IMPROVEMENTS, IN REFRIGERATING APPARATUS APPLICABLE FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF ICE AND FOR OTHER REFRIGERATING PURPOSES
Year: 1867

page_text: 1.
LETTERS PATENT to Alexander Melville Clark, of 53. Chancery Lane,
in the County of Middlesex, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS, IN
REFRIGERATING APPARATUS APPLICABLE FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF ICE AND
FOR OTHER REFRIGERATING PURPOSES."-A communication from abroad
by Jean Baptiste Toselli, Manufacturer, of 29, Boulevart St. Martin,
Paris.
Sealed the 31st January 1867, and dated the 10th August 1867.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Alexander Melville Clark
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, an the
10th August 1867.
I, ALEXANDER MELVILLE CLARK, of 53, Chancery Lane, in the County of
Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN REFRIGERATING APPARATUS APPLICABLE FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF ICE
AND FOR OTHER REFRIGERATING PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to apparatus for the production by artificial means of
extreme cold applicable to the manufacture of ice and for other uses.
In the annexed Drawing Figure 1 shows a front view and Figure 2-a-plan
of the apparatus.
a, b, are generators containing the liquid or gas to be vaporized. These

page_text: made of other metal according to the nature of the substances to be introduced.
c, d, condensers made of similar metal connected to the generators by means
of hollow spindles e, f, g, h, consisting of two tubes of tinned iron which are
closed hermetically at each end after the liquid has been introduced thereat
into the elements, and a vacuum has been obtained by the ordinary and well-
known means; i, 1, furnace, heated by means of charcoal, gas, or vapors;
m, n, o, p, water vessels in which the generators are immersed, the size of
which varies according to the nature of the substances to be introduced and
the effect desired to be obtained. Supposing, for example, chloride of lime
be employed saturated with ammoniacal gas and water, I make the boiler
double the capacity of the condenser, and fill the two receptacles up to a level
with the axes of rotation, or nearly so. The water enters the four vessels at
four openings made in the large upper reservoir A, which is provided with
cocks, as shown at R, S, Figure 1. On opening the cock R the water falls
into the condenser C, while the other cock opposite to it supplies water to the
boiler 6, Figure 2. When the vessels m, n, o, p, are full the water runs into
the large reservoir B below, whence it is raised into the upper reservoir A by
means of the pump P, which is operated by an eccentric 2 on the rotating
axis g, h. The two vessels m, n, constitute the source of heat which radiates
on the generators but not on the lateral vessels by reason of the non-conducting
substances contained in r, s. In the two other vessels o, p, is placed a
freezer X consisting of a metal case lined with non-conducting substances and
filled with an uncongealable liquid,in whicharedipped therecipients containing
the water or other liquid to be iced. By removing the uncongealable liquid-
and substituting drinking water therefor ice will immediately form on the
surface of the generator and become as solid and transparent as ice naturally
formed. L, M, Figure 1,.is a lever support for the rotating axes pivoted at
N, O, Figure 2, the other end being carried by two cords and counterbalance
weights Q, Figure 1.
METHOD OF OPERATION.
The generator a, Figure 2, being over the furnace, and the other b in the
vessel n, the condenser c should be placed in the trough o, and the other in
the freezer X; in this manner the two vessels or troughs m, p, remain in-
operative. The fire is then lighted and the cock for supplying the condenser c
turned on, after which by the aid of the hand wheel V rotary motion is im-
parted to the two axes e, f, g, h, which are connected together by an endless
chain. After about forty minutes of this action the motion is stopped and the
cock supplying water to the condenser c is turned off, after which the support

