AN IMPROVED. APPARATUS FOR HEATING TURKISH BATHS, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE BUILDINGS, VINERIES, HOTHOUSES, AND COOKING OVENS
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Adams Bolton, of Campbell House, in the
Town and County of the Town of Leicester, for the Invention of "AN
IMPROVED. APPARATUS FOR HEATING TURKISH BATHS, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE
BUILDINGS, VINERIES, HOTHOUSES, AND COOKING OVENS."
Sealed the 22nd May 1861, and dated the 19th March '1861.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Adams Bolton at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
19th March 1861.
I, JOHN ADAMS BOLTON, of Campbell House, in the Town and County of
the Town of Leicester, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "AN IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR HEATING TURKISH BATHS, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE
BUILDINGS, VINERIES, HOTHOUSES, AND COOKING OVENS," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists of improved apparatus through which atmospheric
air, heat, and smoke are caused to pass, said apparatus being so constructed as
to present a large surface from which the heat radiates, and also the heated
air passes to be given off where and as desired; for example, in adapting this
Invention for heating Turkish baths I proceed as follows:-I convey air from
the street through an ordinary area grating down a shaft formed of wood or
other suitable material to a flue under the floor of the room which it is desired
to heat, the flue passing towards a fire hole, and when within about three or
four feet thereof the shaft bifurcates or branches off in two opposite directions,

page_text: so as to embrace by two flues each side of the fire hole. The top of the fire
hole is formed of a plate of metal, whence the heat from the fuel in the fire
hole radiates, and impinging against another metal plate fixed in the brick-
work of the fire hole enters by an opening into a large chamber or reservoir
of heat built immediately over the top of the fire hole. In connection with
said hot air chamber and fire hole are two separate flues built one over the
other; one of such said flues conducts the smoke from the fire hole under the
floor of the room, and the other flue returns the smoke into the chimney shaft
situate alongside of the fire hole. A pipe also proceeds from said hot air chamber
and passes in any desired direction under the flooring of the room, a perforated
plate or plates of metal being let into the floor for the passage of heat into the
room; two or more branch pipes are also connected, to the aforesaid hot air
pipe turning upwards into the floor of the room, and furnished with rotatory
ventilators flush with the floor. By these means a body of hot air may be let
into the room or building as desired. It is proposed to arrange reclining seats
or cushions over or upon the aforesaid flues, and also to leave a small space
between the sides thereof and the wall of the room, through which the heated
air passes into the room. The hot plates of the heating chamber before
mentioned may be supplied with cold air from a down shaft formed of sheet
iron or other material encircling the chimney so as to warm the air before it
reaches the plates. It will appear obvious that by a suitable arrangement
and disposition of the several parts of the above described apparatus may be
applied to the heating vineries, hothouses, ovens, and such like purposes.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John, Adams Bolton in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
19th September 1861.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN ADAMS
BOLTON, of Campbell House, in the Town and County of the Town of Leicester,
send greeting.
.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Nineteenth day of March, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, in the twenty-fourth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said John Adams Bolton, Her special licence that I, the said John Adams
Bolton, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
John Adams Bolton, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any

page_text: time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and. lawfully might make; use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man; an Invention for "AN IMPROVED APPA-
RATUS. FOR HEATING TURKISH BATHS, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE BUILDINGS, VINERIES,
HOTHOUSES, AND COOKING OVENS," upon the condition (amongst others) that. I, the
said John Adams Bolton, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in.
writing under my, or their, or one of their, hands and seals, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what, manner;
the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal
Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date..
of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW. YE, that I, the said John Adams Bolton, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner. the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following.,
statement, that is to say :-
This Invention consists of improved apparatus through which atmospheric.
air, heat, and smoke are caused to pass, said apparatus being so constructed
as to present a large surface from which the heat radiates, and also the heated:
air passes to be given off where and as desired; for example, in adapting this
Invention for heating Turkish baths I proceed as follows:-I convey air from.
the street through an ordinary area grating down a shaft formed of wood or.
other suitable material to a flue under the floor of the room which it is desired
to heat, the flue passing towards a fire hole, and when within about three or four,
feet thereof the shaft bifurcates or branches off in two opposite directions, so
as to embrace by two flues each side of the fire hole. The top of the fire hole
is formed of a plate of metal, whence the heat from the fuel in the fire hole
radiates, and impinging against another metal plate fixed in the brickwork of;
the fire hole, enters by an opening into a large chamber or reservoir of heat;
built immediately over the top of the fire hole. In connection with said hot:
air chamber and fire hole are two separate flues built one over the other; one
of such said flues conducts the smoke from the fire hole under the floor of the
room, and the other flue, returns, the smoke into the chimney shaft situate:
alongside of the fire-hole. A pipe also proceeds from said hot air-chamber:
and passes in any desired direction under the flooring of the room, a perforated.
plate or plates of metal being let into the floor for the passage of heat into the.
room; two or more branch pipes are also, connected to the aforesaid hot air;
pipe turning upwards into the floor of the room, and furnished with rotatory:
ventilators flush with the floor; by these means a body of hot air may be let
:

page_text: into the room or building as desired. It is proposed to arrange reclining seats-
or cushions over or upon the aforesaid flues, and also to leave a small space
between the sides thereof and the wall of the room through which the heated-
air passes into the room. The hot plates of the heating chamber before
mentioned may be supplied with cold air from a-down shaft formed of sheet
iron or other material encircling the chimney so as to warm the air before it
reaches the plates. It will appear obvious that by a suitable arrangement
and disposition of the several parts of the above-described apparatus may be
applied to the heating vineries, hothouses, ovens, and such like purposes.
:
I would here remark that the principle of action of this Invention is that-1
of the fresh respirable air travelling in an opposite direction to the fire heat'
and smoke in separate and distinct flues in the manner of the arterial and'
venous circulation of the blood. The air is heated by being made to travel
throughout its course in an opposite direction to the smoke current, the closest
contiguity being maintained between the two currents. The effect of this is:
the abstraction of caloric from the smoke throughout its course and the
vention of smoke escaping into the fresh air duct, so that in the event of
leakage air will always enter the chimney instead of smoke escaping into the
air duct.
1. :
pre-
In order to explain my said Invention as completely as possible, I now s
proceed to describe the best means I am acquainted with for carrying the
same into practical effect, reference being had to the illustrative Sheets of
Drawings accompanying these Presents; and to the numeral-figures and letters
of reference marked thereon-respectively, as follows:-
DESCRIPTION:
If the fire or furnace be required in the basement of a building, the air
may be conveyed from the street through an ordinary area grating down at
shaft formed of wood, iron, brick, stone, or any other hard material to a flue
under the floor. Such shaft and flue may be of any size according to the
requirements, should be perfectly smooth on the inside, as far as practi-
cable air tight, and should gradually diminish from the mouth to the point of
bifurcation as denoted by the letter a at Number 1 of the Drawings. The:
flue under the floor to be carried towards the furnace, and at about three: or:
four feet bifurcates as shewn at a on Drawing Number 1; thence the air:
currents proceed to a flue on each side of the fire hole, by which the air s
ascends to the heating chamber shewn on section E, F, Drawing Number 1,
and thence to the chamber above. The heating chamber may be supplied!
with air by a down shaft formed of metal, clay, or stone, or other material,

