Improvements in the Manufacture of the Metallic Rims of Wheels for Bicycles, Tricycles, and other Velocipedes and Wheel Carriages.
Year: 1891

page_text: Date of Application, 13 h June, 1891
Complete Specification Left, 3rd Mar., 1892-Accepted, 9th Apr., 1892
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Manufacture of the Metallic Rims of Wheels
for Bicycles, Tricycles, and other Velocipedes and Wheel
Carriages.
I CHARLES HENRY PUGH of Whitworth Works Rea Street South Birmingham
in the County of Warwick Manufacturer do hereby declare the nature of this
invention to be as follows:-
My invention consists of the improvements hereinafter described in the manu-
facture of the rims of wheels for bicycles tricycles and other velocipedes and wheel
carriages such for example as perambulators mail carts Bath chairs and the like
whereby the said rims are made without any junction or brazing and possess a
uniformity and precision of figure which cannot be obtained by the methods of
manufacture ordinarily practised.
I make wheels according to my invention preferably of iron or steel but my
invention is also applicable to the manufacture of wheels from other hard malleable
and ductile metals and alloys.
I will describe my invention in connection with the manufacture of the rim of a
bicycle wheel of sheet iron.
I take a circular disc of sheet iron of somewhat larger diameter than the wheel
to be made and by stamping or spinning I raise the marginal part of the disc at
right angles to the plane of the disc so as to make a very shallow dish or short
hollow cylinder closed at one end. I cut away all that part of the disc which has
not been operated upon and thus obtain a hoop or cylindrical ring of about the
diameter of the rim to be made. I give the hoop or ring a trough shape by placing
it on a roll of smaller diameter than the hoop the said roll having in it a groove of
the shape of the trough like figure to be given to the hoop. A slow rotary motion
is given to the said roll and a small roll having the figure of the trough to be
formed in the hoop is pressed upon the hoop which is thereby forced into the groove
in the supporting roll and the required trough shape given to it.
The supporting roll is split or divided into halves one part of the split roll having
one half of the groove made in its periphery and the other part of the split roll
having the other half of the groove made in its periphery. By separating one part
of the split roll from the other the shaped or troughed rim falls from the roll. But
I do not limit myself to any particular way of troughing the hoop or cylindrical
ring. There is thereby formed a trough shaped rim of sheet iron without the
junction or brazing necessary in rims as ordinarily manufactured. The said rim is
of the same strength and figure throughout and possesses a uniformity unattainable
by the ordinary method of manufacture.
Although I have described a rim having the ordinary trough shape for the
reception of the india rubber tyre yet I wish it to be understood that the hoop
made as described may be bent so as to form a hollow rim or have any desired
figure given to it.
The disc cut out from the shallow dish first made may be utilized for making
smaller rims than that first made or otherwise utilized.
The manufacture of the metallic rims of wheels according to my invention other
than bicycle wheels and from steel and hard and ductile metals and alloys differs in
no essential respect from the manufacture of the rim of a bicycle wheel of sheet
iron as hereinbefore described.
Dated the 13th day of June 1891.
W. T. WHITEMAN,
Agent for the Applicant.

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Manufacture of the Metallic Rims of Wheels
for Bicycles, Tricycles, and other Velocipedes and Wheel
Carriages.
I CHARLES HENRY PUGH, of Whitworth Works, Rea Street South,
Birmingham in the County of Warwick, Manufacturer, do hereby declare the
nature of my invention and in what manner the same is to be performed to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
My invention consists of the improvements hereinafter described in the manu
facture of the rims of wheels for bicycles tricycles and other velocipedes and wheel
carriages, such for example as perambulators, mail carts, Bath chairs and the like,
whereby the said rims are made without any junction or brazing and possess a
uniformity and precision of figure which cannot be obtained by the methods of
manufacture ordinarily practised.
I make wheels according to my invention preferably of iron or steel but my
invention is also applicable to the manufacture of wheels from other hard malleable
and ductile metals and alloys.
I will describe my invention in connection with the manufacture of the rim of a
bicycle wheel of sheet iron.
I take a circular disc of sheet iron of somewhat larger diameter than the wheel
to be made and by stamping or spinning I raise the marginal part of the disc_at
right angles to the plane of the disc so as to make a shallow dish or hollow cylinder
closed at one end. I cut away all that part of the disc which has not been operated
upon and thus obtain a hoop or cylindrical ring of about the diameter of the rim to
be made. I give the hoop or ring a trough shape by placing it on a roll of smaller
diameter than the hoop, the said roll baving in it a groove of the shape of the
trough like figure to be given to the hoop. A rotary motion is given to the said
roll and a small roll having the figure of the trough to be formed in the hoop is
pressed upon the hoop which is thereby forced into the groove in the supporting
roll and the required trough shape given to it.
