improved Calculating Machine.
Year: 1893

page_text: Date of Application, 4th Nov., 1893
Complete Specification Left, 4th Aug., 1894-Accepted, 3rd Nov., 1894
improved Calculating Machine.
A communication by OTTO STEIGER, of 22, Fürstenstrasse, Munich, in the
Empire of Germany, Engineer.
I, WILLIAM PHILLIPS THOMPSON, F.C.S., M.I.M.E., of The Agency for
Foreign Patent Solicitors, 6 Lord Street, Liverpool and 6, Bank Street,
Manchester, both in the County of Lancaster and 323 High Holborn in the
County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention
to be as follows:-
:-
The principal difference between this calculating machine and the former systems
executing the four species also is the use of constituent parts, by which the simple
products of the multiplication table are constituted in invariable forms.
While, in the former systems, a product is effected by a continual addition, as,
for instance, for 8 times 6, through 6 +6 +6 +6 +6 +6 +6 +6 = 48, said
forms give us the direct formation of the end result. In the above example, the
formation of intermediate products for 1 up to 7 times 6 can be omitted. Of the
81 products which contain the one times one in said forms, every one product
has its own plastic expression, so that the tens and units are separate from
each other.
In the above example, 8 times 6 = 48, for the 4 tens and the 8 units, the
mechanism contains an equivoque which is always itself, and which, through
suitable intermediate mechanism (rack, and so on) postulates the rotation of two
cipher discs around four or eight units.
Through a special construction, there is provided, by a way hereinafter more
fully explained, that the tens appear always at the left side of the units.
It will be clear from this that, by the separation of the tens and units, it becomes
unnecessary to form a simple product of the multiplication table from so many
units as it really contains; that, therefore, the above product has not to be
obtained by getting over 48 units, but only by forming four tens and eight units,
and this is the principal difference between the former machines and this calculating
machine. The devices containing the 81 products of the multiplication table can
appear in very different forms.
In a multiplication table operated by stepped discs, a pair of discs contains the
products from zero up to nine times one. Some of the discs represent the tens,
and others the units. Each step is located at a distance from the periphery in
proportion to the number represented by it. So the radial distance from the
periphery to the centre for one is one unit, and for nine, corresponding to this,
nine units.
All the stepped discs have a common axis, so that the sectors of all discs cover
each other. All sectors which contain products of the same number are, there-
fore, in a corresponding position. Opposite to this body of stepped discs, racks
are lying over the same cog wheel, and stand in their position out of gear with
all the racks.
On these cog wheels, of which every one is carried on an axis, and can be
operated by a button, over all their tracks, if a multiplication is to be made, the
first factor is arranged. For instance, for the number 422, a first button is moved
to the position indicating 4, the second and third buttons are moved to the position
indicating the number 2 on a scale. So the pinions will stand over two racks

page_text: respectively. Then that key of a key board which has the number with which
422 is to be multiplied is depressed. A crank is turned once, whereupon the
result appears on cipher plates. If, for instance, the number 422 is to be
multiplied by 564, after setting the machine for the first factor follows a successive
depression of the keys 5, 6, 4, with a simultaneous turning of the crank once for
each key depressed.
Such a turning effects in the apparatus the following operations, which follow
each other in 6 phases of the same length of time, and, to make the explanations
easier, can, in this case be separated :-
In the first sixth of the revolution occur the following―
a. Pushing forward of the racks to the right by means of a cross rail, which is
moved by gear wheels, cranks and connecting rods.
b. Turning of a hollow axis, on which are arranged the stepped discs around so
many sectors, until those which contain the products of the depressed key are
standing opposite the ends of the toothed rack. This arrangement of the stepped
discs is brought about by the following contrivance :-
A rack meshes into a pinion which is loose upon the central axis of the stepped
discs, and is provided with a dog having an arm arranged to engage a tooth or
arm which projects from, and is fixed to, a gear wheel or pinion attached to the
hollow shaft.
By means of the cross rail aforementioned, the racks are pushed forward, and,
when the cross rail moves back, the rails are also pulled back, each by a spring,
turning the stepped discs and drawing in another rack, until its head comes into
contact with any depressed key of the keyboard, whereupon the further rotation of
the stepped discs is prevented. The sector of each disc, which is then in line
with the end of the racks, is determined by the key pressed down on the
keyboard.
c. As soon as the racks have reached their utmost position to the right by a
lateral movement of the hollow axis, the discs containing the tens are put opposite
the ends of the racks.
This is done by a cam, against which a roller is pressed, by means of a
spring.
During the second sixth of the crank rotation, the following operations
occur:
(a) The returning of the cross rail, and, at the same time, of the racks. The
latter are retracted by springs till they rest against the steps in the stepped
discs opposite to them.
(b) Coupling of perforated discs with pin discs. The first ones are mounted
on a carriage which moves itself on a trackway, being provided with four rollers
which by means of cams can be pushed into contact with the pin discs or separated
from them.
In the third sixth of the rotation of the crank, the following take place-
a. Operating of the racks by means of which the tens of the product
(determined by the position of the stepped discs) are transported on the cipher
wheels.
b. Throwing out of gear of the perforated discs from the pin discs by cams and
lateral movement of the hollow axis carrying the stepped discs until the discs
containing the unit come opposite the racks.
During the fourth sixth of the rotation the following occur-
a. Returning of the racks until each of them is held back by the steps of the
discs representing the units opposite to the rack.
b. The transportation of the tens (which may have been obtained by addition of
the tens of a single product to a result already transmitted to the cipher discs) by
means of a drum located on an axis and continually rotated by gearing.
c. A simultaneous moving to the left of the carriages which carry the cipher
wheels and all the parts for the transportation of the tens (obtained by the addition
of any number to the result already on disc).

page_text: d. The perforated discs are put into gear again with the pin discs. A special
explanation of the transportation of tens and the operation of the carriages will be
given later on.
In the fifth sixth of rotation, the following movements occur
a. Moving the racks to the right whereby the units of the product represented
by that sector of the body of stepped discs are transmitted to the cipher wheels.
b. Throwing out of gear of the perforated dises from the pin discs and lateral
movement of the stepped discs until the racks are again in the middle position
between the discs representing the tens and the units.
In the sixth sixth of rotation, the following occur
a. Return of the racks, by which they arrive at their normal position and which
corresponds to the normal position of the apparatus. At the same time, the rack
and its pinion which is loose on the central axis of the stepped discs move backward,
the stepped discs and the other rack are also moved back to their first position (the
zero position, by means of arms).
b. Second transmission of tens which may have resulted from the addition of the
units.
This is repeated in every rotation of the crank.
In the arrangement of the stepped discs, the tens of a product are first trans-
mitted to the cipher wheels, and there, these numbered wheels are moved one place
to the left to receive afterwards the units. (Operating to the right part can also
be made by another arrangement of the ratchet wheels.)
Of the product of a single number in this arrangement the tens and the units are
transmitted on the same racks or cogs. For instance, for 422 × 6 comes
× 6 =24 on rack.
the 1st product 4
0
K Ը
12 on rook
To prevent both the tens and units of a single product coming upon the same
cipher wheel, these cipher wheels, after the tens have been received, are moved
one place to the left, so that the succeeding units are placed under their respective
tens (see the above example).
The transmission of the tens which result from the addition of the intermediate
products, is effected by pins which are arranged on the axis of the cipher wheels
and star wheels as well as the little levers lying in the carriage and translator
and teeth arranged spirally and by pairs on the cylinder or drum aforementioned.
In this connection two spiral movements are to be considered.
1. The preparation for the transmission of tens which takes place during the
transmission of the results by the racks to the cipher wheels.
2. The transmission of the prepared tens to the cipher wheels.
If to any number is added another one so that the number 9 is exceeded a pin
turns its little lever to its left a certain distance changing the translator from one
position to another.
The transmission on the cipher discs is made as follows-
The carriages are moved out of engagement with the pin discs by means of cams
and are then moved towards the rotating cylinder. By this means, the pins on the
prepared translators are thrown into engagement with the faces of the inclined
planes thereby rotating the star wheels one tooth by means of projections. Of the
inclined plane pairs, the left half serves for multiplication and the right one for
division.
Single wedge planes lying in one line upon the rotating cylinder serve for
bringing back transferrers to their first position.
As in division, the cipher discs turn around in the opposite direction, the
preparation for the transmission of the tens being opposite to the position for
multiplications.

page_text: By the spiral arrangement of the inclined planes is performed the transportation
of tens succeeding one another beginning in the last place at right and ending on
the first at left.
The shifting of the carriage containing the cipher discs, one place after receiving
the tens is done as follows-.
An inclined plane on a cam wheel at the proper time forces a rod to the left,
this rod carrying a nose which lies behind one of the projections of a rail. The
movement of the carriage is exactly limited by a sleeve loosely mounted on a rod,
the sleeve connecting with the support, while the stops or projections on the rail
make contact with the flange of the sleeve, thus preventing the rail and thereby the
carriage from being moved any further to the left.
When the carriages have moved so as to engage the pin discs with the perforated
discs, the projections on the rail are also drawn so as to allow the nose to clear the
projections, whereupon the rod aforementioned is drawn back by a spring. The
sleeve is also drawn back to its normal position, limited in its movement by
the head of a pin, its position being such that its flange will clear the proper
projection on the rail.
i
It is to be observed that the rotating cylinder or drum is moved with the carriage
by an arm. The cipher discs serve as a check or control, to show whether or not
the proper keys have been depressed. These cipher discs are moved to indicate
the proper numbers by coupling the pin, disc, with the perforated discs, so that the
cipher discs are moved by means of the rack, and gearing, the amount of movement
being dependent upon the position of the stepped discs lying in front of the rack.
Every control cipher disc carries on its periphery the numbers 0 to 9, one set
arranged like the numbers on the face of a clock, that is, right-handed, and the
other set arranged in the opposite way. The left-handed arrangement of the
figures is used in multiplication, and the right in division. In this latter case, they
indicate the quotient.
To place the cipher discs in their zero position, star wheels are used, being
attached on the same axis with the cipher discs. These star wheels are divided
into ten parts, but only possess 9 teeth, the tenth tooth being cut out, so as to leave
In the zero position of one cipher disc, the gaps point downward, while
in the zero position of the other discs, the gaps are directed upward. Between
these wheels passes a rack which has cogs on three sides. This rack is carried by
frames.
a gap.
If both cipher discs are out of their zero position, and it is desired to move
them both simultaneously into said zero position, the rack is turned so that its
teeth come into mesh with the star wheels. Then by pushing the carriage to the
first position, the star wheels are turned until their gaps stand next to the rack, all
the cipher discs then being in the zero position.
If it be desired that a product shall remain on some of the cipher discs, and
others be put at zero, the cogs of the rack are turned under the upper star wheels
which operate the controlling cipher discs. The movement of the carriage will
then move these controlling cipher discs, only, in a manner similar to that described
above.
As mentioned before, the principal motions of the apparatus during one rotation
of the crank may be divided into six phases of the same length of time.
The change of the apparatus from multiplication to division is made as
follows:-
A pin, attached to a cam, is drawn out from the hole of one segment of a gear
wheel. Then it is inserted in another hole of the said segment, thus rotating the
axis 60 degrees, and causing the relative movements of the apparatus to be shifted
with regard to each other, so that the perforated discs engage the pin discs at the
time when the racks move backward, thereby rotating the cipher discs in a direction
opposite to that in which they move in multiplication.
In using the machine for division, the following manipulations are necessary :-
Arrangement of the dividend by means of the buttons or keys. This is brought

page_text: onto the cipher discs by multiplication with the number, 1; that is to say, the
key, 1, of the key board is pressed, and, at the same time, the crank is rotated one
rotation, thus transferring the numbers onto the cipher discs.
Then follows the change to division, the arrangement of the divisor on the
buttons and depression of the keys of keyboard, which correspond to the quotient.
In addition, the first member of the equation is arranged on the buttons, then
multiplied by one, thereby bringing the same number onto the cipher discs. The
other member of the equation is then arranged in a similar manner on the buttons,
and transferred to the cipher discs by multiplying by one, thereby giving the total
sum on the discs.
In subtraction, the numeral is arranged on the buttons, and then brought onto
the cipher discs by multiplication by unity, and after permutation of the apparatus
to its position for subtraction (or division), the subtrahend is arranged on the keys
or buttons, multiplied by unity, and the result shown on the cipher discs by one
revolution of the machine.
When the apparatus is used for addition or subtraction, there is no need for
moving the carriages, carrying the cipher discs, to the left. The noses of the
rail have to be put out of contact by lifting up a knob.
The simple products of the multiplication table can be brought into many other
forms.
In one form, the multiplication table requires nine pairs of discs. The one disc
contains all the tens, and the other contains all the units.
It must be remembered that a stop represents a value in proportion to the radial
length of the stop from the periphery of the disc, that is to say, the greater the
depth the greater the number.
In the construction of an apparatus for a multiplication of 8 places, for instance,
8 of these pairs of discs will be required, being mounted on a common axis.
A product would be made so that the multiplicand will be arranged on the principal
divisions designated by Roman numerals, in such a way that the first subdivision
of them would be under racks.
If the arranged factor is to be multiplied by any number, all the stepped discs
are turned around so many subdivisions of the arranged principal groups, as
correspond to that said number with which the multiplication is to be made.
If the first factor, for instance, is to be multiplied by 6, all the stepped discs
must be turned around 6 subdivisions on their axis. The product which will be
brought under the racks can, if these have been left down, be transferred on the
cipher discs, by means of small wheels which gear in the teeth of the racks. And,
as in the system above described, first the tens and then the units are transferred.
In a multiplication portion consisting of two blocks, arranged one above the
other, the upper contains the tens, the lower the units.
Each block consists of ten rectangular step pieces, which can be arranged one
beside the other.
In another arrangement, the multiplicand is arranged by location of the block
pairs.
For instance, for the factor 42, the first block pair must be removed for 4 units,
and the second one for 2. If 42 is to be multiplied by 6, the plane would be
moved sideways for 6 step pieces with all the block pairs; and then over the upper
pins which are attached to the levers would stand the tens, and under the lower
pins would stand the units of the product.

