers Q are fixed crosswise,
two and two on each side of the loom, and on a line with the centres of the
tappets N. To give to the tappets N the proper form for acting at the
quarter circle, a square is traced, as in one or other of the designs e, Sheet
No. VI., and the excentrics or tappets formed on the four faces. The space
left between them should be just large enough to contain, without touching,
the wheel d of the 'march. The two excentrics of the form f give the
alternate rising motion to the leaves. The eccentric g is for cross weaving,
and formed of two tappets combined on the square e (when it is desired to
raise one leaf twice in succession, two eccentrics are employed, one imme-
diately following the other, and for some fabrics three such excentrics are
required. In short, the form of all the excentrics is the same, differing in the
proportions only. The Inventor takes for his basis a circle of any given
dimensions, in which he describes either a square, or a pentagon, or hexagon,
or decagon, or any other equiangular figure, and upon the divisions of each
he forms the number of eccentrics rendered necessary by the number of
mountings, leaving between whatever room may be required for the wheel of
the march. Sometimes these squares (e), pentagons (i), and decagons (j), so
that the tappets (N', i, j,) may, by means of screws, be fixed now in one
position and now in another. When for certain fabrics, such as plain

page_text: cross warps of three leaves, or satins of five or six leaves, it is necessary.
to change the numbers of the toothed wheels from four to one, as, for example,
to three, or five, or six, to one, it will be readily understood that the square
position of the wipers Q on the working shaft will no longer fulfil the intended
object of making the movement of the shuttle driver to correspond with the
raising of the leaves, and that they must be modified accordingly, as, for
example, in the manner shewn in the Figures marked Q, in Sheet VI. The
Inventor, however, prefers in all cases where the numbers exceed four to one,
introducing into the loom a supplementary shaft carrying excentrics of the
form m (Sheet 6), upon which shaft he fixes a toothed wheel, which takes
through one half of its circumference into a supplementary pinion attached to
The details of this part of the loom. are represented in the Drawings,
Sheet IV. The treddles or marches are all of the form O, and carry small
wheels d, against which the excentrics N or wipers Q act. These marches
are mounted in the back part of the loom, and their wheels come directly
under the tappets of the leaves P; they are connected at the ends under the
leaves by a lengthening screw to a wooden lath U, to which each leaf is
attached by its two ends. The marches of the shuttle drivers present their
wheels to the wipers, when the latter are in a perpendicular line with the
under part of their axes, the wheels are then a little in advance beyond the
centre, and towards the front of the loom, in order that the wipers may
touch when the excentrics N of the leaves are right over their wheels d,
that is to say, at the moment when the opening of the shed is effected the
wheels ought all to be on the same line. In looms where large shuttles are
used, as in broad-cloth looms, it is necessary that the shaft M which
carries the excentrics should be put as far back as possible in order that the
distance between the points of support of the wheels d of the marches, and
the rods V, which are connected with the leaves, should be such as to describe
a large radius. When the sort of fabric to be woven requires the employ-:
ment of more than two excentrics, as, for instance, five or six or more, it might
then happen that the treddles would no longer range with the middle of the
leaves, which could not consequently be lowered perfectly square. To obviate
this inconvenience, counter marches are placed directly above the other marches,
and connected to the rods V, the ends of which counter marches are on a
line with the centre of the leaves, and joined to the lath U, by which they
are kept parallel.

