Improvements in Electro-dynamic and Dynamo-electric Machines.
Year: 1889

page_text: Date of Application, 8th Oct., 1889-Accepted, 16th Nov., 1889
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Electro-dynamic and Dynamo-electric Machines.
I, CHARLES F. WINKLER of the Times Buildings Park Row in the City and State
of New York, United States of America, Electrician, do hereby declare the nature of
this invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
My Invention relates to dynamo electric machines, or generators, and electro
dynamic machines or motors. The object I have in view is to provide a machine
which will require as little current and as small quantity of copper to create a magnetic
field of given strength, or in other words to provide a machine having as high an
efficiency as possible. In carrying out my Invention I may or may not use two
separate circuits on my armature. In case I use two circuits, one of them may be
used to energise the field magnets and the other may be used to supply any form of
translating device. It will be understood that inasmuch as the circuits are entirely
separate they may be put to any use which the operator sees fit and it is not necessary
for me to herein enumerate a list of such uses. In the single circuit machine herein-
after described my object is to provide a machine which shall generate a low tension
and high quantity current for incandescent lighting. In fact the whole construction
of my improved machine is best adapted for incandescent work.
The Invention consists of the construction hereinafter fully described with reference
to the accompanying drawings.
Referring now to the drawings: :-
Fig. 1 represents an end elevation of my machine showing one of the field magnets
in half section.
Fig. 2 represents a similar view of the machine the armature being removed and
one of the field magnets being shewn in section.
Fig. 3 is a plan of unrolled parts of the magnets shewn in Fig. 1.
Fig. 4 is a side elevation of the same magnet shewn rolled up.
Fig. 5 is a perspective view of a portion of the coils of the double circuit
armature.
Fig. 6 is a detail shewing one method of supporting the iron coils
Fig. 7 are details on an enlarged scale of the iron conductor with the copper
conductors embedded therein.
Fig. 8 is a detailed view and portion of an armaturo shewing how the coils may be.
supported with a core.
Fig. 9 is a section through the rim shown in Fig. 8.
Fig. 10 is a perspective view of a portion of the iron coil shewing the method of
insulation and
Fig. 11 is a plan of the whole machine with a diagram of the circuits.
Referring to the drawings by letter, A A represent the field magnets of the machine,
and B the armature. Each field magnet is compound in its construction. That is. to
say, they are each formed of several coils or layers of wire connected in series or
otherwise, and of intermediate sleeves or layers of soft iron. In other words, the
upper wires are practically buried or surrounded on all sides by the magnetic core or
conductor of the magnets. In this way the "magnetic whirls" around each wire cut or
pass through the iron on two sides of the wire instead of one side only. I am therefore
able to create a comparatively strong magnetic field with a given quantity of current
and copper. This general form of magnet I construct in two different ways, each of
which I will now describe in detail, with reference to Fig. 2.
The core a of the magnet A is formed in the shape of a spool, having open ends
and laterally extending flanges a¹. Upon this spool is wound a layer of wire of any
desired depth, so that it does not quite fill the spool. A soft iron sleeve a² is then
placed over the spool and secured theroon in any suitable manner, preferably, however,

