IMPROVEMENTS IN BAKING OVENS, AND APPARATUS FOR PLACING THE BREAD, BISCUITS, OR OTHER ARTICLES TO BE BAKED THEREIN
Year: 1852

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Thomas Vicars the elder and Thomas Vicars
the younger, both of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster,
Engineers, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN BAKING OVENS,
AND APPARATUS FOR PLACING THE BREAD, BISCUITS, OR OTHER ARTICLES
TO BE BAKED THEREIN."
Sealed the 27th May 1853, and dated the 22nd December 1852.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thomas Vicars, and
Thomas Vicars the younger at the Office of the Commissioners
of Patents, with their Petition, on the 22nd December 1852.
We, THOMAS VICARS the elder, and THOMAS VICARS the younger,
both of Liverpool aforesaid, Engineers, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN BAKING OVENS, AND
IN APPARATUS FOR PLACING THE BREAD, BISCUITS, OR OTHER ARTICLES TO BE
BAKED THEREIN," to be as follows:-
An arrangement of the ovens parallel and one above another in
such a way that the whole or any part of the number can be heated
at one time from one and the same fire. The nature of this

page_text: Invention will be seen on reference to the annexed Drawings, of
which
Figure 1, is a ground plan of the ovens.
"
2, section of front elevation (taken from the points a, to b,
marked on the ground plan Figure 1).
27
3, section of side elevation (taken from the points c, to
d, Figures 1 & 2), and showing the mode of constructing the
horizontal divisions between the ovens.
The coloured parts of the Drawings which indicate the materials
proposed to be used in the construction of the ovens are red bricks,
brown tiles, blue iron. Similar letters refer to like parts.
A, brickwork forming the outer portion of the structure.
B, walls dividing the ovens into two parts, which extend back-
wards nearly to the extreme end thereof. By this arrangement the
heat from the fireplace (C), will have a greater distance to travel
through the ovens, and be more effectually subservient to the object
in view. C, the fireplace, from which the heat passes in rotation
through D, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, divisions of the ovens, into E, the
chimney. F, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, dampers to regulate or shut
off the draught through oven or ovens. f, dampers placed in
front of the division walls (B), which are to be opened, should the
back part of the ovens get too hot. G, 1, and 2, dampers to cause
the draft or rarified air to double, or turn in the required direction.
H (Figure 3), iron girders, of an inverted T shape, by which the
horizontal divisions of the ovens are supported. I, tiles with
grooves formed in the sides thereof, to admit one half of the
lower part of the inverted T shaped girder (H), somewhat above
their lower surface, so that no part of the bearers will be exposed,
being entirely covered by the brick and tile-work; thus obviating
the great objection made by bakers generally to the use of iron in
forming their ovens, and at the same time obtaining a perfectly flat
and smooth surface to the top of the oven. K (Figure 3), false
bottom or platform, mounted on wheels or rollers upon which the
articles to be baked are placed. L (Figure 1), rails, upon which
the platform or carriage moves, and which are extended so as to

page_text: allow the carriage to roll completely out of the oven to be filled
with the articles to be baked, and discharged of those baked.
The ovens are provided with suitable doors, ports, or slides, to
close the fronts thereof during the act of baking.
The part of this Invention which relates to the "apparatus for
placing the breads, biscuits, or other articles to be baked therein,"
will be readily seen by reference to Figure 4, an end view of the
apparatus, which consists of a series of shelves (M), placed one
above another between two or more uprights (three being shown)
at each end thereof, and supported by pivots working into the
uprights (or any other convenient joint). The two uprights (N,
and O) are jointed upon the lever Q, and the third (P), works upon
the saine axis as the lever Q. The centre upright is provided
with an eye at the upper end thereof, to which a cord (weighted
if required) can be attached to assist in lowering and raising the
apparatus. When in use, the lever Q, is held in the horizontal
position shown, the articles to be baked are placed upon the
shelves, after which the moveable bottom of the oven is rolled out
upon the rails (L), (which are extended from the front of the oven)
to the base of the apparatus, which is then lowered down upon
the platform, when the lever (Q) being raised, the whole of the
shelves are thrown from the flat to an angular position, thereby
causing the articles upon the shelves to slide off on to the moveable
bottom, which is then rolled into the oven, and immediately closed
therein, so that as little heat as possible may be lost by opening the
oven for filling.
By this arrangement of the shelves it will be seen that, pon the
uprights being thrown from their perpendicular, the shelves still
retain their horizontal position if the lever (Q), is held in that
position, the motion being the same as that of the parallel ruler.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters
Patent, filed by the said Thomas Vicars and Thomas Vicars
the younger in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 21st June
1853.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we,
THOMAS VICARS, the elder and THOMAS VICARS the younger, both of
Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Engineers, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-second day of December, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two, in the
sixteenth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-
cessors, give and grant unto us, the said Thomas Vicars, the Elder,
and Thomas Vicars, the Younger, Her special licence that we, the
said Thomas Vicars, the Elder, and Thomas Vicars, the Younger, our
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said
Thomas Vicars, the Elder, and Thomas Vicars, the Younger, our
executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN BAKING OVENS, AND IN APPARATUS FOR PLACING THE
BREAD, BISCUITS, OR OTHER ARTICLES TO BE BAKED THEREIN," upon the
condition (amongst others) that we, the said Thomas Vicars, the
Elder, and Thomas Vicars, the Younger, by an instrument in
writing under our hands and seals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the
Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and im-
mediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Thomas Vicars, the Elder, and
Thomas Vicars, the Younger, do hereby declare the nature of our
said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be perforined,
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement (that is to say):

