Improvements in the Construction of Continuous Bakers Ovens.
Year: 1897

page_text: Improvements in the Construction of Continuous Bakers Ovens..
...
:
I, THOMAS HITCHEN, of 87, Ferry Road, Glebe Point, Sydney, in the Colony of
New South Wales, Fire-bricklayer and Oven-builder, do hereby declare the nature of
this invention to be as follows:-
.
This invention relates to the general construction arrangement and, relative posi-
tion of the furnace flues uptakes, inlets, outlets, dampers, and the. crowns of baker's
ovens and is designed to reduce and economise the consumption of fuel to regulate
the temperature of each oven and to prevent unequal heating, and will be found to
economise space, save cost in construction and repairs, prevent over and under baking
of bread &c., which often. takes place in the present system, and save time and labour
in heating and working. According to my. invention the ovens can be heated
internally or externally alone, or partly one and partly the other as may be desired.
They may be constructed of any size that is customary for baker's ovens under the
present system,, or larger, if desired, with equally good results and are arranged and
constructed. singly or on what is known as the "decker" principle, one above the
other in heights of two or more ovens all heated from one furnace. When three or
four ovens are constructed on this principle, the two upper ovens are worked from the
opposite end to that of the lower ovens, and on a higher floor level. The heating
can be continued during the time the bread or other goods are being baked, and after
being withdrawn the oven can be immediately refilled with another, batch, or the
ovens may be worked alternately thus.securing continuous baking without inter-
mission. By regulating the dampers, different, degrees of beat can be obtained 'in'
any or all of the ovens to suit the various classes of goods to be baked, which is a
great advantage over ovens at present in use.
Having now described. the nature and objects of my invention I will proceed to
describe more in detail the manner in which the same is to be performed or carried
into practical effect, reference being had to the accompanying six sheets of drawings"
and to the figures and letters marked, thereon; similar letters referring to similar
parts throughout the several drawings."
Fig. 1 is foundation plan of furnace,ash-pit, &c., on section line C C in Figures 6,
12, 17.
Fig. 2 is plan under bottom, on sectional line D D in Figs. 6, 7, 11, 12, 17.
Fig. 3 is plan on sectional line E E in Figs. 6, 7, 11, 12, 17.
Fig. 4 is plan on sectional line F F in Figs. 6, 7, 11, 12, 17.
Fig. is a longitudinal section on line GG in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 15, 16.,
Fig. 6 is a sectional elevation on line B B in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 15, 16.
Fig. 7 is a sectional elevation on line A A in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 9.
Fig. 8 is front elevation of a single oven shewing plans in dotted lines and arrows,
or carrying away fumes from, furnace and oven doors, pyrometers Pr for indicating
the heat.
Fig. 9 is a plan on sectional line H H in Figs. 11, 12, and K, K, L, L, in

page_text: Fig. 10 is a longitudinal section of two ovens on lines G G in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 9,
15, 16.
Fig. 11 is a sectional elevation on line A A in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 9.
Fig. 12 is a sectional elevation on line B, B, in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 15, 16.
Fig. 13 is a front élevation of two ovens shewing flues in dotted lines and arrows
as in Fig. 8 and pyrometers P P.
Fig. 14 is back elevation of two ovens shewing buckstaves and soot doors.
Fig. 15 is plan on sectional line II in Fig. 17 shewing flue S F for carrying
away fumes from over oven doors.
Fig. 16 is plan on sectional line J J in Fig. 17.
Fig. 17 is a sectional elevation of four ovens on line B B showing working door
openings of two upper ovens in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 15, 16.
Fig. 18 is a longitudinal section of four ovens on line G Gin Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4,
9, 15, 16. X X in the several drawings connect the furnace to the flues and
ovens and allow the heated gases or hot air to pass through the interior of any
of the ovens or over the top and the uptakes Y Y in the several drawings are
to allow the heated gases or hot air from the furnace after passing through the flues
under the bottom of lower oven to pass through and over in a similar manner
or the heated gases or hot air can be made to pass over the top only and thence direct to
the chimney. By these arrangements full command is secured for the internal
or external beating of the ovens and a continuous uniform heat obtained.
r is a V or taper shaped furnace with flat or arched crown, and shews entrance to
flues and f¹ the narrowest part being at the bottom, and the form and construction
as shewn in the drawings give better results in the economical consumption of coke
(coke being preferable) than furnaces at present in use in bakers' ovens. The furnace
is constructed of fire clay lumps or bricks and may be placed at the back or either
side of ovens, as may be thought desirable by altering the position of the flue and
dampers without departing from the essential features of the invention.
