IMPROVEMENTS IN GALVANIC BATTERIES AND IN THE APPLICATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS TO THE PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICAL ILLUMINATION AND OF HEAT, AND IN THE PRODUCTION OF CHEMICAL PRODUCTS BY THE AFORESAID IMPROVEMENTS IN GALVANIC BATTERIES
Year: 1852

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Joseph John William Watson, of Old Kent
Road, in the County of Surrey, and Thomas Slater, of the Parish
of St. Pancras, in the County of Middlesex, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN GALVANIC BATTERIES AND IN THE APPLICATION OF
ELECTRIC CURRENTS TO THE PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICAL ILLUMINATION
AND OF HEAT, AND IN THE PRODUCTION OF CHEMICAL PRODUCTS BY THE
AFORESAID IMPROVEMENTS IN GALVANIC BATTERIES."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Joseph John
William Watson and Thomas Slater at the Office of the Com-
missioners of Patents, with their Petition, on the 1st November
1852.
We JOSEPH JOHN WILLIAM WATSON and THOMAS SLATER do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN GALVANIC
BATTERIES AND IN THE APPLICATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS TO THE PRO-
DUCTION OF ELECTRICAL ILLUMINATION AND OF HEAT AND IN THE PRODUCTION
OF CHEMICAL PRODUCTS BY THE AFORESAID IMPROVEMENTS IN GALVANIC
BATTERIES," to be as follows:-
Our Invention consists in obtaining galvanic currents by the following
manne

page_text: 1. The use of chromate of potash or bi-chromate of potash with or
without acids in contact with a positive pole of lead or zinc in a
galvanic arrangement the negative pole being of carbon in any form
whatsoever platina or any other metal and excited by dilute nitric
acid the fluids being separated by a porous cell composed of any suitable
material or in any other suitable manner.
2nd. The use of all soluble or insoluble salts of chromium as the
exciting agent to the positive poles of a galvanic arrangement for all
kinds of metals.
3rd. The use of ferrocyanide of potassium or ferricyanide of potassium
in a galvanic arrangement consisting of zinc and iron or zinc and
copper. The iron or copper being excited by nitric or nitrous acid
and the zinc by any acid. The cyanogen salt to be in contact both
with the positive and the negative pole or with either pole separately
at option.
4th. The use of cyanogen and its salts as an exciting agent in galvanic
arrangements.
5th. The fusion of chromates of lead or zinc and all other metals with
potash or other alkalies and earths to reproduce the exciting agents in
galvanic arrangements as described above.
6th. In the application of a galvanic current in a manner so as to
cause an equal consumption in the electrodes whether in a chemical
solution or forming part of an apparatus for producing light and heat.
7th. In the production of the chromates of lead and zinc by the
aforesaid galvanic arrangements and the production of a double salt of
ferrocyanide of zinc and ferrocyanide of iron by the aforesaid galvanic
arrangements.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Joseph John William Watson and Thomas
Slater in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 30th April 1853.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME we,
JOSEPH JOHN WILLIAM WATSON of Old Kent Road in the County of

page_text: Surrey and THOMAS SLATER of the Parish of Saint Pancras in the
County of Middlesex send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria by Her
Letters Patent bearing date the First day of November in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two in the six-
teenth year of Her reign did for Herself Her heirs and successors
give and grant unto us the said Joseph John William Watson and
Thomas Slater Her special licence that we the said Joseph John
William Watson and Thomas Slater our executors administrators and
assigns or such others as we the said Joseph John William Watson
our executors administrators and assigns should at any time agree
with and no others from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed should and lawfully might make use
exercise and vend within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland the Channel Islands and Isle of Man an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN GALVANIC BATTERIES AND IN THE APPLICATION OF
ELECTRIC CURRENTS TO THE PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICAL ILLUMINATION AND OF
HEAT AND IN THE PRODUCTION OF CHEMICAL PRODUCTS BY THE AFORESAID
IMPROVEMENTS IN GALVANIC BATTERIES' upon the condition (amongst
others) that we the said Joseph John William Watson and Thomas
Slater or one of us by an instrument in writing under our hands and
seals or under the hand and seal of one of us should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of our said Invention and in what
manner the same was to be performed and cause the same to be filed
in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
"
NOW KNOW YE that we the said Joseph John William Watson
and Thomas Slater do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof
(that is to say):
Our improvements in galvanic batteries and in the application of
electric currents to the production of electrical illumination and heat
and in the production of chemical products by the aforesaid improve-
ments in galvanic batteries comprise the following:-

