IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL STONE AND BRICKS, AND IN THE MACHINERY AND APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH, WHICH IMPROVEMENTS, EITHER WHOLLY OR PARTIALLY, ARE APPLICABLE FOR PREPARING AND FOR COMPRESSING CLAY, COAL, AND OTHER SUBSTANCES OR COMPOUNDS."
Year: 1873

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Louis Rudolph Bodmer, of 2, Lansdowne Road,..
Notting Hill, in the County of Middlesex, for the Invention of.
" IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL STONE AND BRICKS,
AND IN THE MACHINERY AND APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH, WHICH
IMPROVEMENTS, EITHER WHOLLY OR PARTIALLY, ARE APPLICABLE FOR PREPARING
AND FOR COMPRESSING CLAY, COAL, AND OTHER SUBSTANCES OR COMPOUNDS."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Louis Rudolph Bodmer
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 17th February 1873.
:
I, LOUIS RUDOLPH BODMER, of 2, Lansdowne Road, Notting Hill,
3 in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL STONE
AND BRICKS, AND IN THE MACHINERY AND APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH, WHICH
IMPROVEMENTS, EITHER WHOLLY OR PARTIALLY, ARE APPLICABLE FOR PREPARING AND
A
"i

page_text: FOR COMPRESSING CLAY, COAL, AND OTHER SUBSTANCES OR COMPOUNDS," to be as
follows:-
This Invention relates to further improvements upon, and additions to,
the Inventions described in the Specifications of the Patents of Bodmer,
No. 1504, A.D. 1864, and No. 1499, A.D. 1869. The materials used in
this class of artificial stone are those employed in the preparation of
mortar and of concrete, namely, the various descriptions of lime and
cement, sand or its substitutes, such as crushed stone, burnt clay, cinder,
slag, scoria, and others.
My said improvements relate firstly to the method of treating, mixing,
and amalgamating the several substances or materials, and in the
apparatus and combination of apparatus used for this purpose.
In all cases it is necessary that the several materials should be supplied
and used uniformly in the same proportion.
For measuring the sand and the limes I use the apparatus described
in Specification of Patent, No. 1504, A.D. 1864. I arrange the several
measuring apparatus so as to discharge their contents into a creeper or
screw, such as used in flour mills for forwarding grain from one place to
another, or the said apparatus are made to discharge their contents upon
a travelling belt passing beneath them; the several materials forming
layers one upon the other, and the belt discharging itself into the screw
or creeper. By the action of the creeper the several materials are not
only forwarded, but they are at the same time uniformly mixed, so that
for instance five parts of plaster of Paris, and ninety-five parts of ground
lime will, after having passed through say from five to twelve fcet, or
less or more of creeper, be found uniformly mixed and fit to be brought
into contact with water, according to Scott's Patent selenitic process.
This method of mixing is therefore likewise especially applicable for
preparing Scott's selenitic lime in the dry way, and the use of creepers
for mixing two or more substances supplied in measured quantities in
the condition of sand or powder, forms the first part of my improve-
ments.
My improvements further consist in making the boxes of the screws
or creepers, which are generally open at the top, in the form of tubes,
and to cause the said tubes to revolve slowly round their axes, either in
the same direction as the screws, or in the opposite direction. By this
means that portion of the material which in the usual creeper boxes

page_text: forms itself into a bottom or lining, which remains stationary, is
constantly turned over and over, and thereby mixed and forwarded with
the other material. Other substances besides lime and cement, for
instance, ground burnt clay or shale, sand, subdivided blast furnace
slag may be thus mixed with the lime. If the lime or limes or other
substances have not previously been ground or reduced to powder the
mixed materials are upon issuing from the screw passed through some
grinding apparatus, and I prefer the use of one or more pairs of smooth
turned rolls or cylinders revolving at differential surface speeds; I prefer
to pass the screw mixed materials through rolls as described, even if
previously well ground, as it further amalgamates, and converts tho
mixture into an homogeneous compound. From the rolls the material
may again be passed through a creeper, or it may drop directly upon a
fine screen or sifter, by which it is spread upon the stream of sand
passing under it on a feed belt. This belt discharges itself into the
mixing drum where the sand and lime receive the preliminary uniform
mixing, and from the drum the material is passed into a pug mill, where
it is finally amalgamated. The whole of the water or chemical solution
used for giving the necessary amount of moisture may either be given
to the sand before it comes in contact with the lime or a part of it may
bo given subsequently.
The above described mode of preparing and mixing the materials is
applicable to the dry as well as to the wet process, and to what may bo
termed the intermediate process. According to the first the material
only holds as much moisture upon leaving the pug mill as will allow of
its being at once worked up in a press or rammed into moulds. The
wet process may be employed with compounds which are intended to bo
filled into moulds in a plastic or wet state, and allowed to set or
consolidate in the moulds; this process is also suitable for making
mortar expeditiously and of an uniform quality. With the intermediato
process the material also leaves the pug mill too wet to allow of its being
worked up at once in a press or by ramming. In this case time is given
to allow it to set partially before it is passed to the press. The dry
process is preferable on account of its greater simplicity, but with some
combinations of material the intermediate process gives better results.
My improvements further relate to hydraulic presses for moulding
and pressing bricks and other objects of cementing compounds, or of