Sh is stoke hole of furnace. The crowns of the ovens in Figs. 5, 6, 7, 10, 11,
12, 17, are constructed of flat or iron supports on which rest tiles with grooved or
rabbitted joints to prevent the escape of heat or steam from ovens, or in place of tiles
sheet iron may be used rivetted or bolted to the flat or iron supports with a layer of
thin bricks tiles or fire clay over the top. The ovens may be bound together in the
usual manner with iron rods &c. and the materials used in the general construction
are the same as at present in use.
01 02 03 04 are interior of ovens with the usual tiled bottoms b. Z is outlet from
0¹0 to flues f, f³, f', f. The flues ƒ ƒ¹ƒ ƒ³ ƒ ƒ in the several drawings connect
the furnace with the uptakes and ovens f* flue from furnace direct to chimney. The
dampers a in the several drawings connect the uptakes X X Y Y to the interior of
ovens and should be made steam-tight. The other dampers as shewn in the several
drawings are as follows:-
d', is flue from furnace direct to chimney.
d, connecting uptakes X X and Y Y with flues in Figs. 4, 6, 7, and with
flues f in Figs. 11, 12.
ds, steam-tight dampers connecting outlet Z with flue f in Figs. 4, 5.
d', main damper connecting flues for top flues of uppermost oven with chimney.
d', in Fig. 4 is required when two ovens are built as in Figs. 11, 12, then from
to flues f.
flues
de, is required only when more than two ovens are built and connect
uptakes X X Y Y with flues f2, f in Figs. 9, 11, 12, 16.
d, steam-tight damper in Figs. 9, 10, 17, from outlet Z to flues ẞ, A.
d³, in Fig. 9 required when more than two ovens are built then from f² to flues ƒ³
in Fig. 17.
70
15
untales V V V V with An fin Dive 15 17

page_text: d, steam-tight damper in Figs. 16, 18, from oven (* to flues ƒ³.
d, in Fig. 16 from flues f to flues fo.
H, damper handles as shewn in the several drawings.
hh in Fig. 18 lever handles to dampers worked from lower ovens.
W, outer walls, m midfeathers.
a, ashpit constructed to contain water to facilitate combustion in furnace and with
air valve in door as shewn in Fig. 8, to enable the door to be closed and to regulate
the supply of air to furnace when slow combustion is required.
a¹ concrete foundations; i inlet .openings in which steam-tight dampers are fixed
to ovens from uptakes X X Y Y.
p sole plate and oven door.
t flue covering tiles preferably of fire clay.
spaces to be filled with earth or sand.
8 covering of sand with brick paving over.
In working my invention to heat a singly constructed oven I proceed as follows:-
All the dampers being closed I first open the main damper d Fig. 4 then
dampers d (connecting uptakes Y Y with interior of. oven) and damper d³ in
outlet Z, which allows the heated gases or hot air as indicated by the arrows to
first pass from the furnace under oven bottom through flues then through the
oven 0¹ and outlet Z, through flues fover top of oven to chimney. Second, I open
dampers d³ in uptakes X X which allows the heated gases or hot air to pass from
the furnace through flues f and uptakes X X Fig. 6 to flues over top of oven and
thence to chimney, by the above operations internal and external heating is obtained.
Third, to obtain a top external heat only the dampers 2 in uptakes Y Y being.
