matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE APPLICATION OF MACHINERY TO THE CULTIVATION OF LAND
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Henry Grafton at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 28th
November 1860.
I, HENRY GRAFTON, of 80, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE APPLICATION OF MACHINERY TO THE CULTIVATION OF LAND," to be
as follows:-
My Invention relates to cultivating land by means of a carriage carrying its.
own motive power, of great breadth, supported on either side by a series of, say,
six, eight, ten, or more broad wheels, each series extending in a line over a
considerable length of land, on which they distribute the weight as equally as
possible, all or nearly all of which are driven by the engine or other motive.
power, and so communicate motion to the machine or carriage. By reason of
the great number of wheels, and the length of line extended over by the two
series of wheels, the carriage has every tendency to move in a direct line, so
that the wheels may always be propelled back and forth over the same lines
of ground before traversed. If necessary, these lines of way may be rendered
hard by burnt ballast or otherwise, but I believe this to be unnecessary, as the
frequent traverse of the machine over the soil will render the ground suffi-
ciently solid. I attach the ploughs and other implements of culture to the
machine, and manoeuvre them therefrom to operate on the ground as required.
Transversely to and at the headlands or ends of the lines traversed by the

page_text: cultivating machine or carriage, I dispose a subway and carriage or carriages,
and on which I shift or traverse the platform from one stetch or breadth of
land to the parallel lines of another stetch or breadth. In order to keep the
platform to its proper line of traverse in addition to the tendency it has to
move in a direct line, I steer the machine by operating on some of the leading
wheels, so as to incline their axes slightly from their normal position, and so
traverse exactly the proper track, which may be marked by stones at intervals
to indicate the course to be traversed. I also steer the carriage by applying a
greater steam or other power at one side of the carriage than that at the other
side; for this purpose it is convenient to have one steam engine disconnected
from the other. The lines of way travelled over I prefer to be raised a little,
and with watercourses cut at either side. The harder these ways are rendered
the narrower may be the travelling wheels of the carriage.
THE EX- TRACTION OF A CERTAIN COLORING MATTER FROM RAGS AND OTHER WASTE VEGETABLE TEXTILE FABRICS CONTAINING THE SAME
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Jules Albert Hartmann at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
25th April 1860.
I, JULES ALBERT HARTMANN, of Mulhouse, in the Empire of France,
Chemist, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "THE EX-
TRACTION OF A CERTAIN COLORING MATTER FROM RAGS AND OTHER WASTE VEGETABLE
TEXTILE FABRICS CONTAINING THE SAME," to be as follows:-
The object of this Invention is to obtain the coloring matter alizarine
(CH, O) from cotton rags and other waste vegetable textile fabrics
which have been dyed or printed with madder or other dyes in which alizarino
is the coloring base or principle. This coloring matter has hitherto never
been recovered, and I propose to apply my Invention chiefly to cotton rags
prior to their being converted into pulp for paper, and I use the coloring
matter over again for dyeing and printing. I treat the rags and other textile
fabrics with acids, salts, alkalis, and other chemical substances, which
alone or combined with other agents possess the property of separating the
coloring agent, principle, or base. By way of example, I have found the
following process to answer well:-1 first treat the rags or other waste textile
fabrics as aforesaid with water slightly acidulated, say, with muriatic acid, in.
order to dissolve the metallic oxide mordants. I then use saline solutions.
which dissolve aud separate the coloring matter; and I prefer for this purpose

page_text: a boiling solution of alum, or alkaline solutions subsequently decomposed by
acids. Or I apply the acid and saline solutions simultaneously. The rags are
removed, or the solutions are drawn off or run out from the vessel containing
them, and I obtain the coloring matter by precipitation or evaporation.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR SEPARATING THE FUR FROM THE SKINS OF CERTAIN ANIMALS
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Daniel Nickols at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 14th
February 1860.
I, DANIEL NICKOLS, of the City of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for " IMPROVE-
MENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR SEPARATING THE FUR FROM THE SKINS OF
CERTAIN ANIMALS," to be as follows:-
To separate the fur from the skins of conies, hares, and other animals, I
construct a machine or apparatus with a cylinder and knives, instead of screw-
ing the knives flat upon the outer circumference of the cylinder I cause them
to radiate towards the centre, thus allowing the edges to cut with greater ease
and hold them fast at their exact positions by placing sliding blocks and screws
so that the knives can be removed when required by simply loosening the
plates, the same being adjusted by set screws, the bed knife being held by
screws passing through slots open at the bottom, so that the knife can be readily
removed, and enable it to be worn to its fullest extent.
I employ a brush for oiling the edges of the knives, which brush is supplied
with oil by revolving cylinders in a trough, and the brush is brought forward
to the edges of the knives by means of a treddle, which also elevates the upper
feed roller when a fresh skin is supplied. The upper feed roller is fluted in the
usual manner, but the under feed roller is perfectly plain, and the rollers are
pressed together by means of springs.

