Improvements in Engines Actuated by the Thermodynamic Energy of Petroleum and similar Combustible Fluids.
Year: 1886

page_text: Date of Application, 6th Apr., 1886.
Complete Left, 1st Jan., 1887.
Complete Accepted, 1st Mar., 1887.
Improvements in Engines Actuated by the Thermodynamic Energy
of Petroleum and similar Combustible Fluids.
1, RICHARD HUTCHINSON, of Nos. 57 and 57a, Outer Templo, in the County of
Middlesex, Practical and Consulting Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this
invention to be as follows:-
My invention relates to an improved method of and apparatus for advantageously
applying the thermodynamic energy of petroleum and similar fluid combustibles to
the task of driving and hauling loads by engine power along ordinary roads, tram,
rail, and other permanent ways, to the propulsion of torpedo boats, river and other
boats and vessels, and to the driving of stationary, portable and other engines.
The first part of my invention relates to the storage of the fluid combustible for the
purpose of my invention. I provide a series of reservoirs or sumall tubes or cylinders
of any convenient length, and of preferably determinate capacity. These are arranged
side by side and fitted with cocks as well as with any other necessary or suitable
apparatus for facilitating the emptying and recharging of them. I propose, also,
according to my invention, to arrange these tubes of combustible within a convenient
water tank for the purpose of keeping the fluid combustible cool and of preventing
evaporation and its consequent dangers.
The second part of my invention relates to the comminution of the fluid com-
bustible, and the mixing thereof with the proper quantity of atmospheric air or other
gas. The necessity of this comminution of the fluid combustible is present whatever
grade of combustible be used. When, however, a petroleum of a high flashing point
is used, its natural readiness to ignite will render it capable of being advantageously
used with a system of feed which would deliver an oil of a lower flashing point into
the cylinder in too gross a condition for ignition to be practicable. According to this
part of my invention I construct a mixing chamber somewhat similar to the cavity of
D
55

page_text: an injector. A number of cones are arranged between which the air supply is forced
while the combustible is fed through the axis of the cones. The cones may be
perforated and the pipe supplying the combustible may be grated.
I may, if convenient or desirable, fix sight feed and registering devices upon the
combustible supply. The governing device for regulating the running of the engine
may be brought to bear upon the supply at any convenient point between the
registering device and the engine cylinder. A non-return valve is fixed at the end
of the cone chamber, to be closed in any convenient way. The valve is pear shaped
and enclosed in a case of a spiral form, whereby the feed split by the point of the
valve is further comminuted and mixed. The above mentioned cones may be
dispensed with when light oils are used, the valve and case sufficing for their com-
minution. The point of delivery into the cylinder may, by producing the supply pipe,
be fixed at or about the axis of the cylinder.
The third part of my invention relates to the special construction of the engine
cylinder or cylinders, according to which the energy developed from any one or more
(succeeding) explosions of combustible mixture within the cylinder can be increased
without increasing the quantity of combustible mixture supplied. I fit within the
working cylinder or cylinders, a loose piston easily movable in or out. So long as
this loose piston is at the point farthest from the working piston, the pressures
generated within the cylinder will be comparatively low. This will then be the
proper position for the loose piston when the engine is to be started. On the other
and the gradual movement of the loose piston forward so as to restrict the cavity of
the cylinder will increase the pressures obtained as well as the power of the engine in
a corresponding degree. Instead of the before mentioned loose piston, I may make
the crank capable of being moved backwards and forwards for the same purpose as
the piston above described, or its throw may be made capable of differentiation.
I may use a special pump for feeding the working cylinder, and the cylinder of this
pump is fitted with a loose piston such as the one described above. This is for the
purpose of increasing the compression of the charge, and dispenses with the necessity
of the one in the working cylinder. The injection of a highly compressed charge into
a low pressure cylinder will cool the latter, as well as any residue from the previous
explosion. When I use a feed pump, as just mentioned, I naturally secure one
explosion to every revolution of the crank shaft, instead of to every two only as is
necessarily the case when the working piston has to discharge the function of a
suction pump and feed its own cylinder. The cranks of the two cylinders are placed
relatively to each other so that whilst the pump is injecting into the working or
power cylinder, the exhaust port of the latter is a little open for the purpose of
Hushing the cylinder.
A reservoir to be charged by the engine with a high pressure charge for starting
the engine with, may be employed.
The fourth part of my invention relates to an improved method of lighting the
compressed charge of combustible in the power cylinder. I use electricity as the
lighting agent when light oils are used, and arrange for the spark to be produced
preferably close against the point of delivery of combustible into said cylinder. I use
a small dynamo which charges an accumulator. Circuit is made by proper contact
pieces on the crank shaft, or other convenient moving part of the engine. To prevent
non-production of spark, the accumulator is always kept charged at constantly a high
tension. With a high pressure charge of combustible mixture entering the working
cylinder from the reservoir described under the third part of this invention, and
circuit made, my engine would be self-starting. When heavy oils are used I use a
metal tube blind at its outer end and communicating with the interior of the cylinder.
The outer portion of the tube is kept at a sufficiently high temperature to ignite
the compressed charge which is admitted thereto at the proper moment in any
convenient way.
The fifth part of my invention relates to the intermediate gearing by which the
power of the crank is brought to bear.
I propose according to my invention to interpose single double treble or higher

page_text: power gearing, any or all of them, between the crank shaft and the first shaft or
wheel to be driven. These gears are mounted so that any or all can be brought into
operation, and additional gears are provided to obviate the necessity of reversing the
engine. These intermediate gears may be used in conjunction with the loose movable
plug (or piston) or substitute devices described above as constituting the fourth part
of this invention. As engines constructed according to my invention are not easily
reversed, I prefer to have them always running in one direction, and arrange for any
reversal of motion which may be required, by interposing in the line of gearing any
suitable and well-known reversing device.