open, I close damper d in uptakes Y Y and dampers d³ in outlet Z. Fourth, to
obtain a direct internal or flash heat I close dampers d² in uptakes 'XXYY and
open dampers D in uptakes XX and damper d³ in outlet Z. Fifth to obtain a
uniform bottom and top external heat I closed in uptakes X X and dampers d³, in
outlet Z, and open dampers d² in uptakes XXYY when the heated gases or hot
air from the furnace is equally divided and passes through the flues f and f¹ through
uptakes XX YY over top through flue f2 to chimney as indicated by arrows. By
opening or closing the dampers on each side of the oven, the heated gases or hot air
can be made to pass on either side, and consequently give command over each side
of the oven internally and externally top and bottom. In all the above operations
the main damper is regulated to suit the draught. To heat two or more ovens,
proceed in a similar manner as with one oven with the addition that the heated gases
or hot air are made to pass from the furnace or inside of the lower oven into the
flues between all the upper ovens, and thence over the top of the uppermost oven
to the chimney. The upper ovens as well as the lower ovens can be heated in a
similar manner to that described in heating the single oven by regulating the
damper din uptakes X X YY both as regards internal, exteri.al top, and bottom
heating, as will be understood by reference to the drawings. In working the upper
ovens in Figs. 15, 16, 17, the dampers of uptakes X, X, Y, Y which are connected to
both ends of the ovens can be worked from the lower level. Should the ovens become
overheated, the whole of the heated gases or hot air from the furnace can be made
to pass direct to the chimney by the separate flue f, u, and when ovens are not in
operation the main damper d can be regulated so as to retain the heat for subsequent
baking. It will be seen from the example given, that the ovens can be heated in a
variety of ways and that the upper ovens can be heated without heating the lower
ovens, and different degrees of heat obtained in the several ovens as will be indicated
by pyrometers p, r, Fig. 13.
I

page_text: I, THOMAS HITCHEN, of 87, Ferry Road, Glebe Point, Sydney, in the Colony of
New South Wales, Fire Bricklayer, and Oven Builder, do hereby declare the nature of
this invention, and in what manner the same is to be perforined, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement :— ·
This invention relates to the general construction arrangement and relative
positions of the furnace flues, uptakes, inlets, outlets, dampers, and the crowns of the
bakers', ovens, and is designed to reduce and economise, space, save cost in con-
struction and repairs, prevent over and under baking of bread &c., which often takes
place in the present system, and, save time and labour in heating and working.
According to my invention the ovens, can be heated internally or externally, or
externally alone, or partly one and partly the other as may be desired. They may
be constructed of any size that is customary for bakers' ovens under the present
system, or larger if desired, with equally good results and are arranged and
constructed singly or on what, is known as the "decker" principle, one above the
other, in heights of two or more ovens, all heated from one furnace.
When three or
four ovens are constructed on this principle, the two upper ovens are worked from the
opposite end to that of the lower ovens, and on a higher floor level. The heating can
be continued during the time the, bread or other, goods are being baked, and after
being withdrawn, the oven can immediately, be refilled with, another batch, or the
ovens may be, worked alternately, thus securing continuous baking without inter-
mission. By regulating the dainpers different degrees of heat can be obtained in
any or all of the ovens to suit the various classes of goods to be baked, which is a
great advantage over, ovens at present in use.
Having now described the nature and objects of my invention, I will proceed to
describe more in detail the manner in which the same is to be performed or carried
into practical effect, reference being had to the drawings, filed with the provisional
specification. Similar letters, referring to similar, parts throughout the several
drawings.
Fig. 1, is foundation plan of furnace, ash, pit, &c., on section line C, C, in
Figures 6, 12, 17. Fig. 2, is plan, under, bottom on sectional line, Dx, Dx, in
Figs. 6, 7, 11, 12, 17. Fig. 3 is plan on sectional, line Ex, Ex, in Figs. 6, 7, 11, 12, 17.
Fig. 4 is plan on sectional line, E, F, in Figs. 6, 7, 11, 12. Fig. 5 is a longitudinal
section, on line G*,, G in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 15, 16. Fig.76 is a sectional elevation
on line, B, B, in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 15, 16. Fig. 7 is a sectional elevation on
line A, A, in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 9. Fig. 8 is front, elevation of a single oven showing
flues, in dotted lines and arrows, for carrying away fumes from furnace and over oven
doors, and pyrometers P, r, for indicating, the heat. Fig. 9, is a plan on sectional
line, HH, in Figs. 11, 12, and K, K, L, L, in Figs. 17.. Fig. 10 is a longi
tudinal section of two ovens on lines G, G, in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 15, 16.. Fig. 11, is
a sectional elevation on line A*, A, in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 9. Fig. 12 is a sectional
elevation on, line B, B, in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 15, 16; Fig. 13 is a front elevation of
two,ovens, showing flues in dotted, lines, and arrows as in Fig. 8 and pyrometers. P, r.
