IMPROVEMENTS IN FORGING OR SHAPING METALS, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1868

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Bernard Peard Walker, of North Road House
Wolverhampton, in the County of Stafford, Engineer, for the Inven-
tion of "IMPROVEMENTS IN FORGING OR SHAPING METALS, AND IN THE
MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN."
Scaled the 4th May 1869, and dated the 13th November 1868..
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Bernard Peard Walker
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 13th November 1868.
I, BERNARD PEARD WALKER, of North Road House, Wolverhampton,
in the County of Stafford, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS EN FORGING OR SHAPING METALS, AND IN THE
MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in the application of the copying principle to
forging machines, such as those known as Ryder's forging machines or
modifications thereof, thereby enabling copies of a model to be produced

page_text: by dies or hammer faces, which need not be, as is the case in the
ordinary and well-known process of stamping, the counterpart of the
article to be produced.
According to one mode of carrying out this Invention a bolt or ram is
employed driven by a crank shaft and fly wheel, as in the well-known
Ryder machine, but in lieu of attaching a swage or die immediately to
the lower end of the bolt a lever is used, having its fulcrum at one end
and a hammer face at the other, whilst it is attached to the bolt or ram
at a point intermediate between the hammer face and fulcrum by a cross
pin or suitable joint, so that the hammer face has a greater amount of
motion than the ram. The fulcrum end of the lever rests upon a model
or pattern consisting of a piece of steel or other material which is
moveable, and is shaped in accordance with the article to be produced.
It will be evident that as the lower end of the ram always descends to a
given point the hammer face attached to the lever will also travel when
set in motion by a crank or cam to a given distance from the anvil to
which it is opposed so long as the fulcrum remains stationary, but when
the fulcrum is raised the hammer face will travel nearer to the anvil in
proportion. By attaching the moveable piece on which the fulcrum of
the lever rests to the pieces of material to be operated upon it will be
evident that the line produced by the indents given to the material by
the hammer face will be a copy of the contour of the moveable piece or
model. Therefore by connecting the model with the piece of material
to be fashioned so that the two move together longitudinally the
sectional contour of the model in a plane perpendicular to the path of
the hammer will be copied in the material.
In some cases a pair of levers may be used, the model being interposed
between their fulcra; and for some special purposes two or more pairs of
hammers or levers may be employed, one pair acting at any convenient
angle to the other, and their fulcra resting on both sides of the model.
This Invention is obviously applicable to a very great variety of
manufactures, among which may be mentioned nails, spikes, screw bolts,
edge tools, and such like articles.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Bernard Peard Walker in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 13th May 1869..
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, BERNARD
PEARD WALKER, of North Road House, Wolverhampton, in the County
of Stafford, Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Thirteenth day of November, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-cight, in the thirty-
second year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said Bernard Peard Walker, Her special license
that I, the said Bernard Peard Walker,, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said Bernard Peard Walker, my exe-
cutors, administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and
no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
FORGING AND SHAPING METALS, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED
THEREIN," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Bernard
Peard Walker, my executors or administrators, by an instrument
in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Bernard Peard Walker, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement, reference being had to the accompanying
Drawings, and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to
say:
My said Invention consists in the application of a copying principle
to forging machines, such as those known as Ryder's forging machines
or modifications thereof, thereby enabling copies of a model or pattern
to be produced by dies or hammer faces, which need not be, as is the

