IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR AUTOMATICALLY REGULATING AND GOVERNING THE SPEED OF ENGINES AND MACHINERY, AND TO BE PLACED BETWEEN THE MACHINE TO BE ACTUATED AND THE ENGINE DRIVER
Year: 1872

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Edward Newton, of the Office for
Patents, 66, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Civil
Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR AUTOMATICALLY
REGULATING AND GOVERNING THE SPEED OF ENGINES AND MACHINERY, AND TO
BE PLACED BETWEEN THE MACHINE TO BE ACTUATED AND THE ENGINE DRIVER."
-A communication from abroad by Marie Joseph Denis Farcot,
Jean Joseph Leon Farcot, Michel Basile Abel Farcot, and Joseph
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Edward
Newton at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petition, on the 4th September 1872.
I, WILLIAM EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery
Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR AUTO-
MATICALLY REGULATING AND GOVERNING THE SPEED OF ENGINES AND MACHINERY,
AND TO BE PLACED BETWEEN THE MACHINE TO BE ACTUATED AND THE ENGINE
DRIVER," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists of various improvements upon an Invention
for which I obtained Letters Patent, dated 7th August 1868, No. 2476,
A

page_text: and to which the Inventors have given the name of servo-moteur, or
moteur-asservi; and the present Invention has for its object to auto-
matically regulate and govern the speed of engines and machinery, and
to be placed between the machine to be actuated and the engine driver.
By means of the present improvements the engine driver will be
enabled, by a very slight movement of an indicator arm, to stop, slacken
the speed, or reverse the engine, and modify its action with facility and
nicety, so that the machine to be driven and the motive power will be
made to act synchronously by the same motion of the hand of the
attendant.
In carrying out the Invention the Inventors make use of an arrange-
ment of jointed levers or bell-crank levers connected together by rods,
which extend from the machine or apparatus to be driven to the motive
power, and to some convenient part of which arrangement is connected a
governing rod, by means of a bell-crank lever, so that it may be under
the control of the engine driver, who, by acting very slightly on the rod,
may control the action or operation of all the parts, so that when the
driver leaves go of the handle the motor stops of itself at once, or it
advances, retires, goes slowly, stops, changes the direction of motion, thus
.following step by step the motions of the hand of the driver with the
greatest precision. The centres of motion of the jointed levers are so
arranged that any useful motion of the crank may be produced without
acting sensibly on the slide valve, which ought to be under the control
of the driver only.
This arrangement has been advantageously applied to steam rudders
for ships, in which is employed a break or regulator consisting of an
hydraulic cylinder provided with a restricted orifice, through which the
water is forced out when undue pressure is brought to bear on the
rudder.
The Invention is also particularly applicable for moveable lifting
machines, and as an example of this application I will describe a machine
of this kind. A balance lever suspended from a centre pivot in any
suitable manner is connected at one end by means of side rods to the
cross head of the piston rod of a moveable steam cylinder, which is
suspended from a carriage provided with rollers which run on a rail
above, placed at right angles to the balance lever from the opposite end
of which is suspended the weight that is to be moved. The slide valve
rod of the cylinder is connected by means of a connecting rod to a lever

page_text: It will sometimes be found very convenient to combine several servo-
moteurs, so that by connecting them to one common bar all of the
engines may be worked at the same time.
For some purposes it will be convenient to adapt to the valve rod a
spring whereby it may always be brought back to the stopping point
whenever the driver's controlling rod is released.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said William Edward Newton in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 4th March 1873.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane, in the
County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Fourth day of September, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, in the
thirty-sixth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said William Edward Newton, Her special
licence that I, the said William Edward Newton, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said William Edward
Newton, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR AUTOMATICALLY REGUlating and Governing the
SPEED OF ENGINES AND MACHINERY, AND TO BE PLACED BETWEEN THE MACHINE TO
BE ACTUATED AND THE ENGINE DRIVER," being a communication to me from
abroad by Marie Joseph Denis Farcot, Jean Joseph Leon Farcot, Michel
Basile Abel Farcot, and Joseph Etienne Eloi Chateau, all of St. Ouen,
in the Republic of France, upon the condition (amongst others) that
I, the said William Edward Newton, my executors or administrators,
by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their
hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be per-
formed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office