page_text: clay, or other plastic or semi-plastic substances. These improvements
apply chiefly to presses in which the moulds are formed in or supported
by a horizontally revolving table. The cylinders of these presses like
those described in the Specification No. 1504, A.D. 1864, and No. 1499,
A.D. 1869, are intended to be worked through hydraulic accumulators;
the valve or valves and the table and other parts, if any, are worked
either by hand or by power. The first compression by which the material
in the moulds receives its principal reduction in bulk is produced by low-
pressure water admitted into the press cylinder or cylinders, or by high-
pressure water from the accumulator acting through a separate cylinder
of smaller diameter or upon a portion only of the area of the ram of the
large cylinder.
In what I call single presses with one hydraulic pressure cylinder or
with one cylinder acting in an upward and second one in a downward
direction I prefer to make the table with four pairs of moulds. Whilst
one pair of moulds is under pressure a second pair is in position over a
cylinder of smaller diameter for raising two finished bricks from the.
moulds, and a third pair is under the hopper to be filled with material;
and in presses in which I purpose to give the first compression by a
separate cylinder the fourth pair of moulds is in position over this latter.
cylinder.
In doublo presses with two hydraulic pressure cylinders I make the
tables with six or with cight pairs of moulds, two pairs being under
pressure, two pairs having the bricks raised to the sarface, and two pairs
being filled.
In all cases the four operations of filling, of first pressure, of final
pressure, and of discharge of finished bricks are performed simultaneously.
•
Each mould or pair of moulds carries its own follower with mould
bottom plate; and the followers are not supported by a rail or table but
by a bridle or bracket fixed to the mould, and in the centre of which a
guide bar is formed reaching downwards through the follower and acting
as its guide. The first pressure and the final pressure may be given in
the same direction, whether upwards or downwards, or in opposite
directions, one upwards and the other downwards.
For closing the tops of the moulds before pressure is admitted I
employ packing in the shape of a wedge or wedges botweon the head and.

page_text: the table. When the moulds have arrived in position over the cylinder
the wedge is pushed or drawn into contact with the table.
In some cases I apply a plate below the wedge, which plate will when
the wedge is moved backward or forward only move in an upward or
downward direction, and therefore cause no friction against the table.
I also apply wedges in a similar manner to the rams of the pressure
cylinders, the object being to allow ample clearance for the moulds to
pass over (or under) the rams, and when in position to establish contact
without waste of hydraulic pressure.
For the purpose of reducing friction in forcing finished bricks from
their moulds I also apply wedges between the mould and the lining
plates. In most cases a wedge behind one side plate, or one-side plate
and one end plato, will be sufficient. These wedges may be actuated by
lever and counterweight. When or just before the mould is in position
over the lifting-out cylinder the wedge is withdrawn, thereby allowing
the lining plate to recede when the brick is being raised from the
mould.
I also use wedges for intermittently fixing or holding and again
releasing the pross table or other parts of the press.
For giving pressure from opposite directions to bricks or other articles
without the use of a second hydraulic cylinder I use loose moulds, each
of which may carry it follower as before named.
The moulds pass.
through corresponding openings in the table in which they are supported.
and guided. When under pressure the follower will first rise into the
mould and partially compress the material. As soon as the friction of
the material becomes greater than the weight of the mould can resist
the mould itself begins to rise and a plunger or plate fixed to the press
head or wedge plate will enter into the mould and give downward
pressure. The pressure upwards and downwards will by this means be
exactly balanced.
Instead of fixing a plate to the press head or wedge plate a loose top
plate may be placed into the top of the mould before it comes under
pressure. This mode of giving double pressure is also applicable to cam,
lever, and other presses.
i
For producing what is termed "frogs" and other indentations or
designs upon the bricks I make the projecting or frog piece cither in ono

