for the Manufacture of Paper.
Year: 1885

page_text: for the Manufacture of Paper.
I, HERBERT JOHN HADDAN, of 67, Strand, in the City of Westminster, Civil
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of said invention for IMPROVEMENTS IN
RAG-ENGINES OR MACHINES FOR PREPARING MATERIAL FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF
PAPER, a communication to me from abroad by Johann Peter Korschilgen, Manu-
facturer, of Duisburg, in the German Empire, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the.
following statement:―
Fig. 1 of the accompanying drawings shows a rag engine cylinder with ground
work or bed as hitherto usually made.
This ground work was always composed of six to eight perpendicular knives, on
which the cylinder, mostly pressing with its entire weight, was caused to revolve. .
Fig. 2 represents the improved rag-engine in cross section.
The improvements relate to the engine bed as well as to the cylinder and to the
lifting mechanism.
1) Engine bed. The knives of the improved engine bed surround the cylinder
in radial position and are placed more or less obliquely in the known manner,
according to the raw material to be worked, so as to form with the passing knives'
of the cylinder angles of 1 to 15°. The improved engine bed surrounds the cylinder,,
according to the raw material to be worked in the machines, on one tenth to one
third of its circumference.
The correspondingly larger number of knives causes a quicker and less destructive
action on the fibres.
Even strong fibrous materials require for their preparation for the paper machine
only a soft brushing of the rag cylinder on the improved engine bed.
This arrangement of the base work excludes a direct contact of the same with the
revolving rag cylinder in the case of most of the raw materials serving to the
manufacture of
paper,

page_text: The base work may also be made of suitable stone, its knives being replaced by
similarly shaped ribs, chiselled into the stone, which embrace the rag cylinder in
radial position on to of its circumference. The edges of these ribs, more or
less sharp, according to the nature of the raw material to be treated in the machine,
form straight, bent, broken, or waved lines or parallel-cross-or similar rows, which
lines and rows reach over the entire breadth of the base work at an angle to the
passing knives, which likewise depends upon the nature of the raw material. Such
base works, made of stone, should preferably be used for weak fibres, for instance
straw, Alfa, cellulose, waste paper, written and printed paper. They are cheap in
construction and have the advantage for the separation of weaker, that is to say,
easily friable fibrous material, which is less injured in the same, than by the
treatment on metallic base works.
The effective surface of the base works may also, instead of stone, be composed
of several metal plates, which plates pp (see Fig. 5) are suitably secured to the
body A of the base work and which are likewise, according to wear, planed or
dressed again, when worn. The ribs, planed, cast or otherwise formed in the
surface of the base work, surround from to of the circumference of the
cylinder W.
The knives of the base work project but little, about 10m/m, and have also only a
distance, from each other, of about 10/. In the improved base work, the pressure
of the cylinder is distributed over about 50 to 60 knives. Therefore, the pressure
on any single knife is very small.
For the purpose of obtaining, besides other advantages, also larger grinding
surfaces, the base block A is partly or entirely sunk into the bottom of the trough
of the rag engine (see Figs. 3 and 4). Thereby it is possible, the other dimensions
of the trough being equal, to employ a cylinder of a larger diameter and a saddle
of less height, than hitherto used.
The saddle may even be dispensed with (Fig. 4). This low saddle hinders less,
than a high one, the circulation of the paper.mass in the trough.
To prevent the paper mass already risen to the height of the saddle, from being
raised by the knives or ribs of the cylinder, and to prevent the paper mass, situated
above the saddle, from getting to the side, where the stuff is introduced, in which
case the circulation would cease, the angular bar B, adjustable in perpendicular
and horizontal direction, is applied. Thereby it is also admissible to dispense
entirely with the saddle.
Cylinder. The knives of the cylinder are close together, like the knives of the
base work, so that always a large number of knives dip into the stuff; therefore
the knives may project only a little from the cylinder, without diminishing the
circulation of the paper stuff in the trough. By this means, the consumption of
power is diminished, moreover the knives may be less thick. The rail or packing
plate, situated between any two contiguous knives, is adapted to be reduced
according to the wear of the knives, and also to be replaced by a thinner or thicker
rail for causing the knives to project more or less.
As the base work, also the cylinders may be provided with projecting ribs, either
cast or chiselled, similar to the stones of straw-stuff mills, and of refiners in the
manufacture of cellulose. The cylinder may be made either entirely of stone,—
except the axle,-or only provided with a casing of stone, or metal (Fig. 5).
This casing is composed of stone or metal plates m m, the number of which
.corresponds to the circumference of the cylinder W, which plates are suitably
secured to the cylinder. The wooden boards hh are secured to the discs of the
cylinder by screws or otherwise; subsequently the stone or metal pieces, forming
the casing, are conveniently fixed on the wooden boards. These plates of metal
and stone are furnished with ribs, which are either cast, planed or chiselled and can
be dressed or sharpened again, when worn out by prolonged use. If the whole
body of the cylinder is intended to consist of stone, it is cut out of a solid block,
or composed of several pieces or discs, placed upon the axle and fixed.

