IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN BREWING
Year: 1881

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Arthur Kinder, of Queen Victoria Street, in the City
of London, Brewers Engineer, for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN BREWING."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Arthur Kinder at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 26th November 1881.
ARTHUR KINDER, of Queen Victoria Street, in the City of London, Brewers
Engineer. "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN BREWING."
My Invention relates to an improved apparatus for the purpose of effecting
the conversion of raw grain without the use of chemicals, such conversion being
effected by the action of heat, steam, or pneumatic pressure, and prolonged
agitation during the process, by which means the starch cells are destroyed and
rendered soluble.
In some cases the internal pressure may be utilized to drive the products through
any suitable filter or press previous to their admixture with the malt itself during
the process of mashing, or afterwards with the wort obtained from malt alone, at
such temperature as may be found best suited to cause the diastase of the malt to
act upon the starch wort, and thus to produce the perfect saccharification of the
products.
The apparatus consists of a closed vessel, partly or entirely encased in a steam
jacket, and furnished with special agitating machinery or rakes consisting of two
sets intersecting and revolving in opposite directions, or of a set of single rakes
intersecting and working free of fixed cross rakes within the vessel.
Or the steam jacket may be dispensed with, and in this case the agitating
apparatus consists of a revolving spiral coil or of hollow blades or tubes attached to
a hollow shaft fitted with steain inlet and condense outlet, such blades or tubes
having rakes projecting from their surfaces which intersect with the fixed rakes
previously described, and by the introduction of high pressure steam within these
blades the material is treated and converted, as previously described.
In using this apparatus the converter is charged with a given quantity of water,

page_text: which being raised to the required temperature the agitator or rakes are put in
motion. The raw meal, either alone, or raw meal and not less than ten per cent.
of crushed malt, is introduced and thoroughly mixed with the water.
The vessel is then closed and the temperature carefully raised until the required
heat is obtained. It will be seen that no steam is introduced from any extraneous
source, but the pressure is obtained only by the production of steam from the fluid
under treatment, and this can be still further increased if desirable by the forced
introduction of air.
The contents of this vessel after reduction to the proper mashing temperature
can then be passed with the crushed malt through the mashing machinery, or
delivered direct into the mash tun and then mixed with the crushed malt in the
ordinary manner.
Or where the apparatus is required to increase the productive power of the
brewery, or to be used in larger proportions, the contents may be filtered and stored
for use as desired.
Another part of my Invention relates to an improved attemperator or rouser,
which consists of a hollow flat spiral coil mounted on a hollow shaft, through
which the water or steam enters and leaves the coil for the purpose of operating on
liquid or gyles at variable depths.
-
In carrying out this part of my Invention I make the upper half of the spiral
coil capable of sliding vertically on the spindle, and I make the outer casing, which
is to revolve with it, removable for the purpose of enabling the spiral coil within to
be cleaned, and the said casing is also fitted telescopically so as to be capable of
increasing its vertical height.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Arthur Kinder in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 26th May
1882.
ARTHUR KINDER, of Queen Victoria Street, in the City of London, Brewers'
Engineer. "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN BREWING."
My said Invention relates to an improved apparatus for the purpose of effecting
the conversion of raw grain without the use of chemicals, such conversion being
effected by the action of heat, and steam, and pneumatic pressure and agitation
during the process, by which means the starch cells are destroyed and rendered
soluble.
The apparatus consists of a closed vessel furnished with a steam jacket and
with special agitating machinery or rakes consisting of two sets intersecting and
revolving in opposite directions, or of a lower set of single rakes intersecting and
working free of fixed upper cross rakes within the vessel.
-
In using this converter it is charged with a given quantity of water, which is
raised to the required temperature, the agitator or rakes being put in motion. The
raw meal, either alone; or raw meal and not less than ten per cent. of crushed malt,
is introduced into the converter and thoroughly mixed with the water. The vessel
is then closed and the temperature carefully raised until the required heat is
obtained. It will be seen that no steam is introduced from any extraneous source,
but the pressure is obtained only by the production of steain from the fluid
under treatment, and this is supplemented by the forced introduction of air, as
hereinafter described.
The contents of the converter after reduction to the proper mashing temperature
can then be passed with the crushed malt through the mashing machinery or
delivered direct into the mash tun, and be then mixed with the crushed malt in the
ordinary manner.
Or, where the apparatus is required to increase the productive powers of the
brewery, or to be used in larger proportions, the contents may be filtered and stored
for use as desired.
In some cases the internal pressure may be utilized to drive the products
through any suitable filter or press previous to their admixture with the malt
itself during the process of masling, or afterwards with the wort obtained from
malt alone, at such temperature as may be found best suited to cause the diastase
of the malt to act upon the starch wort and thus to produce the perfect sacchari-
fication of the products.
And in order that my said Invention may be fully understood I shall now
proceed more particularly to describe the same, and for that purpose shall refer to
the several Figures on the annexed Sheet of Drawings, the same letters of reference
indicating corresponding parts in all the Figures.
Figure 1 represents an ordinary inash tun A, with the grist hopper B and
"Steel's external masher" C in proper relative position, and also shows the
converting vessel D in the best position as regards the mash tun and external
mashing machinery.
Figure 2 shews another view of the mash tun, mashing machinery, and grist
hopper, and a vertical section of the converter shewing the mashing rakes. In
this Figure is also shewn the direct acting air compresser and vacuum pump T,
which is used for actuating the rakes within the converter through the pulleys ri, r³,
and band r³.
The converter D may be made of iron, steel, or copper, and of sufficient strength
to bear the pressure, the lower portion being enclosed in a steam jacket d. The

