CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS ON MACHINERY FOR MAKING PAPER
Year: 1830

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, THOMAS
BARRATT, of St. Mary Cray, in the County of Kent, Paper Maker, send
greeting.
WHEREAS His present most Excellent Majesty King William the Fourth,
by His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Thirty-first day of August, in the first year of His reign,
did, for Himself, His heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Thomas Barratt, His especial licence that I, the said Thomas Barratt, my
exors, adiñors, and assigns, and such others as I, the said Thomas Barratt, my
exors, adññiors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times during the term of years therein mentioned,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England,
Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "CERTAIN
IMPROVEMENTS ON MACHINERY FOR MAKING PAPER;" in which said Letters
Patent is contained a proviso that I, the said Thomas Barratt, shall cause a
particular description of the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be inrolled in His said Majesty's High
Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after
the date of the said in part recited Letters, as in and by the same, reference
being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Thomas Barratt, do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention, and the
manner in which the same is to be performed, are particularly described and
ascertained by the following description thereof, reference being bed to the

page_text: Drawing hereunto annexed,' and to the figures and letters marked thereon
(that is to say)—
My Invention relates to the combining of certain parts of machinery,
whereby I am enabled to produce what is called writing paper similar to that
which has been made by hand, which paper is usually made from stuff or pulp
containing a greater quantity of water than machine-made or printing paper,
and which is technically called "wet stuff," from the large quantity of water it
contains, has not heretofore been worked into paper by machinery; and by my
improvements I am enabled to make either laid or wove paper therefrom;
and by making use of an endless wire web, prepared as herein-after described,
I am enabled to produce the initials or name of the maker, or any device in
water marks, similar to those produced in hand-made paper.
In order that my Invention may be clearly understood and carried into
effect, I will describe the Drawing hereunto annexed. Fig. 1 represents one of
the bearings of the machine, A, A, being the framings which are suspended
from two beams B, B, by means of screw bolts C, C; one of these framings is
on each side of the machine; Fig. 2 is a side view of the machine shown
separately; and Fig. 3 is a front view of the machine, showing all the parts in
their proper places as suspended in the side framings A, A; the deckles in
this Figure 3 being removed, the more clearly to show the other parts.
Fig. 4 shows a plan of the small rollers which support the endless wire web.
Figure 5 shows some of these rollers separately on a larger scale than is shown
in the other parts of the Drawing for the purpose of showing the angular
bars hereafter to be described, which are placed between the small rollers.
Figure 6 represents part of the endless wire web, having two pieces of paper
thereon, with the water marks representing two makers' names on those parts
of the sheets which are to form one side of the sheets of paper, and two
devices or coats of arms which are to form the other side of the sheets of
paper.
In all these Figures similar letters of reference indicate similar parts
wherever they occur. A, A, as aforesaid, being the framings from which the
machine is suspended; B, B, the beams;--and C, C, the screw-bolts;-D.is.a
hollow shaft set in bearings on each side of the machine at E, which bearings
are fixed. in the framings A, A, (see Fig. 1); F is the driving shaft passing
through the hollow shaft D, and supported in the bearings G, G, on each side
of the machine, which bearings are also affixed to the supporting framing A, A.
H, I, J, K, L, M, N, and O, is the mill work or gcer by which the proper
motion is given to the shaft P, on which shaft P there are two excentrics Q, Q,
affixed for the purpose hereafter to be described. R, R, Figs. 2 and 3,

