IMPROVEMENTS IN OR CONNECTED WITH MOTOR GOVERNORS, AND IN PART APPLICABLE TO MECHANISM FOR RECORDING PRESSURE OR POWER OR SPEED, OR FOR OTHER ANALOGOUS PURPOSES."
Year: 1879

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Henry James Hogg King, of Newmarket, in the County
of Gloucester, Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN OR
CONNECTED WITH MOTOR GOVERNORS, AND IN PART APPLICABLE TO
MECHANISM FOR RECORDING PRESSURE OR POWER OR SPEED, OR FOR OTHER
ANALOGOUS PURPOSES."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Henry James Hogg King at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 24th December 1879.
HENRY JAMES HOGG KING, of Newmarket, in the County of Gloucester,
Engineer. "IMPROVEMENTS IN OR CONNECTED WITH MOTOR GOVERNORS, AND IN
PART APPLICABLE TO MECHANISM FOR RECORDING PRESSURE OR POWER OR SPEED,
OR FOR OTHER ANALOGOUS PURPOSES."
This Invention has for one of its objects to improve the construction and action
of motor governors, and comprises improved combinations of ratchet wheels with
pawls and other parts, which are advantageously applicable not only in the
construction of motor governors, but also in that of mechanism for various
purposes, such as recording pressure or power or speed, or other quantities or
measures.
In the improved motor governors the well known centrifugal-ball arrangement
may be employed; or any other suitable known apparatus whereby change of
rotatory speed of a spindle or shaft is made to move a sleeve or equivalent device,
and through it to act on the throttle valve (of a steam engine for example), or on
any valve or sluice controlling the supply of the motive agent. The details which
principally constitute the present Invention are interposed between the controlling
valve or sluice and the governor sleeve or equivalent device, which sleeve or device
is for convenience hereinafter referred to as the governor index.
The controlling valve or sluice is moved either directly or through the intervention
of a lever or screw or rack-and-pinion or other suitable connection, by a shaft
having fast on it a ratchet wheel or sector, made either with two reversed sets of
ordinary ratchet teeth, or with a single set of double-acting teeth; and this wheel
is acted upon by two reversed pawls carried by a lever, which is by preference
"

page_text: centered on the shaft, or so as to turn about the same axis. The pawl lever is
made to continually reciprocate or vibrate by the action of a crank or eccentric on
the governor spindle; or on a spindle driven by a small special turbine, or by
clock work, or in any other convenient way; but the pawls do not act on the
ratchet wheel, excepting when a change of speed renders it necessary, being kept
clear of the teeth by a sector or arc which is centred on the shaft, or so as to turn
about the same axis, and is connected to the governor index. When the pawl
sector is moved to either side by the governor index it allows the pawl at the other
side to engage with the teeth of the ratchet wheel, and the movement of the pawl
lever in consequence turns the wheel in the required direction. It is an important
feature of this arrangement that the rate of corrective action will correspond to the
extent to which the speed of the motor varies in a given short time; thus with a
comparatively greater change of speed the governor index moving further will
shift the pawl sector more over to one side, and the then acting pawl will engage
with the ratchet wheel, so as to give it a correspondingly greater movement at each
vibration of the pawl lever. Another important feature of the arrangement is that
when the speed of the motor becomes corrected the governor balls or equivalent
parts will return to their normal position without causing a readjustment of the
controlling valve or sluice in the opposite direction, as happens with the common
and some other governors.
The improved mechanism hereinbefore described admits of a very simple addition
for preventing the extreme opening of the controlling valve or sluice which occurs
with a common governor in the event of an accident occurring to stop the rotation
of the governor. For the purpose indicated the pawl sector is weighted so as to
fall over in the direction for bringing about the closing of the controlling valve or
sluice whenever it is disconnected from the governor index, and such disconnection
is effected by a lear which is acted on by the index or other part of the governor on
rotation ceasing.
