IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS POR WEAVING TIGHT CLOTHS
Year: 1874

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Florimond Bayart and Henri Bayart, of Roubaix
(Nord), France, Manufacturers, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN LOOMS POR WEAVING TIGHT CLOTHS."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Florimond Bayart and
Henry Bayart at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 7th December 1874.
We, FLORIMOND BAYART and HENRI BAYART, of Roubaix (Nord),
France, Manufacturers, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING TIGHT CLOTHS," to be
as follows:-
Up to the present time the mechanical weaving of closely meshed
fabrics or tight cloths has presented difficulties always very great and
sometimes insurmountable. The warp threads, numerous and arranged
close together, which have to open out one half for each passage of the
weft, cross and open with great difficulty to allow the shuttle to traverse
them, and the result is numerous breaks in the warp, and many very
visible faults in the fabric when finished.

page_text: It is in consequence of these difficulties that close fabrics, such as
poplin and others, either in cotton or chiefly in wool, have never hitherto
been woven in a regular and easy manner by mechanical means. The
attempts made have only produced very incomplete results, and only
badly manufactured or too costly fabrics have been obtained.
We completely obviate all these inconveniences by means of a system
applicable to all mechanical looms, by which we effect the gradual
opening of the warp in two or more steps or stages for the passage of the
shuttle by causing the threads to rise or fall by successive fourths or
fifths, or eighths or tenths, or more if necessary, and we thus render the
mechanical weaving of the closest fabrics as easy as that of a very
light onc.
Upon the lower shaft of the loom we place a toothed wheel, which
receives its movement from an intermediate gearing commanded by
another toothed wheel placed upon the upper shaft. The upper wheel has
half as many teeth as the first wheel, so that the latter makes but one
revolution to two of the other wheel. Upon the bearing of the first wheel
we place either four eccentrics, or six, or eight, or ten, or more, formed so
as to effect a half opening according as we wish to produce the opening
of the warp for a fourth, a sixth, an eighth, a tenth, or more.
These excentrics are in all cases of different sizes, and are arranged
upon the shaft so as to produce for the passage of each of them upon the
roller of each of the treadles which actuate the blades the change by
raising or lowering two treadles out of four, two treadles out of six, two
treadles out of eight, two treadles out of ten, and so on.
The proportion of the number of teeth upon the upper toothed wheel
to the first toothed wheel is indispensable to our system. It has the
effect by the more rapid and proportional movement imparted to tho
excentrics of permitting them to raise or lower the warp threads before
the passage of cach weft thread in two, three, four, five, or more.
movements, according as the loom is fitted with four, six, eight, or more
excentrics, which in the ordinary system were separated into two in a
single movement.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Florimond Bayart and Henri Bayart in the Great
Seal Patent Office on the 5th June 1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, FLORIMOND
BAYART and HENRI BAYART, of Roubaix, Nord, France, Manufacturers,
send greeting..
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Seventh day of December, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, in
the thirty-eighth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-
cessors, give and grant unto us, the said [Florimond Bayart and Henri
Bayart, Her special licence, that we, the said Florimond Bayart and
Henri Bayart, our exccutors, administrators, and assigns, or such
others as we, the said Florimond Bayart and Henri Bayart, our exc-
cutors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and
no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING TIGHT CLOTHS," upon the condition (amongst others)
that we, the said Florimond Bayart and Henri Bayart, or one of us,
our executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under our,
or one of our or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed
in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Florimond Bayart and Henri
Bayart, do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, that is to
say:
Up to the present time the mechanical weaving of closely meshed
fabrics or " tight cloths" has presented difficulties always very great
and sometimes insurmountable. The warp threads, numerous and
arranged close together, having to open out one half for each passage of

