Improvements in Means or Apparatus for Exhibiting Pictures of Moving Objects by Projecting them onto a Screen or other Surface.
Year: 1896

page_text: Date of Application, 3rd Mir., 1896
Complete Specification Left, 4th Jan., 1897-Accepted, 13th Feb.. 1897
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Means or Apparatus for Exhibiting Pictures of
Moving Objects by Projecting them onto a Screen or other
Surface.
I, JAMES YATE JOHNSON of 47 Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County of London,
Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of this invention (which has been com-
municated to me from abroad by Professor Woodville Latham of 101 Beekman
Street New York in the United States of America) to be as follows:-
The object of this invention is to provide means whereby very large numbers of
consecutively-taken photographs of moving objects can be projected onto a screen
or other surface, (I will refer to it as the screen) in such a way to exhibit long
continued movements, accurately and within the view of any required number of
persons.
The
My foreign correspondent has found that pictures of moving objects can be
successfully projected only by the use of a light of high power, and that an
electric are light is best suited for the purpose. In order to produce a distinct
image upon the screen sufficient light must pass through the condenser to make
a sharp distinction between the lights and shadows in the picture strip and through
the objective to the screen. In order to produce the effect of continuous motion
the pictures must succeed each other with great rapidity and the duration of
exposure must be so slight that the most intense light must be used in order to
secure the quantity of light in the space of time permitted to produce the demarka-
tion between light and shadow. In order to produce a distinct picture a certain
quantity of light must pass through the condenser, through the picture strip,
through the slit in the shutter and through the objective to the screen.
limiting conditions are that during the exposure each picture shall not move
appreciably to the eye and that the light shall remain on it long enough to impress
the eye properly. If the pictures move appreciably the outlines will not be
sharply defined. If the light do not remain long enough for a sufficient quantity
of light to pass through, the lights and shadows in the picture on the screen will
not be strong enough to show a distinct picture. In the use of a light whose
intensity is low the quantity of light which passes through the condenser in a
given time is so small that the duration of the exposure must be such that each
picture moves appreciably, and as a result there is imparted to the image on the
screen a motion due to this movement of the picture strip during exposure, not
found in the object photographed, and the picture upon the screen is therefore not
a correct reproduction of the object photographed. In perfect projection of a
picture with figures moving relatively to fixed objects the latter should be
absolutely still while the figures shewn in the picture have only the proper move-
ments of the originals. In a picture projected by au apparatus made and operated
according to this invention as far as the eye can detect there will be no movement
of the picture other than the movements of the original photographed.
In carrying out this invention use is made of the principal parts of the well-
known magic lantern, with certain alterations and novel means as hereinafter
described by which are secured the desirable results referred to.
The projecting lens or system of lenses is arranged to be adjusted vertically as

page_text: well as longitudinally upon supporting rods or the like and the lighting device of
high power (preferably an electric arc lamp of high power) is also suitably supported
in proper relation to the other parts of the apparatus and so as to be adjustable
vertically or longitudinally.
Use is made of a single condensing lens, prefembly of rather small diameter
and short focus; but a compound condenser inay be used; and the condenser is
suitably mounted in proper relation to the other parts of the apparatus and made
adjustable with relation thereto.
Mounted on the base of the apparatus is a frame adapted to carry certain parts
of the mechanism, this frame is als adjustable relatively to the other parts of
the apparatus. Supported in this frame is a horizontal shaft provided with a
pulley which receives a belt for transmitting power from a suitable motor for
driving the mechanism. Upon the said shaft there is a worn, or endless screw,
engaging with, and transmitting motion to, a gear wheel mounted and revolving
upon another shaft upon which Intter shaft there is also mounted a suitable gear
wheel engaging with a second gear wheel, upon a third shaft, the said last mentioned
shafts being also journalled in the aforesaid frame. Any suitable gearing may be
employed for transmitting the motion, at the requisite speed, from the driving
slinft to the shaft carrying the drum, or roller, over which the picture strip is
guided.
The said drum or roller is provided with studs or teeth around its circumference
at each end. A series of supporting rollers is journalled in the frame referred
to and the picture strip passes over the same and is guided thereby.
There is a reel arranged alove the apparatus to receive the picture strip and
another reel below the apparatus from which the strip is unwound and conducted
to the toothed drum by which it is moved.