page_text: First the production of electric or galvanic currents by the processes
herein-after described and their application to the purposes of illu-
mination and heat.
Second the introduction into galvanic arrangements of new exciting
agents or electrolytes, and chemical compounds and substances whereby
the chemical products which are now ordinarily obtained from the
working of known forms of galvanic batteries are rendered of great
commercial value.
Third the manufacture of valuable chemical compounds from the
products of the aforesaid batteries.
Fourth the use of certain chemical agents for brightening and
otherwise altering the tone and tints of the colours produced by the
aforesaid improvements in galvanic batteries.
Fifth the rendering of the production of galvanic or electric currents
as obtained in the manner hereafter described constant.
Sixth certain mechanical arrangements for the introduction of the
exciting agents into the batteries and the removal of the products after
the galvanic action has ceased or has been arrested; also certain
arrangements for absorbing any gaseous products that may be given off
during the working of the batteries.
Our galvanic batteries are of nine kinds and from the greater part
of their products being pigments we have denominated the whole as
the "chromatic battery."
The first form of battery we use consists of zinc plates arranged
between porous diaphragms or in porous cells and flanked on both
sides by iron plates on the exterior of the diaphragms or the zinc
plate and porous cell placed together into a cell of cast iron. This form
is usually called the "Maynooth battery," and we claim no part of it as
our Invention. If however the iron be arranged relatively to the zinc
in the following manner videlicet an iron plate in a porous cell and a
zinc plate or plates or a zinc cell flanking or surrounding a porous
diaphragm containing an iron plate we claim such arrangement as
our Invention. The zinc and iron plates of the Maynooth battery and
of the other forms of zinc and iron batteries described above we excite
by placing sulphuric acid to which has been added some salt of cyanogen

page_text: in contact with the zinc by any suitable arrangement the iron plates
or cells of these batteries being excited by nitrous or nitric acid to
which we add after the batteries have been some little time in action
also some salt of cyanogen. We do not however, confine ourselves to
adding the salt in the manner and at the time described but claim the
use of a salt of cyanogen in galvanic arrangements of iron and zinc
whether added to the ordinary exciting agents or used alone.
The strength of the acid excitants we prefer as follows:-The nitrous
or nitric acid pure of the specific gravity of 1.200 and the sulphuric
acid one part acid to six of water we do not however confine ourselves
to these strengths.
The salt of cyanogen which we prefer is the ferro-cyanide of potassium
or as it is commonly called the prussiate of potash.
The size of the iron and zinc cells which we prefer is the ordinary
size or eight inches by seven for the zinc plates and ten inches by
twelve for the iron cells which may be about three inches wide and a
little smaller at the bottom than the top. The porous plates or
diaphragms may be of any suitable material but we prefer a well
baked pure pipe clay or unglazed porcelain.
The products of these iron and zinc batteries as excited in the
manner we have described are prussian blue or ferro-prussiate of iron
a light blue pigment which we define as the ferro-prussiate of zinc, and
which is obtained in the porous cells, nitrous fumes, nitre, sulphate of
potash and hydrogen gas. The quantity of the cyanogen salt which we
use will vary of course with the size of the iron cells and porous cells
but in practice we prefer for the sizes we have given about one ounce
into each iron cell and quarter of a ounce into each porous cell. As it
will be obvious that it would not be possible to add a sufficient quantity
of the cyanogen salt to the excitant in the iron and zinc cells to take up
all the dissolved metals which then exist as salts the natant liquors
from these cells after the working of the battery is finished receives an
additional quantity of the cyanogen salt by which any further number
of equivalents of the said metallic salts are precipitated as pigments of
the aforesaid kinds and the nitre and sulphate of potash are at liberty
after the proper and usual process in such cases to crystallize out as

