AN IMPROVEMENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN DUPLICATING PHOTOGRAPHIC IMPRESSIONS, AND ALSO FOR CERTAIN MACHINERY' FOR THE SAME
Year: 1860

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles Fontayne Flounders, Artist, of Liverpool,
Lancaster, for the Invention of "AN IMPROVEMENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN
DUPLICATING PHOTOGRAPHIC IMPRESSIONS, AND ALSO FOR CERTAIN MACHINERY'
FOR THE SAME."
i
Sealed the 18th January 1861, and dated the 8th August 1860.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Fontayne Flounders
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 8th August 1860.
I, CHARLES FONTAYNE FLOUNDERS, Artist, of Liverpool, Lancaster, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVEMENT OR IMPROVEMENTS.
IN DUPLICATING PHOTOGRAPHIC IMPRESSIONS, AND ALSO FOR CERTAIN MACHINERY FOR
THE SAME," to be as follows:-
My Invention' relates to the producing of positive photographic impressions
from a photographic or other picture or device, and is applicable in either that
kind of printing wherein the sensitive material. is exposed to light until the
impression is fully made, or where it is exposed for, a shorter period and the
picture afterwards. developed by. chemical means.
In my Invention the accurate movements of machinery, combined with the
known and applied principles of optics, have been substituted for the uncertain
process of hand printing, and the result. is the production of photographic
pictures or impressions, or devices of any kind, with a certainty and rapidity
hitherto unknown.

page_text: The paper or other material, suitably sensitised, or prepared to receive the
impressions, is confined in a dark space, and, by mechanical means, is made
to traverse an aperture through which ordinary or concentrated light, or the
image of the negative, is received. The light is admitted and shut off by a
perforated slide, which passes over a similar or other suitable perforation in a
fixed part. The time of the exposure to light may be increased or diminished
at will, or may be made. very accurately uniform for a great number of
impressions.
One convenient means of operating upon the sensitive material, is to apply
it to a cylinder or polygonal prism within the dark space, and the same is then
made both to revolve and to move axially until the paper or other sensitive
material is properly covered with impressions.
Springs, slides, levers, and various mechanical devices are employed, either
separately or mechanically combined, to impart the proper motions to the
several parts, so that the sensitive material shall be caused to traverse during
the interval while the light is excluded, and to present a fresh surface firmly
held in its proper position during the period that the light is admitted.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Charles Fontayne Flounders in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 8th February 1861.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, CHARLES
FONTAYNE FLOUNDERS, of Liverpool, Lancaster, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen. Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date, the Eighth day of August, A.D. 1860, in the 24th
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant
unto me, the said Charles Fontayne Flounders, Herzspecial licence that. I, the
said Charles Fontayne Flounders, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or
such others as I, the said Charles Fontayne Flounders, my executors, adminis-
trators; or assigns; should at any time agree with, and no others; from time
to time and at all-times thereafter during ther term. therein expressed, should
and lawfully might make, use exercise, and vend, within the United King-
dom of Great Britain and Ireland; the Channel: Islands,Land, Isle of Man,
Invention for "AN IMPROVEMENT OR IMPROVEMENTS.IN DUPLICATING PHOTO-
GRAPHIC-IMPRESSIONS, AND ALSO FOR CERTAIN MACHINERY FOR THE SAME," úpon the
condition (amongst others) that I, the said Charles Fontayne Flounders, by
an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly.