page_text: represent the side framings of the machine which are strongly bolted together
by the bolts S, running the full width of the machine, and screwed fast by
nuts T, V. Fig. 2 is a gap or slit cut or formed in the upper part of the side
framing R of the machine in which the excentrics Q, Q, turn; and in con-
sequence of the machine being suspended by the hollow shaft D, and keyed.or
otherwise fixed thereto, the revolution of the eccentrics causes the machine to
make a quick vibrating action, which motion I have found particularly adapted
to the forming of paper by machinery. W is a shaft, having bearings X, X,
on each side of the machine affixed to the side framings R, R; on this shaft
W are to be placed two or more rollers or pulleys Y, Y, Y, over which the
deckle straps pass. By this contrivance I am enabled to make one, two, or
more widths of paper at a time in one machine; for instance, by means of
three deckles applied to the rollers or pullies Y, two widths of paper may be
made as represented in Fig. 6, where Z, Z, Z, are the deckle straps, the
middle one dividing the pulp and preventing its being taken on to the endless
web of wire, and thus causing there to be two widths of paper to be continually
making whilst the machine is working, as arranged and represented by the
Drawing; but if only one width is to be formed by the machine, then it will
be necessary to remove the middle deckle and adjust the other two by the
adjusting screws to the width the paper is desired to be made; and if it be
desired to make three widths of paper by the machine, then it will be necessary
to apply a fourth deckle, and adjust the four deckles to the widths required.;.
a, a toothed wheel, which is affixed to the driving shaft F, and receives motion.
therefrom and communicates it by means of the intermediate wheel b to the
wheel c; the intermediate wheel 6 is supported by the projecting bearing from
the side framing R of the machine. The toothed wheel c is affixed to the axis
of the roller fand which is pressed on by the roller g, and by the revolving of
the roller the endles web of wire is continually drawn forwards, and the
film of paper formed on such endles web is pressed between the rollers
f and g, which roller g has a felt around it, and the water which has not
been conducted away before it reaches this point is expressed therefrom by
these rollers, from whence the paper so formed is to be conducted by means of
endless felts (as is usually practised in making lengths of paper by machinery)
to pressing rollers or otherwise, according to the will of the manufacturer; but
in applying such endless felts the rollers upon which they circulate must be
made to travel at such a rate as to take up the paper as fast as it is delivered
out by the rollers f and 9. Fig. 4 represents a plan of the small rollers which
support the endless web of wire, and are about 7/8 of an inch diameter; these
rollers have their bearings on each side of the framing R, R; and I commence

page_text: with placing the first from that nearest the pulp trough, and place each
succeeding one at an increasing distance, beginning with 1/8 of an inch apar
and ending with about 1/2 an inch; and between these small rollers I placed
fixed bars h, h, see Fig. 5, which assist in conducting off the water from the
paper or film of pulp on the endless web of wire, for as the endless web of wire
passes over these rollers and bars the water is taken off by these bars and
rollers. Fig. 6 represents part of the endless web of wire constructed for
what is commonly called foolscap paper, and of that kind which is called
laid paper), that is, having water marks longitudinally throughout its length.
In the Drawing only the longitudinal wires are shown, but in order to
construct an endless web suitable for any description of laid paper it will
be necessary to form such web similar to the webs which have here-
tofore been used for hand-made paper, that is, by having longitudinal
wires similar to those shown at Fig. 6, and then these are to be crossed at
right angels, as is the case with those constructed for making paper by hand,
and thus will lengths of paper be made with water marks, having the
appearance of hand-made or laid paper. On the surface of this endless
web of wire is to be worked the name or other device, as has heretofore
been practised in making webs for hand moulds, and these names or devices
are to be placed at proper distances from each other, so that one shall come
on to each sheet of paper, as is represented in the Drawing, and the paper
formed on the endless wire web so prepared is to be cut into sheets, leaving
one of such names and devices on each sheet; and this I am enabled to do
with great facility, in consequence of the paper as it is made being wound on
to an improved reel, hereafter to be described, whereby all the water marks
are brought over one another on such reel. It will be evident that as the
paper varies in size it will be necessary to have an endless web prepared to
suit the various sizes to be made, and according to the paper which_is_to-be-
made so will be the endless web put into the machine; and in order to allow
of such alteration, and also to adjuct the tension of the endless wire web,
the rollers i, i, may be slided up or down the arms j, j, and fixed in any
position by the screws k, k. I would here observe, that paper may be made
without the name or device, in which case the endless wire web is to be.
made plain; and in order to make wove paper by the machine, then the
endless web of wire is to be formed in the-usual-manner for making such S
paper by machinery.
Having now described the various parts of the machinery for the purpose of
preparing the paper prior to its being cut, the method of..doing which will be.
hereafter, described, I will now describe the action of the various parts,-in