page_text: on the centre of motion of the balance lever, and the first lever is con-
nected by a rod to the bell-crank lever to which the controlling rod of
the driver is attached, and therefore by moving this latter the motions of
the whole apparatus may be controlled with facility.
As a modification, the driver's controlling rod may be jointed to a bell-
crank lever, one arm of which is provided with a toothed rack on both
sides. A toothed wheel connected with the slide valve gears into two
pinions, one on each side of the racked arm of the bell-crank lever, and
so arranged that the rack may be brought into gear with either of them.
The driver, by pulling his controlling rod, may throw the rack into
either of the wheels, and the centre wheel may therefore be driven in
either direction, and thus move the slide valve in the direction required.
In another arrangement the Invention may also be applied to lifting
weights, or for actuating any mechanism without employing a balance
lever. In this arrangement the chain, rod, or other connection of the
machine to be actuated is attached to a sliding block fixed to the end of
the piston rod. The steam valve of the cylinder is worked transversely
by means of a rotating rod, which is acted on by a small bell-crank lever
which is under the control of the driver by means of a rod and handle,
as in the other instances.
Another mode of carrying out the Invention consists of mounting on
the crank itself a double armed lever, one end of which is connected by
a rod to the slide valve, and the other to the driver's controlling rod.
If the Invention is to be applied to the mechanism for working the
turret of a ship of war, the parts are provided with toothed racks and
pinions, which are mounted on a crank pin as the centre of motion, and
from this centre are worked the slide valves of two steam cylinders,
which are arranged at right angles to each other.
Two or more servo-moteurs may be combined, so that in order to
actuate the controlling rod of the principal engine or large servo moteur.
the power of an auxiliary one may be employed.
It will be found very convenient to place the auxiliary servo-moteur
between the jointed levers and the slide valve of the large servo-moteur
as the small engine will have only a small distance to work through
instead of having to traverse the distance passed over by the rod of the
large servo-moteur. This improvement may be applied to various machines
or engines actuated by the impulsion of fluids or other motive agents.
.2

page_text: within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Edward Newton, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement, reference being had to the Drawing
hereunto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is
to say) :-
This Invention consists of various improvements upon an Invention
for which I obtained Letters Patent, dated Seventh August One thousand
eight hundred and sixty-eight, No. 2476, and to which the Inventors
have given the name of servo-moteur or moteur-asservi. The present
Invention has for its object to automatically regulate and govern the
speed of engines and machinery, and is placed between the machine to
be actuated and the engine driver.
By means of the present improvements the engine driver will be
enabled by a very slight movement of an indicator arm to stop, slacken
speed, or reverse the engine and modify its action with facility and
nicety, so that the machine to be driven and the motive power will be
made to act synchronously by the same motion of the hand of the
attendant.
In carrying out the Invention the Inventors make use of an arrange-
ment of jointed levers or bell-crank levers connected together by rods,
which extend from the machine or apparatus to be driven to the motive
power, and to some convenient part of which arrangement is connected
a governing rod by means of a bell-crank lever, so that it may be under
the control of the engine driver, who, by acting very slightly on the rod,
may control the action or operation of all the parts, so that when the
driver leaves go of the handle the motor stops of itself at once, or it
advances, retires, goes slowly, stops, changes the direction of motion,
thus following step by step the motion of the hand of the driver with
the greatest precision. The centres of motion of the jointed levers are
so arranged that any useful motion of the crank may be produced without
acting sensibly on the slide valve which ought to be under the control
of the driver only.
This arrangement has been advantageously applied to steam rudders.
"

page_text: hydraulic cylinder provided with a restricted orifice through which the
water is forced out when undue pressure is brought to bear on the rudder.
The Invention is also particularly applicable for moveable lifting
machines, and as an example of this application I will describe a
machine of this kind. A balance lever suspended from a centre pivot
in any suitable manner is connected at one end by means of side rods
to the cross head of the piston rod of a moveable steam cylinder, which
is suspended from a carriage provided with rollers, which run on a rail
above placed at right angles to the balance lever, from the opposite end
of which is suspended the weight that is to be moved. The slide valve
rod of the cylinder is connected by means of connecting rods to a lever
on the centre of motion of the balance lever, and the first lever is
connected by a rod to the bell-crank lever to which the controlling rod
of the driver is attached, and therefore by moving this latter the motion
of the whole apparatus may be controlled with facility.
As a modification the driver's controlling rod may be jointed to a
bell-crank lever, one arm of which is provided with a toothed rack on
both sides. A toothed wheel connected with the slide valve gears into
two pinions, one on each side of the racked arm of the bell-crank lever,
and so arranged that the rack may be brought into gear with either of
them. The driver by pulling his controlling rod may throw the rack
into either of the wheels, and the centre wheel may therefore be driven
in either direction and thus move the slide valve in the direction
required.
In another arrangement the Invention may also be applied to lifting
weights or for actuating any mechanism without employing a balance
lever. In this arrangement the chain, rod, or other connection of the
machine to be actuated is attached to a sliding block fixed to the end
of the piston rod. The steam valve of the cylinder is worked transversely
by means of a rotating rod which is acted on by a small bell-crank lever,
which is under the control of the driver by means of a rod and handle
as in the other instances.
Another mode of carrying out the Invention consists in mounting on
the crank itself a double-armed lever, one end of which is connected by
a rod to the slide valve, and the other to the driver's controlling rod.
If the Invention is to be applied to the mechanism for working the
crank of a ship of war the parts are provided with toothed racks and