The supporting roll is split or divided into halves one part of the split roll having
one half of the groove made in its periphery and the other part of the split roll
having the other half of the groove made in its periphery. By separating one part
of the split roll from the other, the shaped or troughed rim falls from the roll. The
troughing may be effected by a stamping process. But I do not limit myself to any
particular way of troughing the hoop or cylindrical ring. There is thereby formed
a trough shaped rim of sheet iron without the junction or brazing necessary in rims
as ordinarily manufactured. The said rim is of the same strength and figure
throughout and possesses a uniformity unattainable by the ordinary method of
manufacture.
Although I have described a rim having the ordinary trough shape for the
reception of the india rubber tyre, yet I wish it to be understood that the hoop
made as described may be bent so as to form a hollow rim, or have any desired
figure given to it.
The disc cut out from the shallow dish first made may be utilized for making
smaller rims than that first made or otherwise utilized.
The manufacture of the metallic rims of wheels according to my invention other
than bicycle wheels and from steel and hard and ductile inetals and alloys differs in
no essential respect from the manufacture of the rim of a bicycle wheel of sheet
iron as hereinbefore described.
I will now proceed to describe with reference to the accompanying drawings the
manner in which my invention is to be performed.
In making a trough shaped or open rim I proceed as follows;-
I take the circular disc of sheet iron or steel marked a represented in edge view

page_text: and partly in plan in Figure 1 and by stamping or spinning I raise the marginal
parts a of the disc a at right angles to the plane of the disc and thereby produce
the shallow dish or short hollow cylinder closed at one end represented in section in
Figure 2. I next cut out the closed end or bottom a³ of the shallow dish, or cut
away all that part of the dish which has not been operated upon leaving only the
cylindrical part a². There is thus formed a hoop or cylindrical ring of about the
diameter of the rim to be made as represented in Figure 3 and marked a². I next
trough the hoop or ring Figure 3, so as to form it into a partially made rim by the
use of a pair of dies or by a rolling or spinning process.
Figures 4 and 5 represent the pair of troughing dies which I use, Figure 4
representing the separated dies with the hoop a² between them, and Figure 5
representing the said dies after they have operated upon and troughed the hoop or
cylindrical ring. The two dies are marked d and e and the troughed hoop or ring
is marked c in Figure 5. The two dies d and e are used in a stamp or press in the
ordinary way.
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In troughing the hoop or cylindrical ring by a rolling operation I use the rolls
represented in Figures 6 and 7 or the other rolls and appliances hereinafter
described. The rolls represented in Figures 6 and 7 consist of a grooved or
concave supporting roll y, and a smaller pressing roll i having a convex periphery.
The supporting roll is split or divided into halves, one half y of the split roll
having one half of the groove made on its periphery and the other half of the
split roll having the other half of the groove made on its periphery. The pressing
roll has a convex figure corresponding to the trough to be made in the hoop as
represented. In Figure 6 the plain ring or hoop a² is represented placed upon the
closed halves of the supporting roll g, h before the small pressing roll i has operated
upon the said hoop or ring and in Figure 7 the hoop or ring is represented troughed
by the action upon it of the small pressing roll i, the troughed ring being marked c.
The parts of the supporting split roll g, h are held or clamped together by a screw
or screw nut or in any other convenient way and the said roll g, his rotated during
the operation of the small roll i which is also rotated by frictional contact with the
hoop being pressed into the groove of the supporting roll. By separating the two
parts of the split supporting roll g, the troughed rim falls from the said roll.
The pressing roll may act inside the hoop for troughing it instead of outside, the
hoop being supported by and pressed upon a convex beading on the inside of a
divided ring or holder as represented in Figures 8, 9 and 10; Figure 8 representing
the supporting divided ring in section before the hoop is troughed and Figure 9
representing in section and Figure 10 in front elevation, the said supporting ring
after the hoop has been troughed into a rim. The halves of the supporting ring
are marked respectively and l. The said ring has an internal convex beading
and the small pressing roll m is situated within the supporting ring and has a
concave periphery. The supporting ring k,l is fixed in the chuck of a lathe and
the small pressing roll m is carried by the slide rest of the lathe or similar
mechanism. By the advancing of the pressing roll m against the rotating hoop ou
the supporting ring k,l the said hoop is pressed upon the convex beading of the said
supporting ring and troughed as represented in Figures 9 and 10. In Figure 8 the
hoop is marked a² and in Figure 9 the troughed rim is marked c.
