CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN LAMPS AND BURNERS, AND IN THE MEANS OF SUPPLYING AIR AND HEAT THERETO FOR THE SUPPORT OF COMBUSTION
Year: 1841

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
EDWARD NEWTOS, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane, in the County
of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present inost Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Hor
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Twenty-first day of December, in the fifth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Hor heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said William Edward Newton, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilego
and authority, that I, the said William Edward Newton, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, and such others as 1, the said William Edward
Newton, my executors, administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times during the term of
years therein mentioned, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in
all Her Majesty's Colonies and Plantations abroad, and in the Islands of
Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, an Invention of "CERTAIN
IMPROVEMENTS IN LAMPS AND BURNERS, AND IN THE MEANS OF SUPPLYING AIR
AND HEAT THERETO FOR THE SUPPORT OF COMBUSTION," being a communication
from a Foreigner residing abroad in which said Letters Patent is con-
tained a proviso obliging me, the said William Edward Newton, by an
instrument in writing under my hand and seal, particularly to describe and
:
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page_text: ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, and to cause the same to be inrolled in Her Majesty's
High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the
same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
William Edward Newton, do hereby declare that the nature of the said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed, is particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following description thereof,reference
being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the letters and figures
marked thereon, that is to say :-
This Invention consists,firstly, in certain lamps, burners, and apparatus, for
the production of light and heat for domestic and other useful and ornamental
purposes,partly from certain substances which have not yet, to the best of my
knowledge,been brought into general use forsuch purposes and by such means,
some of the said substances being the hydro carbons usually called coal tar,
oils or liquids, naptha, vegetable tar, oils, or liquids, and the liquids obtained
by distillation and rectification of the resins, schistus, petroleum, maltha or
mineral pitch, mineral naptha, asphaltum, bitumen, caoutchouc, animal oil,
and the various hydrocarbonaceous substances that may be extracted from vege-
tables,grain, plants, and trees, and most of the inflamableoleaginous or resinous
substances that are both to be vaporized at certain temperatures, accordingly
as they may vary in nature and specific gravity; and secondly, in the appli-
cation of glass fibres, thread, twist, or tissue, as a wick to burn the aforesaid
hydro carbonaceous substances in lamps made upon the principle of ordinary
Argand lamps; and also to burn animal and vegetable oils, fat or tallow, wax,
resin, paraffine, or napthaline, &c., and generally as a substitute for cotton
wicks in all cases where the latter is or may be employed as a moveable wick
to support combustion,such as in Argand lamps generally, and where the fluid
or fused substance is made to flow to a level for combustion.
In the accompanying Drawings are shewn various methods of carrying this
Invention into effect. One part of the system (that is to say), the way of
obtaining the supply of liquid from the reservoir to the burner for consumption,
is represented in Figs.1, 2,3, and 4, and another part in several other Figures,
to shew the means by which I obtain constant vaporization and a good com-
bustion; and the reason why I begin by this explanation of the means of
obtaining a constant flow of liquid is, that, in order to avoid the necessity of
mechanism to force the supply of such liquid against a certain pressure of
about one and a half to three inches of mercury to certain of my burners, I