page_text: either encircling the chimney, or carried straight down the flue, so that the air
may be warmed before it reaches the heating chamber. This tube may be of
any required size, should taper from the top. towards the bottom, and have, a
large bell mouth so fixed that it should revolve with the wind. When the,
cold air shaft is intended to take the course of the chimney, it opens upon the
uppermost instead of upon the-undermost plate, and thus entirely reverses;
the course of transit, as in this case it comes in contact with the hottest plates?
last of all instead of first of all, and pursues a descending instead of an ascend-
ing course to, reach the hot air chamber or reservoir. This method of heating,
by a descendant cold current is shown in the section G, H, which exhibits the,
position of the heating plates, and shews the hot air chamber by their side,
instead of above them, as in section E, F, Drawing Number 1. The iron
plates should be of cast iron, about of an inch thick, and if, as shewn on the..
Drawings, six plates are used, the top plate should be nine inches less than {
the width of the chamber at top thereof. and three inches less at the bottom...
The divisional plate should be cast iron one inch thick, the bottom plate and,
two of the others cast in one with the divisional plate. The thickness of these
plates must be governed by circumstances, also their number; all the other,
divisional plates are fixed in grooves in the brickwork, such grooves being
large enough to allow ample scope for the expansion of the iron. The per--
pendicular divisional plate is hung by means of a strong flange at the top
fixed in the cover of the chambers over the fire; in all cases the inch.cast-
iron plate should slide in a strong cast-iron frame. Instead of metal or;
mineral plates, hollow globes or alternately inverted bell-shaped cast iron or.
other metal receptacles may be used for partially checking the progress, and
thereby intensifying the heat of the passing air, or the air may be caused to.
pass through a convoluted coil of tubing, either single or double as desired..
In the event of double coils of tubes being used, the larger tube should contain
the lesser tube conveying the cold air in the early part of its course; the exit,
of the small tube would join the entrance of the larger tube, and a coil or
horizontal to-and-fro form of distribution of them may be made over the metal
fire plate as required.
The section E, F, Drawing Number 1, represents the heating and collecting
chambers supplied with air from-below, as shewn by the cellar plan, Drawing
No. 1; in this, as in the other case, the metal plate should be placed about,
six inches above the fire plate, so that the air collected and heated between
the two plates may pass through an opening the whole width of the top plate
into the chamber above. These iron plates may also be multiplied as required;;
and may be of the same description, and fixed in. a similar manner to that
.

page_text: before described. Where great intensity of heat is required, two distinct
heating chambers may be employed, one for the downward current and one for:
the upward current of cold air, which may be collected when heated in a
chamber common to both; by this means very intense heat may be generated.
The doors to fire hole to be the ordinary cast-iron double doors, one within
the other so as economize the heat. The air from the hot air chamber may:
be admitted directly into the room by means of finely perforated slide venti-
lator gratings of zinc, iron, or brass. The hot air':
'may also be carried to any
distance by means of stoneware, glazed socket pipes, or metal pipes with
openings for gratings where required or thought necessary for any purpose
whatever where heat is required to be conveyed, as, for instance, a public
building, large or small, and of any description, may by this means be heated:
at about one-fourth the cost of any other method at present in use, besides
being much more effective and healthy. The pipes may be disposed or
arranged round a conical, domical, or square-shaped oven in a winding.
direction, as an elongated scroll or coil, or a series of coils, and fitted with.
gratings or tubes between the turns or bends thereof where required for
cooking and other purposes. The air in the entrance shaft next the area of
street, and also in the entrance shaft in the chimney, may be regulated at:
pleasure by means of a wrought iron or zinc plate made to slide in an iron
frame, as shewn in sections A, B, and G, H, at e and e, Drawing Number .1.1
It is not necessary that the furnace should be in the cellar; any position on"
the ground floor would do as well. The smoke from the fire may be made
use of in a Turkish bath, as shewn in section G, H, Drawing Number 1.
The smoke passes from the fire hole into a flue 18 inches below the floor of
the caldarium and tepidarium and other chambers, which flue may traverse
round the rooms required for use. At the farthest extremity this under flue;
ascends into another flue immediately over the first flue, and so returns to thei
chimney shaft, which may be placed in contiguity to the fire hole; the top
flue is 18 inches above, the floor level; both flues may, however, be placed
below the floor level, if required, either. one over the other as stated, or they'
be side by side.
may
In the Drawings it is shewn above, the floor level as the most convenient
for a Turkish bath, and forms a bench for reclining cushions, which are placed
on wrought-iron spring frames; around by the top flue is fixed on the floor.
level a cast-iron ornamental grating nine inches or a foot wide, and directly:
over the hot-air pipe. Between the top and bottom flues and the whole length
thereof is a space. 4 inches deep, in which a metal or.earthenware pipe may
be carried; with openings into the different rooms as required; the air passing