page_text: pinions which are mounted on a crank pin as the centre of motion, and
from this centre are worked the slide valves of two steam cylinders
which are arranged at right angles to each other.
Two or more servo-moteurs may be combined, so that in order to
actuate the controlling rod of the principal engine or large servo-moteur
the power of an auxilliary one may be employed.
It will be found very convenient to place the auxilliary servo-moteur
between the jointed levers and the slide valve of the large servo-moteur,
as the small engine will have but a small distance to work through
instead of having to traverse the distance passed over by the rod of the
large servo-moteur.
This improvement may be applied to various
machines or engines actuated by the impulsion of fluids or other motive
agents.
It will sometimes be found very convenient to combine several servo-
moteurs, so that by connecting them to one common bar all of the
engines may be worked at the same time.
For some purposes it will be convenient to adapt to the valve rod a
spring, whereby it may always be brought back to the stopping point
whenever the driver's controlling rod is released.
In the accompanying Drawings Figures 1 and 2 represent a servo-
moteur constructed (as regards the tie-rods or connecting rods and their
mode of action) in accordance with the description which is given in
the first Patent above referred to. In this apparatus the cylinder a and
beam 6 are moveable in a plane perpendicular to the plane of oscillation.
It will be readily seen by reference to the Figures that the cylinder a
(made fast to an upper carriage) runs upon friction rollers g, g, pendent
from the rails k, and it is thus maintained, the plane of oscillation being
however free to move transversely with the rest of the apparatus and
turning around the vertical axis v, y, and thus displacing at will in any
direction the load d which it is desired to move. The beam is actuated
by two latteral side rods e connected to the coupling rod f of the piston, so
as to allow of the centre of oscillation being brought as near as
possible to the ceiling. The vibrating beam can also be actuated direct
without the aid of side rods by means of the piston rod, a slight oscilla-
tion of the cylinder a sufficing to compensate for the curve described by
the end of the beam.

page_text: The apparatus can (as has been already described in the former Patent)
be worked with the greatest precision by means of the levers and con-
necting rods e, 8, p, q, r, t, which transmit to the rod u (which actuates
the slide valve) the motion derived (in whatever direction) from the side
rod m, which is held by or is under the control of the driver or from
that derived from altering the position of the beam b.
The piston i will by the act of pushing cause the load (weight) d to
move. It may also be made to act by drawing it, in which case it will
suffice to place the cylinders below the beam or to move it to the side of
the weight, thus leaving it above. This motion may be incurred either
by making the arms of the beam of unequal length (as shown at
Figure 1) or by pulleys, chain tackle, or other well known means.
Figures 3 and 4 represent a modification of the arrangement shewn at
Figures 1 and 2, the cylinder a however (instead of being fixed is attached
to a carriage as in Figure 1) is moveable, and is free to rock upon its
bearings on the beam b. In this modification will be further seen the
jointed levers 8, p, q, which transmit motion to the rod w, which actuates
the slide valve. This motion in one, or other direction is effected by
means of the jointed rod m, which is under the control of the driver or
attendant. In this case the piston is fixed, and the cylinder moves
vertically up or down, according as the steam is let in above or below the
piston. This to-and-fro motion is transmitted direct to the beam 6 upon
one of the arms of which the cylinder is mounted.
In order that the oscillation of the cylinder may not affect the levers
and rods 8, p, q, and thus act on the slide valve, the extreme point ; of:
the valve lever must be exactly at the centre or geometrical axis of
oscillation of the cylinder. It will be seen that according to this
arrangement the system of levers and rods is slightly modified, although
constructed according to the principles of the Invention.
At Figures 5 and 6 is shewn a modification of the arrangement of
levers applicable to any description of moteur; 7 is the connecting rod,
and 8, p, an oscillating bell crank or angular arrangement forming the
principal part of the arrangement of levers. It will be seen that the
arm p of this bell-crank lever is furnished at either side with rack teeth,
which can take into either one or other of the pinions m, and n, which
turn in contrary directions and are both actuated by the wheel i. The
system of levers thus arranged being adapted by means of the joint ; to

page_text: the end of the rod which is to be moved, it will be easily understood that
if the attendant pulls the rod in the direction indicated by the arrow the
arms 8, p, of the bell crank will move from their angular position, thus
causing one of the racks of p to take into one of the pinions, when the
pinion m will operate the whole system k, j, 8, p, in the direction of its
rotation, thereby producing a motion in the direction given by the
attendant. The contrary effect will be produced by the pinion n when
the rod is drawn in the opposite direction. Or when this rod remains
stationary in the hands of the attendant the bar k for some reason or
other would tend to continue the movement in the direction already
begun. The driver will therefore be able to go ahead, astern, or stop at
will.
It will be understood that this system of levers will act like those
already described, that they will be at stop without the weight when
the arm & is perpendicular to the rod k, the double rack p being out of
gear with either pinion.
This system of levers may be applied to all kinds of disengaging gear
or to any parts of a machine which are under the control of the
regulator or of the driver.
A novel and simple modification of the levers and one more certain in
its action than the preceding will now be described. It may be remem-
bered that in the system of levers 8, p, q, r, t, constructed according to
this Invention, the bell crank 8, p, is the essential part which effects the
control, for it is by means of this bell-crank lever that the relative
vibrating motions imparted by the driver to the rod and piston, and
causing them to act upon one or other of the ends of the arms &, that
motions are communicated at right angles so as to act upon the slide
valve whether the driving rod works faster than the piston or that the
piston has a tendency to work faster than the driving rod.
The modification just described and shewn at Figs. 5 and 6 is an
application of this essential principle. The novel modification about to
be described is of the same order, and is based upon similar principles.
It imparts motion in a straight line without a beam, in the same way as
a beam of indefinite radius does, of which all the points describe arcs of
circles.
At Figs. 7 and 8 may be seen a steam cylinder a, such as those
described in the Patent above referred to. The valve c is actuated by

