CERTAIN IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF GLASS, FOR THE PURPOSE OF PRODUCING GLASS WHICH MAY BE USED FOR THE PURPOSES TO WHICH PLATE GLASS AND WINDOW GLASS ARE USUALLY APPLIED
Year: 1842

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, BENJAMIN
AINGWORTH, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Gentleman, send
greeting.
WHEREAS I did by petition humbly represent unto Her present most
Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria that I had invented "CERTAIN IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF GLASS, FOR THE PURPOSE OF PRODUCING GLASS WHICH
MAY BE USED FOR THE PURPOSES TO WHICH PLATE GLASS AND WINDOW GLASS ARE
USUALLY APPLIED," and Her said Majesty, being willing to give encouragement
to all arts and inventions which may be for the public good, was graciously
pleased by Her Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the
Fourth day of June (One thousand eight hundred and forty-two), in the fifth
year of Her reign, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, to give and grant
unto me, the said Benjamin Aingworth, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, Her special license, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I
or they, by myself or themselves, or by my or their deputies, servants, or
agents, or such others as I or they should agree with, and no others, during
the term of fourteen years from the date of the said Letters Patent, should
and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend my said Invention within
that part of Her said Majesty's Dominions called England, Her Dominion of
Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and also in all Her said Majesty's
Colonies and Plantations abroad, in such manner as to me, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, shall seem meet, and as that I or they shall enjoy
A

page_text: the whole profit and advantage arising by reason of the said Invention during
the said term of fourteen years, and for that end Her said Majesty requires
and strictly commands all Her subjects whatsoever, within England, Wales,
and Berwick-upon-Tweed, and the Colonies and Plantations aforesaid, that
they shall not, neither directly nor indirectly, make, use, or put in practice
my said Invention, or any part thereof, nor in anywise counterfeit, imitate, or
resemble the same, nor make any addition thereto or subtraction therefrom,
whereby to pretend himself or themselves to be the inventor or inventors
thereof; and whereas the said Letters Patent contain a proviso, obliging me,
the said Benjamin Aingworth, particularly to describe and ascertain the nature
of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an
instrument in writing under my hand and seal, and to cause the same to be
enrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent, as in and by
the same (reference being thereunto had) will more fully and at large
appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Benjamin Aingworth, do hereby declare that my said Invention is described
and ascertained in manner following, and by the aid of the two Sheets of
Drawings hereunto annexed, that is to say:-
My improvements in the manufacture of glass consist in the application of
machinery of the kind herein-after described, for the purpose of producing
glass which may be used for the purposes to which plate glass and window
glass are usually applied, and which machinery will greatly facilitate the
operation of casting glass into flat plates of uniform thickness. The ordinary
mode hitherto practised for casting glass into flat plates is by pouring out the
melted glass in a thin broad stream upon the upper surface of a large flat
table of metal, which is fixed with its upper surface horizontally, and the
melted glass is retained from spreading itself two wide on that surface or
flowing off sideways from the table by means of two metal rulers, which have
been previously laid down lengthways upon the surface of the table, along
each of the sides thereof and parallel to those sides, the edges of the said two
rulers forming temporary raised borders on the surface of the table, and the
said edges being at such distance asunder as will suit the width of the plate
of glass which is intended to be cast; wherefore the said two rulers leave so
much as is required of the width of the upper flat surface of the table exposed
for receiving the out-pouring of melted glass, which is prevented by the said
edges from spreading laterally on the table beyond the intended width. The
thickness of the said rulers is equal to the thickness that the plate of glass is

page_text: intended to be when it is cast, and therefore when the two rulers are laid flat
on the table, as before mentioned, their upper surfaces will be just as much.
above the surface of the table as the said intended thickness of the plate of glass,
And in order to retain the melted glass endways on the table, another ruler
of like thickness is laid transversely across the width of the table, near to one
And in order to
end thereof, extending from one side ruler to the other.
flatten down the melted glass evenly on the surface of the table, and thereby
reduce the glass to an even surface and with uniformity to the said thickness,
a heavy cylindrical roller of metal is used, for rolling over the surface of the
out-pouring of melted glass. For this purpose the said roller is laid with its
axis horizontally across the width of the table, the roller resting near to its
ends, with its circumference on the upper surfaces of the said two rulers, which
bear the weight of the roller. The table, together with the two rulers, and
also the roller, are all made hot in preparation for the operation of casting, in
order to avoid chilling the melted glass two suddenly. As soon as the melted
glass has acquired a proper consistency after it has been so poured out upon
the surface of the table (and which in general is almost immediately), then
the said roller is rolled by manual labour along upon the said two rulers, but.
without any guidance for moving the roller regularly along the said two
rulers, so as to advance equally at each end of the roller; but that depends
upon the manual dexterity of the workmen, who give motion to the roller by
holding the ends of the axis of the roller in their hands, and thereby they roll
the roller along the two rulers, so as to advance steadily over the layer of
melted glass almost imediately after the same has been poured out on the
table, in order that the roller may operate by its weight and its smoothness.
and by its straightness (in consequence of its cylindrical form) to flatten down.
the glass to an even surface upon the table, and to the same thickness thereon
as the thickness of the two rulers. The melted glass is so poured out from a
square melting pot or cistern of a suitable rectangular form, for pouring out
its contents of melted glass in a broad thin stream on the table, and in order
to give facility for so pouring out, the said cistern is suspended over the table by
chains, by means of a crane, wherewith it is lifted, and the suspension is upon
pivots, so as to be convenient for tilting the cistern by means of handles, which
are connected with it, and which the workmen take hold of in order to pour
out the melted glass in a broad thin stream of even breadth and thickness
upon the surface of the table; and during all the time of so pouring out the
melted glass from the suspended cistern, the latter requires to be moved along
by the same workmen who tilt the cistern, so that it may retreat with a
steady progress over the table in the direction of the lengthway thereof, and

