IMPROVEMENTS IN GALVANIC BATTERIES, AND IN THE MEANS OF GENERATING THE ELECTRIC CURRENT, AND IN THEIR APPLICATION TO PRODUCE MOTIVE POWER AND OTHER USEFUL OBJECTS,ARATUSANCES
Year: 1874

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Edward Henry Cradock Monckton, of Fineshade,
Northamptonshire, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN GALVANIC
BATTERIES, AND IN THE MEANS OF GENERATING THE ELECTRIC CURRENT, AND IN
THEIR APPLICATION TO PRODUCE MOTIVE POWER AND OTHER USEFUL OBJECTS,
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said Edward Henry Cradock
Monckton at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
his Petition and Declaration, on the 12th October 1874, pursuant
to the 9th Section of the Patent Law Amendment Act, 1852.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, EDWARD
HENRY CRADOCK MONCKTON, of Fineshade, Northamptonshire, send
greeting.
WHEREAS I am in possession of an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN GALVANIC BATTERIES, AND IN THE MEANS OF GENERATING THE ELECTRIC
CURRENT, AND IN THEIR APPLICATION TO PRODUCE MOTIVE POWER AND OTHER
USEFUL OBJECTS, AND FOR THE APPARATUS AND APPLIANCES NECESSARY TO EFFECT

page_text: THE SAME," and have petitioned Her Majesty to grant unto me, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, Her Royal Letters Patent for
the same, and have made solemn Declaration that I am the true and
first Inventor thereof.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Edward Henry Cradock Monckton,
do hereby declare that the following Complete Specification, under my
hand and seal, fully describes and ascertains the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed in and by
the following statement:-
In my Patent Number 265, dated 21st January 1874, I have pointed
out how electricity may be obtained by the friction of a ship's bottom
and its propeller against the water.
I now proceed to shew my further improvements generally both in
obtaining battery power from the sea and otherwise, as follows:-
.
:-
Firstly. In making use of the sea water as a chemical agent in
producing a battery between the iron, copper, or yellow or other metal
constituting the bottom or sheathing of a ship, and zinc or its alloys
with lead. This is effected by interposing between the zinc and any
of these metals a substance such as woollen cloth or other textile fabric,
fibrous paper, or bark, which while it completely separates and insulates
the one from the other will admit of being instantly moistened with sea
water, after which the zinc is nailed on to wood or other nonconductor
in the manner described in the above Patent, the zinc is pierced in
various parts to facilitate the circulation of the sea water between it and
the iron, for example, of the hull as the vessel moves through it, and
also the removal of the zinc chloride as soon as formed; by this means
a very powerful electric current is produced which I use to add to and
economise the battery power already on board for propelling the ship by
conveying the electrical currents so formed from the zinc sheathing and
iron bull respectively to the magnets of the machine. The screw
propeller I also surround with a cylindrical case which forms part of it,
and insert this into a cylinder of zinc, which last is fixed to the hull and
does not revolve, and I allow sufficient space between them for free
motion, the free passage of sea water, and the interposition of a piece of
cloth between the screw case and outer cylinder in order to prevent any
accidental contact. I further insert tubes of any convenient shape
centrally throughout the length or otherwise of the hull, into which I

page_text: introduce my improved sheet zinc and copper or cast iron and zinc
battery, to be actuated by the sea water; this channel, which I prefer
to make oblong, is furnished with sliding valves at each end which
admit more or less of the sea water, as desired, passing into or out of it.
The batteries are in some cases arranged and attached to frames on
wheels to facilitate their introduction and removal at either end of the
channel. These channels with their batteries may also be attached to
the ship's hull, outside, below the water line, and by this arrangement
the hull itself may remain untouched. Wooden hulls may also be
utilised for battery purposes by means of their metal sheathing, or by
means of these channels. Oblong channels introduced longitudinally
would add materially to the ship's strength and act as a central back-
bone; they could also be introduced laterally. It is not necessary that
these channels should be of an uniform size throughout; they may be
enlarged where convenient to do so, and be approached from the deck
above, and the batteries may also be lowered into their places or be
removed from them by means of wells with water-tight covers. The
fluid chloride from the battery may be collected, if desired, by pumping
it into separate tanks, and be used for actuating other batteries by
similar suitable arrangements. The inside, of a ship's hull may also
be converted into a battery and be preserved by electrical action from
sea water in lieu of by painting it as now.
Secondly. In converting wood, small coal, or peat, or the two last
combined, into charred plates by introducing boards of the former, or
pressed cakes or powder of the latter, between iron plates arranged or
fixed in closed iron cylinders or cases of any suitable shape, by which
means I obtain gas on the one hand (which may be used for heating
furnaces, or otherwise) and charcoal or carbon on the other. While at
a red heat after the gas has been expelled I subject these carbons to
strong electrical action for two or three hours, or more, according to the
thickness of the wood or peat, by which they become more consolidated.
These carbons are then saturated with gum solution, syrup, treacle, or
other suitable mediums, mixed with very finely powdered blacklead,
dried and again charred in order to fill up any crevices, when they are
finally brushed over with a mixture of very finely powdered blacklead.
The saturation by the mixture of the blacklead in either case is
preferable, though it may be dispensed with if the carbon is well black
leaded. I also make a compound of gas carbon, charred coal, wood

page_text: charcoal, raw peat, and finely powdered plumbago, with pitch, tar, or
treacle; this is first dried and baked, and charred after being moulded
or pressed as desired; when finished it is brushed over with plumbago.
As moulded carbons are apt to contract when burnt I place as a support
either inside or elsewhere sawdust or sand, or a mixture of sand with
sawdust, or pounded coal, or charcoal, which will also contract and
yield. I further improve ordinary carbons by brushing them over with
plumbago; and I saturate carbons of all sorts by placing them in a
closed vessel, exhausting the air, and then pumping into it with great
pressure a mixture of plumbago with any suitable medium, as thin
treacle or oil, for conveying it into the pores of the carbon or charcoal;
the plates or cylinders are then dried and charred, by preference, and
this process is repeated if necessary; they are finally rubbed over with
plumbago. This compound formed when soft into the size of peas, or
its pieces crushed when baked, I also use in lieu of simple gas carbon in
combination with small pieces of manganese placed in wicker baskets.
This compound battery used with salt and diluted sulphuric acid enables
both sides of pierced zino plate electrodes to be acted on, and by this
means not only is great surface obtained in a small space, but also a
battery free from porous cells, lasting and of great power, only requiring
occasionally the addition of a little salt and sulphuric acid diluted and
cooled down. I construct carbons of all shapes, and also porous cells of
gas carbon combined with plumbago mixed with the silicates of potash
or soda in just sufficient quantity to cause cohesion when burnt on the
same principal that the filters are made; and I further impregnate and
rub them over when baked with plumbago.
Thirdly. In the construction of novel batteries with or without porous
diaphragms, with salts, mineral or otherwise; with these electrodes of
'silver, copper, cast iron, carbon, platinum, platinised silver, or other
metal and alloys, may be used on the one side with zino, wrought iron,
or lead on the other, arranged in any other suitable combination as
herein-after described, such electrodes being selected on either side, as
will best suit the salts or their solutions to be used, varied as they may
'be in quantity and strength of solution. Of these the following are a
few examples:-
1. This consists of a strong solution of common salt actuated by