page_text: L, M, is raised to the position indicated in red lines in Figure 1, and the two
travellers carrying the four receptacles m, n, o, p, are pushed in opposite
directions, so that the generator a over the fire passes to the water trough m,
while the other which was in the trough n passes to the furnace in a like
manner, the condenser c in the trough o passes to the freezer, and that which
was in the freezer is transferred to the trough p. After the two travellers
have been thus shifted the support L is lowered to its original position, the
cocks communicating with the troughs m, p, turned on, and the motion is
then repeated during a second period of about forty minutes. While the gas
or vapours contained in the generator b'is caused by the action of the heat
and the decrease of the temperature to become condensed or liquefied in the
condenser d the vapours which have formerly been condensed or liquefied in
the condenser c are simultaneously attracted by the substance remaining in
the generator a, and it is at this precise moment of the transformation or
passage of the vapours from the condenser c to the generator a that a con-
siderable fall in the temperature is effected, which is naturally communicated
to the uncongealable liquid, and thence to the vessels containing the water to
be congealed. The forty minutes having expired the supply of water to the
generator c and condenser is cut off, and the support L, M, is again
raised; the two travellers are also moved back to their original position, after
which the support L, M, is lowered; the two cocks of the trough n, o, are
then again turned on and the rotating motion is continued for another forty
minutes, and so on. In this second operation the condenser & produces the
cold in the freezer, while the other condenser c recommences to condense the
vapours emanating from the generator a over the furnace. By thus keeping
up the heat of the furnace and changing the position of the travellers every
forty minutes the temperature of the uncongealable liquid may be lowered
several degrees below zero, and in this manner the manufacture of ice in any
desired quantity and at a sufficiently low price may be ensured.
I would observe that the duration of each operation may be more or less
than forty minutes, according to the substances introduced into the generators,
and that during the alternate motion of the latter over the furnace they pass
into the hot water vessel above the same.
With regard to the third combination I would add that the combination of
the various elements producing similar results may be effected in many different
ways.
I claim the mode of disposing the apparatus or elements one with the other
on-the-same-rotating-axis-or-parallel-to-each-other; as shown in Figures 1
and 2, whether placed horizontally or otherwise, or whether the clements

page_text: in any desired number receive rotating or oscillating motion by any power, or
whether transformed from one part of the machine to the other at the same
time that the furnace, the freezer, and troughs or receptacles are rendered
fixed, and the travellers before mentioned are dispensed with.
I apply the same principle of intermittent action to a freezing apparatus
suitable for family use.
Figure 3 shows a longitudinal section of this machine, which consists
of a freezer L having orifices on each side and a generator M connected
therewith by a tube a, b, constituting the rotary axis. Into the generator M
I introduce the substance intended to develop the gas, for example, for a
concentrated solution of ammonia or other liquid or solid bodies suitable
for producing a like effect, after which the two ends of the rotating axis are
hermetically sealed. The generator M is placed in the heated bath over the
furnace G and the freezer Linto the cold water receptacle V. The ammoniacal
gas developed in the generator M passes through the hollow rotating axis
into the limited area of the freezer between it and the two intermediate
recipients E, F, in which is placed the liquid to be congealed. The freezer
.being immersed in the cold water of the vessel V the known result is produced,
that is to say, the gas from the generator M becomes liquefied under the two-
fold influence of the low temperature and of the pressure of the heat. The
machine is rotated in the boiling water for an hour, when it is changed in
position, the generator being placed in the water vessel V and the furnace
withdrawn, as seen in Figure 4. The freezer is then wrapped in wool and
the liquids to be frozen introduced into the vessels E, F, pure water, for
example, supposing it is desired merely to obtain ice or sugared compositions
in the case of sherbert and other iced articles. The orifices of the freezer are
then closed, and it is set in motion for from twenty to twenty-five minutes.
During this time the gas which has become liquefied between the double
inside lining of the freezer being attracted by the water remaining in the
generator becomes evaporated, and as it thus absorbs a great quantity of heat
it extracts it from the surface of the freezer and the liquids contained, which
finally become congealed. This operation being terminated a second one may
be commenced by replacing the generator over the furnace, and so on without
its being necessary to reverse the machine and keep it reversed for from fifteen
to twenty minutes before operating, as is necessary with the intermittently
acting apparatus now in use.
The Invention thus consists,-
1st. In the condensation or liquefaction of certain cases or vapours and

