CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR CUTTING NUTS, SCREWS OR BOLTS, AND TOOTHED WHEELS
Year: 1856

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Christian Schiele, of Oldham. in the County of
Lancaster, Engineer, for the Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN
MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR CUTTING NUTS, SCREWS OR BOLTS, AND
TOOTHED WHEELS."
Sealed the 5th June 1857, and dated the 6th December 1856.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Christian Schiele at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 6th
December 1856.
I, CHRISTIAN SCHIELE, of Oldham, in the County of Lancaster, Engineer.
do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS
IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR CUTTING NUTS, SCREWS OR BOLTS, AND TOOTHED
WHEELS," to be as follows:-
These improvements are designed to obviate to a great extent the recipro
cating or periodical action of. cutting nuts, bolts or screws. and the teeth of
wheels. by the following arrangements:--
First, as to cutting nuts. J take a tap of such a length in the thread as
will ensure the strength of its long stem or uncut portion (of a size that will
slip. easily through the nuts) to be suflicient for tapping. I allow the nuts to
accumulate on this lengthened portion or stem, and their accumulation discon
necting the catch turning the tap, thereby gives notice when the nuts are

page_text: En wennery for tiny - ms, Berens, of Dolls, 9c.
finished and have to be removed, so as to allow of the accumulation of another
lot. The tap being supposed to revolve, feed the nuts on its smaller end at
such periods that the one is almost tapped before another is put on. To keep
them (the nuts) from turning round I apply a capsule or pipe (similar to a
lengthened socket key without a bottom), wherein the nuts slip longitudinally, but
are prevented to turn round; a tube serving to give pressure and shewing the
end of the cut; this may also be done by a catch holding each nut, sliding along
guide bars, and returning to the starting to the starting point after the cutting of
each nut. To hold the tap central apply or make use of a long square and
long catch hole for turning; I also apply one or more springs in this hole, which
prevents the tap from being easily drawn out, on only when there is a stronger
strain, like that occasioned by a nut or its guide getting fast, or by the accu-
mulation of nuts. I also enclose the whole in such a way that the tap may
run immersed in oil, soap water, or other suitable lubricant, so as to allow a
comparatively high speed to be applied without danger of softening the taps by
heat. In order to allow of a large number of nuts to remain in this Quid
without obstructing the process, I raise a central boss (wherever the turning
spindle is upright), allowing of a greater space around this boss for the above
purpose. In withdrawing the tap, 1 employ a lever attached to the nut guide,
for removing the nuts that may remain lodged on the top of the boss or
spindle. The square hole or catch for the tap is widened on the top, so as to
guide and receive the tap again the more easily when let down to it.
Secondly, as to cutting screws or bolts. I take two dies, which in cutting
represent the well-known mechanism of worm and wheel, the cylindrical por-
tion on which the screw has to be cut representing the worm, and the dies the
double wheel. The action of the dies is partly cutting the threads, and thereby
allowing the bolt or other cylindrical portion to enter, and partly turning on
their axis, giving way to a too great resistance. By obstructing the free
turning of the dies (increasing their friction on the faces which guide them),
the bite or speed of cutting may be regulated. Of course this may also be
done by pressure on the bolt, &c., which again may be so regularly applied by
gearing, that a most uniform cutting action may be obtained. The bolt or
other portion to be screwed is guided in a similar manner to the nuts (as
described above), and the immersion in oil or other lubricant is also similar;
when the screw is cut sufficiently long, draws it back, the dies turning round
will allow of the free removal of the screw; in this manner wood screws may
be cut by this method most readily. In some cases it will be of advantage to
have the dies connected by gearing, so as to insure their completely uniform
action.