The ratchet and pawl sector combination hereinbefore described is conveniently
applicable with turbines or other motors driven by water, whether acting alone or
in combination with steam or gas motors. In one arrangement the governor
mechanism comprises parts for acting on the steam or gas motor and other parts
for acting on the water motor. As long as the water power requires supplementing
by the steam or gas motor the governor acts on the latter; but when the water
power is in itself amply sufficient the mechanism is adjusted (by hand or auto-
matically) so as to act on the water sluice. A slower action is required to the
water sluice, and differential gearing is applied therefor, as it admits of being
arranged in a simple and compact manner along with the parts connected to the
steam or gas motor.
When water power delived from a variable source is used in combination with
steam or gas motors, and also in some cases when used alone, it is. as is well known,
desirable to diminish or increase the flow to the wheel in a similar proportion in
order that the water may be delivered at the maximum fall.
For this purpose a
simple modification of the ratchet and pawl lever combination may be employed,
the pawl sector being connected to a float whilst the shaft of the ratchet wheel
effects the opening or closing of the controlling sluice, the motion of the pawl lever
being obtained by means of a small turbine driven by a part of the water, or in
any other convenient way.
A modification of the arrangement last hereinbefore described may be used as an
automatic flood gate for opening or closing a main flood gate when the water
rising above or falling below a predetermined limit acts on a float connected to the
pawl sector. The apparatus may be connected to a board or boards at the top of a
weir or main flood gate instead of to the gate itself.
In steam motors it is often considered preferable for the valve controlling the
supply of steam to be an expansion or cut-off valve; and in such cases the ratchet
and pawl sector combination may be applied thereto in various ways.
When a
pair of cut-off plates are used which are adjustable by right-hand and left-hand

page_text: screw threads on the valve spindle, the spindle may be turned by means of a
sleeve or boss geared with it by a key and groove, the sleeve having on it either
the ratchet wheel itself or a pinion geared thereto; and the vibrating motion of
the pawl lever may be imparted thereto from the expansion valve spindle or from
the main valve spindle, or otherwise.
In many applications it will be advantageous to have a sufficiently heavy fly
wheel on the shaft, by means of which the reciprocating motion is imparted to the
pawl lever in order to economize the power. Thus in hoisting or lifting apparatus
a moderate power may be employed for raising various weights, by means of one
ratchet wheel, or by means of two or more acting alternately or successively. The
pawl sector will in each case be adjusted by hand, or automatically, to suit the
lond, and so that the number of teeth acted on per stroke will vary inversely as the
load, and the rate of raising will also be inversely as the load. The force stored in
the flywheel during the intervals when the pawl does not act will be distributed
over the number of teeth acted on, so that the pressure per tooth will be the greater
the fewer the number of teeth acted on.
In applying the ratchet pawl sector combination for recording power, or, for
example, as a continuous pressure indicator for a steam engine, the pawl lever is
moved by any reciprocating part of the engine, and the pawl sector is moved by a
piston acted on by the steam pressure opposed by a spring, whilst the ratchet
wheel moves counting mechanism which shows a total representing the power
developed by the engine, or the average pressure.
In a similar way wind pressure or atmospheric pressure, as shown by a barometer
or temperature, may be continuously recorded, the pawl lever being in such cases
actuated by clock work.
In some of the hereinbefore described applications or combinations the pawl
sector may be centered at a point exterior to the ratchet wheel, or otherwise away
from the axis of that wheel, and others of the detail herein before referred to are
susceptible of modification to suit various circumstances or requirements.
Instead of the arrangement herein before described for preventing the throttle or
other controlling valve of a motor being set full open when the governor is acci-
dentally stopped, a small crank may be used for shifting the valve, such crank
being turned by a pinion in gear with a rack which is moved by the governor.
On the governor balls collapsing altogether the pinion and crank are turned so far
round as to close, or partially close, the valve, after having momentarily opened
it. Or, according to another modification, the valve is moved by a lever, the
fulcrum of which is held down by a weight or spring, and a projection is provided
at the other side to be encountered by the lever when moved down beyond a certain
point by the governor, and to then act as a fulcrum, the further downward move-
inent of the lever causing the other fulcrum to be raised, and the valve to be at
the same same time closed or partly closed.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Henry James Hogg King in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
23rd June 1880.
