Improved Machine for Generating or Transforming Continuous or Direct Currents of Electricity.
Year: 1895

page_text: Date of Application, 11th Jan., 1895
Complete Specification Left, 11th Oct., 1895—Accepted, 4th Jan., 1896
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improved Machine for Generating or Transforming Continuous or
Direct Currents of Electricity.
.
GEORGE CHEFFEY-JAMES 25 Thoresby Road, Hillsbro' Sheffield, Electrician
HARRY PERCY WARD, 25 The Nook, Barber Road, Sheffield, Electrician do
hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
We first make, or build up, a core of annealed soft iron, in the shape of a ring
or hollow cylinder, of suitable dimensions, hereinafter called the core, which we
construct in one, or any of the following ways:
(a) Of any convenient number of laminated soft iron, segments, which are
locked, keyed or otherwise held together to form the ring or cylindrical shell,
after being wound with the coils as hereinafter described. This form of
core facilitates the winding, and, if necessary at any time, the repair of the
coils
(b) Of annealed soft iron wire wound round a support;
(c) Of annealed soft iron washers of suitable dimensions, bolted or otherwise
held together;
(d) Of finely divided soft iron particles bedded into shape with some cementing
substance.
Thin sheets of some non-conducting substance such as mica, or paper are inserted
between the laminations, and the locking, keying or bolting together of the
segments is carefully attended to, so that a continuous magnetic circuit is formed
round the ring or cylindrical shell.
The core is wrapped with two separate coils, hereinafter called the primary and
secondary coils respectively, each of which is wound or threaded, in any convenient.
number of sections, on the core, or on suitable bobbins which are afterwards fitted
or threaded on the core, when it is made in segments, and the sections of the one
coil are wound over, and in the same direction, and in planes parallel to, the sections
of the other coil.
The two coils on the core are not wound with a conductor or wire of the same
guage, one being wound with a shorter length of wire of greater cross-sectional
area, and the
other coil being wound with a greater length of wire of smaller
cross-sectional area.
In some parts of our Specification it will be necessary to refer to these coils as
the long and short core-coils respectively.
The conductor with which these coils are wound is well insulated copper wire,
strips, ribbon, or bars.
The primary and secondary coils have the same number of sections, and either
may first be wound on the core or bobbins and then be overwound by the other
coil; and the two coils are well insulated from one another and from the core.
The primary coil carries or conducts the current which is to be transformed,
and the secondary coil is the coil in which the secondary current is induced by the
rotation of the magnetic field or lines of magnetic force as hereinafter described.
The sections of the primary coil are connected in series by soldering the end of
one section to the beginning of the next section and so on until all the sections are
connected to form a closed-coil; the sections of the secondary coil are also connected
in series in the same manner.

page_text: The core is therefore wound and the sections of its coils are connected in the
same manner as the core of a ring or cylindrical armature of a direct current
dynamo is wound and the sections of its coil connected, but our core carries two
closed-coils instead of one.
The soldered connections of the sections of the primary coil are brought to one
end of the core and are put in contact with an equal number of conducting brushes,
each to each, by means of flexible conductors. These brushes, hereinafter, called
the primary brushes, press against a commutator, bereinafter called the primary
commutator, fixed towards one extremity of a shaft carrying an armature which
rotates within the hollow of the core; and the soldered connections of the sections
of the secondary coil are brought to the other end of the core, and are similarly
put in contact or connected, each to cach, with an equal number of secondary
brushes of conducting material. These secondary brushes press against another
commutator, hereinafter called the secondary commutator, which is fixed towards
the other extremity of the shaft before mentioned.
The primary and secondary commutators are generally identical in structure,
each being made of a cylindrical hub or boss of non-conducting substance such as
vulcanised fibre, through which the shaft passes longitudinally; and on this hub
and towards one of its ends, two conducting rings of suitable breadth are firmly
fixed and well insulated from one another; and towards the other end of the hub
two collectors or bars of conducting material are let into the face of the hub.
These collectors are exactly opposite to one another, at the opposite extremities
of the diameter of the hub, running parallel to the axis of the hub and towards
the rings, and serve to make the desired contacts with the brushes pressing against
them.
Each of the commutators can be fixed on the shaft in any desired position
relative to the brushes pressing against it, so that any two opposite brushes may
be in contact with the collectors at a certain part of its rotation.
