IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OR PRODUCTION PROVISIONALATION
Year: 1870

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Weems and William Weems, of Jolin-
stone, in the County of Renfrew, North Britain, Engineers, for
the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OR PRODUCTION
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Weems and
William Weems at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 15th February 1870.
58
We, JOHN WEEMS and WILLIAM WEEMS, of Johnstone, in the County
of Renfrew, North Britain, Engineers, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OR PRODUCTION
OF METALLIC PIPES AND SHEETS, AND IN MAKING JOINTS THEREFOR," to be as
follows:-
:-
This Invention relates to improvements in the manufacture or pro-
duction of metallic pipes and sheets, and in making joints therefor, and
is partially based upon an Invention of "Improvements in the Manu-

page_text: facture or Production of Mettallic Pipes and Sheets, for which Letters
Patent were granted to John Weems on or about the Eleventh day of
November Eighteen hundred and fifty-two years, and numbered 14,344.
The first part of our Invention relates to improvements in the
machinery or apparatus for the manufacture or production of lead or
composition metal pipes encased or lined with block tin or its alloys
or other metals and their alloys, and consists in having a chamber or
receiver for containing the metals fitted with a core bar acting as the
mandril for shaping the pipe's bore and placed concentric with the axial
line of the metal receiver. A tubular mandril or ram fitted with a die
for forming the outside. of pipe fits into the bore of metal receiver, and
by means of hydraulic pressure the surface of the contained metals or
composite-ingot-of-metals-are-pressed-against-the-die,-and-having-no-
other means of escape the metals exude simultaneously in the form of
an encased or lined pipe through the annular outlet between the core
bar and die, so that their is no actual frictional contact except at the
point of escape of the exuding metals, and the pipe is produced
without in any way disturbing the rest of the metal or giving rise to
any frictional effect elsewhere, and thereby securing the production of
an evenly lined or encased equal pipe.
For the rapid removal of the core bar or core seat of the 'metal
receiver we employ a moveable ram operated on by hydraulic or other
suitable pressure, which is also applicable to pipe machines for making
lead, lead composition, block tin, block tin composition, and other
mettallic pipes.
In making pipes from prepared metal ingots in pipe machines, whether
constructed as described or otherwise, we make the distance of travel
between the ram and metal receiver longer than hitherto to provide for
the admission of the ingots. This additional travel may be compensated
for by the employment of an extra hydraulic pump or pumps arranged to
cease action when the metal or metals and die come into contact. In lieu
of this additional travel the ram with the die or the metal receiver may
be arranged to move laterally the necessary distance to admit the
ingot.
The second part of this Invention relates to the production of mettallic
composition pipes from the alloys of lead, block tin, or zinc encased or lined
with block tin or its alloys simultaneously from prepared attemperated
ingots introduced into the metal receiver, or the ingots may be formed in

page_text: the metal receiver and operated on as previously described for forming the
pipe. For lining the inside of the pipe of composition metal the com-
posite ingots are made with the block tin or its alloys in the centre of
the ingot surrounded externally with the mettallic composition of lead,
block tin,, or zinc alloys, the quantities of the metals being dependent on
the desired thickness of the lining. The ingots have an opening through
the centre for the admission of the corc. For encasing the composition
pipe with block tin or its alloys the position of the metals in the formation
of the ingot is. reversed from the preceding construction for lining; the
mettallic composition being in the centre and surrounded by the block
tin or its alloys.
The third part of this Invention relates to the production of lead,
lead composition, block tin, block tin composition, and zinc composition.
pipes, neither encased nor lined,, from prepared. attemperated blocks or
ingots of the metal placed into, the chamber, or metal receiver and
operated on as described: for the formation of the pipe instead. of
the method hitherto, practised, in charging, the receiver with molten.
metal..
The fourth part of this Invention relates to the production of metal
slicets from pipes or hollow. ingots. The length of pipe to be converted
into, a sheet is placed between two or more rollers, one of the rollers.
passing through the interior of the pipe, and the other roller acting on.
the external diaimeter of the pipe, and by the application of pressure to.
the revolving rollers the pipe is. continuously rolled to. any desired thick-
ness and cut open into a sheet.. When encased or lined pipes or pipes.
both encased and lined are treated. in this. manner they form com-
posite or stratified sheets. with the metals in layers. The same object
may be accomplished by casting hollow composite metal ingots either
encased or lined, or both encased and lined and submitted to. the pressure:
of the rollers, as described.
The fifth part of this Invention relates to joints or couplings specially
adapted for the efficient joinings of encased or lined metallic pipes and.
their connections, and consists in passing the ends of the pipes. to be.
joined together through metal ferrules.. The pipes are flanged back on.
the ferrules, and by means of a screwed ring embracing the ferrules the
two flanged faces are brought into contact and screwed up together to
form a tight joint, or a washer may be inserted between the faces of the
pipe.