HENRY JAMES HOGG. KING, of Newmarket, in the County of Gloucester,
Engineer. "IMPROVEMENTS IN OR CONNECTED WITH MOTOR GOVERNORS, AND IN
PART APPLICABLE TO MECHANISM FOR RECORDING PRESSURE OR POWER OR SPEED,
OR FOR OTHER ANALOGOUS PURPOSES."
My said Invention has for one of its objects to improve the construction and
action of motor governors, and comprises improved combinations of ratchet wheels
with pawls and other parts, which are advantageously applicable not only in the
construction of motor governors, but also in that of mechanism for various
purposes, such as recording pressure or power or speed, or other quantities or
measures.
In my improved motor governors the well known centrifugal-ball arrangement
may be employed, or any other suitable apparatus whereby change of rotatory speed
of a spindle or shaft is made to move a sleeve or equivalent device, and through it
to act on the throttle valve (of a steam engine for example), or on any valve or
sluice controlling the supply of the motive agent. The details which principally
constitute my present Invention are interposed between the controlling valve or
sluice and the governor sleeve or equivalent device, which sleeve or device is for
convenience hereinafter referred to as the governor index.
The controlling valve or sluice is moved either directly or through the inter-
vention of a lever, or screw, or rack-and-pinion, or other suitable connection by a
shaft having fast on it a ratchet wheel or sector made either with two reversed
sets of ordinary ratchet teeth, or with a single set of double-acting teeth, and this
wheel is acted on by two reversed pawls carried by a lever which is by preference
centered on the shaft, or so as to turn about the same axis. The pawl lever is
made to continually reciprocate or vibrate by the action of a crank or eccentric on
the governor spindle, or on a spindle driven therefrom, or by a small special
turbine, or by clockwork, or in any other convenient way; but the pawls do not
act on the ratchet wheel excepting when a change of speed renders it necessary,
being kept clear of the teeth by a sector or are which is centered on the shaft, or so
as to turn about the same axis and is connected to the governor index. When the
pawl sector is moved to either side by the governor index, it allows the pawl at
the other side to engage with the teeth of the ratchet wheel, and the movement of
the pawl lever in consequence turns the wheel in the required direction. It is an
important feature of this arrangement that the rate of corrective action will
correspond to the extent to which the speed of the motor varies in a given short
time; thus with a comparatively greater change of speed the governor index
moving further will shift the pawl sector more over to one side, and the then
acting pawl will engage with the ratchet wheel, so as to give it a correspondingly
greater movement at each vibration of the pawl lever. Another important feature
of the arrangement is, that when the speed of the motor becomes corrected, the
governor balls or equivalent parts will return to their normal position without
causing a readjustment of the controlling valve or sluice in the opposite direction,
as happens with the common and some other governors.
My improved mechanism admits of a very simple addition for preventing the
extreme opening of the controlling valve or sluice, which occurs with a common
governor in the event of an accident occuring to stop the rotation of the governor.
For the purpose indicated the pawl sector is weighted so as to fall over in the
direction for bringing about the closing of the controlling valve or sluice whenever
it is disconnected from the governor index, and such disconnection is effected by a
lever which is acted on by the index or other part of the governor on rotation

page_text: censing. In another arrangement for the same purpose a small crank is used for
shifting the valve, and continuing to turn after having fully opened the valve,
closes it again more or less. In a third arrangement the valve is moved by a lever
the fulcrum of which is held down by a weight or spring, and a projection is
provided at the other side to be encountered by the lever when moved down
beyond a certain point by the governor, and to then act as a fulcrum, the further
downward movement of the lever causing the other fulcrum to be raised, and the
valve to be at the same time closed or partly closed
My ratchet and pawl-sector combination is conveniently applicable with turbines
or other motors driven by water, whether acting alone or in combination with
steam or gas motors. In one arrangement the governor mechanism comprises parts
for acting on the steam or gas motor, and other parts for acting on the water motor.