page_text: there is a moveable cross ruler laid upon the table in the space between
the two side rulers, which cross ruler is. moved by workmen (by means
of a long handle), so as to withdraw the same along the length of the
table as fast as the flow of glass requires, the retreating motion so given to
the cistern and to the moveable cross ruler being regulated by the skill of the
several workmen, to be just as fast as the stream of melted glass which is poured
out from the cistern (as aforesaid) falls upon and covers the surface of the
table to a suitable thickness in the space between the side rulers and the cross
rulers, for supplying melted glass in such quantity as the same is wanted for
the subsequent formation of a plate of glass upon the table by the action of
the roller, which is rolled along over the surface of the melted glass as soon
after the same is so deposited on the table as that the roller may come to act
on the glass before it has had time to become materially cooled, but only so
much cooled as to be in a plastic state, and fit for being spread and flattened
down by the action of the roller. The tilting motion which is given to the
suspended cistern for pouring out its contents of melted glass, and the retreat-
ing motion which is to be given to the same cistern, and to the moveable cross
ruler for distributing the out-pouring with uniformity of quantity along the
length of the table must be regulated, one motion to suit the other, so as to
pour out the melted glass with the utmost attainable regularity of progression
along the surface of the table, and also the-rolling motion which is to be given
as aforesaid to the roller along the two rulers must be regulated to suit the
consistence of the layer of melted glass, so as that the roller will follow with
regularity, and in due time after the out-pouring; all which regularity and
steadiness of motion, and the requisite concert of the different motions, one
with another, depends solely on the manual dexterity and skill of the workmen
employed. The operation of casting plate glass in manner aforesaid being
commonly practised and well known, together with the apparatus which is
employed as aforesaid in such operation, it is not necessary to enter into, further
particulars, the only intention of stating the above particulars in this Speci-
fication being in order to point out in what department of the manufacture of
glass it is that my said Invention is to be applied for the improvement of that
manufacture, and also to shew how the machinery which I employ in the
operation of casting of glass into plates differs from the usual apparatus and
course of operating therewith as aforesaid.
The said machinery contains a flat horizontal table of metal, upon the
surface of which the melted glass is to be poured out from a suspended
cistern, and there are also rulers to be laid on that surface for forming
temporary raised borders thereon, and likewise there is a cylindrical roller

page_text: to press down and flatten the melted glass upon the said surface; but the
said parts are applied and used in a different manner from any heretofore
practiced in the manufacture of glass, that is to say, the said table instead
of being fixed horizontally is a moving table, which is caused by the
action of suitable machinery to move horizontally endway forward (or end-
way backwards, as may be required,) with a true sliding motion; and the
cylindrical roller, instead of being a meere loose roller, is mounted with its
axis horizontally across over the said moving table, the two ends of its axis
being sustained in bearings formed in fixed standards, which are erected at
each side of the table, and which standards constitute part of the fixed
framing whereon the moving table is sustained. The said roller so mounted
is turned steadily round by action of the machinery in a direction forwards or
backwards, and with such a rapidity of motion as is suitable in all cases to the
direction of motion, and rapidity of motion, wherewith the table is at the same
time moving by action of the machinery, so as that the flat surface of the moving
table, and the cylindrical surface of the roller (at the part of that cylindrical
surface which is adjacent to or nearest to the said flat surface), shall in all
cases accompany one another, whether the table is moving backwards or
forwards, or whether quickly or slowly in either direction. The general com-
bination of the said moving table and cylindrical roller one with the other
and their respective motions are somewhat similar to what is used in modern
machinery for printing newspapers or books, and the machinery for sustaining
and giving motion to the table and the roller may be constructed with a
general similarity to the corresponding parts of such printing machinery.
For the more complete explanation of my said improvements I have here-
unto annexed two Sheets of Drawings, wherein one mode of constructing the
said machinery is represented, but the construction admits of being greatly
varied.. Figure 1 is a horizontal plan; Figure 2, a vertical section; and
Figure 3, a transverse vertical section. In all the Figures the same letters of
reference are used to denote the same parts. A is the moving table, which is a
large oblong flat plate of metal, made truly flat and smooth on its upper
surface; it may be made of the same materials, and prepared in the same
manner, and with the same care, as the tables now commonly used for casting
plate glass upon, the only difference being that portions of the under surface
at each side of the table are to be made straight and true and parallel to the
upper surface of the table, so that each of the borders along the sides of the
under surface of the table will be suitable for bearing truly and sliding freely
along on the fixed frame B, B, D, D, with a truly horizontal motion of the
upper flat surface of the table. The fixed frame consists of two longitudinal

page_text: sides B, b, B, e, united by two cross ends D, D, which four parts constitute an
oblong square frame of great strength. The said two sides B, b, B, e, and two
ends D, D, may be all cast in one piece of metal, or the frame may be made
in two pieces or in four pieces put together, as may be most convenient, pro-
vided there is sufficient strength in the frame to sustain the great weight of
the moving table A without any yielding. The table rests by its two sides on
the uppermost edges of the two longitudinal sides B, b, B, e. The fixed frame
may be set on masonry or brickwork so as to be firmly supported, and with
the said two uppermost edges of its longitudinal sides B, b, B, e, truly hori-
zontal. That one of the said two uppermost edges which is marked b in the
transverse section, Figure 3, is formed with an angular ridge b, and the other
of those edges marked e is formed with a flat surface along one side of the
under surface of the table; there is an angular notch to fit to the said angular
ridge 6 of one longitudinal side B of the frame, but along the other side of
the same under surface of the table A there is a flat surface to fit to the flat
uppermost edge e of the other longitudinal side B of the frame. By that
means of supporting the table A, it is qualified for being moved backwards or
forwards with an endway motion by sliding along the edges 6 and e, the
weight of the table being sufficient to keep it steadily down thereon, and in
consequence of the angular ridge b, the table will move with an exact right
line horizontal motion. E is the cylindrical roller, which is hollow within; and
F is its axis, which is mounted horizontally in bearings sustained in the two
standards G, G, which are erected on the edges of the two longitudinal sides
B, B, as is shewn in Figure 3; at one end of the roller a spur cog wheel H is
fastened on its axis F, and the teeth of that wheel act in the teeth of a
straight rack a, a, which is fastened to the table A, along one of the sides
thereof. By means of the wheel H and the rack a, a, the motion of the
surface of the table and the motion of the cylindrical surface of the roller
are made to correspond one to the other exactly. The roller E is suspended
in its bearings at such a height above the table A as will leave a space equal
to the thickness to which the glass plate is intended to be when cast between
the surface of the table A and the cylindrical surface of the roller E, and
as that thickness of the glass will require to be sometimes greater, sometimes
less, the bearings for the axis of the roller must be occasionally set a little
higher or lower, as may be required. For this purpose the brass bearings
for the axis F are fitted into upright notches in the standards G, G, so as
to be capable of sliding a little way up or down therein, and two packing
plates ff, Figures 2 and 3, are inserted at the bottoms of those grooves
beneath the lower brasses of the bearings, in order to sustain those