page_text: by pins or rivets a³ which pass through the ends of the sleeve into the flanges of the
centre spool.. Metallic rings a are then sweated or otherwise secured over the ends
of the sleeve a²; thus forming flanges on the sleeve which protect and admit of
another layer of wire. This layer is applied in the same manner as before, and its
depth is such as to allow the flanges to project slightly. Another sleeve and ring
nay he added as before, and, in fact, this construction may be continued as many
times as desirable in accordance with the work which the machine is expected to
perform. It should he understood that I do not confine myself to the manner of forming
and securing the sleeves and rings. I may make the sleeves and rings integral.
The construction would then be a series of spools placed concentrically one around
the other.
The structure will now be seen to embody a series of cores and a series of windings
with an air space a between each couple, the couples being all rigidly secured
together. The heads or ends of the magnets are smoothed off in order to make
good electrical connection with the adjacent faces of the pole pieces A', A¹. The
magnet is inserted between the said faces and secured in position by a heavy bolt A
which passes through the pole pieces and the central chamber in the magnet. The
air chambers are for the purpose of ventilating the magnet, to prevent undue heating;
A draft is created by perforating the pole pieces as shewn at c¹, c', above and
below. These perforations are arranged in circles so that several may communicate
with each space.
This may also be used for the purpose of passing the ends of the layers or coils
to the outside to connect with a switch for cutting in and out the sections of the
agnet to regulate the work of the machine. For additional ventilation I also
perforate the sleeves at several different points, as shewn at c¹, c¹. This provides
communication between the several air spaces.
Referring now to Figs. 1, 3 and 4, 1 have shewn first in Fig. 3 a layer or strip
of sheet iron d. On the top of this is placed a strip of felt or other insulating
material d of about the same length. The length of these strips depend upon the
size of magnets to be constructed, and their width on the length of the finished magnet..
Upon these two layers I place the insulated wires d² running parallel with each other
and extending some distance beyond the strips d, and d at one end, and at the other,
the ends of the wires are divided into two groups and bent at right angles, projecting
beyond the sides of the strips d and d as shewn. The projecting ends will be of
varying lengths, and each wire may be identified by its length. That portion of
Fig. 3 marked X illustrates the wires d² woven together by cross threads of insulating
material, thus forming a web or fabric. When the wires are bound together in this
manner they are more easily handled and applied in building up the magnet and.
furthermore am able to use bare wires, as these cross threads form an effective
insulation. Upon the wires I place another strip of insulating material, not shown on
the drawing. The structure is now ready to be rolled up, and a solid core e (Fig. 1)
is placed crosswise at the Y end of the strip and the whole thing wound upon it into
the form shown in Fig. 4. The ends of the coil thus formed are provided with radial
grooves e, and the wires projecting from the ends of the coil are bent over, one or
more into each groove. This leaves the surfaces at the ends flush and admits of good
contact with the pole pieces. The free ends of the wires are carried around the coil
one or more times and all finally bound in any desired manner. The whole coil may be
covered with a strip of insulating material thus giving it a smooth surface. From
this construction it will be seen that I bave provided a coil wound spirally and that the
iron occurs between every two layers of wire. After the coil-bas been bolted between
the pole pieces, the ends of the wires may be connected up in any desired manner.
For instance, to divide tlie coil into as many sections as there are strands of wire, the
ends are connected as shewn in dotted lines Fig. 3. The joined ends may then be
led to the contact blocks of a regulating switch for the purpose of cutting in and out
the sections to regulate the output of, the machine.
In my improved arinature, I do not use a magnetic core of the description hereto-
fore use, that is to say, a separate body of iron. My magnetic core and electrical

page_text: conductor are embodied in one and the same body, in other words, I provide an
electric conductor of soft iron. It therefore serves the double purpose of magnetic and
electric conductors.
I am aware that iron is not as good a conductor of electricity as copper, and to
make up for the difference in conductivity of the two metals, I make my iron con-
ductors of much larger cross section than would be required to carry an equal amount
of current on a copper conductor. One of the objects of my Invention is to provide a
machine which will generate a heavy current at low electro-motive force, and to accom-
plish this increase the cross section of the iron conductor even more than is necessary
to compensate for the lack of conductivity of iron.
When the cross section is so great and the induced current has such free outlet
it is impossible (within limits) to generate a current which is dangerous to
handle.
Referring to the drawings, f represents the combined electric and magnetic con-
ductor of my armature. This conductor is of soft iron and in cross section is
rectangular. It is in the form of a ribbon of more or less diameter according to
the size of the machine. In Fig. 8, I have shewn this conductor wound upon a
core of wood. This construction will stiffen the armature to some extent, but
it is not deemed necessary inasmuch as the form shewn in Fig. 10 might be used
with perhaps equal efficiency. Figure 6 shews the coils standing upon edge on
the outside of a wooden cylinder supported by means of a spider from the shaft.
One side of the convolutions of the conductor is covered by a sheet of insulating
material f. This prevents electrical connection between the adjacent convolutions.
The extreme cross section of the ribbons or strips renders it almost impossible to
burn out the coils. It will be observed further that there is no extensive insulation
of conductors. The edges of the plates or strips are not covered with insulation
at all, and this fact besides cheapening the construction also enables me to bring
the iron of the armature closer to the poles. The periphery of the armature is
composed of the alternate bare edges of the conductor and the edges of the
insulation.
In some sizes of machines, in order to proportion the electrical conductivity to
the magnetic conductivity it may be necessary to plate the iron conductor with
copper to a greater or less thickness. This will increase the electrical conductivity.
To an iron armature substantially as above described may be added a second
separate copper circuit wound upon the iron coils described and the current generated
in each separate circuit may be utilised as is deemed most advisable. One of the
circuits may feed incandescent lamps and the other are lamps, or one of them, say
the iron circuit, may energise the field magnets while the copper may supply lamps
or other translating devices.
I will now describe a double circuit armature in detail.
The armature may be wound with two separate conductors fand g. As shewn in
this machine one of the conductors, say f, is iron and of a comparatively large cross
section, similar to the iron conductor above described, while the other, y, is copper
and of small cross section. The armature in this case has no core, mechanically as
such. Its stability depends upon the rigidity of the iron conductor which will
ordinarily be of about 4 inch in diameter and rectangular in cross section. It is bent
in the form of coils as shewn in Fig. 5, and the connections with the commutators
consists of copper wire h of comparatively small cross section. These wires enter
holes drilled in the outer faces of the iron coils and run thence to the segments of a
commutator M. The copper conductors are ordinary copper wires, and they are
wound in grooves i, formed in the outer faces of the iron conductor. The grooves
may be one or more in number and each groove may contain one or more wires, in
accordance with the quantity of winding. The ends of the sections of the copper
wire are led to a separate commutator N. It is of course understood that all
conductors are insulated.
When an armature of the above construction revolves in a magnetic field it is
obvious that currents will be induced in both conductors, and that the current induced