page_text: pure salts from their mother liquors which are principally of an acid
nature.
If plates of zinc and iron ordinarily arranged as in galvanic batteries
be excited by sulphuric acid alone and then a portion of any salt of
cyanogen be added (we prefer the ferro-cyanide of potassium) a splendid
blue pigment will result as the product after the galvanic action has
ceased and when the salt named has been used, also sulphate of potash
hydrogen gas
I will be in this arrangement simultaneously given off with
the action of the battery. And this arrangement we claim as our
Invention.
The blue pigment alluded to in our mode of exciting the Maynooth
battery derives its colour partly from the permeation of a portion of the
prussian blue from the outer or iron cell through the porous diaphragm
in which the zinc plate is contained.
The nitrous fumes which are given off from the Maynooth battery and
from the other forms of iron battery which we have described as excited
by nitrous as well as sulphuric acid, we economize by conveying them
into a chamber where sulphur is being burnt and there by their agency
converting the sulphurous acid into sulphuric acid we also convey them
into a leaden chamber which is lightly filled with wood shavings and
convert them into acetic ether by admitting to them in the chamber so
prepared the ammonia from the other batteries. We also convey the
nitrous fumes on to the old iron cells or plates in the presence of water
and thus form nitrate of iron which we profitably employ in a form of
battery to be described presently.
The next form of battery consists in using lead as the negative
element instead of iron. We prefer platinizing the surface of the lead
plate to enable the hydrogen to escape easily. We arrange this battery
precisely in the manner of a Smee's battery but excite by nitro-sulphuric
acid and a salt of chromium we prefer chromate of potash. In this
battery our pigments are chrome yellows of various depths of tint
produced by the amount of chromate of potash added to the battery
whilst working. The chemical compound is nitro-sulphate of potash.
The chrome yellows are double chromates of lead and zinc. A powerful
form of lead battery may be obtained by using cast leaden cells of the

page_text: same form as the iron cells of the Maynooth battery and of the same
dimensions and arranged with porous diaphragms and zinc plates in a
similar manner the mode of excitation of this lead battery with the
exception of using chromate of potash instead of prussiato of potash,
is also precisely the same as in the iron arrangement. The chemical
products in this battery are nitre and sulphate of potash. The nitrous
fumes and the hydrogen which are given off during the working we
employ in the manner and for the purposes herein-before described as
relating to the same substances as obtained from the iron batteries.
The plates of the lead Smee battery above described may be contained
in cells made of any suitable material but we have formed gutta-percha
to answer exceedingly well. The plates may be of any size not exceeding
sixteen inches square. The strength of the nitro-sulphuric solution may
be one part of sulphuric acid to six parts water and about two ounces
pure nitric acid to the gallon of sulphuric acid solution. We do not
however confine ourselves to these strengths.
of
Our next form of battery consists in exciting an iron zinc battery
arranged with or without porous diaphragms with the ordinary excitants
nitrous and sulphuric acid but to which have been added chromate
of potash instead of prussiate of potash or a salt of chromium instead
of a salt of cyanogen. The salt being added to both the iron and the
porous cell containing the zinc plate. The product of this form of
battery is a fine brown colour. The chemical products are the same
as in the prussian blue battery and the nitrous and hydrogen fumes
are economized and employed in the same manner.
The fourth form of battery we use consists in adding to the ordi-
nary excitants of the lead Smee arrangement we have described prus-
siate of potash instead of chromate of potash. The pigment produced
is a double white of lead and zinc wo define it as the plumbo-prussiate
of zinc. The chemical products are the same as in the lead Smee
arrangement when excited by chromate of potash.
We also excite the lead Maynooth arrangement before described
with prussiate of potash in which case we produce separately a ferro-
cyanide of zinc and a ferro-cyanide of lead the other products remain-
ing the same.
Our fifth form of battery consists in an arrangement similar to those

page_text: which we have described for the lead batteries but in which in addi-
tion to the chromate of potash a small portion of caustic lime is
employed. The object of adding the lime is to deprive the chromate
of lead first formed of a portion of its chromic acid and thereby reduce
it to sub-chromate an effect which is productive of changing the
colour from a bright orange to a bright scarlet. Of course the chro-
mate of lime which is thus produced and thrown into the natant
liquor is reconverted into chromate of lead by the addition of a portion
of the solutions of lead salts which always result from the working of
the forms of lead batteries described over and above what may have
been converted into pigments by the addition of either chromate or
prussiate of potash. These solutions of lead salts from the batteries
are moreover all of them economized as with the iron salts from the
batteries by the addition of a further portion of chromate or prussiate
of potash by which they are converted as in the manner herein-before
described into white or yellow pigments.
It will be easy to perceive that if prussiate of potash gives with iron
as an excitant in a galvanic arrangement of which that metal forms a
part a blue colour and the chromate of potash with zinc under similar
conditions a yellow that if these salts be added in a battery of iron and
zinc the prussiate to the iron and the chromate to the zinc, the result-
ing products having access to each other through a diaphragm the
colour produced will be a green of a depth of tint dependent on the
quantity of the two normal colours forming the compound. This is our
sixth form of battery the other products of which remain the same as
in the ordinary iron arrangement before described.
Our seventh form of battery consists in using nitrate of iron in the
following manner as an exciting agent. To the ordinary iron cells in
the Maynooth battery nitrate of iron as prepared in the manner herein-
before described is added and the ordinary dilute sulphuric acid to
the porous cells which may now be made of any suitable organic sub-
stance, such as lime wood or bladder. In this form the cyanogen or
chromium salt is to be added to the porous cell only. The nitrate
of iron by constantly depositing its iron does not admit of the iron
cells wearing out. The solution of nitrate of iron should be a satu-
rated one.