page_text: piece with or fixed to the follower, the edge or rim part being made in
the shape of a frame and capable of sliding up and down over the fixed
frog piece. And I also make the part forming the edge or frame fixed
to the follower, the frog piece being in this case allowed to move upward
and downward in the frame.
In single revolving table presses I prefer to connect the bottom piece
and head of press by two pillars, as now used in many presses, one
forming the axle of the revolving table.
In double revolving table presses I use either two pillars with one end
of the head unsupported; I also use only one central pillar, in preference 1
cast in one piece with the bottom, which latter supports the two pressure
cylinders; or instead of casting the pillar and bottom in one piece the
former may be of wrought iron or steel.
The head of the press may be cast in one piece with pillar and frame,
or it may form one separate piece, or it may be in two halves embracing 1
the top of the pillar.
In order to render the hydraulic press herein-before mentioned useful
for the purposes of my said Invention it is necessary to adopt in com-
bination therewith an accumulator so that the full stroke and power of
the press may be applied at intervals with instant effect, which is 2
requisite in carrying out my said Invention, the construction of such
accumulator consisting in suspending differential area accumulators from
a ball, socket, or other universal link, or from links, hooks, shackle, or
other appliances which will allow the accumulator with its weight to
maintain a vertical position in case the framing from which it is 2
suspended should loose its horizontal position.
I purpose to suspend the accumulator either by the cylinder or from
the smaller ram.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent
filed by the said Louis Rudolph Bodmer in the Great Seal Patent 30
Office on the 16th August 1873.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, LOUIS
RUDOLPH BODMER, of Lansdowne Road, Notting Hill, in the County of
Middlesex, send greeting.

page_text: WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Seventeenth day of February, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, in the
thirty-sixth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto mc, the said Louis Rudolph Bodmer, Her
special licence that I, the said Louis Rudolph Bodmer, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Louis Rudolph
Bodmer, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any
țime agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL STONE AND BRICKS AND
IN THE MACHINERY AND APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH, WHICH IMPROVEMENTS,
EITHER WHOLLY OR PARTIALLY, ARE APPLICABLE FOR PREPARING AND FOR COMPRESS-
ING CLAY, COAL, AND OTHER SUBSTANCES OR COMPOUNDS," upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said Louis Rudolph Bodmer, my
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or
their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal
Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the
date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Louis Rudolph Bodmer, do
hereby declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement :-
This Invention relates to further improvements upon and additions to
the Inventions described in the Specifications of the Patents of Bodmer,
No. 1504, A.D. 1864, and No. 1499, A.D. 1869. The materials used in
this class of artificial stone are those employed in the preparation of
mortar, and of concrete, namely, the various descriptions of lime and
cement, sand or its substitutes, such as crushed stone, burnt clay, cinder,
slag, scoria, and others.
My said improvements relate firstly to the method of treating,
mixing, and amalgamating the several substances or materials, and in
the apparatus and combination of apparatus used for this purpose.

page_text: In all cases it is necessary that the several materials should be
supplied and used uniformly in the same proportion.
For measuring the sand and the limes, and other pulverulent material
I use the apparatus described in Specification No. 1504, A.D. 1864.
I arrange the several measuring apparatus so as to discharge their
contents into a creeper or screw such as used in flour mills for forwarding
grain from one place to another, or the said apparatus are made to
discharge their contents upon a travelling belt passing beneath them,
the several materials forming layers one upon the other, and the belt
discharging itself into the screw or creeper. By the action of the
creeper the several materials are not only forwarded but they are at the
same time uniformly mixed. This method of mixing is therefore like-
wise especially applicable for preparing Scott's selenitic lime in the dry.
way, and the use of creepers for mixing two or more substances supplied
in measured quantities in the condition of sand, or powder, or flour,
forms the first part of my improvements.
My improvements further consist in making the boxes of the screws
or creepers which are generally open at the top in the form of tubes,
and in causing the said tubes to revolve slowly round their axes, either
in the same direction as the screws or creepers, or in the opposite
direction. By this means that portion of the material which in the
usual creeper boxes forms itself into a bottom or lining which remains
stationary is constantly turned over and over, and thereby mixed and
forwarded with the other material. Other substances besides lime and
cement, for instance ground burnt clay or shale, sand, subdivided
blast furnace slag may be thus mixed with the lime. If the lime or
limes or other substances have not previously been ground or reduced
sufficiently fine to powder, the mixed materials are upon issuing from the
screw passed through some grinding apparatus, and I prefer the use of
one or more pairs of smooth turned rolls or cylinders revolving at
differential surface speeds. I prefer to pass the screw mixed materials
through rolls as described even if previously well ground, as it further
amalgamates and converts the mixture into an homogeneous compound.
From the rolls the material may again be passed through a creeper, or it
may drop directly upon a fine screen or sifter by which it is spread upon.
the stream of sand passing beneath it on a feed belt. This belt, dis-.