page_text: :
With this arrangement of the ground work and cylinder, the fibres are forced to
pass through between the cylinder and ground work, as in consequence of the slight
projecting of the knives or ribs, only minute interstices exist between the knives or
ribs. With the usual arrangement it depended only upon accident, whether and
how many fibres were separated in the rag engine, as by the widely projecting
knives of the cylinder, and the large interstices between the same, the fibrous mass
was thrown off, without coming in contact with the ground work.
By the improved cylinder, the ribs or knives of which project only little from
the cylinder and ground work, a complete dissolution of the fibrous mass may be
obtained, as in a certain measure the edge runner, the straw stuff grinder and the
cellulose refiner are united in the improved rag engine.
This arrangement has also the advantage of allowing the stuff to pass the
grinding surface as often as required, for being reduced to fibres, which causes also
a considerable saving of motive power.
In this arrangement it is also possible to bring the cylinder only in slight contact
with the ground work, whereby the fine fibres are more spared, while only the hard
insufficiently dissolved fibre bundles and knots are reduced to fibres.
Lifting mechanism. By the contrivance represented by Fig. 6, one of which is
placed at each side of the trough, and which are actuated simultaneously by a hand
wheel, the cylinder is raised parallel with its axis and radially to the ground work,
so that the distance of the cylinder from the ground work in any. position of the
cylinder, is always uniform at all points.
Each
The lifting apparatus, illustrated by the drawings, chiefly comprises a hand
wheel a, mounted on a horizontal shaft carrying a pair of endless screws.
screw gears into a worn wheel b, mounted on a shaft c, carrying a bevel wheel d.
The latter gears into another bevel wheel e which is mounted on a screw spindle,
arranged and held in such a manner, that the turning of the screw spindle raises or
lowers the bearing f of the shaft of the engine cylinder along its guides g.
With the arrangement in question, chiefly the lower layers of the mass in the
trough are moved and thereby also the upper parts of the mass.
The mass
therefore cannot settle on the bottom of the trough. For further increasing the
circulation of the paper mass, if required, one or more fan or paddle wheels C with
horizontal axles are arranged in the trough, which wheels are more or less quickly
turned by means of suitable gearing. These fan wheels, the number of revolutions
of which must be adjustable, dip entirely into the paper mass.
The adjustable angle bars T near the fan wheels serve the same purpose as the
bars B for the cylinder.
Owing to this improved arrangement, the pressure of the cylinder on the knife is
very minute, whereby the fibre is more spared, that is to say, the rags etc are more
torn than cut, whereby the stuff becomes much better, more uniform and better
able to felt. Also the grinding or tearing into fibres is effected in a much shorter
time, and less motive power is required.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare, that what
I claim is
In rag-engines or machines for preparing material for the manufacture of paper:
1. A groundwork or engine bed having knives surrounding the cylinder radially
on one tenth to one third of its circumference.
2. A groundwork, formed of suitable stone, or stone or metal plates, having ribs,
forined by chiselling, casting or planing, the said ribs surrounding the engine
ylinder radially on one tenth to one third of its circumference, and serving as a
substitute for the metallic knives.
3. The ground work A sunk into the bottom of the engine trough, and having
nives or ribs, surrounding the cylinder radially.
4. Rag engine cylinders having knives of such a free length and placed at such
distance apart, that no paper stuff can accumulate in the interstices, for the

page_text: purpose of preventing the lifting of the cylinder, ensuring a perfect separation of
the fibres as well as a better circulation and more rapid disintegration of the paper
mass.
5. Rag-engine cylinders, made of stone or provided with a casing of stone or
metal-plates, in which ribs are formed by band cutting, casting or planing, the said
ribs serving as a substitute for the metallic knives and being sharpened or dressed
again, when worn out by use.
6. The lifting mechanism, adapted to raise or lower the cylinder parallel with its
axis and radially to the ground work.
7. The adjustable angular bars B and T.
8. The application of fan- or paddle-wheels C, dipping into the paper mass and
adapted to turn on their horizontal axes with an adjustable speed.
The whole substantially as described and illustrated.