page_text: doing which I will suppose that there is a continued supply of pulp to the trough
by the usual means as applied to making paper by machinery. I will then trace
the motion from the wheel H, which wheel H can be removed and replaced
by an enlarged or adiminish wheel, to suit the velocity of the water wheel
or other power from which it derives its motion. The motion from the wheel
H is communicated to the shaft F by the wheels I, J, and K, and by the
shaft F to the wheel a and L affixed to the end of this shaft F; from L
the motion is communicated to the wheel M, and thence by means of the
square shaft to the wheel N, and thence to the wheel O, which is affixed to
the shaft P, having the execntrics Q, Q, affixed thereon; and the revolution of
this shaft causes the machine to vibrate a length according to the distance at
which the execntrics Q, Q, are set from the centre of the shaft P, and also
according to the distance at which the execntrics Q, Q, are above the shaft D,
by which the machine is suspended; and the distance from which the execntrics
Q. Q, are placed from the shaft D may be adjusted by means of the screws I, I,
which are connected with a sliding frame on each side of the machine which
carries the shaft P, so that by turning the handle m the wheels n, n, n, on
the shaft o will cause the wheels p to revolve, and thus raise or lower the
shaft P, according to the direction in which the handle m is turned; and the
wheels N and O, together with the bearing q, will also be raised or lowered,
the bearing being fixed to the sliding frame, which is raised by the
screws 1, . The motion from the driving shaft F is communicated downward
by means of the toothed wheel a and the intermediate toothed wheel b to the
wheel c, which gives motion to the roller f, which causes the endless wire
web to be drawn forward, and bring with it the
the flap of leather from the trough, and by the
given to the machine by the excentrics Q, Q, and
rollers that support the endless web of wire, that description of paper called
writing paper may be made, and which, as has heretofore been explained,
is made from "wet stuff."
pulp as it is received from
peculiar vibrating motion
the arrangement of small
Having now described the machinery for preparing the paper prior to its
being cut into sheets, in making lengths of paper with water marks thereon,
and as much depends on the cutting of such paper into sheets, so that each
sheet shall contain its proper water mark, and as this would not be the case
were the paper wound around a common reel, for the circumference constantly
increasing in size such reel would lay the water marks in all parts of the
surface thereof, and any cut made for the purpose of cutting the paper into
sheets would not cause the paper to be so separated as to leave the proper
water marks or devices in their places on each sheet of paper, therefore, if

page_text: the common real were used in making paper with water marks or devices
thereon it would be necessary to unwind such paper therefrom, and cut
such paper by successive cuts into separate sheets; but by the use of the
real with my improvements applies thereto, and which I call the contracting
reel, from the circumstance of its contracting at each revolution sufficient
to allow for the thickness of paper wound around it, and whereby the diameter
does not increase, but each succeeding layer of paper is the same length
as the preceding ones, and whereby the water marks of the maker's name or
other devices will be placed over each other, and then a cut being made between
each of such devices will divide the length of paper into sheets, each sheet
having its water marks in their proper places. In addition to this benefit my
improvement may be beneficially used in reeling and cutting other paper,
that is, paper made without water marks or devices, as by such applica-
tion the great waste heretofore experienced in cutting the paper on the old
reels will be avoided. Fig. 1, Sheet 2 of the Drawings, represents an end
view of the reel partly in section; Fig. 2, a longitudinal section thereof; and
Figure 3 shows by dotted lines the manner in which the driving toohed wheels
take into each other, as will be fully described. In each of these Figures the
same figures of reference indicate similar parts; 1 being the main shaft or
axis, having the framing of the wheel or reel 2 affixed, as represented in
Fig. 2. 3, 3, 3, are radiating arms affixed to the end framings 2, 2; and
4, 4, 4, are hollow arms, having a male screw cut thereon; into these hollow
arms 4 the radiating arms 3, 3, 3, slide, whereby the distance of the rails 5, 5, 5,
from the axis 1 is increased or diminished, as hereafter described. 6, 6, 6, are
bevelled toothed wheels, in the naves of which female screws are cut to fit the
male screws on the hollow arms 4, 4, 4. 7, 7, 7, are shafts passing through
the two end framings 2, 2, of the reel, but permitted to turn, yet prevented
being moved laterally by means of pins acting as shoulders against the end
framings 2, 2, of the reel. 8, 8, 8, are bevelled pinions affixed to the
shafts 7, 7, 7; these pinions take into and drive the bevelled wheels 6, 6, 6,
at one half the speed at which they themselves travel, the wheels 6, 6, 6,
having twice as many teeth as the pinions 8, 8, 8. 9, 9, 9, are toothed
wheels affixed one to each of the shafts 7, 7, 7, and these wheels driving
each other and having the same number of teeth, the shafts 7, 7, 7, will
bo all driven at an equal speed; but in consequence of these shafts being
driven by wheels which from taking into each other are caused to turn in
opposite directions, as is indicated by the arrows in Fig. 3, the shafts 7, 7, 7,
will also be driven in opposite directions, and with them the pinions attached
thereto.
This renders it necessary that the screws cut on the hollow