page_text: brasses at the proper height, the several parts being so arranged that
the clear space which is left beneath the roller E between the circumference
thereof and the surface of the table A will be exactly equal to the thickness
of the packing plates f, f, which are at the time inserted beneath the brass
bearings, and therefore the thickness of the said packing plates f, f, will de-
termine to what thickness the glass plate shall be cast, and consequently by
changing the said packing plates f, f, for others of any required thickness the
machinery will be adapted for casting glass plates of that thickness. Note.-
The geometrical diameter or pitch circle of the cog wheel H is of the same
size as the circumference of the roller E, and therefore the ends of the teeth
project out farther than that circumference. The rack a, a, is fastened to the
side of the table by being lodged in a rebate, which is sunk along that
edge so that the pitch line of the teeth of the rack will project as much abovo
the flat surface of the table A as is equal to the thickness of that kind of glass
plate which will most commonly be required to be cast. In that case, when-
ever that thickness of glass is making, the action of the teeth of the wheel II
in the teeth of the rack a, a, will be quite correct, and that action will not be
sensibly deranged by changing the packing plates f, f, when the bearings and
the axis of the roller require to be raised for casting thicker plate, or lowered
for casting thinner plate, than that thickness which is commonly required to
be cast as aforesaid, because the difference of the thickest or the thinnest plate
which can be required to be cast in the same machinery is not more than the
teeth of the wheel and of the rack will allow, without derangement of their
action, provided those teeth are of sufficient length and are properly formed.
The said teeth should be very correctly formed in order that they may give
a smooth motion. The upper brasses of the bearings for the axis F of the
roller E are held down by a cap d and two screws with nuts for each bearing,
in the usual manner of caps for bearing. The requisite motion for moving
the table A backwards and forwards may be communicated to the same in
various ways. A very simple mode would be to employ winch handles, and a
pinion, and a long iron rod cut with teeth, in the manner of a rack, to be
actuated by the teeth of the pinion, which rod being connected at one of its
ends to one end of the table A at the middle of the width of that end, and the
rod extended horizontally therefrom, as shown by dotted lines at Z, Figures 1
and 2, Sheet I., in the direction of the length of the table, to a sufficient
distance for the pinion which is to work in the rack, to be mounted in a
standard erected firmly on the ground, or affixed to a wall, where it would be
out of the way; then two or more men, according to the size of the machine,
applying their strength to turn winch handles on the two ends of the axis of

page_text: the said pinion, would be able, by the action of that pinion on the rack, to
move the table endways forwards or backwards, as might be required, and the
roller E would be turned with a corresponding motion by the mutual action
of the teeth of the rack a, a, at the side of the table with tho teeth of the cog
wheel H; or otherwise the requisite motion may be communicated to the cog
wheel H, and that wheel will give the corresponding motion to the table A.
The motion may be communicated to the teeth of the cog wheel H by means
of a small pinion, which may be applied as shewn at h in the Drawings, which
is fastened on a horizontal axis g, extending across over the roller E, and which
axis is supported near to its two ends in bearings which are formed in small
standards which rise up from the caps d of the bearings for the axis F of the
roller, and consequently the action of the teeth of the pinion h in the teeth of
the wheel H will not be deranged when the said bearings for the axis are
placed higher or lower by the interposition of packings f, f, of different thick-
nesses beneath the lower brasses of those bearings. On one extremity of the
axis g a cog wheel I is fastened, and the teeth thereof may be actuated by an
endless screw or worm, as shewn at K in Figures 4 and 5, that endless screw
being on one end of a long axis L, which may be extended in a horizontal (or an
inclined) direction to a sufficient distance to have a winch handle or handles
for men to turn it by, but to be out of the way, and the motion so given will
have great power to turn the wheel H and move the machine with a slow
and smooth motion without jerks, and the men can turn the handle round
either way, as is required, for moving the table A either backwards or forwards;
or, if preferred, the said axis L of the endless screw K may be extended in an
inclined direction towards a horizontal axis J, situated overhead, and turned
continually round by power of millwork, worked by a steam engine or other
first moving pwer. On that axis J bevil wheels i, j, may be fastened, so as
that one or other of those wheels may actuate a bevel wheel 7, which is fastened
on the end of the axis L. The bevil wheel being situated as shewn in
Figure 5, its teeth will not be in gear with either of the bevil wheels i or j,
and, therefore, although the axis J with the said wheel i or j may be con-
tinually turning round, no motion will be communicated to the wheel / or to
the machinery; but if the upper end of the inclined axis L and its bevil wheel/
is moved so much towards the bevil wheel i as to put the teeth of the wheels /
and into gear with each other, then the wheel and axis L will be turned
round in one direction, and by the endless screw K acting in the teeth of the
wheel I a steady and slow and smooth motion will be given to the machinery
for moving the table A in one direction; or if the upper end of the inclined
axis L and its bevil wheel is moved so far towards the wheel j as to put

page_text: the teeth of the wheels and j into gear, then the machinery will be actuated
as before, but so as to move the table in a contrary direction. The bearing
for the upper end of the inclined axis L may be sustained in a lever m, n, the
end n of which lever is a fixed joint or centre of motion, and the other end m
can be moved by a chain which extends horizontally from the end of the lever
to a pulley o, over which the chain passes and hangs down with a rod aud
handle, like a bell-pull, in a convenient position for a man to reach, and by
pulling it the lever m, n, will be moved so as to put the bevil wheel / into
gear
with the bevil wheel i on the axis J, when required, in order to put the
machinery in motion so as to move the table A in one direction, and another
similar chain must be extended from the same end m of the lever as aforesaid,
but in an opposite direction, so as to pass over another pulley and hang down
with another similar handle, which being pulled down will put the bevil wheel /
into gear with the bevil wheel j on the axis J, when it is required to put the
machinery in motion so as to move the table A in a contrary direction to that
already mentioned; or instead of two separate handles like bell pulls, the said
two chains or rods descending from them may be connected to the opposite
ends of a lever, which is mounted on a fixed centre pin, and which has a handle
at one end of the lever; by moving that handle upwards the machinery will be
put in motion so as to move the table A in one direction, and by bringing the
same handle up to a horizontal position the motion will be discontinued, or
by moving the same handle downward the machinery will be put in motion
so as to move the table A in a contrary direction. The said lever may have
an arm extending downward from it, with a heavy weight at the lower
end of that arm, in order to act in the manner of a pendulum, so as to cause
the lever to assume its horizontal position when left to itself, and when it
is in that horizontal position the motion of the machine will cease, as already
mentioned; also two latches may be provided to catch the lower end
of the said pendulum arm and hold it fast when it is inclined so far to
either side as it will be when the handle of the lever is either raised or
depressed so inuch as to put the bevil wheel in gear either with the bevil
wheel i or else with the bevil wheel j. Each of the said latebes may be con-
neeted by a strong wire (arranged something after the manner of bell-hanging
wires) with any convenient handle or detent, which will be struck by the end
of the table A, when the said table has been moved endways, to the full extent
that it is intended to be moved, and the striking of such detent will by its
connection of the wire aforesaid with the latch disengage that latch and allow
the pendulum to place the lever in its horizontal position, and thereby stop
the motion of the machinery.
There must be one such detent disposed to be