Fig. 14 is back elevation of two ovens showing buckstaves and soot doors. Fig. 15
is plan on sectional line I*, I*, in Fig. 17 showing flue S, F, for carrying away fumes
from over oven doors. Fig. 16 is plan on sectional line J, J, in Fig: 17. Fig. 17
is a sectional elevation, of four ovens on line B*, B*, in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 15, 16
showing working door openings of two upper ovens. Fig. 18 is a longitudinal section
of four ovens on line G, G, in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 15, 16. X, X, in the several
drawings connect the furnace to the flues and ovens and allow the heated gases or hot

page_text: air, to pass through the interior of any of the ovens or over the top, and the
uptakes Y, Y, in the several drawings are to allow the heated gases or hot air from the
furnace, (after passing through the flues under the bottom of lower oven) to pass
through and over the oven in a similar manner, or the heated' gases or hot air can be
made to pass over the top only, and thence direct to the chimney. By these arrange-
ments full command is secured for the internal or external heating of the ovens, and
a continuous uniform heat obtained.
Figs. 5, 6, 17 & 18 is a V or taper shaped furnace with flat or arched crown
and contains entrance to flues f and f¹ the narrowest part of the furnace being at the
bottom and the form and construction as shown in the drawings give better results
in the economical consumption of coke (coke being preferable), than furnaces at
present in use in bakers' ovens. The furnace is constructed of fire clay lumps or
bricks, and may be placed at the back or either side of ovens as may be thought
desirable by altering the position of the flues and dampers without departing from
the essential features of the invention.
8, h, Figs. 1, 5 is stoke hole of furnace. The crowns of the ovens in Figs. 5, 6, 7,
10, 11, 12, 17, are constructed of flat or tee iron supports on which rest tiles & Fig. 5
with grooved or rabitted joints to prevent the escape of heat or steam from ovens
or in place of tiles, although not so shewn in drawings sheet iron may be used rivetted
or bolted to the flat or tee iron supports with a layer of thin bricks, tiles, or fire clay
over the top. The ovens may be bound together in the usual manner with iron rods
and the materials used in the general construction all the same as at present in use.
01, 02, 08, 0 represent the interiors of ovens with the usual tiled bottoms b. z z are
outlets from ovens 01, 02, Figs. 5 & 10 to flues which flues ƒ ƒ¹ƒ³, ƒ³, ƒ^ƒ³, are
shewn in the several drawings as connecting the furnace with the uptakes and ovens,
fa being flues from furnace direct to chimney. The dampers & Fig. 3 in the several
drawings connect the uptakes X, X, Y, Y, to the interior of ovens and should be
made steam tight. The other dampers as shown in the' several drawings are' as
follows.
d Fig. 8 and 13 is a damper in the flue from furnace direct to chimney.
Figs. 4, 6, 7, are dampers connecting uptakes X, X, and Y, Y, with flues f' in
Figs. 4, 6, 7, and with flues f³ in Figs. 11, 12. d³ steamtight damper Figs. 4, 5, 10,
and 18 connecting outlet Z with flue f. d Fig. 3 main damper connecting flues ƒ³
or top flues of uppermost oven with chimney. d in Fig. 4, is required when two
ovens are built as in Figs. 11, 12; de Figs. 11, 12 and 17 is required only when more
than two ovens are built and connect uptakes X, X. Y, Y, with flues f, ƒ³ in
Figs. 9, 11, 12, 16. d steam tight damper in Figs. 9, 10, 17 and 18 from outlet Z,
to flues f, f. d in Fig. 9, required when more than two ovens are built, then
from to flues f* in Fig. 17. din Fig. 15 connecting uptakes X, X, Y, Y, with
flues in Figs 15, 17. do in Fig. 15 from flues f³ to flues. f. d¹¹, steam tight
damper in Figs. 15, 17, 18, from oven 08 to flue f. 12 in Figs. 16, 17, connecting
uptakes X, X, Y, Y, with flues f. d¹³ steam tight damper in' Figs. 16, 18, from
oven 0 to flues f. d, in Fig. 16, from flues to flues f. H, damper handles
as shewn in the several drawings.