page_text: arms 4, 4, 4, and also in the naves of the wheels 6, 6, 6, should be left
and right handed screws, whereby each of the arms 4, 4, 4, may be contracted
at the same times, which would not be the case were only one kind of screw
to be used; thus, if the first of the wheels 6, 6, 6, which receives motion be
a right-handed screw, then the second must have a left-handed screw, the
third wheel a right, the fourth a left, and so on, which will produce the effect
desired. In case only one kind of screws are used, then it will be necessary
to place the pinions 8, 8, 8, first within the end frames 2, 2, and then without,
and this will produce a similar effect. It will be evident that if motion be
given to the reel, the main axis 1 passing through the pinion 10, and that
pinion being held stationary by pins, or otherwise connected with the framing
which supports the reel, the toothed wheel 11, which is affixed to one of the
shafts 7, 7, 7, will, in consequence of the motion given to the reel, be caused
to turn, and by means of the toothed wheels 9, 9, give motion to the
shafts 7, 7, 7, and by the pinion 8, 8, 8, affixed thereon the wheels 6, 6, 6, will
be caused to turn, and by the screws on the arms 4, 4, 4, and the screws in the
nave of the wheels 6, 6, 6, the rails 5, 5, 5, on which the paper is wound will
be extended or contracted according to the direction in which the real is
turned. In order to use my improved real the rails 5, 5, 5, must be extended
to such a distance from the axis 1 that the distance from the point of one
rail to the point of the next rail shall be equal to the length of the sheets of
paper intended to be made, so that a cut made through at each of the rails will
divide the whole of the paper wound thereon into sheets of an equal size,
which will be the case in consequence of the reel having contracted in size
equal to one thickness of the paper at each revolution. And in order to
adjust the reel to all thicknesses of paper to which it is required to be used, it
will be necessary that the wheels 10 and 11 should be so computed that one
revolution of the reel shall contract it equal to the thickness of the paper
which is winding on such reel, at the same time observing that the reel must
travel only at such a rate as to take up the paper as it has been formed by
the machinery, whether such paper be formed by the machinery herein-before
described or by other machinery. And I declare that although I have described
the machinery as particularly applicable the making what is called writing
paper, yet I do not confine myself to making only that description of paper
therefrom.
Having now described the means of combining the machinery for making
paper, I would have it understood that I lay no claim to the parts separately,
but only claim them when combined according to my improvements; and

page_text: in order that these improvements may he clearly defined and known from
what has heretofore been practised, I declare that my improvements consist,-
First, in suspending the machinery by the shaft or axes D, supported by
framework from above, and producing a tremulous and vibratory motion for
blending the stuff by means of excentrics which are actuated by the shaft F,
and the mill work connected therewith.
Secondly, I claim the application of rollers of a smaller diameter than one
inch, which enables me to conduct off the water more quickly, from the
circumstance of a greater surface coming in contact with the endless wire
web, and conveying off the water therefrom.
Thirdly, I claim the placing of bars or wires between such small rollers,
also for the purpose of taking or carrying off the water from the endless wire
web as it passes in contact with such rollers and bars or wires.
Fourthly, I claim the forming of names or devices on endless webs of wire,
for the purpose of producing water marks on lengths of paper made by
machinery.
And fifthly, I claim the application of additional deckles, as described, for
making two or more widths of paper side by side.
And sixthly, I claim the reel constructed as herein-before described.
And these six particulars constitute my improvements in machinery for 2
making paper.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas Barratt, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-eighth day of February, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and thirty-one.
THOMAS (L.B.) BARRATT.