page_text: Our eighth form of battery consists in using iron and zinc with sen
water, and other mineral waters; the sea and mineral waters being
made to pour through the battery we add to these forms of battery
also prussiate of potash, by which we produce the blue pigments
before referred to in one of our first descriptions of batteries and which
we have denominated the ferro-prussiate of zinc.
In our ninth and last form of battery we excite the positive metal
if it be zinc in any arrangement with a double acid excitant inde-
pendently of the colour making electrolyte. This we do principally by
asing hydrochloric or muriatic acid as it is commonly called with the
sulphuric acid solution in the following manner. First to fourteen
parts of hydrochloric acid (the commercial acid will do very well) we
add ten parts of water making in all by measure twenty-four parts.
Second to ten parts sulphuric acid we add ten parts water making in
all by measure twenty parts. Then to the dilute sulphuric acid we
pour little by little the dilute muriatic acid till the whole of the latter
has been added. The colour making salts are still prussiate of potash
or chromate of potash and are added in the manner herein-before
described for the Maynooth and lead forms of battery. The addition
of the hydrochloric acid gives great uniformity to the generation of the
current and prevents any local action on the zinc without recourse
being had to amalgamation with mercury as is necessary in the other
forms of battery, herein-before described, in which the zinc is used as
the positive metal.
The spent acids and all the acid washings after the crystallization
and separation of the salts such as nitre and sulphate of potash we
profitably employ in the following manner :-To those washings which
contain nitrous or nitric acid or nitrous fumes we add caustic potash
and from the resulting nitrate of potash solution after it has been con-
centrated to a proper extent we obtain by crystallization nitre. These
washings which contain sulphuric acid we run away on to finely
powdered chalk which we thus convert into artificial gypsum or plaster
of paris which is then dressed and prepared for the market by the
ordinary subsequent processes.
We reconvert if necessary or desirable, the chromates of lead back

page_text: into chromate of potash by fusing them with caustic potash by which
the lead salt is decomposed and oxide of lead formed the chromic acid
uniting with the potash and thereby assuming a condition to be again
used in the batteries as an exciting agent. The oxide of lead produced
in this operation we convert into white lead by suspending it by means
of agitators in water and then passing through it under pressure
carbonic acid obtained from the decomposition of the chalk by the
waste sulphuric acid solutions in the manufacture of the plaster of
paris in the manner above described.
We employ for the purpose of brightening and giving tints to our
colours the following substances videlicet In order to impart a purple
shade to the blues sulphate of manganese in very small quantity and
dissolved in strong sulphuric acid solution to give a base and bright-
ness to the blues sulphate of alumina or alum, to give brightness to
the yellows chloride of strontian or chloride of barium. We do not
claim the invention of these substances for brightening colours gene-
rally but simply their use for such purpose for colours obtained by the
processes we have described and which are of galvanic origin.
The preparation of the pigments obtained in and by our batteries
for the market consists in nothing further than washing and drying.
The materials employed in producing our colors and other products
as herein-before described aid extensively in the galvanic effect since
they act peculiarly in giving constancy and uniformity to the develope-
ment of the current from the want of which properties the best form
of batteries at present in use are absolutely worthless for any practical
purposes. The constancy of a battery we find by our experiments to
depend upon the extent to which the excited surfaces of the metallic
plates are preserved clean and what is still more important, the exciting
fluid being maintained of its original strength and purity. To do this,
the materials of decomposition must be removed from the galvanic
circuit as soon as formed, and as this can only be effected by gravity, it
is easy to see that all soluble products must always interfere with and
finally extinguish any galvanic effect in whatsoever form of battery
produced. The resulting product must be insoluble and in proportion
to its insolubility and weight so does the constancy and power increase.