page_text: describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calender months next and immediately after
the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Charles Fontayne Flounders, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement (that is.to say):-
Photographic impressions are commonly printed in two ways, 'first, the
prepared material is exposed to light until an impression is fully made, or,
second, it is so exposed until an invisible or latent impression is received, which
is afterwards fully revealed to the eye or "developed" by chemical inean's; I
shall call the first method "printing by the direct action of light," the second
method "printing by development."
Printing by direct action of light by the method in use before my Invention,
is comparatively a very slow process, requiring considerable time to perform
the necessary manipulations, such as the removal and replacing of the
"negative" or glass matrix, the adjustment of springs and other portions of
the apparatus, and the length of time required to obtain a good impression,
varying as it does from five to twenty minutes of strong sunlight. There is
also a waste of marginal material and a want of uniformity in the results, as
the judgement of the operator is the only guide as to the length of time to be
allowed for each exposure.
Printing by development is not much practiced, because of the great diffi-
culty in determining the proper length of time for exposure. In this process
the action of light is usually very rapid, and' there is nothing very definite by
which the
eye can fully determine the proper duration of the printing process.
Where
very sensitive surfaces are used in photographic processes, their expo-
sure by hand to the light, for periods of time varying from seconds to halves,
quarters, or eighths of seconds, difficult, if not impossible, and yet to
surfaces of this character these divisions of time bear the same relation that
ten, fivé, tivo-and-a-half, or one-and-a-quarter minutes 'do to less sensitive
materials used in slower processes, and the one must be as accurately measured
as the other to secure a successful result in the practice of the photographic
art. For the purpose of obviating these and many other difficulties not
mentioned, the accurate movements of machinery, combined with the known
and applied principles of optics, have been substituted in my Invention for the
uncertain process of hand printing, and the result is, the production of pho-
tographic pictures with a certainty and rapidity hitherto unknown.

page_text: -
In general terms, my Invention consists in confining in a dark chamber or
space, or camera obscura the, photographic material prepared to receive the
impressions, and causing by mechanical means every part of its surface to
traverse an aperture through which the light or photographic impression is
received, this light being admitted and shut off by a perforated straight sliding
or circular revolving disk, which passes over another disk having a similar
opening, this moving disk being so constructed as always to move at a uniform
rate, which rate can be made faster or slower by means of springs or other-
'wise, as desired. The rebound or momentum of this slide or rotating disk is
overcome by spring checks. A condensing lens or lenses is applied when
required to increase or diminish the intensity or quantity of light necessary to
produce the pictures with certainty or rapidity.
Ju the Drawings, Figure A is a general longitudinal sectional view of the
instrument, showing all its parts'as arranged for photographic printing or taking
photographic impressions either larger or smaller than the negative employed.
The tube-containing the condensing lens is extended, and the bed (upon which
rests the sliding or revolving disk for admitting and shutting off the light) with
the lenses attached to it is elevated for the purpose of obtaining the proper
distance between the sensitive material upon which the impression is to be
made and the lenses which are used for producing pictures differing in dimen-
sions from the negative used as a matrix. Figure B is a sectional view of
the tubes arranged for printing pictures the same size as the negative, which
is now brought in close contact with the sensitive material during their
exposure to the light. To effect this, the bed, with the sliding or revolving
disk is lowered until it rests upon or near the box containing the sensitive
material. The lenses and tube attached to this bed are removed, leaving
only the larger tubes containing the condensing lens. Figure D exhibits the
bed, upon which is placed the revolving or sliding disk by which the light is
admitted and shut off; Figure F represents. a straight.slide for the same
purpose: Figure C is an end view of the box 1, showing the lever and
ratchet' by which the roller upon which the sensitive material is placed is
moved, together with the lever for bringing the glass negative in close contact
with the sensitive material. Figure E represents the inside of the top of the
box 1, arranged with springs, and bed to hold, slots to shift, and lever and rod
to press the glass negative from which impressions are taken. In Figure A,
1,-1, 1, 1, is a box so made as to exclude all light, and opening below its
center upon hinges (23 & 24 Figure C.) Over the middle of this box the
center of the tube 2., 2, is placed, the two being attached by the hooks and
pins shown in Figure B, '35 & 36. In this tube is a longitudinal opening to