page_text: Thirdly, as to cutting toothed wheels- reverse the above action (for
cutting screws) by causing the worm to cut the wheel. connecting the motion
of the worm with the motion of the wheel in such a way that the teeth may
be shaped differently from what a wheel generally represents when gearing
with worm. For instance, when moving the wheel in the line of its axis the
teeth will be perpendicular, as in a common plain wheel; when the cutter or
wheel is efficiently guided, a mitré wheel, a bevil wheel, an oblique, or almost
any other description of wheel. may. be cut in this manner, the same cutter
serving for almost any size of wheels of the same pitch.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent.
filed by the said Christian Schiele in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 6th June 1857.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I. CHRISTIAN
SCHIELE, of Oldham, in the County of Lancaster. Engineer. send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Sixth day of December, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six, in the twentieth year of Her reign.
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Christian Schiele. Her especial licence. that I, the said Christian Schiele, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I. the said Christian
Schiele, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others. from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed. should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend. within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN
MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR CUTTING NUTS, SCREWS OR BOLTS, AND TOOTHED
WHEELS," on the condition. amongst others, that I. the said Christian
Schiele, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, should particu-
larly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the
Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after
the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE. that I. the said Christian Schiele, do hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed.
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement
and accompanying Drawings (that is to say):-

page_text: These improvements are designed to obviate to a great extent the reciprocating
or periodical action in cutting or tapping nuts, in cutting bolts or screws, and in
cutting or trimming the teeth of wheels, by the following arrangements:-
First, as to tapping nuts.--I take a tap of such a length in the thread as
will ensure the strength of its long stem or uncut portion (of a size that will
slip easily through the nuis) to be sufficient for tapping. I allow the nuts to
accumulate on this lengthened portion or stem. and their accumulation dis-
connecting the catch iurning the tap. thereby gives notice when the nuts are
finished and have to be removed. so as to allow of the accumulation of another
lot. The tap being supposed to revolve. I feed the nuts on its smaller end at
such periods that the one is almost tapped before another is put on. To keep
the nut from turning I apply a capsule or pipe (similar to a lengthened socket
key without a bottom), wherein the nuts slip longitudinally but are prevented
from turning round, a tube serving to give pressure and shewing the end of the
cut this may also be effected by a catch holding each nut. sliding along guide
bars, and returning to the starting point after the cutting of cach nut. To hold
the tap central I apply or make use of a long square and a long catch hole for
turning. also apply one or more springs in this hole. which prevents the tap
from being casily drawn out, or only when there is a stronger strain: like that
occasioned by a nut or its guide getting fast, or by the accumulation of nuts.
I also enclose the whole in such a way that the lap may run immersed in oil.
soap water, or other lubricant, so as to allow a comparatively high speed to be
applied without softening the tap by heat. In order to allow of a large
number of nuts to remain in this fluid without obstructing the process. I raise
a central boss (wherever the turning spindle is upright), allowing of a greater
space around this boss for the above purpose. In withdrawing the tap I
employ a lever attached to the nut guide, for removing the nuts that may
remain lodged on the top of the boss or spindle. The square hole or catch for
the tap is widened on the top. so as to guide and receive the tap again the
more easily when let down to it.
Secondly, as to cutting screws or bolts.-I take two dies. which in cutting
represent the well-known mechanism of worm and wheel. the cylindrical por-
tion on which the screw has to be cut representing the worm, and the dies the
double wheel. The action of the dies is partly cutting the threads, and thereby
allowing the hol or other cylindrical portion to enter, and partly turning on
their axis, so as to give way to a too great resistance. By obstructing the free
turning of the dies (increasing their friction on the faces which guide them).
the bile or speed of cutting may be regulated. This may also be done by
pressure on the bolt, &c., which again may be so regularly applied by gearing,