Between the primary and secondary commutators we fix an armature on the
same shaft.
This armature consists of a hollow cylinder of soft iron, having two lugs
opposite and parallel to one another and each running from end to end of the
cylindrical shell, which is cast in two equal segments bisecting each lug
longitudinally.
The segments when wound with insulated conducting wire are bolted through
the halves of each lug or otherwise held together, and the coils, hereinafter
called the armature coils, are connected together so as to produce a north
magnetic pole along one lug and a south magnetic pole along the opposite lug as
hereinafter described.
The opposite ends of the shaft outside the commutators work or rotate in
bearings so placed that the armature revolves within the hollow of the core,
and so that the primary and secondary brushes press against the primary aud
secondary commutators respectively and towards those parts of the commutators in
which the collectors are set.
To supply the direct current to, and to collect the induced direct current from,
the primary and secondary commutators respectively, each ring has a separate
conducting brush pressing against it.
These brushes, hereinafter called the terminal brushes, are provided with
suitable terminals to which suitable conductors may be connected for the
purposes desired.
Thus two primary terminal brushes press against the two rings of the primary
commutator, each to each; and two secondary terminal brushes press against the
two rings of the secondary commutator, each to each.
The coils of the armature which revolves within the hollow of the core, can, by
simple connections made with the one or the other commutator, be arranged as a
shunt circuit to the shorter core-chil, or be put in series with the longer core-coil
and thus be magnetised with the polarity before described.

page_text: The collectors on the commutator against which the brushes of the shorter core-
coil press are connected from their nearer extremities to the rings on the same com-
mutator by conductors passing through the substance of the hub to the rings, each
to each; that is, one collector to the one ring, and the other collector to the other
ring and when the armature coils are connected to this commutator as a shunt
circuit, the ends of the coils are suitably connected to the other extremities of the
collectors; also the collectors on the commutator against which the brushes of the
long core-coil press are similarly connected to the rings on the same commutator;
but when it is desired to throw the armature coils in series with the longer core-
coil, the current, is made to flow from one of the rings through the armature coils
to one of the collectors, the other collector remaining connected to the other
ring.
The armature is provided with simple means for making these connections.
Thus we form two distinct circuits, namely :-
(a) The short core-coil, its brushes, commutator, and terminal brushes, and the
armature coils as a shunt circuit when required.
(b) The long core-coil, its brushes, commutator, and terminal brushes, and the
armature coils in series when required.
When a direct current of lower potential is to be transformed into a direct
current of higher potential, the greater part of the current of lower potential is
made to flow, by the connections and contacts before described, through the short
core-coil, which thus becomes the primary coil; and a smaller part of the current
flows through the armature coils which are connected to the primary commutator
as before described...
. i
The core becomes magnetised having a north magnetic pole at one position and
a south magnetic pole at an opposite position in its circumference, and these poles
acting on the poles of the armature, which is fixed in its proper position on the
shaft, cause the armature, the shaft and the commutators to revolve in the same
cyclic direction.
The rotation of the primary commutator brings other opposite pairs of primary
brushes into contact with the primary collectors, and thus the magnetic field or
magnetic lines of force rotate round the core in the same cyclic direction as the
armature and commutators, and this movement of the magnetic field generates a
secondary current of higher potential in the long core-coil, now called the secondary
coil; and as the rotation of the secondary commutator makes contact between its
collectors and successive opposite pairs of the secondary brushes, the induced
current of higher potential flows to the secondary terminal brushes as a direct or
continuous current.rei
Next, when a direct current of higher potential is to be transformed into a
direct current of lower potential, the current of higher potential is made to flow,
by the similar contacts and connections, through the long core-coil, which will
therefore be the primary coil in this case, and the armature coils will be connected
in series with this primary circuit.
The magnetic field, armature and.commutators will rotate as before, and a direct
or continuous current of lower potential will be collected from the short core-coil,
or secondary coil, brushes by the rotation of its commutator.
The two circuits are closed, in both cases, by the proper connections being made
to the primary and, secondary terminal brushes..
:
The primary and secondary brushes, are fixed in, or to, suitable frames or
bolders, so that the brushes may be moved to give any necessary lead.