As long as the water power requires supplementing by the steam or gas motor the
governor acts on the latter, but when the water power is in itself amply sufficient,
the mechanism is adjusted (by hand or automatically) so as to act on the water
sluice.
When water power derived from a variable source is used in combination with
steam or gas motors and also in some cases when used alone, it is as is well known
desirable to diminish or increase the flow to the wheel in such proportion that the
water may be delivered at the maximumn fall. For this purpose a simple modifi-
ention of my ratchet and pawl lever combination may be employed, the pawl sector
being connected to a float whilst the shaft of the ratchet wheel effects the opening
or closing of the controlling sluice, the motion of the pawl lever being obtained by
means of a small turbine driven by a part of the water, or in any other convenient
way.
A modification of the arrangement last herein before described may be used as an
automatic flood gate for opening or closing a main flood gate when the water rising
above or falling below a predetermined limit, acts on a float connected to the pawl
sector. The apparatus may be connected to a board or boards at the top of a weir
or main flood gate, instead of to the gate itself.
In steam motors it is often considered preferable for the valve controlling the
supply of steam to be an expansion or cut-off valve; and in such cases my ratchet
and pawl-sector combination may be applied thereto in various ways.
In many applications it will be advantageous to have a sufficiently heavy fly-
wheel on the shaft, by means of which the reciprocating motion is imparted to the
pawl lever, in order to economise the power. Thus, in hoisting or lifting apparatus
a moderate power may be employed for raising various weights by means of one
ratchet wheel, or by means of two or more acting alternately or successively. The
pawl sector will in each case be adjusted by land or automatically to suit the load,
and so that the number of teeth acted on per stroke will vary inversoly as the load,
and the rate of raising will also be inversely as the load. The force stored in tho
flywheel during the intervals when the pawl does not act, will be distributed over
the number of teeth acted on, so that the pressure per tooth will be the greater the
fewer the number of teeth acted on.
My ratchet-pawl sector combination may be applied in various ways for recording
power or for recording in a continuous manner steam pressure, gas pressure, wind
pressure, atmospheric pressure, or temperature, and examples of such applications
are hereinafter fully described.
In some of the applications or combinations herein before described or referred to
the pawl sector may be centered at a point exterior to the ratchet wheel or
otherwise away from the axis of that wheel; and others of the details hereinbefore
referred to are susceptible of modification to suit various circumstances or require-
ments.
And in order that my said Invention, and the manner of performing the same
may be properly understood, I hereunto append five Sheets of explanatory
Drawings to be hereinafter referred to, and representing examples of apparatus

page_text: made with my improvements. In these Drawings the same reference numerals are
used to mark the same or like parts wherever they are repeated.
Figure 1 on Sheet 1 of the accompanying Drawings is a front elevation of a
modification of my improved motor governors, Figure 2 is a sectional elevation as
at right angles to Figure 1; and Figure 3 is a back elevation of some parts. On the
bracket 1 there is fixed a standard 2, the upper part of which is in the form of a
small hollow column, and carries the vertical governor spindle 3.