page_text: In making two or more way joinings the end of the pipe is flanged
'back on the face of the ferrule and screwed up tight against a metal
face, or a washer of any suitable material may be placed between the
pipe flange and metal face. This form of joining is also applicable for all
the branch connections, cocks, and valves.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said John Weems and William Weems in the Great
Seal Patent Office on the 13th August 1870.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, JoшN
WEEMS and WILLIAM WEEMS, both of Johnstone, in the County of
Renfrew, North Britain, Engineers, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Fifteenth day of February, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy, in the thirty-third
year of Her reign did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and
grant unto us, the said John Weems and William Weems, Her special
licence that we, the said John Weems and William Weems, our
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said
John Weems and William Weems, our exccutors, administrators, and
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time
and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should
and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle
of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OR PRO-
DUCTION OF METALLIC PIPES AND SHEETS, AND IN MAKING JOINTS THEREFOR," "
upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said Jolin Weems
and William Weems, our.executors or administrators, by an instrument
in writing under our, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and
in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same:
to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said John Weems and William Weems,
do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and in what

page_text: manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement :—
This Invention relates to improvements in the manufacture or pro-
duction of metallic pipes and sheets, and in making joints therefor,.
and is partially based upon an Invention of "Improvements in the
Manufacture or Production of Metallic Pipes and Sheets for which
Letters Patent were granted to John Weems on or about the 11th
day of November 1852, and Nod 14,311.
The first part of our Invention relates to improvements in the
machinery or apparatus for the manufacture or production of lead or
composition metal pipes encased or lined with block tin or its alloys,
metals and their alloys, and consists in having a chamber or receiver
for containing the metals fitted with a core bar acting as the mandril
for shaping the pipe's bore and placed concentric with the axial line of
the metal receiver. A tubular mandril or ram fitted with a die for
forming the outside of pipe fits into the bore of metal receiver, and by
means of hydraulic pressure the surface of the contained metals or
composite ingot of metals are pressed against the die, and having no
other means of escape the metals exude simultaneously in the form of an
encased or lined pipe through the annular outlet between the core bar,
except, and die, so that their is no actual frictional contract except at the
point of escape of the exuding metals, and the pipe is produced without
in any way disturbing the rest of the metal on giving rise to any
frictional effect elsewhere, and thereby securing the production of an
evenly lined or encased equal pipe.
For the rapid removal of the core bar or core seat of the metal receiver
we employ a moveable ram operated on by hydraulic or other suitable
pressure, which is also applicable to pipe machines for making lead, lead
composition, block tin, block tin composition, and other metallic pipes.
In making pipes from prepared metal ingots in pipe machines, whether
constructed as described or otherwise, we make the distance of travel
between the ram and metal receiver longer than hitherto to provide for
the admission of the ingots. This additional travel may be compensated
by the employment of an extra hydraulic pump or pumps arranged to
cease action when the metal or metals and die come into contact. In
lieu of this additional travel the ram with the die or the metal receiver
may be arranged to move laterally the necessary distance to admit the
ingot.

page_text: Figure 1 on our Sheet of Drawings represents a slide elevation partly in
section of the machine we employ for the manufacture of metallic pipes
as described. The machine is entirely independent and self contained,
and consists of a liydrostatic cylinder 1 firmly connected to the cross
head 24 by iron vertical side pillars A. Within the water chamber is fitted
a large water pressure ram or plunger 2 which has a pair of cup leathers
3 for preserving the upper and lower side water-tight. The cover 4 through
which the main pressure ram works is fitted with a cup leather 5 to
prevent the escape of water. The interior of the water chamber is lined
with brass or copper as at 6, and held water-tight at the bottom by the
cup leather 7. The water from the force pumps is introduced through
the pipe 8 for causing the ram to ascend, and the port 9 admits the
water above the piston portion of the ram for returning it downwards
when the charge of metal is exhausted. In the interior of the water-
pressure ram 2 is formed an annular chamber 10, into which is fitted a
small water ram 11 or plunger with piston 12, for the purpose of rapidly
removing the core bar which forms the inside of the pipe. The port for
the admission of the water from the force pumps is at 13, and is fitted
with a connecting coupling 14, the other half of which is on the pipe 15
from the force pumps. The metal to be used in forming the pipes is
contained in the traversing chamber or receiver 16, which is firmly fixed
to the top of the water pressure ram 2 by the resting block 17, which
has a central opening for the passage of the small ram 11. The
cylindrical core bar 18 acting as the mandril for shaping the pipe's bore
is placed accurately concentric with the axial line of the metal receiver,
being tapered at its lowered end for insertion in the block 19 at the
bottom of the chamber. An intermediate tapered ring 20 between the
core bar seat and block affords every facility for the removal of small
core bar by the small ram without necessitating the removal of the
block itself. The fixed tubular piece or stationary ram 21 is firmly held
by two tapered pins 22 in the turned socket of the ram holder 23, which
is fixed to the under side of the cross head 24. The external diameter
of this stationary ram is slightly smaller than the bore of the metal
receiver 16, and its lower end is made with a. shoulder 25 fitting exactly
to the bore of the receiver; this shoulder in conjunction with the inner
ring or die 26 forms the resisting pressure surface against the metal
in the receiver as at 27, a shoulder being turned out of the lower end
of the ram for the purpose of countersinking the dic ring 26; this ring
is held in position by countersunk set screws passing through the

