IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL BONE, EBONY, MARBLE PORCELAIN AND OTHER SUBSTANCES
Year: 1883

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Clara Beatrice Warner of 323 High Holborn in the
County of Middlesex ΤΟΥ an
"
Invention ΟΙ
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL BONE, EBONY, MARBLE PORCELAIN AND OTHER
SUBSTANCES partly her own invention and partly a communication from
Ljubomir Mestaniz of New York United States of America.
County ΟΙ Middlesex ΤΟΥ an Invention ΟΙ
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL BONE, EBONY, MARBLE PORCELAIN
"
AND OTHER
SUBSTANCES partly her own invention and partly a communication from
Ljubomir Mestaniz of New York United States of America.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Clara Beatrice Warner
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 31st December 1883.
CLARA BEATRICE WARNER of 323 High Holborn in the County of Middlesex
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL BONE, EBONY MARBLE,
PORCELAIN AND OTHER SUBSTANCES," [partly her own invention and partly a
communication from Ljubomir Mestaniz of New York United States of
America.]
This invention relates to the manufacture of artificial bone, ebony marble
porcelain and other substances to be used as articles of wear such as buttons &
ornaments for personal use such as jewelry combs, memorandum cards and covers
thereof or handles for knives, pistols & and for household use slates brush backs,
looking glass frames, mantle pieces, clock cases statuary &c. &. and in the arts &c.,
utensils for telephonic use, rings tiling, ceilings and wall decorations &°. &c.
Heretofore and for a long period in parts of the Continent of Europe and in
America the domestic or common potcheese has been treated with Chemical Agents
principally sal soda and acetic acid for the purpose of extracting from the caseine
an adhesive matter, which serves as a glue and with the property of being insoluble
in water Mixed with plaster or lime it acts as cement in the mending of statuary
or for the making of a durable article for other uses-If colored it will produce
imitation agate coral &°.
Frequently however, it happens that the materials first combined to effect a
glutinous mass are spoiled and rendered worthless for the reason that sal soda, if
used in sufficient quantity to remove the butyraceous and other substances from
the cheese solution renders the resulting mass too brittle for available use. Other

page_text: failures are caused in the use of the acid owing to its variable strength, either in
too small or large a quantity and so by inexpert handling losing or overstepping
the exact period of agglutination. Besides the process is expensive because of the
waste afore indicated but principally in the high cost of the material employed.
The object of my Invention is in the main four fold. 1.-The promotion
of greater economy in manufacture avoiding loss occasioned by the modes of
manipulation some of which are stated above-2. The indication of a method
ensuring successful results. 3. The use of materials whose prime cost is low and
4. The obtaining of products of different degrees of hardness and colors even to
the purest white and thus of the widest range of adaptation for largely variant
ends.
Having stated such object in general terms I now proceed to give in detail the
successive processes by which it is attained.
First. I take ordinary skimmed milk and to free this from every trace of
oleaginous matter I mix it with about one third its volume of water and then cast
it in sufficient salt (chloride or sodium) to cover the bottom of the vessel containing
the mixed milk and water for about or less than 1-16. of an inch or the salt may
be first sprinkled over the bottom of the vessel and the milk and water introduced
by syphon or other contrivance so as to disturb the layer of salt as little as
possible. I then lower the temperature of the mixture below 60° Fahr. The
butyraceous and other like ingredients will soon rise to the surface to be then
removed by skimming or decanting. Thereafter the residue is to be slowly
passed through one or more strainers made of cotton or flannel. But the salt used
should never exceed 3 lbs to 400 gallons of milk and water.
Second. The temperature of the strained fluid is then to be raised. If the
ultimate end of the process is a very hard material as of an imitation porcelain
figure the heat requisite is not to be less than 160° Fahr. but where a greater
ductility will suffice it need not be above 135° Fahr. When the proper degree of
heat has been attained, dissolve in warm water caustic soda using for every
400 gallons of the fluid one half of a pound; strain this to free it from impurities,
if the commercial sort is used and then add it to tie fluid. This must be stirred
(the motion being in one direction crossing near the centre. For about ten
minutes The cooling process down to 100° Fahr must then be instituted slowly if
the resultant is to be pliable and more rapidly if to be firm and resistant. If the
material is likely when in use to come into contact with water add to the fluid so
brought to 100° fal:r. one half of an ounce of commercial silicate of sodium
previously mixed with water to give it due fluidity and duly incorporate by gentle
stirring.
