IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS OF AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING OR OBTAINING WATER MARKS ON PAPER
Year: 1877

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Edmund Napoleon Haines and Robert Marchant, both of
Dartford, in the County of Kent, Paper Manufacturers, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS OF AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING OR
OBTAINING WATER MARKS ON PAPER."
Sealed the 27th October 1877, and dated the 12th July 1877.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Edmund Napoleon Haines
and Robert Marchant at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the
12th July 1877.
EDMUND NAPOLEON HAINES and ROBERT MARCHANT, both of Dartford, in the
County of Kent, Paper Manufacturers. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS OF AND
APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING OR OBTAINING WATER MARKS ON PAPER."
The object of our Invention is to produce water marks of varied character and
different appearance to those usually produced on paper by the ordinary appliances
employed for such purpose during the manufacture of the paper. Lines and marks
of a light translucent character are usually obtained in the paper by attaching to
the surface of the wire gauze, which forms the face of the mould or the surface of the
dandy roller, pieces of wire or metal which will project from the surface and will
consequently thin the layer of pulp at those particular parts.
Darker lines, patches, or marks, are obtained by making depressions or recesses in
the wire gauze surface of tho mould or dandy rollers.
By a judicious combination of these two methods of producing water marks on the
paper, we are enabled to obtain artistic designs with varying depths of shading, such
as would be required for figure drawing, portraits, landscapes, and other artistic
designs.
Attempts have been made to produce opaque and transparent water marks in
paper during the process of manufacturing paper by machinery, by sewing or
attaching wires or pieces of metal round the sunk parts of the pattern, but, when
this plan has been employed with or adapted to a dandy roll, imperfect results only
are obtained, and inconveniences have arisen in working with the dandy roll.
The opaque marking has been produced by pressing the wire gauze covering or