page_text: charges itself into the mixing drum where the sand and lime receive the
preliminary uniform mixing, and from the drum the material is passed
into a pug mill where it is finally amalgamated. The whole of the
water or chemical solution used for giving the necessary amount of
moisture may either be given to the sand before it comes in contact
with the lime, or a part of it may be given subsequently.
be
The above described mode of preparing and mixing the materials is
applicable to the dry as well as to the wet process, and to what may
termed the intermediato process. According to the first the material
only receives as much moisture upon leaving the pug mill as will allow
of its being at once worked up in a press or rammed into moulds. The
wet process may be employed with compounds which are intended to be
filled into moulds in a-plastic or wet state, and allowed to set or con-
solidate in the moulds. This process is also suitable for making mortar
cxpeditiously, and of an uniform quality. With the intermediate process
the material also leaves the pug mill too wet to allow of its being worked
up at once in a press or by ramming. In this case time is given to allow
it to set partially before it is passed to the press. The dry process is
preferable on account of its greater simplicity, but with some combi.
nations of material the intermediate process gives better results.
My improvements further relate to hydraulic presses for moulding and
pressing bricks, and other objects of cementing compounds, or of clay or
any plastic, semi-plastic, or other substances which can by compression
be formed into blocks, slabs, or other forms. These improvements applý
chiefly to presses in which the moulds are formed in or supported by à
horizontally revolving table. The cylinders of these presses like those
described in the Specification No. 1504, A.D. 1864, and No. 1499,
A.D. 1869, are intended to be worked through hydraulic accumulators;
the valve or valves, and the table and other parts if any are worked
either by hand or by power. The first compression by which the
material in the moulds receives its principal reduction in bulk is pro-
duced by low-pressure water from an accumulator or head of water
admitted into the press cylinder or cylinders, or by high-pressure water
from the accumulator acting through a separate cylinder of smaller
3 diameter or upon a portion only of the area of the ram of the large
cylinder.

page_text: In what I call single presses with one hydraulic pressure cylinder or
with one cylinder acting in an upward and a second one in a downward
direction, I prefer to make the table with four pairs or sets of moulds.
Whilst one pair or set of moulds is under pressure, a second pair is in
position over a cylinder of smaller diameter for raising the finished
bricks from the moulds, and a third pair is under the hopper to be filled
with material; and in presses in which I purpose to give the first
compression by a separate cylinder the fourth pair of moulds is in
position over this latter cylinder.
In double presses with two hydraulic pressure cylinders I make the
tables with six or with eight pairs or sets of moulds, two pairs being
under pressure, two pairs having the bricks raised to the surface, and
two pairs being filled.
In all cases the operations of filling, of first
pressure, of final pressure,
and of discharge of finished bricks are performed simultaneously.
Each mould or pair of moulds carries its own follower with mould
bottom plate, and the followers are not supported by a rail or table, but
by bridles or brackets fixed to the mould, and in the centre or at the
sides of which guide bars are formed acting as guides. The first
pressure and the final pressure may be given in the same direction, 2
whether upwards or downwards, or in opposite directions, one upwards
and the other downwards.
For closing the tops of the moulds before pressure is admitted I
employ packing in the shape of a wedge or wedges between the head and
the table. When the moulds have arrived in position over the cylinder 2
the wedge is pushed or drawn into contact with the table.
In some cases I apply a plate below the wedge, which plate will when
the wedge is moved backward or forward only move in an upward and
downward direction. I also apply wedges in a similar manner to the
rams of the pressure cylinders, the object being to allow ample clearance
for the moulds to pass over (or under) the rams, and when in position
to establish contact without waste of hydraulic pressure.
For the purpose of reducing friction in forcing finished bricks from
their moulds I also apply wedges between the moulds and the lining
plates. In most cases a wedge behind one side plate or one side plate 3