page_text: In the systems with transmission of tens repeated twice, only one transmission
of the number, 1, is possible, (as, on one plane, only two numbers are added.
Maximum 9+9 = 18). This arrangement of blocks gives the addition of
3 numbers following each other, and so, besides the one force, also a twofold
transmission of tens has to be anticipated, as is shown in the following example:
Say the cipher wheel stands already at the number-
The place with the numbers 878 gives a double transmission of tens. The
arrangement for them would be changed somewhat..
In one system, the multiplication table is executed by projections attached to
racks.
Every rack contains 9 products. For instance, one rack contains the products
from 1 up to 9 times the number, 1: another from 1 to nine times the number, 2:
and so on.
The tens of the single products are on one side, while the units are on
the other side of every rack.
By the superposed arrangement of the corresponding parts of the 9 racks,
exist 9 groups, of which the group 1 contains the product from 1 times 1 to 1 x 9:
the group II, the products of 2 x 1, to 2 x 9, and so on.
The values of the tens and units are determined by the distance from vertical
lines, which separate the single groups.
Each one of these groups corresponds to one sector of the stepped disc body
hereinbefore described.
In one arrangement, the turning of the stepped disc body depends upon the
depressed key of the key board. So, in this new arrangement, by depressing a
key, a certain group comes into action. For instance, in depressing key 2, the
group which contains all simple products of number 2 is brought into use.
The multiplication in this arrangement is thus:
The first factor is arranged at the buttons, as before described, and the pinions
are moved upon the corresponding racks. The second factor is depressed on the
key board, and, at the same time, the crank is turned once for each key depressed.
For instance, by depressing one key, a toothed rail or comb is turned, so that the
teeth firstly are placed opposite the projections of the racks representing the tens.
This comb is mounted in a frame which is moved to and fro in turning the crank
by means of connecting rods.
These racks are held by springs until the teeth push on the projections, whereupon
the racks are pushed forward to the right for so many units as correspond to the
required distances of the said projections from the zero line. At the same time,
the pinions are turned, and the tens transferred upon the cipher discs by means of
bevel wheels.
To avoid the backward rotation of the axes during the returning of the racks,
which wears the cipher discs, the bevel wheels are disconnected by a cam at the
time the pin dises and perforated discs are thrown out of gear.
For this purpose, the spindle which carries the two bevel wheels is arranged to
be horizontally movable on the axis, but not rotatable.
After the tens have been transferred, the cams are moved for one place to the
right or left, and the rails are moved axially, until the teeth are placed opposite
the unit projections. Then the transmission of the units is made in the same way
as above.
The transmission of the tens, produced by the addition of the intermediate
products, is made as follows:
A pin prepares the transmission of the tens during the turning of the cipher
discs from 9 to 0 (or 0 to 9) whilst a rotating drum with inclined planes rotates

page_text: toothed wheels one tooth, by means of the transferrers. These wheels are provided
with 10 teeth, and so turn the cipher discs around one unit.
In addition and multiplication, the bevel wheels are connected and disconnected
at the right moment, while, in subtraction and division, bevel wheels turn the
cipher discs in the opposite direction.
An apparatus can be made having a circular arrangement, by attaching the
forms of the multiplication table to toothed wheels.
In a system in which the forms of the multiplication table are represented by
10 plates, the latter are attached to the ends of the racks, and notched to correspond
to the single products required.
A toothed rail is arranged by a key moving in a vertical line, and giving the
second factor in the multiplication.
In the turning of the crank, the said rail moves to the right side. The racks
are moved in proportion to the step or notch opposite the rail, and so is executed a
proportionate revolution of the cipher discs. The further functions of the
apparatus are the same as in the systems above described.
It is evident that the patterns of the multiplication tables can take the place of
said rails, instead of being arranged at the ends of the racks.
The multiplication systems can be made in very different shapes and can be
grouped to a whole in different ways. The general principles of construction,
however, are always the same. To catch single products belonging in the system,
two certain elements (tens and units) the units.of which, one after the other, or
also at the same time, can be transferred upon the devices which show the result,
by a suitable mechanism of the motion.
Dated this Third day of November 1893.
WM. P. THOMPSON & Co.,
Agents for the Applicant.
Improved Calculating Machine.
A communication by OTTO STEIGER, of Munich, Bavaria, in the Empire of
Germany, Engineer.
1, WILLIAM PHILLIPS THOMPSON, F.C.S., M.I.M.E., of The Agency for
Foreign Patent Solicitors, 6 Lord Street, Liverpool, and 6, Bank Street,
Manchester, both in the County of Lancaster, and 323, High Holborn, in the
County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement:-
The invention relates to improvements in arithmetical machines or calculators,
adapted for making calculations in multiplication, division, subtraction, or addition.
As the differences between a machine embodying the invention and those previously
constructed for performing the above-mentioned four operations are most readily
pointed out in connection with the operation of multiplication, the invention will
first be described as if designed for that purpose only, after which the manner of
changing it to perform the other calculations will be entered into.
Multiplication is often defined as a short method of addition, and, in most
of those machines previously constructed, a product was arrived at, not by
the short method of multiplication but by the long method of successive additions.
For example, if it were desired to multiply, say, 518 by 5, the machines hitherto
known contained such mechanism that 518 would be addel to itself five times,
thus: 518518+ 518 + 518 + 518. The principal disadvantage of this con-
struction is the loss of time in operating the machine, and the great additional

page_text: wear of the various parts. For instance, in the above example, when the machine
is properly set at 518, it becomes necessary to turn a crank, push a key, or operate
a lever five times. The wear and loss of time become more apparent, in such
machines, as the number of figures in the multiplier, and their relative values,
increase. For example, if, instead of multiplying 518 by 5, it is desired to multiply
it by 99, the moving parts must be revolved either ninety-nine times, or, in the
better class of machines, first, nine times, and then nine times again, a shifting of
the recording mechanism taking place between the first and second multiplication
by nine, in order that the first nine may have its proper value of nine tens, this
shifting being done by hand.
The chief object of the invention is to avoid the above-mentioned disadvantages,
and this result is accomplished by providing this machine with such mechanism,
that the product of one number by another is obtained, not by the long method of
successive additions, but by the short method of multiplication.
:
In other words, a machine embodying the invention performs its operation in a
similar manner to the way in which it is done by the written process. For instance,
in multiplying the above number, 518 by 5, the products of 8 × 5, 1 x 5,
and 5 x 5 are obtained, in the written operation (as it is termed) from a table of
products (the multiplication table so-called) committed to memory by the operator,
who thus obtains the numbers 40, 5 and 25. The first number, 40, may be
considered as composed of two quantities, the tens and the units, viz.: four tens and
no units. The second number, 5, is considered as composed of two quantities, as
before, viz. no tens and five units, the third number, 25, being considered as
containing two quantities also, viz. two tens and five units. Moreover, oue ten of
the number first obtained is equal to one unit of the number next obtained; one
ten of the latter is equal to one unit of the third number, and one ten of the latter
may be considered as equal to one unit of a fourth number, arising by multiplying
a fictitious zero in the multiplicand by the multiplier, five, this product being zero.
Therefore, the computer, as he proceeds, mentally adds the tens of the first product
to the units of the second product, the tens of the latter product to the units of the
third product, and the tens of the latter to the units of the fictitious product above
referred to. When the addition has been made, he obtains the total product.
:
In this machine, the operation of multiplication is carried out in the same way.
As the partial products in the written calculation are obtained from a table of
products or multiplication table committed to memory, so in this machine, one part
of the mechanism obtains the partial products from a mechanical representative of
the said table of products, which mechanical representative is termed the
"controlling mechanism," as it controls the subsequent action of the whole
machine.
"
The part of the mechanism above referred to which obtains the partial products
from the controlling mechanism, is termed the "transferring mechanism as it
transfers the partial products to another mechanism, which is termed the "combining
and recording mechanism," since it takes the partial products from the transferring
mechanism, and, after giving to each quantity of each partial product its proper
value, whether tens or units, combines them in the proper manner and records or
indicates the total result in any suitable manner, preferably, on a series of dials.
There is, however, one principal difference between the manner in which the
computation is done by the written process and that in which it is done by a
machine embodying this invention, which difference is as follows:-
The computer obtains the partial products from his memorized table of products
one after the other, and, in so obtaining them, he gets both the units and the tens
of each partial product at the same time, while, in this machine, the transferring
apparatus obtains the tens of all the partial products first, and transfers them to
the combining and recording mechanism, whereupon it then obtains the units of all
the partial products and transfers them to the combining and recording mechanism,
which, by a proper arrangement of them, distinguishes between the units and the
tens, and adds them so as to give the correct total product.

page_text: The three methods under which the result is obtained may be best shown in
tabulated form as follows :
By the old forms of machines
The fundamental distinction then between this machine and those formerly
known, is this: The latter class of machines are, in fact, mere adding machines, by
a proper manipulation of which multiplication may be performed, while my
correspondent's machine is, in fact, a multiplying machine which may be used for
addition also.
Of course, it is understood that the machines previously known, and this machine,
may also be used for subtraction and division, but this matter will not be entered
into at present, as the real distinction is seen more plainly in the consideration of
the operation of multiplication.
Many other objects are attained by this construction, which need not be
mentioned, as they will be apparent to those skilled in the art, after a clear
comprehension of the invention.
The invention consists, broadly in a mechanism which is classed hereafter as the
"controlling mechanism," or "controlling devices," which may be said to be a
mechanical representative of the multiplication table, from 0 x 0 to 9 × 9, inclusive,
and to contain all the products from zero to eighty-one. This controlling
mechanism embodies the essence of one part of the invention, and, as will be
apparent from the description hereinafter, may be arranged in various forms, and
it is to be understood that my correspondent does not limit himself to any particular
form of such mechanism, as it may be varied in many ways, after the fundamental
principle is understood.
For instance, the controlling mechanism may be arranged in the form of discs,
as shown in Figures 1 to 18 and 19 to 22, or it may be made as a series of blocks,
as seen in Figures 23 to 26, inclusive, or it may be made in the form of a series of
stop pins, as illustrated in Figures 27 to 33, or as a series of plates, as shown in
Figures 34 and 35.
In the forms of machines herein described which embody the invention, the
controlling mechanism is arranged in pairs of controlling devices, one device of
each pair being graduated to correspond to the tens of all the partial products
from 0 x 0 to 9 × 9, while the other device of the same pair is graduated to
correspond to the units of all of said products. The term "graduation," as it is
used herein, is intended to indicate that, whatever the form of controlling mechanism
B

page_text: employed, it is arranged to produce the varying movements of the recording
mechanism, in multiples of a certain unitary movement. This will be better
understood after the description of the construction and operation of the various
forms herein mentioned.
The invention also consists in the combination, with the controlling devices, of a
combining and recording device, by means of which the various products are
united either by addition or subtraction, and the final result displayed by suitable
means, such as a series of recording dials.
The invention consists, further, in the apparatus which transfers the products
from the controlling mechanism to the combining and recording device, and which
is here termed the "transferring mechanism."
The invention also consists in a register mechanism, by means of which, in
multiplication, the multiplier is indicated on the machine as soon as the operation
is completed, this registering mechanism indicating the quotient when the apparatus
is used for division.
The invention consists, further, in such features, details and combinations of parts
as will first be described in connection with the accompanying drawings, and then
particularly pointed out in the claims.
In the drawings-
Figures 1 to 18 illustrate one form of mechanism embodying the invention;
Figures 19 to 22 illustrate a second form of mechanism embodying the invention;
Figures 23 to 26 illustrate a third form;
Figures 27 to 33 illustrate a fourth form; and
Figures 34 and 35 illustrate a fifth form.
From these views it will be apparent that the invention may be carried out in
various forms of mechanism, and it is to be understood that it is not limited to any
particular form, as many other modifications may be made, without departing from
the spirit of the invention.
In the views illustrating the first form of mechanism―
Figure 1 is a diagrammatic view, showing the controlling mechanism in the form
of recessed discs ;
Figures 2 and 24, together, constitute a plan view of the machine, and will be
referred to hereafter as "Figure 2";
Figure 3 is a detail view, showing the mechanism for changing the machine from
its condition of multiplication to division, and vice versa;
Figure 4 is a longitudinal vertical section, on the line A°-B°, Figure 2;
Figure 5 is a transverse vertical section, on the line C°-D°, Figure 2;
Figure 6 is an end view of a part of the combining and recording mechanism;
Figure 7 is a longitudinal vertical section, on the line E°-F°, Figure 2;
Figure 8 is an end view of the cylinder, Y;
Figure 9 is a developed view of the same;
Figure 10 is a detail view of the transferring dogs and star-wheels ;
Figure 11 is a diagrammatic end view of the cam-wheel, E;
Figure 12 is a developed view of the same;
Figure 13 is an end view of the cam-wheels, E¹ and E²;
Figure 14 is a developed view of the periphery of the cam-wheel, E²;
Figure 15 is a detail end view of the recording carriage and framework;
Figure 16 is a detail section of the same, partly in elevation;
Figure 17 is a transverse section of the recording mechanism, showing the
relative position of the parts when the pin discs and perforated discs are coupled
together;
Figure 18 is a detail view, showing the means by which the dog-spindles are held
against accidental rotation.
In the views illustrating the second form of mechanism embodying the
invention
Figure 19 is an end view of so much of the controlling mechanism as is necessary
to illustrate the invention;