page_text: the weft, cross and open with great difficulty to allow the shuttle to
traverse them, and the result is numerous breaks in the warp and many
very visible faults in the fabric when finished.
It is in consequence of these difficulties that close fabrics, such as
poplin and others, either in cotton or chiefly in.wool, have never hitherto
been woven in a regular and easy manner by mechanical means. The
attempts made have only produced very incomplete results, and only
badly manufactured or too costly fabrics have been obtained.
We completely obviate all these inconveniences by means of a system
applicable to all mechanical looms, by which we effect the gradual
opening of the warp in two or more steps or stages for the passage of the
shuttle by causing the threads to rise or fall by successive fourths, or
fifths, or eights, or tenths, or more if necessary, and we thus render the
mechanical weaving of the closest fabrics as casy as that of a very
light one.
We proceed to describe our system with reference to the accompanying
Drawings, Figures 1 to 9.
At A, upon the lower shaft of the loom, we place a socket toothed
wheel B, which receives its movement from an intermediate gearing C com-
manded by another toothed wheel D placed at E upon the upper shaft of
the fabric. The upper wheel D has half as many teeth as wheel the
first B, so that the latter makes but one revolution to two of the wheel D.
Upon the bearing of the wheel B we place either four excentrics J, K,
L, M, as in Figure 1; or six, as Figure 5; or eight, or ten, or more,
formed so as to effect a half opening according as we wish to produce the
opening of the warp for a fourth, a sixth, an eighth, a tenth, or more.
These excentrics are in all cases of different sizes, and are arranged
upon the shaft so as to produce for the passage of each of them upon
the roller of each of the treadles which actuate the blades, the change
by raising or lowering two treadles out of four, two treadles out of six,
two treadles out of eight, two treadles out of ten, and so on.
The proportion of the number of teeth upon the toothed wheel D to
the toothed wheel B is indispensable to our system. It has the effect by
the more rapid and proportional movement imparted to the excentrics of
permitting them to raise or lower the warp threads before the passage of
each weft thread in two, three, four, five, or more movements, according

page_text: as the loom is fitted with four, six, eight, or more excentrics, which in
the ordinary system were separated into two in a single movement.
The following shows the result of our system for a loom filled, for
example, with four excentrics, as shown in Figures 1 and 2 :-According
to the setting of the threads upon the harness we arrange the
excentrics upon the toothed wheel B) in order to produce the fabric.
The threads can be set in as Figures 3 or 4, or in any other manner.
The arrangement of excentrics upon the socket follows the setting of the
threads in the harness. We will suppose the threads set in the harness
as shown in Figure 3. In order to produce the fabric with this arrange-
ment of threads it is necessary to effect the lowering of F and G,
Figure 3, and to raise H and I to cause the weft to pass, and then to
lift F and G and to lower H and J to cause the weft to pass again.
In the ordinary arrangement of looms the excentrics cause F and G
to fall at a single blow and H and J to rise at a single blow, F and G to
rise at a single blow and H and J to fall also at a single blow. These
sudden passages of one half of the warp across the other occasion in
close fabrics frequent breaks in the warp, which often render the weaving
impossible.
The following is the series of movements with which the gradual
opening of the warp is effected in our system :-At the first turn of the
loom pulley the toothed wheel D commanding B causes B and the
cxcentrics which it carries to make a half turn. During the first half of
this half turn the excentrics K and L exerting pressure upon the pedals
lift the blades G and H, and the excentrics J and M not exerting pressure
upon the pedals allow the blades F and J to descend. In using the
second half of this half turn the excentrics L and M, exerting pressure
upon the pedals maintain the blade H lifted and cause the blade J to
rise, and the excentrics J and K ceasing to exert pressure upon the
pedals hold the blade F down and allow the blade G to descend. In this
manner we produce in two movements instead of one during the same
space of time and without losing the passage of the weft by fourths the
first opening of the fabric produced ordinarily by halves in a single
movement. At this moment when F and G are lowered, H and J being
lifted, the weft passes. The loom pulley then makes a second turn. The
toothed wheel D commanding B causes the latter and the excentrics it
carries to effect the second half turn. During the first portion of this

page_text: second half turn the excentrics J and M, exerting pressure upon the
pedals, maintain the blade J lifted, and raise the blade F, whilst the
excentric K and L ceasing to exert pressure upon the pedals hold the
blade G raised and lower the blade H. During the latter portion of this
second half turn the excentrics J and K exerting pressure upon the
pedals maintain raised the blade F and lift the blade G, whilst
the excentrics L and M ceasing to exert pressure upon the pedals keep
lowered the blade H and allow the blade J to descend. In this manner
we produce by two movements instead of one during the same space of
time, and without losing the passage of the weft by fourths, the second
opening of the fabric produced ordinarily by balves in a single move-
ment. At the moment F and G are lowered the second opening of the
fabric is produced, the weft passes, and the fabric is formed.
It is manifest from the above explanation that the blades working one
after another instead of working together produce the crossing of the
warp by fourths instead of by halves, and permit the warp thread to pass
one another more casily. We diminish thus by one half the difficulty
of the work, and we can weave the closest fabrics as easily as the
slightest ones.
'
•
We will now suppose that instead of effecting the opening of the warp
by fourths we wish to effect it in the same manner by sixths, eighths,
tens, or smaller proportions.
•
The mounting of the toothed wheels B, C, D, remains the same.
Upon the socket of the gearing we place six excentrics, as shown in
Figure 5, or eight, or ten, or more excentrics of larger diameters in pro-
portion to their number acting upon an equal number of pedals. We
suppose the loom fitted with six excentrics, as in Figures 5 and 6. We
suppose the threads centered in the harness as in Figure 9. The threads
can be centered as in Figures 7, or 8, or 9, or in any other manner.
The arrangement of the excentrics upon the socket of the gearing B
follows the entry of the threads in the harness.
In order to produce fabric with the arrangement of threads shown in
Figure 9 it is necessary to lower N, O, P, and to raise Q, R, S, to cause
the weft to pass, and then to lift N, O, P, and lower Q, R, S, and pass
the weft again.
We proceed as follows:-At the first turn of the pulley the wheel D
commanding B imparts to it and the six excentrics which it carries a
double turn. During the first third of this double turn the
.