page_text: "
and one end plate will be sufficient. These wedges may be actuated by
lever and counterweight. When or just before the mould is in position
over the lifing out cylinder the wedge is withdrawn, thereby allowing
the lining plate to recede whon the brick is being raised from the
mould.
I also use wedges for intermittently fixing or holding and again
releasing the press table or other parts of the press.
For giving pressure from opposite directions to bricks or other articles
without the use of a second hydraulic cylinder I use loose moulds, each
The moulds pass
of which may carry its follower as before named.
through corresponding openings in the table in which they are supported
and guided. When under pressure the follower will first rise into tho
mould and partially compress the material. As soon as the friction of
the material becomes greater than the weight of the mould can resist
the mould itself begins to rise, and a plunger or plate fixed to the press_
head or wedge plate will enter into the mould and give downward
pressure. The pressure upwards and downwards will by this means be
almost balanced.
Instead of fixing a plate to the press head or wedge plate a loose top
plate may be placed into the top of the mould before it comes under
pressure. This mode of giving double pressure is also applicable to cam,
lever, and other presses.
C
For producing what is termed "frogs" and other indentations or
designs upon the bricks I make the projecting or frog piece either in
one piece with or fixed to the follower, the edge or rim part being made
in the shape of a frame and capable of sliding up and down over the
fixed frog piece, and I also make the part forming the edge or frame
fixed to the follower, the frog piece being in this case allowed to move
upward and downward in the frame.
In single revolving table presses I prefer to connect the bottom piece
and head of press by two pillars as now used in many presses, one
forming the axle of the revolving table.
In double revolving table presses I use either two pillars with one end
of the head unsupported or only one central pillar in preference cast in
one piece with the bottom, which latter supports the two. pressure.

page_text: cylinders; or instead of casting the pillar and bottom in one piece the
former may be of wrought iron or steel.
The head of the press may be cast in one piece with pillar and frame,
or it may form one separate piece, or it may be in two halves; embracing
the top of the pillar.
In order to render the hydraulic press herein-before mentioned useful
for the purposes of my said Invention it is necessary to adopt in com-
bination therewith an accumulator so that the full stroke and power of
the press may be applied at intervals with instant effect, which is
requisite in carrying out my said Invention. The construction of such ]
accumulator consisting in suspending differential area accumulators from
a ball socket or other universal joint, or from links, hooks, shackle, or.
other appliances which will allow the accumulator with its weight to.
maintain a vertical position in case the framing from which it is sus-
pended should lose its horizontal position.
I purpose to suspend the accumulator either by the cylinders or from
the smaller ram.
In order that my said Invention may be more clearly understood, and
readily carried into effect, I will now procced to describe those parts of
the same which I deem necessary to illustrato by Drawings, which I-2
shall do by reference to the annexed two Sheets of Drawings and tlie letters'
and figures marked thereon.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
In Sheet 1 Fig. 1 is a front elevation, partly in section, of a double
press above referred to, and Fig. 2 is a ground plan of the same. The. 2
frame A, A¹, forming a double girder bottom with central column, is
cast in one picce. The cross head B fits upon the upper portion of the
column A', and is firmly held in its place by a bolt C, which passes
through the column. The hydraulic cylinders D, D, are supported by
the double girder frames A. The table E, made with six pairs of 3
moulds E', fits upon and revolves round the column A', and is supported
1.5