page_text: have been obliged to adopt several means which I here shew and explain,
though I do not confine myself to those means, but may at times have recourse
to mechanical means for such purpose.
Fig.1 represents a reservoir A, which contains the liquid, and a cup B, into
which the liquid flows, and in which it is vaporized, and from which it passes
through the tube E to the jet D to escape for combustion through the
burner C, and also through the part of the tube F into the reservoir A,
whereby it forms in the said reservoir the same pressure as that which takes
place in the cup B, so that, notwithstanding the great pressure in the said
burner cup B,the liquid flows from the reservoir to the said burner cup. The
reservoir, when supplied with liquid, is hermetically closed by the screw
stopper 11, and the whole lamp is placed in a box K, with an opening in
front for escape of flame, and which box prevents absorption of caloric by the
surrounding atmosphere, so as to leave the burner the power to keep up a
sufficient vaporization to furnish pressure enough to answer the purposes of
good combustion by such physical combination as I herein-after shew when
I give an explanation of the burners. The box Kis somewhat larger than
the whole,so as not to be in immediate and full contactwith either the burner
or reservoir, whereby it would take from them a larger quantity of heat, but
is made to fit upon the said burner and reservoir by means of connecting
rods, of iron wire, wood, or any conducting substance.
Fig.2 represents a lamp in which the supply of liquid from the reservoir to
the burner is obtained in a different manner. It is effected by rarefying theair
which forms the pressure upon the liquid which has to flow from the reservoir
through the well to the burner,so that the pressure shall be sufficient to make
the liquid flowregularly from the reservoirinto the burner, notwithstandingthe
pressure and resistance offered by the latter; and to explain which I will
divide this part of this lamp into three sections N, K, G, and which three
sections 1 will denominate as follows,-N, reservoir; K, hot-air chamber;
G, well. The reservoir N is made to screw air-tight upon the well G. It has
a sliding valve made of a piece of tube, which, by means of a spring V round
it, passes over and closes the opening H, but which, when the reservoir is
screwed upon the well G,is forced up, as shewn in the saidDrawing, Fig. 2, by
the resistance which this valve meets with from the part P of the well G, and
thus uncovers the said opening H. so that the liquid can flow from the
reservoir into the well, and thence into the burner through the tube E. The
object of this sliding valve is to prevent the liquid from being spilt when the
reservoir is tilted over to be connected with the lower section of the lamp or
well G,but is not otherwise indispensable nor exceptional in its form, wherefore

page_text: I do not confine myself to this parti cular mode, but occasionally adopt the
variousplanspractised in other lamps, with the exception nevertheless that the
reservoir N must be always made air-tight to the well G for use. The well G
is made upon the principle of any other for such purpose, with this exception
that instead of having a small hole to admit of the pressure of the atmosphere
(whereby under ordinary circumstances and pressure the flow of liquid would
take place from the reservoir to the burner in proportion to the consumption
made by said burner), it receives such necessary counterpressure of air from
hot-air chamberKto this Figure 2,through the tube L,as hereafterexplained,
the well being again connected with said hot-air chamber by means of tube
M, so that the vapour which is condensed in said hot-air chamber K shall
fall into said well G,and not accumulate, as would otherwise be the case in
hot-air chamber K. Now it will be easily understood, that from the con-
nection which is formed between the burner A and the hot-air chamber K by
means of the tube F, there is a constant supply of hot vapour from burner A
to hot-air chamber K; that consequently the air which had naturally intro
duced itself into this chamber through the well G and pipes L and M,
before the reservoir N was placed upon well G, and hermetically closed
receives such heat from the vapour as to expand and form upon the liquid
in the well as great a pressure as that which is formed in the burner, so
that in the first place the liquid cannot be driven back or up in the well,
as would otherwise be the case from the pressure formed in the burner.
And again,as the consumption takes place and the liquid decreases in the well
below opening H,a necessary volume of air can find its way through the liquid
in the reservoir N, and thus fill up the space above the liquid, and form the
necessary pressure upon such liquid, without which it wouldnot flow through
the opening H into the wellG,as the height of it is decreased by consumption,
and the opening H uncovered by liquid. And it will also be evident that as
the vapour passes from the burner to the hot-air chamber Kit must be more
or less rapidly condensed, as the said hot-air chamber may be exposed or con-
nected more or less to a refrigerating atmosphere or bodies, and it is for this
reason that I have so placed it as to receive a certain portion of necessary heat
from the flame, which, being here vertical, passes within above five or six
inches of the said hot-air chamber, and thus assists the vapour from the
burner in furnishing sufficient heat for the necessary expansion of the air,and
consequent pressure which must be kept up to have a regular flow of liquid in
cup, notwithstanding the pressure therein. I must here remark that I
have as much as possible avoided the contact between the hot-air chamber
and the well,and especially with the reservoir, otherwise the absorption of heat
the