page_text: struck by one end of the table A in order to disengage one latch when the
table A has been moved to its full extent one way, and another such detent
disposed to be struck by the other end of the table A, so as to disengage the
other latch when the table has been moved to its full extent the other way.
Note. The inclined axis L is drawn too short and too much inclined in Figure
4; it ought to be longer and less inclined. The axis J should not be situated
over the machinery, but should be overhead, beyond the end of the machinery,
and the inclined axis L must be long enough to reach nearly to the axis J.
Another way of communicating motion to the machinery from the same axis
J (but without any endless screw K, inclined axis L, and bevil wheels i, j, l,)
is represented in outline on the transverse section, Figure 3, Sheet I. The
cog wheel I, instead of being adapted to be actuated by an endless screw, is to
be adapted to be actuated by a small pinion p on one extremity of a horizontal
axis q, which may be sustained in bearings in the same standards as the axis g;
and on the other extremity of the axis 9 two pair of fast and loose pullics
R, r, and S, s, may be applied, to be turned round by two endless straps
M and N from a drum O, which is fixed on the aforesaid axis J. The strap M
is crossed, but the other strap N is not crossed, and consequently the pulley S
(or s) will always be turned round by the crossed strap M in a contrary direc-
tion to the direction in which the pulley R (or r) is at the same time turned
round by the other sprap N when both straps M and N are applied (as appears
in Figure 3) upon their loosse pullies and s respectively, then no motion will
be communicated to the machinery, although the axis J and drum O is
continually turning round; but if the strap N is shifted from its loose pulley r
to its fast pulley R (the strap M being on its loose pulley s), then the
machinery will be actuated so as to move the table A in one direction; or if
the crossed strap M is shifted from its loose pulleys to its fast pulley S (the
strap N being on its loose pulley r), then the machinery will be actuated so as
to, move the table A in the contrary direction. Note. The pullies S, s, for
the crossed strap M may be smaller in diameter than the other pullies R, r,
for the other strap N, and that will cause the table A to be moved backwards,
by action of the crossed strap M and pulley S, with a quicker motion than
when the table A is moved forwards by action of the other strap N and pulley
R. It is when the table is so moving forwards that a plate of glass is
formed upon it, and then it must be moved slowly and steadily; but when the
table A is moving backwards, it is doing nothing except returning in order to
get ready for repeating its action, and may therefore be moved quicker. The
straps M and N are shifted from their loose pullies to their fast pullies and
back again by guides affixed to sliders, which are moved by aid of suitable

page_text: connections for the hand of the workmen, in the same manner as already
described in respect to the lever m, n, and similar apparatus to the pendulum
and catches already described may be provided for stopping the motion of the
machinery with certainty when the table A has been moved to its full extent in
either direction; or instead of two endless straps and two pairs of fast and
loose pullies, the same effect may be produced by means of one endless strap
and three pullies (one fast and two loose) arranged on the extremity of the
axis g, in the manner shewn in Figure 6. The pulley P is fastened on
the axis q; the middle pulley Q is loose on the said axis; the third pulley Tis
fitted loose on the axis q, but the pulley T always turns round on the axis q in
a contrary direction to the direction in which the axis q is at the same time
turning round. This effect is attained by means of a bevil wheel t, which is
fixed to the pulley T, and which gears with another bevil wheel u, which
revolves on a fixed centre pin or stud, and gears with the bevil wheel U, which
is fastened on the axis q. Whenever the endless strap is on the loose pulley Q
then no motion is communicated to the machinery; but if the said strap is
shifted to the fast pulley P, then the machinery will be actuated so as to move
the table A in one direction; or if the said strap is shifted to the pulley T,
then the machinery will be actuated so as to move the table A in a contrary
direction.
Figures 7 and 8 shew another arrangement with spur wheel, which pro-
duce the same effect as the bevil wheels in Figure 6, viz, to cause the
pulley T to turn round in a contrary direction to the direction in which
the axis q is at the same time turning round. The spur wheel t is fastened to
the pulley T, and gears with another spur wheel V, which revolves on a fixed
centre pin or stud, and the wheel V is of double breadth, as appears in Figure
7, in order that it may also gear with an intermediate spurr wheel u, which
revolves on another fixed centre pin or stud, and the latter wheel gears with
another spur wheel U, which is fastened on the axis q. The consequence is
that the pulley T will always be turned round in a contrary direction to the
direction in which the axis q is at the same time turning. The operation of
the endless strap on the three pullies Q, T, P, is the same as already described
in reference to Figure 6. In order to give heat to the table A, so that it may
not chill the melted glass which is poured out upon its surface, a small fire is
applied within a fire-place and horizontal flue, built of brick and stone, close
beneath the under surface of the table A, as is shewn in Figures 2 and 3,
Sheet I.; where W is the fire-place; and X are flat stones which cover over the
horizontal flue, the upper surface of those stones being as near to the under
surface of the moving table A as they can be to avoid touching. The said flat