page_text: shoulder of the piece 25 and penetrating the ring's periphery. The actual
shaping surface of this die ring is the inner shoulder C turned out of the
ring, the bore of this shoulder being just as much larger than the
diameter of the core bar 18 as the thickness of metal of the intended
pipe requires.
The actual operation of this machine is similar to that of existing
machines of this class. In commencing to work the ram 2 is let down
to the bottom of the cylinder, and the top of the metal receiver 16 is
then sufficiently clear of the die above to admit of the prepared ingot or
composite metal block for forming the encased pipe. The receiver being
charged the ram 2 is forced up by the pumping action, and the surface
of the contained composite metals 28 becomes powerfully pressed against
the die, and having no other means of escape it exudes in the form of
a pipe 29 through the narrow annular .outlet between the core bar 18
and the shoulder C of the die ring, producing uniformly encased or
lined with block tin or its alloy. The distinctive feature of this system
of construction for the manufacture of encased or lined pipes is that the
core bar is fixed in the metal receiver, and therefore travels with it along
with the contained metal, so that there is no actual frictional contact
except at the point of escape of the exhuding metal, and the shaping dic
is pressed merely against the surface of the mass of metal so that just
so much of the mass of metal is caused to ooze through or between the
die and core as will produce the amount of pipe due to each increment
of motion of the die without in any way disturbing the rest of the metal
or giving rise to any frictional effect elsewhere. This system of con-
struction and the body of the metal being at rest has the effect of pro-
ducing simultaneously a sound pipe with a regularity of lining of any
desired thickness, according to the proportion of metals forming the
composite block. When the composite block has been pressed into a
pipe S and the water from the pumps forced in through the port 9
returning the ram to the bottom of the cylinder carrying with it the
metal container. The small ram 11 by the action of the pumps ascends
and presses out the core bar, and the container is then ready for the
reception of another block, in the interior of which is a core bar, and
5 the formation of the pipe proceeded with as described. In making
encased or lined pipes the distance between the stationary ram 21 and
the metal receiver 16 must necessarily be sufficient to admit the ingot,
but this additional travel of the main pressure ram 2 can be brought up
speedily by the employment of a large pump arranged to cease action.

page_text: when the surface of the metal comes in contact with the stationary ram,
the high-pressure pumps then pressing out the pipe. It will be obvious
to the practical man that instead of this additional travel the stationary
ram or metal receiver may be arranged to move laterally for the
reception of the block of metal. The application of the small ram (to
machines for the production of pipes from molten metal poured direct
into the receiver) overcomes the difficulties at present experienced in
the removal of the core bars when the bore of the pipe is not charged.
The second part of this Invention relates to the production of metallic
composition pipes from the alloys of lead, locked in, or zine encased
or lined with block tin or its alloys, simultaneously from prepared
attemperated ingots introduced into the metal receiver, or the ingot
may be formed in the metal receiver and operated on as previously
described for forming the pipe. For lining the inside of the pipe of
composition metal the composite ingots are made with the block tin
or its alloys in the centre of the ingot, surrounded externally with the
metallic composition of head, block tin, or zinc allows, the quantities of
the metals being dependant on the desired thickness of the lining.
The ingots have an opening through the centre for the admission of
the core.
For encasing the composition pipe with block tin or its alloys
the position of the metals in the formation of the ingots is reserved
from the preceding construction for lining, the metallic composition
being in the centre and surrounded by the block tin or its alloys.
Figures 2 and 3 show the sectional formation of the block of metal for
the production of composition metal pipes encased or lined with block
tin or its alloys in accordance with the second part of our Invention.
For making a lined pipe the encasing metal 30 is cast on the exterior
and the lining metal 31 on the interior of the block, an annular
space 32 being left for the introduction of the core bar.
The third part of this Invention relates the production of head, head
composition, block tin, block tin composition, and zinc composition.
pipes, neither encased nor lined, from prepared attemperated blocks or
ingots of the metal placed into the chamber or metal receiver and
operated on as described for the formation of the pipe instead of the
method hitherto practised in charging the receiver with molten metal.
In the ordinary manufacture of lead, lead composition, block tin, and
block tin composition pipes that have been hitherto made from molten
metal being conveyed in a liquid state to the receiver or container