page_text: X is an oscillating pulley shaft (see Sheets I., II., and III.,) fixed imme-
liately above the leaves. Round the pulley X' straps are passed, the ends of
which terminate in screwed hooks X", from which jacks or rods are suspended
to which the leaves are attached. These pulleys are commonly of a small
diameter; nevertheless, for certain fabrics, such as woollens, it may be proper
to have the pulleys larger, in which case the straps being too much parted
áre guided above the leaves by wooden laths or conductors fixed behind at
the top of the loom. It is also sometimes necessary for weaving of certain
stuffs, such as tweeds and satins of three leaves, to have three oscillating
pulley shafts under the leaves and three above. In this case there are
jacks attached to the straps of the under pulleys, which pass to the straps
of the pulleys above, which latter being returned over the upper pulleys,
are attached to jacks which connect them to the upper leaves, while there
áre other jacks which connect in the same same manner the under
pulleys, that is to say, the upper and under pulleys are connected together as
by one endless band, in the midst of which the leaves are suspended. On
the three lower pulley shafts there is fixed in front of each march, a pulley
which carries a strap, which is attached to the corresponding march; and
thereby commands the raising and sinking of its leaf according as that strap
draws the pulley to the one side or the other. It will be observed, that to
effect in this manner weaving by the raising and sinking, it is necessary
that the number of excentrics should be doubled for each mounting, and
consequently that there should be double the number of marches, of which
one half must be employed in raising and the other in sinking the leaves.
FIFTH. THE SHUTTLE DRIVER.
The shuttle driver in this loom differs entirely from that in common use.
At the back of the loom there are placed wheel marches, of the same sort
as those which actuate the leaves, and to the right and left, at the ends of the
loom, there are two wipers or excentrics Q which bear alternately. against
their respective treddles. Each treddle is suspended from a rod attached to
a lever, supported by a small axis projected from the side of the loom, and
to another lever fixed on the same axis a small rod is attached, which carries
the shuttle driver Q". In looms with multiplied mountings, the shuttle driver
turns upon a pin or pivot at n (see Sheet IV.), but in simple looms on a pivot
at n'. In the former case the two drivers of the two inside boxes are joined
together by passing a wire through them. at n³ and n* above their respective
points of attachment. The object of establishing this communication between

page_text: the two shuttle drivers is in order that the peckers which they drive or
draw may be returned at the bottom of the box before the shuttle enters,
and be thus protected from wear. When the lay is pushed back half way
the drivers are directly above the boxes in the middle of their length, but
it may be nevertheless useful to observe that these drivers may be placed
more or less before or behind the boxes when the loom carries a number of
shuttle boxes superimposed the one over the other. Great care must always
be taken to observe the exact dimensions which the Inventor has assigned to
the projecting points of the squares Q. If they are placed too far from the
wheel or from the point of support, they interfere with the quickness of the
stroke. The like attention must be paid to the points at which the jacks are
attached to the marches, because if there is too great a length between the
point of support and the point of attachment, the quickness of the stroke
is affected in the same way. The number of threads of wool which the
shuttle can deliver in a minute depends, first, on the size of the loom; that
is to say, on the distance which the shuttle has to travel between the one
box and the other; second, on the nature of the fabric; third, on the
degree of opening which it is necessary to give to the sheds of the wrap;
and fourth, on the size of the cranks of the main shaft, and consequently
the degree of range given to the lay. In what are ordinarily called
power looms, the numbers of the wheels are as two to one, for the
working shaft only carries two tappets or excentrics for the leaves and two
for the shuttles, and at each revolution of the driving pinion one leaf tappet
and one shuttle tappet come against their respective treddles. In the present
loom the numbers of the wheels are as four to one, for the shaft carries four
tappets for the leaves and four for the shuttle driver, and at each revolution
of the pinion one leaf tappet and one shuttle driver tappet come in contact with
their respective treddles. The effect produced is the same in both cases, but
the ratio of four to one is preferable, on account of the power required to
work the loom being thereby diminished. When the range of the lay is
limited, and the opening of the sheds small, as in weaving cotton, this loom
can make one hundred and forty strokes per minute. In weaving linens the
number is reduced to one hundred and twenty, because of the greater opening
necessary to be. given to the sheds, and in looms of two yards. width. the
number of strokes becomes diminished to seventy.

page_text: sake of securing a greater and more regular amount of friction. If necessary,
the cast-iron bearings R may be made to slide upon iron rods prolonged
beyond the sides of the loom, in order to allow of a greater length of thread.