hh in Fig. 18 lever handles to dampers worked from lower ovens. w outer walls;
m midfeathers; a ashpit constructed to contain water to facilitate combustion in
furnace and with air valve in door as shewn in Fig. 8 to enable the door to be closed
and to regulate the supply of air to furnace when slow' combustion is required:
**
a Figs. 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 17 and 18 concrete foundations; i Figs. 5, 10 and 18
inlet openings in which steam tight dampers are fixed to' ovens from uptakes
X, X, Y, Y; P Figs. 5, 10, and 18 sole' plate and oven door; t, flue covering tiles
preferably of fire clay. e spaces to be filled with earth or sand. S covering of sand
with brick paving over. In working my invention to heat a singly constructed oven
I proceed as follows: all the dampers being, closed I first open the main damper d'
Fig. 4 then dampers d (connecting uptakes Y, Y, with interior of oven), and damper
d, in outlet Z, which allow the heated gases or hot air as indicated by the arrows, to
First, pass from the furnace under oven bottom through flues f¹, then through the

page_text: oven 0¹ and outlet Z through flues f2, over top of oven to chimney. Second, I open
dampers in uptakes X, X, which allows the heated gases or hot air to pass from
the furnace through flues f and uptakes X, X, Fig. 6 to flues f2, over top of oven
and thence to chimney, by the above operations internal and external heating is
obtained. Third, to obtain a top internal heat only, the dampers in uptakes Y, Y,
being, open, I close dampers d in uptakes Y, Y, and damper in outlet Z. Fourth
to obtain a direct internal or flash heat I close dampers d² in uptakes X, X, Y, Y,
and open dampers d in uptakes X, X, and in damper d³, in outlet Z. Fifth to obtain
a uniforın bottom and top external heat, I close dampers d in uptakes X, X, and
damper d³, in outlet Z, and open dampers d², in uptakes X, X, Y, Y, when the heated
gases or hot air from the furnace is equally divided, and passes through the flues f
and through uptakes X, X, Y, Y, over top through flues f2, to chimney as
indicated by the arrows. By opening or closing the dampers on each side of the
oven, the heated gases or hot air can be made to pass on either side and consequently
gives command over each side of the oven internally externally top or bottom. In
all the above operations the main damper is regulated to suit the draught. To heat
two or more ovens I proceed in a similar manner as with one oven, with the addition
that the heated gases or hot air are made to pass from the furnace or inside of the
lower oven, into the flues between all the upper ovens, and thence over the top of
the uppermost oven to the chimney. The upper ovens as well as the lower ovens
can be heated in a similar manner to that described in heating the single oven, by
regulating the dampers 12, in uptakes X, X, Y, Y, both as regards interual, external,
top and bottom heating, as will be understood by reference to the drawings. In
working the upper ovens in Figs. 15, 16, 17, the dampers of uptakes X, X, Y, Y,
which are connected to both ends of the ovens can be worked from the lower level.
Should the ovens become over heated the whole of the heated gases or hot air from
the furnace can be made to pass direct to the chimney of the separate flue fa and
when ovens are not in operation the main damper d' can be regulated so as to retain
the heat for subsequent baking. It will be seen from the samples given that the
ovens can be heated in a variety of ways and that the upper ovens can be heated
.without heating the lower ovens and different degrees of heat obtained in the several
ovens as will be indicated by the pyrometers P, r.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, I would have it understood that
I do not confine myself to the exact number or size of the uptakes or the number or
size of the flues either under over or between the ovens or the number of the dampers
connected therewith, but what I claim is:-
!.
1. The combination arrangement and relative positions of the flues and dampers
and the uptakes X, X, Y, Y, and Z, by which the heated gases from the furnace can
be made to pass from one oven into the flues over the oven, or into any or all of the
ovens and flues, and the dividing of a series of ovens into two sections for facilitating
the working of the upper ovens substantially as herein described and ascertained by
the drawings.
i
2. The construction and combination of the furnace with the uptakes X, X, and
Y, Y, for the purposes herein described and as shewn in the drawings.
3. The construction of the crowns of the ovens by the combination of tiles and flat
or tee iron supports substantially as herein described and ascertained by the drawings.
Dated this 16th day of June 1898.
e
FREDERIC PRINCE,
37, Carsitor Street, Chancery Lane, London, Agent for Applicant."