AN IMPROVED METHOD OF MAKING BREAD
Year: 1856

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to. John Dauglish, of Great Malvern, in the County of
Worcester, Doctor of Medicine, for the Invention of "AN IMPROVED
METHOD OF MAKING BREAD."
Sealed the 9th January 1857, and dated the 1st October 1856..
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Dauglish at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
1st October 1856.
I, JOHN DAUGLISH, of Great Malvern, in the County of Worcester, Doctor
of Medicine, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "AN IMPROVED
METHOD OF MAKING BREAD," to be as follows:-
Heretofore in the manufacture of bread the dough has sometimes been
måde by mixing flour in a closed vessel with water charged with carbonic acid
gas. Now, this Invention consists in compressing the air in the vessel in which
the flour is contained before admitting, the water charged with gas; so as to
prevent the escape of the gas before the process of mixing or kneading is
completed.
The apparatus in which it is preferred to conduct the process consists of a
strong spherical vessel mounted on trunnions or axes. Through this vessel a
hollow shaft passes, on which a ring is mounted, corresponding in size with the
sphere, and also 'a series of knives. The flour and other material of which the -

page_text: dough is to be made is introduced into the spherical vessel by a suitable door;
air is then compressed into the vessel, and the ærated water is admitted. To
mix the materials, the spherical vessel is caused to revolve in one direction,
while the axis carrying the ring and knives turns in the contrary direction.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John Dauglish in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
1st April 1857.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
DAUGLISH, of Great Malvern, in the County of Worcester, Doctor of Medicine,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the First day of October, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-six, in the twentieth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
John Dauglish, Her special licence that I, the said John Dauglish, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said John
Dauglish, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "AN IMPROVED METHOD OF MAKING
BREAD," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said John Dauglish,
my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or
their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascer-
tain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Dauglish, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following.
statement thereof, that is to say:-
Heretofore in the manufacture of bread the dough has sometimes been
made by mixing flour in a closed vessel with water charged with carbonic
acid gas. Now, this Invention consists in compressing the air in the vessel in

page_text: which the flour is contained before admitting the water charged with gas, so as
to prevent the escape of the gas before the process of mixing or kneading is
completed. The apparatus in which it is prepared to conduct the process
consists of a strong spherical vessel mounted on trunnions or axes. Through
this vessel a shaft passes, on which a ring is mounted, corresponding in size
with the sphere, and also a series of knives. The flour and other material of
which the dough is to be made is introduced into the spherical vessel by a
suitable door; air is then compressed into the vessel, and the aerated water is
admitted. To mix the materials, the spherical vessel is caused to revolve in
one direction, while the axis carrying the ring and knives turns in the contrary
direction.
Having thus stated the nature of my said Invention, I will proceed more
fully to describe the manner of performing the same.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Figure 1 shows a plan in section of apparatus used in carrying out my
Invention; Figure 2 shows a vertical section of the apparatus; and Figure 8
shows a side elevation of the apparatus. a is a vessel in which the water is
arated with carbonic acid gas, for which purpose the gas is generated in a
suitable vessel 6, and is either allowed to flow into the vessel a by the pipe c,
or pumps h, k, may be used for the purpose of forcing the gas into the vessel a.
I would here state, that the rating of water separately is not claimed by me,
neither is the use of ærated water in the mixing of dough new or claimed by
me separately, and the apparatus for ærating water for such purposes may be
greatly varied.
e, e, is a glass guage, connected to the vessel a at top and
bottom by tubes e¹, e¹, to indicate the quantity of water in that vessel, and also
to facilitate the proper quantity of water being run therefrom into the mixing
and kneading vessel f, according to the quantity of dry bread stuff introduced
into the vesself. The vesself is connected to the vessel a by the pipe g, g, to
which there is a stop-cock h; the vessel f is also connected to the air pumps k
by the pipe i, to which there is a stop-cock j. The pipe g, g, communicates
with the hollow axis f¹ of the vessel f, such hollow axis turning in a suitable
bearing and stuffing box to keep the parts air-tight. 1 is a tube connected with
the air pipe, by which air or gas can be pumped into the vessel a when with-
drawing water therefrom into the vessel f. The vesself is provided with a
manhole or opening with a cover, as shewn in Figure 2. The vesself is
shewn to be of a spherical form in Figures 1, 2, and 3, but other forms may
be used; and Figure 4 shows a section of a vessel f of.a cylindrical form. On
he interior of the vesself is an axis m, with two sets of knives, one set on