page_text: means of the rod d, which rotates on its axis, and moves in a transverse
direction, and not parallel to the cylinder; and the novelty of this
system of levers is that the rod d is a prolongation of a rectangular
sectional bar e, upon which slides a socket f, (shewn full size at Figs. 9
and 10), and jointed by means of a ring g to an arm h, which arm forms
part of the block i of the piston rod, so that when the piston moves
this arm draws with it the socket f, and causes it to slide (with all its
carriers) along the bar e. Upon one of the sides of the arm h in the
horizontal plane, and passing through the axis of the valve rod d is
fixed a stud j, which serves as an axis of oscillation to the bell crank 8, p,
the arm p of which works a finger k, Fig. 8, which forms part of the
seat of the socket f.
It will thus be easily understood how the working of the motor will
be effected by the action of the bell crank s, p. If, for example, the
driver pulls the arm m he will incline the vertical arm 8, and thereby
raise P, which by working the finger k will cause the valve rod d to turn
with the bar e. Steam is thus admitted into the cylinder to the piston,
which moves in the same direction as the conducting rod, the steam
pipes being suitably arranged so as to supply steam to either end of the
cylinder. If it be desired to work the piston bat a greater speed than
the driving rod, or if this latter stops, the upper end of the arms becomes
relatively a fixed point, and the piston will thus cause the bell crank s, p,
to move in the opposite direction to that of its first motion, and with it
the finger k, the bar c¹, the rod d, and the slide valve e. In one word,
the working and control of the parts is effected in the same manner as
in the first arrangement, and by the same means as the bell cranks 8, p,
but without the employment of a beam. The block i will draw a weight
or will work any object according to the destination of the motor acting
by means of connecting rods, lever chains, or otherwise.
At Figs. 11 and 12 will be seen an analogous arrangement to the fore-
going, in which the same letters of reference indicate the like parts, as
in Figs. 7, 8, 9, and 10. This arrangement however has this peculiarity
that the slide valve moving parallel to the cylinder is actuated by means
of a screw thread mounted on the rod d instead of being worked by
the finger k, as indicated at Fig. 7. The arrangements and details of
this servo-motor may be varied at will. For example, a square rod or
a round grooved rod may be employed instead of the rectangular bar c,
of course modifying according to circumstances the arrangement of the

page_text: parts of the servo-motor without however altering the mode indicated
when describing the action of the bell crank 8, p, formed of vertical and
horizontal arms, that is to say, with arms perpendicular and parallel to
their line of motion. This bell crank is (as has been already stated)
the basis of the arrangement of levers of the servo-motor in general.
The precision, more or less great, of the action of the driving gear by
means of this system of connecting rods and levers is (as has been
already shewn) regulated by the relative angular motion of the two
ends n, o, of the arms of the bell crank s, p, (see Fig. 7). This precision
will augment in proportion as the space n, o, decreases. If therefore it
was desired, (in order to augment the power of the driving rod and
to diminish the effect produced thereby) to lengthen the arm 8, say
as far as shewn in dotted lines at n, r, Fig. 7, the head of the driver
by working them at r, instead of pulling upon the point n or upon the
rod m (supposing these modifications to have taken place) the degree of
precision of the driving gear will be considerably diminished, for by the
same angular variation of the arm p the piston would be free to rise or
fall to a greater extent, the fixed point of the arms being at r instead of
at n; this difficulty may be surmounted by arranging at the point n (by
any approved means) a constant resistance produced by the friction of a
spring or a brake, which slides with the piston in a fixed groove during
its traverse, and exerting a slightly greater power than the slide valve
exerts upon the valve crank 8, p. This resistance (when the driver
pushes the arm 8) will naturally bear upon r, and thus add to the
resistance of the slide valve, but when the driver wishes to stop the
apparatus the oscillation of the arm & will augment the precision of the
gear upon the point n, and not around the point r, taking its bearing
upon the friction in constant resistance at n. The stopping will thus be
obtained more promptly and with more precision when the piston would
otherwise continue its stroke, and the driver will only have to allow the
arm n (which oscillates on the point n) to return back in the direction
opposite to that of the piston.
Some useful arrangements applicable under certain circumstances
will now be described. In order to control the action of all motors in
a right line when the motion of the driving rod is small a simple bell-
crank, such as that shewn at Fig. 13, may be employed with advantage.
a is the driving rod actuated by a piston or other motor; b is an arm or
cross head mounted upon this rod a; and c, c', is a bell lever which (as