page_text: an affinity of evaporating and vapourizing surfaces may be obtained by the
continuous stratification of liquids or liquefied gases without the aid of
the worm tubes hitherto required for condensing the vapors and obtaining a
refrigerating effect in an uncongealable liquid.
2ndly. In dispensing with the uncongealable bath in which to introduce the
receptacles containing the water to be iced, the liquid always ultimately
penetrating into said receptacles and producing ice unfit for consumption.
3rdly. The combination of several similar producing elements in a single
freezing apparatus.
4thly. Placing the axis or tube connecting the generator with the condenser
below the highest level that the water in the condenser and generator can
attain. In this manner there results the immense advantage of not requiring
to invert the apparatus at each operation and of keeping it so inverted for
several minutes before it can be again put in action, as is the case with
freezing machines now in family use. In these improved apparatus the
equilibrium is restored of itself without the aid of valves in the generator for
regulating the passage ofthegas, and without requiring the aid ofa pneumatic
pump, as in continuous acting apparatus, which are the most difficult of all to
maintain in a perfect condition.
5thly. Placing theelements between two water chambers, so that bycausing
the water to run continuously from the upper reservoir on to the elements it
is more apt from its fineness and stratified condition to absorb the caloric
emanating from the generators and condensers, which it gives off into the
atmosphere.
6thly. In the immense advantage of using the same water continuously
which is contained in the machine, especially where it is scarce or difficult to
obtain in large quantities, whichis indispensably necessary in other apparatus.
7thly. The possibility of obtaining the rotation of the several apparatus by
the aid of the falling water intended for feeding the generators and condensers
so that the attendant has only to give his attention to the furnace and raise
he water by means of a pump or otherwise from the lower to the upper
eservoir.
Sthly. The substitution of the hot water bath instead of the direct action of
furnace, as hitherto. In this manner the generators being kept moving in
he boiling water can never become sufficiently heated to melt the soldering
nd allow the gas to escape, besides losing the vacuum by the introduction of
ir. For a similar reason the gas contained is prevented from-reaching-too-
igh a temperature or pressure, thus obviating the liability of explosion from
he direct action of the fire.

page_text: 9thly. In obtaining solid ice as transparent as that naturally for.ned, which
result is attributable to the stratification of the water produced by the rotating
motion. The ice being thus produced by the superposition of very thin layers
the molecules of water in congealing may readily dispose themselves in their
natural order, and at the same time give off the air contained, which impairs the
crystallization more or less by remaining in the liquid molecules,
10thly. The uninterrupted production or continuous effect obtained, and the
entire absence of all levers, valves, cocks,pneumatic pumps,guages, or other
openings through which any air may enter and destroy the vacuum which is
so requisite for obtaining a perfect action.
Thus the new principle involved consists in the substitution of a hot water
bath for the direct action of a furnace, and the movement substituted for the
rest generally necessary for obtaining the condensation or liquefaction of the
.gases and their successive vaporization as applied for the mauufacture of
artificial ice and otherwise.
Lastly, the Invention may be used for other domesticandscientific operations
to which it is applicable.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Alexander Melville Clark in the Great, Seal Patent Office
on the 8th February 1868.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ALEXANDER
MELVILLE CLARK, of 53, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Tenth day of August, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, in the thirty-first year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Alexander.Melville Clark, Her special licence that I, the said Alexander
Melville Clark, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as
I, the said Alexander Melville Clark, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, should at any time. agree with, and no others, from time to time
and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise and vend, within the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN REFRIGERATING APPARATUS APPLICABLE FOR THE
MANUFACTURE OF ICE AND FOR OTHER REFRIGERATING PURPOSES," a communication