page_text: 2. Is formed with a strong solution of nitrate of soda or potash
acuated with a little sulphuric acid and similar electrodes.
3. Consists of a strong solution of nitrate, sulphate, or chloride of
copper acuated by preference with a little sulphuric acid, with copper
or carbon, and wrought iron or zinc electrodes, with or without the
addition of common salt, or the chloride of copper alone without this
salt.
4. Nitrate of silver, with silver and zinc or soft iron electrodes
actuated by preference with a little sulphuric acid.
5. Solution of sulphate or nitrate of iron with common salt or the
solution of the chloride of iron alone, all actuated with nitric acid, by
preference using carbon and zinc electrodes.
6. Many and various metallic and other salts and their solutions
separately or in combination, such as the bi-chromate or the nitrate of
potash combined with the chloride of potash or soda actuated by acids,
such as the sulphuric, nitric, muriatic, and acetic may be similarly used,
or for portability and to avoid spilling from motion the salts may be
packed in a moistened state between the plates of carbon and metal or
the metals forming the electrodes.
The following is my novel method of arranging the electrodes for
forming these and similar batteries. The plates, say for example those
of copper or cast iron and zinc, are brought into the closest possible
contact that will admit of a free circulation of the salt solution formed
between them by the action of the battery and the liquid excitant.
Pairs of plates are arranged so that both their outer sides act on the
succeeding pairs placed on each side, and these pairs are also packed as
above, close to each other, so as to form, say an alternate copper plate and
zinc plate battery open to the excitant by preference without the inter-
vention of any porous cell or diaphragm. Where I use a fluid excitant
as a salt solution I by preference place the electrodes vertically, where
I use moistened salts I place them by preference horizontally, though
either position may serve. By one method I pack the plates by simply
winding string or cord round each alternate one of them at from half
an inch to an inch, more or less, apart in the coil. By another method
5 I pierce holes in a straight line through the whole series of plates in
various parts, and I pass either a string through them, interposing small

page_text: pieces of a non-conducting substance as beads, tubes, and cylinders of
glass or ebonite which are strung on to the string and keep the plates of
metal apart, or else I use glass, ebonite, wood, or other non-conducting
rods in lieu of string, with glass beads or non-conducting mediums
interposed; or else I similarly use tubes of glass, or wood with metal
rods passed up through them with screws and nuts at each end, by
which means I bind and secure them more easily together; where I do
not adopt this system of nuts and screws, the ends of the strings, wood,
rods, &c., are passed into holes in a wooden frame above and below, and
are wedged tight into them. It will be seen that plates so packed
alternately resemble those in an electrical condenser, and as in these
the sheets of tinfoil are united at each end to a conductor, so the sheets
of metal forming the electrodes, say for example copper and zinc, are
similarly united together. This is effected by passing rods of copper or
zinc through holes in the copper or zinc, as it may be respectively by
cutting away a sufficiency of either one or the other, say at the corners,
to allow of the copper rod passing freely without contact with the zinc
sheets, and the zinc rod to pass also freely without contact with the
copper sheets.
These rods would also respectively pass through small
lengths of zinc or copper tubes, which would, while they kept the
copper or zinc sheets apart, consolidate the whole together, and by
means of screws and nuts placed on them at each end help to bind the
whole strongly together. These rods and their joins would then by
preference be coated with varnish to prevent corrosion, and thus preserve
their power of conduction. These batteries may be formed of any
suitable shape, and may also be made circular and attached to an axle
so as to be rotated or be attached to a pendulum and be moved from side
to side by a vibratory motion, or may be secured to a frame and be thus
occasionally raised and lowered, the object being to cause from time to
time a freer circulation of the fluids between and outside the plates.
Paper cloth or other non-conducting porous materials previously
moistened may by one method be interposed between the plates, and
the whole be then tied or secured together, but the result is not so good
as the above because of the difficulty in removing the deposits formed
between the plates. In lieu of rods the ends of the plates may
respectively be inserted into slots cut in copper or zinc rods, and be
wedged in and the joins varnished, or they may be secured to the rods
in any other convenient way.
The pairs of the plates of zinc and conner or other metals may also be

page_text: arranged in the form of screws round an axle, so that in rotating the
fluid will be driven along between them.
The motion when required may be communicated by hand or by an
automaton movement by machinery. The cases to hold the materials
composing these batteries are made sufficiently deep to admit of the
heavier solution of the zinc finding its way down to their bottom, whence
may be drawn off.
it
:
I also use glass or ebonite syphons and pumps in order to circulate
the fluids, as well as to supply fresh fluid and withdraw the spent.
Locomotives on roads and railways are so jolted and shaken as not to
require much adventitious aids to circulate the fluids.
It will be at once seen that the closer the approximation of the
electrodes within certain limits the more powerful will be the batteries
resulting; and further, that the varied products of the batteries aro
not only not lost, as is the case where coal is burnt, but is always there,
ready to be applied usefully on the spot, in many cases, or to be sold;
thus, while sulphate of copper and chloride of silver are both recovered
in the metallic state by the simple action of the battery, the chlorides of
zinc acuated with a little sulphuric acid are available to again form
batteries if used with copper or carbon and zinc electrodes.
I further use the secondary and tertiary chlorides resulting from these
batteries with carbon and copper electrodes, with mercury at the
bottom, and a little carbonate of soda and sulphuric acid as excitants.
Suppose a battery consisting of a carbon or copper and zinc electrodes
to be excited by common salt actuated by sulphuric or pyrolignous acid,
as the chloride of zino, formed and descended below by its gravity, it
would be drawn off from time to time by means of tubes with cocks
attached, and be conducted thence into larger batteries placed at a lower
level, and there actuated on by a second gradation to form batteries
having similar electrodes would perform to the electro-magnetic engine
much the same sort of office as the expansion cylinder does to a high-
pressure double-cylinder engine.
Cheap batteries may be made by packing common salt moistened with
sulphuric or other acid, about a quarter of an inch in thickness, between
copper and zinc or iron electrodes in a tub coated with a nonconductor,