page_text: On the top of the bed knife I place a guard or plate, in order to maintain
the skin in perfect contact with the cutting edge, and thereby prevent waste.
The said guard or plate vibrates upon pivots, and when the fur is being sepa-
rated rests upon the skin by its own weight or by means of a spring, which
resistance is overcome by the hand when necessary.
As the fur is cut off it is taken up by a travelling belt or apron and deposited
in a tray, so that the fur always maintains the exact form of the skin, and is
placed in a convenient position for sorting and packing.
AN IMPROVED WASHING MACHINE
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Alfred Vincent Newton at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 29th
October 1860. A communication from abroad by George Morton
Ramsey, of New York, in the United States of America.
I, ALFRED VINCENT NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane,
in the County of Middlesex, Mechanical Draughtsmau, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED WASHING MACHINE," to be as
follows:-
This Invention relates to the employment of an inclined box fitted with a
corrugated side or washboard in connection with a rotating rubber, which is
adjustable for the purpose of adapting the machine to work efficiently with a
greater or less quantity of clothes. The inclined box has a rounded or semi-
circular bottom, parallel sides, and parallel front and back pieces, and it is
mounted, by preference, on legs. The inner surface of the back of the box is
corrugated or ribbed in any suitable way, the object being to obtain a rough
surface; thus, for example, the corrugations may extend across the back at
right angles with the sides or edges of the latter. The circular disc, which
serves as a rubber, is placed within the box, and attached to a shaft, which
passes through the front of the box at right angles thereto. This shaft rests in
a suitable bearing, in which it is free to slide, and it receives rotary motion from
a crank handle. The face of the disc is connected in any suitable way so as
to obtain a rough surface. Thus it may be divided into radial sections having
parallel grooves or flutes extending from the periphery of the disc inward.

page_text: The clothes to be washed are placed in the box, which is provided with a
requisite quantity of suds, and the lid being closed, the shaft is rotated and
the clothes are subjected to the requisite friction and rubbing between the
inner corrugated surface of the box and the face of the disc, the pressure being
regulated as desired by the longitudinal adjustment of the shaft, which is
effected by the same hand that rotates it.
AN IMPROVED PULVERISING AND BRUISING MACHINE
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Adolphe Joseph Canu at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 11th-
December 1860.
I, ADOLPHE JOSEPH CANU, Civil Engineer, residing in Paris, Rue Laffitte,
No. 42, in the Empire of France, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "AN IMPROVED PULVERISING AND BRUISING MACHINE," to be as
follows:-
This Invention consists of a machine which may be employed, 1st, for
grinding hard matters, such as stones, coal, emery, crystals, glass, phosphate
of lime, guano, earths employed in the manufacture of colours, calcarious
stones used in making cement, plaster, lime, bone black, and in general all
hard and dry matters requiring to be ground previously to being used. 2nd,
for bruising soft matters, either dry or otherwise, such as corn, maize, oats,
and all kinds of grain, fruits used in making liquors, beet root (for making
sugar), matters requiring to be ground in oil or water for manufacturing
colours, and oleaginous seeds used in making oils.
The machine is based on the following principles, which may be applied
either together or separately according to requirement. The cylinders and
plate which perform the grinding or bruising are placed in a case hermetically
closed, which serves as frame to the machine, and the construction of which
may be varied. On this case or box is placed a pipe, having a valve for the
introduction of the matters to be operated on. The cylinders (the number

page_text: of which may be varied) are suspended and turn on a plate, also revolving,
and of which the exterior exceeds that of the cylinders, so that the latter act
on the plate with the whole of their lower surface being placed in order
round the centre of the plate. The speed of the cylinders, all of which turn
in the same direction, is variable, as well as that of the plate, according to
the nature of the matters to be pulverised or bruised. The rotary movement
of the cylinders may be communicated either by endless bands or gearing,
or by means of friction pullies. The matters are introduced by means of the
pipe above mentioned to the revolving plate, which by its rapid motion
continually forces the matters placed above to pass between the lower face
of the cylinders and the upper face of the plate, which may be raised or
lowered by means of a screw, so as to leave the space required for grinding
or bruising the matters, according to the degree to which they are to be
reduced.
When the matters leave the plate they unite in a chamber beneath the
machine, from whence they are withdrawn either by hand, by a chain of
buckets, an archimedean screw, or any other means serving the same.
purpose.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF WATER-CLOSETS AND URINALS, TOGETHER WITH FLUSHING APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH, WHICH SAID FLUSHING APPARATUS IS ALSO APPLICABLE TO THE WATERING OF GARDENS, THE CLEANSING OF WINDOWS, OR FOR OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Arthur Maxfield at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 10th
October 1860.
I, ARTHUR MAXFIELD, of the Town and County of the Town of Nottingham,
Sewing Machine Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF WATER-CLOSETS AND
URINALS, TOGETHER WITH FLUSHING APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH, WHICH SAID
FLUSHING APPARATUS IS ALSO APPLICABLE TO THE WATERING OF GARDENS, THE
CLEANSING OF WINDOWS, OR FOR OTHER PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
My Invention has for its object improvements in the construction of water-
closets and urinals, and other matters herein-after mentioned, which may
be characterized as simple in construction, effective in arrangement, and
economical in cost, and they consist in the use or employment of an air-tight
cistern in lieu of an open cistern, as heretofore used, with a double valve
inside a T-pipe, which is connected by having one end attached to the street
main and the other end to the basin, the T-pipe being connected to the bottom
of the cistern. There is a small lever having a swivel joint on the top side
thereof, and another lever running down the swivel which is connected with
the double valve in the T-pipe. A lever is placed on the swivel, which is
connected by a rod to a weighted lever, which lever when pressed down
actuates the T-valve, and allows the water obtained from the main, herein-before
mentioned, to flow into the air-tight cistern, and when the lever is raised it