To prevent the inconvenience of repeated stoppings and startings at short distances
apart, I use friction gearing, one member of which can be taken out of gear, to
prevent the transmission of the power of the engine. Both for this purpose, as well
as for the reversing gear above mentioned, friction wheels are preferable to toothed
wheeels.
I also propose according to my invention to use levers, the fulera of which are
beyond their centre (measuring from the power cylinder) for the purpose of concen-
trating the energy of the latter. The ends of the levers are connected by suitable
links to, respectively, the cranks or dises, driving and to be driven.
I wish it to be distinctly understood that according to my invention I make the last
connection, i.c., the connection between the last member of my intermediate gearing
and the driving wheel, eg, of a locomotive or of a tram-car, not on the axle of the
wheel but as close as possible to its periphery.
The mechanism I prefer according to my invention for regulating the supply of
combustible to the mixing chamber outside the limits of the power of the governor
consists of a cock the plug of which has a cavity cut in it of a proper size for the
quantity of combustible required for each ignition. This plug is rotated by a link or
ratchet mechanism actuated by the engine. In combination with the cock I use a
counter of suitable construction to register the amount of combustible used, and there
may be in addition, a sight feed in the supply pipe.
RICHARD HUTCHINSON.

page_text: of Petroleum and similar Combustible Fluids.
1, RICHARD HUTCHINSON, Practical and Consulting Engineer of 57 and 57° Outer
Temple Strand, London, W.C. do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in
what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement:—
My invention relates to improved method of and apparatus for advantageously
applying the thermodynamic energy of petroleum and similar fluid combustibles to
the task of driving engines and hauling loads along ordinary roads tram rail and
other permanent ways, to river or marine propulsion and to the driving of machinery
generally.
The first part of my invention relates to the storage of the liquid combustible for
the purpose of my invention-I provide a series of reservoirs or small tubes or
cylinders of any convenient length and determinate capacity-These are arranged side
by side and connected by cocks and fitted with any necessary appliances to facilitate
emptying and recharging.
I propose also according to my invention to arrange these tubes of combustible
within a convenient water tank for the purpose of keeping the fluid combustible cool
and of preventing evaporation and its consequent dangers.
The second part of my invention relates to the comminution of the liquid com-
bustible and the mixing thereof with the the proper quantity of atmospheric air or
other gas The necessity of this comminution of the liquid combustible is present
whatever grade of combustible be used-When, however a petroleum of a high
flashing point is used its natural readiness to ignite will enable it to be used with a
system of feed which would deliver an oil of a lower flashing point into the cylinder
in two gross a condition for ignition to be practicable-According to this part of my
invention I construct a mixing chamber somewhat similar to the cavity of an injector.
A number of cones are arranged between which the air supply is forced while the
combustible is fed through the axis of the cones-The concs may be perforated and
the pipe supplying the combustible may be grated.
I may if convenient or desirable fix a sight-feed and registering device upon the
combustible supply-The governing device for regulating the running of the.engine
may be brought to bear upon the supply at any convenient point between the
registering device and the engine cylinder-A non return valve is fixed at the end of
the cone chamber to be closed in any convenient way--This valve is pear shaped and
enclosed in a case of a spiral form whereby the feed split by the point of the valve is
further comminuted and mixed.
The above mentioned cones may be dispensed with when light oils are used the
valve and case suflicing for their commi sution-The point of delivery into the

page_text: cylinder may be, by producing the supply pipe be fixed at or about the axis of
the cylinder.
The third part of my invention relates to the special construction of the cylinder of
the engine according to which the energy developed from any one or more succeeding
explosions of combustible mixture within the cylinder can be increased without
increasing the quantity of combustible mixture supplied. 1 fit within the working
cylinder or cylinders a loose piston easily movable in or out. So long as this piston
is at the point farthest from the working piston the pressures generated within the
cylinder will be comparatively low. This will be the proper position for the loose
piston when the engine is to be started-On the other hand the gradual movement of
the loose piston forwards so as to restrict the cylinder cavity will increase the
pressures obtained and the power of the engine in a corresponding degree-Instead of
the before mentioned loose piston 1 may make the crank capable of being moved
backwards and forwards for the same purpose as the piston above described, or its
throw may be differentiated.
I may use a special pump for feeding the working cylinder and the cylinder of
this pump is fitted with a loose piston as the one described above this is for the
purpose of increasing the compression of the charge and dispenses with the necessity
of the one in the working cylinder. The injection of a highly compressed charge
into a low pressure cylinder will cool the latter as well as any residue from the
previous explosion-When I use a feed pump as just mentioned I naturally secure
one explosion to every revolution of the crank shaft instead of to every two only as is
necessarily the case when the working piston has to discharge the function of a
suction pump and feed its own cylinder.
The cranks of the two cylinders are placed relatively to each other so that whilst
the pump is injecting into the working or power cylinder the exhaust parts of the
latter is a little open for the purpose of flushing said cylinder.
A reservoir to be charged by the engine with a high pressure charge for starting
the engine which may be employed.
The fourth part of my invention relates to an improved method of lighting the
compressed charge of combustible in the power cylinder. I use electricity as the
lighting agent when light oils are used and arrange for the spark to be produced
preferably close against the point of delivery into said cylinder. I use a small
dynamo which charges an accumulator. The circuit is made by proper confact pieces
on the crank shaft or other convenient moving part of the engine.
To prevent nonproduction of spark the accumulator is always kept charged at
constantly a high tension-With a high pressure charge ready for entering the
working cylinder on a valve being opened and circuit made, my engine would be self
starting. When heavy oils are used I use a metal tube closed at its outer end and
communicating with the interior of the cylinder. The outer portion of the tube is
kept at a sufficiently high temperature to ignite the compressed charge which is
admitted thereto at the proper moment in any convenient way.