page_text: to place them with a carbon electrode in a basket or bag in lieu of a
porous cell, so as to prevent actual contact with the zinc; the zinc
should however be placed as close as possible to this bag.
I also make a compound battery by employing several pairs of circular
baskets or bags resembling cylinders filled with the above materials,
and placed concentrically with circular zincs pierced so as to admit of a
free circulation.
Much stress has been laid on obtaining batteries of great power, such
as Groves's, but these almost invariably are found to be exhausted very
rapidly, the only advantage with temporary power being the gain of a
little space, whereas a greater surface in a weaker battery will give
equal power, with far greater constancy, and by the application of my
novel system of combining together the currents from various weak
batteries either into a common condenser or into a thick copper wire
common to all to charge electro-magnets with or for other battery
purposes; everything that is desirable in a smaller and more powerful
costly battery can be equally well attained with cheaper materials. In
starting an engine where the resistance is great I put on several batteries
conjoined so as to obtain momentarily the necessary power and tako ·
them off in succession as less power is required.
I make use of the sun's direct as well as of its reflected heat to heat
the German silver or other metallic junctions of thermo-electric
machines, and for this purpose I employ both metallic and glass reflectors
on a large scale, and also lenses. These are arranged concentrically on
hollow or dished frames so as to be turned in any desired direction, and
so concentrate the heat. To use these it is not absolutely necessary that
the sun be visable and shine directly upon the reflectors, for being pur-
posely made large they collect the rays of heat and light from the
atmosphere and throw them partly concentrated upon other smaller
reflectors, by which they are still more concentrated, and are again
thrown on to the lenses, where they become sufficiently concentrated, if
not so before, to heat iron bars and tubes, which become the means of
cammunicating their heat to the metallic junctions, such as German
silver, of the thermo-electric machine.
The climate and atmosphere of England are not often favorable to
the use of this apparatus, but there are very many countries in which they

page_text: may be extensively used, and the natural heat of the sun and atmosphere
be directly employed in lieu of artificial.
I apply the electric light to mines and collieries by means of reflectors,
and as this light would be too dazzling for the eyes of the workmen at
the points where they are at work I subdue its force by causing its rays
to pass through one or more ground glass screens, shades, or globes, and
thus give a subdued light, and I do the same in all places where I use
this light, though not in mines, and I avoid the intense shadows by
suitably placed reflectors. I also use reflectors with deadened surfaces
in mines. Where there is fear from gas I enclose the light generator in
a glass case. I also apply my systems of generating ozone, as described
above-named Patent, for ozonising the air of mines so as to render
it purer for breathing.
in
my
I make a battery of perchloride of iron in solution, with carbon and
mercury electrodes, to produce a chloride or sub-chloride of mercury.
I recover the zino from solutions of various chlorides of zinc by forming
a battery with a carbon on one side and a mercury electrode on the other,
separating the carbon from the mercury either by a division or by raising
it above the mercury without using a porous cell, adding carbonate of
soda, potash, or lime, which taking up the acid leaves the zinc free to
form an amalgam with the mercury, which can be used in this condition
for amalgamating zinc electrodes, or else the mercury can be distilled off
pure and the zinc be left in a metallic form. Similar amalgams may
also be used with other metallic salts. I also use carbon and copper
electrodes with perchloride of zinc and mercury, both the carbon and
copper being separated from the mercury. The copper here takes up
the chlorine, while the mercury is left free to take up the zinc. I also
use perchloride of iron actuated by an acid as the hydrochlorio with
carbon and copper electrodes, and I vary my batteries on this principal
with other salts and metals, and so obtain different products.
To make sulphuric acid I pass steam, combined with air, in atomic
proportions through one of my ozoning channels into the vapour of
sulphur as it sublimes, and this is passed on into a receiver or leaden
chamber containing water, or else the steam and air are made to drive
the sulphur fumes with them into the ozoning channel, and the sulphuric
acid is conveyed into the lead chamber. To make nitric acid, steam and
air in the proportion of about three of air to one of steam must be

page_text: passed through these channels and the gas caught in receivers folding
water.
To make muriatic acid from common salt its solution must be placed
in a suitable chamber, and the sulphuric acid vapour generated as above
must be passed directly into it. The hydrochloric acid will thus be
formed, leaving sulphate of soda.
Fourthly. The solutions of nickel and their application generally for
electro-plating on metals are well known. Some of these consist of the
sulphate, the double sulphate of nickel and ammonia, the potassio
sulphate, either with or without the addition of salammoniac and the
tartrate of ammonia in order to actuate them. I apply these and other
similar electro depositing solutions to make deposits of nickel and alloys
of nickel on many articles to which it has never been previously publicly
on usefully applied, whereby not only is a great saving of time effected
both in their cleaning from exposure or otherwise, but also in their
duration, because I am also by nickelising the surface enabled to substi
tute iron in the construction of many articles now made in copper, brass,
pewter, tin, German silver, and the softer and dearer metals and their
alloys, thereby further ensuring far greater strength. As concerns
articles for domestic use a coating far more durable than tin is obtained,
and as nickel greatly resists both the sulphuric and muriatic acids, salt,
and vinegar by substituting iron nickelised as a base for the manufacture
of spoons, forks, cooking pots, and other culinary articles, the fear to
health of verdigris arising from the German silver and copper is entirely
avoided on the silver or tin deposit wearing through and exposing the
impure metal beneath, as is now the case. The nickel deposit from its
greater hardness and durability is also more lasting than silver or tin on
a copper base.
The following are a few of the articles hitherto not plated with nickel
to which I apply a coating of it,-cannons, guns, military and sporting;
the furniture and component parts of cannons, mitrailleuses, and guns
of every description and their accessories. I make a battery of the
barrel, and apply a nickel rod, or wire by preference, through the entire
length of the gun bore, scouring it centrally without contact. This saves
the guns and cannons from corrosion on being neglected for a time after
firing and remaining foul. I similarly apply coatings of nickel to
razors, knives, forks, cutlery, nutcrackers, instruments and apparatus for

page_text: medical purposes, scissors, thimbles, pins and needles, carriage and horse
furniture, chandeliers, optical and philosophical instruments, spurs, studs,
buttons, metal shirt-buttons that will stand washing and mangling, the
netallic parts of beer, soda water; and other similar machines and
syphons; sewing machines and their parts and movements; brass plates
on which names are engraved, especially to those exposed to weather;
to metal handles, iron spoons, ladles and forks for kitchen use; metal
combs, inkstands, window fastenings, hinges, screws, taps, keys, locks;
to all sorts of rings of iron, as magnetic rings, as well as those for
curtains; to fire-irons, stoves; to iron soap and other trays, washing
basins, jugs, plates, pencil cases, cocks, levers; to hot water and plain
dishes; to covers, hot water plates, cruet stands, frames of all sorts in
metal, gas furniture, nozzles and fittings, screens, iron and metal cups.
saucers, basins, bowls and cooking pots, skewers, clamps; to screws and
nuts; to iron churns; to the brass and iron furniture of all sorts used in
fitting up ships, and to their wire shrouds and iron cables; to iron jugs
and mugs, and pans for salting and pickling; to bolts and window
fastenings, hinges, lamps; springs of every description, from the largest
down to watch springs; to watch cases, watches, clocks and their parts
where not made of nickel; to wire, and pianoforte strings and the metal
used in their construction, which I also electroplate with this and other
metals; to moulds of every description in metal; to magnets and
fittings of every description for magneto-electric machines, and to all
apparatus connected with electricity; to the bearings and working parts
of shafts used in machinery; to the polished parts of engines and
machinery; to axletrees and their boxes, whether for railways or common
roads; to pens and penholders; to the plates used for the fronts of
shop windows. I further electro-gild the insides of cannons and guns,
by preference depositing nickel in the first instance and electro-gilding
over the nickel so as to give them a surface of long endurance, and
completely inoxidisable. I also prefer to deposit an alloy of nickel
containing 10 per cent. of copper, as being less brittle and very hard.
Where articles have to be gilt afterwards, as for ornamental purposes,
this alloy forms a good base, as having a slightly yellow tinge. I further
use platinum for electro-depositing on the interior of the barrels of
cannons and guns, either by itself, or over a deposit of nickel or its
alloys. In coating brass with nickel I add arsenious acid in powder to
the solution in order to give it a golden tint, and I electro-gild over this,
and where I wish a white color in articles not used for culinary purposes