On the driven ahnf there is mounted a revolving circular disc er slutter having
narrow slot near its circumference, the lines of the lung sides of the slot running
in the direction of the radii of the disc. This disc is so placed that as it rotates
the rentre of the slot cuts precisely the focus of the condensing lens and its rate
of rotation is such that whenever the centre of the picture reaches the optical
axis the centre of the slot in the disc comes into the same line. Instead of a
single disc or shutter, two dises or shutters rotated in opposite directions may be
employed and in this case one of the discs would be secured to and made to
rotate with the driven shaft while the other disc is secured to and rotates with the
sleeve rotating upon the driven shaft. Rotary motion is imparted to the said
sleeve and its attached shutter in a direction opposite to the motion of rotation of
the driven shaft and its attached shutter by means of suitable genring supported
in the frame.
The picture strip may be made to travel on either side of the focus of the con-
denser. If the picture strip be placed between the condenser and its focus use is
made of an additional disc mounted on the driven shaft so as to rotate between
the condenser and the picture strip to protect the latter from the heat of the lamp.
This Inter disc is to be provided near its circumference with a slot whose width
depends on what part of the pencil of light the disc will cut. The several
discs are so adjusted that light can pass from the lamp through all the slots
simultaneously.
The reels hereinbefore referred to are adapted to carry safely very great lengths
of picture strip so as to exhibit long continued movements. The picture strip is
preferably of material such as is commonly used in the better class of the
photographic cameras known as "Kodaks." Upon it is photographed a series of
pietures which represent the successive stages or positions of the moving object
or objects it is desired to represent or reproduce. The strip is perforated at
regular intervals along its lateral edges, such perforations exactly corresponding
with the teeth of the drum over which the strip is passed.
By suitable mechanism the requisite pressure may be exerted to cause tlic
receiving reel to travel faster or slower. It is only by friction that this reel is

page_text: made to rotate and as the reel becomes heavier and heavier by accumulation of
strip on it and the rate of rotation of the reel is kept automatically in proper
correspondence with that of the tooth drum.
In the operation of the apparatus the rotations of the shutters are so timed with
relation to the movement of the picture strip that whenever the central portion
of one of the pictures is in the line of the optical axis of the condensing and
projecting lenses the centres of the openings of all the shutters have also arrived
in the same line and the light is permitted to pass simultaneously through the
shutter openings through the picture, through the projecting lens and outward to
the screen. Instantly however the light is cut off by the rotating shutter and is
only readmitted when another picture comes into position to he projected. The
pictures are projected, therefore, with such great rapidity that as each is followed
by another shewing a slightly advanced stage of the motion the effect on the eye
is substantially the same as if the moving object were looked at directly.
It is not necessary to stop or retard the picture strip at the time the projection
of any particular picture is to occur, as the exposure of the picture to the light is
so brief that its motion across the field of view during the time of exposure is
imperceptible. A single shutter at the focus of the condenser will afford excellent
results if its slot be very narrow and if the condenser give a good focus. With
the use of a double shutter shorter exposures are possible and the middle of the
pictures is somewhat better illuminated than the margin.
Dated this 3rd day of March 1896.
JOHNSONS & WILLCOX,
47 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, W.C., Agents.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Means or Apparatus for Exhibiting Pictures of
Moving Objects by Projecting them onto a Screen or other
Surface.
I, JAMES YATE JOHNSON, of 47 Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County of London,
Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of this invention (which has heer: com-
municated to me from abroad by Professor Woodville Latham of 101 Beekman
Street, New York, in the United States of America) and in what manner the
same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement :-
This invention relates to apparatus for projecting on a screen or other plaue
surface successively taken photographs of objects in motion and in such a manner
as to exhibit the movement.
The object of the invention is to provide an apparatus for projecting large
numbers of consecutively taken photographs of moving objects so as to represent
accurately, and within the view of many persons at once, long continued action.
Pictures of moving objects can be successfully projected only by the use of a light
of high power, and I have discovered that an electric arc light is best adapted for
the purpose.