page_text: has been shown) is the essential part of the servo-metor in combination with
its arrangement of connecting rods and levers, and d is the controlling
rod for acting on the bell-crank c; and ƒ is a lever which imparts the
motion of the other levers to the slide valve or other regulating
mechanism of the motive-power engine. It will be readily seen that
the motion of the rod a will be determined by the interior length of the
slotted arm c¹ of the bell crank c, c', in which the stud e of the lever f
is free to move. If now the driver pulls the rod d in one direction or
the other, it will follow that he will cause the bell-crank lever c, c', to
incline and thus raise or lower the lever f, and if the driving gear is
stopped the rod a by continuing its motion will reverse (of its own
accord) the action of the valve for supplying the steam as in the case
of the jointed levers already described, and that the motor will be thus
completely under control during its rectilinear course without the aid of
the jointed lever apparatus. It has been stated that the system of
jointed levers of the servo-motor may be modified indefinitely, subject
however to the principles and basis laid down.
An important modification may be effected by combining the two, bell
cranks 8, p, r, t, of the first system of jointed levers, and doing away
with the connecting rod q, thus reducing the whole to the employment
of a simple beam, more or less long, which will have its centre of
oscillation fixed upon the crank, one of its ends actuating the con-
necting rod, Fig. 14, of the slide valve, and placed in front of the
rotating shaft 1, and the other end actuated by the driving rod m in
front of the said crank; the two arms of the beam may be varied in
length according to circumstances. This system is applicable like those
preceding to an alternating or continuous rotary motion capable
however of divers improvements or modifications, such as those already
indicated. For example, a simple change of travel may be effected by
removing the central stud which works on the crank.
In this improvement (as shewn in the accompanying plan at Fig. 14)
is claimed as new,-
1. The rocking beam which constitutes this novel and important
modification in the application of the jointed rods and levers, and which
rocking lever may be of greater or lesser length than the crank. It
acts in fact as the bell crank of the jointed levers already described,
rearranged and placed parallel to the crank, and having its working end

page_text: in front of the centre of rotation according to the third essential
feature of the servo-motor.
2. The rocking beam may have its point of oscillation between its two
extremities or at one end thereof, according to circumstances, when it
will act as an adjustable lever.
3. The centre of oscillation will be fixed upon the crank or upon a
separate arm made fast to the shaft or rotating axle; a continuous
rotary motion may be obtained by means of a simple and efficacious
system of jointed levers by applying this modification and varying it
according to circumstances, and the principles already laid down.
At Figs. 15 and 16 is shewn a system of jointed levers thus constructed,
arranged, for example, for working the rotating engines for armour-
plated turrets. The engines are supposed to incline the one towards the
other, forming together an angle of 90°. a is the stud which actuates
eccentrically the slide valves; b, b, are connecting rods for working the
slide valves. The stud a forms part of an iron or other metal plate or
sector d, which is toothed upon its inner side, and is capable of oscillating
on a centre or axis of rotation c fixed upon another plate ƒ keyed to the
extremity of the principal shaft e, and forming part thereof. A toothed
pinion in two pieces h gears with the interior sector rack teeth of the
moveable plate d, and will, by turning to the right or left, cause a
varying angular movement of the plate, and will thus produce an eccen-
tric motion which will act on the valve by moving the stud a to the
right or left of its mean angular position.
When the stud a passes upon
this mean line it will be at the same time, as shewn at Fig. 15, exactly
in front of the principal shaft e, and concentric thereto. This is the
stopping position, at which time the slide valves are motionless. It will
thus be seen that the most rapid and efficacious change of motion or
direction may be effected, the partial rotation of the pinion h suffi-
ciently to effect instantaneously a motion in either direction, then stop,
and then a motion in the contrary direction.
The angular and circular curve described by the stud a by moving the
latter produces a notable and useful advance for the supply of the steam
or other motive agent, as the stud a will thus at each end of its motion
be found keyed at more than 90° with the motor crank, whether bent or
not, which, as represented at Figs. 13 and 16, would be placed in a
vertical direction above the shaft e.