Although I have described the manufacture of a single hoop or ring from the
stamped or spun dish yet the dish made in the manner described may be of such
depth that several hoops or rings may be cut from it.
By operating upon the plain hoop or cylindrical ring in the several ways
described and represented a trough shaped rim of sheet iron or steel without junction
is made.
In
The edges of the trough shaped rim may be strengthened and a non-cutting edge
produced by a single folding or a double folding of the marginal parts of the rim in
the manner shown in the cross sections Figures 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15.
Figures 11 and 12 the strengthened and non-cutting edges are produced by a single
inward folding of the marginal parts of the rim. In Figure 13 the strengthened

page_text: and non-cutting edges are produced by a double inward folding of the edges. In
Figure 14 the strengthened and non-cutting edges are produced by the single
outward folding of the marginal parts and in Figure 15 the strengthened and non-
cutting edges are produced by the double outward folding of the marginal parts.
Figure 16 represents in cross section a rim having hollow beaded edges instead
of folded edges, the beading of the edges being effected in the ordinary way of
beading metallic articles, such as metallic buckets.
The middles of the rims made according to my invention may be strengthened
where the spokes pass through them by a treble fold of the metal made by a
doubling or folding near the middles of the rims as illustrated in the cross sections
of the rims in Figures 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 and 22. The folding or doubling of the
metal near the middles of the rims after the first and second stages have been
effected is marked and the final stage for producing a treble fold is marked 9 in
the said Figures 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 and 22.
I will now describe in detail the methods which I prefer to use for producing the
strengthened and non-cutting edges of the trough shaped rims and for strengthening
the middles of the rims, in conjunction with the troughing of the rims, by rolling
operations.
In making an unjointed rim of the sectional form represented in Figure 11 I use
a pair of rolls the peripheries of which have the sectional figures shown in
Figures 23 and 24. The pressing roll is marked n and has a convex form, the
divided supporting roll marked n² having a corresponding concave form. The plain
or untroughed hoop being placed on the supporting roll n², as represented in
Figure 23, the other or pressing roll n is made to press the said hoop into the
hollow of the said supporting roll, as represented in Figure 24 and thereby trough
the hoop leaving sufficient metal on either side the trough for the formation of the
folded marginal edges of the rim. The troughed rim between the rolls n and n² is
marked in Figure 24. After the rim has been troughed as seen in Figure 24 its
edges are bent first into the form represented at r in Figure 25 and afterwards
flattened upon the rim so as to form a folding or doubling of the metal at the edges
of the rim as represented at 2 Figure 26. The doubled edges are next bent
upwards into the form shown in Figure 27 and marked and finally bent inwards
or towards one another as represented in Figure 28 and marked >^. A. trough rim
with folded or doubled edges is thus formed.
The troughing of the hoop and the formation of the folded edges and folded
middle part of the rim when rims of the kinds represented in Figures 19, 20, 21
and 22 are to be made may be effected in the following manner.
I take a pressing rolls and a divided supporting roll t, the peripheries of which
rolls have the sectional forms represented in Figure 29 and by their operation give
the hoop the sectional form represented in Figure 30 thereby troughing the rim
and forming along the bottom of its trough the V shaped projection. The
trougled rim is next placed in the pair of dies u, u² represented in Figure 31 by the
closing of which dies the V shaped projection is flattened or its sides brought
parallel as represented in Figure 32. The rim with the flattened projecting part c
is next subjected to the action of the pair of dies represented in Figure 33, the fixed
supporting die being marked a and the movable die a. The die c is a divided die.
By the descent of the die x2, the projecting folded part 3 is pressed down upon the
outside of the rim so as to produce at the middle of the rim three thicknesses of
metal.
Although I have described the rolls represented in Figures 23, 24, 29 and 30 as
acting on the outside of the hoop or ring yet they may operate on the inside of the
hoop or ring as described and represented in Figures 8, 9 and 10; that is, the roll
which I have described as the pressing roll may be used as the supporting roll and
the roll which I have described as the supporting roll may be used as the pressing
roll.
The formation of the double folding at the edges of the rim is effected by
subjecting the marginal parts to the successive foldings or bendings represented in

page_text: Figures 34, 35, 36 and 37. That is to say, one half of each of the marginal edges
of the rim is first bent down as seen in Figure 34 and the bent part folded under-
the other half or unbent marginal part of the rim as seen in Figure 35. The folded
marginal edges Figure 35 are next bent downwards as represented in Figure 36 and-
afterwards closed outside the trough as represented in Figure 37.