page_text: permit the arm 93 of the bed 4 to slide up and down, the portion of the
opening not occupied by the arm being closed by two wedges 94, 95, or by
other means so as to exclude light. 3 is a second tube sliding in 2, and.
carrying a condensing lens 33 and the glass negative picture 34; 4 is the bed
carrying the sliding or revolving disk (Figs. D & F), which admits and
shuts off the light; 5 is.a roller covered by some soft material, upon which is
placed the sensitive substance which is to receive the impressions, which must
be attached to it by some suitable fastening. The surface of the roller may
be circular, if the negative is so small that by pressure both surfaces can be
brought fully in contact; if not, then the roller must be a prism of any
number of sides of -suitable size; its length should not vary much from one-
half of the length of the inside of the box 1. 6, 6, 6; is a hollow iron shaft
revolving on the journal 10, 10, slotted as at 7, 7, for half of its length within
the box. Passing through this shaft is a guage rod 8, 8, 8, whose end screws
into nut 9, which is firmly screwed to roller 5; 11 is a slotted stop, the upper
lip of which is bent so as to stop the lever 12, and guage the distance which it
moves; the' bend.just above the slot permits the side of the shield 15 to move
when required. The lever 12, by means of the spring catch 13 attached to
it,' moves the ratchet wheel 14, and with it the hollow shaft, the guage rod,
and roller; it is also used to press down the lever 21. 15 is a shield, part of
which projects at right angles over ratchet 14, adjustable by means of slot 16
and screws 17, 17; 18. is a rod with revolving bearing 20 and set screws 19
to adjust its position; 25, 26, 27, and 28 are explained under Fig, E; 32
shows a portion of the. roller 5' covered with the sensitive material adjusted to
receive the first print or impression; 46 is a handle by which the slide 45
may be moved; 71, 72, represent a guage and screw on the rod 8 by which
the distance to which the roller is drawn forward or backward on the hollow
shaft may be determined; 75 is the tube and support of the lenses 76, 76,.
attached by screw 92 to the bed 4; 81 is a set screw to the ratchet 14.on
the hollow shaft 6; 86 is a slide with its handle 87, by which the opening. 26.
may be closed; 94, 95, wedges to close the slotted space in the tube 2 under
the arm 93; 96 is a knob to rod 8; 33 is the condensing lens, which, in
order to obtain the proper distance for its adjustment,: slides: in. the upper
tube 3, 3, being fixed by the screw 78, which moves up and down in slots in
the tubes 2 and 3.
Fig. B shows the arrangement of the tubes 2 and 3, carrying the lens 33,
when the impressions are taken by superposition. 4 is the bed carrying the
revolving or sliding disk; 35 is a hook, and 36, a pin by which the tube
2 is attached to box 1; 'Eig. C represents an enl view. of box 1; 6; 6 is

page_text: the end of the hollow'shaft, 'and'.12-á 'lever bearing by spring catch 13 upon
ratchet wheel 14. This ratchet wheel., has a lip 78, around which lever 12.
turns. It is attached to shaft 6 by the set screw .81; Fig. A 15, 15, is
the shield attached to the end of the box, having a projecting: lip.82.to
relieve the spring catch 18 from the ratchet. 14 when the lever 12 passes
over to press against 21; 22 is a slotted spring whose point falling into hole:77,
in ratchet 14, determines one revolution of the roller; 74 is the hollow space
in shaft 6, through which guage rod 8 passes; 91 is a cog or space: on
fatchet 14, gauged to the width of a wedge inserted into roller 5, Fig. A,
to confine the ends of the sensitive paper. If this is attached by other means
it may not be necessary to use 91. In Fig. D, 4 is the bed plate having
an opening 37 to admit light; upon this the circular disk 38 with its open-
ings 891, 393; 398, revolves around the pin 83; to this pin a' spring. 84 is
attached communicating with the arm 40 to which is attached a. spring
catch 41; 42, 42, 42, are projections on disk 38; 43, a rod connecting
arm 40 and slide 44; 45 another slide-with-its- handle-46,-upon-which is
spring catch 47, intended to seize pin. 48.on slidė 44; 49 is a stud to relieve
catch-47 from pin 48: 50, 50, are guides to confine the motions of slides 44;
.45; 51, an arm to move spring. catch 54, having its motion determined by
slot 52 and pin and washer 53, and slot 55, and pin 56, and when drawn out
returned to its place by spring 57; 58, is the check ratch..turning. upon pin
59 with spring 60 to confine it against projections 42. In Fig. E, which
is a view from below, representing the inside of the top of box 1, 18, is the
rod extending through one end of the box and having its bearing in a hollow
tube 20 at the other end. This tube is movable in its support 88. Around
rod 18 is bent a portion of a flat plate 25, and the two are screwed together
at 89 so that when lever 21, which is firmly attached to rod.18, is pressed
by lever 12, the plate 25 moves with it; upon this plate, and carried by it, is
fixed plate 27, slotted and adjusted by screws 30; 26 is an opening through
.the top of box 1 and through plates 25-and. 27;. 28 is the glass negative when
the printing is by superposition and the use of the condenser only as in Fig. B.
This negative is held in place by the springs 29, 29.; 31 is a spring bearing
"upon' plate 25, to raise it from the roller when the pressure is removed from
lever 21 A piece of cloth sufficient to prevent. the entrance of light into
'box 1, except through the apertures in. plates 25 and 27, is attached to the
top of box 1, and between the edges of plates 25 and. 27, so loosely as not
*to interfere with the motion of the latter when pressed, down upon roller 5,
by lever 21 and rod 18: The size of. the aperture for the passage of light
can be regulated by a sheet of opaque paper placed between the. back of the