The fifth part of my invention relates to transmitting the power--the intermediate
gearing by which the power of the crank is brought to bear.
I propose according to my invention to interpose single double and treble or
higher power gearing between the crank shaft and the first shaft or wheel to be
driven.
These gears are mounted so that any or all can be brought into operation and
additional gears are provided to obviate the necessity of reversing the engine-These
intermediate gears may be used in conjunction with the movable plugs or substitute
devices as constituting described in the fourth part of this invention.
As engines constructed according to my invention are not easily reversed I always
have them running in one direction and arrange for any reversal of motion which may
be required by interposing in the line of gearing any suitable and well known
reversing device.
To prevent the inconvenience of repeated stoppings and startings at short distances
apart I use a line of friction gearing one member of which is taken out of gear to

page_text: prevent the transmission of the power of the engine and put into gear again to
connect the driving gear with the engine. Both for this purpose as well as for the
reversing gear above mentioned friction wheels are preferable to toothed wheels.
I also propose according to my invention to use levers the fulcrums of which are
beyond their centre (measuring from the cylinder of the engine) for the purpose of
concentrating the energy of the latter-The ends of the levers are connected by
suitable connecting rods or links respectively to the cranks or dises driving and to be
driven.
I wish it to be distinctly understood that according to my invention I make the
last connection i.e. the connection between the last member of my intermediate gearing
and the driving wheel e.g. of a locomotive or of a tram car not on the axle of the wheel
but as close as possible to its periphery.
In order that my Invention may be most fully understood and readily carried into
effect, I will proceed to describe the drawings hereunto annexed.
Fig. 1. is a plan Fig. 2 an elevation of an Engine constructed according to my
Invention.
Fig. 3. is a vertical and Fig. 4 a horizontal section on an enlarged scale of my
atomizer and mixing chamber. Fig. 5 is a plan partly in section Fig. 6. an elevation
likewise partly in section and Fig. 7 a transverse section of an Engine constructed
according to the third part of my Invention.
Fig. 8. is a vertical section of an atomizer or mixing chamber for use with oil
petroleum of a medium gravity Fig. 9 is a section of part of a cylinder and pump
constructed according to the third part of my Invention."
Fig. 9 shows the method of lighting by electricity.
Fig. 10. is a section of a tube externally heated for the purpose of igniting the
charge within the working cylinder or the same means may be effected by Electricity
according to the fourth part of my Invention.
Fig. 11. is an elevation of Engine constructed according to the third part of my
Invention mounted upon a car bogie and is attached to the passenger car as shewn in
Fig. 18.
Fig. 12 &c. is an elevation of a tank or tanks shewing the method of storing the
petroleum constructed according to the first part of my Invention. Figs. 13. 14. 16.
17. 18 and 19. show various plans elevations and Diagrams of Gearing constructed for
and to operate with the combined action of the varying pressures in the working
cylinders whereby inclines and steep gradients are conveniently ascended and Fig. 16
shows a diagram of a Driving Wheel of a Tram Car or Locomotive geared with the
last member of a train of gearing constructed according to the fifth part of my
Invention. Fig. 14 is an elevation of a Tram Car disconnected from the Motor.
Fig.15 is an elevation of same connected. Fig. 20 is a plan showing a method of
moving both loose pistons or plugs simultaneously in both cylinder and pump,
Fig. 20 is a section of a tube used for heating heavy oils or creosote. Fig. 21 is
an elevation of an Engine mounted upon a carriage suitable for traction road or
agricultural purposes shewing the method of storing the petroleum by horizontal tubes.
Fig. 22 is an elevation shewing the application to a Fire Engine of the petroleum
Motor and the method of storing the petroleum. Fig. 23 is a transverse vertical
section of a Torpedo or other boat or ship shewing the application of the petroleum
Motor driving a single screw propeller with reversing and varying gear and method
of storing the petroleum constructed according to the first and third part of my
Invention Fig. 24 is a longitudinal section of Ship or Boat fitted with a horizontal
Engine according to my Invention in which the crank shaft is vertical and a special
arrangement of reversing with hevel wheels is shewn and the method of storing the
petroleum according to the first third and fifth part of my Invention. Fig. 25 is a
plan of a Ship or Boat shewing the application of the petroleum Motor in a vertical
position driving twin screws and the method of storing the petroleum.
Fig. 26 is an arrangement where levers and connecting rods are used to connect.
the driving and driven shafts according to the fifth part of my Invention. Fig. 27 is
an elevation of top of Atomizer mixing chamber and spreader.

page_text: Fig. 28 is plan of an Engine constructed according to the third part of my
Invention designed for utilizing the closed end of the pump for further expanding the
pressure after the combustion has taken place in the working cylinder adopted and for
use with crude petroleum or heavy oils.
Fig. 29 is a vertical section of a pump or measuring device whereby the exact
quantity of petroleum is delivered into the Atomizer or cylinder at each cycle of
operation, this quantity being variable at will by means of the screw plug and hand
wheel as shown.
A special feature in this Invention is to use a highly compressed charge of
petroleum and air and this high compression casily controlled and varied according to
the power required and thereby obtaining greater tractive force or power with equal
expenditure of petroleum this high compression enables me to use an inferior quality
of petroleum than hitherto.
Figs. 11. 12. 14. 21. 22. 23. 24 and 25 show the arrangement and method of
storing the petroleum and similar combustible fluids such storage in tubes or cylinders
prevents evaporation and consequent danger of premature explosion especially when
used in connection with Tram Cars Locomotives Boats &c. and applied to and
operating with a petroleum Engine according to the first part of my Invention.