page_text: closes the said main and opens the outlet pipe, allowing the water to be
flushed into the basin by the force of the compressed air in the cistern.
I propose to use the apparatus herein-before mentioned either above or
below the seat of the closet; and my Invention is also applicable to urinals.
For the watering of gardens or the cleansing of windows, or for other
purposes, I employ a vessel or cistern which is perfectly air-tight, having a tap
fixed at the top for the purpose of receiving the water, to which is attached a
pipe, which is carried nearly to the bottom of the vessel or cistern; a tap is
fixed near the bottom of the vessel or cistern, upon which I place an elastic or
other suitable tube or pipe. I also employ a tap at the end of the elastic
tube or pipe, which is so formed that, by partially turning it, it will emit a jet,
and by turning it on at the full it will emit a rose or spreader. I propose
also to apply an air-pump to the vessel or cistern to force out the water.
AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE MANUFACTURE OF METAL CHAINS AND CHAIN CABLES
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Pierre Louis Réné Mouillard
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 14th February 1860.
I, PIERRE LOUIS RENÉ MOUILLARD, of Bell Yard, Doctors' Commons, in the
City of London, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE MANUFACTURE OF METAL CHAINS AND CHAIN
CABLES," to be as follows:-
This Invention of an improvement in the manufacture of metal chains and
chain cables has for its object the manufacture of iron chain cables and other
iron chains, and relates to a mode of making the links of such chains, whereby
greatly increased strength is obtained.
In carrying out the Invention I take hoop iron, or nail-rod iron, or stout
iron wire heated to a welding heat, or at the very moment it comes out from:
the rolling mill, and I wind it at once round a mould or form, either of a
circular, oval, or other suitable shape. The hoop iron is wound round this
mould or form as many times as may be required to obtain the desired thick-
ness of link, and at the same time I cause a very heavy pressure (either by
means of a cast-iron revolving roller, or by any other suitable contrivance). to
act on every layer of the hot hoop iron or wire as it revolves, and I thereby
weld the parts together at once, the various layers thus being converted by
one single operation into a perfect ring or link, and not requiring any other
brazing, soldering, or welding.