page_text: that a most uniform cutting action may be obtained. The bolt or other portion
to be screwed is guided in a similar manner to the nuts (as described above).
the immersion in oil or other lubricant being also similar: when the screw is
cut sufficiently long draw it back, the dies turning round will allow of the free
removal of the screw in this manner wood screws may be cut by this method
most readily. In some instances it will be of advantage to have the dies
connected by gearing, so as to ensure the uniformity of their action.
Thirdly. as to cutting toothed wheels.-I reverse the above-named action
(for cutting screws) by causing the worm to cut the wheel. connecting the
motion of the worm with the motion of the wheel. in such a way that the
teeth may be shaped differently to those which a wheel generally represents
when gearing with a worm. For instance, when moving the wheel in the line
of its axis, the teeth will be perpendicular. as in a common plain wheel: when
the cutter or wheel is efficiently guided. a mitre wheel or a bevil wheel. an
oblique or almost any other description of wheel may be cut in this manner:
the same cutters serving for almost any size of wheels of the same pitch.
In order that my Invention may be more readily understood and explained
in detail. I have hereunto attached two Sheets of Drawings illustrative of the
same, and having similar letters of reference marked upon corresponding parts
of the apparatus.
In Sheet 1. Fig. is a front elevation of my improved nut cutting or
tapping machine. in which is the tap, seen partly in dotted lines; b is its
lengthy stem. for allowing of a comparatively great number of nuts to accu-
mulate on it after they are tapped. By a long square (see Fig. 5) its per-
pendicular position, and by its pointed end, the necessary central position and
easy introduction of nuts are secured, allowing its stem to be of great length.
is a short pipe. similar to a lengthened socket key (see Fig. 2. plan), loosely
fitting the nuts. At proper intervals (the previous one being just cut) the nuts
to be cut are introduced on the top. slipping along the pipe by the tap screwing
into them. Being tapped. they accumulate upon the stem until it is filled.
when the tap screws itself forward. and out of its square socket. therefore out
of gear: a cylindrical portion on its lower end preventing its swaying away
or vibrating from its central position. It is then lifted up sufficient for the
removal of the nuts (which fall down a perforated inclined plane or shoot into
a receptacle). The tap is then brought into gear again, and a new operation
is commenced, and so on. For preventing the detrimental twist of the long
stem. the tap is made longer than usual, calculated to cut but little at a time.
making up by speed' what is lost in the power of the cut: it is also tapered to
the end in its thread. The lubricating fluid is forced on to the tap (to cool,

page_text: clear, and lubricate it) by means of the small pump g. pumping out of a flat
reservoir, to which the bottom plate is arranged, where all overflowing fluid is
collected. its heat being reduced by the surface offered to the action of the air
on it during working.. There is a sieve or grating on the suction pipe or
opening, preventing the entrance of cuttings into the pump. The small tube
conveying the fluid to the top has a joint or junction at h. so that different tubes
to sui: different heights may be introduced. The hollow spindle i. better seen
in the sectional part of the bolt machine in Fig. 3. here driven by bevil gear) is
formed at the top and bearing portions to the "antifriction curve." as at ***,21,
and lengthened out on the upper end. in order to apply there a kind of friction
coupling. Two plates z. z. are screwed together. bearing on curved surfaces.
and may be so regulated by their tightness that they will transmit the requisite
power to the lap. but no, more. so that on the tap getting fast it may not be
damaged. Fig. 5 represents this coupling in section. It also shows how the
tap is arranged with a spring, to hold it fast until the nuts have so far accu-
mulated as to force it upwards: The plate y. y, or the carrier. is secured to
the friction coupling by projections entering through corresponding slots, and
turning partly round when set therein, are taken along by projections on the
coupling. The cross top piece 1. 1. Figs. 1 and 2. has a large square hole to
receive the different sizes of cornered tubes. Its height is easily adjusted by
pinions, on a shaft n. and racks on the rods or hars m. m. A hand wheel on
the cross shaft n gives the necessary facility: and on the rods m. m. there are
two collars z, z, with set screws resting against the bar guides. to secure the
proper position of the crosshead 1. 1. In some cases it might be of advantage
to have the perpendicular position of the tap inverted. hanging like a drill
on an upright drill spindle, and screwing the nuts upwards; or the spindle may
be made the nut gnide, the tap being fixed in a central position, perpendicular
or otherwise.
Having now described this part of the Invention relating to the cutting or
tapping of nuts. I would remark, that I claim the perpendicular position of the
tap. in order to attain great length of stem, the stationary nut guides, nut
guides revolving, and the tap stationary, so as to allow of the tap being formed
of greater length, if required, and also the general construction and arrange-
ment of the mechanism or apparatus. & the safety coupling. as before
described.
Secondly, in Sheet 1. Fig. 3 represents a side view of the machine for
cutting screws or screwing bolts. shewn partly in section as applied to screw
cutting or the screwing of holts. &c. Instead of the capsules in the top frame.
there is a kind of clamp, so arranged that it may hold the head of a bolt, or its