page_text: in the iron conductor will have a low tension while a high tension current will be
induced in the copper conductor. The magnetic conductor of the armature is the
iron constituting the low tension current conductor.
In this machine it is impossible for so called Foucault currents to exist. These
· currents in the armature core are nothing more than currents which are induced
according to the same laws and in the same direction as the useful currents in the
copper wire, only that they are induced in the iron where they cannot be used. Now
in this case the iron core is connected to and has an outlet through the commutator.
The Faucault currents therefore become the useful currents and they are the only
currents induced.
An advantage of this machine over others is attained by reason of the facility with
which regulation may be accomplished. Any kind of an electro-mechanical device
may be arranged to shift the brushes of the field circuit thereby affecting the strength
of the field. This is the simplest and most positive form of regulation known as it
does away with all complicated and expensive switches and resistances, besides this
there is no waste of power in such a method of regulation. When the field is cut
down less power is required to run the machine and nothing is lost in heating up
resistances and other useless work:
I have found also that the double circuit machine will operate to great advantage
as a converter for transforming a current of a certain tension into a current of
different tension. As will be readily understood. this is accomplished by using one
of the circuits to feed the machine as a motor. The rotation will then induce a
current of different potential in the other circuit. I also suggest that if the coils of
one circuit were left open in the usual manner and the other circuit used as an exciter
the machine may be utilised to generate alternating or pulsatory currents.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
Invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is :-
(1) In a dynamo electric machine an armature wound with two electric conductors
one of iron and the other of copper, the iron conductor forming the magnetic core of
the armature, substantially as described.
(2) An armature wound with two separate conductors one embedded within the
other substantially as set forth.
(3) An armature wound with two separate conductors one embedded within the
other, one being of comparatively large cross section and having grooves formed in
it, the other being embedded in said grooves.
(4) An arinature built without a mechanical core and having wound upon it the
conductor of two separate circuits, substantially as described.
(5) An armature having wound upon it the conductors of two separate circuits,
one of said conductors having a rectangular cross section and having its outer face
grooved to receive the conductors of the other circuits.
(6) In a dynamo electric machine, the armature wound with two separate circuits,
the conductors of each circuit being distributed side by side throughout the body of
wire, so that both conductors may be subjected to the same magnetic influences.
(7) An armature for dynamos or motors consisting of coils or convolutions of flat
pieces, strips, bars, or ribbons of iron, in combination with a supporting bar formed
of wood or other non-conducting material upon which said conductors are wound.
(8) In a dynamo or motor an armature provided with a core of wood or other
non-electro-magnetic material in combination with a conductor wound thereupon
consisting of a continuous flat strip of insulating material the said conductor being
wound on edge, substantially as and for the purpose described.
(9) In a dynamo or motor, a field magnet made up of a series of spools arranged
concentrically, one outside the other, each spool being wound with a layer of insulated
wire, the spools being rigidly secured together in combination with pole pieces secured
against the flanges at each end of the magnet and a bolt extending through the hollow
core and securing the parts of the magnet and pole pieces together,

page_text: (10) In a dynamo or motor, a field magnet having a number of internal air
chambers, a pole pieco secured to and covering each end of the magnet and provided
with perforations communicating with the said internal chambers for the purpose
set forth.
(11) In a dynamo or motor, a field magnet having a number of internal annular
concentric air chambers, communicating with each other.
(12) In
a dynamo or motor, a field magnet having a number of internal
annular concentric air chambers, communicating with each other and with the
outside atmosphere.
(13) In a dynamo or motor, a field magnet made up of a series of spools arranged
concentrically one outside the other, each spool being wound with a layer of insulated
wire, the spools being all rigidly secured together by means of pins passing radially
through the flanges of the spools, in combination with pole pieces secured against the
flanges at each end of the magnet.
(14) A magnet formed of alternate layers in sheet form, of iron, insulating
material, and electric conductors, wound into a roll, one of the sets of ends of the
conductors projecting beyond the edge of the layers in the direction of winding, and
the other set of ends being turned laterally and projecting from the ends of the roll
for the purpose set forth.
(15) In an electric motor or dynamo, a field magnet formed of a layer of separate
conductors, woven together by cross threads in the manner described, and a layer of
iron placed together and wound spirally upon themselves.
Dated this 7th day of October A.D. 1889.
WILLIAM E. HEYS,
Agent for the Applicant.