This spindle 3 is driven by means of a bevil pinion on it, and in gear with a
bevil wheel 5, which, with a bell pulley 6 formed in the same piece with or fixed
to it, is on a stud fixed to the column 2. The governor balls 7 are represented as
arranged in a well known way, being on arms jointed to a sleeve 8 which they
raise as they diverge, and this sleeve 8 by means of a cross key entered through a
slot, acts on a rod 9, passing down through the spindle 3, the lower part of which
is tubular The rod 9 is at its bottom end connected by a swivel joint to a rack
10, which is in gear with pinion teeth on the tubular boss of a sector piece 11,
carried on a horizontal shaft 12, this shaft 12 being one by the rotation of which
the corrective or adjusting action of the governor is transmitted to the valve or
sluice controlling the steam or water or other motive fluid. On the shaft 12
there is a ratchet wheel 13, which may be either fixed on the shaft, or as is shown
and preferred, bave a friction disc or clutch interposed between it and the shaft, to
allow of slipping in the event of the wheel being turned too far. The ratchet
wheel 13 is made with double-action teeth; and there is centered in front of it on
the shaft 12 a bellcrank pawl lever 14, fitted with two reversely acting pawls 15,
16, which have pins projecting from their backs, to rest upon the pawl sector 11
when in its middle position. One arm of the pawl lever 14 is connected by a rod
17 to an eccentric 18, or it might be an eccentric or crank pin on the driving
pulley 6, and the pawl lever is thus made to reciprocate or vibrate continuously
whilst the governor is in action; the pawls 15, 16, do not however act on the
ratchet wheel 13 when the pawl sector 11 is in its middle position When a change
takes place in the speed, the governor causes the pawl lever 14 to move to one side
or to the other, which allows the corresponding pawl 15 or 10 to get into action to
move the ratchet wheel 13. Whenever the proper speed is restored, the pawl
sector returns to its central position and stops the action on the ratchet wheel 13,
without moving that wheel in the opposite direction, as happens with some
governors. A hook 19 is fixed to the rack 10 for adding weight to suit the speed
at which it is wished to drive the governor; and a bellcrank locking lever 20 is
provided for holding the rack 10, and through it the pawl sector 11 in a middle
position when turning the shaft 12 by hand at starting or stopping, one arm of the
lever 20 being made with a fork which engages with a pin attached to the rack.
A spring and ring 21 is applied between the end of the bearing of the shaft 12, and
a nut screwed on that shaft for the purpose of producing as much friction as will
prevent the shaft from being jerked too far, or from being moved back by the
return of either of the pawls. The parts are constructed so that they can be
arranged to suit various situations and circumstances; thus the motion may be
transmitted from either end of the shaft 12, and in any convenient way; and the
rack 10 can be turned to either side of the boss of the pawl sector 11, so as to suit
either direction of motion of the shaft 12, whilst a winch handle can be applied to
either end of the shaft 12 for turning it by hand when required.
Figures 4 and 5 are a front elevation and a sectional side elevation showing parts
of the apparatus as modified to give, as required, one or other of two relative speeds
to the shaft 12. For this purpose differential wheels are fitted in connection with
the driving pulley 6, these wheels comprising a pimon 22 upon a stud fixed in the
outer part of the pulley 6 and two spur wheels 23, 24, gearing with that pinion
and differing from each other by one tooth, one, 23, of the spurwheels having on it
the eccentric pin 18 for working the pawl lever 14, and being formed with a
spindle to enter the tubular bearing, whilst the other spurwheel 24 is a ring
running loose on the outside of the bearing excepting when held by a small screw

page_text: pin 25. When the slow speed is required for acting, for example, on a water sluice
or "shut," when working as a float governor, the inner spurwheel 24 is fixed by its
pin, but when the quick speed is required for acting on the steam throttle valve or
for regulating the speed of a water wheel the inner spurwheel 24 is set loose, and
the pinion 22 is fixed on its stud by an external screw nut and washer, and then
the outer wheel 23 with the eccentric pin 18 will rotate with the full speed of the
driving pulley 6.
Figure 6 is a sectional elevation of a modification of my governing mechanism as
arranged for acting in connection with a float to regulate the position of a water
sluice or "shut" supplying a water wheel or turbine so that the water may be used
when at the maximum fall only, the required power being supplemented by a steam
or gas motor when necessary. In this modification the pawl sector 11 is connected
to a float 26, a rod 27 passing upwards from the float having a notched head, any
one of the notches of which can be engaged with a pin on a toothed sector 28
gearing with the pinion teeth on the boss of the pawl sector 11. The pawl lever 14
is a two-armed piece having the pawls 15, 16, at the ends of its arms, and the
lower pawl 16 being counterweighted, whilst one arm of the lever is connected by
a rod 17 to an eccentric pin 18 on a driving pulley 6.