page_text: to me from abroad by Jean Baptiste Toselli, Manufacturer, of 29, Boulevart St.
Martin, Paris, upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Alexander
Melville Clark, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the
date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Alexander Melville Clark, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement, reference being had to the Sheet of Drawings
hereunto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is to
say):-
This Invention relates to the production by artificial means of extreme cold
applicable to the manufacture of ice and for other uses.
In the annexed Drawings, Figure 1 shows a front view and Figure 2 a
plan of the apparatus to be used for the above purposes.
a, b, are generators containing the liquid or gas to be vaporized. These
boilers or generators are made of tinned plate iron, although they may be made
of other metal according to the nature of the substances to be introduced;
c, d, condensers made of similar metal connected to the generators by means of
hollow spindles e, f, g, h, consisting of two tubes of tinned iron which are
closed hermetically at each end after the liquid has been introduced thereat
into the elements and a vacuum has been obtained by ordinary and well-
known means; 1, 1, furnace heated by means of charcoal, gas, or steam; m, n,
o, p, water vessel in which the generators are immersed, their size varying
according to the nature of the substances to be introduced and the effect
desired to be obtained. Supposing, for example, chloride of lime be employed
saturated with ammoniacal gas and water, I make the boiler double the
capacity of the condenser, and fill the two receptacles up to a level with the
axis of rotation or. nearly so. The water enters the four vessels at four
openings made in the large upper reservoir A, which is provided with cocks,
as shown at R, S, Figure 1. On opening the cock R the water falls into the
condenser C₁ while the other cock opposite to it supplies water to the boiler,
Figure 2, at same time. When the vessels m, n, o, p, are full the water
runs into the large reservoir B below, whence it is raised into the
reservoir A by means of the pump P, which is operated by an eccentric
the rotating axis g, h. The two vessels m, n, contain the source of heat
upper
q on

page_text: Substances and mied with an uncongearable quid in which are dipped the
recipients containing the water or other liquid to be iced. By removing
the uncongealable liquid and substituting drinking water therefor ice will
immediately form on the surface of the generator and become as solid and
transparent as ice naturally formed. L, M, Figure 1, is a lever support for
the rotary axes pivoted at N, O, Figure 2, the other end being carried by
two cords and counterbalance weights Q, Figure 1.
METHOD OF OPERATION.
The generator a, Figure 2, being over the furnace, and the other in the
vesseln, the condenser, c should be placed in the trough o and the other in
the freezer X, in this manner the two vessels m, p, remain inoperative; the
fire is then lighted and the cock for supplying the condenser c turned on, after
which by the aid of a hand wheel V rotary motion is imparted to the two
axes e, f, g, h, which are connected together by an endless chain or otherwise.
After about forty minutes of this action the motion is stopped and the cock
supplying water to the condenser c is turned off, after which the support l, m,
is raised to the position indicated in red lines in Figure 1, and the two
travellers carrying the four receptacles m, n, o, p, are pushed in opposite
directions so that the generator a over the fire passes to the water trough m,
while the other which was in the trough a passes to the furnace in a like
manner, the condenser c in the trough o passes to the freezer, and that which
was in the freezer is transferred to the trough p. After the two travellers
have been thus shifted the support L, M, is lowered to its original position,
the cocks communicating with the troughs m,p, are turned on, and the motion
is then repeated during a second period of about forty minutes. While the
gas or vapors contained in the generator b is caused by the action of the heat
and the decrease in the temperature to become condensed or liquefied in the
condenser d the vapors which have formerly been condensed or liquefied in
the condenser care simultaneously attracted by the substance remaining in the
generator a, and it is at this precise moment of the transformation or passage
of the vapors from the condenser c to the generator a that a considerable fall
in the temperature is effected, which is naturally communicated to the uncon-
gealable liquid, and thence to the vessels containing the water to be frozen.
The forty minutes having expired the supply of water to the generator a and
condenser d is cut off, and the support L, M, is again raised, the two travellers