page_text: negative 28 and its support 27, having a perforation of the required size, or
the back of the negative itself can be blackened. Figure F represents a
straight sliding plate which may be placed upon the bed 4, and substituted
for the circular revolving disk 38; 62 here represents. bed. 4; 26 is the
opening in it corresponding to 37 in Fig. D; 71 is a frame attached to
bed.62, to keep the sliding disk 98, in its place, and to serve as guides to its
motion; 63 is an opening in. disk 98.
attached, the one communicating with one end of arm 64, the other with the
other end; 68, 68, are projections upon arm 64, to relieve springs 69; 69;
from notches 99 and 100, in order to release the sliding disk 98; 70 are
stop pins, and 80 stops to confine the arm in its motion.
To 98, spiral springs 65 and 66 are
This slide operates in the following manner.-By moving one end of the
arm 64,.say the end 79, towards the end of the frame 71, the spring 65 is
stretched and the spring 66 compressed spring catch 67, in notch.99 prevents
the disk from moving until it is relieved by projection 68. When spring
65 pulls it towards the end of frame 71%, under spring 65. While it is
prevented from rebounding by notch 100, being caught by spring catch 70;
thus opening 63, in disk 98, has passed over opening 26, in bed .62,
admitting and shutting off the light. The same thing is then repeated in
the opposite direction.
The mode of operating my. machine is as follows:-I first adjust the surface
of the negative 28, to the planes. of the roller 5, by pressing, lever 12 until
the two arelin.close contact. The rest 11.is. then brought to lever 12 and
screwed tight; I then adjust the shield .15, so that the spring catch 13 of
lever 12 will move ratchet 14 a distance sufficient to remove one plane of
roller 5 from under the negative and replace it with the next. This distance
being determined is fixed by the position of rest 11 and nose 82 of shield 15;
such other adjustments of negative material, &c., as may be necessary will
suggest themselves to any one accustomed to use photographic instruments.
It has already béen remarked that the. box, containing the sensitive material
must be so made as to exclude light. Suppose we are now about to print or
multiply pictures by superposition, using the negative 28, and the tubes and
condensing lens, as in Fig. B.;. the box. 1 is detached from the tubes 2 and 3;
and carried to a dark room... It is opened by bringing lever 12.to stop 11. in
order to free the spring catch 13 from the nose or lip of the shield 15, 'an'd
then raising the upper half hinged, as shown in Figure C,.24, I then takēja
sheet of paper or other material rendered sensitive by any of the usual photo-
graphic processes. I place this around the roller 5, confining the ends by a
wedge-shaped: slot, springs, or other means. The tubes 12, and 3 are. then