page_text: In order to cause every link so formed to be linked with the previously
made link, I make an opening in the mould or form sufficiently large to admit
the last perfected link to be introduced and to be retained suspended on the
hollow fixed axis whilst the mould is revolving afresh to form another link,
and so on in continuation without at any time taking from off the shaft either
the wheel or mould, and without opening them.
I also propose, when a stud or lateral stay is required to any link, to cause
either a cast or wrought iron stay or stud to be first introduced in a vertical
position within the mould or form, and projecting sufficiently beyond the
external circumference of the mould or form to retain the layers, and the said
stay or stud is to be fixed or welded itself to the layers or link in such manner
that the whole link, with the central stay or stud, should easily be got out of
the mould or form as one single article.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS, BY THE USE OF WHICH THE DROPPING OR GUTTERING OF CANDLES IS PREVENTED
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Elizabeth Steane at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with her Petition, on the 1st October
1860.
I, ELIZABETH STEANE, of Commercial Place, Brixton, in the County of
Surrey, Widow, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS, BY THE USE OF WHICH THE DROPPING OR
GUTTERING OF CANDLES IS PREVENTED," to be as follows:-
I place a hood or cap over the top of the candle (which hood forms the
subject of my Patent, No. 763, dated the 26th day of March, A.D., 1859),
through the centre of an opening, in which the wick passes. On the edge or
a little above or under the lower rim of the hood or cap I affix the ends of an
india-rubber or other elastic strap or band; I carry this elastic under the heel
of the candle, or on to within or under the rim of the candlestick; or I place
a spring of any material (which will act inversely to assist and draw home the
cap) under the candle, fixing such spring in a ring or otherwise in the candle-
stick or to the bottom or heel of the candle, and as the candle consumes the
hood descends assisted and kept in position by the elastic apparatus. I some-
times make within the hood, or cap, a groove, more or less deep, into which
I insert a ring of any suitable metal or material, this ring attaining a greater
degree of heat than the cap causes the latter to slide downwards more surely.
CLEANSING, RINSING, OR SCOURING LACE, HOSIERY, OR OTHER ARTICLES, WHETHER MADE OF SILK, COTTON, OR OTHER MATERIAL, FROM EXTRANEOUS MATTER
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Richards at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 9th March
1860.
I, WILLIAM RICHARDS of the Firm of Messieurs Samuel Richards and
Sons, of "The Sand Field Works," Canning Street, in the Town and County
of the Town of Nottingham, Bleachers, Brushers, and Finishers of Hosiery
Goods, do hereby declaro the nature of the said Invention for "CLEANSING,
RINSING, OR SCOURING LACE, HOSIERY, OR OTHER ARTICLES, WHETHER MADE OF SILK,
COTTON, OR OTHER MATERIAL, FROM EXTRANEOUS MATTER," to be as follows:-
My Invention has for its object the cleansing, rinsing, or scouring of lace,
hosiery, or other articles, whether made of silk, cotton, or other material, from
extraneous matter without the operation of that injurious friction to which
they are at present subjected in the method hitherto in use. Heretofore it has
been usual to rinse or cleanse lace or hosiery goods by the use of dollies or
fallers, which, from their heavy pressure, not unfrequently inflict much damage
on the goods, especially on those of a delicate nature, whereas my Invention
consists in the use or employment of liquid or liquids to what is called a hydro-
extractor by means of a cistern erected over it, the bottom of which is perforated,
thus allowing the liquid to fall freely upon the goods to be cleansed or rinsed.
I also propose to convey the liquid by means of a hose or pipe composed of
leather or other suitable material, which is also perforated and is connected to
the same cistern, by which means much friction is obviated and the beauty or
perfection of the goods preserved. By these means the most delicate fabrics,

page_text: such as mechlins or Brussels lace can be cleansed or rinsed without their
texture being in anywise injured, and moveover a considerable amount of
labour is saved.
In scouring goods I use another cistern which is also elevated above the
hydro-extractor, to which is connected a pipe to convey the liquids from it into
the cistern or hose already connected to the hydro-extractor.
The ordinary hydro-extractor has a flange extending over the cylinder, but
in this my Invention I dispense with the use of the flange in order to permit
the liquid to have its full action upon the goods. I also propose to have the
edge of the cylinder of a convex shape so that any liquids falling thereon may
pass into the cylinder.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF STAY CLOTH
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edwin Izod and Robert Beech at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition, on the
23rd November 1860.
We, EDWIN IZOD and ROBERT BEECH, of 13", Grocers' Hall Court, Poultry,
in the City of London, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF STAY CLOTH," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in the manufacture of stay
cloth. In the weaving of double cloths suitable for the manufacture of stays
it has been usual to connect such fabrics at intervals in the act of weaving,
leaving proper spaces for the reception of whalebone, steel, and other fillings;
and such double fabrics have also been stitched at the time of weaving. In
some cases also stays have heretofore been made by hand and lined with
flannel, the requisite hollow spaces for the bone, steel, and other fillings being
produced and the desired strength obtained by applying to the back of the
stay cloth, and between it and the flannel, tapes or strips of stay or strong cloth,
which has been stitched or sewed to the stay cloth at those places where the
hollow spaces have been required to be produced for the reception of the bone,
steel, and other fillings, the flannel being simply sewed or fastened in as a
lining. Now, our Invention consists in a peculiar means of weaving double
stay cloth with the requisite hollow spaces for receiving the bone, steel, and
other fillings, together with a lining or interior surface produced of wool,