If it is desired to produce the effect of continuous motion the several pictures
must succeed each other with great rapidity; during the exposure of each picture
a sufficient quantity of light must pass through the condenser, the picture strip,
and the objective to the screen or plane surface upon which the image is projected,
to make a sharp distinction between the lights and shadows. During the exposure
the picture must not move appreciably or the outline would be indistinct and the
picture would have a quivering appearance. The time of exposure of each

page_text: picture is so slight that only the most intense light can be used to secure, in the
space of time permitted, the quantity of light necessary to produce the demarcation
between light and shadow. The limiting conditions are that during the exposure
the picture shall not move appreciably, and on the other hand the light shall remain
on it long enough to impress the eye properly. If the picture move appreciably
the outlines of the figures will not be sharply defined. If the illumination is of
insufficient duration to impress the eye distinctly the pictures on the screen will be
indistinct and dim. If a light of low intensity is employed the exposure must be
so long that during it the picture moves appreciably, and there is no accurate
projection. In perfect projection the picture as a whole must be absolutely still.
In projection by apparatus made and operated according to the present invention,
there is no movement of the picture as a whole that the eye can detect.
My invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawings forming part of this
specification, like features in the several views being designated by like uumerals
of reference.
In said drawings
Figure is a side elevation partly in section of an apparatus constructed in
accordance with my invention.
Figure 2 is a section, enlarged, on the line 2, 2, of Figure 1.
Figure 3 is a side elevation partly in section, on broken line 3, 3, of Figure 2, of
that portion of the apparatus containing the mechanism for controlling the
movement of the picture-bearing strip.
Figure 4 is an enlarged detail, and Figure 5 is a section on the line 5, 5, of
Figure 4.
Referring to the drawings, 6 indicates an optical bench upon which the apparatus
is supported and which may be of any suitable design and material. Mounted on
bench 6 at each end thereof are brackets 7 which support the longitudinal rods 7,
seen in section in Figure 2. Upon rods 7 there are arranged the standards 9, 12,
12 and 17, the latter being fixed in the position indicated and the others being
capable of longitudinal adjustment on said rinds. The said standards are bifurented
to connect with both longitudinal rods 7 and support in a proper position on the
bench 6 certain parts of the apparatus.
The numeral & indicates a projecting lens or combination of lenses; the drawing
showing an ordinary objective. The objective 8 is supported upon standard 9
whereby it may be properly adjusted with relation to the picture-bearing strip
presently described. The standard 17 supports a frame 15 provided at its front
with a box 16 having a contracted opening as shown, and the standard 12 supports
the condensing lens or lenses 11, to the frame of which on one side there is secured
the tubular slide 13 and to the other side the flange of a tube or bellows 14 capable
of being lengthened or shortened, the other end of said tube 14 being secured to
frame 15, all as seen in Figure 1. The standard 12 being adjustable longitudinally
on the rods 7 and the tube 14 being contractible, permits of fixing the condensing
lens in proper position with relation to the picture-bearing strip and lamp.
The numeral 10 indicates a focusing are lamp of high power. It is supported
on standard 12 and is adjustable vertically, longitudinally and Interally. The front
of the lamp slides within the 13 and it is provided with a chimney 10 to permit
the escape of heat so as to prevent the condensing lens or lenses from becoming
unduly heated. By the use of the bellows 14 the light is prevented from
illuminating the room in which the apparatus is located. The several standards
referred to are of such relative vertical heights that when the apparatus is
assembled the several optical axes coincide. Since said standards are capable of
the longitudinal adjustment mentioned, the proper relative distances between the
condenser and light and the condenser and picture-bearing strip, and the picture-
bearing strip and the objective, may be readily and accurately fixed. The box 16 is
adapted to receive a shutter or slide 18, the purpose of which is to shut off the
light from the picture-strip at any time when the apparatus is stopped and the
picture strip is not moving, and thus prevent injury to said strip by the heat.

page_text: The numerals 19, 19, indicate the supports for the picture-bearing strip and
shutter mechanisan. These supports are mounted in the optical hench, extend
vertically above the bench and partly below, as shown in Figure 2, and are braced
by brackets 20 so that their relation to the bench is firmly fixed. At the bottom
of supports 19 there is suitably journalled a shaft 43 carrying a reel 37 from
which the picture-bearing strip is delivered, and at the top of said supports there
is journaled a shaft 43 carrying the receiving reel 36. The friction regulating
means for this reel will be presently described.