I arrange a series of Reservoirs small cylinders or tubes connected at the ends by
cocks and other appliances suitable for drawing off and recharging as required for the
working of the Engines--I sometimes fill smaller tubes or cylinders from the larger
ones in order to keep the petroleum distributed in small quantities and yet have
sufficient in each tube for a fixed distance run or hours of work by this method I get
the full strength of petroleum when admitted to the working cylinders.
1 do not confine myself to any cycle of operation of the Engines as this may be
varied to suit the iractive force required for different circumstances. Fig. 1. and 2
A is the cylinder of a horizontal single acting petroleum Engine in which the air
enters the month C of the Atomizer or mixing chamber B (Figs. 3 and 4) where
mixing with the inflammable vapour or spray coming from the pipe D and the
nozzle E it is drawn or forced through the cones between the valve G and its
seating and through the cage or Spreader H into the cylinder during the whole
outstroke of the piston, Upon the return siroke the valve G falls into its seat and
the whole charge of mixture is compressed into the space left between the piston and
the moveable plug which is attached to the screw I and hand wheel K whereby it is
moved the mixture being ignited either by means of an electric spark or by a heated
tube pressure is obtained and the piston is forced to the end of its stroke during this
next outstroke of the piston when this is completed the exhaust valve contained in
the Bend I is lifted by the action of the bend lever M which is actuated by a cam N
upon the Spindle O which is driven by a pair of bevel wheels P one of which is upon
the crank Shaft-This exhaust valve remains open during the whole of the next
introke of the piston whereby the exhaust products of combustion escape into the
exhaust pipe R. The chamber S may be used in cases where heavy or stiff oil or
other inflammable material is used. The exhaust from the cylinder can be conducted
to this chamber by means of the pipe T and after heating the Atomizer leaves the
chamber by the pipe U.
In Figs. 5. 6 and 7 is shown an engine according to the third part of my invention
in which an explosion is obtainable at each revolution of the crank shaft. This is
effected by the use of a second cylinder or pump containing a piston d which draws
in the mixture of air and petroleum vapor or spray or air only, and compressing it
forces it through the passage and the valve into the working cylinder a whereby
the expansion in the larger cylinder cools the walls thereof where it is ignited either
by means of an electric spark or a heated tube as hereinafter described and pressure
being obtained in the cylinder the piston c is forced out and propels the crank shaft
when this piston has reached nearly to the end of its stroke it uncovers a port in
the side of the cylinder which communicates with the exhaust pipe h and thence
passes to the atmosphere or a condenser this reduces the pressure in the cylinder, and
the smaller piston being nearly close to the end of the pump and the mixture or

page_text: air contained therein thereby compressed strongly the pressure lifts the valve and the
mixture or air passes into the larger cylinder a. By expanding cools the walls thereof
driving out the remaining exhaust products of combustion through the exhaust port y
until the piston again covers it. By this time the cylinder is filled with mixture
and the piston continuing its back stroke compresses it closing the valve / and
producing a great pressure in the cylinder. When the back stroke is completed the
ignition is effected pressure results and the work is done as before until the exhaust
port is again uncovered.
Fig. 8 shows a section of an Atomizer or mixing chamber for use with either this
or the preceding form of Engine in cases in which a light and easily volatilized oil is
used. No chamber for allowing the heated exhaust to circulate round the Atomizer is
here shewn but it can be added if necessary where heavy oils are used as before
mentioned and to be hereinafter more fully described.
The moveable plug or piston R which is moved by the screw 1. and the band
wheel K is used for the purpose for varying the degree of compression in the Cylinder
previous to ignition of the charge. In Figs. 5. 6 and 7 a piston or plug of this
description is shewn in both Cylinder and pump Fig. 9 shews a horizontal section of
an engine of the same description in which the pump only has a moveable plug and
the working cylinder has none as shewn.
In Fig. 20 (Sheet 5) an arrangement is shewn where both pump and Cylinder have
these moveable plugs for moving both by one operation where the hand wheel moves
a bevel pinion which operates, a second placed on a small horizontal Spindle which in
turn moves a pinion fixed upon each nut of the screws 1 and when this hand wheel is
moved both screws and consequently both pistons simultaneously gear.
Fig. 10 shews a lighting device which can be used in place of an electric spark.
Here is a small tube which tube may be lengthened or shortened as desired
communicating directly with the interior of the Cylinder. The tube is surrounded
by a case or chimney and the tube is kept heated by a Bünsen or ordinary burner o
which burner may be moved up and down to suit variations of pressure. When the
pressure in the Cylinder reaches to its maximum point a portion of the mixture is
forced up into the heated part of the tube, is ignited and effects the combustion of the
whole charge.
Fig. 11 show the application of one of these engines to a Car for use on a fram or
or railway. The crank shaft and the short intermediate Shaft 2 have upon them
two pairs of friction or spur gearing wheels 3 and 4 arranged in such a manner that
the changing of the pair in work varies the ratio of speed between the motor crank
Shaft 1 and the short intermediate shaft 2 so that two (or by the addition of other
wheels) three or more speeds can be obtained without varying the speed of Motor.
These wheels 5. 6 and 7 show a mode of reversing. The two wheels 5 and 6 are
running in a frame 8 which is moveable by means of lever 9 and rod 10.
This frame is hinged upon the short intermediate Shaft 2 and upon a bracket upon
the other side with a pin of coincident centre. There are three positions of the lever 9
in the middle or vertical position both wheels are out of gear and the motor is
running whilst the Car is motionless.
When the lever is moved in one direction the wheel 5 (which is always in with
gear
wheel 4) is also gearing with wheel 1 on intermediate shaft 11 and wheel 6 running
idle at the time and the car by means of wheels 12 and 13 is caused to procced
forward.