page_text: Bentous Improvements in wentnery for Curling sms, series, or Dous, ye.
cylindrical portion, firm, and central. It consists in a steel, or partly steel cap-
sule, cut open by several slots, reaching to within a short distance from its
upper end (see Fig. 4). There is a screw thread round this upper portion,
with a nut as a hand wheel, by which it is held up and tightened, its lower
collar laying angular against corresponding faces in the crosshead I, I, presses
inwards and holds the bolt. The collars,, on the upright bars m, m, (Fig. 1),
are so adjusted that each bolt is tapped to the proper length, when it is with-
drawn by turning the pinion hand wheel to lift the crosshead. By this hand
wheel the speed of cutting may also be regulated. There is a kind of reser-
voir round the body of the spindle, high enough to keep the dies immersed in
lubricating fluid, even when running at high speeds, at which the cuttings are
washed off by the circulation of the fluid drawn out by centrifugal force; the
dies are also thereby kept cool and lubricated. The spindle i is closed by a
slide on its lower end, to prevent the lubricating fluid escaping. Over the top
of the dies there are loose wings, to guide the fluid from its revolving motion
towards the bolt again, see dotted lines, Fig. 7. The pump g supplies or renews
the fluid. The cutting dies r, r, r, r, are circular, four of them being mounted
on spindles u, v, v, v, (see Fig. 7), in a frame of two plates, and form a set for
each size of screw bolts. These frames are fixed on to the friction coupling of
the spindle, as described before with reference to the nut-cutting machine.
Fig. 6 represents a section, and Fig. 7 a plan view of a set drawn to an
enlarged scale. r, r, r, r, are the dies, having small bevil gearing cut into
them to gear one into the other, so that they must turn and open out towards
the cutering bolt at an equal uniform rate. When the bolt is cut it is drawn
out there being no need for stopping the machine as the dies are revolving
according to requirements. The cuttings being comparatively line, and the
cooling and lubricating being well provided for, as also there being a great
number of continually renewed cutting edges, the speed of the main spindle is
rapid and suited to the washing out of the cuttings, to prevent their accumu-
lating. To cut these dies, they are put together equally soft, when turned of
equal diameters, as marked by the dotted lines on the outer edges (Fig. 7);
then the machine is set and the tap is let down into them, care being taken by
means of the hand wheel to allow it but gradually to enter. It will also be
necessary in cutting the dies to employ, in starting, a tap of less diameter, and
of a pitch so much larger than the proper pitch as the outside of the plain
dies is larger than the centre or pitch line of the threads when cut. so that
the correct division may be ensured. For finishing the cutting, a tap of the
proper pitch. as above, must be used, which will readily follow the cutting of
the former tap. When the dies are cut and the last tap has entered to its full

page_text: size, remove the dies, and turn grooves and cutting edges on, as shewn in the
Drawing. Fig. 6 and Fig. 7. The object in forming the cutting edges should be
equal in opposite ones, and the division of the cutting edges, so as to offer them
at different, points, say, two in the middle of the dies. two others slightly side-
ways, and two others again further towards the sides. There ought to be
sufficient body of thread left to secure the bolt being properly guided during
cutting. The dies are then hardened and tempered in the usual way, and put
together again to marks to exactly the same place as before; any obstruction
or forcible cutting that might occasion breakage causes the friction coupling to
slip, preventing damage. In some cases less or more dies than four might be
found of advantage. The diameters of the dies should be at least twice that
of the bolts.
In this part of the Invention I claim principally the general arrangement of
the machinery, together with the circular revolving dies representing a wheel
cutting the worm, also the method of gearing the dies, the safety coupling, and
the method of washing out the cuttings, thereby securing the cooling and
lubricating.
The third portion of this Invention, relating to the cutting or trimming teeth
of wheels, is shewn in Sheet 2.
Having shown how to cut screws, comparing the process to worms being cut
by wheels, will proceed now to shew how to cut wheels by worm-like cutters,
excepting the known way of cutting worm wheels.
1 employ a revolving block with projecting cutters arranged in a screw
thread, and shaped to fit, for instance. into the teeth of a spur wheel, or a
template representing a segment.or portion to the rim of a spur wheel, and
being placed with its axis at right angles to the axis of the cutter. The
revolutions of the cutter are in a certain porportion set by change wheels to
the motion of the wheel to be cut the cutter of the wheel being gradually
advanced in the line of the axis of the wheel to be cut, thereby shaping or
forming the teeth to be cut. If oblique teeth are wanted, the advance must
be in an oblique direction.
In Sheet 2 of the Drawings, Fig. 8 and 9 represent a machine for cutting
small wheels; Fig. 10 and 11 represent a machine for cutting or trimming
the teeth of larger wheels: similar letters of reference being marked upon
corresponding parts.
In the elevation Figs. 8. and, in the plan view, Fig. 9. a is the cutter; b, the
wheel partly cut: c, the face plate upon which the wheel is fixed; is a
spindle. which rises during the cutting by means of the internal screw and
wheels underneath the cutter. a is placed correct, and fixed by means of the

page_text: portion of a worm wheel c, by its worm and a hand wheel, and by tightening
the large bearings. The change wheels at transmit motion to the worm h.
which gears into the worm wheel i. securely mounted on a hollow axis k. with
curved bearings. The cutter is made of one hollowed piece of steel slipped on
a spindle when small, or of discs or rings keyed with one key on the spindle
when of a larger description, or as shewn in Fig. 12, when a still larger cuiler
is required. It is best formed on the screw cutting lathe. fitted to a
template, as described above. The cutting spindle receives its motion by means
of a speed pully turning on a stationary spindle and a pair of spur wheels.
There is a cover provided to prevent the division worm wheel being injured by
the cuttings falling in. and an oil reservoir underneath for the purposes of
lubrication. It is better that the "skin" of cast-iron wheels is turned off on
one side the wheel before commencing to cut, and sufficient metal provided
where teeth have merely to be trimmed to allow the cutters to enter under
the skin of the metal. In Fig. 8 there are some dotted lines marking the
position of the cutter and its frame when used for cutting bevil wheels.
Different cutters, according to the varying pitch in the teeth of the bevil wheel
are set in and caused to enter and cut to the required depth by lowering the
frame gradually until the bottom of the cutter touches the top of the teeth.
The joining of the different cuts have to be made by filing to even surfaces.
The cutter frame is mounted on a slide bed, which can be adjusted to the
different dimensions required.
In the elevation, Fig. 10, and in the plan view. Fig. 11. b is a large descrip-
tion of wheel, to be cut. a. the cutter: i. the wort wheel fixed to the
spindle of the large wheel: h, the worm to drive it: g, the change wheels.
The axis of such heavy wheels does not advance lengthways, but the cutter
advances on a slide, which is mounted in a frame. which also allows of a slight
adjustment forwards and backwards. The cutters are set and adjusted by the
wooden template q. shown in dotted lines, fixed to the side of the wheel to he
cut. The first motion is transmitted by a pinion fixed to a pulley by means
of pins going through them, which are purposely made so weak that they will
give way before any other portion of the machinery. The adjustment of
different sizes is effected by shifting the bearings of the large wheel and the
worm underneath, which slides on its spindles, and is held by adjustable
bearings.
And, lastly, I wish it to be understood that I do not claim the cutting of
worm wheels, as hitherto practiced, but I claim the method of obtaining a more
continuous and correct cutting of other wheels by using a division or regulating
wheel in connection with a worm cutter, so shaped and so guided in its action

page_text: as to produce the required forms of teeth independent of its tendency to act as
a propelling screw or worm on the wheel: also the method of fixing and
adjusting the larger kind of cutters. and also the general construction and
arrangement of such cutters, and of the machinery or apparatus to be employed
for cutting or trimming the teeth of spur, oblique, and other toothed wheels,
as herein-before described. fully set forth, and exhibited in the Drawing
attached.
In witness whereof. I. the said Christian Schiele. have herennio set
my hand and seal, this Fourth day of June, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven.
CHRISTIAN SCHIELE. (...)