The supporting frame 19, 19, is provided at one side with a bracket 21 in which
is journalled the main shaft 22. This shaft has keyed to it near une end a
pulley 23 which receives the belt or cord 24 also passing to a pulley 65 keyed to
shaft 63 below the optical bench. The numeral 58 indicates a shaft which is
provided with a pulley 58 which receives a belt from a motor, not shown, of any
suitable type. The main shaft 22 carries near its opposite end a shutter 41
provided near its circumference with a slot 42. The shaft 22 is also provided with
a worm or endless screw 25 which engages with and transmits motion to the gear
wheel 30 mounted upon and revolving with shaft 27 which has its bearings in an
arm of bracket 21 and the frame 19.
Mounted upon and revolving with shaft 27 is a drum or roller 28 provided
with studs or teeth 29 around its circumference at each end. Keyed t drum
shaft 27 is a pulley 31 which receives belt 33 by means of which the movement of
said shaft is transmitted to the upper reel-shaft 43. Suitably supported in upright
Irame 19 on fixed shafts around which they freely revolve are rollers 35, 35, 35°
and 35 which support and guide the picture-bearing strip or film 34. By means
of the gearing and rollers thus described and the reels, and appurtenances presently
described, the strip or film on which the pictures have been photographel, is
properly conducted and guided across the optical axis of the apparatus.
The supporting frame 19, 19, is provided with an opening 38 in the line of the
optical axis, and the disc or shutter 41 is so placed that as it revolves the centre
of its slot cuts the optical axis, and its rate of revolution is such that whenever
the centre of a picture of the traveling film reaches the optical axis the centre
of the slot 42 comes into the same line.
The picture-bearing strip 34 is of material such as is commonly used in kudaks
of the better class and comprises photographs of a series of pictures representing
the successive stages or positions of the moving object or objects it is desired to
represent or reproduce. This strip is perforated at regular intervals along its
lateral edges such perforations exactly corresponding with the teeth 29 of the
drun 28 over which the strip passes.
The speed imparted by the motor to the main shaft 22 of the apparatus is
regulated and controlled by frictional appliances, as follows: To the bottom of
the optical bench there is secured the bracket 57 and in this bracket is suitably
journalled the shalt 63 which carries at its end a friction plate 64 and has also
keyed to it pulley 65 which receives the cord or belt passing to pulley 23 on the
main shaft 22. The friction plate 64 is adapted to co-operate with a friction
ller 59 on shaft 58 said shaft also having keyed to it the pulley receiving the belt
from the motor. The journal of the friction roller 59 is connected to a bifurcated
arm baving an internally screw-threaded sleeve through which passes screw-
threaded shaft 61 also supported in bracket 57. The shaft 61 is adapted to be
turned by crank 62 to cause said bifurcated arm to travel along the screw-threaded
shaft 61 and adjust the friction roller 59 toward or away from the centre of the
Friction plate thus incrensing or diminishing the rate of speed of the friction-plate
shaft 63 as will be readily understood. The rate of speed of the main shaft 22 is
thus determined and is subject to such adjustinent as may be desired. The pressure
of the friction plate 64 against the friction roller 59 may be regulated by means
of the pointed screw 67 operating through nut 68 and within a depression in the
end of the friction-plate shaft 63. Pulley 66 on the lower reet shaft is for the
purpose of receiving a belt when winding back the picture-bearing strip from

page_text: the
upper to the lower reel. In doing this the friction roller is removed to the
opposite side of the friction plate from that shown in Figure 2 to reverse the
direction of revolution of shift 58.
The reels are adapted to carry safely great lengths of picture-bearing strip or
film so that lung continued movements may be exhibited. The direction through
the apparatus of the picture-bearing strip 34 is indicated in Figure 1, the parts
being in position for projecting. Figure 4 represents the picture-bearing strip
meelunism as adjusted to permit said strip to he wound back from the upper to the
lower reel.
The
The picture-bearing strip passes from the lower reel 37 through an opening in
the optical bench, over the guide and tension rollers 35, 35, across the opening 38
whose middle point is in the optical axis of the instrument, over roller 35", in
contact with feed drum 28 and thence over guide and tension roller 35 to the upper
reel to the hub of which it is fastened. At 39 is a door provided with an opening,
coinciding with opening 38, and hinged to the supporting frame 19, as shown, for
example, in Figure 5. A spring latch 39 serves to secure the door closed.
inner surfaces 40 of this door above and below the opening are covered with silk
velvet. The velvet surfaces touch each other lightly and the film passes between
them without quiver. The opening 38 as well as the opening in the door 39 are of
the same dimensions as a picture of the strip. When the picture-bearing strip is
being wound back the door 39 is swung open as shown in Figure 4 to relieve said
strip of all pressure at that point.