When the lever 9 is moved in the contrary direction the wheel 5 (still remaining
geared with Wheel 4) is pushed out of gear with wheel 7 and wheel 6 is pushed into
gear with wheel 7 and as before by means of wheels 12 and 13 the motor propels the
car, but in an opposite direction from the former case by means of the introduction
into the working system of the previously idle wheel Wheels 13, 13 are cast or
otherwise rigidly attached to the driving wheels of the Car.
In figure 11 and 12 is also shown the mode of storing the petroleum or other
volatile and inflammable oils. 14 shows a tank (broken away at the Cylinder end of
engine to show tubes) in which are a series of tubes 16 (here shewn vertically but can

page_text: be arranged otherwise). These tubes which are connected to the Atomizer or pump
by means of pipes and cocks contain the petroleum or other material to be used and
these tubes are contained in a Tank which may or may not be filled with water which
said water can be used for cooling the Cylinder to render safer the use of a light and
casily inflammable oil. In this case the tank is shewn surrounding the engine on
three sides leaving the Cylinder end of engine open for easy access by the driver.
Between these fanks and the Engine any convenient measuring device can be fixed
such as Cocks on a pump shewn at Fig. 29 Sheet 6.
I have found it advantageous when I use very crude petroleum or creosote to warm
the material in order to allow of a free flow to the Atomizer or mixing chamber.
For this purpose instead of surrounding the storage pipe or tube with water I cause
the exhaust to pass round the tube as shown at Fig. 20 Sheet the exhaust passing
in at one end of the bent pipe 86 and out at the other-The internal tube 85
containing the crude petroleum, creosote, or other inflammable material is conducted
to the before mentioned Atomizer or mixing chamber by a continuation of this tube
shown broken off at 87.
Fig. 12 shews an alternative mode of storing in a tube of a spiral form 17 with a
Cock 18 for connecting with Atomizer. This is contained in a tank or circular or
other form. It will be readily understood that these tanks may be made of the form
most suitable to the particular Car Locomotive or other Motor to which it is to be
applied but a form in which both vertical and horizontal tubes are used is shown at 20
(Fig. 14) and in boats which is an illustration of a Car 21 containing a Motor and
fanks (as shown) Fig. 11 disconnected from the accompanying passenger or other
Car 22. The means of Coupling are shown at 23 and 24 where the Car 22 is slightly
elevated by a screw jack as shewn whilst the nuts on 23 and 24 are removed and the
motor Car 21 run back clear. Fig. 15 (Sheet 4) shows the same cars connected and
coupled ready for work.
Fig. 16 shews a diagram of positions of wheels 12 and 13 in which 13 is the wheel
cast or rigidly attached to the fram rail or road driving wheels. The bearings of these
wheels being moveable in horn plates with springs allows of their vertical motion
within the limits of the lines 25 and 26 whilst wheels 13 are still in gear with wheels
12 which pair of wheels are keyed upon the intermediate shaft 11 the bearings of
which are rigidly attached to the frame of the bar.
Figs. 17 and 18 shews an alternative method of varying the speed and reversing the
direction of rotation of the intermediate shaft 11 which carries wheels 12 and drives
wheels 13 and thereby the rail or tram wheels-The Bevel wheels 26 and 27 run
loosely upon the Shaft 2 but having Couplings 30 and 31 cast upon the face of each
wheel which can be connected with and gripped by the Coupling 32 which slides
upon a feather on the Shaft 2 by means of the lever 33. 28 is a bevel wheel running
loosely upon a fixed pin upon the Bracket 29 but gearing with both 26 and 27. The
power is communicated from the Motor Crank Shaft 1 by means of a pair of friction
or spur wheels to the wheel 26 which is always running when the Motor is working
when the sliding clutch 32 is pushed into grip with clutch 30 on this wheel the shaft 2
revolves directly with the wheel, wheels 28 and 27 running idle-When however
the Clutch 32 is pushed into position shewn on drawing (Fig. 17) that is in grip with
Clutch 31 on wheel 27 leaving wheel 26 free from grip the wheel 26 then drives
pinion 28 which in turn drives wheel 27 and the Clutch 31 on this wheel being in grip
with Clutch 32 the shaft 2 is carried round in the same direction as wheel 27 which is
obviously in the opposite direction from before when it was driven by wheel 30 a
reversal of direction is thus obtained; and the other part of this mechanism is an
alternative method of varying the speed of the Car more especially suitable for
application in cases where it necessary or advisable to couple the mechanism for
moving the loose plugs or pistons to the gear for varying in such a manner that the
motion of one hand wheel either reduces the speed and closes up the moveable plug or
plugs for ascending gradients &c. or increases the speed and slacks back the plugs or
pistons when greater speeds can be obtained on levels or descending gradients.
Revolving freely upon shaft 2 but supported by bearings and brackets 36 and 37
B

page_text: independent of the shaft are two discs 34 and 35 with annular rings having grooves
47, 47 in their outside faces and upon their inside faces internal spur gearing. The
Grooves 47 are utilized to hold brake blocks 49 fixed upon a band 48. The internal
spur gearing gears with a pinion 41, 41 which pinion turns upon a pin 43 fixed in one
of two discs 44, 45 connected by sleeve 46 which also revolve freely upon shaft 2.