page_text: either side of the axis. Each set of knives consists' of a series of blades nxed
at one of their ends to the axis.m, the other ends being fixed to a bent or
semicircular bladen; these blades are each made with two edges.
a,
The shaft or axis m-receives rotatory motion by the bevilled toothed wheel o,'
working in the teeth of the fixed bevilled toothed wheel p. It will be observed,
that in this arrangement the bevilled wheel o works in teeth outside of the
fixed bevilled wheel p, thus causing the shaft or axis m to rotate in the same
direction as the vessel f; but if the fixed bevilled wheel p were enlarged, so as
to allow the bevilled wheel o to work in teeth fixed inside of it, the axis m
would rotate in a contrary direction to the vessel f. In using this apparatus,
having caused the water in the vessel a to absorb, by means of a given pressure,
the necessary quantity of carbonic acid gas (or any other suitable gas), which
quantity will be regulated by the degree of lightness of which the bread is. to
be made, a quantity of dry bread stuff is placed in the vessel f, according to the
quantity of dough about to be prepared, the cover to the opening or manhole in
the vesself is then to be closed air-tight, a quantity of air or other suitable gas
is.then pumped or forced into the vessel f, so as to obtain therein a controlling
or regulating pressure, as great or greater than that in the vessel in order
that the gas may be retained in the water, when it is run into the vesself until
the end of the kneading process, or for such other period as the operator may
desire. The stop-cock by which the air or gas is admitted having been closed,
the quantity of water requisite is run in from the vessel a into the vessel f; the
cock is to be closed, and the vessel is to be put in motion by a strap from a
steam engine or other power acting on the drum q, and the motion is to be
continued till the mixture and kneading is fully accomplished. The vesself is
then to be stopped, the cover to the manhole (which should at this time
be downwards) is to be removed, when the dough will be pressed out through
the manhole, by the internal pressure, into a trough or receiver placed below.
Figure 5. is, a side elevation, partly in section, of an apparatus somewhat
differing from that: before described. Thus, A, A, is the mixer; it is a strong
spheroidal vessel; somewhat greater in its perpendicular diameter than in its
horizontal diameter; it is mounted and fixed on a suitable.framing B, B; it is
furnished with a manhole C at the top, with a suitable cover, and the means
of fastening it so as to render 'it air-tight, and at the bottom there is another
opening of similar size, which is closed by a slide D,' worked by a screw and
handle. Figure 6.is a front elevation in section of this spheroidal vessel
Through this vessel at the stuffing boxes E, E, a shaft or spindle F passes, and
and on this shaft are fixed the arms or agitators f, f. ff. f (short arms are
also fixed at the back of the mixing vessel at right. angles to the axis of the

page_text: shaft F, in the spaces between which the arms or agitators f, f, ff, f, pass, by
which means the operation of mixing or kneading is facilitated.) To one end
of the shaft F the toothed wheel G is fixed, and motion is given to this wheel
by a smaller toothed wheel, which again receives its motion from a steam
engine or other motive power by the drum II, fixed in the same shaft with it.
I, Figure 5, is a cold water cistern, in which is placed a set of force pumps, so
arranged that they can pump either air, gas, or water, and the gas and air
pipes are made to circulate in this cistern for the purpose of keeping them cool
during the process of pumping; K, K, is a gas generator, furnished with an
acid holder L and a valve m for regulating the flow of acid by the amount of
pressure within the generator acting upon the piston n working in the
cylinder o; P is the gas purifier, from which the gas is pumped into the
condenser Q where the water for mixing is to be charged with the proper
quantity of gas. This apparatus is worked in the following manner-Having
supplied the generator K, K, with the proper materials for the generation of
carbonic acid gas the gas passes through the piper into the water in the
purifier P, rising through the water to the upper part, from thence it is
pumped by the pipes s, s, into the condenser Q. When the requisite pressure is
obtained within the condenser, the three-way cocks t, t, are changed, so as to
admit of water being pumped instead of gas; this water passes through the
pipes u, u, and is thrown into the condenser through a rose at the top of the
condenser, and falling in a shower through the condensed gas absorbs it into
its own bulk. (The condenser Q is furnished with a glass guage, in the same
manner as the vessel a in Figure 3, for the purpose of measuring the quantity of
water in it, and by which to regulate the quantity of water flowing out of it).
Having thus prepared the water, a quantity of dry bread stuff is put into the
mixer A, A, through the manhole C, which being properly secured and air-
tight, the three-way cocks t, t, are turned so as to admit of air or gas being
pumped through the pipe v, v, into the mixer A, A, and the pumping is con-
tinued until the pressure is sufficient to prevent the escape of gas from the
water, when it is drawn into the mixer until such a period as the operator may
desire; thus, if it be desired to retain in the water when admitted into the mixer
the whole of the gas, then the pressure of air (or gas) in the mixer will be
made to equal (or exceed) the pressure in the condenser, and so on. When
the necessary pressure is obtained, the cock w is turned off and the cock x is
opened; the shaft F, with the arms f, f. ff. f, is set in motion, the three-
way cocks t, t, are turned, so that the pumps will pump gas into the condenser,
by which means the ærated water is made to flow through the pipe y into the
mixer until a sufficient quantity of water has been run into the bread stuff in

page_text: the mixer; the cocks x, w, are then closed, the pumping is discontinued, and
the mixing or kneading proceeds, until it is completely effected; the slide D
is then opened, and the dough falls or is forced out into a proper trough or
vessel provided to receive it. So soon as the dough is thus released from
pressure, that portion of the gas which was retained in the water by the excess
of pressure escapes from the water, and in doing so it causes the dough to
rise or become spongy, when it is fit to be made into loaves and put into the
oven.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the manner of
performing the same, I would have it understood that I make no claim to any
of the parts of the apparatus separately; but what I claim is, the combining of
apparatus for the making of bread with ærated water in such manner that the
escape of the gas from such ærated water may be completely controlled at the
will of the operator during and after the process of mixing or kneading, such
control being obtained and exercised by means of placing the flour, meal, or
other such material in closed vessels under an excess of pressure of atmos-
pheric air or other suitable gas before admitting the water to mix or knead
with it.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Dauglish, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-eighth day of March, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven.
Witness,
TIMOTHY RAPER,
Hoe Court, Herefordshire.
28th March 1857.
JOHN DAUGLISH, M.D. (L.S.)