page_text: whilst the requisite strength of the two fabrics is obtained by using two warps
composed of linen, cotton, or other vegetable fibre, the inner of the two fabrics
being wefted with woollen or worsted yarn, and when preferred, both the back
and the front warps may be wefted with woollen or worsted yarn.
IMPROVEMENTS IN CAMERAS SUCH AS ARE USED BY PHOTOGRAPHERS
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Hugh Mac Farlane at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 17th
November 1860.
I, HUGH MAC FARLANE, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain,
Photographic Artist, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN CAMERAS SUCH AS ARE USED BY PHOTOGRAPHERS," to be as
follows, that is to say:-
This Invention relates to improvements in cameras such as are used by
photographers, such improvements whilst of a simple and inexpensive character
permitting of a slight inclination being given to the picture plate, which is
in many cases of great benefit, as is well understood by photographers. In a
camera embodying the improvements the back portion of the box, instead of
being as ordinarily rigidly fixed to the inner shell which is drawn out with the
back, has such inner shell entered loosely a short distance and attached by a
single screw or pin at the top, and another at the bottom, so that the back
can be inclined slightly in either direction about a vertical axis. The back of
the box can be fixed at any inclination by means of a screw working in con-
nection with the guide in the back supporting flap. A slight inclination
about a horizontal axis is obtained by means of a pair of levers inside the box,
against which levers the frame for holding the picture plate bears, these
levers being inclined by means of pins projecting through slots to the outside,
and being fixed by means of external screw nuts.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF STEAM BOILERS, AND IN THE FLUES CONNECTED THEREWITH
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Roberts at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 3rd November
1860.
I, GEORGE ROBERTS, of Openshaw, near the City of Manchester, Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
CONSTRUCTION OF STEAM BOILERS, AND IN THE FLUES CONNECTED THEREWITH," to
be as follows:-
The object of my Invention is to ensure great strength, to prevent the
injurious effects of the different degrees of expansion and contraction of the
internal flues and the outer casing, and to disconnect the boiler from the furnace
when required. The casing of the boiler is cylindrical, with hemispherical or
egg-shaped ends, and the internal flue is open at the side near one end of the
casing, and extends to near the other end, where it is turned round, and is
then carried back to the end from which it started, where it opens to the
opposite side of the casing. In horizontal boilers the products of combustion
pass under the boiler, they then enter the internal flue through which they are
conveyed, and then pass along an outer, flue which is in communication with
the chimney; the peculiar arrangement of the outer flues may, however, be
varied. When my improved boiler is placed vertically, the internal flue opens
hear the lower end of the casing, and it is turned over at a certain distance from
he upper end to allow for water and steam above the internal flue; the blow-
off cock is placed at the lowest part of the boiler. The products of com-

page_text: bustion when the boiler is at work go direct from the furnace into the flue,
and after passing through it. are conveyed to the chimney, but when the boiler
is not working the orifice of the internal flue is closed, and by opening a
damper the products of combustion are conveyed direct to the chimney, by
this means the boiler is disconnected from the furnace when required. This
peculiar arrangement of the flues for disconnecting the boiler from the furnace
may be applied to certain boilers of the ordinary construction.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF MOTIVE POWER BY APPLICATION OF THE DEAD WEIGHT OF LIQUIDS, AND IN THE APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Sir John Trotter Bethune at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 29th
November 1860.
I, Sir JOHN TROTTER BETHUNE, of 39, Rue de l'Echiquier, Paris, in the
Empire of France, Baronet, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF MOTIVE POWER BY APPLICATION OF THE
DEAD WEIGHT OF LIQUIDS, AND IN THE APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH," to be
as follows:-
These improvements consist in applying to the production of motive power
the dead weight of liquids contained in recipients of any desired form suspended
at each extremity of a balance beam or otherwise equipoised, and acting by
direct pressure on driving pistons in the manner hereafter described.
To each extremity of a balance beam mounted on a strong pedestal I suspend
a metallic recipient, the capacity of which varies according to the force to be
produced. In the bottom of each recipient is pierced a circular opening, and
over this opening is adapted the upper end of a metallic cylinder, the lower
extremity of which is fitted with a piston or plunger provided each with an
ordinary circular slide valve. These pistons work each in a pump body, in
the bottom of which is fitted an escape pipe provided with eduction valves and
passing to a driving wheel mounted apart on cast pillars. This wheel is
surrounded by a metallic circle enclosing the pallets, and communicates with a
return pipe, by which the liquid expended in the working of the machine is
thrown back to a fixed reservoir, from which it is distributed to the suspended
recipients.

page_text: The apparatus thus arranged and charged with liquid (water for instance or
even mercury), one piston being at the top of its pump body with its slide valve
closed, and the second at the bottom of the other pump with its valve open.
On opening the communication with the escape pipes the raised piston descends
by the weight of its superposed recipient forcing the liquid below into the
driving wheel, while the recipient and piston at the opposite side rise freely;
the down stroke completed, the slide valve opens. The opposite piston, whose
valve has just closed on the completion of the up stroke, then commences its
downward course, and forces in its turn the contents of its pump to pass by
the corresponding branch of the escape pipe into the driving wheel. The
alternate movements thus commenced keep up-as long as the communication
between the pump cylinders and the escapement is left open, and develope in
the driving wheel a given amount of power, part of which is absorbed in
throwing the expended liquid back to the distributing reservoir while the
surplus may be employed as positive force.
It is obvious that the same result may be obtained by many modifications of
the above arrangement which is here given, as the simplest practical appli-
cation of the principle of the Invention.
IMPROVEMENTS IN COLOURING OR OBTAINING THE EFFECT OF COLOURING AND OTHER ORNAMENTATIONS TO SURFACES IN RELIEF OR PARTLY IN RELIEF
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William White and Josiah Parlby
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition, on the
3rd November 1860.
We, WILLIAM WHITE and JOSIAH PARLBY, of Great Marylebone Street, in
the County of Middlesex, Architectural Decorators, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN COLOURING OR OBTAINING THE
EFFECT OF COLOURING AND OTHER ORNAMENTATIONS TO SURFACES IN RELIEF OR
PARTLY IN RELIEF," to be as follows:-
The object of the improvements is to obtain effects resembling those
obtained by what is commonly called "picking in" or "picking out," and the
like, but with other advantages, in a more economical and expeditious
manner.
Having produced from a mould or die or otherwise a surface partly in
relief, and wishing to colour such parts as are in relief, we, instead of picking
them out in colour with a brush, as is now done, apply the desired colour to a
surface, by preference slightly soft or yielding, and by pressing the relief
ornamentation, and this coloured surface together, we transfer to the projecting
parts or relief ornamentation the colour with which such surface was charged.
To effect this we either press the relief ornament on the surface charged with
color; or we charge a roller, damper, or such like thing, and pass over and
press its surface on the projecting parts or relief of the ornaments, leaving on
them the desired colour.
Should we require to colour the sunken portions or ground on which the