page_text: As the colours produced in our batteries by the addition to the batteries
of the salts herein-before described are insoluble in water and acids
and as water and acids are the main elements in our galvanic arrange-
ments the natural precipitation of the colours from their weight pre-
serves their strength and mixture pure. The original conditions of the
exciting agents are thus preserved the same until the last portions of
them are expended and in like manner the initial effect of the battery
is preserved constant to the last.
The galvanic effects of the salts of cyanogen and the salts of chromium
in producing the constancy of action described above are precisely the
same.
The tints of our pigments are more constant than the tints of ordi-
nary colours from the fact of the electric current causing a gradual
and even transformation of the molecular condition upon which the
reflection of a peculiar tint or hue is dependent.
The white pigments which we have termed ferro-prussiates of lead
and zinc and plumbo-prussiates of zinc respectively and the double
chromates of lead and zinc are all of them unaffected by sulphuretted
hydrogen from the circumstances of their being definite salts of cyanogen
lead and zinc and definite salts of chromium lead and zinc in
which the zinc exerts a protective action over the natural affinities of
the lead.
In our arrangements for working our lead batteries upon the Smee
plan we have employed gutta-percha and have constructed our batteries
in the following manner :-A gutta-percha box about three feet long is
divided into twelve cells of about three inches wide of the full depth of
the box. Running along the edge of the box is a trough but which is
removed about three inches above and out from it the bottom of this
trough is perforated with holes to each of which is attached a small
tube which is bent upon itself and then hangs over and enters each cell,
there are therefore twelve tubes and twelve holes in the trough, to each
cell there is a cock at the bottom and the twelve cocks are open and
shut simultaneously by a traversing rod which runs the whole length of
the cells. By the above arrangement it is easy to fill the cells with
any liquor and draw off the products of the action of the battery at the

page_text: same time and thereby reduce greatly the time which would be occupied
in preparing the battery for a new action.
The whole of the above battery is made of gutta-percha but we do
not confine ourselves for the above arrangement to any particular
material. We occasionally collect the nitrous fumes from our batteries
by means of a false gutta-percha cover consisting of a lid within which
is a chamber or flooring the entrance to which is by trumpet-mouthed
apertures entering from below another lid closing the chamber or tray
which is about three inches deep making a total depth of five inches.
In the tray or chamber we place quick lime and caustic potash and
the nitrous fumes ascending through the trumpet-mouthed apertures
are immediately absorbed and converted into nitre by the caustic potash
in the presence of the quick lime.
Our Invention of improvements in applying electric currents to the
purposes of illumination consists in causing the electrodes or carbon
points from which the light is eleminated in certain contrivances of
electric lamps and apparatus for employing electricity as an illumi-
nating agent for which we are possessed of Letters Patent bearing date
the Fourth day of October One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two
to waste equally and to cause thereby the convection of the particles
from one pole to the other to be performed with a certain lateral
divergance, causing a great dissemination of the light. Our manner of
accomplishing this is as follows: Let A and B be the electrodes and
let S and Z be two batteries having respectively the positive and
negative poles' and "". Then if from S the pole be 21

page_text: applied to A and from the same battery to B there will be a con-
vection of particles from B to A; but supposing 2" from the battery
Z be applied also to A and from the same battery be applied
to B there will be a convection of particles from A to B. The result
of this counter convection will be that both electrodes or poles waste
equally and in consequence from the double transference the particles
of both poles meeting each other will swell out the arc of light laterally
and also always preserve the point of illumination in one spot. This
mode of applying the electric currents may also be made available to
other purposes than those of illumination. If two platina plates be
immersed and approximated in a chemical solution or liquid and
batteries be attached in the manner herein-before stated then the
decomposition and recombination of the electrolyzed substances will
occur nearly simultaneously the result of which will be that merely
the physical effects instead of the chemical effects will be rendered sen-
sible on the substances under treatment. If the poles consist of any
oxydizable metal or other conducting substance likely to be affected by
the products of the decomposition both poles will suffer oxydation or
waste equally. The importance of this mode of applying double currents
to single and opposite poles or electrodes will doubtless be very great
for many chemical manufactures and metallurgic operations.
Our Invention of applying electric currents to the purposes of heating
consists mainly in passing powerful currents through fine platina or
iron wires which are coated slightly but perfectly with pipe clay or
plaster of paris or any other non-conductor of electricity, the wires thus
coated are again encompassed by metallic rods which may be of any
metal which is a good conductor of heat for all culinary purposes we
prefer silver or silvered copper. In order to gain the greatest amount
of heat we cause the fine wire through which the current passes to be
led four or five times through the heater in the vessel in which it is
intended to preserve the heat. For all purposes of boiling this mode
of heating is exceedingly useful and in a closed vessel with a powerful
current from 48 cells of the form of iron battery we have herein-before
described and a fine platina wire properly insulated and five times
returned through a silver rod we have obtained a heat of 850° Fahren-