The core with itsi coils is firmly fixed in, or to, a case, in any position, but we
prefer a vertical position.
We also construct our invention as a four pole and multipolar transformer of
continuous currents of electricity, and this is effected in a very simple manner,
Damely
".
.
By increasing the number of collectors on the commutators, and also the number
of lugs and coil sections on the armature, and by making suitable connections

page_text: between the collectors and the rings, and between the collectors and the armature
coil sections.
Any and all the forms of this invention can be used as a direct current dynamo
by using mechanical power to rotate the armature and by properly connecting the
armature coils to the collectors on the commutator of that circuit in which it is
desired to generate a current; the other core-coil is left as an open circuit or
removed from the core.
Dated this Tenth day of January 1895.
Improved Machine for Generating or Transforming Continuous or
Direct Currents of Electricity.
GEORGE CHEFFEY-JAMES Electrician, 25 Thoresby Road, Hillsbro' Sheffield
and HARRY PERCY WARD, Electrician 25 The Nook, Barber Road Sheffield do.
hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement :-
Our invention relates to generators and transformers of continuous or direct
currents of electricity.
The object of our invention is to generate or transform continuous or direct
currents of electricity, by rotating the magnetic field round a stationary laminated
or similarly divided core of annealed soft iron wound with insulated conducting
wire which is connected to the external circuit by suitable commutators as herein-
after particularly described.
Fig. 1 is a front elevation with half cut away in section.
Fig. 2 is a vertical section along the line OQ; shaft on one side broken.
Fig. 3 is a perspective view of laminated segment.
Fig. 4 is a diagrammatic view, showing principle of invention.
Fig. 5 is a perspective view of rotating parts.
Fig. 6 is a perspective view of rotating parts showing connections for four pole
machine.
Fig. 7 is a sectional view showing modified form of commutation.
Fig. 8 is a section of outer ring used in modified form of commutation.
In Figure 1 the stationary magnetic core A, made or built up in the form of a
hollow cylinder or ring as hereinafter described, is wound or wrapped with two
distinct and separate coils B and C in sections, each coil consisting of the same
number of sections.
The coil C is wound with a greater length of insulated wire of smaller cross-
sectional area than that of coil B.
The sections of coil B are joined consecutively in series at or towards one
end of the core A and form a closed-coil, and the junctures of the sections are
connected by flexible conductors to an equal number of brushes D, each to each.
These brushes are arranged in a circle so that their inner extremities press
against that part of the commutator E in which the collectors F are set, and each
brush is fixed or clamped in a wedge-shaped helder of wood or other non-
conductor, and is moveable on a pin fixed in the collar G so that the inner
extremity of each brush is kept in good contact with the commutator by means of
a spring.
The whole of the brushes F can be rotated through a certain angle for lead.
The commutator E is connected to the external circuit by means of terminal
brushes T.

page_text: The core A and the coils Bal Care held firmly in position by means of two
standards H of non-magnetic substance such as brass, one at each end of core, A,
which are bolted to plates of soft iron J fixed on the core.
The lower extremities of these, standards are bolted to the bed-plate.
The flat ring K of brass or other non-magnetic metal is also bolted to the
plates J, and from it pass the brackets supporting the circular rim ou which the
collar G works.
.")
The sections of the coil Care joined consecutively in 'series at or towards the
other end of core 'A to form a closed-coil and the connections and contacts of
coil. C are similar to those of coil B, so that Fig. 1 illustrates both ends of the
cylindrical core; thus we have two similar commutators fixed one towards each
extremity of the shaft Z; forming part of the circuits of B and C respectively by
similar contacts and connections and both similarly connected to external circuits
by terminal brushes.
9
The magnetic core L wound with the coil M is fixed to the shaft Z and rotates
with it within the hollow of the stationary core A.
..
The coil M may be connected as 'a shunt circuit to coil B or may be connected
in series with coil C as hereinafter described.
:
In Fig. 2 the similar parts at each end of the core A are shown, those in circuit
with coil B being indicated by capital letters and those in circuit with corl Being
indicated by the same small letters.
The rings P and pare in contact with the terminal brushes T and
respectively.
The magnetic core A is made or built up of laminated or similarly divided soft
iron well annealed.
.131
Fig. 3 shows the core A built up of two laminated segments, but we do not limit
ourselves to any number of segments.