page_text: In order to obtain an exact and precise motion, it will suffice that the
hand of the driver shall act upon the pinion . This may be effected by
keying on the pinion a fly similar to those of the first modification of the
continuous rotating jointed rods and levers. This will answer in ordinary
circumstances, but in the case of the driver being placed on the moveable
turret, and the crank shaft being beyond his reach, he will work the
jointed rods and levers and the pinion h, as has been described in the
first Patent by means of a series of light wheels constructed in the same
manner as the principal mechanism of the turret. The pinion i close to
the pinion h, and forming part thereof, is the last element of this light
transmission; it is actuated by means of a wheelj fixed upon the frame
or otherwise. The geometrical line which joins the centre c to the centre
of the stud a forms in reality the working lever beam of the jointed levers
according to the modification described above. The moveable plate & not-
withstanding its novel shape is therefore nothing else than the body of the
beam or rocking lever. It may be worked by the driver by means of a
hand fly mounted upon the pinion h, as has been said, or by any other
transmitting motion actuating this pinion h through the pinion i,
or by other suitable means. This modification of the system of jointed
rods and levers will be found very useful for continuous rotary engines.
In continuous rotating servo-motors the central stud actuated by the
coupling rod of the jointed levers of acting upon the bell crank r, t,
would by the same arrangement just described be simply a handle
working eccentrically to actuate a slide valve working in a rectilinear or
curved groove mounted on the end of the shift, perpendicular to the
direction of the crank, the jointed rods and levers being consequently
removed to some other parts, so that if the handle is brought to the centre
the action of the slide valve will be null, but if, on the contrary, the
handle be moved in the groove on one side or other of the centre by the
effect of the motion of the jointed rods and levers in one direction or
the other, the direction of motion is instantly changed, as by the
unscotching break in ordinary machines. This modification, which may
be readily understood, and which may be raised at will, will be of great
utility in many cases for simplifying the distribution or supply of steam
or further motive agent by means of the continuous rotating servo-
motor..
It is stated in the first Patent that several servo-motors arranged to

page_text: driving rod of a large servo-motor the power of an auxilliary servo-motor
may be used. It may be remarked that it would be advantageous to
place this auxilliary servo-motor not upon the driving rod of the large
motor but at the other end of its jointed levers, that is to say, between
these levers and the slide valve which actuates the principal servo-motor.
By these means a facility of motion will be obtained as by the first
combination, but with this important advantage, that the small servo-
motor will have but a short motion to make as compared to that of the
slide valve of the large servo-motor, instead of being obliged to travel
like the principal driving rod, that is to say, equal to that of the piston
of the chief servo-motor. This important improvement will be appli-
cable to all modifications of the servo-motor artery by the impulsion of
fluids or other motive powers.
The small servo-moteurs constructed for the purpose may be consider-
ably simplified in consequence of their restricted action; for example,
for rectilinear motion with rocking beam or lever the slotted piece for
accessories g, k, and the bar e upon which it slides, represented at
Figs. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12, may be more or less completely dispensed
with without inconvenienced by the arrangement shewn at Fig. 13, and
above described, which consists principally in a simple horizontal slot
made in one of the arms of the bell crank of the servo-morteur apparatus,
the slot being equal to the motion of the piston and being made to
receive the stud which works the slide valve, and serves as the centre of
motion of the slide valve, and (in consequence of the shortness of the
stroke of the piston) remaining but a very short distance from that of
the bell crank s, p, whatever may be the plane in which it may be
arranged. The slight variation of the length of the lever arm or action
of the arm p, produced by the change of position of the horizontal stud
on the slot or groove made in this arm, will not sensibly alter or modify
the pressure and power of the servo-moteur apparatus.
In this manner various modifications in the arrangement of the rods
and levers of the servo-moteur may be made by means of the bell
crank 8, p, which is the essential feature of the apparatus.
A very important improvement may be made by connecting to the
same bar the ends of the rods of several servo-moteurs so as to admit of
the driver or attendant directing or acting on them all simultaneously. If
it be desired, for example, to produce a vertical and horizontal motion at

page_text: the same time it would only be necessary to fork or divide a vertical bar a,
Fig. 17, and connect it to a horizontal bar b, and permit it to slide in a
socket of any convenient form, thereby constituting them a kind of
framing with one part capable of sliding on the other. The bar 6 will
thereby be actuated or controlled on the ends of the rods, will have a
horizontal vertical motion, and the bar a will receive a vertical motion
from the jointed rods.
It will be easily understood that upon the bar a a point c, for example,
may be used in the centre of motion either vertical or horizontal. In
fact if the point c moves horizontally it pushes the bar 6 in the same
direction; at the same time it can slide vertically on the latter and thus
actuate and perfectly control the horizontal servo-moteur. If this same
point is pushed vertically it will draw the jointed joints of the servo-
morteur motion attached to the bar a, and will act upon it as a controlling
agent. Finally, if the point c be moved in a diagonal or inclined direction
by moving it at the same time vertically and horizontally the bar 6 will
be moved in a corresponding manner and the bar a will slide in b in
accordance with this motion, so that the point c being under the control
of the attendant is a kind of general centre of direction for the two
servo-moteurs, which are connected together and controled by the
same hand.
It will be evident that up this same point may be concentrated in
the same manner the connecting rods of two or more servo-moteurs
either at right angles to the plane of the two first bars a, b, or in any
other direction. The work the driver or attendant may be much
facilitated in certain cases (especially with servo-moteurs controlled by a
governor) by adapting to one part of the levers a spring or system of
spring which will have the effect of constantly bringing the slide valve to
the stopping point. When the driver or attendant does not oppose it
this addition promptly relieves the governor from the abnormal action to
which it would be subjected, as the servo-moteur will increase the
regularity and precision of action of the whole mechanism.
In different applications of the servo-moteur it is often necessary to
employ springs to bring the rods and levers to the stopping point by
an effort which acts equally in both directions. A simple arrangement
to effect the object as shewn in Figs. 18 and 19:-A spring a of any
convenient form, either coiled or otherwise, is enclosed in a framing b