Keyed rigidly upon shaft 2 are two pinions 38, 39 of different sizes which gear into
pinions 41, 41 and 40, 40. The lever 50 is connected with each end of the brake
hands running in grooves 47, 47, in such a manner that when one brake band grips
disc 35 disc 34 is liberated and allowed to run loose. The operation of this is as
follows. Brake band on disc 35 being tight and that on dise 34 loose. The pinions
38, 39 being fast upon shaft 2 and revolving with it pinion 39 causes pinions 4.1 to
revolve and these pinions gearing into to the annular internal toothed Gear which
ring of gear is gripped and held fast by brake band the pinions 41 41 carried forward
the pins 45, 43 and with them the disc 45 on the other hand the disc 34 being loose
revolves freely in bearing 36 and thus affords no hold for the teeth of pinions 40 40
consequently the speed proper to the ratio of wheels 39 and 41 are communicated from
Shaft 2 to sleeve 46 from which power can be taken. Had the brake band on disc 34
been tightened instead of 35 the same result would have followed as before but the
ratio of the pinions 38 and 40 differing from that of pinions 39 and 41 a different
speed is obtained on sleeve 46 from whence power is taken.
It is obvious that the levers 50 controlling the Brakes can be attached to a treadle
or foot lever (as shewn in Fig. 21) and this treadle be operated by the drivers foot or
they (levers 50) can be connected to the wheel operating the moveable plugs or
pistons as shewn in Figs. 20 and 21 so that the one operation varies the speed and
closes or opens the plugs or pistons as before described.
Fig. 19, shows the form of friction gearing preferred when that system is used and
counts of a series of V shaped grooves as shown.
The Frictional Gearing by which power is transmitted from the petroleum motor
to the Driving wheels according to the fifth part of my Invention may be arranged in
various manners. Instead of causing the Friction wheels to act on the driving wheels
as described they may be either cylindrical or may be, provided with one or more
V shaped grooves also Flat or Grooved Friction dises pressed together laterally or
Friction cones or Tapered Friction cones Expanding Friction sheaves or other
similar Frictional Gearing may be applied such as is used with crabs Jib and
travelling cranes &c.
I therefore wish it to be understood that I do not claim any special form of the
said Gearing for the said purpose the essential feature of this part of my Invention
being the application of any kind of gearing for transmitting power from the
petroleum motor to the driving wheels of the Locomotive or tram car as thereby
incans are provided for stopping reversing and varying the speed of the Locomotive
Tram Cars &c. and for starting it while the petroleum Motor is kept constantly
working with the same direction of rotation and one of the most essential features of
this Invention in connection with this Gearing is that the varying compression plugs
in the Cylinders and the power Gearing are worked simultaneously. The compression
plugs in the Cylinders advanced to give higher compression and the lever shifted in
connection with the gearing so as to put in Gear the more powerful motion thus I
obtain a higher compression of the charge in the Cylinders which means after ignition
of the charge a more powerful explosion or combustion of the mixture than before the
plugs were advanced this combined and operating with the double or treble acting
gearing the last member of such gearing being applied to the geared driving wheels
of the Locomotive Tram Cars or other Vehicle enables me to ascend inclines and
steep gradients more easily, acting according to the fourth and fifth part of my
Invention.
For the purpose of allowing the petroleum Motor to be applied to existing tramway
carriages where the available space is but limited it has been found advantageous to use
expanding friction couplings in combination with Spur wheels Gearing direct with
the Geared driving wheels of the Locomotive tram Car or Road Vehicle.

page_text: The arrangements for reversing the motion of the Carriage or Locomotive is as
follows-On the intermediate shaft there are two loose bevel wheels gearing with a
third bevel wheel which turns freely on a fixed pivot. Between the wheels à Sleeve
slides on the Shaft provided at this point with a feather-The said Sleeve acts on one
or the other of the expanding friction couplings-According as it is pushed to the
right or the left whereby either one or other of the wheels is caused to be driven by
the Shaft. If the Coupling of the bevel Wheel which is attached to the Wheel
gearing with the wheel on the driving shaft is acted upon by the sleeve the Carriage
Locomotive or iramcar will be propelled in one direction. The wheels meanwhile
turn loose on the Shaft and the pivot respectively-When however the sleeve is
pushed the other way one wheel is coupled to the Shaft and drives the other wheel by
means of d in contrary direction so that the Motion of the Locomotive iram car or
carriage is reversed. In its central position the sleeve keeps both couplings
disengaged whereby the carriage is stopped.
In combination with the before described reversing Gear-1 use a nest of Gearing
for the purpose of varying the speed of the Locomotive tram car or carriage and these
varying speeds are worked in conjunction with the varying powers of the combustible
mixture of petroleum and air or similar fluids by the forward action of the loose piston
or plug acting simultaneously with the varying speeds of Gearing.
Upon the Main or Counter Shaft or intermediate Shaft I fit a Drum having at each
end a flanged disc provided with two pins each carrying a spur wheel-These wheels
gear into annular or internally toothed wheels mounted in separate bearings or
arranged in any suitable manner to turn independently of the Shaft. Around the
outside of the said annular wheels I fit brake bands attached to suitable levers to be
worked in such a manner that when either one of the said annular wheels is clipped
and held fast the other is released-and allowed to revolve.
In connection with the spur wheels mounted upon the aforesaid pins I fit two
pinions upon the main engine shaft or the Counter shaft that gears with pinions into
the Geared driving Wheels, these pinions are of different diameters and arranged in
such a manner that when either of the said annular wheels is held by the brake the
pinion on the shaft acting through the wheels will cause the disc and Dram to rotate
but when the said annular wheel is released from the brake the said pinion will
cause the rotation of the same without moving the disc.
-
When the annular wheel with which the smaller pinion is geared is held fast a slow
speed of the Drum is obtained and when the annular wheel with which the large pinion
is in connection is held fast a quicker speed of the Drum is obtained thus a slow speed
for starting or for running up inclines and a quicker speed for running on levels may
be obtained as desired.