page_text: ornament or relief is formed or applied, we, having charged our roller or other
colouring surface, apply it to the raised surfaces of a mould or die adapted to
receive the relief or ornament, which being pressed into such coloured mould
or die, receives on its sunk portions the colour of the mould.
If we require to apply gold, bronze, silver, or other leaf or powder, we
apply, by the above-named process, the gold size or such like material as is
ordinarily used, and having done so, apply our gold or silver leaf, bronze, or
other leaf or powder in the usual way.
Another method of colouring the depths or ground of surfaces partly in
relief is as follows:-We make our ornament or other article of the colour
required for the portions in relief; we then colour with the ground colour, and
scrape or otherwise remove such ground colour from the outer surface of the
parts in relief.
IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM BOILER FURNACES
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Moffat at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 20th February
1860.
I, JOHN MOFFAT, of Ardrossan, in the County of Ayr, North Britain,
Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM BOILER FURNACES," to be as follows, that is to say :-
This Invention relates to the application to steam boiler furnaces of
improved arrangements or apparatus for preventing smoke, and for rendering
the combustion of the fuel generally more complete and efficient; and the
Invention consists in inserting along the middle (or longitudinal centre line
from front to back) of each furnace a series of air ducts which pass through
the fire and grate and receiving the air from the ash-pit discharge it above
the surface of the burning fuel. It is preferred to shape these air ducts so as
to discharge the air laterally and downwards' upon the burning fuel, and they
may be conveniently formed by means of fire-brick blocks or cast-iron framing
shaped in a suitable manner. If found necessary or desirable, the supply of
air may be regulated by means of dampers on the ash-pit mouth, or applied
to the ducts themselves.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN ROCKETS
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henry John Morgan at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 24th pr il
1860.
I, HENRY JOHN MORGAN, of 48, Gloster Terrace, Hyde Park, in the County
of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN ROCKETS," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in rockets. There are two
descriptions of rockets used for war purposes; those mounted on sticks, and
those with outlets formed in such manner as to cause them to rotate. Now
the object of my Invention is to construct the cases of rockets in such manner
that they may be caused to rotate by being discharged from rifled or spirally-
bored guns.
For these purposes the metal case of a rocket at its after end is formed
with a passage as heretofore when using a stick, and the charge of the rocket
may be arranged to be fired immediately it is discharged from a gun, or the
time of firing the charge of the rocket may be delayed by the employment
of a suitable fuze till the rocket has completed a portion of its flight.
And in order that a rocket may be caused to rotate when discharged from
a rifled or spirally-bored gun, its external surface is either made with a band
or bands of soft metal, or the exterior of the case of the rocket, or part thereof,
is made to correspond in form to the bore of the spirally-bored gun from
which it is intended to be fired.
AN IMPROVE- MENT IN MAKING COP TUBES
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Edmond Donisthorpe at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
24th January 1860.
I, GEORGE EDMOND DONISTHORPE, of Leeds, in the County of York, Top
Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "AN IMPROVE-
MENT IN MAKING COP TUBES," to be as follows:—
Cop tubes have heretofore been made of paper, gutta percha, and other
materials. The points of the tubes so made have been found defective, as they
were not strong enough to bear the outward pressure of the spring in the
spindle of the shuttle, which is used for holding the cop or yarn in the shuttle
while weaving.
My Invention consists in giving strength to the points and other parts of cop
tubes by forming conical cop tubes of yarn, with or without a foundation.
For these purposes the yarn employed is saturated or coated with gum,
gutta percha, or other cement, and is wound on mandrils or forms on which
the foundations (when used) are placed; or complete cop tubes are formed by
coils of yarn cemented together. The cop tubes thus produced are to be dried
and applied on the spindles, in like manner to that in which cop tubes of
paper or gutta percha, or of other materials, have heretofore been applied.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF MATCHES AND CIGAR LIGHTS
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Auguste Constantin Aimable
Bertrand at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 20th October 1860.
I, AUGUSTE CONSTANTIN AIMABLE BERTRAND, of No. 2, Cheshunt Terrace,
Grange Road, Bermondsey, in the County of Surrey, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
MATCHES AND CIGAR LIGHTS," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in the manufacture of matches in such a manner as
to render them not liable to combustion by friction as with matches at present
in use; also in the materials used for the manufacture of such matches.
I propose using the following ingredients, or some of them, according to the
nature of the match to be made, and in such proportions as may be found
expedient for the purpose for which such matches are intended, namely:
Powdered stone, chlorate of potassa, powdered wood charcoal, gum arabic,
vermillion, ochre, salts of nitre, juniper berries, powdered white sugar, cas-
carilla, and powdered cloves.
Any kind of essence or perfume may be used in the manufacture of these
matches, and any desired color so as to render them fragrant and handsome.
The boxes to contain these matches I propose forming with a flap, on the
inside of which is laid a thin paste composed of amorphe phosphorous, and any
adhesive material against which these matches are to be rubbed for instant
ignition, any other rough surface being unavailable.
IMPROVEMENTS IN COCKS OR TAPS
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Thomas Cheetham at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 14th
March 1860.
I, WILLIAM THOMAS CHEETHAM, of Rochdale, in the County of Lancaster,
Mechanical Draughtsman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN COCKS OR TAPS," to be as follows:-
My Invention relates to the construction of self-shutting cocks or taps.
The valve or other such apparatus which regulates the supply, I connect
to a piston or its equivalent, which, when the valve is being closed by
pressure of the fluid, acts by a tendency to compression upon fluid which
can only pass through a contracted aperture or apertures, and thereby prevents
a sudden closing. This is done by the piston moving upward, or downward, or
horizontally, and the said apertures may be in the piston or in the cylinder
thereof, and I so shape the escape for the fluid that there shall be a decreasing
area as the valve approaches its seat.
The piston above mentioned can be established in equilibrium by admitting
pressure around it; and I also gain the above effect by an equilibrium valve.
Another arrangement of self-closing cock or tap consists in mounting the
valve upon a screw, the thread of which is sufficient to give way to the
pressure of the fluid.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE FORM AND IN THE METHOD OF AND MEANS FOR CONSTRUCTING BEAMS, JOISTS, GIRDERS, AND RAILS, AND IN THE PERMANENT WAY OF RAILWAYS GENERALLY
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Charles Martin at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 81st August
1860.
I, CHARLES MARTIN, of Isleworth, in the County of Middlesex, Civil
Engincer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE FORM AND IN THE METHOD OF AND MEANS FOR CONSTRUCTING BEAMS,
JOISTS, GIRDERS, AND RAILS, AND IN THE PERMANENT WAY OF RAILWAYS GENERALLY,”
to be as follows: ÷
I form my rail so that it shall have a triangular sectional outline, that is
to say, that it shall have three radiating axes at angles of 120° to each other;
symetrically round each of their axes is the web which terminates either .in
a T or bulb form, according to the particular application of the rail, or whether
it is to be a joist, or beam, or girder, or rail; in like manner there may be
one, two, or three of these bulbs or T-terminations as wished: To form these.
beams I make use of three rolls placed in a triangular framing, each having its.
axis of rotation at an angle of about 60°, or their planes of rotation at angles
of 120°, the periphery of each roll forming an equal and symetrical portion of
the rail, or beam, or joist, or girder, as the case may be. I form my chair
either of cast or wrought iron, and of a section similar in form to the lower or
double portion of my rail, but with an enlarged bearing; a bolt and washer,.
or plate, or other suitable contrivance, covers the outer lips of the lower bulbs
of the rail, and holds it firm in its seat. The chair may either be bolted on to
a longitudinal corrugated iron sleeper, in width about equal to that of its bed,

