IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING THE RATE OF WATER CONSUMPTION
Year: 1883

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Henry Edward Newton of the Office for Patents
66 Chancery Lane in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer for an
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR
DETERMINING THE RATE OF WATER CONSUMPTION."-communicated to him
from abroad by Benjamin Silliman Church of Scarsborough on the Hudson
in the State of New York United States of America
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Henry Edward Newton at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 1st May 1883.
"
HENRY EDWARD NEWTON of the Office for Patents 66 Chancery Lane in the
County of Middlesex Civil Engineer "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF AND
APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING THE RATE OF WATER CONSUMPTION [communicated
to him from abroad by Benjamin Silliman Church of Scarsborough on the Hudson
in the State of New York United States of America]
In Towns supplied with water through a system of mains, great waste is occa-
sioned by users leaving cocks and valves open more than is necessary, and
particularly in winter, and the object of the Invention is to supply a simple and
reliable apparatus adapted to afford comparatively accurate information as to
quantity of water being used, and thus detect waste on rate of consumption,
without entering the place where the water is used.
A method of and apparatus for accomplishing this purpose by ascertaining the
difference between the dynamical and the statical pressures in the service-pipe
leading from the main to the building or other place where water is used has been
proposed
It has been found in practice however that, when but very little water is being
drawn from a pipe the dynamical pressure so nearly equals the statical pressure
that the gauge used for indicating the difference is not sufficiently delicate to make
a satisfactory record.
It is the object of the present invention to overcome this difficulty
The invention consists broadly in a method of increasing the difference in these

page_text: pressures so as to enable the gauge to make a more accurate and satisfactory
record and in apparatus for carrying it into practice
It is a well known law of physics that the pressure exerted by a column of
water flowing through a pipe under a given head is in inverse ratio to the rapidity
with which it is drawn from such pipe. If therefore the service pipe through
which the water is conducted into a building is of large size, and only a small
stream is being drawn or leaking from the pipe inside the building, the water will
be drawn from the pipe so slowly that the dynamical pressure will vary only
slightly from the statical pressure, and a very delicate apparatus will be required
to detect the difference. If however, the service pipe be very small, then a small
stream running from the pipe inside the building will draw the water from the
pipe so rapidly that the difference between the dynamical and statical pressures
may be marked by an ordinary gauge.
This principle is invoked in the present invention and to make it available the
service pipe is in effect reduced at the time of taking the dynamical pressure to a
very small diameter thereby obtaining all the advantages of the principle even
when dealing with the largest of pipes.
The service pipe at some convenient point outside of the building is provided
with a cock of peculiar construction by the use of which the person in charge of
the water supply is enabled to take the statical and dynamical pressures in the
pipe and thus determine the rate of consumption
This cock consists of the usual shell and plug the latter being held in position by
nut and washer at its lower end, and having the extent of its movement in the
shell controlled by a stud which plays between the walls of a recess in the top of
the shell.
The shell is provided with induction and eduction ports of suitable shape
The plug is provided with two ports (called for distinction first and second
ports) the second port being provided with a small lateral port.
The plug is also provided with a longitudinal duct which extends from its top
to a point just above the second port where it unites with three lateral ducts.
The plug is provided with a tubular extension which is enclosed in a suitable
casing and extends upward to a point near the surface of the ground or the pave-
ment: said extension being rigidly connected to the plug in any suitable manner,
as by a screw coupling. The casing will preferably be provided near its top with
a cross partition, which will fit snugly around the tube so as to prevent dirt and
other matter from falling to and accumulating in the bottom of the casing
around the cock. The top of the tube is provided with a screw threaded portion
and a small polygonal projection the purpose of which will hereinafter appear.
The usual forms of pressure-gauges may be used with this cock apparatus for
ascertaining the dynamical and statical pressures of the water in the service pipe.
The dial of such gauge may be graduated to indicate the pressure in pounds or if
preferred it may be graduated to indicate velocity or gallons after actual trial of
the water flowing per hour.
One form of gauge adapted to the purpose consists of a cylindrical casing one
side of which is provided with a graduated dial and a double pointer (its parts
being respectively hereafter called first and second pointers) mounted upon a shaft
which passes through the casing and carries a small pinion The dial and pointer
may be protected by a glass or other transparent cover. The gauge is supported
upon a tubular standard the end of which enters the casing and is connected to a
Bourdon spring one side of which is connected by a link with one arm of a lever
the opposite arm of which is provided with a segment which engages with the
pinion on the pointer shaft
In order to indicate the required measurements with greater accuracy and
convenience, the dial is provided with an auxiliary dial preferably sunk into the
face of the former. This dial is provided at opposite points with two graduated
scales and is mounted so as to be readily rotated by a gear and pinion the latter
being operated from the back of the casing by a button or head.

page_text: The standard is provided at its lower end with a polygonal recess adapted to
receive a projection and with a screw coupling by which it may be secured to the
tube. The coupling is provided with an upwardly extending sleeve carrying at its
upper end a small hand wheel, by which the coupling can be operated to connect
and disconnect the gauge. This gauge apparatus will preferably be provided with
laterally projecting handles, and an index adjustably secured to a sleeve by means
of a spring collar and a set screw
In using this invention each service-pipe leading from the street main to the
house or other place where water is used should be provided with such a cock and
tubular extension, the cock being placed under the side-walk and the stem
extending upward to or near to the surface so that the indicating device can be
readily attached and detached near the surface, one indicating device thus being
capable of use on all the stems, it being carried by and in charge of the
inspector.
When the parts are in their normal position so as to allow the water to enter
the building or other place where it is used the plug of the cock will be turned
so as to bring both its ports into communication with the induction and eduction
ports and permit the full volume of water to flow through the pipe.
To discover whether water is being used or wasted and the rate thereof at any
time, the gauge is connected to the tubular extension by placing the standard
over the small polygonal projection and turning the hand wheel so as to operate
the coupling.
When the connection has thus been made, an indicating mark will be made upon
the pavement or the edge of the casing and the index will be adjusted and secured
upon the sleeve, in such position, that its point will coincide with said mark and
the plug will be turned (which may be accomplished by handles) until the point of
the index coincides with said mark
No water can now pass through the ports of the plug and the full pressure or
head of the water, or above termed the "statical pressure" will be transmitted
through the ducts (one of the lateral and the longitudinal) into the tube where it
will compress the air therein, which pressure will be communicated through a
standard to a spring, which latter will be moved more or less according to the
pressure in the service pipe.
The movement of this spring in expanding will, through a link, a lever, a pinion
and a shaft be communicated to the second pointer, which will thus be made to
move over the dial and indicate the amount of the statical pressure.
When the pointer comes to rest the auxiliary dial will be turned until its initial
or zero point coincides with the pointer thus marking the statical pressure.
When this has been done the standard will be turned backward until a point of
the index coincides with the mark upon the pavement; that is to say. the duct will
open into the eduction port and the one port of the plug will open into both ports
induction and eduction. so that the water will be allowed to flow freely through
the service pipe and at the same time upward through another one of the lateral
and the longitudinal ducts to the gauge.
The pressure now communicated to the gauge will be the dynamical pressure on
the pressure of the moving column of water in the pipe.
If no water is being drawn from the pipe the pointer will in this case assume
the same position as in the former, but if water is being drawn the pressure will
be less and the pointer will stop at a less advanced position. The difference in
position of the pointer will be indicated by the scale upon the dial and this differ-
ence will by proper computation determine the rate at which the water is being
drawn from the pipe.
When the parts are in this position the other port is closed by a projection of
the shell of the cock thus decreasing the size of the passage through its plug and
in effect reducing the size of the service pipe from this point onward and the water
will flow with increased velocity clearly indicated by the gauge
If very little water is being used it may be necessary in order to make the

page_text: difference between the statical and dynamical pressures sufficient to be clearly
indicated by the gauge to still further increase the velocity of the water in the
pipe.
This can be done by turning the standard to such position that a certain mark
of the index will coincide with the mark upon the pavement, and to such position
that the plug ports are both closed so that the water is forced to pass through the
small lateral port into the second plug port and thence into the service pipe.
In the test just described the first pointer instead of the second pointer will be
consulted, the scale upon that side of the auxiliary dial being graduated for the
small lateral port while the other is graduated for the first port of the plug.
By the operation thus far described the rate of consumption or waste of water
in any particular building or series of buildings supplied through a single service
pipe can be readily determined.
It frequently happens however that it is not only desirable to determine the
rate of waste or consumption in a building but also to determine the particular
part of the building in which the water is being used or wasted. If upon making
the tests just explained it is found that water is being used or wasted in the
building the part of the building in which the leak or use is taking place can be
determined by turning the standard until a certain mark upon the index coincides
with the mark upon the pavement. This will bring the ports of the plug and duct
against the solid walls of the shell and the duct to a position to communicate with
the eduction port. When the parts are in this position all flow of water through
the service pipe will be shut off and the pressure communicated to the gauge will
be that of the column of water in the pipe between the cock and the point of its
termination in the building The amount of this pressure will of course depend
upon the height of the column of water, and the height of this column will depend
upon the part of the building in which the leak or the cock from which the water
is running is located. When therefore the pointer comes to rest the pressure
indicated by the scale upon the dial will determine the altitude of the column of
water in the house and consequently the location of the leak or the cock from
which water has been running. If the pipe is leaking at more than one point or
more than one cock is open the pointer will indicate a gradual but irregular reduc-
tion in the pressure from the building and the points at which these irregularities
occur will determine the positions of the several leaks or cocks.
If after making the tests just described it is desired to shut the water off from
the building or other place of use, the standard will be turned until a certain mark
of the index coincides with the mark upon the pavement, which will bring the
parts into a proper position, such that the three ports of the plug and one duct
will be closed by the walls of the shell and the other duct will coincide with an
opening so that any water which may remain in the ducts of the plug will run out
into the casing and thus prevent freezing.
If it is not desired to shut off the water the parts will be restored to their
normal position permitting the water to again flow freely through the service pipe
and will also bring the one duct opposite the opening so as to allow the water to
escape from the ducts of the plug. After the proper tests have been thus made
the indicating apparatus will be uncoupled from the tube and applied to another
tube upon another service pipe and so the operation will be repeated.
The indicating device can be connected to the tube by a bayonet joint or
other convenient device. and the tube to the plug by other means or be made a
part of such plug.
A considerable air chamber in the interior of the tube is desirable but may be
dispensed with, and a mere passage-way made for the water to the indicating
device
The indicating apparatus is sometimes provided with means for ascertaining if
the inspector has performed his proper testing duty, by locating a time movement
inside one casing, said movement being provided with a revolving dial so positioned
that each time a spring is moved, it will receive a mark from a pencil carried or

page_text: operated by said spring and each time pressure is applied to the spring a mark will
be made upon the dial and these marks indicate the tests made.
Many of the details described may be varied: for instance, a slide-valve may
be used in place of a rotating cock, and the reduction in the area of the water
passage effected by moving the slide a fixed amount, so that the resulting aperture
may harmonize with the graduations of the dial, which would be made after a
test with the slide in such fixed position.
In such a construction, separate ducts provided with separate stop-cocks, would
be required to transmit the statical and dynamical pressures to the gauge but the
test would be conducted, and a further contraction of the water passage made, if
required, in the manner described for the testing-cock.
One such modified form may be constructed in which two of the three ducts of
the plug are omitted, the shell being provided with recesses which serve substantially
the same purpose as the omitted ducts. When the parts are in one position water
will flow freely through the service pipe. By turning the plug a short distance in
one direction the water may be shut off from the building. By turning it still
further so that another duct will open into another port the statical pressure may
be taken. By turning it still further so that the small lateral port or the second
port as may be desired will open into the induction port and the another duct into
a recess the dynamical pressure may be taken.
In another modified construction the small lateral port instead of being made in
the plug is made in a projection of the shell.
To take the dynamical pressure
with the smallest flow of water, by a cock thus constructed, the plug is turned so
as to cause the second and small lateral ports to coincide; the other operations as
already described.
In a cock apparatus of another construction adapted to accomplish substantially
the same result the second port of the plug is omitted and a single duct is used in
the place of the three ducts.
In their normal position the first port is in communication with the induction
and eduction ports and a duct coinciding with an opening so as to allow the water
to escape from another duct and tube to prevent freezing
In the position for taking the statical pressure the first above named duct
opening into the induction port and the first port of the plug is closed by the walls
of the shell.
In the position for taking the dynamical pressure the plug is turned so that the
latter duct opens into the induction and eduction ports while the first plug-port is
still closed by the walls of the shell When the ports are in this position the size of
the service pipe is in effect reduced to that of the said duct which being very small
increases the velocity of the water and proportionately reduces the dynamical
pressure.
In the position for taking the house pressure the plug is turned so that the said
duct opens into the eduction port while the first port is still closed by the walls of
the shell.
When the water is shut off from the service pipe the plug is turned so that the
said duct opens into a second opening in the shell by which any water in the ducts
or a tube can escape to prevent freezing. In this case the marks upon an index
will of course be changed to correspond with the required movements of the plug.
By another arrangement the testing cock instead of being located in the service
pipe may be attached to and carried with the gauge so that one cock will serve for
taking the measurements in connection with many pipes.
To accomplish this the service pipe is provided with a four-way cock two ports
of which open into said pipe while the other two ports open into vertical branch
pipes which pass upward to a point at or near the surface of the pavement. A plug
of this cock is provided with two ports and an upwardly extending stem to which
a key or wrench can be applied to turn the plug.
The vertical branch pipes are united at their upper ends by a yoke shaped piece
connected by an ordinary coupling.

page_text: The yoke piece may be provided at its upper portion with a cock, of either of
the forms described for taking the various pressures required to determine the rate
of consumption, the plug of such cock being connected directly to the gauge or it
may be provided with a cock adapted to operate in connection with a registering
gauge.
This cock consists of a shell and a plug the latter being provided with two ports
and two ducts which extend from opposite sides of the plug to its top where they
communicate with the gauge which will be attached in a manner similar to that
already described.
The operation of this apparatus is as follows:
To ascertain the rate of consumption of water a piece attached to and carried
with the gauge is united to the vertical branch pipes so as to form a connection
between the two and the plug, will be turned to a certain position causing the
water to pass through the port, ascend the pipe, pass through the piece, descend
the other pipe and reenter the service pipe through the port.
If the cock in the piece is of either of the earlier mentioned forms it will be
operated in the manner already set forth to take the various pressures required.
If the cock is of the form subsequently described its plug will be turned to the
proper position so as to open the ports and ducts.. The water will thus be per-
mitted to flow through the pipes and its pressure will be communicated through
the ducts to the gauge which will record the pressure and the variations in the
same as long as the water continues to flow.
After the pressure has been recorded this plug will be turned to a position which
will bring the ducts into register with openings in the shell and allow any water
which may have been forced into the gauge to escape. One plug will then be
turned to a position which will bring another port into register with the other
ports and allow the water to pass directly onward through the service pipe. When
the plug is in this position its small port will register with an opening in the shell
so as to allow the water standing in the pipes to escape and thus prevent danger of
freezing. When it is desired to shut off the water from the building or series of
buildings supplied through the pipe the plug will be turned to such a position that
two ports will be closed by the walls of the shell.
After the test has been made as just explained couplings will be unscrewed after
which a piece and the gauge may be applied to another service pipe, and so the
operation will be repeated.
Instead of determining the rate of consumption by means of a gauge as just
described the piece may be removed and the two pipes connected to an ordinary
water meter. This arrangement will be found particularly advantageous when it
is desired to ascertain the consumption of water in any particular district or section
of a city which is supplied through a single main.
Although the method and apparatus hereinbefore described are especially
designed for use in ascertaining the rate at which the water is being drawn from a
service pipe they will also be found of great utility in detecting and locating leaks
in the various mains.
The course pursued when this is to be done will be as follows: All outlets
leading from the main which is to be tested will be closed as will also the large
gate or cock at the entrance to said main A small by-pass containing one of the
testing cocks will then be placed around said gate or cock. The gauge will then be
applied to the testing cock and the statical and dynamical pressures taken in the
manner already described. If no water is leaking from the main these pressures
will of course be equal while if water is leaking the difference in these pressures
will indicate the amount and the position of the leak will then be determined by
tests made at different points.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Henry Edward Newton in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
31st October 1883.
HENRY EDWARD NEWTON of the Office for Patents 66 Chancery Lane in the
County of Middlesex Civil Engineer "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF AND
APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING THE RATE OF WATER CONSUMPTION
"
a Commu-
nication to me from Abroad by Benjamin Silliman Church of Scarsborough on the
Hudson in the State of New York United States of America
In Towns supplied with water through a system of mains great waste is
occasioned by users, leaving cocks and valves open more than is necessary and
particularly in Winter, to prevent the freezing and consequent bursting of pipes.
Now the object of the present Invention is to provide a simple and reliable
apparatus adapted to afford to those having charge of such water supply
comparatively accurate information as to the quantity of water being used either
during the day or night in any building or number of buildings or other place
where water is used and thus detect waste on rate of consumption without entering
the building or place where the water is used.
A method of and apparatus for accomplishing this purpose by ascertaining the
difference between the dynamical and the statical pressures in the service pipe
leading from the main to the building or other place has been proposed but it has
been found in practice however that when but very little water is being drawn
from a pipe the dynamical pressure so nearly equals the statical pressure that the
gauge used for indicating the difference is not sufficiently delicate to make a
satisfactory record.
It is the special object of the present Invention to overcome this difficulty and
to this end the Invention consists broadly in a method of increasing the difference
in these pressures so as to enable the gauge to make a more accurate and
Batisfactory record The Invention also embraces apparatus for carrying this
method into practice and also various details of construction singly and in com-"
bination all of which will be hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed
out.
In the accompanying drawings
Figure 1 Sheet L. is a front elevation partly in section of an apparatus embodying
the present Invention in one of its forms.
Figure 2 is a transverse vertical section of the same the parts being shewn in
both figures in position for taking the dynamical pressure.
Figure 3 is a plan view of an index for indicating the relative positions of the
parts.
Figure 4 Sheet II. is a side elevation of the cock with one half of the shell
removed.
Figures 5 and 6 are transverse vertical sections taken respectively upon the
lines XX and Z Z of Figure 4.
Figures 7. 8. 9 and 10 are horizontal sections taken upon the line V V of Figure 4
shewing the plug in different positions.
Figures 11 and 12 are horizontal sections of modified forms of cocks
Figure 13 Sheet I is a view similar to Figure 1. shewing however a cock of a
different construction.
Figures 14 to 18 inclusive are horizontal sections taken upon the line X X of
Figure 13 shewing the plug in different positions

page_text: Figure 19 Sheet II is an elevation partly in section shewing a modified form of
the apparatus.
Figure 20 is a like view shewing the parts in a different position.
Figure 21 is a vertical section taken upon the line X X of Figures 19 and 23.
Figure 22 is a horizontal section taken upon the line X X of Fig: 20
Figure 23 is a horizontal section taken upon the line V V of Figures 19 and 21.
Figure 24 is a horizontal section taken upon the line X X of Fig: 21 and
Figure 25 is a like view showing the parts in a different position.
It is a well known law of physics that the pressure exerted by a column of
water flowing through a pipe under a given head is in inverse ratio to the rapidity
with which it is drawn from such pipe-If therefore the service pipe through
which the water is conducted into a building is of large size and only a small
stream is being drawn or leaking from the pipe inside the building the water will
be drawn from the pipe so slowly that the dynamical pressure will vary only
slightly from the statical pressure and a very delicate apparatus will be required
to detect the difference-If however the service pipe be very small then a small
stream running from the pipe inside the building will draw the water from the
pipe so rapidly that the difference between the dynamical and statical pressures
will be easily marked by an ordinary gauge.
It is this principle which is invoked in the present Invention and to make it
available the service pipe is in effect reduced at the time of taking the dynamical
pressure to a very small diameter thereby obtaining all the advantages of the
principle even when dealing with the largest of pipes.
Referring now particularly to Figure 1 1. is the usual service pipe for conducting
the water from the street main to the place of use the water flowing in the
direction indicated by the arrows-This pipe at some convenient point outside of
the building is provided with a cock of peculiar construction by the use of which
the person in charge of the water supply is enabled to take the statical and
dynamical pressures in the pipe and thus determine the rate of consumption.
This cock consists of a shell 2 and plug 3 the latter being held in position by a
nut and washer 4. 5. at its lower end and having the extent of its movement
in the shell controlled by a stud 6. (see Figures 4 and 5) which plays between the
walls 42. 43. of a recess in the top of the shell all in the usual manner.
The shell 2. is provided with induction and eduction ports 7. 8. the former being
of the shape shewn in Figure 5 and the latter of that shewn in Figure 6.
The plug 3 is provided with two ports 9. 10 the port 10. being provided with a
small lateral port 11. (see Fig: 4)-The plug is also provided with a longitudinal
duct 12 which extends from its top to a point just above the port 10. where it unites
with three lateral ducts 13. 14. 15.
The plug 3. is provided with a tubular extension 16. which is enclosed in a
suitable casing 17. and extends upwards to a point near the surface of the ground
or the pavement, said extension being rigidly connected to the plug in any suitable
manner as by the screw coupling shewn in Figures 1 and 2-The casing 17. will
preferably be provided near its top with a cross partition as 18. which will fit
snugly around the tube 16. so as to prevent dirt and other matter from falling into
and accumulating in the casing around the cock-The top of the tube 16. is provided
with a screw threaded portion 19. and a small polygonal projection 20. the
of which will hereinafter appear.
purpose
Any of the usual forms of pressure gauges may be used with this cock apparatus
for ascertaining the dynamical and statical pressures of the water in the pipe 1.-
The dial of such gauge may be graduated to indicate the pressure in pounds or if
preferred it may be graduated to indicate velocity or gallons after actual trial of
the water flowing per hour.
In Figures 1 and 2 of the Drawings what is regarded as the most desirable form
of gauge for this purpose and also the means by which the gauge can be readily
attached to and detached from the cock apparatus before and after taking the
measurements are shown,

page_text: This gauge consists of a cylindrical casing 21. one side of which is provided with
a graduated dial 22. and a double pointer 23. 24. said pointer being mounted upon
a shaft 25 which passes through the casing and carries a small pinion 26.-The
dial and pointer are preferably protected by a glass or other transparent cover 27.
The gauge is supported upon a tubular standard 28. the end of which enters the
casing 21 and is connected to a Bourdon spring 29 one side of which is connected
by a link 30. with one arm of a lever 31. the opposite arm of which is provided
with a segment which engages with the pinion 26 on the pointer shaft.
In order to indicate the required measurements with greater accuracy and con-
venience the dial 22. is provided with an auxiliary dial 32. preferably sunk into
the face of the former as shewn-This dial the purpose of which will hereinafter
appear is provided at opposite points with two graduated scales and is mounted so
as to be readily rotated by a gear 33 and pinion 34 the latter being operated from
the back of the casing 21. by a button or head 35.
The standard 28, is provided at its lower end with a polygonal recess adapted to
receive the projection 20 and with a screw coupling 36. by which it may be secured
to the tube 16-The coupling 36 is provided with an upwardly extending sleeve 37.
carrying at its upper end a small hand wheel 38. by which the coupling can be
operated to connect and disconnect the guage-The guage apparatus just described
will preferably be provided with laterally projecting handles as 41 and also with an
index 39. (the purpose of which will hereinafter appear) which is adjustably secured
to the sleeve 37. by means of a spring collar and a set screw 40. as shewn in
Figures 1 and 3.
In using this Invention as carried out in the manner just described, each service
pipe leading from the street main to the house or other place where water is used,
should be provided with a cock and tubular extension, the cock being placed under
the side walk and the stem extending upwards to or near to the service of such
side walk, so that the indicating device can be readily attached and detached, one
indicating device thus being capable of use on all the stems, it being carried by the
Inspector.
When the parts are in their normal position so as to allow the water to enter the
building or other place where it is used, the plug 3. of the cock will be turned so as
to bring both the ports 9 and 10. into communication with the ports 7 and 8 as
shewn in Figures 1 and 7 and permit the full volume of water to flow through the
pipe 1.
When it is desired to discover whether water is being used or wasted and the
rate at which it is being used or wasted at any time during the day or night, the
guage is connected to the tube 16. by placing the standard 28 over the projec-
tion 20 and turning the hand wheel 38. so as to operate the coupling 36.-When
the connection has thus been made an indicating mark will be made upon the
pavement or the edge of the casing 17. and the index 89. will be adjusted and
secured upon the sleeve 37 in such position that its point n. will coincide with said
mark and the plug 8. will be turned (which may be accomplished by the handles 41)
until the point 8. of the index coincides with said mark upon the pavement which
will bring the parts into the position shewn in Figure 8.
No water can now pass through the ports 9. 10 and the full pressure or head of
the water or what is above termed the "statical pressure" will be transmitted
through the ducts 14. 12. (see Fig: 8) into the tube 16 where it will compress the
air therein-This pressure will be communicated through the standard 28. to the
Bourdon spring 29. which will be moved more or less according to the pressure in
the pipe 1. The movement of the spring 29. in expanding will through the link 30,
lever 31 pinion 26 and shaft 25. be communicated to the pointer 24. which will
thus be made to move over the dial 22 and indicate the amount of the statical
pressure.
When the pointer comes to rest the auxiliary dial 32. will be turned until its
initial or zero point coincides with the pointer marking the statical pressure,

page_text: When this has been done the standard 28. will be turned backward until the
point d. of the index 89. coincides with the mark upon the pavement which will
bring the parts to the position shewn in Figures 1 and 9; that is to say, the
duct 13 will open into the port 8 and the port 9 will open into both ports 7 and 8
so that the water will be allowed to flow freely through the pipe 1 and at the same
time upward through ducts 13 12 to the gauge
The pressure now communicated to the gauge will be the “dynamical pressure
or the pressure of the moving column of water in the pipe
"
If no water is being drawn from the pipe the pointer 24 will in this case assume
the same position as in the former, but if water is being drawn the pressure will
be less and the pointer will stop at a less advanced postion The difference in
position of the pointer will be indicated by the scale upon the dial 32 and this
difference will by proper computation determine the rate at which the water is
being drawn from the pipe
It will be observed that when the parts are in the position just described the
port 10 is closed by the projection 44 of the shell 2 (see figures 1. 5 and 9) thus
decreasing the size of the passage through the plug 3 and in effect reducing the
size of the service pipe from this point onward From this reduction in the size
of the pipe it results that the water will flow through it with an increased
velocity and upon the principle already explained the difference between the statical
and the dynamical pressures will be proportionately increased so as to be clearly
indicated by the gauge
If very little water is being used it may be necessary in order to make the
difference between the statical and dynamical pressures sufficient to be clearly
indicated by the gauge to still further increase the velocity of the water in the
pipe
This can be done by turning the standard 28 to such position that the mark D¹
of the index 39 will coincide with the mark upon the pavement. This will bring
the parts to the position shewn in Fig: 10 in which position it will be observed
that the ports 9 and 10 are both closed so that the water is forced to pass through
the small port 11 into the port 10 and thence into the pipe 1. The size of the
port 11 is such that the use of a very small quantity of water will cause quite a
rapid flow through it and consequently such a reduction of the dynamical pressure
that the difference between it and the statical pressure will be clearly indicated by
the gauge.
In the test just described the pointer 23 instead of the pointer 24 will be consulted
the scale upon that side of the auxiliary dial 32 being gradulated for the port 11
while the other is graduated for the port 9.
By the operation thus far described the rate of consumption or waste of water in
any particular building or series of buildings supplied through a single service pipe
can be readily determined.
It frequently happens however that it is not only desirable to determine the
rate of waste or consumption in a building but also to determine the particular
part of the building in which the water is being used or wasted. If upon making
the tests just explained it is found that water is being used or wasted in the
building the part of the building in which the leak or use is taking place can be
determined by turning the standard 28 until the mark H upon the index 39
coincides with the mark upon the pavement.-This will bring the ports 9 10 and
duct 15 against the solid walls of the shell 2 and the duct 14 to the position shewn
in dotted lines in Fig: 7 so as to communicate with the port 8.-When the parts
are in this position all flow of water through the pipe 1 will be shut off and the
pressure communicated to the gauge will be that of the column of water in the
pipe between the cock and the point of its termination in the building. The
amount of this pressure will of course depend upon the height of the column of
water and the height of this column will depend upon the part of the building in
which the leak or the cock from which the water is running is located. When

page_text: therefore the pointer comes to rest the pressure indicated by the scale upon the
dial will determine the altitude of the column of water in the house and consequently
the location of the leak or the cock from which water has been running. If the
pipe is leaking at more than one point or more than one cock is open the pointer
will indicate a gradual but irregular reduction in the pressure from the building
and the points at which these irregularities occur will determine the positions of the
several leaks or cocka
If after making the tests just described it is desired to shut the water off from
the building or other place of use the standard 28 will be turned until the mark o
of the index 39 coincides with the mark upon the pavement which will bring the
parts into a position just in advance of that shewn in Fig: 8 so that the
ports 9-10 and 11 and the duct 14 will be closed by the walls of the shell and
the duct 15 will coincide with the opening 45 so that any water which may remain
in the ducts of the plug will run out into the casing 17 and thus prevent freezing
et. cetera.
If it is not desired to shut off the water the parts will be restored to their
normal position as shewn in Figs 1 and 7 which will permit the water to again
flow freely through the pipe 1 and will also bring the duct 13 opposite the
opening 45 so as to allow the water to escape from the ducts of the plug. After
the proper tests have been thus made the indicating apparatus will be uncoupled
from the tube 16 and applied to another tube upon another service pipe and so the
operation will be repeated
It is obvious that the indicating device can be connected to the tube 16
by any convenient device as by a bayonet joint or other well known coupling
and that the tube can be connected to the plug by other means than those
shewn or be made a part of such plug without departing from this Invention
Although it is preferred to make the tube 16 of such size as to afford a con-
siderable air chamber in its interior, yet this. chamber can be dispensed with and
a mere passage way made for the water to the indicating device, but by
using the chamber the water is prevented from entering the indicating device
and is also forced out by the compressed air when the plug is turned as in
Fig: 7
It will sometimes be found desirable to provide the indicating apparatus with
means by which it can be ascertained whether or not the inspector has performed
his duty, by making the required tests upon all the service pipes in his district,
and also at what time such tests were made. This can be done by placing a clock
or watch movement inside the casing 21 said movement being provided with a
revolving dial so positioned that each time the spring 29 is moved it will receive a
mark from a pencil carried or operated by said spring From this arrangement it
will result that each time pressure is applied to the spring 29 a mark will be made
upon the dial and the number and position of such marks will indicate the number
and times of the tests made by the apparatus.
From the description given above of the construction and operation of this
apparatus it will be seen that it is adapted to afford the desired indications in
any convenient and accurate manner.
Such accuracy is secured chiefly by limiting or reducing the area of the passage
through which the supply of water is conducted and thereby increasing its absolute
velocity and the difference in the dynamical and statical pressures, while con-
venience in obtaining the indications is afforded by the combination with a single
pressure gauge of two pointers operating in conjunction with separate large and
small scales graduated in connection with large and small water conducting
passages in the manner described.
As the reduction in the size of the water passage through the testing cock is
one of the chief objects of the construction herein illustrated it is obvious that any
mode of construction capable of affecting that result may be adopted without
departing from the principle of my invention

page_text: For instance a slide valve may be used in place of a rotating cock and the
reduction in the area of the water passage effected by moving the slide a fixed
amount so that the resulting aperture may harmonize with the graduations
of the dial which would be made after a test with the slide in such fixed
position
In such a construction separate ducts provided with separate stop cocks would
be required to transmit the statical and dynamical pressures to the gauge
but the test would be conducted and a furthur contraction of the water passage
made if required in the manner described for the testing cock shewn in the
drawings.
The construction of the cock illustrated herein may be modified in various
particulars without departing from the principle of the invention
One such modified construction is shewn in Fig: 11 in which the ducts 13.
14 of the plug are omitted, the shell 2 being provided with recesses 46 47
which serve substantially the same purpose as the omitted ducts. When the parts
are in the position shewn the water will flow freely through the service pipe. By
turning the plug a short distance in the direction of the arrow the water may be
shut off from the building. By turning it still further so that the duct 15 will
open into the port 7 the statical pressure may be taken By turning it still further
so that the port 11 or the port 10 as may be desired will open into the port 7 and
the duct 15 into the recess 46 the dynamical pressure may be taken.
:
Fig 12 shews another modified construction in which the port 11 instead of
being made in the plug is made in the projection 44 of the shell. To take the
dynamical pressure with the smallest flow of water by a cock thus constructed the
plug is turned so as to cause the ports 10 and 11 to coincide as shown in
the figure All of the other operations will be the same as already described in
connection with figures 7 to 10.
In Figures 13 to 18 inclusive another construction of a cock apparatus is
illustrated adapted to accomplish substantially the same result
In this construction the port 10 of the plug is omitted and a single duct 48 is
used in the place of the three ducts 13. 14. 15.
In Fig: 14 the parts are shewn in their normal position, the port 9 being in
communication with the ports 7. 8. and the duct 48 coinciding with the opening 45
so as to allow the water to escape from the duct 12 and tube 16 to prevent
freezing &c.
Fig: 16 shows the parts in position for taking the statical pressure, the duct 48
opening into the port 7 and the port 9 being closed by the walls of the shell
Fig 15 shews the parts in position for taking the dynamical pressure, the plug
being turned so that the duct 48 opens into the ports 7.8 while the port 9 is still
closed by the walls of the shell.-When the ports are in this position the size of
the pipe 1 is in effect reduced to that of the duct 48 which being very small
increases the velocity of the water and proportionately reduces the dynamical
pressure
Fig 17 shews the parts in position for taking the house pressure, the plug being
turned so that the duct 48 opens into the port 8 while the port 9 is still closed by
the walls of the shell
Fig: 18 shews the position of the parts when the water is shut off from the
service pipe, the plug in this case being turned so that the duct 48 opens into a
second opening 49 in the shell by which any water in the ducts or the tube 16 can
escape to prevent freezing. In this case the marks upon the index 39 will of
course be changed to correspond with the required movements of the plug.
This construction although more simple than the former does not as will be
observed afford means for taking the dynamical pressure under two different
conditions and consequently its range of application is more limited. In actual
practice however it affords all the facilities required while its simplicity renders it
more desirable

page_text: In figures 19 to 25 inclusive an arrangement of apparatus is shewn in which the
testing cock, instead of being placed in the service pipe, is attached to and carried
with the gauge so that one cock will serve for taking the measurements in
connection with many pipes.
To accomplish this the service pipe is provided with a four way cock, the
ports 51. 52 of which open into said pipe while the ports 53. 54 open into vertical
branch pipes 55 which pass upward to a point at or near the surface of the
pavement. The plug 56 of this cock is provided with two ports 57. 58 and an
upwardly extending stem 59 to which a key or wrench can be applied to turn
the plug
The pipes 55 are united at their upper ends by a yoke shaped piece 68 the
connection being made by an ordinary coupling 67.
The piece 68 may be provided at its upper portion with a cock of either of the
forms hereinbefore described for taking the various pressures required to determine
the rate of consumption, the plug of such cock being connected directly to the
gauge, or it may be provided as shewn with a cock adapted to operate in connection
with a registering gauge.
This cock consists of a shell 60 and a plug 61 the latter being provided with two
ports 62 63 and two ducts 64 65 which extend from opposite sides of the plug to
its stop, where they communicate with the gauge, which will be attached in a
manner similar to that already described
บ
The operation of this apparatus is as follows. When it is desired to ascertain
the rate of consumption of water the piece 68 which is attached to and carried
with the gauge is united to the pipes 55 so as to form a connection between the
two, and the plug 56 will be turned to the position shewn in Figures 21. 23
and 24.