Third. When it is not needed that the ultimate material should be of absolute.
or delicate snades of white I then add five pounds of terra alba. where medium
shades of color such as red purple or violet are required less for darker and only
two pounds for an absolute black and afterwards the coloring and one quarter of
an ounce of glycerine, stir as before and heat up to 102° Fahr. for the softer and
to 105 Fahr. for the harder material.
If more delicate shades as to pink rose &c. are sought I add with the terra alba
ten pounds of artificial or chemically prepared sulphate of baryta in pulp form and
if additional weight is no objection a like amount of plumbum sulphuricum. also
in like form.
If an ivory color is desired then double at least the quantity of the last named
ingredients and add one two or more drops of yellow aniline dissolved in alcohol
according to the exact shade wanted.
When imitations of porcelain marble and the like are to be produced I further
add seventy five pounds of the finest white ground silicea or porcelain. Then the
entire mass settling on the bottom of the vessel is to be scooped up by the hands
or other process so that the admixture may be even throughout.
Fourth. I thou mix hydrochloric acid 18° B. and nitric acid 42° B. these being
preferable in my experience to other grades of these acids and only as so preferred

page_text: designated of such grade. The proportions of these acids vary according to the
requisite bardness of the material and its color from nine parts of the first to one
part of the second. Of the combined acids and in proportion.needed as is above
indicated I take about ten pounds and for each pound of salt as used above under
the first head of this description I add to the above mixture about one half ounce
of sulphuric acid and dissolve the whole in about twenty times its weight of water.
This solution is to be distributed by pouring or sprinkling over the surface of the
fluid, the scooping up process being continued. When the fluid becomes absolutely
clear, the supply of the acid solution is discontinued. If it is seen that too much
of it has been used a small quantity of a solution of caustic soda or aqua
ammonia will correct the mistake. When the fluid is transparent, although of a
green or another tint it is then drawn off and the remaining mass, the principal
result of this process is left to be thereafter pressed and seasoned.
Fifth. Where very delicate hues are required, a bleaching process of the milk is
to be instituted after thus treated with caustic soda and while its temperature is
below 100° Fahr. To this end hydrochloric acid gas or chlorane evolved separately
may be introduced near the bottom of the vessel or sulphurous acid gas or any of
the ordinary bleaching powders acting as not re-agents on the chemicals in the
solution diluted largely with water may be used When this milk and caustic soda
solution assumes a whitish shade add the requisite coloring matter and other
ingredients as above setforth.
If while the gas or other bleaching solution introduced is working the material
commences to curl or precipitate, this may not be regarded as endangering the result
but may be allowed to continue until the fluid is clearing to a light tinted color,
thereafter to be drawn off and the residual mass is to be treated as if precipitated
under the previous formula and after thorough washing mix with the coloring and
earthy ingredients in accordance with the foregoing directions except that no
silicate of sodium is to be used.
If it is desired to bleach the material after it has been precipitated and before
any of the earthy ingredients except silicea have been added, place the mass in a
vessel filled with water and treat with the acid gases from 12 to 15 hours and until
the water gets a purplish or other light tint or bathe it with either of the bleaching
solutions above named or of sulphuric acid and salt; let it rest for a couple of
hours, draw off the fluid, wash the mass and whilst drying incorporate thoroughly
the earthy ingredients.
If it is desired to bleach the material before its precipitation and after
incorporation of the earthy ingredients or of the colors or to get a bleached bone
color the solution after being heated and cooled as first above stated is to be
mixed with 4 pints of commercial aqua ammonia and then take chloride of barium
1 oz. to each gallon of the solution dissolved in a large excess of water, dash over
and mix with the solution and instantaneously scatter over the precipitating mass
largely diluted sulphuric acid until the mass becomes as white as is desirerl.