page_text: or the chair and its sleeper may be made all in one piece so as to form a
continuous bearing to the rail, and similar in section to the chair and sleeper
before described:
IMPROVED MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR OBTAINING AND APPLYING MOTIVE POWER
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Jean Bluzat, Marcelin Rivière
Claude Bluzat, and Frederic Maigron, at the Office of the Commissioners
of Patents, with their Petition, on the 15th August 1860.
We, JEAN BLUZAT, MARCELIN RIVIERE, CLAUDE BLUZAT, and FREDERIC
MAIGRON,. of Marseille, Town in the French Empire, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVED MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR
OBTAINING AND APPLYING MOTIVE POWER," to be as follows:-
Our Invention consists of a lever machine, with wheel gear, which gives
motion to two main levers, each terminating at one end in a forked loop.
Each lever has connected to it two pauls, one extending above and the other
below. Near the opposite end of the levers to that which is looped, a balance
weight is fixed on each, and the end itself has fixed to it a toothed segmental
rack. Between the forked end of each lever is a ratchet wheel; the shaft on
which the ratchet wheels are keyed extends outwards on one side beyond the
frame of the machine, and has fixed on it a toothed wheel. The loops in
which the forked ends of the levers terminate encircle the ratchet-wheel shaft
loosely. Power is employed to turn a crank handle, which imparts motion to
a toothed pinion which drives a toothed wheel mounted on the same shaft as
two toothed pinions which successively raise the toothed segmental racks on
the ends of the main levers. The ends of the racks are furnished with cams,
which coming in contact with springs provide for the alternate rise and fall of
the main levers, which thus have a continuous up-and-down motion imparted