page_text: case in the ordinary and well-known process of stamping the counterpart
of the article to be produced.
"'"
وز
or
According to one mode of carrying out my Invention a "bolt
"ram" is employed driven by a crank shaft and fly wheel, as in the
well-known Ryder machine, but in lieu of attaching a swage or die
immediately to the lower end of the "bolt" a lever is attached thereto,
having its fulcrum at one end and a hammer face at the other, whilst it
is attached to the "bolt" or "ram at a point intermediate between
the hammer face and fulcrum by a cross pin or suitable joint, so that
the hammer face has a greater amount of motion than the ram. The
fulcrum end of the lever rests upon a model or pattern consisting of a
piece of steel or other material which is moveable, and is shaped in
accordance with the article to be produced. It will be evident that as
the lower end of the "ram" always descends to a given point the
hammer face attached to the lever will also travel when set in motion
by a crank or cam to a given distance from the anvil (or opposite
hammer face when two hammers are used) opposed so long as the
fulcrum remains stationary, but when the fucrum is raised the hammer
face will travel or approach proportionally nearer to the anvil or
opposite hammer face. By attaching the moveable piece or pattern
on which the fulcrum of the hammer lever rests to the piece of material
to be operated upon it will be evident that the line produced by the
indents given to the material by the hammer face or faces will be a copy
of the contour of the moveable piece or pattern. Therefore by con-
necting the pattern or model with the piece of material to be fashioned
so that the two move together longitudinally the sectional contour of
the pattern or model in a plane perpendicular to the path of the
hammer will be copied in the material.
When using a pair of levers the pattern or model is interposed
between their fulcra, and for some special purposes two or more pairs of
hammers or levers may be employed, one pair acting at any convenient
angle to the other, whilst their fulcra rest against both sides of the
pattern-or model.
This Invention is obviously applicable to a very great variety of manu-
factures, among which may be mentioned nails, spikes, screw bolts, edge
tools, and such like articles.
And in order that my said Invention may be fully understood I
shall now proceed more particularly to describe the same, and for that

page_text: purpose shall refer to the several Figures on the annexed Sheet of
Drawings, the same letters of reference indicating corresponding parts in
all the Figures.
Figure 1 of my Drawings represents a sectional elevation of my
improved forging machine constructed with two pairs of forging
hammers, the one pair working at right angles to the other; Figure 2 is
a front elevation of the same; Figure 3 is a detail side clevation
showing the mode of connecting the pattern or model with the piece to
be shaped, and Figure 4 is a front elevation of the same.
A, A, represent the upper parts of two standards, upon which are
mounted the two cruciform cast-iron or other metal frames B, B', each
of which has two lugs cast thereon for the facility of bolting them to
the tops of the standards. In the centre of the rear frame B there is secured
in any convenient manner a stud or pin C, upon which is mounted so as
to turn freely the hollow axis D, shown in dotted lines. This axis has
keyed upon it a spur wheel E, the fly wheel F, and the fast driving
pulley G, the loose pulley G¹ being simply mounted upon the protruding
end of the stud or pin C. The central spur wheel gears into four other
spur wheels H, H, mounted respectively upon the rear ends of the four
crank shafts I, I, which work in holes drilled in the outer ends of the
four arms of the frames B, B', and thereby impart a simultaneous
rotatory motion to the several crank shafts. On the front end of each
crank shaft, which I prefer to make of steel, I form an enlarged boss K.
having a crank pin L formed thereon. This crank pin works in a brass
or gun metal slide block M. provided with a flange on the top and bottom
at its inner side, which flanges serve to guide it in its to-and-fro sliding
motion (produced by the revolution of the crank pin) along the top of
the sliding "ram" or "bolt" N, the block M being held in position
by the cross bar O secured to the outer end of the "ram" by two
screws a, a, passing through hollow intermediate pieces b, b. The
several "rams" slide in contact with the front faces of the four arms
of the front frame B', against which they are held by the cover
plates P, P, each secured by two screws c, c, and steady pins d, d, to the
frame B. The lower end of each "ram" is forked so as to embrace
the corresponding hammer lever Q to which it is jointed by the pin e.
Four of these levers are combined in the machine illustrated by my
Drawings, each connected in the same way with its "ram." To the
outer or free end of each of the levers Q, Q, there is secured a hammer R.