This
Sixth. Instead of using the mixture of hydro-chloric and nitric-acids a weak
alum solution may be employed adding one half ounce of glycerine.
treatment will be found preferable where that peculiar bluish white is to be attained
in imitations of porcelain and marble for Statuary and like purposes as when the
product is likely to be much exposed to the action of water To attain the desired
color more satisfactorily a few drops of aniline blue dissolved in alcohol are to be
added.
The precipitated mass obtained under the previous methods may also be washed
with a feeble solution of alum and glycerine For very dark shades instead of
using the mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids of tanain about 1-2 lb. to
400 gallons of the solution can be emyloyed and then either of said acids may be
added until precipitation occurs.
Seventh. The mass is then to be pressed I cover an iron or wooden box with
apertures of moderate size in its bottom and sides with muslin or other cloth, fill
it with portions of the mass, scrape the surface with a straight edge and cover with

page_text: This
the ends of the Cloth. I proceed in the filling of other boxes in this way and as
the bottom of each is bevelled so that it is suited to cover the material in the box
first filled or the boxes are made of slightly different sizes and so that the bottom
of one may serve as the cover for the material in another, the boxes when filled are
placed one over another and then under a heavy slab of iron or of wood weighted,
is fitted into the uppermost box and may overhang its edges about an inch.
nest of boxes is laid up inside of a frame work made air tight by the top cover,
fitted as a piston and at the bottom of the frame work an air pump is adjusted.
This is operated slowly so as to remove not only the surplus moisture in the mass,
but also air cells which may have been left in it. These it is of the utmost
importance entirely to remove else a ferment spreads through disintegrates
destroys the cohesion of the mass and renders it for large articles entirely useless.
If the mass contains terra alba and is heated from 140° to 150° Fahr it can be
passed through rollers and made into sheets of any required thickness.
These sheets may then be placed in a drying room.
But in most cases it is
safer to separately place them in the boxes and treat as above.
The cover may have an aperture in it kept open or closed to regulate the pressure
while the pump is being worked, the air allowed to enter the aperture to be cooled
and deprived of moisture by being passed over chloride of calcium or other
absorbent or moisture.
Eighth. The material in mass or sheets is then after the cloths are taken off and
cut as required into various sizes, removed to the drying room. The air admitted
to this room, is, first to pass over a series of bottles filled with sulphuric acid, quick
lime and chloride of calcium. If the arrangement of the drying room does not
allow the air to strike over the sulphuric acid &c I give the material or sheets a
bath of phosphoric or sulphuric acid, wipe them off and then place them in the
drying room. After remaining in it two or three days the material or sheets are
then ready for final manufacture either by turning, cutting or pressing except that
where silicea is incorporated it can be only ground or pressed.
Ninth. Before the last pressing to attain the manufactured product or parts
thereof commences, the material is to be softened. In cold and damp weather this
is preferably to be accomplished by exposing it to hot air above 220° Fahr. and
in warm and dry weather by high steam. This hot air or high steam is let into an
iron box, in which the material on shelves of perforated tin has been placed. In
about a half hour, according to the thickness of material, the supply of hot air or
steam is cut off and the box opened and one with asbestos gloves or like covering
for the hands, takes out the material, and puts it into moulds for final pressure into
the desired shape or pattern. In cold weather the moulds may be suitably
warmed.
When removed from the moulds and after trimming the edges left by the outer
lines of the moulds the pieces so patterned are placed in the drying room to remain
in winter time, at least, two days.
Tenth Thereafter the polishing process commences, first in the use of tallow or
castor oil for white or of linseed or of cotton seed oil for colored products and
finishing with alcohol or with shellac or copal dissolved in alcohol.
For the
darker shades, a little color of the same tint may be added to the alcohol or its
solutions.