Each segment of a lamination is provided at one extremity with a tongue X and
at the other extremity with a slot Y.
A sufficient number of these inulinations are symmetrically arranged together
to form laminated segments and these segments are locked together by means
of X and Y to form a hollow cylinder or ring.
Between the laminations we insert paper or other non-conductor for insulation.,
The core A may also be made of stampings in the form of flat rings or washers
bolted together, or of soft iron wire wound round a support, or of finely divided
soft iron particles embedded in sealing wax or shiilar cementing substance.
This last form of core we propose using only for small machines.
Fig. 4. gives a diagrammatic view of our invention, arranged as a two pole
machine for transforming continuous currents of Tower potential to continuous
currents of higher potential.
For clearness the commutator is shown in disc form.
This sketch will serve to explain the principle of our machine.
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The brushes T are connected to a source of continuous electricity. The current
passes first to the inner ring, thence to collector F in circuit with it, from whence.
part flows through coil B by way of the brush Din contact with the collector F
and part flows through the coil M, the divided current uniting again at the
opposite collector F and flowing by way of outer ring P to the other terminal
brush T and back to source, thus completing circnic.
Magnetic poles are produced in the faminated core A and in the core L as shown
in diagram, and the attractions and repulsions of these poles rotate the core L,
together with the shaft Z and the commutators in the direction indicated by 'tlie
arrow and thus successive opposite pairs of brushes D come in contact with the
opposite collectors, ant thus the magnetic poles in A inove round.
.
The magnetic field of A therefore, rotates in the same cyclic direction as the
commutators, and this rotation of the field generates currents of electricity in the
coif C, and since the coil is Turbished with similar connections and contacts as
those of coil B the currents induced in C flow to its external circuit as a direct or

page_text: continuous current and since C is wound with a greater length of finer wire than B
the induced current is of higher electro-motive force than that supplied to B.
When used as a step-up transformer the coil M is connected as a shunt circuit
to B as shown, in diagram and no connection is made between coils C and M, and
the brushes connected to C are given the necessary lead.
To transform a continuous current of higher to one of lower potential, the coil M
is connected in series with C as hereinafter described and the current of higher
potential is made to flow through coils M and C.
The magnetic field of A, induced now by the current supplied to C, rotates as
well as L with its coil M and the commutators.
The rotation of the field in this case induces currents of lower potential in B.
The brushes D are given the necessary lead and a continuous current of lower
potential flows to the external circuit of B.
To generate a continuous current the coil M is connected to B or C, to B as a
shunt circuit or to C in series.
The former arrangement constitutes a shunt dynamo; the latter a series dynamo.
The coil, either B or C, to which M is not connected is left as an open circuit or
is removed from the core.
The shaft Z, together with the rotating core L and the commutators, is rotated
by mechanical power and a continuous current is induced and flows to the external
circuit.
Fig. 5. gives a view of the rotating parts.
The commutators G and 9 each consist of a hub or sleeve of non-conducting
substance such as wood and each carries two conducting rings P P and p p and
two conducting collectors F F and ƒƒ.
The rotating core L. of soft iron, is cast in two equal segments which are bolted
together through projecting or raised lugs to form a hollow cylinder or ring.
This core is wound with a coil M in two sections which are connected in series
and form a closed-coil.
Conductors are led from these junctures to each of the conmutators G 9. Those
leading. to G are connected to the collectors F F, each to each, and of the two
leading to g one is connected to one of the rings p and the other to one of the
collectors, the other ring p is connected to the second collecter f as shown
in Fig. 5. but a part of one of the conductors leading to G consists of a piece of
copper screwed to the inner end of the hub and this may be readily removed to
break connection with M, and similarly oue of the conductors to g consists of a
piece of copper screwed to inner end of 9. and this piece when removed also breaks
connection with the coil M.
The two rings P P of commutator G are connected to the two collectors F F
each to each.
The connections just described together with preceding explanation, show how
the coil M can be arranged as a shunt circuit to B or can be put in series with C,
(Figs. 1. 2 and 4).
Thus when M is connected as described to commutator G it forms a shunt
circuit, part of the current flowing through B by means of brushes I) and part
flowing through M; and when M is connected as described to commutator g the
current flows through C and M in series.