I will now describe the methods which I prefer to adopt in making hollow rims.
from junctionless hoops or cylindrical rings.
I take a hoop or cylindrical ring of iron or steel of the sectional form represented
in Figure 38, the said hoop or ring being made in the manner hereinbefore described
with respect to the hoop or ring Figure 3, and by a shaping operation I give the
said ring Figure 38 the sectional form represented in Figure 39; that is, I produce
a deep trough in the ring having a curved bottom and outwardly inclined sides..
The troughed ring Figure 39 is next operated upon so as to bend its inclined
sides y, y inwards or towards one another as represented in Figure 40. By a further-
bending operation the inclined sides y, y are brought into a horizontal position with.
their edges nearly in contact as represented in Figure 41.
A. hollow rim thereby formed, the closed sides constituting the outer face of the-
hollow rim. The hollow rim is finished by giving a concave figure to its outer face
as represented in Figure 42.
When the middle of the outer concave face of the hollow rim is to be strengthened
by the formation of a folded joint I use a junctionless hoop or cylindrical ring of
sufficient depth to provide the necessary metal for the making of the said folded
joint. Figure 43 represents in cross section the hoop or ring which I use for
the making of a hollow rim of the kind last described. The hoop or
ring Figure 43 is operated upon in succession in the manner illustrated in
Figures 44, 45, 46 47 and 48 so as to produce a flat outer faced hollow rim
having near its middle a projecting treble fold marked y. By closing or
pressing down operations effected in the manner hereinbefore described with
respect to a trough rim with a strengthened middle part, the treble fold at y' is
first partly bent down as shown at y Figure 49 and afterwards fully closed upon
the outer face of the hollow rim and a further folding of the metal effected as
represented at y Figure 50. There is thus formed a folded joint having four-
thicknesses of metal. The hollow rim Figure 50 is finished by concaving the flat
outer face of the rim in the manner represented in Figure 51.
In forming the deep trough in the hoop or ring from which the hollow rim is.
to be made. I use the rolling or spinning appliances hereinbefore described and
illustrated, or I use a stamping process and I effect the bending or fashioning of the
sides of the deep trough to complete the hollow rim or to complete the hollow rim.
and at the same time to form the strengthening middle folded joint by pressing rolls,
the said troughing bending and folding operations in the manufacture of a hollow
rim being effected substantially in the ways I have hereinbefore explained in detail
in describing the manufacture of a trough rim.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my inven--
tion and the manner of performing the same I declare that I claim as my invention
of "Improvements in the manufacture of the metallic rims of wheels for bicycles
tricycles and other velocipedes and wheel carriages"
First; Making junctionless metallic rims by the following processes or com--
bination of processes; namely, first forming from a circular disc, of iron or steel or
other hard and ductile metal or alloy by stamping or spinning, a dish or hollow
cylinder closed at one end, next cutting out the closed end of the dish or hollow
cylinder so as to obtain one or more junctionless hoops or cylindrical rings and
finally troughing of any desired sectional figure the hoops or cylindrical rings and
in the case of hollow rims operating upon portions of the sides of deep troughed
rims to form the concave outer faces of the hollow rims substantially as hereinbefore
described and illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
Secondly; Troughing plain junctionless hoops or hollow cylinders so as to convert.

page_text: them into wheel rims by pressing rolling and spinning operations effected in the
manner and by the use of the tools, rolls and appliances hereinbefore described and
illustrated in Figures 4, 5, 6, 7 8, 9, 10, 23, 24, 25, 29 and 30 of the accompanying
drawings.
Thirdly Strengthening the edges of junctionless trough shaped wheel rims
made according to the processes or combination of processes claimed in Claim 1, aud
at the same time producing non-cutting edges by beading or folding by a single or
double fold the marginal parts of the said rims substantially as hereinbefore
described and illustrated in Figures 11, 12, 13 14, 15, 16, 34, 35, 36 and 37 of the
accompanying drawings.
Fourthly Strengthening the middles of junctionless trough shaped and hollow
wheel rims made according to the processes or combination of processes claimed in
Claim by a treble or fourfold of the metal effected in the manner and by the use
of the rolls and tools hereinbefore described and illustrated in Figures 17, 18, 19,
20, 21, 22, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 51 of the
accompanying drawings.
Dated the Second day of March 1892.
CHARLES HENRY PUGH.