When the loom is intended to be used for the producing of a slight fabric only,
the cord S' is attached to the bottom of the loom (see Figure 2 of Sheet I.),
and passed twice or thrice round the end pieces of the beam S, and fixed
to a lever S, from which hangs the counterpoise of the chain S. In the
front of the loom, under the breastpiece, is placed the beam T (see also
Sheet IV.), upon which the cloth is rolled by means of the draw pulleys T'.
A cord T passes over these pulleys; and thence by the corresponding pulleys
Tfrom the bottom to the top of the loom, from which it hangs with the
opposite or counterbalancing weight T suspended from it. The draw
pulleys Tare moveable and detachable, in order to wind the cords round
them when the weight T has descended. The cloth beam T carries also a
toothed wheel T, into which work ratchets T, which prevents the cloth
from unwinding. The warp, as it is unrolled from the beam S, passes through
the leaves or lashes P (see Drawings Sheet No. I.) and the reed D, whence;
after receiving the weft, it is carried over the breastpiece B', and wound
on the beam T. The friction of the cords on the end pieces of the warp
beam S gives to the threads a tension more or less rigid, so that by
encreasing the weight attached to them the pressure of the reed against
the woof is encreased simultaneously with the pressure of the lay. Exactly
the contrary effect results from diminishing the weight. It must be observed,
however, that as the two weights are adjusted before the weaving begins,
the warp will unwind in proportion as the cloth is wound, and that, therefore,
the diameters of the warp beam S must be diminished in the same ratio
as those of the cloth roller T are encreased. If, nevertheless, any change
in the tension of threads is observed, the weight S of the warp beam S can
be readily modified. Several warp beams may be attached to the same loom,
some adapted to a very high degree of tension, and some to a less, so that
in this way it is possible to have in the same fabric parts of the warp very
close, as in cambric, and others less so, as in muslin. It is further deserving
of notice that the employment of this system of equilibration allows of the
shuttle failing several times in the delivery of the warp without any fault
being observable in the cloth, and without the workman being obliged to
push clothe th back again from the reed, as usual when such failure takes
place. Another advantage peculiar to the present loom, in consequence of
the number of warp beams which it admits of, is, that different sorts of cloth
may be woven by it which it has never heretofore been found practicable to

page_text: produce with the old power loom, such as double tissues, shirts without
seam, counterpoints, &c. The system of equilibration allows also of velvets
and double plushes being woven. For this purpose the loom is furnished
with four warp beams, to each of which is attached a hanging loop (corde à
besace), from which is suspended two equipoised weights, so that at cach
stroke of the lay the threads of each warp may rise and fall sufficiently to force
the woof to connect itself alternately to the upper and under chain. It will
be, understood of course that two of these beams form the upper chain or
warp, and the two others the under, and that the threads of the one act
at the sinking and the other at the rising movement.
SEVENTH. THE MECHANISM FOR STOPPING THE LOOM WHEN ANY OF THE
SHUTTLES MISSES THE BOX.
Beneath each shuttle box there is placed a supplementary shaft of the
Jength of the inside box. To this shaft there is attached underneath a bell
crank lever, one end of which bears against the flap of the box, which receives
alternately the shuttles from the right and left, and this flap is placed exactly
in the middle of the length of the box and bulges out in the centre,.so that
the shuttles on arriving from either side must push it back to the same
point in order to raise the counterpart of the lever. When the shuttle
does not enter the box the counterpart of the lever presses upon a spring,
which serves to moderate the force of the stroke of the lay when the loom
stops..
:
EIGHTH THE EMPLOYMENT OF SEVERAL SHUTTLE BOXES PLACED ONE ABOVE
ANOTHER.
Certain fabrics require the employment of woof of two or more different
colors, and in this case the weaver ordinarily makes use of two or more
different shuttles, and adapts to the lay of his loom as many different boxes,
raising by a lever the shuttles successively in the order in which they are
wanted, according to the colors of the woof they respectively carry. In the
present loom this effect is produced mechanically, the workman has no
occasion to count the number of threads of each color which he must deliver,
nor to trouble himself about changing the shuttles. The mechanism
employed for this purpose is represented in Figure 1 of the Drawings,
Sheet No. IV. On the main shaft H there is fixed, outside of the loom, and
in front of the right hand box, a supplementary pinion of an indefinite
number of teeth, say twelve, which takes into a toothed wheel v¹ of forty-
eight teeth. On the axis of this toothed wheel v¹ is keyed another pinion v.