When my improved governing mechanism is applied to motive power apparatus
comprising a water wheel, turbine, or other hydraulic motor, and a steam or gas
motor, I interpose a ratchet clutch or equivalent connection between the shafting of
the hydraulic motor and that of the steam or gas motor, so that when the former is
not operating the latter will not waste power in turning the wheel or other hydraulic
apparatus. This improvement is advantageously applicable whatever kind of
governor is used, wherever an hydraulic motor is employed in combination with
another motor.
Figure 7 on Sheet 2 of the accompanying Drawings is an elevation showing one
of my arrangements for preventing a throttle valve or sluice from being held full
open when the rotation of the governor is stopped accidentally or improperly. In
this arrangement the centrifugal ball governor acts on a bellcrank lever 29, which
communicates its movements to a rod 30 engaging with a pin on one of its arms by
means of a gab or notch. The rod 30 is to be connected with the pawl sector (11)
when my ratchet and pawl-sector combination is used, or it may be connected to an
ordinary throttle-valve lever 31, or other equivalent part. A weight 32 is applied,
tending to move the rod 30 into a position for closing the throttle valve, and a
lever 33 is connected to the rod 30 by a link 34, such lever 33 being in a position
to be acted on by the governor sleeve or index 8 when this descends to its lowest
position in consequence of the rotation ceasing. The rod 30 is then lifted by the
lever 33 so as to become disengaged from the bellcrank lever 29, and the weight 32
moves the rod 30 into the position for closing the valve.
Figures 9 and 10 on Sheet 3 of the Drawings, are front and side elevations of
another arrangement for preventing the holding open of a throttle valve when the
rotation of the governor ceases. In this arrangement the valve spindle has a
transversely slotted crosshead 35 fixed or formed on it and it is acted on by a crank
pin 36 which works in the slot, the crank pin 36 being moved by means of a pinion
and rack 37. When the crank pin 36 has been moved to its highest position for
opening the valve its continued rotation in the same direction causes the closing of
the valve again to a greater or less extent. This continued or extra movement may
be caused by the descent of the governor sleeve or index to its lowest position on
the rotation being stopped. A third arrangement for the same purpose is shown
in Figure 11, the valve spindle 38 being in this case acted on by a lever 39 having
its ordinary fulcrum at 40, and being moved by a rod 41 which descends when
opening the valve. The lever 39 is loaded beyond the fulcrum 40 sufficiently for
opening the valve, but when the lever has descended low enough to set the valve
full open, in which position the lever is shown in the Figure, a part of it between
the connections of the spindle 38 and rod 41, rests upon a bearing 42 which then
becomes the actual fulcrum and the further descont of the rod 41 causes the lever to

page_text: lift the valve spindle 38 and close the valve more or less, the part of the lever at
the fulcrum 40 being slotted to allow the lever to rise off that fulcrum.
Figure 8 on Sheet 2 of the Drawings shows one arrangement for applying my
ratchet-pawl-sector combination for acting on cut-off or expansion valves applied to
a steam engine. In this example the cut-off valves are of the well known kind
consisting of a pair of plates on the back of each main slide valve, and made to
reciprocato by a rod and to vary their action by being moved nearer to or further
from each other by means of right-hand and left-hand screw threads on the rods
working them or on a separate rod which is turned to effect the adjustment. This
rod 43 which projects from the valve casing through a stuffing box 44, passes
through the elongated tubular boss of a bevil pinion 45 held by a bracket 40, the
rod being grooved so as to be turned by a key fixed in the tubular boss. The bevil
pinion 45 is in gear with a bevil wheel 47 which has in one piece with or fixed to
it two ratchet wheels having reversed teeth, some of which are indicated by dotted
lines in the Figure. The bevil wheel 47 and the ratchet wheels are on a stud
projecting from the bracket 46, and on the same stud a pawl lever 14 indicated by
dotted lines, is centered and is fitted with reversed pawls 15, 16, being made to
vibiate by an arm 48 from a reciprocating valve rod or in any other convenient
way. On the same stud there is also centered a pawl sector (11) partly indicated
by dotted lines and operating precisely as in modifications herein before described,
being adjusted by a rod 49 connected to the governor sleeve or index. A set of
handles 50 is provded in connection with the bevil pinion 45 for adjusting the
cut-off plates by hand.