page_text: attached to the box 1, and the whole is so placed that the light of the sun
passes directly down the center of the tubes through the condensing glass 33,
which is adjusted at such a distance from the negative 28, that the ring of the
condensed light will cover the portion of the negative to be printed from. The
proper bearing of the sensitive material 'baving been fixed as 'above described
by the lever 12, that lever is turned back and pressed against lever 21. "This
slightly turns rod 18, pressing, negative 28 down upon and.. in close contact
with the sensitive material upon the roller. Up to this.time. no light has been
admitted, the revolving disk 88, Fig. D, effectually closing the only opening.
(shown by dotted lines 37, Figures D and B,) through which light could pass,
I then take hold of handle 46 of slide 45, and push the slide forwards towards.
the tubes until its spring catch closes upon and seizes on slide 44. Then
drawing handle 46. back I draw out slide 44, and with it the connecting rod
43, giving motion to arm 40. This arm turns upon pin 83, and moving from
its stop: 61 slides over disk 38. The spring catch 41 attached. to.it passes:
around the edge of disk 38 until it has passed one of the projections 42'. By
this time the spring catch 47 on slide 45 strikes against stop 49, the catch
moves back and liberates pin 48; and therefore slide 44 also; the spiral spring
83 attached to pin 83 then forces the arm 40 back towards 61 until the spring
catch stops at 42'. The handle 46 is drawn still further out until it presses
upon arm 51 and draws it out also. This moves spring catch 54, and releases
catch 58 from the projection 42%. The disk 38 is now free and the spring 84
acting upon it through the arm: 40, and the spring.catch 41 forces it to revolve
until arm 40 is stopped by 61. This removes the force of spring 84 from the
disk, but it would still revolve by its momentum, but it is stopped by catch 58,
which being liberated from spring catch 54 is drawn by its spiral spring 60
close against the edge of disk 38 in time to catch the projection 42° and stop the
revolution of the disk. The arm 51 is also drawn back by spring 57, and the
spring catch 54 again seizes catch 58. This portion of the apparatus is then
ŕeady for a repetition of the movement just described, the whole of which in
practice may occupy less than a second'; it will be seen that the result of this
has been that one of the openings 391 in the disk 38 has passed rapidly over..
aperture in the bed 4, shown by dotted lines 37, and light has been admitted
to the negative below and shut off again by a movement which may be made
almost instantaneously and yet uniform in its duration over the exposed
surface, commencing and shutting off on one side of the aperture precisely as it
commences and shutts off on the other.
By the passage of the disk just described and the admission of the light, the
sensitive material receives the impression. of the negative, and we are prepared

page_text: to print another picture. I move the lever 12 forward, releasing it from lévèr
21; the pressure being thus removed the negative is raised by the spring 31,
and the roller is free to move, continuing to move the lever 12 forward, the
spring catch 18 sliding from the nose 82 of shield 15 falls into the ratchet
wheel 14 and turns it, and with it roller 5, and the sensitive material until the
lever 12 is checked by 'stop 11: By this means the next unprinted plane of
the sensitive material is brought under the negative to receive its impression.
Lever 12 is moved back to lever 21, pressed against it, and the operation of
admitting light repeated, as above described, until the roller 5 has made one
revolution. This is ascertained by the spring 22 falling into its hole on ratchet
wheel 14; the roller 5 is then drawn along the shaft 6' the distance required by
means of guage rod 8, which is marked with a suitable scale. The guage 71
is then set by the screw 72 at the proper point on rod 8, so that it may be
pressed against the end of hollow shaft 6. When the whole or required
portion of the surface of the sensitive material has received an impression, the
aperture 26 is closed by slide 86 and its handle 87, thus excluding the light.
Box 1 is detached as before, removed to the dark room, and the paper being
taken off the pictures are developed by any of the usual means known, and
practiced by the trade. Where the process is slower, the sliding disk may be
managed by hand without the catches and springs I have described,. and
practice might enable the operator to work the machine in this way with
considerable rapidity and accury. The light may also be admitted and shüt
off from the negative by means of a steadily rotating disk in. lieu, of an
intermittently rotating one, as described, which may receive its motion from a
crank, or other convenient means. Neither is it necessary that. the light
thrown upon the negative should be merely that formed by the converging
rays of the condenser. The negative 28 may be removed, and placed as in
34, Figure A, and the daguerreotype tube 75, 75, with its lenses 76, 76, used,
so as by adjustment to make a picture either larger or smaller, or of the same
size as the negative, the lever 21 and the plates 25 & 27 being still pressed
down as before, to steady and smooth the sensitive material. Or the negative
being at 28, and the condenser in use as in Fig. B, the latter may be raised,
so as to print by rays of light, diverging'after they have passed their focus, which
may.be in the aperture 87, and the bed 4 may be placed in any convenient posi-
tion for this purpose. It is not necessary to have a separate roller for every size
of picture, as the length of one picture will frequently be the width of a larger
size. The ratchet 14, if the teeth are not-too coarse, may be so adjustment as
to answer for different sizes of pictures. Thus, if the slotted shield with nose
82 be moved, so that the spring catch of lever-12 shall fall into every second,