page_text: of twelve teeth, which takes into a wheel of forty-eight teeth. To this
last wheel is fixed a circle 1, which may be of any desired diameter, and
is divided into sixteen equal parts, so that at each turn of the working bar
or handle this circle shall describe the sixteenth part of one entire revolution.
Directly beneath this circle is placed a march or treddle I, which presses
against a roller q', which is fixed beneath the centre of the circle and projects
in front of the loom. To the end of the treddle is attached a rod q", which
extends under and behind the shuttle box, and is attached to the hook of
a strap which is passed round a pulley (fixed on a small axis) q¹¹¹, which
revolves above the boxes. On the same axis there is a second pulley of a
larger diameter q, which carries another strap, which is connected to a
box which slides in the groove of the lay. On the circle are marked
off as many divisions as the first shuttle should deliver threads of one colour,
then as many as the second should deliver, and next, as many as the third
should deliver, say, for example, eight for the first; four for the second, and
four for the third. By turning the working handle eight times the march q
will, through the medium of its wheel q', which revolves in contact with the
circle, keep the upper box, during cight throws of the woof, up to the
level of the platform of the lay. The second shuttle ought then to come
into play, and this is effected by encreasing the diameter of the circle
throughout tho next following four divisions to the extent of about four
centimeters (about one and three quarters inches English, as shewn in Figure 1,
Sheet IV., which serves to give such an inclination to the march q that during
the second four throws it shall sink as much and in the same proportion as
the second box ought to be raised in order to be on a levél with the lay.
Then comes the turn of the third shuttle, for which purpose the diameter
of the circle, at the four remaining portions of it, is increased to about eight
centimetres, (or about three and a quarter inches English), whereby the
march is again lowered, in order to raise the third box and present the third
shuttle. At the sixteenth and last throw the weight of the boxes raises
again the march 9, and causes the roller q' to press of new against the cir
cumference of the circle, in order to commence a repetition of the same
round of operations. The height to which the boxes should mount must
of course be regulated by the march, and by the pullies q of the axis of
the pulley q. From what has been stated it will be readily understood how
by dividing and multiplying the wheels, and by encreasing the diameter of
the circle at certain portions thereof, the raising of the boxes may be regu-
lated according to the lines in any given pattern, so that, if desired, the last
toothed wheel and circle connected with it shall make but one revolution for

page_text: every two hundred revolutions of the main shaft, and the raising of the
boxes be varied to infinity on the division of the circle. In double. and
triple looms a single set of wheels, pulleys, &c., fixed at one side only of the
machine, may be made to govern all the other boxes by simply prolonging
overhead the axes of the pullies q¹¹¹. If more than two hundred threads of
woof are required to be shot before the repeat of a design, an endless screw
may be applied to the main shaft H, and made to work into a toothed wheel,.
carrying on its axis a second endless screw working into a second toothed
wheel, to which the divided circle is fitted, whereby the multiplication of
wheelwork may be avoided.. By these and similar combinations of wheels
and boxes on one or both sides of the loom, fabrics may be woven with any
number of threads arranged according to pattern, and of any required breadth.
And further, the tappets on the under shaft M may be so placed in connection.
with two shuttles that the threads may be thrown one and one, or two and two,,
or one and three, or otherwise, as required..
NINTH. THE EMPLOYMENT OF DIFFERENT MOUNTINGS.
The looms constructed on this improved system are operated upon in three
different ways..
By the first, which is that most commonly practised, both a rising and.
sinking, motion are imparted by one. movement to the leaves, as described
under the fourth head of this Specification, and as exemplified in the case of
single. or double tweels..
The second description of movement produces merely the rising of the.
leaves, which keep the threads spread upon the platform of the lay..
The third merely lowers the threads after they have been raised to the height.
of the reed.
When it is required to weave by a raising.and sinking motion, the same
processes are followed. as by the hand-loom weaver, only that the feet of the.
weaver are replaced by eccentrics. For weaving by a raising motion only,
the threads of the warp are spread upon the platform of the lay, by attaching.
the leaves to spiral springs (ressorts à baudins) underneath. If, for example,
it is required to make satin of six leaves and six treddles, the speed numbers
used are as six to one, if of five treddles, as five to one, and so on. And there
is affixed to the under shaft M as many tappets as there is the number of teeth.
in the pinion of the wheel L.. Thus, if when the ratio is four to one, a leaf
should be required to rise. once only, the eccentric or tappet ought to be
of the form. N¹, Sheet VI..; if. it. is required to rise twice successively,.
the tappets should be of the form g;. if. once alternately, the tappets
should be of. the form f; or if three times in succession, the tappets.

page_text: should be of the form N¹¹. And in like manner, if when the ratio is
five to one, a leaf ought to rise once and then twice in succession, the
excentric should take the form i; and for a ratio of ten to one it should be of
the form j. For weaving by raising (tissage à la leve) with two, three, or
four leaves, there is placed under each leaf a small pulley, by which it is
raised, and the axis of this pulley is connected by a rod to its corresponding
march. In fabrics which require more than four leaves, the raising of them
may be effected by means of levers attached to a series of marches placed on
one side of the loom (outside), and acted upon by a drum with tappets on its
periphery, placed and arranged according to the same principles as the excen-
trics before described. When the fabric requires a great number of treddles
to form a design, recourse is had a mechanical mounting, such as is represented
in the Drawing, Sheet V., and described under the next head of this Specifica-
tion. To effect the weaving by sinking (tissage a la baisse), spiral springs are
placed above the leaves, and the lowering. is effected by causing the marches
to operate directly upon the leaves.
TENTH. THE MECHANICAL MOUNTING.
In Sheet V. of the Drawings hereunto annexed, Figure 1 represents a front
elevation of this mechanical mounting; Figure 2 a side elevation; Figure 3 a
lateral section; and Figure 4 a separate view of a peg board. Although derived
from the Jacquard' loom, this mounting differs essentially from it, inasmuch as
it does away with the cards and needles, and is consequently more easily
worked and of more extensive utility. The peg board (Figure 4) serves in
this arrangement the office of the divided circle before described, and the
wire hooks corresponding thereto represent the marches or treddles, which
raise or sink the leaves, with this difference, that the pegs on the board
produce the reverse effect of the excentrics. The leaves to be raised are
indicated in this description of mounting by the pegs, while, with looms as
before described, they are indicated by the tappets on the main shaft H.
Should the leaves, after being raised, require to be brought back, this may be
effected without raising the beam r, by the cylinder s being turned back at
pleasure by means of a spring catch. The beam r; which carries an iron lath
placed obliquely beneath it to receive the hooks t of the double treddles of
leaves, raises those the farthest removed from the reeds respectively higher on
account of their distance from the cloth. The same sort of mechanical
mounting may be applied to weaving, by sinking or by making use of counter-
marches suspended from spiral springs to actuate the leaves. The mechanism
must be placed at the side of the loom, outside of the leaves, and the rod, with
the hooks, are acted' on by levers placed under the leaves: The raising of

page_text: the beam r is effected in the same way as in the Jacquard loom, or it may be
done by a lever, as represented at u, or by an oscillating pulley shaft keyed to
the fly wheel 6.
ELEVENTH. APPLICATION OF THE JACQUARD SYSTEM.