When a very fine and delicate polish is required I put the shaped pieces in a
bath of collodium thinned greatly with alcohol and ether, the latter in largest
proportion, to which I add per gallon one eighth of an ounce of castor oil of
glycerine or one half that quantity of each. Let the pieces dry, for, at least, two
hours, and rub with chamois, very fine felt or material for like use.
Eleventh. When skimmed milk is not of easy access, the ordinary pot cheese
made without or the skimmed milk cheese with rennet may be substituted and
treated as above; except that the amount of caustic soda in the handling of the
first is to be trebled and in that of the second quadrupled or borax or ammonia
may be used in place of caustic soda, The amount of water for dissolving the

page_text: cheese will be about four times its volume. Common salt is then to be added to
this solution. It is not, however, to be cooled below 80° Fahr before the fat can
be skimmed or drawn off In adapting the foregoing formulae and process for
skimmed milk to either of the herein named cheeses, it is to be understood that
nine quarts of milk of the ordinary standard represent one pound of such cheese.
Twelfth. When a thin sheet of the more delicately colored and costly material
is designed for any structure, some of the less expensive incorporated with any of
the above admixtures of silicea, with hydraulic cement to give it solidity and
strength or pulp of any kind where weight is objectionable may be used as a .
backing to the thin sheet and so applied before the final pressure in the mould
or die.
I have above described how this invention may be carried into effect but it is
to be understood that the details of the invention may be varied within reasonable
limits such as the proportions of the materials, the temperatures, the coloring
matters employed and so forth.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Clara Beatrice Warner in the Patent Office on the 30th June 1884.
CLARA BEATRICE WARNER of 323 High Holborn in the County of Middlesex.
* IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL BONE, EBONY, MARBLE,
PORCELAIN, AND OTHER SUBSTANCES,"-Partly her own invention Partly a
communication from Ljubomir Mestaniz of New York United States of
America.
This invention relates to the manufacture of artificial bone, ebony, marble,
porcelain and other substances to be used as articles of wear, such as buttons &
ornaments for personal use, such as jewelry, combs, memorandum cards and covers
therefor, handles for knives, pistols & and for household use, slates, brush backs,
looking glass frames mantle pieces, clock cases, statuary && and in the arts &
utensils for telephonic use, rings, tilting, ceilings and wall decorations &° &°.
Heretofore and for a long period in parts of the Continent of Europe and in
America, the domestic or common potcheese has been treated with chemical
agents, principally sal soda and acetic acid for the purpose of extracting from
the caseine an adhesive matter, which serves as a glue and has the property of
being insoluble in water. Mixed with plaster or lime it acts as cement in mending
statuary or for making durable articles for other uses. If colored it will produce
initation agate coral &
Frequently however it happens that the materials first combined, to effect a
glutinous mass; are spoiled and rendered worthless, for the reason that sal-soda if
used in sufficient quantity to remove the butyraceous and other substances from
the cheese solution, renders the resulting mass too brittle for available use.
Other failures are caused in the use of acid, owing to its variable strength,
either in too small or large a quantity, and so by inexpert handling losing or
overstepping the exact period of agglutination. Besides the process is expensive
because of the waste above indicated but principally in the high cost of the
material employed
The object of this invention is in the main fourfold-1-The promotion of
greater economy in manufacture, avoiding loss occasioned by the modes of
manipulation some of which are stated above-2-The indication of a method
ensuring successful results: 3-The use of materials whose prime cost is low:
and 4-The obtaining of products of different degrees of hardness and colors even
to the purest white and thus of the widest range of adaptation for largely
varied ends.
Having stated such object in general terms, I now proceed to give in detail the
successive processes by which it is attained
First I take ordinary skimmed milk and to free this from every trace of
oleaginous matter, I mix it with about one-third its volume of water and then cast
in sufficient salt (chloride of sodium) to cover the bottom of the vessel containing
the mixed milk and water for about one sixteenth of an inch or less or the salt
may be first sprinkled over the bottom of the vessel, and the milk and water
introduced by siphon or other contrivance so as to disturb the layer of salt as
little as possible.