4
Figures 12 and 13 on Sheet 3 of the Drawings are end and side elevations of a
hoisting or winding machine, showing an application of my ratchet-pawl-sector
combination. The power is communicated through a heavy fly wheel 51 which
may be loose on the shaft 52 of the winding barrel 53 or carried otherwise, and
which has fixed to it a pinion 54 gearing with a spurwheel 55 on a shaft 50 having
on it a crank 18 This crank 18 by a rod 17 gives a vibrating motion to a pawl
lever 14, which acts on a ratchet wheel 13 fast on the barrel shaft 52. In this
example there is only one pawl 15 on the lever 14, but a holding pawl 57 is
provided to prevent the return of the ratchet wheel The pawl sector 11 is
centered on the barrel shaft 52 and is acted on in one direction by a spring 58 (or
it might be by a series of weights to be lifted one after the other). In the other
direction the pawl sector 11 is acted on by a rope 59 fixed to its boss and passing
over a pulley 60, thence down to and round a pulley at the hoisting hook 61 from
which it returns up to and passes over a second pulley at 60, finally procceding to
the barrel 53. Whatever weight is put on the hook 61 acts proportionally on the
pawl sector 11, and makes it move more or less in a direction to limit the action
of the pawl 15 on the ratchet wheel 13. Thus with a heavier weight the effective
movement of the pawl lever 14 will be diminished, and the momentum in the
flywheel 51 will act through the smaller distance, being as it were concentrated
instead of being distributed over a longer distance as it would be with a lighter
load.
Figures 14 and 15 on Sheet 4 of the Drawings are front and side elevations of
apparatus in which my ratchet-pawl-sector combination is applied in connection
with a pyrometer rod 62 for regulating the temperature of a malt kiln or a drying
stove or the like, or for adjusting the damper or vulve of a furnace chimney or for
regulating the action of mechanical fuel feeding apparatus. In the application
shown in the Figure and which is suitable for a malt kiln, the rod 62 which
crosses the kiln 63 and extends out through an opening is arranged to bear inwards
on knife edges at the upper end of a long nearly vertical lever 64, which has its
fulcrum in knife edges 65 a little below those acted on by the rod 62 and bearing
against V-seats in a piece 66 fixed on the top of a bracket 67. The bottom end of
the lever 64 has attached to it a slotted arc 68, in which a pin 69 can be adjustably
fixed to suit a predetermined temperature, and this pin 69 entering a slot in the
arm of the pawl sector or arc 11 shifts that sector correspondingly with the greater

page_text: or less expansion of the pyrometer rod 62 by the heat of the kiln. The pawl
lever 14 is in this case made to vibrate by a clock movement 70 and the ratchet
wheel or sector 13 acted on by it is in the same piece with or fixed to a lever
arm 71, which through a rod 72 transmits the movement to the valves or louvres or
other regulating apparatus.
Instead of a pyrometer rod (62) any other apparatus capable of being acted on
by changes of temperature, so as to move the lever (64) or its equivalent or the
pawl sector (11) may be employed, or when the regulating apparatus is fitted in
connection with a steam boiler, the adjustment of the pawl sector may be effected
by means of a pressure gauge, or a piston, or diaphragm, or bourdon tube acted on
by the steam pressure.
Figure 16 on Sheet 5 of the Drawings is a sectional clevation showing an
application for recording average temperature, and parts of which are suitable for
recording average pressure of steam, gas, water, or wind, height of barometer,
depth of water flowing over sills or other quantities or measures of a variable
character. In the example shown in Figure 16 a pyrometer rod 02 is arranged to
move a lever 6+ (as herein before described with reference to Figures 14 and 15),
the lever being formed with a toothed sector 28 gearing with pinion teeth on the
boss of the pawl sector 11, which determines the effective action of the lever 14,
and pawl 15 on the ratchet wheel 13. The pawl lever 14 is made to vibrate by a
rod 17 from a rotating crank 18 driven by a clock or other convenient motor, and
the ratchet wheel 13 is in this case the first of a counting or indicating train, the
indications of which are read at regular periods. The quantities observed at such
periods represent the average or aggregate amounts for those periods.