To ensure proper co-operation between the picture-bearing strip and the feel
drum 28 there is employed a frame 51 comprising two arms, of the configuration
shown best in Figure 4, which are pivoted at 51 to the inuer surfaces of the
standards 19, 19, in proper relation to the feed drum 28. This frame carries
rollers 52 and 53 the former being provided circumferentially near each end with
grooves 52 to receive the sprockets of the feed drum 28 when the frame 51 is
secured in the position it occupies when the apparatus is projecting, said frame
being fixed in this position (see Figures 1 and 2) by removable rod 35 passing
through the standards 19, 19, and holes 55 of the frame 51. When in this
position the smooth central portion of the roller 52 bearing upon the picture strip
holds the same in proper contact with the smooth surface of the feed drum 28, and
the roller 53 holds the picture-bearing strip at a point above the feed drum back
of the vertical plane passing through the drum shaft and thus ensures larger
contac: between the strip and drum. The frame 51 is provided with an operating
handle 54.
The receiving reel 36 is adapted to revolve by friction only and the rate of
winding of the picture-bearing strip upon this reel is rendered uniform by means
substantially as follows: One end of shaft 43 of the receiving reel is of two
diameters and said shaft has its bearings in supports 19, 19, as seen in Figure 2.
On one end of said shaft is keyed the pulley 32 which receives the belt trans-
mitting the movement of the drum shaft to the reel. Surrounding the reduced
portion of the opposite end of the reel shaft is a helical spring 45 which bears
upon a washer 44 at its inner end and is confined in its position by nut +6 which
is screwed upon the hollow bearing 44. Between the inner surface of the opposite
bearing of the shaft and the hub of the reel are placed friction plates 45° one of
them fixed to the hub and other to the shaft and one of them faced with leather
or other suitable substance: If the hub of the reel 30 were fixed upon shaft 43 so
as to revolve therewith, its rate of revolution would be constant since that of the
feed drum shaft 27 is constant, and each successive turn of the hub would strain the
film more and more so as eventually to break it. The desired amount of pressure
between the friction plates 4, is produced by adjusting the nut 46, as will be
readily understood. As the reel becomes larger and larger by accumulation of
film on it the friction becomes less and less effective, and the rate of revolution of
the reel is kept automatically in proper correspondence with that of the feed

page_text: drum 28. A similar friction appliance is used with the delivering reel to prevent
it from revolving too rapidly and causing the film between it and the drum to
buckle. The friction adjusting nut of the shaft 43* of the delivering reel is
indicated by 46*.
As a further means of automatically regulating the revolution of the receiving
reel 36 there is employed an idler 47 which is preferably journalled to the
frame 19, 19, and is provided with a slot 48 in which is adjustably fixed the
roller 49. Around this roller is passed the belt 33, as shown. By adjusting
the roller 49 inward or outward the pressure on the belt is varied. As the receiving
reel gets larger by the accumulated film the idler 47 automatically tises and loosens.
the belt, causing it to slip slightly on the reel pulley 32. As a means of inore
nicely adjusting the pressure exerted by the idler the outer end of the latter is
screw-threaded and provided with the weight 50. The idler and the friction means
applied to the top reel co-operate to give better results than either would give
alone though either of the devices may be used to the exclusion of the other.
It will be readily understood that many of the details of construction herein
described may be varied without departing from the principle of my invention.
For instance, considerable advantage comes of the use of two shutters revolving
very near each other and in opposite directions. The apparatus as described and
shown in the drawings is a desirable and efficient embodiment of the invention, and
ns thus constructed has been successfully employed for prejecting on a screen very
large numbers of successively taken photographs of objects in motion.