I then lower the temperature of the mixture below 60° Fahr: The butyraceous
and other like ingredients will soon rise to the surface, to be then removed by
skimming or decanting. Thereafter the residue is to be slowly passed through one
or more strainers made of cotton or flannel. The quantity of salt used should
never exceed three pounds to Four hundred gallons of milk and water.
Second. The temperature of the strained fluid is then to be raised. If the

page_text: ultimate end of the process is a very hard material, as of an imitation porcelain
figure the heat is to be not less than 160° Fahr. but where a greater ductility will
suffice, it need not be above 135° Fahr. When the proper degree of heat bas been
attained, dissolve in warm water caustic soda using for every Four hundred gallons
3 of the fluid one-half of a pound, strain this to free it from impurities if the
commercial sort is used and then add it to the fluid. This must then be stirred
(the motion being in one direction ceasing near the center) for about ten minutes.
The cooling process down to 100° Fahr. must then be instituted slowly if the
resultant is to be pliable and more rapidly if to be firm and resistant. If the
material is likely when in use to come into contact with water, add to the fluid so
brought to 100° Fahr. one-half of an ounce of commercial silicate of sodium
previously mixed with water to give it due fluidity and duly incorporate by gentle
stirring
Third When it is not needed that the ultimate material should be of absolute or
delicate shades of white I then add five pounds of terra alba, where medium shades
of color such as red, purple, or violet are required, less for darker, and only two
pounds for an absolute black and afterwards the coloring and one quarter of an
ounce of glycerine, stir as before and heat up to 102° Fahr. for the softer and
to 105° Fahr. for the harder material
If more delicate shades as of pink rose etc are sought I add with the terra alba
ten pounds of artificial or chemically prepared sulphate of baryta in pulp form, or
if additional weight is no objection a like amount of plumbum sulphuricum also in
like form.
If an ivory color is desired, then double, at least, the quantity of the last named
ingredients and add one two or more drops of yellow aniline dissolved in alcohol,
according to the exact shade wanted.
When imitations of porcelain, marble and the like are to be produced I further
add seventy five pounds of the finest white ground silica or porcelain Then the
entire mass settling on the bottom of the vessel is scooped up by the hands or
other process so that the admixture may be even throughout.
Fourth I then mix hydrochloric acid 18° B. and nitric acid 42° B. these being
preferable to other grades of these acids, and only as so preferred designated of
such grade. The proportions of these acids, vary according to the requisite
hardness of the material and its color, from nine parts of the first to one part of
the second. Of the combined acids and in the proportion needed as is above
indicated I take about ten pounds and for each pound of salt as used above under
the first head of this description I add to the above mixture about one half ounce
of sulphuric acid and dissolve the whole in about twenty times its weight of water.
This solution is to be distributed by pouring or sprinkling over the surface of the
fluid the scooping up process being continued.
When the fluid becomes absolutely clear the supply of the acid solution is
discontinued. If it is seen that too much of it has been used, a small quantity of a
solution of caustic soda or aqua ammonia will correct the mistake-When the
fluid is transparent although of a green or another tint it is then drawn off and
the remaining mass, the principal result of this process is left to be thereafter
pressed and seasoned.
Fifth Where very delicate hues are required, a bleaching process of the milk is to
be instituted after thus treated with caustic soda and while its temperature is below
100° Fahr. To this end hydrochloric acid gas or chlorine evolved separately may
be introduced near the bottom of the vessel or sulphurous acid gas or any of the
ordinary bleaching powders, acting as not re-agents on the chemicals in the
solution, diluted largely with water may be used. When this milk and caustic
soda solution assumes a whitish shade, add the requisite coloring matter and other
ingredients as above set forth.
If while the gas or other bleaching solution introduced is working, the material
commences to curl or precipitate this may not be regarded as endangering the
result but may be allowed to continue until the fluid is clearing to a light tinted.

page_text: color; thereafter to be drawn off and the residual mass is to be treated as if
precipitated under the previous formula, and after thorough washing mix with the
coloring and earthy ingredients in accordance with the foregoing directions except
that no silicate of sodium is to be used.