page_text: which slides on iron bars or fixed points c, d, and suitable support.
This spring a is drawn in opposite directions at its two ends by two
hooked rods e, f, which pass through the bar c, d, of the frame b.
One of these rods c is screwed and provided with a moveable screw nut S
and a clamping screw, so as to admit of regulating (at will) the tension.
of the spring in the frame b. Things being thus arranged, if it be
desired to exercise any effort upon the framing 6 in any manner or
in either direction (by means of the draw bar p for example), either by
pushing or drawing, the spring will be elongated by one of its ends being
drawn out or away from the fixed point. It will be easily understood 'that
if there is draught put on the bar p the rod ƒ will move its nut or block m
from the fused point d, and will slide in the car and draw on the
spring, and that if on the contrary the draw bar p is pushed, the other
end n of the framing will leave the fixed point c, and will slide on the
two cars d, e, and upon the rod f, drawing with it the rod e, by which
it will also draw upon the sping, thereby lengthening it as in the
opposite motion of the draw bar b. In either of these cases when once
the tennon of the draw bar p is released the spring will bring all the
parts into their normal position, that is to say, the block m against the
car d, and the end n of the frame against the other car c.
In certain cases, another and important application of stopping spring
above described may be made, by adapting to the servo-moteurs for
rudders, for instance, a double stop or stop at two points, which combined
with the slide valve described in the first Patent, will allow the steam
to pass from one side to the other of the piston without escape, when it is
desired to lower the rudder in the position of the straight bar. This
arrangement is shewn at Figures 20 and 21. is the stopping spring
properly so called.
It will be easily understood that the whole arrangement is constructed
upon the principle set forth in the preceding paragraph. It will also.
be seen that it is attached by its ears to the fixed point c, d, upon a
supplementary fan e, or carriage 9, which contains a simple or double
spring x which is operated in the same manner, and may be moved on
the framework between two block pieces u, v, according to the direction
of motion or the movement imparted to the lever t. This lever has its
axis of rotation 2 situated upon the moveable box q, and is acted on at one
end by a stud o fixed in the large beam or rocking lever z of the servo-
moteur, which oscillates on its axis or vertical shaft k. The lever / is*
R

page_text: quite distinct from the small rocking lever y of the jointed rods by which
the engine is controlled. It will be easily understood that the spring x
will not elongate or yield to the action of this levert until after the
carriage frame or moveable box q comes against one of the blocks u, v,
and then the levert will describe variable angular movements, even of
considerable extent, without interfering with that of the beam z, the
spring so being elongated to a comparatively feeble extent, and main-
taining (during all this action) the spring r with its frame b at one of
the normal stopping positions, according to whether the box abuts
against the block u or the block v. These sorts of applications of the
Invention may be varied according to circumstances.
q
It should be remarked that the resistance of a rudder increases
necessarily with its angle of inclination in reference to the axis of the
ship, and that the minimum corresponds to the position of the straight
bar in line with this axis. A considerable practical difficulty would
present itself from the constancy of the power in face of the diminution
of resistance in proportion as the bar assumes a right line. This great
inconvenience is obviated by means of an automatic apparatus for
governing the area of the steam ports, according to the necessity of the
case. In Figure 22 (where this arrangement is shewn) u, u³, represent
two chain wheels, and is a chain; x is the slide valve closing and
covering the steam port and regulating the size of the passage of the
orifice y.
The valve x is worked by the screw rod 1, which is actuated
by the chain v turning the screw nut l³.
The wheel u is placed upon a
prolongation 9¹ of the shaft g, and acts in such a manner that the slide
valve x will travel as nearly as possible in proportion to the angular
position of the rudder. The orifice y which covers the slide valve x will
thus be regulated in the manner desired, and this valve will restrict the
passage by advancing the orifice y in proportion as. the arm of the
rudder approaches the longitudinal axis of the vessel. The motive
power therefore decreases in proportion as the resistance decreases.
This is a very important improvement, and will often admit, for example,
of avoiding the use in mercantile vessels of hydraulic cylinders for
working rudders as set forth in the former Patent.
When the total resistance of the series of mechanism to be controlled
by a servo-moteur is very variable (as is sometimes the case when chang-
ing the direction of motion) the piston of the servo-moteur is constantly
liable to be shaken and agitated by the effect of the resistance it meets