page_text: stones becoming hot, communicate the requisite heat to the table A. The fire-
place and flue are contained within the fixed framing B, B, D, D, being
'included within brickwork therein, as is shewn in the Figures. The fire door
is shewn at x, Figure 3, for introducing fuel, and beneath the fire grate is a
'similar door into the ash-pit, which door being closed prevents the entrance of
air to animate the fire on the grate, and by means of a turning register in the
said lower door air can be admitted in any required degree for keeping up so
'much fire as is required for giving heat to the table, but no more. The fire
on the grate sends forth flame, smoke, and heated gas, which by striking
beneath; and passing along the under side of the flat covering stones X, gives
heat thereto; and from the further end flue or passage descends to go to an
underground passage which leads to a vertical chimney, whereby a draft
or current of air is obtained, in order that a current of fresh air may be made
to pass up through the fire-place W, inasmuch as air is permitted by the ash-
pit door and turning register, before mentioned, to enter into the ash-pit
beneath the fire grate. The fuel may be coke or wood or charcoal to give
the required heat with the least smoke. And in order to give heat to the
cylindrical roller E, hot water, rendered very hot by being retained under
strong compressure, may be caused to circulate through a coil of welded
iron pipes within the said roller, which coil is seen in the section, Figure 3,
at v, C, C, w, such coil of pipe forming a screw, which fits into and fills
the interior hollow of the roller E. One end of the said spiral pipe
is jointed at w to a hollow in one end of the horizontal axis F of the
roller, and the other end of the same coil is jointed at v to a hollow in the
other end of the same axis; the said hollows in the two ends of the axis F
do not connect one with the other. At each end of the axis F a stuffing box is
formed to receive a horizontal pipe, as is marked y at one end and at the
other end of the axis, those pipes being exactly conformable with the horizontal
centre line of the axis E. The said pipes y and z (by means of their said
stuffing boxes) form water-tight junctions with each end of the axis F, but
they permit the said axis to turn round without partaking themselves of the
turning motion of the axis. The hot water is brought by a long conveyanco
pipe from a boiler at a distance, wherein the water is heated by fire, and by
the pipe y (which is a continuation of the said long conveyance pipe, the water
is introduced into the hollow at one end of the axis F, and then passes there-
from at v into one extremity of the spiral coil of pipe C, C; and after having
passed through all the length of that spiral, then the same water returns at w
into the hollow at the other end of the axis F, and passes away out therefrom
by the pipe, which is continued, by means of another long conveyance pipe,

page_text: to go back to the same boiler, situated at a distance, as aforesaid, from which
boiler the water proceeded, and which said boiler is itself composed of a spiral
cylindrical coil of pipe, of the same kind as is shewn at v, C, C, w, in Figure 3,
except being placed with the central line of the cylindrical coil in a vertical
direction instead of a horizontal direction, (wherefore one end w of the coil will
be at a higher level than the other end v,) and, also, except that the said coil
of pipe is set in a furnace of brickwork, where the said coil is subjected to the
action of fire, so as to give a strong heat to the water contained in the coil of
pipe which serves as the boiler; one end of that coil (for instance, the highest
end thereof, which answers to the end of the coil C, C, Figure 3,) is joined
to the long conveyance pipe before mentioned which proceeds from the boiler
to the machinery, and there the pipe y, Figure 3, is the end or continuation of
the said long conveyance pipe; also the pipe z is the end or continuation of the
other long conveyance pipe before mentioned, which pipe returns to the other
end of the coil which forms the boiler (for instance, to the lowest end thereof,
which answers to the end w of the coil C, C, Figure 3). The hot water which
is included within the whole length of pipe circulates continually throughout
that whole length, that is to say, the water contained in the coil which forms
the boiler, and in the long conveyance pipe which leads from the highest end
of that coil to the machinery at y, Figure 3, as well as the water contained in
the coil v, C, C, w, and also in the other long conveyance pipe which returns
from z to join to the lowest end of the coil which forms the boiler; all that
water, being strongly heated by the fire which acts on the coil which forms the
boiler, is retained in a state of strong compressure, so as to be very hot, and
the said water circulates continually through the whole length of pipe, and
therefore through the coil v; C, C, w, in the hollow of the roller E, so as to
give heat to the circumference of that roller. The construction and operation
of the said system of very hot water in a state of strong compressure cir-
culating through a system of pipes and coils of pipes, whereof one coil is set
in a furnace to serve for a boiler, and other coil or coils of pipes is or are used
for communicating heat, together with long conveyance pipes communicating
between the boiler and such coils, and back again therefrom to the boiler, is
well known and in use, and therefore requires no further description, par-
ticularly as such apparatus has been the subject of two Patents, granted the
Thirtieth day of July, One thousand eight hundred and thirty-one, and the
Sixteenth day of December, One thousand eight hundred and thirty-nine, to
Angier March Perkins, who has constructed great numbers of apparatus with
coils as above without any other material difference from what is herein-before
described, excepting as to the coil of pipe v, C, C, w, which is within the

page_text: hollow of the roller E, being capable of revolving with its axis F, and there-
fore the junctions of the pipes y and z, with the ends of the said axis, are
stuffing boxes, which permit of the turning motion of the axis F and of the
roller E to take place without allowing leakage of the hot water. And
note. The table A may be heated by the same system of hot water instead of
by fire, as herein-before described, for which purpose one of the long con-
veyance pipes already mentioned may be carried close beneath and in contact
with the under surface of the table A, as is represented in Figure 1, Sheet II.,
by dotted lines, that pipe being conducted along the whole length of the table,
and then back again along the said whole length, and so on, in a zig-zag course
of several turns, and returns so as to nearly cover beneath the said surface.
with such zig-zag course of the pipe, the said zig-zag pipe being fastened to
the under side of the table A and moving therewith; and stuffing boxes L and.
M, Figures 1, 2, and 3, Sheet II., must be used in order to make the requisite
junctions between the two extremities r and s of such zig-zag pipe and the
two conveyance pipes before mentioned, whereof one comes from the highest
end of the coil of pipe which forms the boiler, and the other returns to the
lowest end of that coil. The said stuffing boxes L, M, in themselves, will be
similar to those at the ends of the axis F of the roller E, Figure 3, Sheets I..
and II.; but in the present case, Sheet II., those stuffing boxés L, M, must
be at the ends of two fixed pipes N and O, which are as large within as the
hollow within the axis F; and those large fixed pipes N and O must be laid
horizontally beneath the table A and beneath the zig-zag pipe at the under side
of the table, the said large fixed pipes N and O being laid in a direction exactly
parallel to the endway motion of the the table A, as is. shewn in Figures 1.
and 2, Sheet II.. Those two large fixed pipes are, in fact, the two ends of the
two long conveyance pipes aforesaid, whereof one proceeds from the highest
end of the coil of pipes forming the boiler, and the other returns to the lowest
end of that coil, as already explained; and the two small pipes r and s, which
fit into the said stuffing boxes, and which are, fact, the two ends of the long
zig-zag pipe which is fastened beneath the under surface of the table A.
Those small pipes r and s are made quite straight, and are fastened to the
table, and they move therewith; the ends of the long zig-zag pipe project
beyond the ends of the table, and there turn downwards with half-round bends
and back again beneath, so as to form the two pipes r and s, which reach
under the table, and in a direction parallel to the endway motion thereof,
suitably for entering into the stuffing boxes L and M, and for moving
horizontally through the same with a horizontal sliding motion when the table
moves backwards and forwards, so as to make the required junction of the