page_text: I prefer to use an alloy of nickel with arsenic, which renders the deposit
much whiter. I nickelise also the copper chains and wires now
commonly used in galvanic chains and connections applied for curative
purposes to the body, and curative galvanic or magnetic rings to be
worn on the person; and I make in iron and apply to it a coating of
nickel all articles now made in metal or brass to which this process has
not hitherto been applied.
ත
To enable small articles to be more easily and completely electro-plated
by either the above or any other process whereby metals generally are
electro-deposited, I prefer to move them about in the solution during
the process of deposition by means of a wooden, glass, or other non-
conducting stirrer or rake, introduced between the sheet of metal from
which deposition is being made and the articles receiving the deposit,
the former being suspended over the latter.
By another arrangement I place the small articles, such, for example,
as pens, needles, penholders, pins, or articles of jewellery in a circular
wire cage, made by preference of the same metal as that which is being
deposited, and I rotate or shake it backwards and forwards in the liquid
with the metal to be deposited placed close above the articles. I then
withdraw this cage, and substitute another while it is being emptied and
replenished. The cage is by preference fixed to an axle, which rests on
the edges of the electro-plating trough, and one end of which is attached
a handle for rotating it by; as it turns the articles fall over each other,
and are thus equally electro-plated all round, no marks of contact being
left.
As regards the long magnets, which are described in my above-
mentioned Patent, No. 265, dated 21s day of January 1874, I now supply
an omission in it arising from inadvertence; it is, that their ends should
be made large in proportion to their lengths, and that the coil placed on
these ends should also be large in proportion to their thickness, as is the
case in ordinary magnets. The copper wire wound round the great
length of the thin part of these magnets need not be coiled close, but in
long turns apart from each other. The power is developed at the poles
of the magnet whatever its length, the long lengths of wire acting
3 simply as conductors. between them.
I prepare pens for electro-plating, especially with nickel, by making
them of the best wrought-iron wire, drawn by preference, or of malleable

page_text: iron that has been decarbonised and rolled. These pens when finished
I give hardness to, either by heating them with carbonaceous matter as
is now done, or by heating them in closed retorts, and then injecting
from time to time carbonic acid gas gradually as it is absorbed, or by
the admission of coal gas or any sort of carburetted hydrogen gas,
avoiding the admission of air. They are then tempered and cleaned,
and are ready for the electro-deposit of nickel or other metal. I case-
harden and carbonise in like manner the surfaces of all iron articles,
especially those that I wish to nickelise or electro-deposit upon, such as
magnets and the bearings of my engines.
Fifthly. I employ the electric current from batteries for the cure of
hernia, ruptures, and similar strains of the cuticle and muscles. Thus, in
the centre of the ordinary truss pad secured on by spring or tied on, as
may be most convenient to cover and close the orifice, I place an
electro-plated button, slightly hollowed out by preference. To this I
attach one pole of the battery, while the other pole is placed by
preference on the nape of the neck; or else I employ the following
improved system:-A saucer-shaped disc of metal, wood, or ivory, or any
other convenient substance and shape is arranged as a pneumatic holder,
so as to be self-attaching by screwing, and thus raising up a cover of
india-rubber and making a vacuum. The screw head is made round
and flat or oval outside, so as to occupy but little room. Within this
hollow disc, if non-metallic, a smaller saucer of metal, as copper, electro-
nickelised, or silverised is inserted, into which the edges of the opening
are sucked up, and which is attached to a battery pole, as in the first
method. The inner metal saucer is dispensed with where the metal
constituting the truss support or pad is made of metal, this sufficing
for the purpose. In some cases I dispense altogether with these saucers,
using the india-rubber forming the base of the pneumatic holder only as
the medium of drawing up the skin into the vacuum caused by it as it
is drawn up, and apply a piece of dished metal to its centre with a hole
in its middle through which the air is withdrawn, as in the ordinary
pneumatic holders, and convey the battery current to this metal diso or
saucer; the metals and springs used in such apparatus I prefer to coat
with nickel. By these means unpleasant, awkward, and costly springs
are dispensed with, and the patient is enabled, as he can bear the strain,
to tighten the screw and augment the suction or external pressure.
These electric trusses may also be tied on and secured by means of
bands,

page_text: Sixthly. I improve my electro-magnets and engines as follows:-As
regards the former I case the magnet coils, whatever their thickness and
length, outside with iron slit cylinders, by preference of a thickness
proportionate to the coil, so that the current not utilised owing to its
being outside and not in contact with the magnet shall be taken up by
the outer iron casing which is joined up to the magnet. I also superpose
other coils and slit cylinders in succession, so as in this manner to form
compound magnets. The cylinders may be formed of bent sheet iron of
cast malleable iron. By one method I place a central solid bar or tube
of iron; this tube may or may not be slit open, over this I place a
thick copper wire insulated coil, and over this a thin tube or cylinder of
iron, and over that another similar coil of finer wire, over that another
thin iron tube, and go on in this way adding tube over coil and coil over
tube, joining these tubes on to the central bar or tube till I obtain the
size and strength required, the tubes of iron however being by preference
gradually thicker as they approach the centre. I also reverse this
system by placing the thicker coils outside, and diminish the size of the
wire as approach the centre. I also use coils of equal sized wire
similarly applied, and I vary the thicknesses of the cylinders at
discretion, as a rule whatever the arrangement of the coils or cylinders
or however they may be varied I put from two and a half to three
parts of iron in weight to one part by weight of coil.
For special purposes I also interpose cylinders or sheets, folded round,
of other metals, as brass, or copper, or paper rubbed over with plumbago
between the layers of coil.
I also make my magnets by combining together several rods or flat
thin sheets of iron instead of using a single rod or bar of iron; these by
preference I either electro-copper or nickel; or else I interpose thin
foils of copper or brass or similar conducting metal between as well as
outside these pieces of iron; or rub plumbago over them, and then coil
my wire over them. I also braze or solder together these bars, plates,
and rods where such is desirable. I thus obtain an enlarged magnetic
surface in a small compass.
The coils are united and joined up together according to their polarity,
so also in like manner are the ends of the iron cylinders one to the
other and to the central bar or tube. Magnets constructed on this
system may be made flat as well as cylindrical. The outermost cylinder
or coil, as it may be, I cover with my sulphur nonconductor.