page_text: Figure 20 is a plan view of the same;
Figure 21 is a side view, on an enlarged scale, of a pair of controlling discs used
in this form of mechanism;
Figure 22 is an enlarged detail plan view of three pairs of discs.
In the views illustrating the third form of mechanism embodying the
invention
Figure 23 is a detail view, showing the form of plates which compose the blocks
used as the controlling mechanism in this form of machines;
Figure 24 is a plan view of a pair of blocks, the figures in the small squares
indicating the depths of the recesses;
Figures 25 and 26 are detail views of the controlling mechanism used in the said
third form of machine.
In the views illustrating the fourth form of mechanism embodying the
invention→
Figure 27 is a diagrammatic plan view, showing the arrangement of or manner
of graduating the controlling mechanism employed in this form of machine;
Figure 28 is a plan view of so much of the mechanism as is necessary to illustrate
the invention;
Figure 29 is a side view of the same;
Figures 30, 31, 32, and 33 are detail views which will be referred to hereinafter.
In the views showing the fifth form of mechanism embodying the invention―
Figure 34 is a plan view, and
Figure 35 is a side elevation of so much as is necessary to illustrate the
invention.
In describing the first form of mechanism embodying the invention, and shown in
Figures 1 to 18, it becomes advisable, for the sake of perspicuity, to consider it
under the following heads:
"
First. The controlling devices, and the means for setting them to any required
position.
Second. The transferring mechanism, which transfers the various partial products,
determined by the controlling devices, to the combining and recording mechanism.
Third. The combining and recording mechanism, which takes the partial products
from the transferring mechanism and combines them, either by adding or subtracting,
and indicates or shows the final result on suitable dials.
Fourth. The key-registering mechanism, which partakes so much of the nature
of the remainder of the machine, as to be more readily described under three
subdivisions also, namely, the controlling mechanism, the transferring mechanism,
and the recording mechanism. For the sake of brevity, the description of each of
these three subdivisions will be combined with the description of its appropriate
main division of the mechanism.
"
It is to be carefully observed, in connection with the above enumeration of the
four principal parts, that a distinction is here drawn between the use of the terms
registering mechanism" and "recording mechanism," the former relating to one
particular branch of the apparatus, which registers the numbers on the keys
depressed, while the latter refers to that mechanism which records the products
obtained by the transferring mechanism.
The recording mechanism is an essential feature of the machine, while the
registering mechanism is only a convenience, it being possible to construct and
operate a machine without it, as the operator might carry, in his memory, the
numbers on the keys depressed, or write them down in succession as the operation
proceeded.
It should be observed, however, that, though only a convenience, this key-
registering mechanism is a most important convenience, since it serves as a check,
to show whether, or not, the proper keys have been depressed.
In the machine about to be described, the controlling mechanism is embodied in
a series of discs provided with recesses, which control the action of the machine by
determining either the point at which the transferring mechanism starts, or that at

page_text: which it stops, according to whether the machine is set for multiplication, or for
division. If, then, the apparatus be considered with regard to the operation of
multiplication only, the controlling mechanism may be called. the " starting
mechanism," and will be so referred to hereinafter.
The controlling mechanism is constructed as follows: A, Figure 2, is a hollow
disc-operating shaft, loosely mounted on a revoluble shaft, X2, which has a
collar, near its central portion, and is surrounded by a helical spring f, which
rests in an internal recess in the disc-operating shaft, A, bearing against the
collar, at one end, and against the inner face of the shoulder formed by the
termination of the recess, the spring thereby tending to crowd the disc-operating
shaft A longitudinally on the revoluble shaft X³, which is journalled in suitably
arranged boxes, r³, and is provided at each end with a crank, w¹, 103, fixed to the
shaft, to which cranks are attached a pair of connecting rods, L, L₁, united at their
ends by a cross-bar, Q, which has a slide-box, Q', at each end, these slide-boxes
moving on slides, Q³, carried by the frame of the machine.
For the purpose of imparting motion to the shaft X2, and thereby operating the
cranks and connecting rods, the said shaft, X³, is provided with a gear pinion, ",
fixed on one end of the shaft, between the journal-box and the crank, and into the
pinion is meshed a main driving gear-wheel, U, fixed on a main driving shaft, X,
mounted in bearings at X³, and actuated by a hand-crank K.
"
Upon the disc-operating shaft is mounted a series of nine pairs of starting
devices, and another pair, O, which relates to the key-registering mechanism, and
whose purpose will be hereinafter described, each pair consisting of two discs,
a and b, whose interval of separation is greater than the distance between adjacent
pairs, as will be plain from Figure 2. The discs 0, 0, will be referred to as the
zero discs," the disc 1 being considered as the first disc. All the discs (shown in
detail Figure 1) with the exception of the discs, O and I, are provided with
recesses extending from the periphery toward the centre, the depth of each recess
being proportionate to the number which it represents in the product. In other
words, the starting devices are graduated by graduating the depth of the recesses.
Each disc, a, of each pair may be termed the "tens disc," and each disc, b, the
"units disc." Furthermore, the pairs are arranged in regular order from zero to
nine, as indicated by the Roman numerals, 0 to IX, in Figures and 2, and the
said numerals indicate the products to be found on each pair of discs. For instance,
on the first pair, I, are recesses which represent all the products from 1 × 0, 1 × 1,
1 x 2, &c., up to, and including 1 x 9; in the second pair, II, all the products of
2 × 0, 2 + 1, 2 x 2, 2 x 3, etcetera, up to and including 2 × 9; in the third pair
of discs, III, all the products of 3 × 0, 3 x 1, 3 × 2, 3 × 3, etcetera, up to, and
including 3 x 9; and so on to the ninth pair of discs IX, which contains all the
products of 9 x 0, 9 × 1, 9 × 2, 9 × 3, etcetera, up to, and including 9 × 9.
Of each pair, each disc may be considered as divided into ten sectors, each of
which subtends the same angle, and is recessed, or not, according to the number
intended to be represented by such sector.
To explain this more clearly, reference may be had to Figure 1, where it will be
seen that the disc Ib, has ten equal sectors, the zero sector of which, marked o¹, is
the sector which gives the product of 1 x 0, and, as this product is zero, as will be
observed, this sector is not recessed at all. The next or first sector, (in a sinistral
revolution), is marked 1, as this represents the product obtained by multiplying
1 by 1. This sector, therefore, is recessed one graduation. The next sector is
marked 2, as, it represents the product obtained by multiplying 1 by 2, and this
sector is recessed two graduations or twice the depth of the first sector. The third.
sector is marked 3, as it indicates the product obtained by multiplying 1 by 3, and
it is recessed three graduations.
Thus, the recesses of the sectors are graduated in depth up to the ninth sector,
which is numbered 9, because it represents the product obtained by multiplying
1 by 9, and, furthermore, it is recessed nine graduations, or nine times the depth of
the recess in the sector marked 1.

page_text: As all the products from 1 x 1 up to 1 x 9 contain but one figure, it will be
understood that the tens disc of the first pair (marked I), is not recessed.
The first
Referring, now, to the second pair, indicated by the Roman numeral, II, and
comprising a tens disc a, and a units disc b, it will be seen that the latter is divided
into ten equal sectors also, and that the zero sector, marked o', is not recesse.l, as it
represents the product obtained by multiplying 2 by 0, which is zero.
sector, (in a sinistral revolution), is marked 2, because it indicates the product
obtained by multiplying 2 hy I, and it is, therefore, recessed two graduations, or
twice the depth of the homologous sector on the disc, I°. The second sector is
marked 4, as it represents the product obtained by multiplying 2 by 2, and,
therefore, it is recessed 4 graduations, or four times the depth of the recess in the
first sector on the disc, 1b, which recess, it will be plain, is the unit graduation of
the entire series. The third sector of the disc, 11b, is recessed six graduations, and
is marked 6, since it indicates the product of 2 by 3. The next sector is recessed
eight graduations and is marked 8, as it indicates the product of 2 by 4. Thus far,
the contiguous portions or homologous sectors in the tens disc, II, have not been
recessed, because all the products so far given on the units disc, II°, running from
2 x 0 up to 2 x 4, that is, from 0 to 8, contained only one figure, but the next
sector of the units disc, IIb, it will be seen, is not recessed at all, and is marked 0,
while the homologous sector in the tens disc, II*, is recessed one graduation, for
the reason that the two said homologous sectors, together, represent the product
obtained by multiplying 2 by 5, which is ten, and requires two digits to represent
it-one ten and no units. The next sectors of the two discs represent the product
obtained by multiplying 2 by 6, which is twelve, and, as this product contains two
digits one ten and two units-the units disc, II, has its said sector recessed two
graduations, while the tens disc, II, has its said homologous sector recessed one
graduation, to indicate the one ten in the said product.
As the next highest product of two is fourteen, or 2 x 7, the next sectors of said
discs are recessed correspondingly, the sector of the units disc being recessed four
graduations, while the tens disc is recessed one graduation.
The recessing is carried out by successive proper graduations, through the next
sectors of the two discs, representing the product of two multiplied by eight, and
two multiplied by nine.
The remaining discs of the series are correspondingly recessed and give the
product up to 9 × 9, as shown on the last pair of discs, where the ninth sector of
the units disc, 1X, is recessed one graduation, while the homologous sector of the
tens disc, IX, is recessed eight graduations, the said sectors of the said discs,
together, representing the product eighty-one, or eight tens and one unit.
From the above, it will be seen that each disc contains ten equal sectors, and
that the pairs of discs are arranged on their central axis in the order of the product
which their sectors represent, that is, the pair which contains all the products
of 1 x 0 up to 1 x 9 is first (not considering the discs 0, 0); the pair containing
the products of 2 x 0 up to 2 x 9 is second; and so on, the pair of discs containing
the products of 9 x 0 up to 9 x 9 being ninth or last. Moreover, it is to be borne
in mind that the homologous sectors of all the pairs are opposite, or, in other words,
all the sectors representing the factor, 0, are in a straight line parallel to the axis
of the disc-shaft; all the sectors representing the factor, 1, in a similar straight
line; and so forth.
In order to shift the complete set of starting devices longitudinally, for a purpose
hereinafter described, the main driving shaft, X, is provided with a cam-wheel, E,
the cam portion of which is arranged laterally, that is, on its side, instead of on its
periphery, as shown in Figure 2. A developed view of the periphery of the cam
wheel, E, is shown in Figure 12, from which it will be seen that the wheel may be
considered as divided into six equal sectors, the periphery being of equal thickness
throughout the first and sixth sectors, considerably thicker in the second and third
sectors, and thinnest in the fourth and fifth sectors, these various surfaces being
connected by inclined surfaces, as fully shown in Figures 11 and 12 of the drawings.