page_text: pipes without leakage, and yet so as to permit of the requisite motion of the
table backwards and forwards endways. One of the said large horizontal
pipes N will lay along beneath one side of the table A, see Figures 1 and 3,
and the entrance into the said stuffing box L at the end of that large pipe N
will be directed towards one end of the table A, and the other O of the said
large horizontal pipes will lay beneath the other edge of the table A, and
the entrance into the stuffing box M at the end of that largo pipe O will
be directed towards the other end of the table A. The same boiler (or
coil of pipes serving as a boiler) may give heat to both the table A and
to the roller E by the same hot water, the long conveyance pipe being
in that case so connected that it will conduct the hot water first into
the zig-zag of pipe that is fastened beneath the under surface of the
table A, which connection will be effected by the end O of the said long
conveyance pipe being joined to the ends of the said zig-zag by means of
the stuffing box M and the large pipe N, which by its stuffing box L receives
the other end r of the zig-zag pipe, being connected by the pipe t, Figure 1,
Sheet II., to the end y, which enters into the stuffing box at one end of the
axis F of the roller E; the hot water which has flowed through the zig-zag
will be introduced into the coil of pipe within that roller, and then after
passing through that coil the same water will pass out again at the other end
of the axis F, where that end joins by its stuffing box to the pipe z, which is
the end of the other of the two long conveyance pipes, and which returns from
2 to the lowest end of the coil forming the boiler. In such arrangement the
same hot water will pass first through the zig-zag under the table, and then
through the coil within the roller, so as to give heat to one after the other;
or the direction of the current of the hot water may be made the other way,
viz., to pass first through the coils within the roller and afterwards through the
zig-zag, as may be thought most suitable; or the table and the roller may be
heated by hot water from two distinct boilers and two conveyance pipes from
each. The two conveyance pipes of one of those boilers would join to the
two large pipes N and O, Figure 1, Sheet II., for giving heat to the table by
the zig-zag pipe beneath the same; and the two conveyance pipes from the.
other boiler would join, as already described in reference to Sheet I., by the ends;
y and z, and their stuffing boxes to the ends of the axis F of the roller E, in
order to give heat thereto by the coil v, c, c, w within the roller. And note.-
The stuffing boxes at y and z, Sheets I. and II., and at L and M, Sheet II.,
may be the usual kind of stuffing boxes used in steam machinery for turning
joints of pipes and for piston rods. The pipes y and z and r, s, must be truly
cylindrical, and very correctly fitted into their respective stuffing boxes, and the

page_text: stuffing in those boxes may consist of hemp or flax, or fibres of the incom-
bustible mineral called asbestos may be used for stuffing; or, asbestos may be
mixed with fibres of hemp or flax. And note.-Instead of applying pipes in a
zig-zag course beneath the under surface of the table A, as herein-before
described, suitable passages may be formed in the thickness of the solid metal
of the table for the conveyance of hot water in a zig-zag course, similar to that
of the pipes already described; such passages may be formed in the casting of
the table, or may be bored out of the solid metal, and may run either the
lengthways of the table or crossways thereof, as may be most convenient.
The said passages may be formed quite through the table from one end to the
other end (or from one side to the other side) thereof, so as to be open at each
end of each passage, and the said open ends may be stopped up with screw
plugs, suitable cross connecting passages being made from the end of one
passage to the adjacent end of the next passage at such of those ends as will
be required for uniting the whole series of passages into the required zig-zag
course for the flow of the hot water, the junction of the ends of the said
zig-zag passage in the table with the conveyance pipes to be made by the pipes
and s, and stuffing boxes L and M, and fixed pipes N and O, as already
described.
The construction of the machinery being now explained, I will proceed to
describe the manner in which the operation of casting glass into plates is to be
performed thereby, but it will not be necessary to enter into any description of
such parts of the operation as are to be conducted in the usual and well-known
manner of casting plate glass as the same is commonly practised, wherefore
I will suppose that by the time the melted glass is ready for pouring out, that
by the means herein-before described (and by proper management of those
means) the table and the roller will have become heated to such a temperature
or degree of heat as is usual for the ordinary casting table and roller used for
casting plate glass, and which temperature is well known to those workmen
who are accustomed to the operation of casting plate glass. And note.-As to
management of the said means of heating the table and the roller, if the table
is to be heated by fire, as herein-before described in reference to Sheet I., then
the heat that will be given to the table can be regulated by the extent of the
fire in the fire-place, and the burning of that fire can be regulated to great
nicety by closing or opening the door to the ash-pit, or the turning register in
that door, so as to admit more or less heat to the fire; and the heating action
of the hot water can be regulated by the force of fire which is kept up
for heating the boiler or coil of pipe which serves as a boiler, as already
described, the said fire being regulated by a similar ash-pit door and turning

page_text: register therein; or such regulation may be made more promptly by means of
a cock or cocks in any suitable part of the long conveyance pipes Letween the
boiler and the machinery, and by such cock or cocks the flow of the hot water
through the pipes and coils can be regulated as may be required; the table
and the roller may be thus brought to a proper temperature by the time that the
melted glass being in the cistern which is suspended over the table is ready for
casting. Note. The table A is not represented in either Sheet of Drawings
in that position which it must have to be ready for casting, for it must their
stand quite at the extreme of its range of motion quite as far as it can go one
way, so that the end of the table will be beneath the roller E. A ruler is laid
on the surface of the table across near that end, and consequently beneath the
roller; also two other rulers are laid along the sides of the table to form
boundries for the edges of the plate of glass which is about to be cast, which
rulers are the same thickness as that plate is intended to bo cast, and they are
laid in place in time to become hot along with the table, all which is as usually
practised for casting plate glass; and the pouring out of the melted glass from
the cistern which is suspended over the table is to be performed in the usual:
manner by workmen tilting the cistern in order to pour out its contents, and at:
the same time moving the suspended cistern backwards with a retreating.
motion over (but above) the table, in a suitable manner for depositing thes
broad thin stream of glass. which is poured out from the cistern with as much
regularity as possible on the table, all which is to be done in the usual manner:
and with the usual precautions for ensuring regularity of distribution of the
melted glass on the surface of the table, as well as all other usual precautions.
for ensuring perfection in the glass, such as choosing the most favorable-
moment when the melted glass in the suspended cistern is at a proper heat for,
pouring out, and avoiding all fragments of dirt about the table or machinery,
which could cause specks or air-bubbles in the glass; and as soon as the
melted glass which has been thus poured out on the table acquires its proper;
consistence, (which will in general be in an instant after it has been so poured
out), then the machinery is put in motion, either by the strength of men turn-.
ing handles, as herein-before mentioned, or else by the action of machinery, as..
herein-before described and represented, and by such. motion the table A. is..
moved endways with the glass upon it with a slow and steady motion, carrying.
the glass beneath the roller E, which flattens down the upper surface of the
glass upon the surface of the table, and reduces the glass to an even thickness,
and the roller renders the upper surface of the glass flat and smooth. The
certainty wherewith the surface of the roller is made to move in exact.
correspondence with the motion of the table (in consequence of the action the
B