In the operation of the apparatus, power is communicated by means of the belt,
from the motor and the frictional appliances described, through belt 24 to the main
shaft 22 and thence by means of the gearing to the drum shaft 27. The drum
engages with its teeth the perforations in the edges of the picture-bearing strip
and thus moves it from one reel to the other over the guide rollers described and
across the opening 3s in the line of the optical axis of the apparatus. The shaft 22
when revolving causes the revolution of the shutter 41 which it carries; and the
revolutions are so timed with relation to the movement of the picture-bearing strip,
that whenever the central portion of one of the pictures is in the line of the
optical axis of the condensing and projecting lenses the centre of the opening 42
of the shutter has arrived in the saine line and the light is permitted to pass
simultaneously through the condensing lens, through the picture, through the
shutter opening, and through the objective outward to the screen or other plane
surface. Instantly, however, the light is cut off by the revolving shutter and is.
only re-admitted when another picture comes into position to be projected. The
light must be so adjusted as to cover the entire picture. By the organization
herein described the pictures are projected successively and with great rapidity
and as each picture is followed by another showing a slightly advanced stage of
the motion, the effect on the eye is substantially the same as if the moving object
or objects were looked at directly. It is not necessary to stop or retard the picture
bearing strip at the time when the projection of any particular picture is to occur,
as the exposure of the picture to the light is so brief that its motion across the field
of view during the time of exposure is imperceptible.
It is important that whatever motive power be used shall work with great
regularity, which can be true of no hand regulating arrangement, and it is equally
important that a light of the highest intensity and quickness of action shall he
employed, since the exposure should be instantaneous.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is :-
1. In an apparatus for projecting on a screen, or other plane surface, pictures of
moving objects, the combination with a projecting lens, or combination of lenses,
of an electric are lamp, a condenser, a strip or film on which successive pictures of

page_text: objects in motion have been photographed, appliances for continuously moving said
strip at a uniform speed across the optical axis of the condenser and a slutter
arranged to admit the light at suitable intervals.
2. In an apparatus for projecting on a screen, or other plane surface, pictures of
moving objects, the combination with a projecting lens, or combination of lenses,
of a light of high power, a condenser, a strip or film on which successive pictures
of objects in motion have been photographed, appliances for continuously moving
said strip at a uniform speed across the optical axis of the condenser and a shutter
arranged to admit the light at suitable intervals.
3. In an apparatus for projecting on a screen, or other plane surface, pictures
of moving objects, the combination with projecting lens and a light of high
power, of a condenser, a strip or film on which pictures of prolonged motion have
been photographed, appliances, including a reel to receive said strip or film, for
continuously moving said strip at a uniform speed across the common optical axis
of the condenser anil projecting lens, means for maintaining a constant tension on
the picture-bearing strip or film between the feed drum and the receiving reel, and
a shutter arranged to admit the light at suitable intervals.
4. In an apparatus for projecting on a screen, or other plane surface, pictures
of moving objects, the combination with a projecting lens or combination of lenses,
and a
light of high power, of a condenser, a strip or film of great length on which
pictures of prolonged motion have been photographed, a receiving and n delivering
reel, appliances for continuously moving said strip across the common optical axis
of the condenser and projecting lens, and between said reels, means for automatically
controlling the revolution of the receiving reel as it becomes weighted by
accumulated strip, and a disc or shutter having a slot. near its circumference
and arranged to revolve so that the centre of its slot cuts the focus of the
condenser and is in line with the optical axis when the centre of a picture
renches said axis.
5. The combination with a projecting lens and a light of high power, of a
condenser, a receiving and a delivering reel, a strip or film on which pictures have
been photographed having one of its ends secured to the hub of the receiving reel,
and arranged to travel across the optical axis of the condenser and in such relation
to the focus of the condenser that the pencil of light proceeding from the condenser
or from its focus shall just cover one of the pictures when the centre of the latter
is in the line of the optical axis, feed mechanism for moving said strip at a uniform,
predetermined speed, and a disc or shutter mounted on the main shaft of the
feed mechanism and having a slot near its circumference and arranged to revolve
so that the centre of the slot comes into line with the optical axis whenever the
centre of a picture reaches said axis.
6. In an apparatus for projecting on a screen, or other plane surface, pictures
of moving objects, the combination with a picture-bearing strip of great length
and means for continuously moving the same, of a reel to receive said strip supported
on a shait free to revolve, and adjustable friction appliances adapted to so revolve
enid reel as to prevent rupture of the delicate material of the picture-bearing film
or strip whatever the length of the latter may be.
7. The combination with the main shaft provided with a worm, a feed-drum
having teeth or sprockets on its circumference near each end and mounted on a shuft
provided with a gear wheel which engages with the worm on the main shaft, and
means for imparting power to the main shaft, of a strip or film on which successive
pictures of objects in action have been photographed, having its lateral edges
perforated at regular intervals to correspond with the teeth of the feed-drum,
receiving reel to the hub of which one end of said strip is secured, and means for
transmitting the movement of the feed-drum shaft to the shaft of the receiving
recl.