page_text: The thickest portion, which determines the greatest throw of the cam, is connected
with the portion in sector, I, by an inclined surface, entirely contained in the first
sector. For the purpose of convenient reference hereafter, the cam surface
extending through the sectors, 1, and VI, will be called the mean surface, while
the surface of the thickest portion, in sectors, II and III, will be called the
maximum surface, and the surface of the thinnest portion, in sectors, IV and V,
will be called the minimum surface.
It is to be noted, for the sake of a clear comprehension of the operation of this
machine, that the mean surface extends entirely through the sixth sector and
through the first sector, to within a short distance of sector II; that the maximum
surface extends from the line of division between the first and second sectors, and
ends a short distance ahead of the line of division between the third and fourth
sectors, and that the minimum surface begins at the line of division between
sectors, III and IV, and ends a short distance in advance of where the mean
surface begins.
The cam-face of wheel E, contacts with a roller c revolubly mounted on a
stud, c', attached to the disc-operating shaft at one end, the roller being yieldingly
held in contact with the cam-wheel by the spring, f, whereby the cam-wheel, in one
complete rotation, will force the entire set of starting devices longitudinally in one
direction, and will then permit them to be drawn back by the spring, when they
will be again shifted longitudinally in the primary direction to the original position.
These several movements are due to the roller, c, riding upon the various surfaces
of the cam-wheel, as will be plain from what has been said before.
Upon the end of the shaft, X³, opposite to that which carries the driving
pinion u, is loosely mounted a gear-pinion h, to which is attached a dog, q, whose
arm q', carries a tooth arranged to contact with the oppositely-projecting tooth, p',
of an arm p fixed to a gear-wheel, d, secured on the end of the disc-operating
shaft A.
The two teeth pl, q', respectively, are of such width that they contact only
when the roller, c, is in contact with the mean surface of the cam-wheel, E, the
tooth or arm, p, being shifted longitudinally by the shifting of the starting devices,
whereby contact between the two said teeth is avoided, either when the roller, c, is
resting against the minimum surface, or when it is against the maximum surface of
the cam-wheel, E.
Into the pinion, h, meshes a rack, H, moving in suitable slide-ways, H', and
pivotally attached to the cross-bar, Q, as shown in Figure 4, the rack being
cogged at one end only, on its upper surface, which engages the under side of the
pinion, h.
A disc-setting shaft D, cogged at one end, and mounted in suitable slide-ways, D²,
engages the pinion d, on the top side, the rack having a circular head D'.
To limit the longitudinal movement of the rack D, a keyboard A² is provided,
which will be designated as the multiplier key-board, as it is on this key-board that
the multiplier is generally arranged. This key-board consists of a double bank of
keys, one bank having all the odd numbers, from one to nine, while the opposite
bank has all the even numbers, from two to zero, the keys being arranged with the
- smaller numbers inward, as fully shown in Figure 2.
Each key has a stem, A³, vertically movable in a socket, A*, attached to the
framework and provided with a head, A³, the stem being held nominally upward by
a leaf-spring, A, passing through a slot in the stem and secured to the frame at
the end, as shown in Figure 5. When a key pressed down, its stem will intercept
the path of the head, D', on the rack D, thereby limiting the movement of said
rack, and, as the keys are numbered from the inner end of the banks outward, and,
as the stems are at equal intervals apart, it is plain the distance of travel inward of
the rack, D, from its normal position, will be inversely proportional to the number
on the key pressed down, the digit, 0, not being considered. Thus, if key 1 is held
down, the rack, D, will move the entire length of the keyboard, inward, until its
head strikes the stem of key 1, while if the key 9 be pushed down, the rack will

page_text: only move a short distance, until it strikes the inward-protruding stem of said
key 9, whereupon it will stop. Moreover, if key 0 be forced down, its stem
will prevent any movement of the rack, D, whose head, D', normally rests at
such a point as to be in contact with the stem of key 0), as soon as the latter is
depressed.
To that end of the hollow disc-operating shaft which carries the roller, c, is
fixed a grooved pulley a², around which is wound a flexible wire, f, fixed at one
end to the pulley, and having its outer end secured to a spring, F', Figure 2, which
is attached to the frame, the tendency of the spring being to revolve the disc-
operating shaft in a direction opposite to that of the pinion, u, when the crank
handle, K, is turned to the left.
The operation of the mechanism thus far described is as follows:-
:-
Upon turning the crank, K, one revolution to the left, the gear-wheel, U, is.
turned to the left, thereby revolving the gear-pinion, u, which, being one-third
the diameter of the main driving gear-wheel, U, makes three revolutions to one of
the crank.
As the gear-pinion, u, is fixed to the shaft, X3, the latter simultaneously operates
the cranks, w¹ and w³, giving to them three complete revolutions, thereby forcing
the cross-bar, Q, outward and back three times, which, in turn, imparts three
reciprocations to the rack, H, whose end is pivoted to the cross-bar, Q, the
movement of the rack, H, rotating the pinion, h, whose circumference is equal
to the longitudinal throw of the rack, H, whereby the pinion h, makes one full
rotation during the outward movement of the rack, H, and a full rotation, in the
opposite direction, during the inward movement of the rack, H, or six rotations
during one of the crank K.
The cam-wheel E, is so fixed on the main driving shaft, X, that it normally rests.
with the line of division between sectors, I and VI, in contact with the roller, c,
which, therefore, is resting on the mean surface. During the first portion of the
first one-sixth of a revolution of the crank, the disc-operating shaft is in such a
position that the tooth, p', of the arm, p, is in. the plane of the tooth 7', on the
dog, 9, the roller c, at that time being on the mean surface of the cam-wheel.
While the roller, c is passing over the cam-surface of sector I, the gear-pinion, 1,.
makes one-half of a revolution, forcing the cross-bar, Q, outward to the full extent
of its travel, and, at the same time, moving the rack, H, outward, and rotating the
pinion h, one full turn.
The tooth q', of the dog q, is in advance of the tooth, p' of the arm, p, during
this rotation of pinion h, and the arm, p, is pulled around by means of spring F,
unwinding its flexible wire, f, off the grooved pulley, a², fixed on the tubular
shaft, A, the tooth p', therefore, following the tooth q¹, and tending to stay
always in contact with the latter, which prevents the spring, F', from rapidly
unwinding the wire, f, from the grooved pulley, a³.
As the disc-shaft, A, is rotated by the spring F, the rack-bar, D, is drawn
inwards by the pinion d, until its head, D', contacts with the stem of any depressed
key on the key-board, A2, whereupon the further inward movement of the rack D,
is prevented, the said rack, in turn, holding the pinion, d, and the disc-shaft, A,
from further rotation, against the action of spring, F', thereby retaining all the
starting devices with such sectors facing inward as correspond to the key depressed
on key-board, A³. For instance, if key 0 is depressed, the discs will not be moved
from their normal position, but will have all their zero sectors facing inward,
whereas, if key 9 is depressed, the rack, D, will move inward until its head, D',
contacts with the stem of key 9, and will rotate the discs, until their sectors,
containing the products of 9, will face inward, that is, the rack will move one-tenth
of its maximum inward movement, and will rotate the discs one-tenth of a revolution,
which is one sector, the direction of this rotation being from the first sector toward
the zero or last sector.
While the rack, D, holds the disc-operating shaft and the arm, p, from following.
the teeth q¹, on dog q, the latter completes its full rotation, by reason of the

page_text: continued movement of the rack-bar H, until it again reaches its normal position or
starting point, at which moment, the roller, c, has reached the division line between
sectors, I and II on the cam-wheel, and has ascended the incline leading to the
maximum surface, the tooth p' on the arm p, being thereby shifted, together with
the entire series of starting devices, until it can no longer contact with the dog q
which is rotated back over its first path, by the inward movement of the rack, H,
until it again occupies its normal position, when it is again rotated in the first
direction one revolution, at the end of which time the roller c has reached the
division line between sectors, III and IV, on the cam-wheel E, and has descended
the incline to the minimum surface, thus shifting the starting devices and the arm p
until the tooth of the latter is on the opposite side of the tooth of the dog, q, and
still out of contact with the latter. The dog, 9, during this time, has started back
to its normal position, and, while the roller travels over the minimum. surface, the
said dog, g, reaches its normal: position, and rotates back again one revolution, at
the end of which time, the roller reaches the dividing line between sectors V and VI,
when it has again ascended to the mean surface of the cam wheel, E, and has
shifted the starting devices and arm p, into their middle or zero position, where the
teeth of the said arm, p, and the dog, q, are again in the same vertical plane. As
the crank is turned to complete the revolution, the roller, c, travels over the zero
surface of sector, VI, and the dog q, rotates back to its normal position, striking
the tooth of the arm p, on its way, and carrying the latter back with it, thereby
winding up the flexible wire on the grooved pulley, tightening the spring, moving
out the rack-bar D, and setting the starting devices to their zero or normal positions.
Therefore, it will be seen that the dog, g, makes six revolutions, three in one
direction and three in the other direction, and that during the first portion of the
first and sixth revolutions, the tooth on the arm p is in the same plane with the
tooth on the dog 9, while during the remaining revolutions, namely, the second, -
third, fourth and fifth, it is in a different vertical and longitudinal plane from the..
said tooth on dog q. Moreover, during its first revolution, it permits the spring, F¹,
to unwind the flexible wire from the grooved pulley, while, during the sixth, or;
last, revolution, it re-winds the wire onto the grooved pulley and thereby extends.
the spring F'.
The discs 0 and 0b are duplicates of the discs, I and I, Figure 1 and have.
quite different functions from that of the series of starting devices, I to IX, this
function being fully described in connection with the register mechanism.
The transferring mechanism, which transfers the products from the starting
devices to the indicating and combining mechanism, will now be described. This
consists, primarily, of a series of transferring racks Z, Z1, Z2 &c., up to Z, arranged.
in a plane parallel to the axis of the disc-shaft, and mounted in suitable guide-
frames, z which permit the free longitudinal movement of each rack, the rack Zo
relating to the register mechanism. Each rack is provided at its outer end with
an arm which projects upward and is adapted to contact with the cross-bar Q, as
the latter moves outward, the racks being retracted by a series of springs F,
Figure 4, one for each rack, each spring being secured at one end to the underside
of its rack and at its other end to the frame.
The inner end of each rack is of a size sufficient to permit its free entrance into
any recess in its respective pair of starting devices, and is cogged on its upper
surface, the racks Z₁ to Z being adapted to engage with any one of a series of
pinions T' which may be termed the "counting pinions," for convenience of reference
hereafter. These counting pinions are each provided with square central openings,
through which is passed a square revoluble pinion-shaft, T2, by which construction,
each pinion may be moved longitudinally on its shaft, yet, when revolved, will.
impart its motion to its pinion shaft. The shafts, T' are mounted transversely over.
the racks, Z in bearings 2 fixed to the frame, each shaft carrying a disc S2 Figs. 25
or 17 at one end, each disc being provided with a pin s³ Figs. 5 or 4 which is
arranged to enter any one of a series of holes in a corresponding perforated disc S³
lying opposite to it, and impart motion thereto, when the said perforated disc is
°

page_text: advanced into engagement with the pin disc. The said perforated discs, being
part of the indicating and combining mechanism, will be more particularly described
hereinafter.
Each counting pinion is provided with a grooved extension or neck T Fig. 2
engaged by the forked lower end of a stud k sliding on a slotted plate, K', the
shanks k¹ of the sliding studs projecting through the transverse slot, in the
plate K which is secured to the frame and bears on its upper face a series of
scales graduated from 1 to 9, these graduations being such that when an index
or pointer, k on the sliding stud, is aligned with any one of them, the counting
pinion of such stud will be in engagement with the rack which enters the recesses
in the starting devices having products of which said graduations forms one factor.
For example, if any one of the sliding studs be moved longitudinally until its
pointer is in line with the graduation marked, say, 8, the counting pinion which
is engaged by such sliding stem will be in mesh with a rack Z3 which is the
rack lying opposite that pair of discs marked VIII and VIII in Figure 1, and
containing recesses which give all the products of eight, from 0 × 8 to 9 × 8.
It will be noticed that each scale, ³, is preceded by the figure zero, the interval
between zero and one being much less than the distance between the succeeding
digits. The normal position of each sliding stud is with its pointer opposite the
zero which precedes its respective scale, in which position its counting pinion is not
in engagement with any rack, and, therefore, cannot be revolved.
The rack, Z, which may be considered as a part of the registering mechanism,
engages at all times with a pinion, r, fixed on a short shaft which also carries a
gear-wheel r', in mesh with a larger gear-wheel, mounted on a transverse shaft, r³,
which may be termed the register shaft, and which is provided with a pin disc, S",
adapted to engage with any one of a series of perforated discs, S',
which may be
opposite to it, as will be more fully described hereinafter, the sizes of the gear-
wheels, and ², being so proportioned that, for every full revolution of the pinion, r,
the register shaft, ³, will make only one-half a revolution.
The end of each pinion shaft, T, as well as the end of the register shaft, is
provided with a disc, U', having ten rounded notches, as shown in Figure 30, into
any one of which notches enters the toothed end of a leaf spring, u', whose other
end is fixed to the frame. The springs, ', and discs, U¹, serve to compel the
rotation of their respective shafts by tenths of a revolution and to hold the shafts
against being accidentally rotated.
When a counting pinion is in mesh with a rack, the pinion will be rotated by
any movement of such rack, it being obvious that the amount of rotation and its
direction will be determined by the amount and direction of longitudinal movement
of the rack.
As one rotation of the crank, K, imparts three reciprocations to the cross-bar Q,
the racks will also be drawn outward three times, by means of their upward-turned
outer ends being engaged by the cross-bar, and they will be retracted three times
by their respective springs.
The ends of the racks normally rest between the units and tens discs of each pair,
that is, the rack, Z, for example, will have its end normally resting between the
disc, VI and VI, the hand crank being in its normal position and the roller, c, on
the division line between the sectors, VI and I, of the cam-wheel, E. When the
racks are moved to their outward limit by the cross-bar, Q, the roller, c, will ride
up the incline at the end of sector, I, and thereby shift the starting devices
laterally such a distance as to bring the tens discs opposite the ends of the racks.
At the end of this time, the racks will be drawn back by their respective springs,
their upturned ends following, and in close contact with, the cross-bar, Q, while
their other ends enter the recesses in the tens discs of the starting devices, until
the ends of the racks rest on the bottom of the respective recesses, when their
further retraction by their springs is prevented, and they can no longer follow
the cross-bar inward. The next outward movement of the cross-bar draws
the racks out, entirely withdrawing their ends from the recesses in the starting