page_text: are also moved back to their original position, after which the support L,M,
is lowered, the two cocks of the troughs n, o, are again turned on and
the rotating motion is continued for another forty minutes, and so on. In
this second operation the condenser d produces the cold in the freezer,
while the other condenser c recommences to condense the vapors emanating
from the generator a over the furnace. By thus keeping up the heat of the
furnace and changing the position of the travellers every forty minutes the
temperatureof the uncongealableliquid may be lowered several degrees below
zero,and in this manner the manufacture of ice in any desired quantity and
at a sufficiently low price may be ensured.
I would observe that the duration of each operation may be more or less
than forty minutes, according to the substances introduced into the generator,
and that during the alternate motion of the latter over the furnace they pass
into the hot water vessel above the same.
With regard to the third combination I would add that the combination of
the various elements producing similar results may be effected in many
different ways, and I claim the mode of disposing the apparatus or elements
one beside the other on the same rotating axis or parallel to each other, as
shown in Figures 1 and 2, whether placed horizontally or otherwise, or whether
the elements in any desired number receive rotary or oscillating motion by
any power, or whether transferred from one part of the machine to the other
at the same time that the furnace, the freezer, and troughs or receptacles are
rendered fixed and the travellers before mentioned are dispensed with. I
apply thesame principle of intermittentaction to a freezing apparatus suitable
for family use.
Figure 3 shows a longitudinal section of this machine, which consists of a
freezer L having orifices on each side,and a generator M. connected therewith
by a tube a,b,constituting the rotary axis. Into the generator MI introduce
the substance intended to develop the gas, for example, from a concentrated
solution of ammonia or other liquid or solid body suitable for producing a like
effect,after which a vacuum is obtained and the two ends of the rotating axis
are hermetically sealed. The generator M is placed in the heated bath over
the furnace G and the freezer L in the cold water receptacle V. The ammo-
niacal gas developed in the generator M passes through the hollow rotating
axis into the limited area of the freezer between it and the two intermediate
recipients E, F,in which is placed the liquid to be frozen. The freezer-being-
immersed in the cold water of the vessel V the known result.is produced,
that is to say, the gas from the generatorMbecomes liquefied underthetwofold
influence of the temperature and of the pressure of the heat. The machine is

page_text: rotated in the boiling water for an hour, when it is changed in position, the
generator being placed in the water vessel V and the furnace withdrawn, as
seen in Figure 4. The freezer is then wrapped in wool and the liquids to be
frozen introduced into the vessels E, F,pure water, for example, supposing it
is desired.merely to obtain ice or sugared compositions, as in the case of sherbert
or other iced articles; the orifices of the freezer are then closed and it is set
in motion for from twenty to twenty-five minutes; during this time the gas
which has become liquefied between the double inside lining of the freezer
being attracted by the water remaining in the generator becomes evaporated,
and as it thus absorbs a great quantity of heat it extracts it from the surface
of the freezer and the liquids contained, which finally become frozen. This
operation being terminated a second one may be commenced by replacing
the generator over the furnace, and so on without its being necessary to reverse
the machine and keep it reversed for from fifteen to twenty minutes before
operating, as is necessary with the intermittently acting apparatus nowin use.
The following are modifications in the apparatus tobeherein-afterdescribed.
Finding that the lead and tin joints however carefully made are still liable
sometimes to give access to air I propose to make the elements without
either joints or nails in the manner shown at Figure 5 of the Drawings.
This improved mode of construction consists, in mounting the ends of the
two cylinders on a central axis, and introducing them into said cylinders to
which they are fixed or welded in a heated state by means of a hammer;
after this the element being thus prepared is well tinned on the outside for
the purpose of closing all the interstices. The axis e, f, is provided with
transverse holes 1,2,3,4, for the introduction of the liquid and the escape of
air; thus prepared the element is subjected to a pressure equal to twenty
atmospheres in order to ascertain its strength and detect any escape; the
vaporizable liquid being introduced at one end of the tube forming the
rotating axis a vacuum is then produced, that is to say, tho air is expelled
by known means,after which the end of the tube is closed by a screw plug
and soldered up in a heated state, so as not to leave the slighest opening
capable of affording access for air, which is definitively expelled. I have before
mentioned that even where the elements are as much as one-fifth of an iuch
in thickness the vaporization of the gas may be effected in twenty minutes,
while its condensation requires at least an hour, and for the purpose of
doubling the useful effect I propose using three elements instead of two,
whereby I am enabled to leave each in the freezer for half an hour and
one hour in the bath. In this manner three elements may be made to
produce the same effect as four operated in the manner before described.