page_text: head is made moveable for the purpose of introducing the mashing machinery,
which is shewn in the section, Figure 2. At the bottom of the convertor there is
a sluice valve e, through which the contents of the converter may bo discharged
through the masher C into the tun A, or into the tun direct by the substitution of
the pipe indicated at e².
The converter is provided with a thermometer f for taking the lients of the
mash, a condense cock g for draining the steam jacket, a flanged junction h for
connecting the steam inlet to the jacket, a safety valve h¹, a steam pressure gauge h³,
a man hole i with a water inlet i, à safety valve i³, vacuum and pressure gaugos 1³,
and a thermometer it.
The casting J on the head of the converter carries or contains the standards j¹,
stuffing boxes, and also the bevil wheels ' and k³, and lubricating chamber L.
The rakes are arranged to keep the materials under treatment from adhering to
the converter at the parts enclosed by the steam jacket, and in order to prevent
the rotatory motion of the mash an upper set of rakes is provided, which by means
of the bevilled wheels are caused to revolve in opposite directions to the direction
of motion of the other set of rakes, or by detaching either of the wheels from the
rake shafts either set of rakes can be worked separately, and by utilizing the power
of the engine combined with the air compresser the rakes can be driven at varying
speeds, which could not be done if the rakes were driven from the main engine.
The rakes consist of a cast sleeve m terminating in the cross head m¹; this sleevo
passes through the lubricating chamber m³ and the lower of the stuffing boxes j²,
and is connected by a clutch or otherwise with the lower wheel, and has in its
upper end another stuffing box, through which the vertical shaft N which
terminates in the bottom step n passes. To the lower end of this shaft N a horse
shoe frame p is attached, which likewise carries the vertical and side rakes p¹, p';
to the upper casting or cross head m¹ are attached the pendant rakes m³ and upper
rakes m². The wheel q and pinion r, and fast and loose pulleys are for driving
the vertical bevil wheel gearing with the wheels 1, 3, respectively carried by
the shaft N and the casting m; the small vessel L is charged with water or oil, the
pressure being rendered identical with that in the converter by the communicating
pipe S; the lubricant finds its way by the pipe S¹ to the cavity m², below the
stuffing box j, around the sleeve n, and then through the holes m³ to the cavity
round the vertical shaft N.
The upper rakes may if desired be stationary, the lower rakes attached to the
shaft N only being rotated, when of course one of the stuffing boxes only will be
needed.
In describing the use of the said vessel, together with the air compresser and
vacuum pump, I would remark that the process requires to be varied to produce
the different kind of ales, porter, or stout; it is worked in the following
manner:
A known quantity of water is placed in the converter D, which water may be
heated or not before the introduction through the man hole of the required quantity
of raw grain; this grain may be either wheat, barley, oats, maize, or rice, or any
mixture thereof, may or may not be ground, and may or may not be mixed with
malt. The mixture, after fixing the cover so as to close the converter, is stewed as
long as the operator may elect before increasing the pressure. The steam generated
from the material under treatment is allowed to increase until the internal pressure
reaches the desired point. This pressure may be taken as varying from 30 to
40 lbs. per square inch for ales, and from 40 to 50 lbs. for porter and stout, but
I do not limit myself to this pressure, as with certain grains it may be advanta-
geous to increase the pressure, say, to 70 lbs. per square inch. The rakes
during the process previously described may be used intermittently for longer or
shorter periods for the purpose of macerating, mixing, flavouring, or increasing the
colour of the extract. The pressure I prefer to obtain as above stated, but steam
may if desired be admitted to the converter. The said steam pressure can be
supplemented by pneumatic pressure obtained by the air pump T.

page_text: It may be advantageous to blow off a small portion of the steam occasionally
during the process, so as to thereby carry away any oily or other matter likely to
contaminate or injure the product; the material therefore after remaining under
steam pressure alone, or supplemented if necessary by the air pressure in addition
for a considerable period, is relieved through the blow off valve, and on this valve
being closed the temperature may be still further reduced by the use, for example,
of the vacuum pump, which is effected by reversing the air pump inlets and outlets
connected with the pipe i³, so as to draw the vapour from the converter. On
opening the vessel D the starch wash is reduced by the addition of cold water to
the ordinary mashing heat for pure malt, and a sufficient quantity of ground malt
is introduced to effect by the disastase contained in the malt the conversion of the
starch wash into sugar, the mashing machinery being in action during the intro-
duction of the said malt and for as long as may be considered necessary. The
vessel being closed the contents should be kept at the required uniform temperature,
which, being below boiling point, does not generate steam, but the pneumatic
pressure in the converter obtained by means of the air forced into the said converter
by the pump through the pipe should be raised to eighty lbs. on the square
inch, the mash remaining under this treatment until complete saccharification has
been effected. In most instances it may be convenient to mash the day previously,
and leave the contents under pressure until required, providing washing, the air is
blown off, and the temperature corrected, and the contents are discharged through
the "Steel's masher," where it should mix with the additional malt to be mashed,
or mixed with the malt in the tun, the saccharified fluid being used as part of
the ordinary mashing water.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried into
effect, I would observe in conclusion that what I consider to be novel and original,
and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the herein before in part recited
Letters Patent is,―
First. In apparatus for brewing the employment of a steam jacketted vessel
capable of being closed tightly, and furnished with an arrangement of rakes or
stirrers, constructed and operated as herein described and illustrated, in which
vessel the materials are treated substantially as herein before described.
Secondly. In apparatus for brewing, the combination with the vessel in which
the materials are treated of a pump or air forcing apparatus for enabling the
material to be treated by steam or steam and pneumatic pressure, and thereafter
to be put under pneumatic pressure alone, substantially as herein before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Arthur Kinder, have to this my Specification
set my hand and seal, this Twenty fifth day of May, One thousand eight
hundred and eight two