page_text: 1
For special purposes I give polarity to permanent circular magnets. by
rotating the rings or discs over the poles of electro-magnets, and continue
their rotation while they are being withdrawn from them.
I also construct compound flat electro-magnets by using thin iron
plates, over each of which I place separate coils, and join up the ends of
the plate to a back plate of iron; the coils are also joined up to each
other so as to make the current continuous. The faces of the plates
constituting the poles are for greater strength united together by means
of a brass plate. These magnets are made either straight, and joined up
to a back plate or of the horse-shoe form by using bent plates rivetted or
united together at their curve part, the coils on the plates being joined
up so as to give continuous polarity.
I also apply Holtz's glass, ebonite, or other rotating electric discs in
any suitable way as to carriage wheels in order to generate a current for
magnetic purposes, modifying its higher intensity, where necessary, by
passing it through condensers of various sizes prior to utilising it for this
purpose, and using my compound electro-magnets. The near proximity
of the iron to the coil, and the comparative thinness of the latter enables
the magnet to take up the electric current without injury to the coils,
which is aided by the excellence of my insulating compositions placed
over them.
I think it here necessary to state that in my Patent No. 265, dated
20th January 1874, above mentioned, I state that I turn the current of
one magnet which has performed its work on to another about to
commence its pull, the second-magnet having by preference a finer coil
on it than the first. I repeat the same operation with the third magnet,
which has by preference finer wire on it than the second one, turning off
the electricity from the second magnet in its turn to it, and I repeat this
arrangement to as many magnets as are required, increasing in each
successive magnet the fineness of its coil, by which means the one
battery wave, by repetition, is more easily enabled to perform its work,
and I do this either with or without the interposition of condensers.
There are two well known toys, the one resulting from experiments
made by Faraday, the other called Barlow's spur wheel; these show the
course taken by the electric current, and the effects in causing rotation.
In the former case a bar magnet placed upright, and in the latter a
spur wheel placed vertically, suitably arranged, are made to revolve.

page_text: The current in the upright magnet is conducted from a battery, and
made to enter it from one or both its ends to its centre, wherein is
inserted a copper wire bent down so as to enter into a circular mercury
trough, into which a wire from the other pole is immersed, and this
causes it to revolve. The spur wheel is suspended by its axis on metallic
supports, and has its periphery placed between the poles of a fixed horse-
shoe magnet and revolves immersed in a mercury bath, the revolution
being caused by the current from one pole of a battery entering the
wheel by its axis or centre, while the current from the other pole is
conveyed to the mercury in the trough, and thence to the periphery of
the wheel. The spur wheel subsequently underwent an alteration by
Sturgeon, who in lieu of the spur notches used a simple disc or wheel
with a smooth periphery, which was found to cause a more rapid
revolution. This disc was again formed into a cup, which was suspended
by a pivot over the pole of a magnet, and its entire periphery instead of
a small part of it only submerged in a circular mercury trough con-
nected with the pole of the battery as before, thus giving increased
power and speed. A second cup was subsequently added, suspended on
a pivot with its edges dipped into a second mercury trough, when by
another suitable battery arrangement the two cups were made to rotate
in opposite directions.
The principle on which these toys are constructed has never been
utilised, and they in part contain the germs on which I make my novel
magnetic engines, which are constructed as follows:-By one method I
attach a very large metal disc, say, to an axle with a suitable pulley or
gearing, and cause its periphery to rotate vertically or horizontally
between the poles of a very large horse-shoe magnet with poles ourved
in so as to embrace the disc at that part closely. The magnet poles are
also extended laterally so as to embrace a large surface of the disc. The
battery is here joined on to the magnet and the disc, as in the toy above
described, with the additional intervention, by preference of an induced
or intensified magnetic current between the poles of the disc and battery,
such as by interposing an induction coil or the coil on a large magnet.
I also use more than one magnet placed similarly round the disc in order
to give it greater magnetic force. The motion of the disc is reversed by
changing the poles of the battery, as many sets of similar discs may be
placed along a shaft to be actuated by as many similar electro-magnets
arranged along and fixed to a frame as may be desired to give the

page_text: required power. The outer edge or periphery of the disc may also be
curved or turned to the side so as to form a cylinder, of which the disc
forms the bottom, and the curved rim be made to rotate in like manner
between the poles of an electro-magnet. Where there are several of
these they are arranged in a circle, and if preferred their similar poles
may be united together by means of iron rings.
I make connection between the battery and disc either by means of
slotted rings which embrace its periphery, and face the side of its central
part, or by means of a sliding spring, or a spring with a roller attached
to it which presses it against the periphery of the disc, or by using
mercury where the position will admit of it. On the same principle I
vary the construction of my discs by turning down their edges at right
angles to its diameter, and thus making them more or less cylindrical.
By inclosing coils within iron cylinders and closing their ends with iron
discs the whole of the electric current rising through and intensified by
the coils is retained to be utilised. As an example I apply this
principle to form induction coils, using progressionally coils of finer
wire outside each successive cylinder, and I thus prevent all possibility
of the current passing through the coil, however thick it is or however
great the intensity may be, as the iron which subdivides it is constantly
receiving it as it is formed and carrying it towards the centre, and this
is further insured by using my insulating compounds. In joining up
the ends of the magnet cylinders where I wish for mere stability I use
brass or copper, where I wish for magnetic conduction I use iron. I
apply iron cylinders also to inclose and improve induction coils as now
ordinarily made.
I construct metal and iron roller armatures and commutators with
one or more spiral grooves cut in them, filled up by preference with
some non-conducting metal, so that they can thus be made to run
gradually on to and off from conducting or attracting surfaces. I use
these also for commutators.
"
I construct a simple cylinder magnet also by uniting several ordinary
bar magnets together circularly, at one end to a disc of iron, and at
their other ends to a ring or short cylinder.
I unite also the curved part of common horse-shoe magnets in a circle
or in any other form by their curved part, similarly to iron discs, and
their poles to iron rings so as to leave a circular passage between these

page_text: rings. These rings are made of brass or iron, according to the purpose
for which they are required, whether as mere supports or to unite the
polar magnetic action. The same system I carry out still further and
construct compound magnets by the addition of still larger outer circles
of magnets similarly arranged. A simple or compound cylinder,
common bar, or electro-magnet being so prepared another similar
circular one is constructed, whose rings or cylinders fit closely against or
into the spaces between those of the fixed one, and repulsion or
attraction is caused by the coils being joined on to the battery so as to
make the ends of both the magnets have similar or dissimilar polarity,
either, i.e., positive or negative as the current is changed.
I further vary the construction of my compound magnets in the
following manner:-In a disc of wrought iron I either turn a number
of equidistant concentric circular slots, or I cast a disc with circular
slots in malleable iron properly softened afterwards, into which I screw
a corresponding number of truly bored cylinders, or else the iron rings
left between slots themselves form short cylinders. I coil on and
between these cylinders a sufficient quantity of insulated copper wire
so as to closely fill up the spaces or slots, and I also press the coils in
tight so as to completely fill the spaces. These magnets are used in the
same way as my compound circular magnets for obtaining power and
motion.
In some cases in the construction of disc magnets I prefer to make
the thickness of the iron forming the cylinders or divisions correspondent
in size with the spaces between them; thus if the section of the slot or
space form a square of a quarter or of a half inch more or less the
intervening cylinders ought to be of the same size, and I use coils of
fine wire where a rotatory action caused by an intense short side pull is
desirable, but with thicker wire where a longer pull is sought, where
the action is as to and from the face of the magnet, the depth of the
cylinders and the spaces between them is varied according to the
intensity and purposes to which the magnet is to be applied. The plate
at the back to which they are secured should be made thick and strong
in proportion to the size of the magnet and the volume of electricity it
is required to carry.
I also utilize Sturgeon's little-known spiral magnets which are con-