page_text: The arrangement of the three elements. 1, 2, 3, 'is; shown at Figure, opas
contained in the same boiler placed over a furnace A and driven by shaft B, C,
provided with wheel gearing or pulleys; motion is communicated to shaft B,C,
by another shaft D, E, on which is fixed an eccentric E serving at same.
time to drive a lift and force pump for raising water from the lower reservoir G
on to a kind of sieve I, whence it falls in a finely subdivided form into the
upper trough I, L, provided with cocks M, N, O, for discharging water on
to the condensers of the three elements rotating in the water trough P, the
overflow passing away to reservoir G. Further by the aid of the sieve H
placed above the trough I, L, the water is much more rapidly cooled as when
it reaches six degrees above that of the atmosphere it there remains, that is,
it loses in the atmosphere as much caloric as it has absorbed in the elements.
In commencing the operation the three elements are rotated, for an hour
in the heated bath, after which the first is withdrawn, raising it by the aid of
a carriage Q arranged to travel on iron guides similar to a railway from one
end of the machine to the other; this carriage is provided with a rotating
shaft R and crank handle S communicating motion to a shaft T by means
of suitable gearing. On this axis are mounted two pullies U, having cords or
chains V, Z, provided at their lower ends with a kind of hook for connecting
to the rotating axis of the element. In this manner the element may be
raised as shown above the others, and transported by the carriage Q to the other
endy of the machine. It is lowered in such manner that the generator may
enter the water reservoir X and its condenser into the freezer provided with
a cover K.
When the said element is lowered the cock W is turned on for
the
purpose of cooling the generator, which remains in motion in the trough
for thirty minutes, it being then removed and replaced in position in the
heated bath; I next take the element Number 2 and run it into position in the
freezer to take the place of the first one, allowing it to remain for half an
hour; I then take the third or recommence with the first element, and so on
without intermission; thus in this apparatus, which is based on the same
principle as that shown in Figures 1 and 2, I dispense with the two travellers
carrying the furnace, freezer, and water trough in which said elements turn.
The travellers as seen in these Figures 1 and 2 serve for changing the position
of the parts every forty minutes. In this machine on the contrary all the
parts are fixed, except the three elements which are shifted in position every
thirty minutes as before described. I-would-also-observe-that-by-obtaining
ice direct on the condensers of the elements by dipping them in a trough of
pure water instead of introducing them into the unfreezible liquid not only
is the ice obtained in less time, but it is much harder and even more transparent

page_text: T
than natural ice. If I take, for example, a vaporizable liquid such as water
saturated with ammoniacal gas I can produce nearly two and a quarte,
pounds of ice per hour for every gallon of liquid introduced into the generator,
supposing there to exist a difference of ninety centesimal degrees between the
temperature of the water in the trough and that of the heated bath; thus, if
the water be supplied as before described atatemperature of eighty-six degrees
Fahrenheit it will be necessary to raise the temperature of the bath to two
hundred and fiftydegrees which may be readily effected by introducing chloride
of lime therein. In this manner I may if required increase the temperature of
the bath to three hundred degrees so that the desired effect will always be
obtainable even supposing the water to be supplied at fifty centesimal degrees.
I will here describe another simple arrangement of the elements with
reference to Figure 10 of the Drawings. The generator A is composed of
an iron tube with closed ends screwed or bolted to it, washers of lead or
india-rubber being placed between for the purpose of hermetically closing the
said tube, the ends of the tube A are also forged ont he tubes F, G, H, I,
forming its rotating axis. The condenser B is made of a tube of the same
diameter with closed ends, and is provided on its periphery with a series of
pallets and divisions a, a, of copper arranged in such manner that the ice
forming in these spaces receives a suitable form,and when the element returns
to its place in the boiler, and the condenser is reheated, the ice falls of itself
into the trough below. Figures 11 and 12 represent transverse sections of
the generator and condenser; Figure 10 also shows another condenser C to
to be used when the entire quantity of ice producable by the generator A is
required as quickly as possible. The proportion between the generator and
condenser, properly so called, varies according to the vaporizable liquid to be
used, for instance, when employing ammonia I obtain the best result by
making the condenser one-fifth the size of the generator. In order to facilitate
the production of the vacuum in these elements I propose to make one end of
the rotating axis in the manner shown at Figure 13. In this case a slightly
conical nose piece A is screwed in the end of the shaft, on which may
be placed an india-rubber tube, the end of A is hermetically closed by a
screw B, a small leather washer being interposed, which screw may be used
instead of a small cock in A: A cover C, D), hermetically encloses the
chamber in which are contained the parts A, B, and which may be filled with
oil or other liquid at orifice G, provided with a small screw and washer so
as to obtain a perfect closure. The air after being withdrawn from the
element will be prevented from returning in the manner herein-after
described. In order to render the refrigerating effect of the condensing