page_text: third, or fourth tooth, a portion of the roller proportionably great will be moved
at each movement of the lever. In order to work this instrument by sunlight
most effectingly and continuously; it should be so placed as always to keep the
light directly over aperture 26. The best way of doing this is to use a
heliostat, so placed that its axis of motion points to the pole, and by its
equitorial motion it can with ease so follow with the instrument the sun's
apparent motion as to keep the sunlight constantly over aperture 26.
For the purpose of illustration, I have in the above description supposed
the, photographic impression to be taken upon paper, but I do not confine
myself to any particular kind of sensitive material, or any particular process of
development that can be made available upon my machinic. Neither do..I
confine myself to the use of;a roller, for when glass or daguerreotype plates.or
other non-yielding substances are used as sensitive materials, a roller cannot
be used. But they may be used by attaching them to a straight or plane
sliding surface carried by another sliding disk, the two having motions at right
angles to each other, and thus permitting, every part of the sensitive material
to traverse the aperture. This was my original-idea-but-as-it-was-necessary-to
use a shield to keep the material from the light of four times the area of the
material itself, and this with, the slides was large, and cumbersome, I have
adopted the dark box with its roller as occupying less space, and requiring less
time and labor for adjustment. Nor again,do I confine 'myself to the use of
the circular revolving disk, this may be worked by, a reciprocating motion, or
it may be a straight sliding disk, as I have described; and as the larger size of
pictures may probably required.
Having now fully described my apparatus, what I claim therein as new and
desire to secure, by: Letters Patent, is;.-
✓ First, the above described machine for printing. or multiplying photographic
pictures.
Second, the above. described art of multiplying positive photographic
pictures or impressions, from the same negative upon the same sheet of
sensitive paper, or other material.
..
Third, causing, the sensitive material; used for the reception of photographic
impressions, latent or otherwise, made by the agency of solar or other light
-passing, through a negative to traverse the aperture or negative employed.
Fourth, the traversing bed, whether-cylindrical or plane, confined within a
dark chamber, whose surface, may be moved by ratchets, screws, cranks, or
their equivalents, for the purpose, of carrying the sensitive material when the
same is used in connection with a negative from which it receives positive
impressions, substantially as described.
;

page_text: Fifth, the employment of continuously or intermittently sliding or revolving
disks, for admitting and shutting off light uniformly to and from all parts of.
the surface to be acted upon in printing positive photographic pictures from a
negative, substantially as described.
Sixth, the application of a lens or lenses for the purpose of condensing light
when used in combination with negative 28, the sensitive material and slide or
cut-off for admitting and shutting off light, for the purpose of photographic
printing.
Seventh, the combination of condensing lens 33, negative 34, daguerreotype
tube 75, with its lenses 76, the sensitive material and slide or cut-off for
photographic printing, substantially as described.
Eighth, the combination of the sensitive material, negative 28, (as dis-
tinguished from negative 34,) and slide or cut-off for the purpose of photo-
graphic printing.
Ninth, the method of raising the glass negative or other matrix 28 from the
sensitive material, to permit the motion of the latter, and the method of
lowering it again, substantially as described.
Tenth, the method of supporting and adjusting negative 28, substantially as
described.
Eleventh, the use of the glass negative (when negative 28 is used), or the
use of a piece of plain glass in the place of it (when negative 34 is used), or
the use of a skeleton frame for the purpose of pressing the sensitive material
smoothly and evenly on roller 5 or the traversing bed while the photographic
impression is being made.
Twelfth, the alternate admission and exclusion of light passing through a
negative to act upon a traversing sensitive material confined in a portable dark
chamber, substantially as described.
Thirteenth, the rod 8 working through hollow slotted shaft 6, and affixed to
roller 5 by plate 9, for the purpose described.
Fourteenth, the combination of the lever 12, with its spring catch 13, with
the ratchet wheel 14, nose 82 of shield 15, and slotted stop 11, substantially
as and for the purposes described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Fontayne Flounders, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Fifth day of December, 1860.
CITAS
CONTAVNE
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(V.D.)