Fig. 21 shows an Engine constructed according to my invention applied to a
Locomotive Car suitable for road Traction hauling and agricultural purposes. On this
Car the storage is shewn parily in vertical and partly in horizontal tubes.
Fig. 22 shews the same as applied to a fire engine in which the traction can be
effected by horses in the usual manner and the motor used only for pumping purposes
or the motor can be utilized for both locomotion and pumping.
Fig. 23 shews a method of applying a petroleum engine to work the screw shaft of
a Ship or boat-The engine in this case is a vertical one.
Fig. 24 is an arrangement where a special form of Engine is used say where the
crank shaft is vertical thus enabling a convenient means of varying and reversing speed
to be applied as shewn.
Fig. 25 is a view of a Vertical engine applied to move twin screws.
Fig. 26 is a mode of connecting the motor shaft I to intermediate Shaft 2 and thence
to intermediate shaft 11 by means of levers.
The intermediate Shaft 2 is double cranked 51 and 52 each of which cranks moves a
connecting rod 53 and 54 which rods each moved one of a pair of levers 55 fulcrumed
on pin 56.
At the ends of these levers are other connecting rods 57 and 58 connected
with Cranks 59 and 60 on the intermediate shaft 11. These cranks are set at different
angles as shewn and consequently when shaft 2 is revolved the levers 55 are caused to

page_text: rock on the pins 56 and the connecting rods 57 and 58 being thrust moves the
cranks 59 and 60 on the intermediate (or in the case of a Ship or boat) or screw
shaft 11. 61 is a portion of the fly wheel broken off to shew gear.
Fig. 27 is an elevation of top of Atomizer and Cage containing valve. This Cage
is made of strips 61 and 62 with narrow openings disposed spirally so as to spread ilie
vapor or spray which gives a twirling or twisting motion to the mixture after it has
passed through the Valve on its way into the Cylinder or pump. Thus the liquid
Petroleum is resolved into the finest possible atoms and held in suspension by the air
when introduced into the working Cylinder 68 is a screw for altering the rise and fall
of valve which is here shown pear shaped but may be of any other convenient form
without departing from the essence of this invention.
Fig. 28 is a plan of a double cylinder engine constructed according to the third part
of my Invention in which the front end of the second Cylinder or pump has been
closed by a cover through which the Piston Rod 67 works-Its practical effect is as
follows when the main piston 64 has reached nearly the end of its working stroke
the valve 68 being moved by its rod and a cam upon the Crank shaft opens the
passage 74 and allows the heated exhaust at a high pressure to escape partially into the
front (closed) end of pump Cylinder this being previously partially filled with air or
a weak mixture this is heated or ignited and expansion follows assisting the motion and
increasing the power of the engine materially-The air or weak mixture is drawn into
the pump through the Automatic Valve 72 hung loosely on the cover. The other end
of the pump and the main Cylinder and piston act in the usual way as before described
in connection with Sheet 2 69 being the Automatic valve and passage 70 the air and
Petroleum or gas valve as before described 75 is the connecting Rod of the Main
piston and 76 the exhaust pipe the passage to which is opened by the slide valve 68
before mentioned I sometimes use as shown in this figure 28 a second piston 84 which
is loose in the working Cylinder. The object of which is to expand the charge after
ignition in the following manner The charge upon ignition between the loose piston 84
and the piston 64 (which is connected to the crank Shaft) drives one forward and
the other backward compressing the air between the loose Piston 84 and the moveable
plug or piston which is moved by the screw and hand wheel shewn and the pressure
of the air in this space can be varied by moving the plug or piston backwards or
forwards by means of such hand wheel and screw. After the pressure of expansion
has been reduced below the pressure in the space between the loose piston 84 and the
moveable plug or piston the pressure of air in this space forces the loose piston
forward and clears the Cylinder of the products of combustion. The petroleum and
air is then again introduced between the loose piston and the working piston which is
connected. to the Crank driving them apart and the Cycle of operation is repeated-
This pressure can be varied by means of the moveable plug or piston and the screw
and hand wheel according to the third part of my Invention.
Fig. 29 is a pump or measuring device for the purpose of sending exactly the same
quantity of petroleum or other combustible to the Atomizer mixing chamber or
Cylinder at each Cycle of revolution Here 78 is the pump body 79 the plunger
actuated from the Crank Shaft 80 is the supply pipe from the tubes where the com-
bustible is stored 8.1 the pipe which delivers the required quantity to the Atomizer
mixing chamber or cylinder 82 is a screw plug (adjustable by hand wheel 83) by
means of which the quantity delivered at each cycle can be varied at pleasure or by a
Governor The Plunger 79 on rising and uncovering the mouth of supply pipe 80
allows the pump to be filled. The descent of the plunger forces ont the required
quantity through the delivery pipe SL This quantity can be varied by means of the
plug 82 and hand wheel 83 according to the second part of my invention.
I sometimes dispense with the heated tube for igniting as shewn in Fig. 10 and
therewith described and use the device shewn in Figs. 7 and 9" (Sheet 2) where a
resistance coil 94 is placed in the cylinder as shewn in Figs. 7 and 9" (Sheet 2) the
leads 93. 93 passing through easily removable insulators 92. 92 to and from the
coil 94 and a constant current is sent through from the accumulators so that there are
no doints, the current passing right through and back to the accumulator similar to an

page_text: incandescent lamp filament-In order to use this electric resistance coil at various
pressures and for the purpose of varying the time of ignition acting in conjunction
with the moveable plug, I adopt the following method according to the fourth part
of my invention. A tube 89 as shewn in Fig. 9" is inserted at any part of the
Cylinder 88 or other suitable place where the pressure will enter the tube. The
resistance coil 94 is placed at the end and inserted in an easily removeable cap 90 At
this end is the resistance coil 94 The tube 89 is thus made capable of igniting the
mixture at any degree of pressure-This method of electric ignition is always
certain in its action as there cannot be any failure through the points getting wet
and the carbon deposited upon the resistance coil 9.4 makes it a better conductor of
Electricity.