page_text: teeth. of the rack a on the table and the teeth of the wheel H at the end of the
roller), causes the action of the cylindrical surface of the roller on the glass to
be very regular, and therefore to leave the upper surface. of the glass very
smooth after it has passed through beneath the roller. When the table has
thus been moved all the length of its range of motion, it will have carried the
whole of the plate of glass through beneath the roller, and then the motion of
the machinery is to be stopped (in the manner herein-before described), and the
table with the newly-cast plate of glass .thereon will remain at rest until the
glass is so much cooled as to become sufficiently still for, being removed from
off the table..and introduced into an annealing oven, which, removal is to be
done in the usual manner, and therefore does, not require any directions, except
to state, that where the practice of the manufactory in, which such machinery
is to be applied has been to place the casting table with its end opposite to tho
entrance door of the annealing oven, so that the plate of glass is removed from
the table by pushing it endway forwards therefrom directly into the said oven
(or in any case when. such practice may be preferred), then, in the same
manner as the ordinary casting table, must, be mounted on wheels in case of
sucli.practice; so the whole of the machinery.must. be mounted on wheels to
run upon a railway, with a travelling motion sideways in respect to the length.
of the table, in order that the table may be. transported from opposite to one
annealing.oven..to become opposite to another oven... Such wheels, arc repre-
sented in Figures 2 and 3, Sheet II; they are applied beneath the under
edges of the longitudinal sides B; B, of the fixed frame. There are two such
wheels at one end of each of those sides to run upon. two rails, and two otlier
like wheels beneath the midlength of each of the said longitudinal sides B, B,.
to run on a middle rail, so that there are six wheels, and they run upon three
parallel rails, as is shewn by Figures 2 and 3, in Sheet II. Those rails may
be sucli as are used for iron railways, but on account of the great weight of
the machinery the rails should be laid all their length on strong timbers, or on
walls, so as to give support to the whole length of the rails. The said rails
being laid along the front of a row of annealing. ovens, the machinery can be
removed along those rails to bring one end of the table opposite to the entrance
door of each annealing oven in succession, and when as many plates have been
cast as one oven is to contain, then the machinery may be removed to the next
or to another annealing oven, which is to be filled with glass plates in its turn.
The said railways may be situated at the bottoin of three parallel trenches in
the floor or pavement, which trenches must be opened at the time when the
machinery is in the act of being 'transported from one oven to another along
the rails; but at all other times the 'said 'trenches' may be covered over with

page_text: thick flooring planks or slabs of stone, or slate, or iron plates, so as to make up
an even floor or pavement for the workmen who are to stand around the table
during the operation of casting. The whole of the machinery herein-before
described will travel on the said rails and be removable thereby, except the
axis J and the bevil wheels i, j, thereon, with the lever m, n, for sustaining the
upper end of the inclined axis L, and such apparatus for putting the bevil
wheels i, j, and in or out of gear, as may be required, and as herein-before
described, in case of the mode of giving motion to the machinery by bevil
wheels is adopted. The said axis J must be continued overhead all the length
of the row of annealing ovens in a line corresponding to the line of the three
parallel rails, and there must be a distinct, pair of bevil wheels, such as i, j,
fastened on the axis J, and a lever m, n, opposite to every annealing oven, so
that those wheels and levers will be in due place for giving motion to the
machinery when the same is at any of the several places where it is intended
to be used. The inclined-axis L'may be taken down when the machinery is
to be removed and put up again anew at each place to which it is so removed,
the pivot at the upper end of the inclined axis' L being sustained by the lever
m, n, that is provided for the purpose between each pair of bevil wheels i,j, on
the axis J; or, in case of an endless strap or 'straps being used for giving
motion to the machinery, as herëin-before described, then there must be a
drum O upon the axis J, at each suitable place thereon, instead of the two bevil
wheels i,j, and in that case the endless strap or straps are all the parts that
will require to be taken down when the machinery is to be removed and put
up again at each place. For that reason, the use of an endless strap or straps
may be preferred for giving motion to the machinery in case of the machinery
being removable, although the bevil wheels i, j, l, and inclined axis L may bè
preferred in case the machinery is not required to lie removable. And note.-
The axis J, although overhead, should not in any case be over the table,"but
beyond one end thereof, to avoid risk of throwing down dirt on the table, or on
the roller, or on the glass' by 'the motion of the axis. J and the wheels or drums
thereon. The long conveyance pipes for the hot water from the boiler or
boilers and back again thereto are to be laid 'all along the line of railway, with
means of junction with the pipes y and z, Sheets I. and II., or with the pipeš
N and O on Sheet II.; by branches, with screw stoppers and joints in the said
conveyance pipes at every place where the machinery is intended to be used.
And note. In case of fire being applied beneath the table A for heating the
same, as is shewn in 'Sheet I., the whole of the brickwork for that purpose and
for sustaining the fixd frame B, B, D, D, 'may be erected on a flat foundation
plate of cast iron, which plate may be mounted on wheels to run' upon 'the

page_text: rails, as shewn in Sheet II. There must be (as already mentioned) a flue for
conveying away smoke from the fire-place beneath the table to an upright
chimney, which is to produce the requisite draft for causing that fire to burn
properly; such flue may extend horizontally under the floor, side by side with
the rails, with means of junction with the flue that extends beneath the table,
by suitable openings into the long horizontal flue and moveable plugs, which
can be withdrawn therefrom to make such junction at any place where the
machinery is to be used. In case it may be preferred to work the machinery
by men, as herein-before mentioned, the handles which they are to turn,
and
the pinion on the axis of those handles, which is to act in the teeth of the rack
Z, Figures 1 and 2, Sheet I., may be mounted in a standard which is remov-
.able, so as to be easily taken down and fixed up again at each several place;
or a distinct standard with an axis and pinion and handles may be provided at
each such place, the same rod and rack Z being removeable with the machi-
nery and fitting to any of such pinions. And note. In case of the machinery
being worked by men turning the axis L of the endless screw K, that screw
should be double threaded, or the pinion h should be larger than represented
in the Drawings, in order that the men by turning the handles round at a
reasonable and convenient speed may be able to give a suitable rapidity of
motion to the table A. About one foot per second will in general be a suit-
able speed for the motion of the table A endways, but that speed admits of
great latitude, and should be varied to suit the kind of glass that is to be cast.
The axis L should be adapted to be turned with the required differences of
speed for that purpose, and when men are employed for actuating the
machinery they can turn quicker or slower, and more or less men must be
employed, according to the size of the machinery, and consequently the force,
required to give motion to it. As to dimension, the machinery may be con-
structed of any dimensions, according to the description of glass plates which
are intended to be made by it, from small plates for window panes, or for
cutting up into such panes, to the largest plates for looking glasses, the thick-
ness of the glass being in like proportion to its size, and variation of such pro-
portion, as is usually the case in glass. And note.-It should have been
mentioned before that there is to be a metal plate fixed edgeways up at each
side of the machinery, extending somewhat under the roller E, and exactly
over each of the side rulers, which are laid along upon the surface of
the table, as before mentioned, for limiting the breadth of the glass which
is to be cast on the table, the said two metal plates being requisite
for the purpose of preventing any melted glass getting up on the upper
surfaces of the said two side rulers. The said pieces are of a triangular