page_text: excentrics U, V, X, exerting pressure upon the pedals lift the
blades O, P, Q, and the excentrics T, V, Z, exerting no pressure
upon the pedals allow the blades N, R, S, to fall. During the second
third of the half turn the excentrics V, X, Y, exerting pressure upon
the pedals maintain the blades V and X lifted, and raise the blade R,
whilst the excentrics T, V, and Z, ceasing to exert pressure upon the
pedals keep down N and S and allow O to descend. In the third part
of the half turn the excentrics X, Y, and Z, exerting pressure upon the
pedals keep the blades Q and R lifted, and lift the blade S, whilst the
excentrics T, U, V, ceasing to exert pressure upon the pedals keek down.
the blades N and O and allow the blade P to descend. We have N, O, P,
lowered, Q, R, S, lifted, and have thus produced in three movements
instead of one, and without losing the throw of the weft, the first opening
of the fabric; the weft passes. The pulley makes a second turning; the
wheel D commanding B imparts another half turn to it and the excentrics
which it carries. During the first third of this half turn the
excentrics T, V, Z, exerting pressure upon the pedals hold the blades R
and S lifted and raise the blade N, whilst the excentrics U, V, X, ceasing
to exert pressure keep down the blades O and P and lower the blade Q.
During the second third of this half turn the excentrics T, U, and Z,
maintain the blade N and S lifted and raise the blade O, whilst the
excentrics V, X, Y, ceasing to exert pressure hold P and Q and lower the
blade R. During the third part of this half turn the excentrics T, U, V,
exerting pressure upon the pedals keep the blades N and O lowered and
lift the blade P, whilst the excentrics X, Y, Z, cease to exert pressure,
maintaining the blades Q and R lowered and permitting the blade S to
descend. We have then N, O, P, lifted, Q, R, S, lowered. The second
opening of the fabric is then produced during the same space of time,
and without losing the throw of the weft. The weft passes and the fabric
is made.
It follows from the explanation of the movements of the machine
mounted with six excentrics instead of four that our system produces
the same effects in both cases, with the single difference that when the
loom is fitted with four excentrics the opening of the warp is produced
by fourths, whilst when the loom is fitted with six excentrics the opening
of the warp is effected by sixths. Similarly, if we fit the loom with
cight excentrics, ten excentrics, or any greater number, the effects pro-
duced by our system will be the samo as if our loom were fitted with

page_text: four excentrics, with the single difference that when the loom is fitted
with four excentrics the opening of the warp is effected by fourths,
whilst when the loom is fitted with eight, ten; or more excentrics the
opening of the warp is effected by eighths, tenths, or any smaller
proportion.
And having now described the nature of our said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, we declare that we claim as our
"Improvements in Looms for Weaving Tight Cloths" the opening of the
warp or chain for the passage of the shuttle by two, three, four, five, or
more successive movements, either by successive fourths, sixths, eighths,
tenths, or smaller proportions according as the machine is mounted with
four, six, eight, ten, or more excentrics, substantially as herein-before
described and as shown in the accompanying Drawings.
In witness whereof, we, the said Florimond Bayart and Henri
Bayart, have hereunto set our hands and seals, this Thirty-first
day of May, One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five.
Witness,
C. M. ARMENGAUD,
Civil Engineer,
Boulevard de Strasbourg, No. 23,
à Paris.
•
T. DAIANI,
(2.8.)
H. BAYART. (L.S.)