page_text: '
shaft F is driven from the pulley F', which is provided with a friction
cone G, starting and stopping apparatus actuated by the hand wheel G'.
The wedge cams H, H, have through the weighted levers I withdrawn
the wedges K from contact with the table over the moulds E¹. The
segment wheel L will now, after the proper gearing into each other of
its teeth with those of bevel pinions M has been insured by the roller
thumb L' acting upon the cam M³ cause the bevel. pinions M and spur
pinion N to perform one revolution, and turn the press table E one-sixth
of a turn. The moulds which were in position under the cross head B
I will now be in position over the lifting out cylinders N, and a new pair
of moulds, filled with fresh material from the hoppers, will come into
position under the cross head. The pinion M will be out of gear, and at
the same instant the stop cam O will release lever O¹, and the stop P
pressed through its spring P¹ against the rim of the table will enter into
the notch E, and thereby arrest the further motion of the table. The
wedge cams H will at the same time have released the levers I, and
allowed the counterweights to force the wedges K into contact with the
table E, thereby closing the tops of the moulds. By further turns of the
cam shaft F, the valve cam Q, through bell-crank lever Q', connecting
rod Q; and shaft and levers R, will open first pressure in valve S to the
small first pressure area in cylinders D (represented in section in Fig. 11)
through pipes b, b, which through pipes c, c, are also connected with the
lifting-out cylinders N, which will now raise the finished bricks from the
moulds in position over them to the surface of the table, from whence
they are removed by the attendant, and placed on the wheelbarrow.
The rams of cylinders D will now force the followers T into the
moulds, and give the material the first compression and reduction in
bulk. The cam Q maintains the piston of valve S in this position during
one-sixth (or less or more) of a revolution of the cam shaft, and during
which time low-pressure water from a tank at a suitable elevation flows
into the valves through pipes not shown in Drawing, connected with the
valve S¹, and from the valve through pipes d, d, to the bottom of the
cylinders D. By a further portion of a revolution of cam Q the valve
piston opens pressure to the full area of cylinders again through pipes c, c,
thereby giving the final pressure to the material in the moulds. Off-flow
will now be opened from the cylinders D, D, and the rams assisted by
weights attached to them through rods passing through the bottom of
the cylinders will rapidly fall, and at the same time force the surplus

page_text: water through the valve S, and part S¹, and pipe, back into the low-
pressure supply tank. The lift of pistons of lifting-out cylinders N is
regulated by the rod N¹, which is made long enough to carry weights to
cause the piston to drop rapidly when off-flow is opened. The upper
part of the piston N³ is made hollow to admit of the rod U of guide
bracket entering into it when the brick is raised from the mould. The
followers T are each supported by a nut at the end of the rod U, which
nut also serves for raising and lowering the followers, and thereby
adjusting the filling of the moulds. The press is intended to be worked
at from 6 to 7 revolutions of the cam shaft per minute. The valve S is :
connected with the accumulator through pipe a. Instead of forcing
down the ram of the cylinder D by means of weights it may be forced
down by means of a small cylinder (as shown in Fig. 11), which is under
constant pressure from the accumulator. The hoppers, which are not
shown in Drawing, are placed one over the valve S and the other at
the opposite corresponding side of the head. I use by preference the
valves patented by Fenby, No. 3055, A.D. 1867, or those patented by
R. Lüthy, No. 1781, A.D. 1868.
Fig. 3 represents a front clevation, partly in section, of a modification
of my improved presses, in which the first compression to the material:
in the moulds is given by a hydraulic cylinder in a downward direction,
and the final compression either only in an upward direction or in both
directions. One hydraulic cylinder A is cast in one piece with the
press bottom piece, and the other cylinder B in one piece with the
press head. The bottom piece A. and the head B are connected by a
two pillars O, C¹, the latter acting at the same time as axle to the
tablo D, which is formed with four single moulds E, and is supported
by the antifriction rings 0%. This press is shown as arranged for
being worked by hand, that is to say, the table D is turned by hand,
and the valve which is not shown is likewise worked by hand by a a
lever, or through a small cam shaft whose bearings may be attached
to the side or end of the press head, and which shaft may carry a valve
cam with a hand wheel. The ram B' is supported in its position by
constant pressure from the accumulator, which communicates through
the passage a with the enlarged chamber or cylinder in the upper end
of cylinder B. Supposing the mould E¹ to be filled with material,
pressure is turned on through passage 6 at the top of cylinder B.

