IMPROVEMENTS IN PLOUGHS AND CERTAIN OTHER AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS
Year: 1840

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we ALEXANDER
FRANCIS CAMPBELL, of Great Plumstead, in the County of Norfolk, Esquire,
and CHARLES WHITE, of the City of Norwich, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by
Her Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Twenty-eighth day of May, in the third year of Her reign,>
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Alexander Francis Campbell and Charles White, Her especial licence, full.
power, sole privilege and authority, that we, the said Alexander Francis.
Campbell and Charles White, our exors, admors, and assigns, or such others as
we, the said Alexander Francis Campbell and Charles White, our exors, adiñors,
or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time.
and at all times during the term of years therein expressed, should and:
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and
the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, our Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
PLOUGHS AND CERTAIN OTHER AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS;" in which Letters
Patent is contained a proviso that we, the said Alexander Francis Campbell:
and Charles White, or one of us, should cause a particular description of the
nature of our said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters
Patent, as in and by the same, referénce being thereunto had, will more fully
and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, we, the said
Alexander Francis Campbell and Charles White, do hereby declare that the

page_text: nature of our said Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be
performed, are particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and
to the figures and letters marked thereon, that is to say:-
Our Invention consists of various improvements, principally intended to
render ploughs of more easy draught and use than others, and also for
the purpose of steering them; and also to render the cutting blades thereof
sharper.
We will now particularly describe the improvements made. They apply,-
First, to a subturf plough, or to a subsoil. plough.
Second, to a wheel hoe.
Third, to a ridge plough, with two equal breasts or mould irons, one on
either side.
Fourth, to a single furrow plough:
--Fifth, to a double furrow plough.
Sixth; to a reversing-plough.
Seventh, to a drain plough.
Eighth; to a quadruple or multiple plough.
Lastly, some of the improvements may be applied to harrows, and certain
other agricultural implements.
To save repetitions, we have denominated the parts of the single plough, or
other plough by which the land is cut, raised, and. turned over, being the
coulter share, the mould iron, the land- plate, and, wheel included therein, by
the collective term "working parts."
Sheet: 1, Figures 1, 2, and 3, shew a'side view, a plan, and a front view of
a subturf plough, made; according to our Invention, on three wheels. a is
an iron axle, having on its ends the two wheels of the fore carriage.
To it is attached the vertical, rod 6 by means of the sliding collar:c-and the
pin joint shewn in the Drawing; the sliding collar c can be fixed firmly on the
axle a at any desired place by a set screw or other suitable fastening. The
lower end of the side rod i is attached to the axle a towards one of its extre-
mities, by means of the joint shewn in the Drawing,-and-near its other end.to
the upper part of the cylindrical rod b, by means of the ring f; through which
it slides, and to which it may be affixed at pleasure by a set screw 7, the ring j
having a 'shank which is inserted and secured (with liberty to turn) in a-hole
in 'the upper part of the rod b. By this means the rod 6 and the plough may
be held in a vertical position, whether the fore wheels run on the side of a hill,
or that one wheel runs below the other in a furrow; and this rod.b-also forms
the centre or perch bolt on which the fore carriage turns in the socket d', on

page_text: the fore end of the beam. In the use of this plough the rod 6 is placed at the
middle of the axle a, and the three wheels run on the surface of the land.
The skifek is placed in a mortice or space between the two sides of the
beam d, and is carried by a round bolt ³, passing through the share ³, is
affixed to the skife by a mortice and tenon, and secured by a pin passing
through them. The wings of the share (of which for this plough there are
two) are related so, as to receive a blade ³ of iron or steel, such blades being
fastened to the rebate or underlap of the share by rivets. The centre point
of the.share is armed with an angular piece of wrought iron k', fixed in the
socket ; in the share. a chain 2, which may be accurately adjusted to the
length required) is attached at one end to the skife above the centre pin-k!,
and by the other to the hinder part of the plough frame. By this means the
resistance of the soil is only allowed; to force the skife and share, backwards
on the centre pin into the position judged best for, work, while the share can
readily be lifted above the ground at pleasure, by bearing. down the lever
handle, which is bolted on to the upper part of the skife k. The several
holes in the skife, through any one of which the centre pink may be passed,
serve to regulate the depth at which the share shall work. The hind wheel o
may turn on an axle fixed to tlié frame, as shewn in the Drawings; ¡A, A, is the
adjustable draught chain.
Sheet. 2, Figures 1 and 2, shew .a plan and side view of the above.plough
converted into a subsoil plough, to effect which the vertical rod band its adjuncts
are placed near to the wheel running in the furrow, and an additional rod
may be employed, which, being attached to the other end of the axle, allows
and yet limits the play.of the fore carriage (on the rod b) by means of the slot
in its other end, and a projecting pin i.on the beam. For the subsoil plough a
share is used with one wing only on the. furrow side of the skife, as shewn, in
the Drawing. The position of the skife is regulated in the manner described.
for the subturf plough described in respect of Sheet 1 of the. Drawings.
Shect 3, Figures 1, 2, and. 3, shew a plan; a side view, and a back view of
a wheel hoe. Two.handles are used by the man to hold the hoe, the heel of
which is supported by the upright wheel g in the centre line of the hoe; both
the wheels P and 9 may be adjusted as required for use in reference to the
beam d, as is shewn. The frame of. this hoe is attached to the,, beam.d, by
means of a pin joint d'. Hence it will be seen that the frame and beam.allow
of movement at the joint d:by means of which the hoe, share h and blades h, h,
can be raised out of work, and will also allow of the depth at which it shall
work being adjusted. The former is. effected by depressing, the, handles; and in
cither of the positions named the parts may be held by a pin to be inserted in one
:

page_text: of the holes of the segment d³ above the beam d, or by other sufficient means.
The draught of this hoe may be from the hake a, in front, as shewn, or it may. .be
from a point of the beam as shewn by blue lines, which are independent of the
fore carriage. The fore carriage may be actuated or steered in reference to the
point of draught o'by means of handles. The object of this mode of applying the
draught to hoes (between the fore and hind carriage) is to diminish the.length
of leverage in front of the point of draught o, whereby more power is obtained
for the handles k, k, acting on that point of draught than would be had when
the draught is from the front of the fore carriage at a; h, h, are the tension
blades of the hoe, they are fixed to a pointed iron by dovetailed pieces or other-
wise, and are strained or stretched backwards and outwards to the lines z,
fastened to the cross-bar y by the couplings x and set screws w.
The sliding
pieces being thrust backwards by the pressure of the screw nut y² on the
screw y³, which has a bearing at y', the blades h, h, become strained from end
to end as tension blades.. Tension blades may be strained in the manner
shewn or otherwise, and may be used for hoes, larger or smaller, or in greater
or less numbers, as blades for hoes, scarifiers, or such like agricultural
implements.
Figures 1, 2, and 3, Sheet 4, shew a plan,.side elevation, and back view of
a ridge plough, with our improvements; a being the fore carriage axle, which
has two wheels turning thereon; b is an upright rod or bar in the centre
thereof, which serves as the perch bolt on which the fore carriage turns and
carries the rim iron b. This rod 6 has at its lower end a coupling or hollow
socket (and at right angles thereto), through which the axle a is passed, and
is held fast therein by a set screw c. The socket d, on the fore end of the
beam d, turns on the rod b. The centre of the plough frame is attached
to the bearing iron d², which is connected to the beam d by the upright
axle d³, by means of a horizontal joint d, formed by the axle therein, the
bearing iron d having a proper socket j fitting to the joint d, through which
the bolt or axle is passed, where it may be retained by a pin-and collar. By
elevating the handle of the lever at k the joint d' will also be lifted, at the same
time it will give movement, so that the share and working parts will describe an
arc upwards on the under surface of the hind wheel q. The effect thereby
produced will be to raise the shares out of work. It may be retained in that
position by a wedge to fill up the space between the frame and the regulating.
screw f; when the share is lowered into the land it may be retained at any
required depth by the point of the regulating screw f¹, which works in a nut at
the after end of the bearer d', attached to the beam d by the upright joint &³.
The screw f may be raised or lowered as required, thereby effecting a varying

page_text: depth of cut of the share. Lateral steerage is given to the working parts by the
lateral movement of the after end of the beam on the upright axle ds or joint.
The lever k being fastened to the beam d, the joint d³ and consequently the
point of the ploughshares will take the lateral direction or steerage given by
the handle to the joint d, independent of the course of the centre bolt 6 on the
fore carriage, which in that case becomes a fulcrum for the lever and beam
as conjoined, at the same time the draught is through the beam d. It will.
therefore be seen that the joint d' is for the purpose of raising or lowering the
ploughshare, and the other joint & is for giving lateral steerage to it, conse-
quently to the working parts. The mould irons m, m, may be bolted on to the
centre frame as shewn, or otherwise, and the wheel q in the centre line between
them will carry the weight of the plough, and prevent sliding of the under side
of the working parts on the soil. The draught of this plough will be by a
similar chain to that described for the subturf plough. Two tension blades s, s,
are shewn in the Drawings, and they are strained simultaneously by our wedge,
by the action of which on the two cranked levers which are carried by the
axis, they will be forced outwards, and with them the blades s, s, by which means
the two blades will be kept in a state of tension.
Figures 1, 2, and 3, Sheet 5, shew a side view, a plan, and view of the fore
carriage of a single furrow plough to turn the land on one side only. This
plough is carried by three wheels a', a², and P. The axletree a connects the
two wheels a, a, upon which they turn; and the rod b, having a joint near
the axletree, may be held upright by the side brace i, and by which rod 6 the
working parts of the plough may be also held upright without support froin'
the ploughman. The rod 6 also forms the centre bolt for the locking of the
axletree and beam thereon respectively, as effected by the fore carriages of the
subturf and ridge ploughs. The strap e of the beam d is attached to the
sliding collar e', which may be secured at any point of the axle a by a wedge &,.
there being an axle affixed into the collar e', passing through the strap e, by
which the collar e¹ and axle a may assume various angles to the central plane.
of the beam d. The rod i is connected with a collar a, b, and near to the
inside of one of the wheels, by the forked end and two centres, and by two
steel points a working in the collar, formning
joint and eye with a set screw
at j, which has liberty to turn in a hole in the rod 6, receives the upper end of
the brace i, as shewn in the Drawing. The rod 6 forms the centre bolt, by
which the beam d is attached to the axletree a, and upon which it turns. The
upright axle is the medium of connection and lateral movement between
the beam d and the draught iron d³, attached to the working parts of the
plough, the axle & being similar and for like purposes to that of the
8

page_text: axle di of the ridge plough; but, as this plough is for the purpose of turning
the land 'on' one side only, whereby an unequal pressure is produced on the
sides of the plough, the draught iron, connecting the joint with the
working parts, has been applied by us, and used for the purpose of obtaining
a point of draught whence the pressure may be equal, which draught iron is
not required for the ridge plough before described, as that plough has two
equal-mould irons, one one each side of the centre line, and midway between
them. The draught iron' is attached to the joint d' by the bolt or axle
therein. It may be shifted laterally by the use of the corresponding bolts ??!
and chases to the centre of effort or pressure of the working parts, as may
be found requisite by trials: r is the frame or body or land plate of the
working parts of the plough of cast iron, as shewn in the 'Drawing'; affixed to'
it is the coulter n, the mould iron or plough breast m, and share's; P is a
wheel' composed of two truncated cones, which may be of cast-iron, hollow, having
a common axis,, and being joined at their bases in the line P, as is shewn at
Figures 1 and 2, Sheet 6. The face p', p², (as shewn in the Drawing,) rolls.
on the bottom of the furrow, and the other face P¹, Ps, is pressed against the
vertical or land side of the furrow by the pressure of the soil on the mould;
iron m. the axis P, P5, of the wheel P being so inclined as to bring each.sur-
face of the wheel to its respective surface of the furrow. We place this wheel P.
so that the under edges of the breast and land plate shall not reach to the.
plane tangent, to its lower part, and the under face of the share, and also that
the sunken part of the land plate shall be a little within a plane tangent to*
the vertical face of the wheel P and coulter 'n, as shewn in Figure 1, Sheet 6.
The said edges and face are thereby prevented from sliding on either face of
the furrow, and the weight and friction of the plough are carried chiefly on its
three wheels. The wheel P, so formed of two truncated cones, turns on an
axle P; P, passing through them. in their common axis P, P, the ends of
which Ps, Pe, may be adjusted in suitable bearings in moveable pieces, the
details of which are shewn on a larger size in Figures:
Sheet 6. The
axle P, Pe, also forms a brace to connect the mould iron with the land
plate. A cylindrical upright wheel q, Figures 4 and 5, Sheet 5, may be
used for this or other ploughs when the land plater (combined therewith)
extends so far back as to prevent the wheel & from cutting and stripping
or coming in contact with the surface of the land side of the furrow. The
cylindrical wheel q, shewn at Figures 4 and 5, and Sheet 5, turns on an axle
fixed to a frame, which may be adjusted in its position by the screw
bolt 2,, in the chaces, or by other suitable means, so that the weight of
the plough may bear on the bottom of the furrow by the medium of the under

page_text: surface of the rim of the wheel Q. The land plater prevents the earth from
falling into the furrow before the passage of the wheel q, and also receives the
lateral pressure which is produced by the action of the soil on the mould
iron m.
This wheel may be used with other of our improvements: The
coulter n, which we call a tension coulter, may be made of thin cast steel, of
equal thickness throughout. At its lower end it is attached to the land side of
a piece of pointed iron S₁, inserted in a socket cut in the fore end of the mould
iron m. A notch is cut, dovetailed, in the side of the iron Si, so as to be
larger at the bottom and the lower end than the top and its outer end respec-
tively. On the inner surface of the coulter a piece of iron is rivetted, of
similar shape, to fit into this 'dovetail. The upper end of the coulter is placed
in a notch of a projecting lever n³, and is there retained by a short pin n³,
which rests in a groove on the upper edge of the lever n. The lever n is sup
ported by the bolt or fulcrum n¹, and the other end of it is pressed downwards
by a wedge n, by which means the coulter' is drawn tight, like the blade of' a
frame saw, as is shewn in the Drawing.
Another mode of straining the coulter is shewn in Figures
Sheet 7.
S is the ploughshare. The front edge of the mould iron (of the whole width
of the furrow) is rebated to receive about one half of the share (a rhomboid
of cast steel, usually about eleven inches long, three inches wide, and one six-
teenth of an inch thick), so that their upper edges may nearly correspond:
The forward end of the share, see Figure 3, Sheet 6, on a larger scale, 'may
be fastened to the pointed iron's by rivets or otherwise, whilst the other end is
attached to the arm of a lever (by a rivet or otherwise), which lever turns on
a fulcrum or bearings, screwed into the under side of the mould iron. The
other arm of the lever is placed in a groove of an iron s, which passes through
à bearing on the under side of the mould iron, and may be screwed to receive
a nut by which it may be drawn up, by which means the 'share will be strained
from end to end, as niay be seen in the Drawings.
Figures 1, 2, and 3, of Sheet 7, shew a side view of a double ploughi, a
plan of ditto, and a front view of the fore carriage for the same. The fore
carriage is similar, in construction to that above described for a single plough,
but of greater width between the wheels, by which the ploughs may be held
upright, notwithstanding the depression of one wheel below the other in a
furrow or otherwise. The rod 6 forms a centre bolt for the beam d, (to which
is attached by the medium of an adjustable draught iron d) the wooden
frame piece y which connects the two ploughs. A lever is fastened to the
beam d, and lateral movement is given to the axle d³, and consequently to the
two shares S, S, simultaneously, in a similar manner as above described fór à

page_text: single plough. The front of the plough frame, to which is attached the two
ploughs and shares, may be raised or lowered by the handle k, in reference to
the under bearing surfaces of the hind wheel P and fore carriage wheels. The
horizontal joint d is the medium for such elevation or depression. The dis-
tance between the bearer and the frame at w, and consequently the depth of
cut of the shares, may be regulated by the adjusting screw f', in a similar
manner to that described for the ridge plough and the single plough. Stop
chains should be used (at the same time giving sufficient play for the locking
of the fore carriage on the rod 6) to prevent the fore carriage from turning
round too much on either side, as otherwise the plough might upset. The
last of the two ploughs is carried by the wheel P, similar to that already
described in the single plough, and referred by the same letter, the foremost
plough being attached by suitable braces to the frame y and to the last
plough. It will therefore be seen that the two ploughs are carried by the
two, fore wheels and the wheel P. A cylindrical wheel 7, with a suitable
land plate, may be used in lieu thereof, as previously described in Sheet 5 of
the Drawings.
Figures 1, 2, and 3, Sheet 8, shew a side elevation, a back elevation, and a
plan of a reversing plough for one furrow, which, on being reversed as here-
after described, will open a furrow alongside of the one last ploughed, as is
effected by the turnwrist and other such like ploughs used in Kent and else-
where. The fore carriage of this plough is similar to that of the single plough
already described, and by which the. plough is supported. d is the beam;
d is the horizontal joint; & is the upright joint, similar to those of the
single plough; 7, 7, are the working parts, there being two mould irous, one
above the other, and one upright cylindrical wheel 9 to carry them. The
Drawing shews that the wheel q forms the heel or bearing point of the plough
when either of the mould-irous-is the lower of--the-two, the upper mould-
iron being for the time out of use. The coulters n, n', are so arranged that
they may be strained simultaneously by one screw and nut n. The steering
lever of the plough may be connected to the collar a on the axletree of the
fore carriage. The lever k is connected to the-joint d by the rod k.-The
lateral pressure on the handle of the lever k towards the right hand will drive
the jont d³, and consequently the ploughshare connected therewith, to the right
hand, and vice versa. The draught will be from a point connected with each
end of the fore axle by a draught chain; from thence it will be communicated
to the joint d through the beam d, as in the single plough above described:
The plough frame or land plate 7, 7, will be held upright by the joint d'
(which is at right angles thereto), and by the fore carriage fraine, whether

page_text: one wheel be below the other in a furrow or otherwise. In using this plough,
suppose it to have arrived at the end of a furrow, the joint bolt. d³ is to be
withdrawn, which will separate the working parts of the plough from the
beam d. The former are to be turned over the wheel q, so that the upper
mould iron, which has been out of use in making the previous furrow, shall
now become the lower of the two, placing the share opposite the strip of land
(adjoining the last furrow) which is next to be turned over. The bean d is to
be turned over the fore axle a, and placed in front of and to be connected to
the working parts by the axle d. The depth of cut of either share will be
regulated alternately by the lever ³ moving on the horizontal joint d'; and is
attached by the upright joint d³ to the beam. The back end of lever dis
stopped alternately by the two set screws do, d'.
'S
.
.