page_text: devices, and, at the end of the movement, a second shifting of the starting
devices takes place, in a direction opposite to the first, owing to the roller c,
riding down the cam surfaces onto the minimum surface, which brings the units
discs, or all the discs, in line with their respective racks. The racks will be
again drawn inward by their springs and will enter the recesses in their respective
units discs. At the final outward movement of the cross-bar, the racks are with-
drawn from the recesses in the units discs, and the starting devices are again
shifted longitudinally in the first direction, by the roller, c, riding onto the mean
surface of the cam-wheel, E, thus bringing the starting devices to their normal
positions, after which the racks return to their normal position by the action of
their springs, and rest with their inner ends between the units and tens discs of
their respective pair, in which position, they are shown in Figure 2, the crank
arriving again at its starting point, while the roller, c, also reaches its normal
position. As the depth of the recesses in the discs varies according to the products
to be represented, so the inward movement of the racks will vary, and, it is plain,
that, so also, the second and third outward movements of the racks will vary, for
those racks whose ends have entered the deepest recesses in their respective discs
will, of course, be started to move sooner than the others, that is, they will come
first into engagement with the cross-bar Q, while those racks which entered the
shallowest recesses in their respective discs will be last to engage with the cross-
bar on its second and third outward movement, thereby being the last to start.
Therefore, the racks first engaged by the cross-bar will have the greatest
longitudinal movement during such second outward movement of the cross-bar.
So, also, the rotation of the counting pinions, T', will vary during the first and
second inward movement of the second and third outward movement of the racks.
For example, if the rack, Z', were opposite the recess marked 1, in the disc, I',
Figure 1, on its second inward or third outward movement, it would go exactly
one-ninth the distance that it would if opposite the recess marked 9, in the same
disc.
It is to be understood that, when a rack is opposite an unrecessed sector of a
disc, it has no appreciable first or second inward movement, but rests against the
periphery of such disc, and, of course, can have no outward movement, except the
initial drawing out.
It will be seen that the rack marked Zo, is adapted to contact with the pair of
discs O Ob, these discs in every respect resembling the discs 1a 1b, shown in
Figure 1. When the rack Z° is opposite the tens disc, Ob, it has an inward
movement corresponding to the depth of recess in the sector opposite it, and the
said depths correspond to the numbers on the keyboard, A². Thus, if the key 1
be depressed, the sector on disc Ob, containing the recess of a depth equal to one
graduation, will come opposite the rack Zº, at the second inward movement of said
rack, while, if the key 9 be depressed, the sector containing the recess whose
depth is equal to nine graduations will be placed opposite said rack at its said
second inward movement. Therefore, the distance of travel of the rack Z°, during
its second inward movement, is proportional to the number on the key depressed,
and, consequently, the distance of travel of said rack during its third outward
movement is also proportional to such number.
To clearly illustrate the operation of all the mechanism thus far described, the
following example will be given. Suppose it is desired to multiply 509 by 28.
The multiplicand, containing the greatest number of digits, is preferably arranged
on the multiplicand key-board, A', as it may be termed, in the following manner:
The first or left-hand sliding stud, k, (Figure 2), is moved downward until its
pointer is opposite the Figure 5, thereby engaging its counting pinion with the
rack, Z. The next sliding stud k, to the right is not moved, since its pointer
is normally opposite the figure 0, which is the second figure in the multiplicand.
And, finally, the third sliding stud is moved downward until its pointer is in line
with the digit, 9, on its scale, thereby engaging its counting pinion with the
rack Z. This completes the setting of the multiplicand on the machine.

page_text: The multiplier key, 2, on the key-board, A2, is then depressed and held down
so that its stem will intercept the head D¹, Figure 4, of the rack D, whereupon
the crank, K, is turned one complete revolution. As the rack D, is stopped as
soon as its head strikes the stem of key, 2, the starting devices are all held with
their sectors containing the products of 2 facing inward toward the ends of the
racks, which first enter the recesses in the tens discs and then in the units discs at the
appropriate time.
•
At the time the racks make their first inward movement, the starting devices
are shifted with their tens discs, a, opposite the ends of the racks, and, as the
second sector in the tens disc, Va (counting to the left) is recessed one graduation,
the rack, Z, will move inward equal to one graduation, until its inner end contacts
with the bottom of the recess in the second sector of such disc, V, while the
second sector of the tens disc IX* being recessed one graduation also, the rack, Z³,
will move inward one graduation.
The first counting pinion being in mesh with the rack Z, will be rotated first
in one direction, and then in the other direction an extent corresponding to one
graduation, both by the first inward and by the second outward movement of the
racks, thereby rotating its pinion shaft an equal amount in both directions.
The second counting pinion, not being in engagement with any rack, will remain
stationary, while the third counting pinion, being in mesh with the rack Z, will
be rotated a distance equal to one graduation, and its pinion shaft also. The
rack Zo, will not be moved during the first inward or second outward movement of
the cross-bar, Q, as its inner end abuts against the periphery of the disc, O*,
which, as before stated, is not recessed. Therefore, the pinion, r, and gear-wheel, ²,
will be stationary.
Hence, only two pinion shafts revolve at the time of the second outward or first
inward movement of the cross-bar, Q, namely, the first and third pinion shafts,
the second pinion shaft being stationary.
Before the racks start on their second inward movement, the starting mechanism
is shifted so as to bring its units discs opposite the ends of the racks, which then
enter the recesses in said discs, or abut against the peripheries of those discs
having zero recesses, that is, having no recesses in the sectors opposite the racks.
The rack, Z, will enter the recess in the second sector of the disc, IX, which
recess is eight graduations in depth, thereby permitting the rack, Z³, to move
inward eight graduations. The rack, Z, will not enter the second sector of the
disc, V, since that is not recessed, and, of course, the rack, Z', will be stationary,
not only during its second inward movement, but also during its third outward
movement.
The rack, Zo, being opposite its units disc, will enter the second recess, which
is two graduations in depth, and will thereby move longitudinally à distance equal
to two graduations, thus rotating its pinion, r, equal to two graduations, which
revolves the gear-wheels, and, the latter moving one-half the portion of a
revolution made by the pinion, r.
The second pinion shaft, not being in engagement with any rack, will not be
moved. It will be plain, therefore, that the third counting pinion will revolve a
distance equal to eight graduations, while the first and second factor pinions are
stationary.
Thus, it will be seen that, by one rotation of the crank, two series of variable
movements of the pinion shafts are obtained, one due to the entrance of the racks
into the tens discs, and the other due to the entrance of the racks into the units
discs. The first series may be termed the "primary revolution," and the other
the "secondary revolution.' In this particular example, a primary rotation of
the first and third pinion shafts is obtained equal to one graduation each, or one
tenth of a revolution, and a secondary revolution of the third pinion shaft, only,
equal to eight graduations or eight-tenths of a revolution, is then obtained. These
results may be expressed as follows, where 1, 2 and 3, indicate the first, second and
third shafts, "P" equals portions of a primary revolution, and "S" equals

page_text: The above indicates that, by multiplying 509 by 2, is obtained from the product
of the third digit 9 by 2 equals 18, that is one ten and eight units; from the
multiplication of the second digit, 0 by 2, is obtained no tens and no units, while
from the multiplication of the first digit, is got the number 10, or one ten and no
units. It will be plain then, that one secondary revolution of the second shaft is
equal, in value, to one primary revolution of the third shaft, while a secondary
revolution of the first shaft is equal to one primary revolution of the second shaft,
and this is true for all the shafts. This being so, the above, figures can be
tabulated in this way :
That is, all the portions of a primary revolution of the third shaft are con-
sidered as portions of a secondary revolution of the second shaft, all the portions
of a primary revolution of the second shaft are considered as portions of a
secondary revolution of the first shaft, and have been so represented above.
Therefore, the above figures show that the product of 509 by 2 is 1,018, which is
correct.
It will be seen hereafter that it is the function of the combining and recording
mechanism to reduce the secondary revolution of one shaft to primary revolutions
of the next shaft ahead or to the left of it.
When the crank has completed its revolution which produced the above results,
the key 2 is allowed to spring back to its normal position, the whole mechanism
thus far described being again at zero, or in its normal position.
The key 8 of the key-board, A2, is then depressed and held down while the crank
is turned, the operation being easily understood from what has been said before.
In this case, is obtained a primary revolution of the third shaft, equal to seven
graduations, no primary revolutions of the second shaft, and a primary revolution
of the first shaft, equal to four graduations.
The secondary revolution of the third shaft is equal to two unitary graduations,
that of the second shaft is zero, while that of the first is zero also. This may be
tabulated as follows:

page_text: Therefore, the first product, 1,018, was 1,018 tens, or 10,180, while the second
product, of course is correct, as it stands, that is, 4,072 units. Combining these,
14,252 is obtained, which is the total product of 509 by 28.
The mechanism which gives to each key depressed on the key-board, A2, its
proper value, whether units, tens, hundreds, &c., is contained in the indicating and
combining mechanism, which will now be described.
It consists, primarily, of a series of perforated discs, S³, mounted on a carriage
adapted to move transversely so as to throw the perforated dises into engagement
with the pin discs on the pinion shafts immediately preceding the movement when
the cross-bar, Q, has completed its first inward movement. The carriage moves
back, withdrawing the perforated discs from the pin-discs, at the moment the
cross-bar has completed its second outward movement, and shifts longitudinally, so
that each perforated disc is moved opposite the pin-disc of the next shaft to the
left of the one with which it was in contact before. That is, the perforated disc
in contact with the pin-disc on pinion. shaft number 2 is moved until opposite the
pin disc on pinion shaft No. 1, and so on. Just as the cross-bar is completing its
second inward movement, the carriage again moves transversely, so as to throw
the perforated discs and the pin-discs in contact, removing them from such contact
as the cross-bar completes its last outward movement. The perforated discs are
mounted on spindles which carry dials that serve to indicate the rotations, or
parts of a rotation, made by their respective spindles.
To produce these movements, the following mechanism is employed:
A cam-operating shaft, X', Figure 2, is journalled in the framework of the
machine, at x, and provided at one end with a bevel gear-wheel, W', which
meshes into a corresponding bevel gear-wheel, W, fixed on the main driving
shaft, X, whereby motion is transmitted to the cam-operating shaft, by the
revolution of the crank K.
The shaft X carries a pair of cam-wheels, E' and E³, one at each end of the
shaft, such cam-wheels being fixed on the shaft and having similar peripheral cam-
surfaces, best shown in Figure 13. The cam-wheel, E³, also has a lateral cam-
surface, V Vas shown in developed view in Figure 14, and is cogged internally,
as shown in Figure 2, for engagement with a gear pinion, v, fixed on a square
shaft, Y, carrying a cylinder, Y, longitudinally movable on the said shaft, which
is journalled in suitable bearings in the frame, as at y", Figure 2^.
The part of the frame carrying said bearings yll is provided on its upper
surface with inverted V-shaped tracks on which move correspondingly grooved
wheels, R1, R2, R³, and R₁, carrying end-pieces, B2, which are united by guide-
rods, J, as shown, the guide-rods and end-pieces, together, forming what will be
termed as the "main carriage," the end-pieces having slots b, Figure 17, through
which the cam-operating shaft passes, whereby the movement of the main carriage
towards or from the transferring mechanism is permitted, this movement being
caused by the cam wheels E' E2 whose peripheral cam surfaces act on rollers e
carried on bracket arms e¹ attached to the end pieces B2 the main carriage being
held with the rollers e in contact with the cam wheels E' E2 by means of springs e²
Figure 15 secured to the end. pieces and to any suitable portion of the frame-
work, Figures 2, 6, 7, 13, 15, 16 and 17.
On the guide rods J is mounted an upper auxiliary carriage composed of end
pieces B which are longitudinally movable on the guide rods and are united by
two pairs of bearing bars 6' 12 the upper pair carrying a series of register
spindless Figures 7 and 2 on each of which are fixed a perforated disc S', a
register dial C and an upper mutilated star wheel N which will be more fully
described hereinafter.
In the lower pair of bearing bars are revolubly mounted a series of recording
spindless each of which is provided with a perforated disc, S³, a lower mutilated
star wheel N hereinafter referred to, a finger P, a recording dial a¹ and a ten
toothed star-wheel n' Figures 5 and 17.
Beneath the upper auxiliary carriage is a lower auxiliary carriage, composed of