We have now described our machine as a two pole generator and transformer
of, continuous or direct currents of electricity.
Fig. 6 shows how our invention may be made as a four pole generator or
transformer.
To effect this we place four collectors F and on each commutator, and make
the core L in four segments having four lugs, and wind the coil M in four sections,
connecting the junctures of these sections to the collectors or rings of the two
commutators on the same principle as explained in Fig. 5.
The connections shown in Fig. 6 sufficiently show and explain the method of
forming a four pole machine.

page_text: By increasing the number of collectors to six or eight on each commutator and
making connections on the principle described and illustrated in Figures 5 and 6
a multipolar machine may be made to generate or transform continuous currents,
The commutation of the currents as herein described may be effected by another
method which is a simple modification of the principle described.
In this method we dispense with the brushes Dd and substitute rings and balls,
as shown in Figure 7.1
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9.
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On an insulating sleeve on the shift we fix a number of conducting rings Reside
by side with mica or other suitable non-conductor between each. The periphery
or outer edge of each ring is grooved.
An equal number of conducting rings of greater diameter are fixed in³a,
cylindrical holder from which they are insulated.
ip
These larger rings enclose the smaller ones and are grooved on their inner edges,..
and are insulated from one another in the same manner as the inner rings R.
Each outer ring is provided with two lugs, one or both of which is drilled and:
tapped and through this opening in each ring a number of conducting balls is passed.
into the spaces formed by the grooves: The conducting balls W serve to make-
contact between the inner rotating rings R and the stationary outer rings V.
A screw is worked into the opening in the lugs of each outer ring to prevent
the balls escaping when the machine is working.
The junctures of the sections of the coils B and C are connected to the outer-
rings V, which are stationary, in regular order, each to each.
From each of the inner rings R, which rotates with the shaft, a conductor is
connected to a metallic segment on the commutator U.
The segments of the commutator U run parallel to one another and to the shaft,.
and are insulated from one another by mica or other suitable non-conductor; the
commutator U in fact being the same as that of an ordinary continuous current.
dynamo.
By varying the number of brushes T in contact with the commutator U and
connecting them and the coil M on the principle before explained, a machine-
with two or more poles may be constructed to transform or generate continuous
currents.
The results previously described can be equally effected, without changing the-
principle of our invention, when the core A is wound with open-coils and the free
euds of these coils are connected in regular order to the outer rings V, Fig. 7, and
thence put in contact by means of W and R with split-ring commutators against.
which brushes, suitably connected on the principle before described, press.
In each and every one of the forms of our invention, herein described, we obtain
the same result, namely, the generating and transforming of continuous currents of
electricity by rotating the magnetic field round a stationary laminated or similarly
divided core of annealed soft iron wound with coils of insulated wires to which are
connected suitable connections and contacts for the commutation of the currents.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said inven--
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, we declare that what we
claim is
1. An improved machine for generating or transforming continuous or direct.
currents of electricity, by rotating the magnetic field round a stationary laminated
or similarly divided core of annealed soft iron, wound or wrapped with coils of
insulated conducting wire, to which are connected suitable parts for commutation
of the currents for the purposes desired.
2. An improved machine for generating continuous currents of electricity in
either of two separate coils wound on a stationary magnetic core by suitably
connecting either coil to the proper parts rotated with the shaft by mechanical.
power as herein described.
3. An improved mac ine for transforming continuous currents of electricity by
rotating the field induc d in a stationary magnetic core by the current supplied to.

page_text: one of the coils; this rotation of the field inducing a current in the second coil
wound on the stationary core.
4. An improved machine for generating or transforming continuous currents of
electricity, having two, four or more poles in the stationary and rotating cores, as
desired, by means of the contacts between the stationary coils and the commutators,
and the connections between the commutators and rotating coil.
5. An improved machine for generating or transforming continuous currents of
electricity having an arrangement of balls and grooved rings for connecting the
stationary coils to the rotating armatures.
6. An improved machine for generating or transforming continuous currents of
electricity in open-coils wound on a stationary magnetic core, these coils being
connected to suitable split-ring commutators by means of the balls and grooved
rings as herein described.
Dated this 10th day of October 1895
GEORGE CHEFFEY-JAMES and
HARRY PERCY WARD.