page_text: water more efficacious I propose to use small fans in connection with the
troughs in which the condensers turn, as shown at V, Figure 14. These
fans produce a more or less active current of air by their rotation on the
immersed surfaces of the condensers, whereby to produce considerable
evaporation, which facilitates the condensation of the gas contained in said
conde.users. These fans are driven by the same power which works theelements
and pump,and by their aid I may be enabled to dispense with the introduction
of chloride of lime into the heated bath for increasing the temperature and
pressure as the said air currents exercise a contrary and equivalent effect on
the condenser of each element.
Another element of this Invention, which is represented at Figure 15, from
its low price is particularly adapted for small ice machines for family use and
other purposes. This element is made entirely of glass or crystal, the cocks
being also of the same material and closing hermetically. The part B consists
of a bottle of any suitable form attached to cylinder A at C, the joint being
well ground in with emery or provided with anindia-rubber packing capable
of rotating in order to obtain au hermetic closure. This element is not intended
to operate with ingredients capable of producing high pressures, it may, for
example, produce good results at the ordinary pressure by introducing con-
centrated sulphuric acid into the chamber A and water into part B. After
having produced a vacuum in the two receivers a communication is established
by opening cock D; the vapors from the water in B then pass into chamber
A, where they are absorbed by the sulphuric acid therein contained, and the
vaporization in B being continuous the water it contains is ultimately cooled
and frozen.
I would here observe that the rotation of the element is of the greatest
importance, inasmuch as the stratification of the acid on the internal surface
of the vessel facilitates its absorption of the water vapors and renders certain
the result sought.
I would further add that in order to obtain the desired effect in still less
time I may arrange the element in the manner shown at Figure 6. In
this case the cocks are dispensed with and stuffing boxes are provided at each
end of the rotating axis of receiver A connected on the one side to a pipe D, E,
communicating with a lift pump, and on the other with a pipe G for extracting
the watery vapors from the vessel in which the said water is to be frozen.
By arranging the parts in this manner a double effect is obtained, as the
vapors from the water are extracted as they are produced much more rapidly.
Figure 17 shows another mode of connecting the parts, which are of glass,
and produce a perfect joint without requiring either-stuffing-boxes or great

page_text: pressure. These elements may be made of various materials and thicknesses
according to the substances to be introduced therein which may require to be
subjected to greater or less pressure or according to their, chemical affinity;
thus instead of using concentrated sulphuric acid as in the preceding
arrangement, chloride of lime may be substituted therefor, availing myself of
the lift pump when it is desired to obtain a quicker and more abundant result
as before mentioned. I would here remark that I do not claim the use of
one vaporizable liquid more than another, but I claim the form and arrange-
ment of parts and new modes of operation herein-before described without
being confined to any dimensions, materials, number, or particular motive
power, and whether said arrangements be employed for the manufacture of
ice, or for obtaining other refrigerating effects.
On removing one of the elements described with reference to Figure G
from the heated bath and placing it in the freezer by insulating it with non-
conducting supports it will become a powerful dymnamic electrical element,
and in order to ascertain the force and duration of the current it is simply
necessary to attach a conducting wire in communication with a galvanometer,
as shown in Figure 18. By connecting the negative pole of one element to the
positive pole of the next element, and keeping the said elements suitably
isolated, a battery may be formed capable of producing the most powerful
effects. The elements represented at Figures 15 and 16 act like the preceding
for vaporizing a liquid in a vacuum which becomes absorbed by another by
chemical affinity.
The modifications of this Invention herein described may be considered as
new modes of applying known principles, and by means of these new com-
binations Iain enabled to dispense with those complications which have
hitherto rendered so difficult practically the artificial production of ice.
I will now describe a chest or case for preserving ice which may be used
as a useful appendage to the machines herein-before described. This ice box is
represented in vertical section at Figure 7, and consists simply of a double
rectangular case a, b, c, d, of wood with a cover e, f, of same material, the
bottom c, d, being perforated with a number of holes for getting rid of the
water resulting from the melting of the ice. This case in which the ice is
placed rests on four wooden feet, and is placed on a second and larger case
A, B, C, D, also of wood provided with a cover E and raised a little off the
ground by wooden feet. The space S between the two cases instead of being
filled with powdered charcoal only contains air, as experience and practice has
proved that ice thus isolated keeps better, that is to say, for a longer time,
than when placed in contact with any solid matter. This method is very

