IMPROVE MENTS IN PUDDLING FURNACES
Year: 1864

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Henry Johnson, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields,
in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman, for the Invention of "IMPROVE
MENTS IN PUDDLING FURNACES."-A Communication from abroad by John
Williams, of the City of Montreal, in the Province of Canada, Iron
Puddler.
Sealed the 26th July 1864, and dated the 20th April 1864.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Henry Johnson at
the Office of tho Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
20th April 1864.
I, JOHN HENRY JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County of
Middlesex, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN PUDDLING FURNACES," a communication to me from
abroad by John Williams, of the City of Montreal, in the Province of Canada,
Iron Puddler, to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to an improved cinder cement for lining puddling
furnaces, such cement being composed of the following ingredients, namely,-
1st, cinders taken from puddling furnaces or the cinders taken from heating
furnaces where a good quality of sand has been used, or cinders from a
squeezer or hammer machine, or iron scales from a rolling mill. In all cases
the cinders employed should be reduced to the size of fine shot.
2nd, lime of a good quality.

page_text: 4th, pulverised sandstone or a first-rate quality of fine sand entirely deprived
of clay or other earthy material.
The proportions which give the best results are as follows, namely, to one
ton of cinders add four hundredweight of lime and about two hundredweight
of salt, with two hundredweight of the pulverised sandstone or fine sand. The
whole to be thoroughly well mixed and incorporated together by manuel labor
or by machinery, such as a pugmill, for example, a sufficient quantity of water
being added to bring the mass to the consistency of stiff clay or mortar, and
then allowed to stand for about twelve hours, in order that it may be properly
seasoned before being employed to line the furnace. At the expiration of that
time the material is made up into balls or lumps, and in that shape is placed
round the metal sides of the cast-iron puddling bearth or receiver, which
holds the metal to be puddled. By the use of this cement great economy
of first cost and increased durability of the lining is obtained.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John Henry Johnson in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 19th October 1864.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, Jonn
HENRY JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County of Middlesex,
Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing dato the Twentieth day of April, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four. in the twenty-seventh year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, IIer heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said John Henry Johnson, Her special license that I, the said John
Henry Johnson, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others
as I, the said John Henry Johnson, ny executors, administrators, or
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time
and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Inven-
tion for "IMPROVEMENTS IN PUDDLING FURNACES," a communication to me from
abroad by John Williams, of the City of Montreal, in the Province of Canada,
Iron Puddler, upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said John
Henry Johnson, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under my hand and seal, or under the hand and seal of one of them, should

page_text: particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in
what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be
filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, tho said John Henry Johnson, do hereby declare
tho nature of tho said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement, reference being had to the accompanyings, and to the letters and
figures marked thereon, that is to say:―
The said Invantion relates to an improved cinder cement for lining puddling
furnaces.
Fig. 1 of tho annoxed Sheet of Drawings represents a horizontal section
taken above the bridgo of a puddling furnace lined with the improved cement,
and Fig. 2 is a longitudinal vertical section of the same. The same letters of
reference indicate corresponding parts in both Figures.
a is the bed pieco or foundation of the chimney stack; 6 is the flue of the
furnace; c, the door for putting in and removing the iron; d is the fire-grate;
e is the fire-bridgo; f, a cast-iron box for holding the iron being operated on ;
and g is the improved cinder cement arranged around the sides of the box
referred to in the manner represented in the Drawings.
The composition of this cement is as follows:-
First, cinders taken from puddling furnaces, or the cinders taken from
heating furnaces where a good quality of sand has been used, or cinders from
a squeezer or hammer machine, or iron scales from rollers. In either case
the cinders to be used must be pulverized or reduced to the size of fine
shot.
Second, lime of a good quality.
Third, salt.
Fourth, pulverized sandstone or a first-rate quality of fine sand entirely
deprived of clay or other carthy material.
The proportions of these ingredients may be varied according to the quality
of the iron under treatment; for example, when operating upon a weak iron,
tho proportions in which it is preferred to mix the above ingredients will be
as follows:-To one ton of cinders add four hundredweight of lime, and
about two hundredweight of salt, with two hundredweight of the pulverized
sandstone or fine sand. When working a strong iron the proportion of lime
need not be more than from about 250 to 300 pounds to the ton of cinders,

page_text: air slacked, but if live or quick lime be employed, from 75 to 100 pounds to
the ton of cinders will be found sufficient, care being taken to pulverize the
lime before mixing it with the cinders. The whole of these ingredients are to
be thoroughly incorporated together either by hand manipulation or by passing
the mixture through a pugmill, in a similar manner to that employed for
making common mortar, adding during the process a sufficient quantity of
water to bring the mass to the consistency of stiff clay or stiff mortar, and
then allowing it to stand for about twelve hours, in order to have it properly
seasoned before being employed to line the furnace. When properly seasoned
the material may be made into balls or lumps, and in that shape placed
around the metal sides of the furnace for the iron to work against; this will
be better understood by a reference to the Drawings, where g, g, represent the
cement lining referred to.
A great advantage possessed by this cinder cement is, that it can be made
or put together around the furnace in such a manner as to be impervious to
the melted metal, and thus preserve the external iron casing from contact with
the liquid metal, whilst its economy and durability greatly exceed that of the
ordinary linings.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of the said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried
into effect, I would observe in conclusion that what I consider to bo novel
and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the
berein-before in part recited Letters Patent is, the application and use to
and in the lining of puddling furnaces of a cinder coment composed of the
ingredients herein-before referred to, mixed together in suitable proportions
according to the nature of the iron to be puddled.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Henry Johnson, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, the Eighteenth day of October, One thousand
eight hundred and sixty-four.