page_text: or wedge-like form, their lower edges being straight to fit true to the upper
edges of the rulers, and their upper inclined edges being curved to conform
exactly to the circumference of the roller, so that the extremities of the
triangles taper to narrow ends. Each such piece is held firmly vertical in
place, in order to form close contact with the ruler and with the roller, by
means of iron arms, which are fixed to the edges of the standards G, G, and
which reach out to a suitable distance therefrom, the said arms being fixed
to those standards by screws, so as to admit of being altered in their positions
to suit different widths of glass according as the rulers are laid on the table,
the said triangular pieces being in all cases fixed edgways up exactly over
the rulers, and with the vertical surfaces of the triangular pieces conforming
to the inner edges of those rulers. And note.-The rulers being of the same
thickness as the glass is intended to be cast, the roller will touch the upper
surfaces of those rulers, the same as is the case in the ordinary mode of casting
plate glass with a loose roller resting by its weight on the rulers. In the
present machinery, although the roller E is firmly sustained in its bearings, so
that it cannot rise or fall sensibly, it nevertheless touches the two side rulers,
the same as if it did rest upon them. Similar triangular pieces to those
above mentioned are used in the ordinary modo of casting plate glass, but then
they are are held by workmen edgeways up upon the side rulers, and in contact
with the roller by means of long handles, and those men must depend upon
manual strength and steadiness to keep the said pieces firm, and they must
allow the said pieces to retreat and slide along the rulers as fast as the roller is
rolled along over the rulers by the other workmen who actuate the roller,
the only difference being that in the machinery the said triangular pieces
are firmly fixed in their places, and are not liable to any derangement. And
note. Although hot water has been mentioned as the medium to be used in
the coils of pipes for heating the roller E, and (in some cases the table A).
nevertheless oil may be used instead of water, or steam may be used instead of
hot water. And note.-The plates of glass which have been cast by aid of the
said machinery in manner aforesaid are to be transferred from the table to
the annealing oven, and are to be annealed in such oven in the same manner
as is usually practised without any difference being made in consequence of
the machinery being used; and such glass plates are afterwards to be ground
and polished as usual for plate glass, or merely polished; or grinding and
polishing may be dispensed with in case the surfaces of the plates so cast by
aid of the machinery are sufficiently smooth and true to answer the purpose
for which such glass plates are to be used. And note. In case the
machinery is not to be removed from one annealing oven to another, as

page_text: above described, then the usual practice is to be followed as is done with the
ordinary stationary casting tables, viz. the glass, after being cast by aid of the
machinery, in manner before described, is to be removed from the table A, by
transferring the glass to another flat table of wood, or other suitable substance,
which is mounted on wheels in the manner of a truck or carriage, and on
which the plate glass is to be carried whilst hot to the annealing oven, and
then transferred a second time from the flat surface of the said carriage into
that oven, as is the most usual and best known practice in plate glass works in
-Britain.
.
Having now described my said improvements, and the manner of performing
the same, I, the said Benjamin Aingworth, do hereby declare that the new
Invention, whereof the exclusive use is granted to me by the aforesaid Letters
Patent, consists in the application of the machinery herein-before described,
for the purpose of facilitating the operation of casting glass into plates of
uniform thickness, which glass may be used for the purposes to which plate
glass and window glass are usually applied; the distinctive character of which
machinery is, that the usual flat table whereon the melted glass is poured out
and cast in the usual manner is not stationary, but immediately after or
during the pouring out of the melted glass thereon, the said table is moved
endways forwards by action of the machinery with a steady motion, so as to
carry the melted' and recently cast glass along with the table beneath the
roller.by which the glass is to be flattened! as usual, but which roller, instead
of being loose as usual, is mounted in suitable bearings, and is turned round
by action of the machinery with a steady motion, corresponding to the motion
which is at the same time given by action of the machinery to the table, so
as that the motion of the cylindrical surface of the roller will accompany
the motion of the table (and consequently of the glass on that table) with
accuracy, and the roller (by aid of its bearings) will be retained truly in place
across the width of the table, without being liable to run awry on the glass, as
the loose roller is liable to do, and the triangular pieces, herein-beforé
mentioned, by which the melted glass is prevented from getting upon the
rulers are fixed instead of being moveable, and merely held in place by work-
men; also the roller (and in some cases the table) is heated (in preparation
for casting or pouring the melted glass on the table) by application (in
manner herein-before described) of hot water, or hot oil, or of steam, to
circulated through or occupy the interior of coils or zig-zag convolutions of
pipes or passages disposed within the hollow of the roller, and within the
thickness, or beneath the under surface of the table.
And, further, I claim, as one of my said improvements, the application of hot

page_text: water, or hot oil, or of steam to circulate through or occupy the interior of
coils, or zig-zag, or other convolutions of pipes or passages disposed (in the
manner herein-before described in reference to Sheet II.) beneath the under
surface, or within the thickness of an ordinary stationary table, for casting
glass into plates by the ordinary mode of proceeding without any of the
machinery herein-before described, such application of hot water, or hot oil,
or steam being for the purpose of heating the table in preparation for so
casting by such ordinary mode of proceedure. But note.-In case of the
table being stationary, then the stuffing boxes L and M, and the pipes r and s
to slide through those stuffing boxes, as shown in Sheet II. at Figures 1, 2,
and 3, therein, will be unnecessary.
In witness whereof, I, the said Benjamin Aingworth, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Third day of December, One thousand
eight hundred and forty-two.