page_text: simple and effectual, and the two boxes may be readily kept clean. I would
add that the larger box is covered with felt on the outside, rendering the
radiation of heat still more difficult, the smaller case may also be provided
with a similar covering. This ice box may also be arranged as at Figures S
and 9, Figure 8 being a vertical section and Figure 9 an outside view
of said box. It is here shown as rectangular, but may also be of round or
other form. It is divided into three tiers, the ice being placed on each.
The cock c serves for drawing off the water caused by the ice melting when
necessary without opening the chest. I also propose to make three openings
in this chest instead of one only so as to keep the box closed except at the
immediate point from which the ice is to be taken, thus economizing the cooling
properties desired. This icechestmaybe furtherentirely covered on the exterior
and interior with wool so as to protect it from any external radiation of heat.
An indispensable adjunct to large ice boxes consists in an apparatus
for preserving small quantities of ice for family use, and such as represented
in vertical section at Figure 19. This consists of a metal or other
cylindrical case closed at bottom and provided with a cover A on which
bears a screw B for keeping it tightly closed by the aid of an india-rubber
ring interposed between the cover and the cylinder. The screw B is
fitted in the cross piece of handle C, D, the ends of which enter holes at
E, F, in arms formned on the ice container. In order to prevent the radiation
of heat from outside I cover the whole with wool or felt G, H, so as to better
ensure the preservation of the ice on being carried about. I also apply this
last apparatus for cooling wines, or it may be water, by placing bottles therein
in the manner shown in Figure 20, or any liquid may be placed in a vessel A,
as seen at Figure 21, the cover being provided with a double ring of india-
rubber, which liquid may be frozen by the addition in the case of ice of a
little common salt, and then placing the apparatus in a horizontal position
on a table or on the ground, as in Figure 22, and rotating it for some minutes.
Having described the nature of this Invention, and the manner of per-
forming the same, I dec lare that what I claim as the chief features of the
improved means and apparatus of this Invention to be protected by the
herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,-
First. The employment of a heated bath as asubstitute for the direct action
of the furnace hitherto used for producing the coudensation orliquefaction of
certain gases or vapors,aud the concentration or vaporization of certainliquids
applied for the production of cold in making ice and for other refrigerating
purposes.

page_text: Secondly. I claim the manufacture by the aid of parts in motion instead of
as hitherto in a standing or stationary condition.
Thirdly. I claim placing each tube connecting a generator and condenser
below the highest level attainable by the liquid insaid generatorandcondenser
in the manner and for the purpose described and as represented in the
Drawings.
Fourthly. I claim the mode herein described of utilizing the same
condensing water for an indefinite number of times.
Fifthly. I claim constructing apparatus with a single element in the
manner described and as represented in Figures 3,4, 15, and 16, as also the
mode of coupling several elements together so as to form one machine shown
at Figures 1, 2, and 6.
Sixthly. I claim the method of constructing these elements without either
joints or rivets in the manner described and represented in Figures 5, 10, 15,
and 16, or otherwise.
Seventhly. I claim the use and application of the improved closures,
described and represented in Figures 13 and 17, as a substitute for stuffing
boxes.
Eighthly. I claim the arrangement of parts represented at Figures 7, 8, 9,
and 19, 20, 21, and 22, to be used as adjuncts of the improved apparatus
herein-before described for preservingand transportingicein small quantities.
The apparatus herein described may be applied not only for the production
of ice, but also for use in other domestic and scientific purposes, one example
of which is described and illustrated at Figure 18 of the Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Alexander Melville Clark, havehereuntoset
my hand and seal, this Eighth day of February, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight.
A. M. CLARK.
L.S.)