page_text: end pieces B3 united by a pair of bearing bars ³, the end pieces B³ being arranged
below and within the end pieces B. The end pieces B3 slide longitudinally on
guide-rods J¹ which are united at each end by a truck B Figure 7 provided with
wheels running on a flat track and forming part of the frame which has the
V-shaped track. The two auxiliary carriages, together with the main carriage,
are termed the "recording carriage."
In order that the auxiliary carriages may both be shifted longitudinally together,
the end pieces B3 of the lower auxiliary carriage are extended in height above the
lower edges of the end pieces B of the upper auxiliary carriage.
The springs e² attached to the end-pieces B2 of the main carriage, tend to hold
the auxiliary carriages forward, that is, with the perforated discs in contact with the
pin discs, the action of the springs on the upper auxiliary carriage being transmitted
to the lower auxiliary carriage, by means of tongues 66, one tongue being attached
to each end piece B of the main carriage and entering a notch in the upper edge
of the corresponding truck B, the length of the notches being such that the
trucks, and hence the lower auxiliary carriage, are permitted a limited movement
independent of the main carriage and the upper auxiliary carriages.
The trucks B Figure 15 are guided on their flat tracks by means of guide
pins 6 fixed to each end of each truck, the forward guide pins working in slide
ways in the upper end of bracket arms, 6° fixed to the framework, while the rear
guide-pins move in boles bored in the edge of the frame, which is thickened for
this purpose, as at 610.
In the bearing bars of the lower auxiliary carriage are mounted a series of dog-
spindles M¹ each provided with a finger m' arranged to be engaged by the finger P
of the spindle one place to the right of the spindle directly over it. Each finger
is provided with an arm, P', which is sector-shaped, as shown in Figure 18, the
periphery of each sector having five notches, one at the centre and two at each side
of the centre. A leaf-spring, P³, secured to the frame has its free end bent to
form a tooth, p2, which is arranged to enter any one of the notches in its respective
sector-arm, thereby preventing any accidental movement of the finger or of the
dog-spindle, the spring-tooth engaging the central notch in the normal position of
the dog-spindle, and engaging the other notches, according to the direction in which
the dog-spindle is rotated, and the amount of such rotation. This will be better
understood when taken in connection with the operation of the dog-spindles, and
their attached parts, which will be described hereinafter. On the rear or outer
end of each dog-spindle is fixed a transferring dog, t', of the shape shown in
Figure 10, each having a downward-extending arm provided with a pin, i, and
having two teeth 12, arranged to engage the teeth of the star-wheel 'n', directly
above it.
.
The cylinder, Y, is provided with two sets of projections, one set consisting of a
series of spirally-arranged cam-teeth, y' to y" the inclined surface of one tooth of
each pair being sloped in a direction opposite to that of the other and the teeth of
each pair being so located, as to leave a passage between them. The second set
of projections is arranged in a straight longitudinal row and consists of a series of
doubly-wedge-shaped cam teeth, j, arranged a short distance apart, so as to leave a
passage between them, these passages being in line with the passages between the
individual teeth of each pair of projections y. This construction will be fully
understood from Figure 9, which is a developed view of the cylinder Y.
When the spindles of the recording dials are rotated one cycle, their fingers
contact with the fingers of the dog-spindles to the left of the one below the
respective fingers, whereby the transferring dogs are swung in one direction or the
other, according to the direction of rotation of the recording spindles.
The cylinder is so located that, as it revolves, the pin, i of the transferring dogs,
will enter the passages between the spirally-arranged cam-teeth, when the said
dogs are in their normal position, that is, when in a vertical position, as shown at 1,
Figure 10. When however the dogs are swung in either direction, their pins i
will contact with the inclined surface of one or the other tooth of their respective

page_text: pair, according to the direction in which the dogs have been swung, whether to the
right or to the left. As soon as the pins contact with the inclined surfaces of the
teeth, the cylinder, by its rotation, will force the dogs farther over in the direction
in which they were started by the fingers, whereby one or the other of the teeth, ²,
are engaged with their respective star-wheels, n¹, and rotate the latter one tooth
in one direction or the other.
It will be apparent from the above that whenever a recording dial is revolved.
one complete turn in either direction, it moves the adjacent recording dial at the
left one-tenth of a revolution. Therefore, when a pinion shaft on the transferring
mechanism is caused to make less than a full revolution, the recording dial with
which it is coupled will also make less than a complete revolution, and, as the said
recording dial bears a graduated series of ten figures, on its periphery, running
from 0 to 9, the said recording dial will indicate the parts of a full revolution made
by the pinion shaft, and when a pinion shaft makes one complete revolution, it will
also rotate its recording dial one complete cycle, which, if said recording dial be
initially at zero, will be from zero to zero again, whereby the said recording dial
will move the adjacent recording dial on the left one-tenth of a revolution in a
corresponding direction, which will be from 0 to 1, or from 0 to .9 (if the said
adjacent recording dial be initally at 0) according to the direction of such
rotation.
As the cylinder continues to revolve, the pins of those dogs which have been
swung to one side will be brought into contact with one or the other inclined.
surface of the wedge-shaped teeth, j, whereby the dogs will be restored to their
normal positions. It will be plain that when the dogs are swung back to the said
normal position by the teeth, j, their respective star-wheels would also be rotated
in a direction opposite to that previously given them, if the dogs were still im
engagement with them. To prevent this, the upper auxiliary carriage is moved
toward the transferring mechanism, whereby the star-wheels are also carried
forward out of engagement with the dogs, which, being mounted only on the
lower auxiliary carriage, do not partake of the motion of the upper auxiliary
carriage, until their pins are out of engagement with the teeth on the cylinder Y.
The teeth y, on the cylinder, Y, are arranged spirally for the reason that, by
this construction, the dogs are swung one at a time, commencing at the right and
ending at the left, thus not only reducing the power necessary to rotate the
cylinder, but also permitting the transferring dogs to carry a ten throughout an
entire series of figures. For example if the recording dials show the number,.
say, 999,999 and the number 1 be received from the transferring mechanism to be
added to the above number, this one will be added to the first 9 at the right, by
the rotation of the dial containing such 9, the rotation being due to the rotation of
the pinion shaft coupled to such dial. When the said one has been thus added
to the figure 9 on the said dial, the latter will, of course, be brought to zero, and
the finger P, on the first dog-spindle to the left will be swung to one side,.
whereupon that pair of cam-teeth y on the cylinder Y, which is arranged to contact
with the pin of such dog, will move the latter so as to turn its dial one-tenth of a
revolution, which will be from 9 to 0, at the same time swinging the next dog at
the left, which is thus engaged by its respective pair of cam-teeth y, and moves its.
dial from 9 to 0, which swings the next transferring dog at the left, which is then
engaged by its cam teeth, and so on, until the dial containing the first left hand 9.
is reached, whereupon this dial will also be set at zero and the adjacent dial to the
left will be set at 1, the dials then showing the number, 1,000,000. This operation
is designated as "carrying the tens.'
"
If the teeth y on the cylinder, were in a straight row similar to the teeth; the
above operation, of course, could not be performed, as all the teeth y would
simultaneously come opposite the pins of their respective dogs, and the latter, with
the exception of the first one at the right, would enter the passages between their
teeth before being swung to one side by the fingers on the adjacent right hand
spindles.

page_text: The lateral movement of the carriages, independent of each other, is due to the
tongues which project down from the end-pieces of the main carriage, and enter
the notches in the trucks, as before described.
The springs which are attached to the main carriage pull the main carriage and
the upper auxiliary carriage forward, as soon as permitted by the rollers moving
onto the inner cam-surfaces of the cam-wheels, E1, E2, and, as soon as the tongues
have reached the forward ends of their respective notches, they draw the lower
auxiliary carriage forward until the pins of the transferring dogs are freed from
their position of contact with the projections on the cylinder Y. The continued
forward movement of the carriages brings the perforated discs in contact with the
opposite pin-discs.
In order to permit the fingers, P, of the recording spindles, to stay in contacting
position with regard to the fingers of the transferring dog spindles, the latter
fingers are made wide enough so as to allow the shifting of the upper carriage
relative to the lower to take place, and, to prevent the lower auxiliary carriage
from following the upper auxiliary carriage during the beginning of its inward or
forward movement, the trucks are each provided, on their upper side, with two
notches 6, Figure 15, whose distance apart is equal to the independent movement
of the upper carriage, a spring 612 being attached to the frame above each truck,
and entering one or the other notch in the upper edge of its respective truck,
whereby the lower auxiliary carriage is held backward or forward until the fingers
of the upper auxiliary carriage actually reach the ends of their notches.
For the purpose of shifting the two auxiliary carriages longitudinally on the
main carriage guide-rods J, the lower edge of the lower auxiliary carriage is
provided with a comb v', pivoted at one end to a projection secured to one of the
end-pieces of the lower auxiliary carriage and arranged to be raised or lowered at
the other end by means of a rod K³, movable in lugs secured to one end-piece of
the upper auxiliary carriage, Figure 7.
The comb is provided with teeth v', arranged at intervals equal to the distance
from centre to centre of the recording spindles, the teeth being arranged to be
severally engaged by a nose », fixed on the upper face of a reciprocating shifting-
bar v² mounted at one end in a slide-way G', and in a slide-way formed at G, in the
framework carrying the truck. The outer end of the bar carries a roller which is
held in contact with the lateral cam-surface V V' of cam-wheel E2 by a spring ve,
as will be fully understood from Figure 7. On the inner end of the shifting bar v
is mounted a sleeve 8 having a projecting collar v³, through which is passed a long
screw having one. end threaded a short distance into the slide-way G'. The
sleeve fits snugly enough on the shifting rod to be moved with the movement of
the latter in either direction, until limited either by its collar contacting with the
slide-way G', or by engaging the head of the screw v. As the shifting bar is
forced inward by the projection V₁ on the cam-wheel E2, the nose ³ comes in
contact with one tooth of the comb v¹ and forces the said comb inward one tooth
at the same time carrying with it the lower auxiliary carriage, which also moves
the upper auxiliary carriage, owing to the fact that the bearing bars of the lower
auxiliary carriage extend upward between the end-pieces of the upper auxiliary
carriage.
The cylinder Y is provided with a grooved neck y', which is engaged by the
forked end of an arm M, projecting from the lower auxiliary carriage, whereby the
cylinder will move longitudinally on its square shaft by the longitudinal shifting
of the carriages.
The cam-wheel E2 is so fixed on the cam-operating shaft that the roller on the
end of the shifting bar »² begins to ascend the incline on the protruding cam-
surface V₁ of wheel E2 at the moment when the racks Z° to Z commence their
second inward movement, when the units discs are opposite the ends of the racks,
and the roller commences to descend the decline of said protruding cam-surface Vi
at the time when the said racks begin their third and last outward movement.
Moreover, the carriages are shifted laterally toward the pin-discs, by means of

page_text: the peripheral cam-surfaces on wheels E¹ and E', at the moment when the shifting
bar has reached the limit of its inward movement, whereby the teeth on the comb v
are moved out of the position of engagement with the nose on the shifting bar, and
the latter is then free to return by the action of its spring, without contacting with
the comb. When the comb is moved longitudinally inward, the tooth preceding the
one which is engaged by the nose will strike against the collar v³, and will
force the latter along until it strikes the slide-way G', whereupon the further
motion of both the comb and collar will be stopped. As the shifting rod is
retracted by its spring 6, the sleeve will move outward with the rod by friction,
until it is stopped by the head on the screw vt, whereupon it is ready to enter the
space behind the next tooth on the comb, when the latter has been shifted by the
movement of the carriages.
For the purpose of setting the register and the recording dials at zero, the
following mechanism is employed
:-
i
The mutilated star-wheels Ň and n, Figure 17, on the register, and the recording
spindles of both said dials contain but nine teeth, the tenth tooth being removed,
which leaves a gap or space, the mutilated star-wheels on the spindles of the
register dials being so arranged that, when the said register dials are at zero, the
gaps will be on the lower sides of the star-wheels, while the star-wheels on
the spindles of the recording dials are arranged exactly opposite, that is, their gaps
are on the upper side, when their recording dials are at zero. Between the two
sets of star wheels is located a revoluble shaft N¹ mounted in bearings in the main
frame, and provided with a lever n², Figure 5, by which it may be turned by hand.
On this shaft are fixed three racks N2, N3 and N, Fig. 17 extending the full
length of the machine, two of the racks, N2 and N*, being diametrically opposite,
while the third N³ is half way between the said two racks. When the shaft N' is
turned with the two diametrically-opposed racks in a vertical position, the teeth of
the racks will engage the teeth of the star-wheels, and, as the carriage is drawn
backward, the star-wheels will be revolved until their gaps come opposite the
racks, whereupon they cannot be rotated further, and will remain at zero, the
register and recording dials, of course, being also at zero.
The third rack N³ may
be turned so as to engage either the upper or lower set of star-wheels, which can
thus be returned to their normal position independent of each other.
The register dials C, hereinbefore mentioned, are provided with two series of
peripheral figures, each series running from 0 to 9, in a direction opposite to that
of the other, and extending only half way around the periphery. That is, each
register dial has its periphery divided into twenty parts, which are numbered
from 0 to 9, and then from 9 to 0, the two 9's being separated by the figure 0, as
shown in Figure 7. The perforated discs S¹ are arranged to severally engage the
pin-dises S, on the register shaft T2, whereby any movement of the latter will
be indicated on the register dial C at that time connected to the register shaft.
The cam-wheels E' and E2 are fixed on the cam-operating shaft, but the bevel
gear-wheel W is loose thereon, and, to connect the latter so that it may revolve
the cam-operating shaft, the cam El is provided with a spring-bolt m, which is
adapted to enter either of two holes in a segment W2 fixed to the bevel wheel W',
these holes being sixty degrees apart, that is, one sixth of a rotation from each
other. When the spring-bolt is in one hole, the cam-wheels E¹ and E2 will force
the carriages into connection with the transferring mechanism, at the moment when
the racks to Z are beginning their second and third outward movements,
whereby the recording dials will be rotated by the outward movement of the racks,
and will turn in a sinistral direction, whereas, if the bolt be in the other hole in the
segment W2, the cam-wheels will move the carriages forward one sixth of a
revolution sooner than before, and the recording dials will be rotated during the
first and second inward movements of the racks.
From what has been stated of the various parts of the apparatus, it will be plain
that the complete operation may be considered as divided into six equal portions of
a revolution of the hand-crank.