page_text: The ram B¹ will be forced downwards, and the faller piece F attached
to it will enter the mould and give the first compression. During
the fall of ram B' water from a tank will flow into cylinder B
through passage C; by a further advance of the valve piston the
connection to passages b and c are closed and pressure from accu-
mulator is given to cylinder A, whereby the final compression is given
in tho mould. Pressure is now shut off from cylinder A, and off flow
opened from cylinders A and B at the same time. The ram B₁ will
now be raised again by the constant pressure from accumulator, and
withdraw the faller F from mould E¹ while the ram A' will sink by
its own weight, assisted either by a weight attached to a rod passing
from it through the bottom of the cylinder A, or by a special small
cylinder with constant pressure. A plate A* which is secured to the
ram A' prevents the latter from sinking deeper into the cylinder than
necessary. The space between the plate A³ and the follower G is
filled by thin plates, according to the height to which the follower G
is raised by the set screw H³ of guide bracket H. The screw acts
through a short plug and india-rubber washer upon the stud H³,
which supports the follower G through the plate G². After the
pressure is taken off the table D is turned one quarter of a turn,
whereby the mould E' comes in position over the lifting out cylinder,
not seen in the view, and another mould filled with fresh material
from hopper I enters between the cylinders.
The operation of filling, of pressure, and of discharge of finished
bricks, takes place simultaneously in the same manner as described
with reference to Figs. 1 and 2. The object of the space betwccn
the ram B and the bottom of the cylinder is to allow of the ram
receding into the cylinder beyond the cup leather so as to permit
of the cup leathers being renewed without removing other parts of
the press.
Fig. 4 is detached view of a press head A with wedge B fixed to it,
and sliding wedge B¹ with frog in contact with mould C. By giving
the ends of the frog the angles of the wedges it will withdraw itself
from the mould without injury to the brick.
Fig. 5 represents a head A in which the wedge B nearest the head
has a sliding motion, the wedge B₁ supported by guide bolts D having
a vertical motion imparted to it by the wedge B. By pushing wodge B

page_text: towards the head A the wedge B¹ will be forced downwards into contact
with the mould table. The wedge B₁ is supported by the bolts D which
rest upon spiral springs. .
Fig. 7, on Sheet II. of Drawing, represents a cross section of a
mould C, in which one lining plate a is made movable by means of
a wedge. After pressure has been given and before the brick or other
article is forced out of the mould the wedge 6 is withdrawn by means
of a lever or other convenient means, so that the lining plate a can
recede. By this means the great friction caused by some materials
against the lining plates or sides of the mould may be considerably
reduced and the object raised from the mould without difficulty. Fig. 8
is a ground plan of the same mould.
Fig. 9 represents an arrangement by which pressure from opposito
sides can be given to bricks or other objects without requiring top and
bottom cylinders. The mould D fits loose in a corresponding opening 1
in table E, and is supported by guide brackets E¹. The wedge F, with
plate, is shown as fitting into the mould, when pressure is given by the
ram B through follower C, the material in the mould will be pressed
upwards and as soon as the friction against the sides becomes great
enough to overcome the weight of the mould D the latter will be raised a
and the wedge (or block) F will enter deeper into the mould and tho
material will be compressed to the same extent both at the top and at
the bottom. When pressure is withdrawn from the ram B the
follower C and mould D will return to their normal positions, as shown.
Fig. 10 is a section through line a, b, of Fig. 9.
Fig. 11 represents in section the hydraulic cylinder referred to in
Fig. 1, Sheet I. The first compression is given by admitting water
from the accumulator into the annular chamber formed where the
upper and larger part of the cylinder A joins the lower and smaller
part A. The differential area gives the first compression as the water :
from accumulator is admitted into this chamber; water from a tank at
a suitable elevation enters below the ram and fills up the space on first:
compression being completed. Accumulator water is admitted below
the ram for final compression, after which off flow is opened. The
ram B is now rapidly depressed and the water forced back to tank
by means of the small cylinder and ram C and D, which is under
constant pressure from the accumulator.
:

page_text: 2. The construction and use of revolving creeper cases or containing
cylinders, as herein-before described.
3. The use of differential speed grinding rollers in combination with
either of the above improvements, as herein-before described.
4. The construction and use of hydraulic presses for compressing
bricks and other objects, with the various improvements and novel
applications in relation thereto, herein-before set forth and in part
further described with reference to Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 11,
of Drawinca

page_text: 5. The herein described mode of giving double pressure with only
one cylinder, applicable to hydraulic presscs, cam presses, and com-
pressing generally, in part further described for hydraulic presses,
with reference to Figs. 9 and 10 of Drawings.
6. The suspending of hydraulic differential area accumulators in the
manner described, and in part shown in Fig. 6 of Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Louis Rudolph Bodmer, have
hereunto set my hand and scal, this Fifteenth day of August
in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
three.
L. R. RODMER. (L.S.)
Witness,
T. MORGAN,
Secretary,
Inventors' Patent Right Ass". Limited,
21, Cockspur Street,
Charing Cross,
S.W: