IMPROVEMENTS IN AND CASTING OF MALLEABLE IRON AND STEEL, AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN THE SAID MANUFACTURE, IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS IS APPLICABLE TO OTHER IN FURNACES AND PART OF WHICH PURPOSES
Year: 1866

page_text: THE MANUFACTURE
LETTERS PATENT to Nicholas Korshunoff, of Birmingham, in the County
of Warwick, Civil Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
AND CASTING OF MALLEABLE IRON AND STEEL, AND
APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN THE SAID MANUFACTURE,
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS IS APPLICABLE TO OTHER
IN FURNACES AND
PART OF WHICH
PURPOSES."
Sealed the 16th April 1867, and dated the 10th November 1866.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Nicholas Korshunoff at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the..
10th November 1866.
I, NICHOLAS KORSHUNOFF, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick,
Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IM-.
PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE AND CASTING OF MALLEABLE IRON. AND. STEEL,.
AND IN FURNACES AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN THE SAID MANUFACTURE,. PART OF
WHICH IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS IS APPLICABLE. TO OTHER PURPOSES," to be as.
follows:-
My improvements in the manufacture of malleable iron and steel consist
in introducing in the manner herein-after described into the liquid metal in the

page_text: puddling or other furnace used for converting cast iron into malleable iron
or steel the vapour of nitric acid, or chloric acid, or other acid rich in oxygen,
and also the vapour of hydracids or materials rich in hydrogen, such as sal-
ammoniac or mixtures of the said acid vapours, either alone or combined with
a blast of air; or liquid hydrocarbon in a state of vapour, either alone or
combined with a blast of air may be introduced into the liquid metal. By
the introduction of the gaseous compound or vapour described the decarboniza-
tion of the iron and oxidation of the siliceous matters in the iron are promoted.
In order to economize scrap iron and scrap steel, and to produce therefrom
cast iron of pure quality and suitable for the manufacture of steel I procced
as follows:-I take scrap iron or scrap steel and stratify the said scrap iron
or steel with charcoal or coke in a cupola, that is, I fill the said cupola with
alternate layers of the said scrap and charcoal or coke. I urge the fire in the
said cupola by means of a blast of air at a high pressure, and thereby melt
down and carbonize the said scrap iron or scrap steel into a very pure quality
of cast iron suitable for the manufacture of steel.
My improvements in puddling and other furnaces and apparatus used in
the conversion of cast iron into malleable iron or steel are as follows:-
Instead of constructing the furnaces with one bed or basin in which both the
melting and puddling of the iron take place, as is usual, I construct the
furnace with three (or more) beds or basins, that is to say, I make at
the front and back of the furnace two shallow beds or basins, and at the middle
of the furnace and between the beds described another and larger bed or
basin, the said middle bed or basin being situated below or at a lower level
than those on either side of it. The end beds or basins communicate with
the middle one by tap holes or openings. In the end beds the cast iron is
melted and conveyed therefrom to the middle bed or basin, where it is puddled
by hand or partly by hand and partly by the puddling apparatus herein-after
explained. At one side of the middle or puddling bed of the furnace a small
supplementary bed or basin is made, into which scrap iron is placed and melted
by the heat of the melted cast iron conveyed to the said middle bed; this
scrap iron is introduced by the puddler into the cast iron in the middle bed
during the puddling process. By thus constructing puddling furnaces or
other furnaces used for the conversion of cast iron into malleable iron or steel
the cast iron to be operated upon may be heated in the end beds while the
puddling operation is being performed upon a quantity of cast iron in the
middle bed or basin, great economy in time and fuel thereby results.
When I puddle the iron by mechanical means, or partly by mechanical
means and partly by hand, I use an apparatus constructed in the manner

page_text: herein-after described, by means of which apparatus I also introduce into the
melted iron during the puddling process a blast of hot or cold air, or the
vapour of one of the acids or compounds. herein-before described, or a mixture
thereof, either alone or combined with a blast of air. On the top or arch of
the furnace and immediately above the middle basin of the furnace already
described a bracket or upright is fixed; this bracket carries a hollow shaft
capable of rising and falling vertically so as to be introduced into the furnace
or withdrawn therefrom,. and also capable of receiving a rotatory motion by
bevil or other gearing; this hollow shaft is in communication with a pipe
through which the blast, or acid, or other vapour or mixture of vapour and blast
is conveyed to the melted iron under treatment. The acid or other vapour is
generated in boilers or vessels near the furnace, or in any other convenient
manner. Upon the bottom of the hollow shaft described a series of stirrers or
arms is affixed for stirring or puddling the iron; these stirrers or arms are per-
forated with small holes through which the jets of blast or mixture of vapour and
blast pass to the iron. The said stirrers or arms are protected from the injurious
action of the melted iron. by means of a coating of clay or other protecting
material. The puddling or converting operation having been carried to the
extent desired either for the production of malleable iron or steel, the said iron
or steel may be balled in the working part of the furnace, or the iron or steel
while in a sufficiently liquid state may be tapped from the furnace into ingot
or other moulds.
'
When I cast the malleable iron or steel direct from the furnace I prefer
to conduct the casting process in the following way:-In casting solid
articles, such as large shafts, I take a spiral of wrought iron and throughly
clean it by pickling or otherwise, and afterwards cover it with a flux to protect
it from oxidation. The said spiral is then heated in a gas furnace; and when
sufficiently heated is placed in the mould prepared for the article to be cast,
cither before the metal is poured in, or during the pouring, or after a quantity
of the metal has been introduced. In casting hollow or partly hollow articles
I force into the metal in the mould, while the metal is in a liquid. or semi-
liquid state, a taper die or dies of the proper shape to produce the cavities.or
hollows required; and just before the metal sets: or solidifies I withdraw. the
said die or dies from the casting; the die or dies may be worked: by condensed
air, steam, or hydraulic or other pressure. I make the boilers or apparatus.
in which the acid or other vapour is generated of cast iron enamelled.or
glazed internally with a coating of glass. I also enamel or glaze with.a.
coating of glass all other parts of the apparatus with which the acid wapours
are likely to come into contact, such. as the pipes and the cocks, taps, or

page_text: valves used for regulating the flow of the said vapours; the said cocks, taps,
or valves are ground or fitted in any convenient way.
Taps, cocks, or valves enamelled or glazed with a coating of glass
internally according to my Invention may be applied generally where liquids
or vapours which more or less injuriously affect metals are required to be
regulated by taps, cocks, or valves.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Nicholas Korshunoff in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 10th May 1867.
. TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, NICHOLAS
KORSHUNOFF, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Civil Engineer,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Tenth day of November, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-six, in the thirtieth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Nicholas Korshunoff, Her special licence that I, the said Nicholas Korshunoff, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Nicholas
Korshunoff, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE AND CASTING OF MALLEABLE IRON AND STEEL AND IN
FURNACES AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN THE SAID MANUFACTURE, PART OF WHICH
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS IS APPLICABLE TO OTHER PURPOSES," upon the con-
dition (amongst others) that I, the said Nicholas Korshunoff, my executors,
or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or
one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be per-
formed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Nicholas Korshunoff, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be

page_text: performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, that is to say :-
My improvements in the manufacture of malleable iron and steel consist
in introducing in the manner herein-after described into the liquid metal in the
puddling or other furnace used for converting cast iron into malleable iron or
steel the vapour of nitric acid or chloric acid, or other acid rich in oxygen or
their salts, and also the vapour of hydro-acids or other materials rich in
hydrogen, or the salts of hydro-acids, or mixtures of the said acid vapour
either alone or combined with a blast of air, or liquid hydrocarbon in a state
of vapour may be introduced into the liquid metal. By the introduction of
the oxidizing gascous liquid or solid compound the decarbonization of the
iron and the oxidation of the siliceous matters in the iron are promoted.
When hydro-acids, or materials rich in hydrogen, or the salts of hydro-acids
are passed through the melted metal they are decomposed, and at the moment
of decomposition, or when the elements are in a nascent state, they act upon
the metal and improve its quality. The quantity of acid or salt employed
will depend upon the composition of the iron operated upon.
. In order to economize scrap iron and scrap steel, and to produce therefrom
cast iron of pure quality and suitable for the manufacture of steel, I proceed
as follows: I take scrap iron or scrap steel and stratify the said scrap iron
or steel with charcoal or coke in a cupola, that is, I fill the said cupola with
alternate layers of the said scrap iron and charcoal or coke, or, if desired,
mixtures of them with anthracite or other fuel incapable of injuring the metal.
I urge the fire in the said cupola by means of a blast of air at a high
pressure, and thereby melt down and carbonize the said scrap iron or scrap
steel into a very pure quality of cast iron suitable for the manufacture of
steel.
In order that this part of my Invention may be fully understood I will
proceed to describe the apparatus which I use in carrying the same into
effect.
Figure 1 represents in vertical section a cupola or melting furnace
constructed according to my Invention. The said cupola differs from ordinary
cupolas or melting furnaces in the peculiar construction and shape of the
body, which is so arranged that the tuyeres or blast pipes a for the admission
of air are not interfered with by the charging of the cupola, and the metal or
slag is also prevented from adhering to or incrusting the tuyeres; this is
effected by making annular shoulders b, b, b, immediately above the inner
ends of the rows of tuyeres a, a, which shoulders 6 cause annular air spaces to
be formed between the charge and lining of the cupola, which air spaces

page_text: permit of the blast acting upon different part of the charge. Around the
furnace or cupola, opposite each tuyere, a small hinged door or aperture may
be made through which the tuyeres can be changed or replaced when worn
out, and for this purpose I provide loops or bows under the collars of the
tuyeres by means of which they may be easily withdrawn. The outer ends
of the tuyeres a open into the lower compartment of the annular belts or
chambers c, c, air or blast being supplied to the said lower compartment by
the main pipe d. By means of valves e the supply of air or blast to either of
the rows of tuyeres a may be regulated at pleasure. Into the upper chamber
or compartment c of the annular belts hydrocarbon liquid or any combustible
gas may be introduced and supplied by the small pipes f, having perforated
bottoms to the tuyeres a. By means of the handles f the pipes f may be
raised or lowered, and the supply of vapour, gas, or liquid to the tuyeres
regulated. I do not limit myself to the means described and represented for
supplying the blast, gas, or vapour to the cupola, as a series of pipes provided
with small tubes situated opposite each tuyere may be used for supplying the
blast, or gas, or vapour to the cupola, the said small tubes being furnished
with taps or stop-cocks. g. 9, g, are three test pipes for ascertaining the state
of the gas in the cupola. By the arrangements described and represented for
regulating the quantity of blast gas or vapour entering the cupola perfect
control is obtained and any desired quality of metal may be produced. The
top or upper part of the furnace or cupola is provided with a cover /²;
through the top of the cupola the first charge is supplied, but the additional
charges are made through the side box h. By raising the slide i of the box h
the charge from the said box may be discharged into the cupola or furnace.
A shaking motion may be given to the box / for facilitating the discharge of
its contents into the cupola. Opposite the discharging box h is a passage or
pipe k, by means of which the waste gases from the cupola may be conducted
to another cupola, or otherwise utilized. When the metal manufactured in
the cupola is required to be cast into moulds I prefer to treat it preparatory
to the casting process with an acid vapour supplied by the acid apparatus
represented in vertical section in Figure 2 of the Drawings. The said acid
apparatus consists of a glass reservior a containing the acid connected with
an enamelled iron tube b, filled with gravel or pumicestone. The top of the
reservior is closed by a glass plug c fixed to the nut or cover e, which latter
has an opening for a union joint; 9 is an enamelled plug or stop-cock for
regulating the issue of the acid to the tube b. The acid having been
introduced into the reservoir the cover e is connected with an air condenser,
or with a hand air force pump, and air is condensed in the reservoir, which.

page_text: condensed air regulates the issue of the acid to the tube b. In using the
apparatus the pipe his heated red hot and plunged into the melted metal.
The size and form of the apparatus may be varied according to the particular
use to which it is to be put, and all the parts may be made of or coated with
such materials as are not affected by acids.
When I cast the iron or steel direct from the furnace I prefer to conduct.
the casting process in the following way:-In casting large shafts or other.
solid or hollow or partly hollow articles I take a spiral of wrought iron and
thoroughly clean it by pickling or otherwise, and afterwards cover it with a
flux to protect it from oxidation. The said spiral in the form of a frame is
then heated in a gas or other furnace, and when sufficiently heated is placed
in the mould prepared for the article to be cast, either before the metal is
poured in or during the pouring, or after a quantity of the metal has been.
introduced; this mode of combining the solid and liquid metals increases the.
durability of the article. In the casting of hollow or partly hollow articles,
such as cannon, hydraulic cylinders, cylinders for tyres and tubes, I force.
into the metal in the mould, while the metal is in a liquid or semi-liquid.
state, a taper die or dies of the shape proper to produce the cavity or hollow
required in the article; and just before the metal sets or solidifies I withdraw.
the said die or dies from the casting. The said die or dies may be worked.
by condensed air, steam, or hydraulic or other pressure. The method of.
casting described is applicable where other metals than iron and steel are:
employed.
.
In those cases where iron or steel is manufactured direct from the blast or:
smelting furnace or remelting furnace, I convey the metal in a liquid state.
by a channel or otherwise to the refinery puddling furnace, represented in
horizontal section in Figure 3 and vertical section in Figure 4 of the-
Drawings. The said furnace consists of a nearly cylindrical vessel constructed:
of cast or wrought iron plates a lined internally with fire-resisting material.b.
On the outside of the furnace is fixed an air chamber or chambers c similar.
to those before described in the cupola or melting furnace, Figure 1. The
outer ends of the tuyeres f open into the air chamber c. Two hollow axles.
are fixed to the furnace, one marked d for receiving a blast of air, and the;
other marked e for conveying away the waste gases; these hollow axles rest-
upon bearings fixed upon stands. The hollow axle d receives the blast by
the fixed pipe d², a stuffing box d³ preventing the escape of blast between the
fixed pipe and hollow axle d; the blast descends through the hollow axle d.
into the chamber c. The furnace can be rotated by a chain passing over
the top of the furnace, or by any other convenient means.

page_text: The action of the apparatus is as follows:-The melted crude iron from
the blast, cupola, or other furnace is conveyed into the furnace, and the
furnace turned. The blast or acid vapour or their mixture is then conveyed
by the pipe d to the chamber c, and by the tuyeres f to the metal in the
furnace. After the metal has been sufficiently purified, the furnace is
turned back to its former position, and the puddled or refined metal
removed.
Figure 5 represents a vertical section of another furnace having a scries of
tuyeres at either side or top and bottom. In case one series of tuyercs is out
of order the other series can be brought into use, and delay in carrying on
the process is thereby prevented; or while the puddling operation is being
carried on combustible gas may be introduced into the furnace by the tuyeres
at one side, and a blast of air by the tuyeres at the other side; or a mixture
of combustible gas and air may be admitted together by either series of
tuyeres, the said gas and air being regulated so as to produce an oxydizing or
non-oxydizing flame, according to the wish of the workman. When the
puddling in either of the furnaces represented has been carried to the desired
extent either for the production of malleable iron or steel, the said iron or
steel may be balled in the working part of the furnace, or the iron or steel
while in a sufficiently liquid state may be tapped from the furnace into ingot
or other moulds. For generating acid or other vapour I make the boilers,
retorts, or other vessels of glazed earthenware or platinum or a combination
of platinum with other metals, or of wrought iron or cast iron enamelled
internally with a coating of glass. I also enamel or glaze with a coating of
glass all other parts of the apparatus with which the acid vapours are likely
to come into contact, such as the pipes, cocks, taps, or valves used for
regulating the flow of the said vapours. The said cocks, taps, or valves are
ground or fitted in any convenient way.
Taps, cocks, or valves enamelled or glazed with a coating of glass internally
according to my Invention may be employed generally where any liquids or
vapours which more or less injuriously affect metals are required to be
regulated by taps, cocks, or valves. An enamel plug may be employed with
a glass vessel, or an enamel plug and earthenware barrel may be employed, by
which means the tendency which exists in earthenware plugs to slide out of
their place under pressure is avoided; enamel plugs can readily be secured
in their place by screw or other fastenings. When a particular shape of
barrel is required which cannot be made from earthenware I make an
enamelled barrel and fit it with a clay plug securred in its place from the
outside

page_text: My improvements in puddling and other furnaces, and apparatus used in the
conversion of cast iron into malleable iron or steel, are as follows:-Instead
of constructing the furnaces with one bed or basin in which both the melting
and puddling of the iron takes place as is usual, I construct the furnace with
three (or more) beds or basins, that is to say, I make at the front and back
of the furnace two shallow beds or basins, and at the middle of the furnace
and between the beds described, another and larger bed or basin, the said
middle bed or basin being situated below or at a lower level than those on
either side of it. The end beds or basins communicate with the middle
one by tap holes or openings. In the end beds the cast iron is melted and
conveyed therefrom to the middle bed or basin, where it is puddled by hand
or partly by hand and partly by the puddling apparatus herein-after
described.
Figure 6 represents in horizontal section, Figure 7 in elevation, and
Figure 8 in longitudinal section a puddling furnace constructed according to
my Invention.
a, b, c, are the three beds or basins of the furnace, and d is the
fire-grate; the end beds a, c, are situated at a somewhat higher level than the
middle one b, and the said beds have the respective sizes represented; the
end beds a, c, communicate with the middle one 6 by tap holes or channels
d³, d³, which holes are opened and closed by the valves or plates e, e, (see
Figure 6). The cast iron is melted in the end beds a, c, and conveyed
therefrom to the middle bed 6 by the passages d³, d³, where it is puddled.
At the side of the middle bed 6 a small supplementary bed may be placed in
which scrap iron is prepared by the heat of the melted cast iron conveyed to
the middle bed. This scrap iron is introduced by the puddler into the cast
iron in the middle bed during the puddling process.
By constructing puddling furnaces or other furnaces used for the conversion
of cast iron into malleable iron or steel in the manner described .and
represented the cast iron to be operated upon may be melted in the end beds
while the puddling operation is being performed upon a quantity of cast iron
in the middle bed or basin, great economy in time and fuel thereby result.
When it is wished to introduce a flux in the form of a powder into the iron
under treatment in the furnace, so as to purify it or assist its conversion into
malleable iron or steel, I employ a hollow tool represented in section in
Figure 9; this tool consists of an iron bar, in the end of which is a slot for
receiving a tubular chamber or crucible or receptacle a having a perforated
bottom; after filling the said receptacle a with the powder the tool is
introduced into the furnace and the metal stirred by the said tool, when by
striking the tool the powder is made to fall through the perforated bottom of

page_text: the receptacle into the metal under treatment. The receptacle a is closed
by a cover b fastened down in the manner represented. By the use of the
tool, Figure 9, the salts or mixture for assisting the purification or conversion
of the iron may be introduced into the furnace during the time the iron is
being stirred or puddled. When I puddle the iron by mechanical means or
partly by mechanical means and partly by hand, I use an apparatus
constructed in the manner herein-after described, by means of which apparatus
I also introduce into the melted iron during the puddling process: a blast of
hot or cold air, or the vapour of one of the acids or compounds herein-before
described, or a mixture thereof either alone or combined with a blast of air.
The puddling apparatus which I use is represented in Figure 8 in. connection.
with my improved puddling furnace.
Figures 10 and 11 are separate views of the puddling tools. 9 is a bracket
or upright on the top or arch of the furnace; this bracket carries a hollow
shaft capable of rising and falling vertically, and also capable of receiving a
rotatory motion. The said shaft / has a stuffing box at top which slides upon
the inner fixed pipe i. To the bottom of the shaft h a pipe k is affixed as
represented; this pipe / is square or angular at its bottom. By depressing
the hollow shaft h by any convenient means the pipe k at its bottom may be
introduced through the opening e into the body of the furnace. The pipe i is
in communication with the blast cylinder or reservoir containing the acid
vapour or mixture of vapour and blast, which blast or vapour is conveyed by
the said pipe i and the pipe k to the iron under treatment. A rotatory motion
may be communicated to the shaft 6 and pipe k by means of the bevil
gearing ff, the bevil wheelf being connected to the hollow shaft by a
sliding key. Upon the bottom of the pipe ka hollow stirring or puddling
tool provided with an arm or arms is affixed in the manner herein-after
explained. A hollow puddling tool with a single arm is represented on a
large scale in Figure 10, and a puddling tool with a double arm is represented
in Figure 11. The said arms of the puddling tools or stirrers marked / in
Figures 10 and 11 are perforated with small holes, and the upper parts of the
stems m of the said tools or stirrers are square or angular in cross section to
fit in the bottom of the square or angular pipe k. When it is required to
puddle the iron the pipe k is lowered into the furnace and the puddling tool
fixed to it in the following manner :-I take a bar having a forked end, as
represented in Figure 12, and place the forked end of the said bar between
the collars n, n, of the puddling tool or stirrer, Figure 10 or 11, and fix it
thereto by means of a cross pin or bolt p, as shown in Figure 12. The
puddling tool is thus connected to the bar, but is capable of rotating in the

page_text: fork of the said bar. The puddling tool carried by the bar, Figure 12, is
introduced into the furnace through its middle door, and the square stem m
of the said tool is inserted into the bottom of the square pipe k, and the bar
is supported outside the furnace by means of a crane to which it is keyed. By
giving rotatory motion to the shaft h rotatory motion is communicated to the
pipe k and tool or stirrer fixed in its end, and the iron in the furnace thereby
stirred and puddled. During the puddling or stirring of the iron by the
puddling tool a blast of air or the vapour of acid herein-before described is
introduced into the iron through the pipes i and k and hollow puddling tool.
When the puddling beds or basins of the furnaces are very large I prefer to
provide the pipe to which the puddling tool is affixed with a globular or
ball-and-socket joint, as represented in Figure 13, and I make the puddling
tool of the ordinary size. By means of this globular joint the puddling tool
may be moved in all directions, so as to act upon the iron on every part of
the bed of the furnace. After the action of the puddling tool upon the iron
it may be withdrawn from the furnace and the puddling process completed by
hand, and the iron or steel balled in the ordinary manner.
Instead of communicating motion to the puddling or stirring tool from the
top of the furnace motion may be communicated to the said tool through the
bottom of the furnace in the manner represented in horizontal section in
Figure 14 and longitudinal section in Figure 15. a is the hollow shaft
working in a bearing at b, and passing through the centre of the bottom of the
furnace in the manner represented; c, c, are stuffing boxes on the shaft b, by
means of which connections are made for the pipes d, d, for conveying blast or
vapour to the hollow shaft. Rotatory motion is communicated to the shaft
by the bevil gearing h, i. e is the hollow puddling tool perforated at its bottom,
the said tool being passed through the furnace door and fitted on the square
top of the shaft a in the manner described with respect to Figure 8.
a
The hollow puddling tools or stirrers may be provided with more than two
arms, and in order to protect them from the injurious action of the melted
iron they may be coated with clay or other protecting material. Instead
of hollow puddling tools or stirrers solid tools may be employed with my
improved apparatus. My improved puddling machinery or apparatus may.
be used with ordinary furnaces and with furnaces of various constructions.
Having now described the nature of my Invention, and the manner in
which the same is to be performed, I wish it to be understood that I do not
limit myself to the precise details herein described and illustrated, as the same
may be varied without departing from the nature of my Invention; but I claim
as my Invention.

page_text: Firstly. The improvements in the manufacture of malleable iron and steel
and the apparatus used therein herein-before described with reference to
Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 9 of the accompanying Drawings.
Secondly. The improvement herein-before described in making a pure
quality of cast iron from scrap iron or scrap steel suitable for manufacturing
steel.
Thirdly. The improvements herein-before described in casting malleable iron
and steel.
Fourthly. The arrangement or combination of parts of puddling furnaces and
other furnaces used in the conversion of cast iron into malleable iron and stecl
herein-before described and illustrated in Figures 6, 7, 8, 14, and 15 of the
accompanying Drawings.
Fifthly. The arrangements or combinations of parts of puddling or stirring
apparatus to be used in the manufacture of iron and steel herein-before
described, and illustrated in Figures 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 of the
accompanying Drawings.
Lastly. The improvements herein-before described in making and protecting
the boilers and apparatus used for generating and conveying and regulating the
passage of acid vapours and other vapours and liquids which corrode or
injuriously act upon metal pipes, valves, and taps.
In witness whereof, I, the said Nicholas Korshunoff, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Eighth day of May, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven.
Witness,
RICHARD SKERRETT,
Clerk to George Shaw,
Birmingham.
NICHOLAS KORSHUNOFF. (L.S.)