page_text: heit. The cause of the heat is the platina or iron wire becoming red
hot, or indeed white hot. From the resistance its small diameter offers
to the passage of the current, the white hot wire communicates its heat
to the envelope of pipe clay or plaster of paris and this becoming hot
in its turn heats the metal tube in which the whole is enclosed.
We claim
First. The use of all salts of cyanogen simple or compound in galvanic
arrangements as electrolytes or exciting agents either with or without
any other exciting agents such as acids &c. &c.
Second. The use of all salts of chromium simple or compound as
electrolytes or exciting agents in galvanic arrangements when employed
in the manner herein-before described.
Third. The use of all descriptions of salts of cyanogen in galvanic
batteries for the production of pigments either in the batteries them-
selves or by addition of the salts of cyanogen to the products of
galvanic action, with all descriptions of metals.
Fourth. The use of all descriptions of salts of chromium as used in
galvanic batteries in the manner herein-before described, for the pro-
duction of pigments, either in the batteries themselves or by addition
of the salts of chromium to the products of galvanic action, with all
descriptions of metals.
Fifth. The use of ferro-cyanide and ferri-cyanide of potassium to
produce the colours and chemical products herein-before described in
products formed in galvanic batteries or which are derived from galvanic
action or origin.
Sixth. The of uso chromate of potash to produce the colours and
chemical products herein-before described in products formed in gal-
vanic batteries or which are derived from galvanic action or origin.
Seventh. The production of a double salt of ferro-cyanide of zinc
and ferro-cyanide of iron by the galvanic arrangements herein-before
described.
Eighth. The production of a double salt of chromate of zinc and
chromate of lead by the galvanic arrangements herein-before described.
Ninth. The production of a double salt of prussiate of zinc and prus-
siate of lead by the galvanic arrangements herein-before described.

page_text: Tenth. The use of hydrochloric or muriatic acid as an exciting agent
in galvanic arrangements in the manner and proportions herein-before
described.
Eleventh. The use of lime in changing the colour of chromates of lead
in galvanic arrangements in the manner herein-before described.
Twelfth. The use of sulphate of manganese, sulphate of alumina
chloride of strontian, chloride of barium and any other salt of barium or
strontian for the purpose of brightening the tints of colours produced in
galvanic batteries or from products of galvanic origin in the manner
berein-before described.
Thirteenth. The use and manufacture in the manner herein-before
described of acetic ether ammonia and sulphuric acid from nitrous
fumes resulting from the galvanic arrangements herein-before described.
Fourteenth. The use and manufacture of nitrate of iron in the manner
herein-before described.
Fifteenth. The invention and use of the galvanic arrangement for
using nitrate of iron as an exciting agent in the manner herein-be.ore
described.
Sixteenth. The manufacture of plaster of paris in the manner herein.
before described.
Seventeenth. The fusion of chromates of lead or zinc and all other
metals, with potash or other alkalies to produce the exciting agents
(chromates of potash or other alkalies) in galvanic arrangements as
herein-before described.
Eighteenth. The manufacture of white lead in the manner herein-
before described.
.
Nineteenth. The construction and use of galvanic batteries in gutta-
percha or other material of the form and on the principle herein-before
described.
Twentieth. The use and construction of the lid for receiving the
nitrous and other fumes from galvanic arrangements on the form and
principle herein-before described.
Twenty-first. The application of electric currents in a manner so as
to cause an equal consumption in the electrodes whether in an appa-

page_text: ratus for producing light and heat or in a chemical solution or liquid
as herein-before described.
Twenty-second. The application of an electric current or currents to
the production of heat and calorific effects in the manner and on the
principle herein-before described.
Twenty-third. The invention and use of galvanic arrangements upon
the principle and of the description herein-before described.
In witness whereof 1 the said Joseph John William Watson
have hereunto set my hand and seal this Thirtieth day of
April in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and
fifty-three.
Witness,
JAMES MURDOCH.
JOSEPH J. W. WATSON. (L.S.)