page_text: down through the grating aforesaid comes in contact with the hot-air: pipe;
passes between the flues, and rises at the back between the flues and the wall,
thus assisting in heating the rooms and economizing fuel. The pipe-running
along between the flues should have a communication with the cold air at one
end, and the other end should be provided with a plug or grating. If a pinery
adjoin a vinery let the issue be there; if it join a Turkish bath, 'then it may
be there in addition to the specific hot-air tubes which ramify from the hot-air
chamber. If a stable adjoin a pinery, then let the issue be there for con-
verting it into a Turkish bath for the use of grooms, and horses. The off-
shoots from the hot-air pipe shewn in Drawing, Number 2 at 8, s, are formed
either with metallic or. stoneware pipe bends and junctions six inches in clear
diameter, and may be closed with wood plugs or metallic round slide ven-
tilator gratings, so that when the rooms are required for the bath the plugs
may be removed, or the slide of the gratings turned; likewise the gratings c, c;
of hot-air chamber shewn in sections C, D, E, F, and G, H, Drawing Number 1;
and the temperature of the room may be speedily raised to 250° Fahrenheit
thermometer, and increased and decreased at pleasure.. For the purpose of
keeping the floors of the rooms perfectly cool and agreeable, they should be
constructed as follows:-On a bed of boulders is laid a floor of patent pressed
hollow bricks, known as patent bricks, in order that the hollow spaces of the
bricks may form a series of flues all over the floor, terminating at each end in
a long ornamental cast-iron grating fixed on the outside of walls, or with a
fresh-air chamber, or with the ends of pipes bringing cold air from the outside
to each flue formed by hollow bricks, by which means a constant current of
cold air is kept circulating all over the floor. Above this brick floor the tile
floor is to be laid, either of black and blue quarries, or of encaustic tiles. By
adapting the foregoing arrangements to the construction of a Turkish bath,
I avoid the expence of a hot-water boiler by fixing a metallic cistern near the
ceiling of the hot room; the temperature of the room being sufficient to heat
the water which is supplied by a ball tap, and again conveyed by an ordinary
pipe to the washing room, where a finely-perforated metallic box is screwed on
to the pipe, and by turning a tap a shower bath is at once obtained extremely
mild in its operation, either like the falling dew, or with the force of a thunder
storm, and capable of being regulated at pleasure by the bather, or his
attendant. A similar perforated box is attached to an ordinary cold-water
pipe, which furnishes a cold shower in the same way. The waste water falling
on an inclined floor passes off by an ordinary stench trap. When the warm-
shower bath is being used very freely it will be found desirable to have a few
jets of gas under the cistern in the hot room to keep a constant supply of

page_text: warm water in it. The ventilator of the hot rooms, et cetera, should be by
means of a metallic louvre ventilator working at pleasure, or any other equally
efficacious manner as circumstances might require. In the construction of the
hot rooms care must be taken not to have any of the walls at right angles
with each other, and the roof or ceiling must always be at an oblique angle
with the walls; by this means the heat is diffused over the whole space, care
being always taken not to abuse the principle of making the rooms unsightly.
The walls of hot rooms may be either plastered and painted a light. red color
and varnished, or faced with encaustic tiles, in which red should have the pre-
dominance. The sides, back, and bottom of fire-hole should be of: fire-brick,
also a few feet of the flue leading from fire-hole; all the other bricks may
be the common bricks, but I prefer the patent pressed bricks before men-
tioned. Great care must also be taken that the brickwork' be well put together
with the best mortar. All the walls, except the sides of the flues, may be
9 inches thick; the flues may be covered with 18 inches by 6 inches by 3-inch
tiles of Yorkshire rubbed stone; the same for the bottom of the flues.
Having now fully described and set forth the nature and object of my said
Invention of "An Improved Apparatus for Heating Türking Baths; Public
and Private Buildings, Vineries, Hot-housés, 'and Cooking Ovens," together
with the best means I am acquainted with for carrying the same, into.practical
effect, I would remark in conclusion, that I hereby declare my Invention to
consist in, and I claim, an apparatus of the construction above mentioned.
substantially as described and: represented by the. accompanying Sheets of
Drawings for the purposes set forth:
"In witness whereof, I, the said John Adams Bolton, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Eighteenth day of September, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one.
* JOHN A. BOLTON. (L.S.)