page_text: These operations, however, are modified according to whether the machine is set
for multiplication or division.
When set for multiplication, the following are the six steps which occur during
one rotation of the crank :-
First. The outward movement of the racks Z° to Z, by means of the cross-
bar Q, the simultaneous turning of the starting mechanism, until those sectors
which contain the products of the depressed key are opposite the end of the racks,
and the lateral shifting of the starting mechanism until the "tens discs" are
opposite the ends of the racks.
Second. The inward movement of the racks Zº to Z. At the completion of the
second sixth of a revolution of the crank, the racks rest with their inner ends
abutting either against the bottom of the recesses, or against the periphery of the
unrecessed sectors. As the racks reach the end of their first inward movement, the
combining and recording mechanism is forced forward until its perforated discs are
coupled with the pin-discs.
Third. The second outward movement of the racks, which rotates the pinion
shafts and thereby moves the recording dials, which are coupled to the pinion shafts,
and indicates the revolutions or portions thereof made by the counting pinions, the
register dials remaining stationary.
As the racks reach the limit of their outward movement, the combining and
recording mechanism is drawn backward so that its perforated discs are no longer
in contact with the pin-discs, and the starting mechanism is again shifted until its
units discs are opposite the ends of the racks.
Fourth. The second inward movement of the racks, whose ends then enter the
recesses in the units discs, or abut against the peripheries of those sectors which
have no recesses. During this time, the transferring pins of the transferring dogs
have been in their position of engagement with the projections on the cylinder Y,
and any transferring dogs out of their normal position will be forced farther to the
left, by the left hand inclined surfaces of the spirally-arranged teeth y.
Toward
the close of this sixth of a revolution, the inclined transferring dogs are restored to
their normal position, by their pins coming into contact with the right hand inclined
surfaces of their respective teeth in the straight row of teeth j, and, as soon as this
is done, the whole combining and recording mechanism is moved laterally one place
to the left, and is simultaneously moved forward again into engagement with
the transferring mechanism, each perforated disc being now coupled with that
pin disc which lies one place to the left of the one with which it previously
engaged.
Fifth. The third outward movement of the racks, thereby turning the dials
according to the depth of the recesses in the sectors of the starting devices, the
recording dials indicating the rotation of the pinions, while the registering dial in
engagement with the register shaft is rotated so as to indicate a number equal to
the number on the depressed key on key-board A2. Toward the end of this move-
ment, the recording mechanism is forced backward out of engagement with the
transferring mechanism, and the starting mechanism is shifted to its normal
position.
Sixth. The final inward movement of racks to their normal position, and the
rotation of the starting mechanism to its normal or zero position, during which
time the transferring dogs, which may have been thrown out of their norical
position, are swung still farther by the teeth on the cylinder Y, to operate their
respective star-wheels, and then are thrown back or restored to their normal
position again.
In division, the steps are similar to the above, with the exception that the
indicating mechanism is coupled with the transferring mechanism during the first
and third sixths of the rotation of the crank, whereby the dials are rotated by the
inward movement of the racks instead of by the outward movement, so that the
figures appear on their peripheries in decreasing series and the transferring dogs
are swung in a direction opposite to that which they have in multiplication, and

page_text: hence the dials to the left of those which make one revolution are rotated backward
by the transferring dogs.
In using the machine for division, the spring-bolt, which locks the bevel-
wheel W to the cam-wheel E', is first set in its position for multiplication, and the
dividend then arranged on what has been previously termed the "multiplicand
key-board" A', whereupon it is transferred to the recording dials by multiplying it
by unity, that is to say, the key 1 on key-board A2 is depressed, while the crank K
is turned one revolution. The divisor is then arranged on the said multiplicand
key-board A¹, and the machine set in its position for division, or, in other words,
the spring-bolt is shifted to the other hole of the segment carried by the wheel W¹.
The carriages are shifted longitudinally so that the spindle carrying the recording
disc which bears the left hand figure of the dividend is coupled to the pinion shaft
whose pinion represents the second left hand figure of the divisor. The operator
mentally determines the number of times the divisor is contained in the first figures
of the dividend, and presses such key as bears the number equal to the trial quotient
thus obtained, at the same time turning the crank, which causes the mechanism to
subtract the product of the divisor multiplied by the number on the key depressed
from the original dividend, the difference remaining on the recording dials after the
operation, being then used as a second dividend and the operation carried out as
before, until the final difference, remaining on the recording dials, is less than the
divisor. The number expressed on the register dials is the quotient.
The operation of the machine in performing addition is similar to that in
multiplication, with the exception that the recording carriage is not moved
longitudinally, the comb v being raised so as not to engage the nose on the shifting
bar. Addition may be called a multiplication with the factor one. Whilst the
main carriage is out of contact with the carriage shifting mechanism and therefore
rests stationary whilst the crank is turned the knob K2 (Figures 5 and 7) is
raised and held in the upper position, so that the teeth v' of the combo are out of
contact with the nose on the shifting bar v2. Any number to be added is
arranged on the key-board K', the key "1" is depressed and the crank turned
once. The carriage has to be shifted by hand to get numbers of corresponding
value one above the other.
The operation in subtraction is similar to that in addition, with the exception
that the spring-bolt m is placed in the position it occupies when the machine is used
for division. For the operation of subtraction, the minuend has first to be made
visible on the result dials by the process of addition, then the lever m (Figures 2
and 3) has to be put in the position for division (subtraction).
subtrahend is arranged on the key-board K', the key "1" is depressed and the
crank turned once, the remainder will appear on the result dials.
After the
The key registering mechanism is of no use in the operation of addition and
subtraction.
For
In Figures 19 to 22, a construction is shown in which the controlling mechanism,
which may also be called a "starting mechanism," is made in the form of a pair of
dises having ten sectors subtending equal angles, one disc of each pair containing
all the units and the other all the tens of the partial products. Each sector of each
disc contains ten subdivisions, so that, in fact, each disc may be said to have one
hundred subdivisions, some of which are recessed, while others are not.
example, in the sector numbered 0, Figure 21, the subdivisions are not recessed,
while, in the other sectors, some subdivisions are recessed and others unrecessed..
It is to be noted that the first subdivisions of all the sectors (in a left hand.
revolution of the disc) are not recessed. The sectors 0 of each pair represent all.
the products of 0 x 0 to 0 × 9; the sectors I, all the products of 1 x 0 to 1 × 9;
the sectors II, all the products of two, from 2 × 0 to 2 × 9, and so on, to the
sectors IX of each pair, which represent all the products of 9 x 0 to 9 × 9, so that
one pair of discs contains recesses representing all the products that were
represented by the whole series of discs in the machine previously described.
These pairs of discs are loosely mounted on a shaft X², opposite the ends of the

page_text: racks Z which, in this case, are provided with pins as shown, the pins being
adapted to enter the recesses, as will be plain from the drawings, the discs being
shifted laterally on the shaft to bring either the teps or units discs into position for
engagement with the ends of the transverse pins.
The zero recess of each sector of the units disc (that is, the first unrecessed
subdivision) is provided on its periphery with a number, not the number of its own
sector, but the number of the pair of sectors whose zero recesses are, at that time,
opposite the racks, this number being arranged to come opposite an opening in the
casing which encloses the controlling mechanism, when the latter is in its normal
position.
Between each pair of discs is a disc as having ten notches on its periphery, at
equal distances apart, the notches of each disc being severally engaged by the
teeth d¹, of a series of springs, one for each notched disc, the springs being all
mounted in a swinging frame D³ loosely mounted on the shaft, and provided with
an arm D carrying an index or pointer, which moves over a segment D³ fixed on
the frame and provided with numbers.
As many pairs of the controlling discs are mounted on the shaft as is required
by the number of figures the machine is expected to multiply, that is, if a machine
is desired on which a multiplicand containing nine figures may be arranged, then
nine pairs of discs will be required.
In operating this form of machine, the pairs of discs are turned on their shaft one
by one, until the figures representing the multiplicand come opposite the openings in
the casing, whereupon the arm carrying the index is moved until it points to the
first figure of the multiplier, after which the crank is turned, which causes the
pins of the racks to enter the recesses in the tens discs and then in the units
discs, thereby rotating the pinion shafts in proportion to the depth of the recesses
opposite the racks, those starting discs which are at zero preventing all motion of
their racks.
In this form of machine the rotation of the dials to bring the numbers opposite
the openings in the casing is equivalent to moving the counting pinions into
engagement with the racks in the first form of apparatus, and the moving of the
arm carrying the index is equivalent to depressing a key on the key board A' in
the first machine.
The transferring mechanism and the recording mechanism is, of course, the same
as in the first machine.
In Figures 23, 24, 25, and 26 a form of machine is shown embodying this
invention, wherein the controlling mechanism consists of pairs of blocks Pa P³.
which are recessed on a scale of tenths and mounted on a frame G arranged to be
shifted longitudinally and transversely. In this case, the blocks serve to stop and
start the transferring mechanism and may, therefore, be termed the "stopping and
starting blocks."
The blocks are composed of a series of plates shown in Figure 23 which are
placed side by side, as indicated by the diagrammatic plan view in Figure 24
where the various figures on the small squares indicate the depth of recess at that
point.
Each pair of starting and stopping blocks, therefore, contains recesses repre-
senting all the products of 0 x 0 to 9 x 9, the unrecessed portions of a block being
considered as zero recesses.. One block of each pair contains those recesses
which determine the portions of a primary revolution made by the counting
pinions, while the other block contains the recesses which determine the portions
of a secondary revolution, the former being the tens blocks, while the latter are the
units blocks.
The blocks are carried by the frame, in such a manner that all the tens blocks, Pa
are in a row above the units blocks Pb and break joints therewith. The frame
carrying, the blocks is arranged to shift longitudinally a distance equal to the
width of one block. Furthermore, the blocks may be severally shifted transversely
with the frame a distance equal to the length of one block.

page_text: Between the tens and units blocks are arranged as many lever arms, T as
there are pairs of blocks, one lever arm for each pair, each lever being provided
with an arc-shaped rack Z° to Z at its outer end, which is arranged to mesh directly
with its respective counting pinion, T', the arc-shaped rack taking the place of
the straight rack in the machines previously described. Each lever arm is mounted
loosely on a shaft X and is arranged to be raised by a bell crank X provided
with a pin which engages the under side of the lever arm T the bell crank
having one of its arms held in contact with the cross bar Q by means of a spring F.
When the cross bar moves outward, the bell crank is swung downward and the lever
arm permitted to drop by its own weight, whereas, when the cross-bar, Q moves
inward, the spring swings the bell crank upward, bringing its pin in contact with its
respective lever arm and thereby raising the latter.
Each lever arm is provided with a pair of pins T T one projecting upward and
entering the tens block of one pair while the other pin projects downward and
enters the units block of the next pair on the left, as shown in Figure 26. In this
way, the portions of a primary revolution, due to the recesses in the tens block of
one pair, are transferred or converted into portions of a secondary revolution of
the next pair on the left, so that, in a machine constructed in this form, the
carriages need not be shifted in the direction of their lengths between the time when
the primary and secondary revolutions are produced. Moreover, the counting
pinions and their pinion shafts may be omitted and the perforated discs replaced by
gear-wheels, which are shifted into or out of engagement with the arc-shaped racks,
thereby greatly simplifying the apparatus.
The frame which supports the blocks provided with an index or pointer which
travels over a scale when the said frame is moved in the direction of its length, the
scale indicating which plate of each block is opposite its respective pin on its
lever-arm, and a series of similar pointers attached to each pair of blocks serves
to indicate which subdivisions or recesses of their plates are opposite their
respective pins.
The multiplicand is arranged on the machine by shifting each pair of blocks until
their pointers indicate the figures composing the multiplicand, whereupon the
whole frame is shifted longitudinally until the index attached to the frame is in line
with the number representing the first figure of the multiplier, whereupon the crank
is turned, thus moving the lower arm up and down, the arms moving upward in
proportion to the depth of the recesses in the tens blocks at that time opposite the
upper pins, while they move downward in proportion to the depth of the recesses in
the units blocks opposite their pins.
The construction and operation of the recording mechanism are practically the
same as that first described and need not be again described.
Figures 27 to 33 show another form of mechanism embodying this invention,
which may be considered under four divisions, namely:
First, the controlling mechanism;
Second, the transferring mechanism;
Third, the indicating mechanism, which for the sake of perspicuity, in this
instance, may be described first;
Fourth, the register mechanism, which need not be described or shown herein, as
its construction and operation will be clear from the description of the key-
registering mechanism, described in the first machine, when taken in consideration
with the description of the three other divisions of the present machine.
The transferring mechanism consists of racks Z' to Z, constructed as. in the
previous form of mechanism embodying the invention, and arranged to engage a
series of counting pinions T'.
The cross-bar Q, is connected to side rails Q' which are reciprocated by a
connecting rod actuated by crank w', mounted on the main driving shaft, X3, which,
in this case, is at the same end of the machine as the cross-bar Q.
The counting pinions are mounted on pinion shafts, each being provided with a
pair of oppositely-bevelled gear-wheels, S', which are fixed on a sleeve, S8, havin