page_text: jacket of the roll, or the wire gauze face of the mould, between two metal plates,
the pattern being in relief on one plate and sunk below the surface on the other; and
the transparent marking has been produced by fixing on the surface of the jacket of
the roll pieces of wire or metal cut and bent to the desired form, so that part of the
pattern will be sunk and part will be in relief.
By our Invention the water mark is produced by a dandy roll in which the pattern
is partly sunk and partly in relief, but the pattern is formed thereon in a different
manner to that just mentioned and at one operation. For this purpose we employ
a single plate with one portion of the design raised above and the other portion
sunk below the surface of the plate.
In order to make this plate (whereby the pattern is impressed on the wire gauze
which forms the surface of the dandy roll) we take a brass plate of suitable thickness,
according to the strength or thickness of the paper to be made, and we cut out
therein the desired pattern. This perforated plate is soldered on to another thin plate
in order to form a bottom or foundation for the perforations, which will thereby form
a sunk pattern.
In order to produce the relief part of the pattern, pieces of metal of suitable size
and form are introduced into the perforations, and are rivetted or otherwise attached
to the foundation plate, and being of greater thickness than the perforated pattern
plate will project above the surface. The pattern thus produced with its sunk and
raised parts is used in combination with a sheet of india-rubber, gutta percha, or
other flexible elastic or yielding substance.
The wire gauze to be operated upon is placed upon the metal pattern plate and is
covered over with the elastic yielding substance, and then subjected to very heavy
pressure in a hydraulic or other press. The effect of this will be that the wire
gauze will be forced by the india-rubber or yielding substances into all the recesses
of the pattern plate; and when removed therefrom, part of the pattern will be found
to be sunk below the surface, and part will project above the surface of the rest of
the sheet. The wire gauze sheet thus prepared inay then be attached in the usual
manner to the dandy roll, and the pattern part may, if required, be backed or
strengthened behind in the usual manner.
We can also produce in machine-made paper a water mark with any degree of
light and shade as would be required in a portrait, figure, or landscape, and to
obtain this we design in wax or any other material (which can be moulded or worked
by hand) any design, as may be required. We then obtain from this model a cast in
plaster of Paris or any other suitable material, and from this plaster cast we obtain
a copy by depositing thereon copper by electro-type or other process. Or a copy
may be obtained in any other convenient manner.
By either of these processes we thus produce a copy of the original model, which,
being filled in with any metal, forms a solid plate. Or, if preferred, a plaster mould
may be prepared and a copy of the original design taken in molten metal, as in the
stereotype process. The wire cover or jacket of the dandy roll is then impressed
in the same way as that already described, that is, it is placed between the metal
pattern and the flexible substance, and subjected to heavy pressure so as to form
the sunken and projecting parts of the design.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Edmund Napoleon Haines and Robert Marchant in the Gr Seal
Patent Office on the 12th January 1878.
EDMUND NAPOLEON HAINES and ROBERT MARCHANT, both of Dartford, in the
County of Kent, Paper Manufacturers. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS OF AND
APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING OR OBTAINING WATER MARKS ON PAPER."
For the production of water marks on paper it is well known that the design
intended to be reproduced is worked in or upon the wire gauze forming the
face of the mould in case of hand-made paper, and in or upon the wire gauze
forming the surface of the dandy roll in the case of machine-made paper.
Where the pattern required that the mean transparency should be both increased
and diminished, this effect was obtained partly by indenting the wire gauze to
produce the shades, and partly by the application of additional metal thereto, in the
form of wire or thin plates or pieces (which required to be skilfully secured to the
gauze) to produce the lights in the paper.
Now, the object of our Invention is to prepare the wire gauze for the production
of this class of pattern simply by the application of pressure to the wire gauze.
For this purpose we prepare an embossing plate, which has both raised and sunken
surfaces corresponding respectively to the lights and shades of the pattern required
to be reproduced, and for a counter plate we use an elastic pressing pad. Between
these surfaces we place the wire gauze which is to receive the water mark, and by
means of hydraulic or other suitable pressure we mould the wire gauze to the face
of the plate.
The mode of constructing the plate admits of variation, but the plans which we
prefer are the following:-
No. 1. Supposing the water mark to consist of letters and figures, which are to be
reproduced in light shades with a shadow cast therefrom, we cut out from sheet brass or
other suitable metal of a thickness corresponding to the height of the raised surfaces
required on the wire gauze the letters and figures which are to form the raised
surfaces of the plate. We then take a similar plate and form thereof a kind of
stencil plate by cutting out from the same pieces corresponding to the shadows of
the water mark. Upon the face of this plate we mount in their respective positions
the letters and figures obtained from the first-mentioned plate, attaching the same
by solder or otherwise to the stencil plate. We then strengthen the stencil plate by
a backing plate which converts the stencil openings into recesses, and we thus obtain
a compound plate with the requisite raised and sunk surfaces.
No. 2. Instead of building up the compound plate by the use of three plates we
cut out the letters and figures as above explained, and apply them to a stout
smooth faced plate in which we cut the desired recesses by means of a graver or
other suitable cutting tool, and we thus form a plate with raised and sunken
surfaces.
:-
The counter plate or pad we construct by preference in the following manner,
viz. We take three plies of thick woven fabric of flax or cotton fibre, somewhat
similar to that made for belting, and these plies we connect together by india-rubber
cement, and also coat the surfaces of the compound fabric with india-rubber so as
to bring up the thickness of the elastic pad to about one quarter of an inch. On
submitting the wire gauze sheet (which has previously been prepared by annealing)
to the action of an hydraulic press between the plate and the elastic pad, the wire
gauze will be forced to take the counterpart shape of the metal or rigid plate; and
when released from it, part of the water mark will be found to be sunk below
the mean surface and part to be raised above the mean surface of the sheet. The
wire gauze sheet thus prepared may then be applied to the pulp mould or to the
dandy roll in the usual manner, the water-mark portion being strengthened by suitable
backing supports if desired in the manner commonly practised. The wire gauze

page_text: cloth thus prepared by pressure may be applied, either side outwards or uppermost,
the lights and shades being reversed by the turning of the cloth. By this means
we are enabled to produce water marks in light and shade equal in sharpness to any
heretofore obtained, and that with a material diminution in the cost of preparing
the wire gauze.
Having now set forth the nature of our Invention of "Improvements in the
Means of and Apparatus for Producing or Obtaining Water Marks on Paper," and
explained the manner of carrying the same into effect, we wish it to be understood
that under the above in part recited Letters Patent we claim, preparing wire gauze
with raised and sunk surfaces (for the production of water marks in light and shade)
by subjecting the same to pressure between plates and pressing pads, constructed
substantially in the manner above described.
In witness whereof, we, the said Edmund Napoleon Haines and Robert
Marchant, have hereunto set our hands and seals, the Eleventh day of
January, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
eight
EDMUND N. HAINES. (L.S.)
ROBT. MARCHANT.
(L.S.)