This will cause the water to pass through the port 57 ascend the pipe 55, pass
through the piece 68, descend the other pipe 55 and reenter the pipe 1 through the
port 58.
If the cock in the piece 68 is of either of the forms shewn in Figures 1 to 18
inclusive it will be operated in the manner already set forth to take the various
pressures required. If the cock is of the form shewn in Figures 19 to 25 inclusive,
its plilg will be turned to the position shewn in figures 21. 23 and 24, so as to
open the ports 62 63 and ducts 64 65 The water will thus be permitted to flow
through the pipes 55. 68, and its pressure will be communicated through the
pets 64. 65 to the gauge which will record the pressure at the variations in the
same as long as the water continues to flow.
After the pressure has been recorded the pie turned to the position
shewn tir fig 25 which will bring the diets 64 65 into register with openings in
the shell 60 and allow any water which may have been forced into the gauge to
escape. The plug 56 will tiler de tuned to the position shown in Fig 22 which
will bring the port 57 into register with the ports 51-52 and allow the water to
pass directly onward through the pipe 1.-When the plug is in this position its
fmall port 66 will register with an opening in the shell 50 so as to allow the water
standing in the pipes 55 to escape and thus prevent danger of freezing. When it
s desired to shut off the water from the building or series of buildings supplied
through the pipe 1 the plug 56 will be turned to such a position that the ports 57. 58
will be closed by the walls of the shell 50.
After the test has been made as just explained the couplings 67 will be unscrewed
fter which the piece 68 and the gauge may be applied to another service pipe and
o the operation will be repeated
Instead of determining the rate of consumption by means of a gauge as just
escribed the piece 68 may be removed and the two pipes 55 connected to an
rdinary water meter. This arrangement will be found particularly advantageous
when it is desired to ascertain the consumption of water in any particular district
r section of a city which is supplied through a single main,

page_text: Although the method and apparatus hereinbefore described are especially
designed for use in ascertaining the rate at which the water is being drawn from
a service pipe they will also be found of great utility in detecting and locating
leaks in the various mains
The course pursued when this is to be done will be as follows. All outlets
leading from the main which is to be tested will be closed as will also the large
gate or cock at the entrance to said main-A small by pass containing one of the
testing cocks will then be placed around said gate or cock. The gauge will then
be applied to the testing cock and the statical and dynamical pressures taken in
the manner already described. If no water is leaking from the main these pressures
will of course be equal while if water is leaking the difference in these pressures
will indicate the amount and the position of the leak will then be determined by
tests made at different points
ก
Having now described this Invention for "Improvements in the method of and
apparatus for determining the rate of water consumption as communicated to
me from abroad and explained the manner of carrying the same into effect
I claim.
First The herein described method of increasing the difference between the
statical and dynamical pressures of the water in a pipe which consists in increasing
the velocity of the water without changing its volume at the time of taking the
dynamical pressure substantially as described
Second The herein described method of increasing the difference between the
statical and dynamical pressures of the water in a pipe which consists in reducing
the size of aperture through which the water passes at the time of taking the
dynamical pressure substantially as described
Third In a testing cock the combination with a shell as 2 having inlet and
outlet ports as 7-8 of a plug as 3 having one or more ports through which the
water passes between said inlet and outlet ports; means for wholly and for
partially closing the ports in said plug; and means for transmitting the pressure
in both conditions to an indicating apparatus all substantially as described
Fourth The combination with a pipe as 1 of an indicating apparatus and a
testing cock provided with means substantially as described by which the statical
the dynamical and the house pressures of the water can be transmitted to said
indicating apparatus
Fifth The combination with a service pipe as 1 of a shell as 2 having inlet and
outlet ports 7 5 and a plug as 3 having a main port as 9 a transverse duct as 48
and vertical duct as 2 the parts being so arranged that the water can be ghut
off from or allowed to flow through the port 9 and that the duct 48 can be
rade to communicate with either or both of the ports 7-8 without spening the
port 9 all substantially as described
Sixth in a testing cock, the combination with a plug as 3 having two ports
9 10 and ducts communicating with an indicating apparatus, of a shell as having
inlet and outlet ports as 7. 8 one of which is provided with a projection as 44 by
which one of said ports 9. 10 may be closed all substantially as described.
Seventh In a testing cock the combination with a plug as 3 having two main
ports as 9. 10 and a lateral port as 11 and ducts communicating with an indi-
cating apparatus, of a shell as 2 having inlet and outlet ports as 78 and means
for bringing said port 11 in communication with said port 7 all substantially as
described.
Eighth The combination with a service pipe as 1 and an indicating or measuring
apparatus, of a four way cock as 50. 56 and vertical pipes as 55 all substantially
as described
Ninth The combination with a testing cock and means for turning the plug of

page_text: Tenth The combination with a testing cock of a gauge, having a double
pointer 23. 24, a main dial as 22 and a movable auxiliary dial as 32 provided with
two graduatons substantially as described.
In witness whereof I the said Henry Edward Newton have hereunto set my
hand and seal the thirty first day of October in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and eighty three
HE NEWTON (L.S.)