page_text: +4
a square central opening through which the pinion shafts pass, the latter also bein.
squared. By this construction, the longitudinal movement of each sleeve is permitted
while, at the same time, the rotary motion of each pinion shaft will turn its sleeve
and the gear-wheels also.
The sleeves are united in any suitable manner to a longitudinal bar, S, moving
transversely in slide-ways, S10, each end of the bar being provided with a
cam-rod, S, the cam-rods being arranged to engage with cams E', which are
adjustably fixed on the cam-operating shaft X, in such a manner that the bevel-gears
and the sleeve may be shifted in either direction, as desired, as will be more clearly
explained hereinafter.
.
In the present machine, the recording spindles are arranged vertically, instead of
horizontally and are provided at their lower ends with bevel gear-wheels S¹², each
bevel-wheel being adapted to engage one or the other of its respective bevel gear-
wheels, S', fixed on the sleeve. The direction of rotation of each spindle depends
upon which bevel-wheel of the pair S7, its own bevel-wheel engages, and, when not
in engagement with either, it remains stationary.
The controlling mechanism consists of a series of transverse combs, R', journalled
in the side bars, Q', and adapted to be shifted in the direction of their lengths, by
means of a grooved rail R8, fixed to sliding-rods R³, moving in slide-ways R10, the
end of each sliding rod being pressed into contact with a cam-wheel, E³, fixed
on the cam-operating shaft, by means of a spring, f, the rotation of the said
cam-operating shaft thereby shifting the combs in one direction or the other.
To one end of each comb, R' is fixed a fork consisting of an upper arm R",
and a lower arm R¹³, a pin A, fixed on a stem A³, working between these
arms of the fork, each stem moving vertically in a pair of sockets, and provided
with a head on which is marked the key number. For the purpose of holding
each key in its normal position, a helical spring is provided, each spring
surrounding the stem of its respective key, and bearing against a collar A³, passed
through the stem, the lower ends of the springs resting on the lower sockets, A'.
The sockets are fixed to the framework carrying the slides in which the racks are
mounted, in such a manner that, when the side rods, Q', are in their normal position,
at the end of their inward movement, the pin A on each key-stem, A³ will be
between the arms R1, R2, of the fork on its respective comb, and therefore, when
in this position, if a key be depressed, its pin will strike the lower arm and swing it
downward, thereby rotating the comb on its axis, whereby the teeth of the comb are
moved until they point upward.
<<
To the under side of the racks are attached two series of pins, which, as they
determine the point at which the racks start in multiplication, may be termed
stopping pins," and, moreover, one series of the pins may be termed the "tens
pins and the other, the "units pins," the former being shown by the small
blackened squares in Figure 27, while the latter are represented by the small
unshaded squares.
The pins are so fixed on the racks that, when any comb, R' is turned with its
teeth projecting upward, when the main driving shaft is revolved and the side rods
thereby moved outward, the said comb will engage the tens pins of its respective
set, and will carry the racks outward with it, the racks being retracted during the
inward movement of the combs by their respective springs. When the comb
reaches the limit of inward movement, it is shifted in the direction of its length
and again moved outward by the side rods, the teeth of the comb being then brought
in contact with the units pins of its respective set, whereby the racks are again
moved outward and finally returned to their normal position.
It will be apparent that the distance of travel of each comb is determined by
the movement of the side rods, which depends upon the throw of the cranks, and
therefore, the combs always move an equal distance both inward and outward.
As will be seen from Figure 27, the pins are arranged in nine sets, one set for
each comb, there being nine combs and ten keys, one of the keys, namely, the zero
key, not engaging any comb. Moreover, the pins are so graduated on their

page_text: respective racks as to determine the movement of each rack, according to the
product to be represented by such rack. In the machine first described, the depth
of the recesses in the dises determined the movement of the racks, and, in the
machine now being described, the pins perform the same function as the recesses in
the discs, the tens pins corresponding to the recesses in the tens discs, while the
units pins correspond to the recesses in the units discs.
When an upturned comb is drawn outward by the side rods, it, of course moves
these racks the farthest whose pins it first engages, while those racks whose pins.
are last engaged are moved the shortest distance.
Moreover, any rack not provided with a pin in the respective division to which.
the upturned comb belongs will not be moved, it being apparent that the absence.
of a pin in this machine is equivalent to an unrecessed sector in the machine first.
described. As these pins are arranged at proportional or graduated distances from
the dividing lines of the respective sets, it is clear that the amount of movement.
of the racks will be proportional to the key depressed.
The space between adjacent division lines may be considered as divided into.
tenths, and the pins are so located that their distances from their dividing line
forward of them will contain respectively as many tenths as such pins are intended
to represent in the products.
For instance, if the key One be depressed, so as to throw its comb into a vertical
position, the rods will carry the said comb one tenth of its full distance before the
teeth of the comb contact with any pins, the first piu engaged being the pin on
rack, Z, which pair is nine tenths (of the full travel of the comb) from the line
between divisions, I and II. The comb will move the rack Z, one tenth of the
full distance of travel, of the rack, when the teeth of the comb will engage the
pin on rack, Z, then moving it, together with rack, Z, outward another tenth,
whereupon it will engage the pin on rack Z', and will carry it, together with
racks Z and Z, outward one tenth, then striking the pin on rack Z and moving it,.
together with racks Z, Z8 and Z, until it reaches the pin on rack Z3, the operation
continuing in the same way, until the comb arrives at the zero line of its limit of
outward movement, at which time the pins on racks 7, to Z, are all in a line at
right angles to the path of the comb. The distance over which the racks travel.
to reach this position will vary, of course, according to the distance of their
respective pins from the said zero line, the pin on rack Z, moving nine times as
far as the pin on rack Z', the pin on rack Z moving eight times as far as the said
pin on rack Z, and so on.
.
As the distance of travel of the racks varies, so, also the amount of rotation of
the counting pinions will vary.
From the description thus far, it will be understood that the racks make two
outward movements, during the first of which the comb engages the pins which
represent the tens of the product, that is, the pins which produce the primary
revolutions of the pinion shafts, after which the comb is moved inward and shifted
so that, on its second outward movement, it engages the pins which produce the
secondary rotations of the pinion shafts.
The combining and recording mechanism in this machine is similar to that of
the apparatus first described, with the exception that the recording spindles are
mounted vertically instead of horizontally in the carriage, the transferring dogs.
being arranged with their spindles vertical, their pins engaging the projections y
and, at the top side of the cylinder Y. The auxiliary carriage on which the
transferring dog spindles are mounted is shifted so as to disengage the transferring
dogs from the star-wheels, by means of a pair of cams.
In Figures 34 and 35, another form of mechanism is illustrated embodying a
part of this invention, namely, the controlling devices, the transferring and the
combining and recording mechanisms not being shown, as they are similar to that.
previously described in connection with Figures 27 to 33, inclusive.
In this construction, the starting mechanism consists of a series of pairs of
recessed plates, one pair for each rack, the combs of the previously-described.

page_text: device being replaced by a single comb having long teeth, this comb being fixed at
each end to vertically-movable racks, mounted in slide-ways carried by the side-
rods, and engaged by pinions fixed on a shaft journalled in bearings on the side-rods.
The shaft is provided at one side with any suitable mechanism for rotating it, so
as to bring the teeth of the comb opposite any desired set of recesses in the plate,
as, for instance, the lever fixed to the end of the shaft, this lever serving as a
pointer or index and moving over an are provided with numbers which indicate the
position of the comb with relation to the recessed plates. For example, if the
index be at 5, the teeth of the comb will be opposite the recesses which may be
said to represent the products of five.
As the side rods are drawn outward by the rotation of the main driving shaft,
the comb is also moved outward until its teeth enter the recesses in the starting
plates and strike the bottom of such recesses, whereupon the continued outward
movement of the side rods and comb will force the racks outward, thereby rotating
the counting pinions as before. The comb, of course, always travels a definite
distance, which is determined by the throw of the crank which moves the side-rods,
but, as the recesses in the plates fixed. to the racks vary in depth, some of the
teeth in the comb will come into engagement with the bottoms of their respective
recesses sooner than the others, thereby moving the racks a distance proportionate
to the recesses opposite the comb.
The recessing of the plate is done on a scale of tenths, in the same general way
as the recessing of the discs in the mechanism first described in connection with
Figures 1, 2 etcetera. That is to say, the recesses are graduated in depth, as before
mentioned. Moreover the plates as before stated are in pairs and the teeth of the
comb first engage with the tens plates and then with the units plates, this being
due to the fact that the shaft and the comb are moved in the direction of their
lengths, by a cam-rod held outward by a spring, and bearing against a cam on the
cam-operating shaft.
From the description of the various forms of machines which have been given,
it will be plain that many mechanisms may be employed to embody this invention;
therefore, the invention is not limited to the specific constructions shown and
described.
The controlling mechanism, corresponding to all the products of the multiplication
table from 0 x 0 to 9 x 9 is considered one of the prime essential features of this
invention.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, as communicated to me
by my foreign correspondent, I declare that what I claim is :-
1. The controlling mechanism consisting of pairs of discs, blocks, plates or bars,
one set having stops arranged at distances corresponding to the units of a table of
products of the numbers from 0 x 0 to 9 x 9, and the other to the tens of that
table.
2. The apparatus for shifting the starting devices longitudinally, consisting of
the cam wheel E and its connections, whereby the controlling devices for the tens
and for the units respectively are alternately engaged substantially as herein set
forth.
3. In combination with a controlling mechanism, a transferring mechanism
consisting of a series of bars or racks or their mechanical equivalents as described,
to lie in contact with those stops in position of one set of controlling devices and
devices for the to and fro movement of all these bars or racks as far as the stops
of the controlling devices will allow.
4. In combination with transferring mechanism such as described, a series of
spindles and counting wheels movable longitudinally thereon, capable of being
brought into gear with any of the racks of the transferring mechanism and
transmitting the motion of these racks to the recording or indicating apparatus.
5. In a calculating machine, the combination of controlling devices formed in

page_text: pairs, one of each pair representing the tens, and the other the units of the products
of numbers from 0 x 0 to 9 x 9, with transmitting and recording devices
substantially as described, the tens and the units being recorded separately by
means of a moving mechanism which always makes the tens appear to the left side
of the units of the same product.
6. A calculating machine having a mechanism for carrying the tens by means of
translator dogs p actuated by fingers m on the recording spindles and carrying the
tens by means of the spirally arranged cam teeth of a revolvable cylinder Y
substantially as described.
7. The apparatus for automatically shifting one place for each figure or place of
the multiplier in multiplication or of the quotient in division, substantially as
described.
8. The combination, with two carriages, cach capable of limited movement, of
a series of recording spindles mounted in one carriage and provided with dials, and
a series of translator spindles mounted on the other carriage and means for moving
the carriages relatively to each other and relatively to the transferring mechanism.
9. The mechanism substantially as described and illustrated with reference to
Figures 1 to 18.
10. The arrangement of starting or controlling mechanism in which the entire
set of products of numbers from 0 x 0 to 9 × 9 are represented on two discs, one-
disc having all the units of those products, and one all the tens thereof substantially
as illustrated in Figures 19 to 22.
11. The arrangement of controlling mechanism in which pairs of blocks take
the place of discs, substantially as described and illustrated in Figures 23 to 26.
12. The combination, with longitudinal racks or rods actuating the counting
wheels, of pairs of stops on said racks or rods representing all the products of
numbers from 0 x 0 to 9 x 9, and movable transverse bars or combs capable of
acting on each of one pair of stops alternately as required, substantially as
described (illustrated in Figures 27 to 33).
13. The combination of a starting mechanism consisting of pairs of recessed
plates representing the products of figures from 0 x 0 to 9 x 9, a rack to each
pair of plates actuating the counting mechanism and a transverse comb capable of
being moved by a suitable device such as racks and pinions so as to come opposite
to and enter any of the ten recesses in the recessed plates, substantially as described
(illustrated in Figures 34 and 35).
14. The general arrangement of calculating machine substantially as herein.
described.
Dated this 3rd day of August 1894.
WM. P. THOMPSON & Co.,
Agents.