page_text: slots being used in lieu of cylindrical ones, the spiral proceeding from a
hole in the centre to the circumference of the iron-disc. The construc-
tion of this spiral magnet has hitherto been very costly; to remedy this
I either cast them in malleable iron or steel, or else I construct the
spiral separately, secure it on by screws, and then braze or solder it to
its disc or back pláte; and I also solder or braze my cylinders to their
connecting disc or plate in like manner.
I also cut the spiral slots out of a solid iron plate by means of a
spiral cutting engine or lathe.
Another form of magnet consists of a long hollow cylinder with slots
cut round it for the coil to lie in, others are mado saucer shaped,
globular, or conical, with the slots cut inside or outside or both; the
slots may also be cut spirally in all magnets, whether their form be
that of a disc, cone, or cylinder.
I construct solid bar and similar electro-magnets slotted round as well 1
as spirally slotted, solid, and hollow cylindrical ones. I also place
cylinders over cylinder, each cylinder being slotted with coils filled in
the slots. I also slot rings round or spirally, and place coils in the
slots.
I join up the coil between the spaces in cylindrical magnets suc- 2
cessively, the reverse way one to the other, or I unite the inner
terminus of each coil with the outer terminus of the next one, which
is advantageous where the pull is given from the face of the
magnet.
I also leave spaces open and free from coils in other magnets, 2
between each pair of magnetic/cylinders, so as to disconnect one pair
from the other, thus having a number of circular magnets quite inde-
pendent of each other.
I also occasionally cover the poles of my compound magnets where
the slots or spaces are packed with coils with iron discs, which are 3
firmly secured in contact with them, except the innermost cylinder and
its coil which is left tincovered.
I vary my form of engine thus:-The similar poles of several electro-
Horse-shoe magnets, placed in a circle, are firmly attached to two iron
rings, and their curved parts or their ends when straight are fixed &

page_text: circularly on an iron disc; this disc is pierced at its centre to admit of
a shaft passing freely through it, and is made thick in proportion to the
size of the coils and the volume of electricity it is required to carry.
Two such magnetic circles having been prepared are fixed apart in a
frame, but with their poles facing each other; two metal discs of
copper or brass are fixed on to an axle or shaft, and have their centres
and circumferences joined to the poles of a battery, their polarity being
made similar to that of the magnets between which they are interposed,
and their sides placed in close proximity to the poles of the two fixed
magnets, with their axle passing through their centres, rotation is pro-
duced, the polar currents on the magnets being reversed cause the disc
to revolve in a contrary direction as it does in the toys.
When causing a disc of copper or other magnetic metal to rotate
between the poles of an electro-magnet, whatever its construction, I
prefer to interpose between this disc and the battery used to convey
the currents from its poles to its centre and circumference respectively
an electro-magnet joining one pole of the wire on the magnet to one
pole of the battery, and the other pole of the same wire to either the
centre or circumference of the disc; or I use merely large induction
coils without any magnet for this purpose, or substitutes for them,
as condensers, and also large copper bands coiled up of a considerable
thickness, with or without iron cores, the wire from the other pole
of the battery being joined on to the circumference or centre of the
disc, as the case may be, by means of rings, rollers, or frictional con-
ductors; this arrangement will give increased inductive power to the
disc as a counterpoise to the inductive and magnetic force of the
magnet between the poles of which it revolves. The metal discs should
always be of a sufficient size to carry the volume of electricity given
out by the battery. By the mere change of poles, which is effected
by simple commutators, a most perfect reversing break is established,
which from there being no contact cannot be injured whilst its action
is instantaneous, and may be made to comprise if desirable the entire
force of the engine.
I regulate the force of my engines by means of governors that are
self-acting, as in steam engines, which by rising and falling join up
or open the battery terminals, thus few or many batteries, or their
sectional naire may be nut on or taken off
asmo be desined

page_text: I further apply fly wheels to magnetic engines, which has never
yet been done, and obtain all its advantages both as a regulator and.
reservoir of power.
I also regulate the force of the engine by adopting the use of sliding
armatures which can be pushed on and off the magnet ends as they
now are in magneto-electric machines, by means of a lever or screw
automaton movement worked by a governor, and this can be combined
with the movement of the governor for connecting and disconnecting
the battery terminals.
When the armature is removed from the end of the magnet it may 1
be slid over the revolving armatures of the wheels so as to convey.
the pull to them of any current induced by the action of the magnet
on the wheel as it passes which it has received, and so add to the
magnetic power.
In some cases I shape the poles of my magnets according to the 1
configuration of the magnetic curve, i.e., of the curve that iron filings
would take when exposed to the magnetic influence at the poles.
I arrange also two metal, as copper, discs, the one fixed, the other
to rotate, placed opposite to it on an axle, the magnetised currents
from two batteries being conveyed to the centres and peripheries of 2
these discs after passing through coils placed on two powerful electro-
magnets. The coils on the disc magnets have their terminals by
preference conveyed through a hole or holes in the metal forming
the magnet's back, and are there joined up together and to the poles
of a galvanic battery. Each cylinder in these slotted or cylinder 2
magnets may have a separate copper or brass disc opposed to it by
placing discs of increasing size one over the other, but insulated from
each other with their edges curved at their circumference outward.
I cast my metal discs by preference in order that I may also be
able thereby to pass a strong battery current through the metal in 8
the mould till it cools and settles in it so as to render it homogeneous,
and I do the same with the cast malleable iron or steel forming the
magnet, which system I also apply to all metal castings; where
desirable magnets may be caused to revolve and the discs to be fixed;
where great strength is required the metal discs may be made with 3
an iron core secured to the copper or brass forming the disc, by