8. The combination with the main shaft, means for driving the same, a feed-
drum mounted on a shaft and provided with teeth or sprockets on its circumference,
and gearing between the main shaft and the drum shaft, of a picture-bearing strip

page_text: or film provided with perforated edges adapted to engage with the teeth of said
drum, a receiving reel to the hub of which one end of said picture-bearing strip
is secured, means for transmitting the movement of the drum shaft to the receiving
reel, and appliances for automatically maintaining a constant tension on the picture-
bearing strip between the receiving reel and the feel drum.
9. The combination with the main shaft, means for driving the same, a picture-
bearing strip and means, including a drum, for feeling an 1 guiding the strip, of a
receiving reel provided with a pulley and having one end of said picture-bearing
strip secured to its hub, a pulley on the shaft of said drum, a belt passing loosely
over the pulleys on the drum and reel shafts and an idler or belt tightener with
which said belt is adapted to engage.
10. The combination with the main shaft, means for driving the same, a picture-
bearing strip and means, including the drum, for feeding an guiding the strip,
of a receiving reel provided with a pulley and having one end of said picture-
bearing strip secured to its hub, a pulley on the shaft of said drum, a belt passing
over the pulleys on the drum and reel shafts and an idler provided with an
adjustable roller with which said belt is adapted to engage, and with a screw-
threaded end provided with an adjustable weight.
11. The combination with the picture-bearing strip and a receiving reel loosely
mounted in its bearings and having secured to its hub one end of said strip, anl
means, including a drum, for feeding and guiding the said strip, of frictional
appliances coacting with the hub of said receiving reel, a belt transmitting the
motion of said drum shaft to the reel shaft, and an idler or belt tightener adapte l
to engage with said belt.
12. The combination with the frame, (19, 19), a shaft (27) journaled in said
frame and provided with a feed drum (28) having teeth or sprockets (29), of a
picture-bearing strip provided with perforations in its lateral edges adapted to
engage with the teeth of said drum, a series of guide rollers for said strip and a
swinging frame (51, 51) pivoted to the supporting frame (19, 19), and provided
with rollers 52, 53, the former having near its ends depressions which coincide
with the teeth of the feed drum and with a smooth intermediate portion bearing
upon the smooth surface of said feed drum, and the latter pressing the picture-
bearing strip over the feed-drum, when said frame (51, 51) is secured in operative
position when projecting.
13. The combination, in an apparatus for projecting on a screen, or other plane
surface, pictures of moving objects, of a picture-bearing strip and means for rapidly
moving the same, with a receiving reel to the hub of which oue end of said strip
is secured, the shaft of said reel being loosely mounted in bearings, and having at
one end a reduced outer portion and at the other end a fixed pulley, a helical
spring (45) surrounding the reduced portion of said shaft, an adjusting nut (46)
coacting with said spring, and friction plates (45) between the hub of the reel and
the contiguous bearing of its shaft.
14. In an apparatus for projecting pictures of moving objects on a screen, or
other plane surface, the combination with supporting frame (19, 19) provided with
an opening (38) in the line of the optical axis, of a hinged door (39) closing
against said opening and having an aperture coinciding therewith, a picture-bearing
strip and means for moving the same across the optical axis between said door
and the opening in the supporting frame.
15. In an apparatus of the character herein described, the combination with
the optical bench having mounted thereon longitudinal rods (7, 7) carrying
adjustable standards (9, 12, 12") and a fixed standard (17), the said adjustable
standards supporting the objective, condenser and lamp and the fixed standard
supporting a frame (15), a slide (13) fixed to the frame of the condenser and
receiving at its other end the front of the lamp and a contractible tube or bellows
secured at one end to the frame of the condenser and at its other end to the
stationary frame 15.
16. In an apparatus of the character hereiu described, the combination with

page_text: frame 15, suitably supported, and a lamp and a condenser, of slide 13 and
hellows 14.
17. The combination with the travelling picture-bearing strip and the lamp, of
stationary frame 15 and removable slide or shutter 18.
Dated this 4th day of January 1897.
JOHNSONS & WILLCOX,
47 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, W.C., Agents.