page_text: great advantages is gained in making these pipes from solid blocks or
ingots of the metal previously cast in moulds and introduced into the
receiver. It secures the production of a stronger and more evenly
equal sided pipe, and removes the tendency of the cylindrical cone to
bend from the unequal expansion and contractors caused by the intro-
duction of the molten metal, and enables the pipe to be produced at a
lower temperature, giving additional strength and superior finish.
The fourth part of this Invention relates to the production of metallic
sheets from pipes or hollow ingots. The length of pipe to be converted
into a sheet is placed between two or more rollers, one of the rollers
passing through the interior of the pipe, and by the application of
pressure to the revolving rollers the pipe is continuously rolled to any
desired thickness and cut upon into sheets. When encased or lined
pipes, or pipes both encased and lined, are treated in this manner they
form composite or
sheets with the metals in layers. The same
object may be accomplished by casting hollow composite metal ingots,
either encased or lined or both encased and lined, and submitted to the
pressure of the rollers as described.
Figure 4 represents the sectional formation of a hollow ingot or pipe
with the lead or composition metal 33 on the exterior and the block
tin 24 or its alloys in the interior; and Figure 5 shows the ingot in
process of being rolled into a thin pipe 35 of larger diameter by the
rollers 36, and when the desired thickness has been attained it is cut
open into a sheet.
Figure 6 is an elevation of the pressure rollers we prefer to employ
for the production of the sheets. The end of the under roller 37 is
supported on a bridge bracket 38; this bridge is portable and when
removed gives easy facilities for passing the ingot or pipe on to the
roller, the opposite end being firmly held by a tight bush. The pressing
power of the upper roller 39 is regulated by a screw connected with spur
wheel and worm pinion.
The 5th part of this Invention relates to joints or couplings specially
adapted for the efficient joining of encased or lined metallic pipes and
their connections, and consists in passing the ends of the pipes to be
joined together through metal ferrules. The pipes are flanged back on the
ferrules, and by means of a screwed ring embracing the ferrules the two
flanged faces are brought into contact and screwed up together to form
a tight joint, or a washer may be inserted between the faces of the pipe.

page_text: In making two or more way joinings the end of the pipe is flanged.
back on the face of the ferrule and screwed up. tight against a metal
face, or of a washer of any suitable material may be placed between the
pipe flange and metal face; this form of joining is also applicable for
the branch connections, cocks, and valves. In the joining of encased or
lined pipes a serious; difficulty presents. itself owing to the lining, melting.
at a much lower temperature than the encasing, consequently: the
necessary heat required for forming a solder joint known in the trade as
a plumber joint has the effect of melting the lining: which collects on
the under side of the pipe, closing the bore of the pipe to, some extent
and reducing the strength of the inclined side. To obviate this com-
position solders to melt at low temperatures have been tried, but joints
of this description when made by the most skilful workmen are open to
many objections, and the form of joining specially applicable-to-this-pipe
is shown at Figure 7 a section, and Figure 8 an elevation of a union or
coupling for connecting two ends of the pipe together. The ends of the
pipe 40 are passed through rings or ferrules 41 with external screws and
flanged back as shown at 42, and drawn tightly together by means of an'
internal screw ring or ferrule 43, thereby forming a firm and secure joint..
Figures 9, and 10, section an clevation of three-way connections, which
may be extended to any number and made to suit taps, valves, or any
necessary fittings. Three or more way connections and the fittings may
be coated internally with block tin or the metal forming the lining, of
the pipes..
In witness whereof, we, the said John Weems and William Weems,
have hereunto set our hands and scals, this Twelfth day of
August, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and
seventy
Witness,
ALEXANDER WYLIE,
Perseverance Iron Works,,
Johnstone.
JOHN WEEMS..
(L.S.)
WILLIAM WEEMS.. (L.S.),