page_text: casting them on it, or otherwise; the disc must contain at least as
much conducting metal in proportion to its conducting power as the
coils on the magnet relatively to its conducting power, irrespective
of the metal necessary to insure strength. It is obvious that the
whole of the battery wires being joined respectively to the rotating:
discs and fixed magnets so as to cause rotation in any particular
direction, this rotation can be reversed by means of a sliding or
other commutator interposed in the circuits, which will simultaneously
change the poles of either the battery or the disc in the opposite
direction.
Having then various sorts of compound magnets above described
capable of pulling at considerable distances many forms of engines may
be constructed on my improved system of using a direct magnetic pull
in lieu of a rotatory side one; thus, one with the magnets arranged
along the opposite sides of a moveable lever, with my improved novel
sliding armature attached to it, as described in my Patent No. 265, dated
21st January 1874, or other similar arrangements, and also those where a
series of electro-magnets placed in a single row or in double parallel
· rows are severally connected with the poles of a battery by means of a
conductor common to them all and a common commutator, and aro
made to mutually attract or attract and repel each other at short
distances apart, thereby pulling and pushing a rod attached to a crank,
and causing a wheel to rotate. The very short pulls obtained by the old
system of forming electro-magnets rendered this plan a failure, which
however is quite easy to be accomplished by means of the increased length
of pull of these improved novel shaped short but far more powerful ones.
These I further adapt for the purpose by increasing the length of the
outer cylinders, so that each successive magnet end shall fit into and
slide within the last, their poles thus acting and reacting in the most
advantageous position. From their sides there are projections which are
supported by and slide along slots in a bar of brass, and their bottoms
run to and fro on rollers, so that by a proper adjustment of their
distances apart and the length of the crank rod all risk of collision
between the magnets is avoided. In lieu of the above arrangement they
may also be made to slide along a central bar, though in some instances
I prefer the rotary to the reciprocating motion. I make use of the latter
in order to accommodate the magnetic system to engines now worked by
cranks. In starting rotary or other engines constructed on these systems
I use extra battery power in order to give greater impulse, and also in

page_text: reversing I do the same, the extra battery power being cut off on motion
being attained. I use spiral magnets on Sturgeon's system, and also my
cylindrical ones to all purposes to which ordinary magnets have or can
be applied, and in the ways above described, and also by reversing the
curves and polarity in two such magnets with their faces placed opposite
to each other, and in interposing between such poles discs of copper
electrified by being joined up to the poles of a battery as described else-
where in this Specification.
The following is another modification of the rotating copper disc and
fixed cylinder magnet:-The current from one terminal of the coil on a
powerful electro-magnet is joined on to one side of a battery, while the
other terminal of the same coil is joined on to the centre or periphery of a
metal disc, while the other pole of the battery is joined up to tho
periphery or centre as it may be of the same disc. The current from
the coil on this magnet is thus interposed between the battery and the
metal disc, and conveys an intensified magnetic current to it in addition
to the more battery current, its office being to render the disc strongly
magnetic, while the opposite compound magnet, by having its poles
reversed or made similar to those on the disc, negative to negative and
positive to positive, will cause rotation. I join up and connect battery
pairs so as to give intensity where the magnetic attraction is required to
be very intense, observing the reverse rule where intensity is not
required; this I effect by means of proper commutators.
Another form of engine, whose action is caused by making and
breaking contact, I adopt from a toy. I place on an iron disc in a circle
equally divided opposite to each other an even number of electro bar
simple or compound magnets. Thus four, eight, sixteen, or more
magnets may be so arranged. The current is tranferred in succession
from one pair to the other so as to form successively new magnetic pairs
by means of and through the centre of this disc, which is common to
all, and to which they are attached by placing another electro-magnet
with its poles in proximity to the poles of these stationary magnets on
a shaft revolving in their centre, and by shifting the current by means
of a commutator from one magnet to another or from one series of
magnets to another series rotation is constantly kept up. By attaching
several of such rotating magnets, with or without a common centre to
all, to the same rotating axle with their poles curved downwards so as
to correspond to the positions of the opposite fixed magnets, and suc-

page_text: cessively changing the current, powerful pulls at very short distances
can be obtained. Double electro-magnets on this principle may be
arranged in concentric circles, and so add to the power somewhat on the
principle of my compound electro-magnets before described.
I always by preference interpose condensers and ribbon coils of copper
well insulated, or magneto or other induction coils between my batteries
and magnets, whatever may be their construction.
While I apply electro-magnetic power to move machinery generally,
the following are a few of its special applications:-Thus in lieu of
horse power to cabs, cars, omnibuses, gigs, carriages, carts, waggons,
velocipedes, tram cars, pony gigs, traps, dog carts, the propulsion of
canal boats; to ploughing, thrashing, mowing, reaping, binding, chaff
cutting, grinding, and other agricultural machinery; to domestic and
other similar purposes for working sewing machines, coffee and tea
grinders, sausage machines, churns, washing machines, lathes, mangles;
to pumping water, beer, liquors, and sewage; blowing and blast apparatus
and fanners of every description; to grinding; to propulsion on railways,
roads, canals; to ships and boats; to machinery of every description, such
as for weaving; to the manufacture of iron ships and railway waggons and
carriages; to sawing, pulping, paper-making, ventilating, and such like.
EXPLANATION OF DRAWINGS.
Fig. 1. F, F, represents what I term a circular compound disc central
single poled magnet; 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, are slots cut in it; p, p, p, are
the cylinders between the slots; M, M, M, M, is the outer cylinder,
which is non-magnetic. Where magnetism is desired in the outer circle
this cylinder is omitted and a coil left in its place. D, D, represents the
innermost cylinder; E, C, E, represents the hole in the centre of the
magnet, which may be made small or large, through which a revolving
shaft carrying a disc or cylinder passes; T, T, are projections, of which
there may be any sufficient number with holes in them by which to
securely fix the magnet to its frame; o, o, o, o, o, o, o, o, further repre-
sent the insulated coils which are inserted into the slots between the
cylinders. These cylinders I also divide by slots cut down them.
Fig. 2 represents a side view of the magnet whose front is shown
in Fig. 1, F, P, P, P. D represents sections of the cylinders, and o, 0,
o, o, sections of the slots containing the insulated coils; i, i, i, i,
show the holes bored through the back side of the magnet for the wires

page_text: of the same ends of the coils to pass through; t, t, t, t, represent the
wire ends of the other terminals of the same coils passing through
similar holes. In the Figure the ends i, i, i, i, of each coil are joined up to
the N. poles of the battery, while the opposite ends t, t, t, t, of the same
coils are joined up to the pole P of the battery; it is obvious that these
polar ends of the wires may be joined on to the battery terminals in any
desired manner; it is also obvious that induction coils, ribbon coils,
condensers, or any other electrical media may be interposed between the
terminals of the battery and the terminals or poles of the coils on the
magnet.
Fig. 3.-R, R, represents a metal disc, as of copper or brass, turned
true on every surface; this is secured to a shaft or axle A, A. tis the
section of a clip, ring, or spring, embracing the periphery of the disc R, R;
¹ is a similar ring or spring lying against the side R, R, at its
centre; the disc R, R, thus revolves within a ring t while it at the same
timè revolves against A; F is the projection from the ring or spring t¹
by which it is attached to the frame; t, P, and t', N, represent the two
wires connecting the respective rings t and t¹ with the battery terminals
P¹ and N¹; 1 0, and 1 C, represent respectively either induction coils,
coils on a magnet, condensers, ribbon coils of copper, or any other form of
electrical or magneto-electrical inductive media interposed between t
and P¹ and t¹ and N¹, in order to give strengh and force to the current.
Fig. 4. This represents a section of the same magnet as is shewn in
Fig. 1, with its outer cylinder M, P, shown projecting laterally some-
what beyond the inner smaller ones; A, A, is a rod of metal passing 2
through it; d, d, d, is a circular iron disc which closes in simultaneously
both the slots with their coils and the galvanic circuit completely as it
acts in front in the same capacity as the other three sides of the cylinder
inclosing the slot do. Instead of circular slots spiral slots are also
made in circular shaped magnets, the spiral cylinders taking the place 3
of the cylindrical ones being of the same thickness and depth. By
these novel constructions and closing in the entire magnetism a highly
induced current giving out sparks is formed at the junction of the
battery wire and magnet coil terminals, and by this construction a better
form of induction coil than ordinary is produced. I also make on the 3
same plan my compound magnet cylinder or cylinders very much longer
and deeper, for the longer they are and the longer the coils on them the
greater will be the induction; whether closed in by the iron disc d, d,d,.