The Dynamo for generating and Accumulators necessary for storing the requisite
current for igniting the mixture are not shewn they being of the ordinary type and so
generally known as not to need description.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I claim is
1. The method of storing Petroleum and similar combustible fluids in tubes or
cylinders which may or may not be surrounded by water in connection with Engines
actuated by Petroleum.
2. The method and arrangement of Tubes or Cylinders which may or may not he
surrounded with water for storing Petroleum in connection with Petroleum Engines
and the means of connecting such tubes to measuring devices atomizers or mixing
chambers or connections from such tubes to Engines actuated by Petroleum or similar
combustible fluids.
3. In a Petroleum Engine the spiral or twisted cage surrounding a valve as and
for the purpose substantially as described and shown in Figs. 3, 8 and 27 at H G.
4. The Atomizer or mixing chamber shewn in Figs. 3, 4 and S and described
therewith consisting of cones or valve a spiral cage or spreader covering the valve and
which may be surrounded with a chamber for heating same by means of the exhaust
products of combustion, the nozzle for the introduction of the petroleum to such
mixing chamber and the screw valve or injector for varying the quantity passed thereto.
5. The combination of an Atomizer as shewn in Figs. 3, 4 and 8, and described
therewith with a chamber through which chamber the exhaust products of combustion
pass on their way to the atmosphere substantially as shown in Fig. 3 and therewith
described.
6. In a Petroleum Engine the combination of an Atomizer or mixing chamber
with a second piston or plug moveable by external means such as a hand wheel and
screw substantially as shewn and described with reference to Fig. 20.
7. In a Petroleum engine as shewn in Figs. 5, 6, and 7 (Sheet 2) and therewith
described the passages and Automatic valve whereby the Engine is rendered Automatic ;
the moveable plugs or pistons and general arrangements of same.
S. In a petroleum Engine the use of a moveable plug or piston in the working
cylinder or of two moveable plugs or pistons one in the working cylinder and the
other in the second Cylinder or pump substantially in the manner and for the purpose
hereinbefore described and shewn.
9. In a Petroleum Engine the use of a moveable plug or piston in the second
Cylinder or pump as shewn in Fig. 9 and therewith described.
10. The general arrangement of a Tram Railway Road or other Locomotive
provided with and actuated by a Petroleum Engine the system of storage gearing &c.
substantially as shown in Figs. 11, 21 and 22 and therewith described.
11. In a Petroleum Engine either for rail tram or road locomotion or for a ship or
boat engine the system of gearing for varying speed or reversing direction of motion
whilst the motor has the same direction of rotation substantially in the manner and for
the purpose hereinhefore described and shewn in Figs. 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 18, 19,
21, 22, 23, 24 and 25.
12. The general arrangement of Rail or Tram Car with a locomotive Car coupled

page_text: rigidly to each other the mode of coupling the system of storage, the gearing &c. as
shown in Figs. 14 and 15 and therewith described.
18. In a Tram Car or other locomotive provided with and actuated by a Petroleum
Engine, fixing the last two members of a train of power gearing with their axes in
the same horizontal plane for the purpose of allowing the driving wheel to which the
last member (a spur or friction wheel) is concentrically connected (making it a spur
or friction geared driving wheel) to rise or fall without putting said two members out
of gear, substantially as and for the purpose described with reference to Fig. 16.
4. In a Petrolcuin locomotive the combined arrangement of gearing for varying
speed and reversing direction whilst the motor has the same direction of rotation
substantially in the manner and for the purpose shown in Fig. 17 and 18 and
therewith described.
15. In a l'eiroleum Engine where two Cylinders are used one the working cylinder
for expansion and the other a pump, the mechanism necessary to simultaneously move
both pistons or plugs for the purpose of varying the pressures with or without the
means of varying the speed by the same operation substantially as shewn in Fig. 20
and described therewith.
16. The arrangement of Petroleum engines, cylinders and tanks for storage,
gearing &c. as shewn in Figs. 23, 24, 25 and 26 and described therewith.
17. In combination with a Petroleum engine, the system of levers for the purpose
of connecting the intermediate driving shaft with the main intermediate shaft and
driving wheels, substantially as shewn in Fig. 26 and therewith described.
18. In a Petroleum engine the use of a loose piston in conjunction with the
moveable plug for varying the resistance expansion and pressure, operated in the
manner, and for the purpose as shewn in Fig. 28 and therewith described.
19. In a Petroleum engine the use of a pump or measuring device as shewn in
Fig. 29 and described therewith, in conjunction and operating together with the
atomizer or mixing chamber hereinbefore described and illustrated.
20. In a Petroleum engine the use of a heated tube for igniting which tube may be
lengthened or shortened or the burner moved up and down the tube, acting in
conjunction with the moveable plug for varying the pressure in such a manner that
the variations of pressure and time of ignition are simultaneous.
21. In a Petroleum engine the tube and resistance coil for ignition as shewn in
Fig. 9 and described therewith.
22. The general arrangement and combination of parts forming a locomotive, tram
car, or other vehicle or Boats driven by a petroleum Engine, consisting of a motor
or motors, the method or means of storing the petroleum, the atomizer or mixing
chamber, the igniting devices the single, double, or treble acting gearing, the speed
varying and reversing gear, the plugs or loose pistons in the Cylinders for varying
the compression and the arrangement of gearing for operating the said varying plugs
within the cylinders together in conjunction with the variable pressure, substantially
as and for the purpose hereinbefore described and shewn.
RICHARD HUTCHINSON.