The Jacquard mechanism may be applied with great facility to the present
loom. The arrangements for raising the-box containing the Jacquard
mechanism must, however, necessarily vary with the number of needles. An
arrangement, suitable for the largest number of lashes, is represented in
Figures 5 and 7 of the Sheet of Drawings No. VI., for a lesser number that
shewn in Figure 6, Sheet VI., is recommended. In both these there is a pin
u¹ which moves in a groove on the face of a fly wheel, to which pin there is
connected an iron rod 2 which communicates with a lever, which carries at its
extremity the Jacquard box, or with an oscillating pulley shaft which passes
above the box, and is prolonged when there are two of these boxes mounted
on a double loom. In place of the pin u³, excentrics v and v¹ (Figures 1 and
2, Sheet VI.,) may be made use of, the latter resting on a march with grooved
wheels, and yielding readily to a slight friction.
TWELFTH APPLICATION TO POWER LOOMS:
The ordinary power loom may be so modified as to include all or nearly all
the improvements before described, and will then be able to produce work of
any breadth and of a finer texture than any produced by hand weaving. The
regulator, which has been hitherto employed to roll the cloth upon the beam,
has a tendency to draw the cloth from before the reed, and, of course, from the
pressure of the lay; whereas the cloth ought, on the contrary, to be drawn
towards the reed, and offer a certain resistance, in order that the weft may
enter the better into the cloth; but this disadvantage will be now entirely
obviated by the doing away with the regulator altogether, and replacing it-by
the system of equilibration described under the fourth head of this Specifica-
tion. The weight of the ordinary power loom being also, by these imprové-
ments, greatly diminished, it will no longer stretch the thread's injuriously.
The power loom too, when thus improved, may have two or three warp beams
and two or three chains fitted to it, and may be made to weave at one and the
same time two or three different fabrics, and either by means of steam or hand
power. It may be also adapted to the producing of either fine or coarse
fabrics, of any size or description, being limited only in this respect by the
dimensions of the loom limiting the extent, of the opening of the warp.

page_text: I proceed now to describe my improvements in preparing materials for
weaving. These improvements are embodied in the winding and dressing
machine, represented in Sheet VIII. of the Drawings annexed. X, X, Y, Y, Y,
represent the framework of the machine, and Z the handle, by which the
whole is set in motion, A, A, are reels for holding the skeins of silk, cotton,
or other material. B is a cross shaft, to which are attached guides C (one
for each. reel), which cause the threads to twist as they pass through the
orifices in their guides. D, D, are wooden rollers fixed on one shaft common
to the whole, which, as they revolve dip into a trough d, containing paste or any
other suitable dressing material. E, a bar to which a number of brushes are
attached. F, a shaft which carries a series of guides f, f, which lead the
threads from the brushes to the bobbins G, G, on which they are ultimately
wound. H, a shaft carrying rollers by which the bobbins are turned. I, a
fanner formed of cloth. Motion is given to these different parts in manner
following The handle Z being turned, causes; through the medium of the cog
wheels Q, Q, and pinions R, R, the shaft B and guides C to revolve, and
through the medium of the pulleys N and h the shaft H and pulley h¹, the
rollers D to revolve, and through the medium of the cog M, the bar E, which
carries the brushes, to revolve, and through the medium of the pinion n, cog
wheel K, connecting rod k, cardoidal wheel L, and pinion 1, the guide bar F
to revolve, and through the medium of the pulleys N and h, the bottom shaft
to revolve, while the two pulleys e, e, mounted on the ends of the brush shaft,
and the pulleys l, l, on the shaft of the fanner I, being connected together by
bands, cause the fanner to revolve. J is a small fly wheel attached to the
end of the fanner shaft, and P, another and larger fly wheel, which is attached
to the end of the guide shaft B.
And having now described the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I claim is,-
First, the various improvements in weaving machinery, embodied in the
loom herein-before described in the entirety thereof, and general but peculiar
arrangement and combination of parts, partly new and partly old, of which the
same consists. .
Second, each of the improved modes of constructing, adapting, or applying
particular parts of the said machinery, specified under the heads of this
Specification, from the first to. the tenth, both inclusive, and as there
described.
Third, the combination of the improvements aforesaid, all or any of them,
with the Jacquard system of weaving, in manner herein-before described.