page_text: to them. Through the pauls on the main levers-rotary motion is imparted to
the ratchet wheels, to the shaft on which they are keyed, and to the toothed
wheel fixed on the end thereof. This wheel drives a toothed pinion, on the
shaft of which is a toothed wheel in gear with a toothed pinion on a fly-wheel
shaft. In order to obtain continuity of motion, the power to drive the crank
handle whereby the whole machine is set in motion, may be derived from the
fly-wheel shaft.
A ROTATORY VICE, APPLICABLE FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF SHOES AND ALL OBJECTS OF ART OR INDUSTRY GENERALLY MADE BY HAND
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joseph Louis Edouard Klein and
Jules Parfait Roger at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 4th January 1860.
We, JOSEPH LOUIS. EDOUARD KLEIN and JULES PARFAIT ROGER, of Mont-
martre, in the Empire of France, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "A ROTATORY VICE, APPLICABLE FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF SHOES
AND ALL OBJECTS OF ART OR INDUSTRY GENERALLY MADE BY HAND," to be as
follows:-
The object upon which the workman is engaged is held by pincers, or other
similar tool, which is held in a globe or bowl of iron or other metal or material
by means of a handle fixed to the said pincers, which is introduced into a
socket in the globe, and is fixed in its position by means of a set screw.
allow the workman to have the object in any position most suitable to his
work and comfort, the following means are adopted
To
1stly, the globe is pierced with a series of holes situated at different heights,
which serve as sockets for the handle of the tool and to suit any degree of
inclination desired from a vertical to a horizontal one.
2ndly, the handle can be turned in its socket.
3rdly, the globes turns upon its vertical axis, being attached to a bar sup-
ported by the pedestal or bench, and can be raised or lowered.
By the combination of the three means above described, the object can be
turned in any direction, or it can be held in any position, also the workman
has all his limbs at liberty, and can have his body in a comfortable position
whilst engaged at work.
IMPROVEMENTS IN RAILWAY SLEEPERS
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Walker at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 20th April
1860.
I, JAMES WALKER, of Walsall, in the County of Stafford, Civil Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
RAILWAY SLEEPERS," to be as follows, that is to say :—
These improvements consist in making the sleepers for railways of plates of
wrought or cast iron, bolted or rivetted to a stretcher piece of angle or T-iron,
or iron of other suitable section.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BOOTS AND SHOES
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Henry Walker at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with bis Petition, on the
24th February 1860.
I, WILLIAM HENRY WALKER, of Leicester, Manufacturer, do hereby declare
the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BOOTS
AND SHOES," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in the manufacture of boots
and shoes. Heretofore in finishing the soles and heels of boots and slioes, the
rasping, filing, scraping, burnishing, and polishing have been done by hand.
Now my improvements consist in the application of rotatory rasps and files,
and also rotatory polishing and burnishing wheels or surfaces in place of the
hand instruments heretofore employed. The rotatory rasps and files used for
shaping and smoothing the under parts and edges of the soles and heels of boots
and shoes are in some cases rounded and inclined on their peripheries, and in
other cases they are cylindrical, and such is the case in respect to the rotating,
polishing, and burnishing wheels, and I would state that such rotating rasps,
files, and polishing and burnishing wheels do not differ materially from wheels
which have before been made and used for other purposes; consequently, no
separate claim is made thereto. These rotating rasps, files, and polishing and
burnishing wheels are each mounted on suitable tables or frames in a similar
manner to that in which they have before been mounted when used for other
purposes, and they are driven by steam or other suitable power, and in regard

page_text: to the use of rotatory rasps and files for the edges of the soles and heels,
suitable guards are provided for preventing the rotating tools which act
on the edges of the soles and heels of boots and shoes coming against the
uppers."
IMPROVEMENTS IN NEEDLES
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Pidding at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 8th February
1860.
I, WILLIAM PIDDING, of the Borough Road, Southwark, in the County of
Surrey, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN NEEDLES," to be as follows:-
My Invention, which has reference to an improvement in the eyes of
needles, consists of the eye of the needle having an opening at the end or side,
as most convenient, such part acting as a V-spring, opening by pressure of the
thread, and again closing when such has passed into the eye. Or by the
needle being made of one piece, having an opening in the centre of the needle
at any part most convenient, and the needle to be so made that by pressure
endwise it shall open, so as to allow of the thread to be inserted and then
close. In my Complete Specification I shall furnish Diagrams fully illustrating
the same.