Figure 17, on Sheet 5 of the Drawings, is a sectional elevation of extremely
sensitive apparatus to be used in applying my ratchet-pawl-sector combination for
regulating temperature by acting on valves, louvre boards, or the like. On the bo-s
of the pawl sector (which is not shown in this Figure), or on a horizontal spindle
having that sector fixed on it, there is fixed a piece comprising a weighted arm 73,
and an inclined tubular arm 74, with a funnel 75 at the centre. A pan 76 with an
adjustable outlet valve 77 is hung to the tubular arm 74, and when water enters
the pan more rapidly than it can get away the piece 73, 74, becomes tilted by the
preponderance of the pan 76, and vice vered, and the ratchet wheel is acted on
accordingly. The heat acts on air or other expansible fluid contained in a vessel 78
having atunched to its botttom a bent tube 79 containing inercury. The other end
of the tube 70 is connected to a small trough S0, and also to a pipe 81 in com-
munication with a constant supply of water. Openings 82 communicate between
the interior of the pipe and the trough, which openings are closed by the mercury
when it rises high enough through the expansive action of heat on it and on the
fluid in the vessel 78, but when the heat is less the mercury falling allows water to
issue from the pipe 81 into the trough 80, and this water passes from the trough
by a pipe 63, and entering the funnel 75 acts in the manner already described.
Having thus particularly described my said Invention, and the manner of per-
formning the same, I have to state that I do not restrict myself to the precise details
herein doscribed or delineated, but that what I believe to be novel and original, and
claim as the Invention secured to me by and in terms of the herembefore in part
recited Letters Patent is,-
1. The combination named the ratchet-pawl-sector combination, and comprising
a continuously vibrating pawl lover having reversely acting pawls; also a ratchet
wheel or ratchet sector having reversed or double-acting teeth, and also a pawl
sector controlling the action of the pawls and connected to a speed governor, the
parts being arranged substantially as and for the purposes herein before described.
2. The ratchet-pawl-sector combination combined with a float and arranged for
controlling the admission valve, sluice, or "shut" of a water wheel, turbine, or other
hydraulic motor, or for controlling a flood gate or weir bonds, substantially as
hereinbefore described.
3. The combination of a float with mechanism for automatically adjusting the

page_text: admission valve, sluice, or "shut" of a water wheel, turbine, or other hydraulic
motor, or a flood gate or weir boards, substantially as hereinbefore described.
4. The arrangement of differential gearing in combination with the other parts,
substantially as and for the purposes herein before described with reference to Figures
4 and 5 of the accompanying Drawings.
5. The combinations of apparatus, hereinbefore described with reference to
Figures 7, 9, 10, 11, of the accompanying Drawings, for preventing the holding
open of a throttle or other admission valve or sluice on the accidental stoppage or
derangement of a speed governor.
6. The ratchet-pawl-sector combination combined with mechanism for adjusting
cut-off or expansion valves, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to
Figure 8 of the accompanying Drawings.
7. The ratchet-pawl-sector combination, arranged substantially as hereinbefore
described with reference to Figures 12 and 13 of the accompanying Drawings, for
enabling a quantity of power to operate on a relatively variablo load or resistance.
8. The ratchet-pawl-sector combination arranged to be acted on by variations of
temperature or pressure, and to act on dampers or other heat controlling apparatus,
substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figures 14, 15, 17, of the
accompanying Drawings.
9. The recording or indicating of averages or periodical aggregates of pressure of
steam, gas, water, or wind, height of barometer, depth of water flowing over sills, or
other quantities or measures of a variable character by means of the ratchet-pawl-
sector combination, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to
Figure 16 of the accompanying Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Henry James Hogg King, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Twenty second day of June, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and eighty.
HENRY JAMES HOGG KING. (L.S.)