If it is desired to bleach the material after it has been precipitated and before
any of the earthy ingredients except silica have been added place the mass in a
vessel filled with water and treat with the acid gasses from 12 to 15 hours and
until the water gets a purplish or other light tint; or bathe it with either of the
bleaching solutions above named or of sulphuric acid and salt, let it rest for a
couple of hours draw off the fluid wash the mass and whilst drying incorporate
thoroughly the earthy ingredients
If it is desired to bleach the material before its precipitation and after
incorporation of the earthy ingredients or of the colors or to get a bleached bone
color the solution after being heated and cooled as first above stated is to be mixed
with four pints of commercial aqua ammonia and then take chloride of barium
one ounce to each gallon of the solution, dissolved in a large excess of water, dash
over and mix with the solution and instantaneously scatter over the precipitating
mass largely diluted sulphuric acid until the mass becomes as white as is
desired.
Sixth. Instead of using the mixture of hydro-chloric and nitric acids, a weak
alum solution may be employed adding one half ounce of glycerine. This treatment
will be found preferable where that peculiar bluish white is to be attained in
imitations of porcelain and marble for statuary and like purposes or when the
product is likely to be much exposed to the action of water. To attain the
desired color more satisfactorily a few drops of aniline blue dissolved in alcohol
are to be be added.
The precipitated mass obtained under the previous methods may also be washed
with a feeble solution of alum and glycerine For very dark shades instead of
using the mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids a solution of tannin about
1-2 lb to 400 gallons of the solution can be employed and then either of said
acids may be added, until precipitation occurs.
Seventh. The mass is then to be pressed. I cover an iron or wooden box with
apertures of moderate size in its bottom and sides, with muslin or other cloth, fill
it with portions of the mass scrape the surface with a straight edge and cover
with the ends of the cloth. I proceed in the filling of other boxes in this way and
as the bottom of each is bevelled so that it is suited to cover the material in the
box first filled or the boxes are made of slightly different sizes and so that the
bottom of one may serve as a cover for the material in another, the boxes when
filled are placed one over another and then under a heavy slab of iron or of
wood weighted is fitted into the uppermost box and may overhang its edges
about an inch. This nest of boxes is laid up inside of a frame work made
air tight by the top cover, fitted as a piston and at the bottom of the frame
work an air pump is adjusted. This is operated slowly so as to remove
not only the surplus moisture in the mass but also air cells which may have
been left in it. These it is of the utmost importance entirely to remove else
a ferment spreads through disintegrates, destroys the cohesion of the mass, and
renders it for large articles entirely useless.
If the mass contains terra alba, and is heated from 140° to 150° Fabr, it can be
passed through rollers and made into sheets of any required thinness.
These sheets may then be placed in a drying room. But in most cases it is safer
to separately place them in the boxes and treat as above.
The cover may have an aperture in it, kept open or closed to regulate the
pressure while the pump is being worked, the air allowed to enter the aperture
to be cooled and deprived of moisture by being passed over chloride of calcium
or other absorbent of moisture.
Eighth. The material in mass or sheets is then after the cloths are taken of
and cut as required into various sizes removed to the drying room The air

page_text: admitted to this room, is first to pass over a series of bottles filled with sulphuric
acid quick lime and chloride of calcium If the arrangement of the drying room
does not allow the air to strike over the sulphuric acid etc. I give the material or
sheets a bath of phosphoric or sulphuric acid wipe them off and then place them
in the drying room. After remaining in it two or three days the material or
sheets are then ready for final manufacture either by turning, cutting or pressing,
except that where silica is incorporated it can be only ground or pressed.
Ninth Before the last pressing to attain the manufactured product or parts
thereof commences the material is to be softened. In cold and damp weather this
is preferably to be accomplished by exposing it to hot air above 220° Fahr, and in
warm and dry weather by high steam. This hot air or high steam is let into an
iron box in which the material has been placed on shelves or perforated tin In
about a half hour according to the thickness of material the supply of hot air or
steam is cut off and the box opened and the operator with asbestos gloves or like
covering for the hands; takes out the material and puts it into moulds for final
pressure into the desired shape or pattern. In cold weather the moulds may be
suitably warmed.