page_text: in any convenient manner which will admit of its being readily removed
and replaced. In my Drawings I have shown a T-headed clamp f
the head of which fits into a correspondingly shaped slot made trans-
versely across the front end of the lever which is strengthened for the
purpose. In this clamp fa slot is formed through which the shank of
the hammer passes, such shank being firmly held in its place by a
pinching screw g inserted through the front end of the clamp, the pressure
of the screw tending to hold the hammer firmly against the face of the
lever. In order to prevent the action of the blows from displacing the
hammers I make. a projection on the outer part of the front of the lever
against which the outer ends of the hammers abut as shewn clearly in
Figure 1. The levers Q pass through slots or openings made for that
purpose in the frame B', and their rear ends, which may be rounded, as
shewn at i, i, bear upon the opposite sides of a pattern or model S, the
necessary contact being maintained by bent or helical springs T, T, con-
tained in a supplementary cross frame U, which extends between and is
secured to the standards or supports, slots being made in such frame for
the reception of the said springs and the rear ends of the hammer levers.
The model itself is composed of cast or wrought metal, and is secured
firmly to or cast in one piece with a bridge piece V, which connects the
two rear ends of the parallel sliding rods W, W¹, (see Figures 3 and 4,)
working along and in guides at X and X', as herein-after described.
The front ends of these rods are extended some distance beyond the
hammers, and are connected by another bridge piece Y, thus forming a
sliding frame; this sliding frame is guided by causing the model on
the one hand to slide along the fixed rod X, secured by the nut n
between the two frames B, B', whilst on the other hand the lower
one W' of the two rods slides through a guide hole. made in the fixed
cross bar X¹. On a lug formed on the bridge piece Y there is provided
a central pivot l, on which are mounted a pair of pincers or tongs Z for
holding the article or piece of metal m whilst under the action of the
forging hammers R. These pincers or tongs may be grasped by one
hand of the attendant, whilst with the other he moves the sliding frame
or rods W, W', longitudinally by means of the lever o connected to the
bridge piece Y by the central pivot 7, and having its fulcrum at q
attached to the end of one of the standards, as shown clearly in Figure 4.
By this means both the model and the piece to be shaped are caused to
move together longitudinally, thereby bringing successively each portion
of the entire length of the model in contact with the lever, fulcrum, or

page_text: fulcra; whilst at the same time the piece to be shaped is passed longi-
tudinally under or between the hammer or hammers.
The action of the machine for carrying out my improved system of
shaping articles by forging is as follows:-The metal to be shaped is
held between a pair of tongs, and is either supported on an anvil (if one
hammer be employed), or simply held between the tongs if one or more
pairs of hammers are used, as shewn in the Drawings. On starting the
machine the opposite hammers of each pair will strike simultaneously
upon opposite sides of the article to be shaped, but cach pair will act
alternately where more than one pair are employed. As the operation
proceeds the attendant slowly moves the sliding frame or rods W, W',
longitudinally by means of the lever o in order to bring each part of the
length of the article under the action of the hammer faces, whilst at the
same time the model is being moved in concert with the piece of metal
along the guide rod X, and operates upon the fulcra of the levers so as
to bring the hammer faces nearer to the-axial centre line of the piece
of metal under treatment, or it allows the springs T, T, to move the
hanumer faces further from the article, and consequently causes such
hammers to indent or compress the metal more or less at different parts
according to the form of the pattern or model. The relative thicknesses
of the manufactured article and of the model will obviously vary with
the relative distances between the points of suspension or connection e, e,
of the levers and the hammer faces and fulcra respectively. By placing
the points of connection e midway between the hammer faces and the
fulcra of the levers the forged article will correspond in thickness with
the model, but if placed nearer to the hammer face then the thickness
of the article will be proportionately less than that of the model, and
vice versa.
It will be obvious to the practical man that the mechanical arrange-
ments, herein-before described, may be varied, and that other methods
of driving the hammers may be adopted without departing from the
nature or essence of my Invention; also that the motion of the piece of
material operated upon and of the model may be rendered automatic.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my
said Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used
or carried into effect, I would observe in conclusion that what I consider
to be novel and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured to
me by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,-

page_text: First. The application and use to and in the shaping of articles by
means of forging hammers of a model or pattern which governs or
controls the action of the hammer or hammers, substantially as herein-
before described.
Second. The peculiar construction, arrangement, and combination of
machinery or apparatus for shaping articles by the aid of forging
hammers in combination with a model or pattern moving simultaneously
and in concert with the metal to be forged, substantially as herein-before
described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Bernard Peard Walker, have to this
my Specification set my hand and scal, the Twelfth day of
May, One thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine.
BERND. P. WALKER. (L.S.)