page_text: or not. I use this last method of construction without the iron disc as
a magnet with a metal, say copper or brass, cylinder fixed on the shaft
and inserted through its centre. This cylinder I join on by its centre
and circumference to the poles of a battery to cause rotary motion.
In order to cause a reciprocating motion I insert a rod of iron consti-
tuting the pole of an electro-magnet and change the poles of the
battery at each turn. On these principles I further construct magnets
with opposite poles or faces, and a common centre or back, making the
slots with their coils on both faces.
Fig. 5. A, A, represents the iron or steel base or core of a magnet
which is made oblong, flat, and thin, and over which a coil in proportion
to its thickness is wound; as many of these as may be desired are placed
and secured the one over the other; the terminals of these thin iron
magnet cores are united together in an iron plate at one end to form
one pole, and the other end is also joined similarly so as to form the
other pole; or else the terminals are supported in the brass interposed
between each successive pair in order to give strength; the whole series
thus united are inclosed if desired as far as their coils in an iron case;
the coils are joined respectively to the battery poles so as to make the
passage of the current uniform at both ends. The construction may be
varied by inclosing each separate magnet in a thin iron case, which
being thus rendered magnetic must be united to its proper pole according
to the manner in which the terminals have been joined up.
Fig. 6. A, A, B, B, represent the section of two funnel-shaped
compound magnets; A, A, represents the section of the first magnet
with slots and cylinders cut along it, either cylindrically or spirally from
end to end, filled in with coils similiar to those in Fig. 1; B, B, is the
section of a magnet the facsimile of A, A, made true within so as to
embrace and fit over the magnet A, A.; C, C, is a simple iron cylinder
which in like manner fits closely over B, B, and which may be added or
not at pleasure, and a copper or brass cylinder may be substituted for it
to protect the coils; B, C, B, C, show the hollow in the centre of the
compound magnet through which a shaft or axle may if desired work;
E, E, is a bar or disc of brass pierced also centrally with a hole for the
3 axle which acts merely as a support to the interior of the magnet;
D, D, is a circular piece of iron into which the magnet ends are
joined; this magnet is fixed to a frame; one object of this arrangement is
to obtain great magnetism in a small space.

page_text: Fig. 7.—M, O, M, P, represent two hemispherical magnets slotted and
arranged in every respect as the magnet in Fig. 1, except the shape,
which in the former is flat while here it is hemispherical; T; T, T, T, are
the projections by which it is attached securely to the frame.
.
Fig. 8.-H, H, represents the hull of a ship with its screw propeller;
b, b, b, is the section of its iron body; a, a, a, a, is the zinc sheathing;
the space between a and b on both sides is filled in, as shewn by the
dotted line, with an insulating textile fabric of cotton or woollen which
is kept constantly wet with the sea water by means of holes and openings
made in the zinc; the zinc is secured to the iron hull as described in my
Patent No. 265, dated 21st January 1874, page 28. The iron hull on
the one hand forms one pole, the zinc the other, and the electric current
from these are conducted to the magnets of the engine at various points
through the iron of the hull by means of insulated blocks let into it;
this battery deriving its power from the sea only is intended to
supplement and aid the ship's regular battery which is quite independent
of it, and of sufficient power to propel the vessel without it.
Fig. 9. Here are shewn the divisions or slots in a compound magnet
on a larger scale. The slots are supposed to contain the coils which are
not drawn. PN, PN, PN, PN, represent the double terminals of a
these coils passed through the back plate of the magnet; the similarly
polar terminals P, P, P, P, of the magnet are connected with the same
pole P' of the battery at a, a, a, a, while the similarly polar terminals
N, N, N, N, of the magnet are joined on to the opposite battery pole N₁
at b, b, b, b.
Fig. 10.-1, 2, 3, represent three electro-magnets with their coils
joined up to a battery, having their poles at each terminal united to two
plates a, b, and c, d, thus forming a compound electro-magnet with their
poles united in one. Any number of magnets may be similarly joined
together, whether in straight lines, squares, ovals, or circles. a, b, and 8
c, d, may thus be made straight, square, of an oval, or circular, or disc
shape, which latter may be pierced at its centre to admit of an axle or
shaft passing through it. The coils of the magnets may, if preferred,
be inclosed in cylinders, and these again have coils on them, and thus
by the addition of fresh cylinders and fresh coils by a proper arrange- 8
ment the magnetic power can be greatly increased.
Fig. 11.-M, M, represents either a solid bar or a tube made either of
wrought or of malleable cast iron. A, A, A, A, A, represent rings or

page_text: discs of iron, either cast on and forming one mass with M, M, or else
of wrought iron, driven on, leaving the spaces B, B, B, B, B, between;
in these spaces are wound the coils of the magnet C, C, C, C, C. There
is no limit to the size of the magnet or of the discs thus formed on it.
The space between the discs and their thickness depends on the size of
the wire composing the coil as well as the depth or diameter of the disc,
a sufficiency of iron being required to take up the battery current so
that none may be lost and the whole of the magnetism be preserved.
In constructing engines with these magnets I use them in sets of two,
the one tubular the other solid, the latter made to fit true and work
within the tube of the former. I use both attraction and repulsion. I
use two pairs of such magnets to turn a double-crank set at right angles
on an axle which moves the machinery by a suitable gearing. The wire
coil may be continued also outside and over the iron discs to a certain
extent. I also turn the current from magnet to magnet, introducing a
condenser between the coil on the magnet and the battery.
Before concluding I find it absolutely necessary here to correct the
misprints in my Patent No. 265, dated 21st January 1874, as they
make nonsense of several passages which I now put right, videlicit,-
Page 3, line 37, place the semicolon; after the word them instead of
after the word magnets.
Page 4, line 2, insert dia-magnetic in lieu of non-conducting; line 32,
put the words in tension instead of intention.
Page 6, line 34, put a semicolon; after again; and insert the chloride
3 of instead of together of, which omit; line 35, omit and having and
insert has, omit stoop and insert thin.
Page 7, line 22, instead of notric write nitric; line 23, omit from "To
to as usual"; line 24, omit hydrochloric and put in nitric, after the
word acid insert set free, after the word silver insert added to that
[* NOTE. As it may be inferred from these remarks that the mistakes
alluded to were made by the Patent Office in printing the Specifi-
cation, it is necessary to state that, with some trifling exceptions, the
whole of the errors exist in the original Specification filed by the
Patentee.]