When removed from the mould and after trimming the edges left by the outer
lines of the moulds the pieces so patterned are placed in the drying room to remain
in winter time at least two days.
Tenth. Thereafter the polishing process commences first in the use of tallow or
castor oil for white or of linseed or of cotton seed oil for colored products and
finishing with alcohol or with shellac or copal dissolved in alcohol. For the darker
shades, a little color of the same tint may be added to the alchol or its solutions.
When a very fine and delicate polish is required I put the shaped pieces in a
bath of collodium thinned greatly with alcohol and ether the latter in largest
proportion to which I add per gallon one-eighth of an ounce of castor oil or
glycerine, or one half that quantity of each. Let the pieces dry for at least two
hours and rub with chamois, very fine felt or material for like use.
Eleventh. When skimmed milk is not of easy access the ordinary potcheese
made without or the skimmed milk cheese with rennet may be substituted and
treated as above, except that the amount of caustic soda in the handling of the
first is to be trebled and in that of the second quadrupled or borax or ammonia
may be used in place of caustic soda. The amount of water for dissolving the
cheese will be about four times its volume. Common salt is then to be added to
this solution. It is not however to be cooled below 80° Fahr. before the fat can
be skimmed or drawn off.
In adapting the foregoing formulae and process for skimmed milk, to either of
the herein named cheeses, it is to be understood that nine quarts of milk of the
ordinary standard represent one pound of such cheese.
Twelfth When a thin sheet of the more delicately colored and costly material
is designed for any structure some of the less expensive incorporated with any of
the above admixtures of silica with hydraulic cement to give it solidity and
strength, or pulp of any kind where weight is objectionable may be used as a
backing to the thin sheet and so applied before the final pressure in the mould
or die.
I have above described how this invention may be carried into effect but it is to
be understood that the details of the invention may be varied within reasonable
limits such as the proportions of the materials, the temperatures the colouring
matters employed and so forth.
Having now described the nature of this invention and the method of
performing the same what I claim and desire to protect under the hereinbefore
in part recited letters patent is
First The manufacture of an agglutinative material from skimmed milk, capable
of being colored and pressed in various shapes for ornamental and useful purposes
as above described and set forth.
Second The manufacture of such a material out of not or skimmed milk cheesA

page_text: "
with the aid of common salt, caustic soda, hydrochloric, nitric and sulphuric acids
or in place of said acids with alum or chloride of barium and the latter acid or
with tannin and either of the first two acids as above described and set forth.
Third. Increasing the strength and durability of such material, by incorporating
with it silica or hydraulic cement as above set forth.
Fourth. The like incorporation of terra alba for the more complete absorption of
coloring matter, its special use in securing lighter tints and the greater ductility
of the mass, as above set forth.
Fifth. The like incorporation of silicate of sodium to ensure resistance of the
action of water and greater hardness as above set forth.
Sixth. The use of glycerine in making the material more pliable and less brittle
as above set forth
Seventh. The methods employed in bleaching the material and freeing it from
the soluble salts used in the process as above set forth.
Eighth the methods employed and appliances as adopted for removing moisture
and globules or cells of air from the material and fitting it for the seasoning
process as above described and set forth.
Ninth. The methods devised for seasoning the material as above set forth.
Tenth. The method devised for softening the material prior to its being pressed
in moulds as above set forth.
Eleventh The method devised especially in the use of a collodium bath for
polishing as above set forth.
Twelfth The entire process and combination for the making out of or by the
aid of the materials used, and the economical manufacture of ornamental and useful
articles for personal wear, household or other use in the arts and applied Sciences
as above described and set forth.
In witness whereof I the said Clara Beatrice Warner have hereunto set my
hand and seal this twenty eighth day of June in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and eighty four.
CLADA
DRAMDICE TITA DAUD