page_text: with, the motive power being alternately too weak and too strong on
each side of the piston. This inconvenience does not occur when a
screw or an inclined plane with considerable friction is employed, for in
such cases the sum of the friction is great enough to resist the immediate
and direct return of the load of the mechanism to be controlled, and
thus a stable apparatus may be constituted in statical equilibrium, even
when the moteur has no more steam.
In Figure 23 is shewn an apparatus in which there is a system of
friction that can be regulated at will, and producing just that gradually
increasing amount of friction which is necessary to practically obtain this
equilibrium. In Figure 23 a is a small cylinder of a servo-moteur; B,
its piston; and c, the piston rod; d is a guide rod, and h a sliding
guide piece. A shaft e is actuated by a lever f, which is worked by the.
connecting rod g. Instead of connecting the rod c directly to the
lever a bell-crank friction lever m is adapted to the sliding guide
piece h. The lower arm m¹ of the bell-crank m is slotted, and embraces
the guide rod d.
curved in the arc of a circle
radius from the top f¹ of the
arm m allows of the rod g
The upper arm m" of the bell crank is
described with the connecting rod g at its
1 lever f. A series of holes made in this
being connected at different points according to the degree of friction
which is required.
It will be easily understood that the impulse received or transmitted
by the rod g in one direction or the other is not in a line with the piston
3 rod, and it possesses a movement of rotation more or less intense around
the centre of oscillation n of the bell crank m, so that the guide rod d will
be gripped first in one direction, and then in the other by two jaws, one
formed of the sliding block h, and the other of the arm m¹ of the bell
crank m.
As these two jaws act in opposite directions there will neces-
sarily be an amount of friction, the intensity of which will depend upon
the arm of the variable or rocking lever, which is made by attaching the
joint of the rod g in one or other of the holes in the arm m² of the bell
crank.
The cylinder of the servo-moteur will naturally have a greater load to
5 overcome, as it will have to overcome the friction produced, but this is
not an inconvenience, for the principal object to attain is the precision'
of working, and moreover there is a considerable economy of steam in'.
consequence of the great precision and certainty in working that can be
+

page_text: obtained. The additional friction furthermore will generally be of but
slight importance, and will not be more than the friction now incidental
to such machines compared with the use of a screw or inclined plane ;
the resulting labor will be less, and at the same time the advantage is
preserved of employing a piston stroke as short as may be desired, much
shorter than that which a screw would create.
The arrangements above described will therefore be of considerable
utility, in many cases applicable for altering the motions of engines
and other apparatus, even for working rudders, often avoiding the
necessity of using hydraulic cylinders or breaks or other analogous
systems of mechanism.
The details of construction of this new apparatus may of course be
varied as may be desired, and according to circumstances.
Having now described the Invention that. has been communicated
to me by my foreign correspondent, I claim as the Invention secured to
me,-
First. The modifications of the servo-moteur intended for the special
application above described and shewn at Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4 of the
Drawings.
Second. The arrangement of jointed rods and levers for controlling
different motive-power engines, as above described and shewn at
Figures 5 and 6.
Third. The arrangement above set forth and shewn at Figures 7, 8, 9,
10, 11, and 12 for constructing a servo-moteur having a rectilinear move-
ment with a beam or rocking lever.
Fourth. The means or mode above set forth and shewn at Figure 7
for reducing the labor of the driver at the end of the regulating lever
of the bell crank without diminishing the precision of the control.
Fifth. The novel arrangement of the system of jointed rods and levers
shewn at Figure 13, and above described.
Sixth. The important modification of jointed rods and levers in
combination with a simple rocking lever, as shewn at Figure 14, and
above described.
Seventh. The improvements in the arrangement of the rods and levers
of the servo-moteur with an alternative or continuous rotary motion in
combination with a simple rocking lever, as shewn and described in
reference to Figures 15 and 16.

page_text: Eighth. The use of several servo-moteurs in succession or connected
together, or so combined that they will control one another, as herein
set forth and shewn at Figures 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and particularly the
arrangement shewn at Figure 13.
Ninth. The combination or arrangement of the levers of several servo-
moteurs, as shewn and described in reference to Figure 17.
Tenth. The application as above set forth to the rods or levers of servo-
moteurs of a spring for the purpose of bringing the several parts back to
the stopping point.
Eleventh. The application of stopping springs to servo-moteurs, as
shewn and described in reference to Figures 18 and 19.
Twelfth. Obtaining a variable stopping motion by means of a double
spring, as shewn and described in reference to Figures 20 and 21.
Thirteenth. The automatic system herein set forth and described in
reference to Figure 22 for regulating the area of the steam posts in servo-
moteurs adapted to rudders actuated by motive power.
Fourteenth. The arrangement of parts shewn at Figure 23 for obtaining
a regulated amount of friction in the transmission of motion by the
servo-moteurs.
Fifteenth. The employment upon the hydraulic cylinder in the manner
herein set forth (for applications analogous to those of rudders) of a safety
valve with a spring adjustable at will, so as to admit of determining and
regulating before hand the yielding of the rudder to the sea, according
to the weather and the state of the sea. This valve establishes &
communication from one side of the piston to the other as may be
desired.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Edward Newton, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Fourth day of March, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-three.