Sheet 9, Figures 1, 2, and 3, shew a side view, a plan, and back view of a
drain plough on three wheels; f is the central frame thereof. At d' is a
horizontal joint, whereat the forepart of the frame may be elevated or
depressed, and with it the edge of the shares, the under surface of the hind
wheel forming the centre of movement; sis. an ascending plane, having
the share supplied thereto. There is one tension coulter n, on each side, and
one in the centre; the progress of the plane will cause the soil to ascend
therein; and be discharged in equal portions on each side of the drain. The
hind wheel 9 carries the frame and its adjuncts, as may be seen in the
Drawing; there is consequently no sole or sledge as usually, employed:
A, A, are the wheels of the. fore carriage; a is the axletree which connects
them, and upon which they turn. In the middle thereof is the centro bolt Bj.
and at right angles thereto; by this means movement is obtained to the axle.
tree on the bolt, B, and the parts are arranged suitably for obtaining a locking
action, as is well understood in the construction of various descriptions-of-car.
riages, and as is clearly shewn in the Drawing. b'is a strut attached to the
beam d at b', having a link between the strut 6 at 6, to connect it to the
joint &, the position of which may be regulated by the rack c¹, fastened to
the plough frame by the joint c', by the movement of which on the pinion 6³
the plough frame may be lifted out of work. The draught will be from a
point connected by two equal lines to the axletree near the two wheels, as
shewn in dotted lines.
: .
..:
Figures 1, 2, and 3, Sheets. 10 and 11, shew a side elevation, a front
elevation, and a plan of a quadruple furrow plough with our improvements;
and it may be remarked, that a similar construction may be used for 'a plough
to make a greater or less number of furrows. This plough may be said-to
consist of three parts: first, the fore carriage with two wheels; having two axle

page_text: arms, one-common axle frame, and two pendant guide frames; second, the
plough frame and working parts attached thereto, and lifting gear; third, the
hind carriage, or wheel and frame. At each end of the axle frame, G is a
socket or bearing at A, A, for the axle arms to pass through, and which arms
are secured in their places A, at the same time that they have liberty for
movement on the screw centres H, H. The inner ends of the axle arms are
supported while they are allowed, to move freely (on the centres H, H,) in
slots G', on the axle frame G.. The centre bar S, turning on the pivot T-in
a central, socket, serves to connect the inner ends of the axles q, q, with each
other by studs v, v, on the axle arms,. having liberty for movement in the slots
formed in the bar S. A pole is affixed by an universal joint to one arm of
the centre bar S, and extends to the tail of the plough, where it may be
pushed forward or backward by a lever arm Z and crank Z', in suitable car-
riages. The result of lateral movement given to the lever will be to move
the bar S on its centre, and by that means the axle arms q, q,.will be moved
in opposite directions.. on their centres H, H-;, the wheels will, therefore be
simultaneously directed in parallel lines, as shewn by dots. That movement
will give a direction, either to the right or left (as required), to the axle frame
and to the plough frame attached thereto; and is the method employed, which
we call steerage, on two centres. of the fore carriage of ploughs. In order to
adjust, the plough frame (being that to which are..attached the working parts)
in a plane parallel to and below the surface of the land. (or otherwise), whilst
one,fore wheel, may, be on the surface thereof and the other in a furrow in the
front, we use the following, method:-At each of the two, centres X, X,
(which, may be adjusted laterally in slots as required) is a radial iron O.. They
are each fastened to the slots at cach, end of the axle frame by the bolts 0, 0,
respectively. The chace or slot will allow of a lateral adjustment for the same.
X, X, are the screw bolts by which the two pendant guide frames, M, M, are
attached to the radial irons o, o, and they have liberty to turn on the centres
X,X, whilst they have bearings on the arcs of the radial pieces respectively.