page_text: An arrangement of ovens built parallel and one above another in
such a way that the whole or any part of the number can be heated.
at one time from one and the same fire; there being a communication
or draught through the whole, but which can be cut off by arrange-
nent of dampers, which are hereafter described. The nature
of this part of the Invention will be readily seen on reference to the
annexed Drawings, which shows so much of this Invention as is
requisite to enable any one acquainted with the art to construct
ovens according to this Invention, of which,
Figure 1, is a ground plan of the ovens.
Figure 2, section of front elevation (taken from the points a, to b,
marked on the ground plan Figure 1).
· Figure 3, section of side elevation (taken from the points c, to d,
Figures 1, and 2), and showing the mode of constructing the
horizontal divisions between the ovens for the purpose of causing
the draught to have a further distance to pass through the ovens.
The coloured parts of the Drawings, which indicate the materials
proposed to be used in the construction of the ovens, are red bricks,
brown tiles, blue iron. Similar letters refer to like parts.
A, the brickwork forming the outer portion of the structure. B,
walls dividing the ovens into two parts, which extend backwards
nearly to the extreme end thereof. By this arrangement the heat
from the fire place C, will have a greater distance to travel through
the ovens, and be made effectually subservient to the object in view.
C, the fireplace, from which the heat passes in rotation through
D, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, divisions of the ovens, into E, the chimney.
F, 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6, dampers, to regulate or shut off the draught
through oven or ovens. f, dampers placed in front of the division
walls (B), which are to be opened, should the back part of the ovens
get too hot. G, 1, and 2, dampers to cause the draught or rarified
air to double or turn in the required direction. H (Figure 3), iron
girders, of an inverted T shape, by which the horizontal divisions of
the ovens are supported. I, tiles with grooves formed in the sides
thereof, to admit one half of the lower part of the inverted T. shaped
girders (H), somewhat above their lower surface, so that no part.

page_text: of the bearers will be exposed, being entirely covered by the brick
and tile work; thus obviating the great objection made by bakers
generally to the use of iron in forming their ovens, and at the same
time obtaining a perfectly flat and smooth surface to the top of the
oven. K (Figure 3), false bottom or platform, mounted on wheels
or rollers, upon which the articles to be baked are placed. L
(Figure 1, and 3), rails, upon which the platform or carriage moves,
and which are extended so as to allow the carriages to roll com-
pletely out of the oven to be filled with the articles to be baked, and
discharged of those baked.
The ovens are provided with suitable doors, ports, or slides to
close the fronts thereof during the act of baking.
The part of this Invention which relates to the " Apparatus for
Placing the Bread, Biscuits, or other Articles to be Baked therein,"
consists of a number of shelves placed one above another, and
supported by or between two or more uprights at cach end, which
uprights are jointed at the foot to their support, "which can be
thrown from its horizontal position at will, whereby the shelves are
thrown from their flat or horizontal position, so that the articles
upon the shelves will be caused to slide off by this arrangement.
The shelves being jointed to the uprights and the uprights to their
support, it will be seen that, if the uprights be thrown from their
perpendicular, the shelves would still retain their flat or horizontal
position until thrown therefrom by moving the support to which
the uprights are jointed. This arrangement will be readily seen by
reference to the Drawing, Figure 4, which is an end view of the
apparatus, consists of a series of shelves (M), placed one above
another, between two or more uprights (three being shown) at
each end thereof, and supported by pivots working into the up-
rights (or any other convenient joint). The two uprights (N,
and O) are jointed upon the lever (Q), and the third (P) works
upon the same axis as the lever Q. The centre upright is provided
with an eye at the upper end thereof, to which a cord (weighted
if required) can be attached to assist in lowering and raising the
apparatus. When in use, the lever (Q) is held in the horizontal

page_text: position shown, the articles to be baked are placed upon the shelves,
after which the moveable bottom of the oven is rolled out upon
the rails L (which are extended from the front of the oven) to the
base of the apparatus, which is then lowered down upon the plat-
form, when the lever (Q) being raised, the whole of the shelves are
thrown from their flat to an angular position, thereby causing the
articles upon the shelves to slide off on to the moveable bottom,
which is then rolled into the oven, and immediately closed therein,
so that as little heat as possible may be lost by opening the oven
for filling.
By this arrangement of the shelves it will be seen that, upon the
uprights being thrown from their perpendicular, the shelves still
retain their horizontal position, if the lever (Q), is held in that
position, the motion being the same as that of the parallel ruler.
We do not confine ourselves to any particular number of ovens,
nor to the exact position in which the fire or ovens shall be placed ;
as, for instance, the furnace shown in the Drawings can readily be
made subservient to the heating of another set of ovens placed on
the other side thereof.
Having now fully described our Invention, and the manner
in which the same is to be performed, what we claim is the mode of
constructing sets of ovens to be heated from one fire, and the
manner of filling the same with the articles to be baked, substantially
and in the manner as hereuntofore described.
In witness whereof, we, the said Thomas Vicars the elder, and
Thomas Vicars the younger, have hereunto set our hands
and seals, this Eighteenth day of June, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three.
Witness,
WILLIAM WALKER,
Of Edge Hill,
THOMAS (L. S.) VICARS, Sen".
THOMAS (L.S.) VICARS, Jun'.
near Liverpool.