The pendant guide" frames carry the rods N, N, on which slide the tubular
frame, pieces n, n, having each two suitable bearings; forming part of such
tubular pieces are the flanges through which, the bolts
are passed for
attaching the plough frame. y, y, are pullies; z, z, chains by which the
tubular pieces n, n, are suspended from the pullies on the rods N, N, above
them, over which the chains z, z, are passed to the windlasses w, w, on the
plough frame, and which are retained in any required position by the ratchet
wheels, w, and spring catches ³, or by other suitable means. By turning
one, or other or both of these windlasses, by suitable levers, the plough frame

page_text: may be raised or lowered at either fore end thereof on-the rods N,,N; relatively.
to the axle-frame G; the hinder part of the plough frame is carried by the
cylindrical wheel W, running in the furrow of the last plough.. Attached to..
the frame of the hind wheel is a rack and pinion, with a suitable lever. and
ratchet wheel and spring catch, by the use of which the hind part of the
plough may be raised or lowered relatively to the centre or rim of that wheel,:
and therefore the whole plough frame may be so adjusted as that, the: land
may be cut to the depth required, or the whole frame may be lifted so that the
working parts should not touch the land at all... The rack slide has a stop t,.
so placed as to prevent the plough frame: from being lowered. so far as to
occasion the plough to slide on the under edges of the working parts excepting
the ploughshares. A scraper should be used to clear: the drag wheel..
Tension shares and tension coulters may be used for the working parts in the
manner herein-before desired. This machine on three wheels should be drawn:
from a ring D. (by a suitable power) .attached to the cross beam of the
plough frame, the position of which may be shifted laterally to obtain a point
whence the draught may be found by trials to be laterally equable. When:
the plough frame is lifted from the land, the tail of the machine.may be readily
moved laterally on the drag wheel W.
And now having described our several improvements, and the manner of
carrying the same into effect, we would remark, that what we claim is,
First, the improvements herein described (in respect to Sheets 1..and 2 of
the Drawings), so far as it relates to; subturf, and subsoil. ploughs, (described
in our former Patent, by, which we are enabled to dispense with the means
formerly described for raising the fore part of the beam, by the omission of the
pulley-and-lifting gear connected with-and it, and also to apply a hind wheel
without its axis being carried in a drag frame, or frame moving, on an axis
as formerly described.
.
Secondly, we clain in respect to Drawing No. 3, the, mode, of applying an
axle d', in combination with a hind wheel, and a fore carriage or wheel, to
hocs, as described. We also clain the mode of constructing.hocs. by .em-
ploying tension blades as described, and we claim the mode of applying the
draught to a point behind the fore wheels carriages of hoes and ploughs, such
draught being independent of the fore carriage laterally, and for the purpose
of steerage, as described, where the beam-has no joint to move laterally.
Thirdly, we claim the mode of constrcting ploughs, by applying tension
blades as shares, as described in respect of various Figures of the Drawings.
Fourthly, we claim the mode of constructing ploughs, by applying ever
handles to steer such ploughs), to the fore parts or beams of ploughs, when

page_text: such fore parts or beams are capable of lateral movement in respect to the
working parts of ploughs; the fore carriage being the fulcrum of such leverage,
as described in. various Figures of the Drawings.
Fifthly, we claim the mode of constructing ploughs, by applying axes d' (in
combination with fore and hind wheels) for adjusting the position of the shares,
as described in various Figures of the Drawings.
Sixthly, we claim the mode of constructing ploughs by the application of
what we have called draught irons, capable of lateral movement, as described
in reference to Sheets 5 and 7...
i
..Seventhly, we claim the mode of applying the axes of the double cone
wheel P, as described.
Eighthly, we claim the mode of constructing a turn or reversing plough,
by means of two ploughs placed one over the other and carried on, a hind wheel,
together with a suitable fore carriage.
1. Ninthly, we claim the mode of constructing drain ploughs, with the appli-
cation of joints d' (in combination with fore and hind carriages on wheels.
and not on sledges) for the purpose of adjusting the position of the share; and
we also claim the applying a rack with suitable adjuncts as described.
Tenthly, we claim the mode of constructing and applying the pendant frame,
as described in Drawings No. 10 and 11...
In witness whereof, I, the said Alexander Francis Campbell, have here- s
unto set my hand and seal, this Twenty-eighth day of November, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty.
A. F. (L.S.) CAMPBELL.