page_text: by the connection of these parts would be so great that it could not be kept up
by the limited calorific power of the burner, and besides, the whole being
allowed to heat would be attended with other inconveniences which I need not
detail. Thus it will be seen that the hot-air chamber, which may be made of
brass or tin, is only connected and made fast to the well by means of the two
tubes Land M,and two iron rods R,and does not touch the reservoir,as shewn
by K, in section 2 of this Fig. 2; and also that in order that the reservoir
should not get much heated, a piece of woollen cloth or packing is placed
between it and the well at the part where they are screwed together, this piece
of cloth or other non-conducting substance suitable for such purpose serving
also to make the two parts air and vapour-tight together; and, further, that
the well be made in preference of sheet iron, and the tubes E and F be also
made of iron in preference, as less liable to take heat from the burner A;
and further, that Q is attached to the back of this apparatus in such
manner thatwhen it is fixed against awall or anyother refrigerating material,
the latter shall not absorb heat from the whole at the expence and detri-
ment of the evaporating power of the burner. It will be seen by Drawing
Fig. 2 that those parts of iron tubes F and E, hard soldered to burner A,
are connected to the other parts of the same tubes which are soldered, the
one to hot-air chamber K and the other to the well G by means of plates
screwed together,and made of course so tight that the vapour passing through
oneand the liquid passing through the other cannot escape; and that these may
be joined the better, and at the same time to intercept the conduction of
heat,a piece of woollen cloth, or of her non-conductingmaterial suitable for such
purpose, is placed between though I do not confiue myself to this particular
mode of joining them; and in certain cases, such, for instance, as a cold atmo-
sphere, the whole of the body of Fig. 2 can be placed in a box, or the whole
lamp together in a lautern, so as to protect it from the refrigerating power of
such atmosphere; and such measure becomes the more necessary as the liquid
used may be of a coarser kind or of a greater specific gravity, because
such heavier liquids require greater heat from the burner for their eva-
porization and expansion at T, the end of tube F in hot-air chamber
K. I sometimes place a valve, not shewn in Drawing, and which opens
or closes, as the pressure may vary between the burner A and hot-air
chamber K, so that if by any chance the air in the hot-air chamber K should
get suddenly expanded, so as to gain upon the pressure in the cup, it would
close this valve in such manner that the air could not force itself from the hot-
air chamber K through tube F into burner A, which, when it so happens, is
attended with the inconvenience of a difficultyin lighting,and will sometimes

page_text: extinguish the light while burning. The well G is made rather large, so as to
answer at the same time as a reservoir for the residue which is formed when
the liquids are not homogeneous, and which are taken out by screw stopper
marked S; and Fig. 3 represents the principle of a lamp in which the neces
sary counter pressure to get a supply of liquid from reservoir to the burner is
obtained by means of the weight of a column of liquid, about twenty-four
inches above the level necessary to be kept up in the burner. To shew this
principle in a more simple manner, I have sketched a reservoir G, placed
above a tube H. from which the liquid, when the cock Fis opened, will flow
into the burner B, or any other of the pressure burners shewn by Drawings, to
about the level of A. It will be understood that when the burner B is
heated, and the cock F opened, so as to allow the liquid to flow from the
reservoir G into the said burner B, vapour will generated and pressure
formed so as to prevent the liquid from flowing into the burner beyond a cer-
tain height, which we will suppose to be as A, but which of course will vary
according to circumstances, such as the evaporating power of the burner, or
the quality of the liquid, &c., &c.; and the pressure by the weight of the
column of liquid being equal to the pressure in the burner, a constant flow of
liquid will be kept up in the burner until the liquid in the reservoir G is
exhausted, and no sufficient pressure of liquid is offered to resist the pressure
which is necessary to be made in the cup in order to obtain a good combus-
tion, as I hereafter explain in my description of that part of the Invention
which I denominate the burners. In lighting a lamp where the liquid is fur-
nished to the burner upon this plan; care must be taken to open the cock F,
and allow the liquid to flow in proportion as the burner is heated by a spirit
lamp or lighting lamp, which is a small hand lamp made upon the principle of
the others, or otherwise, and so as not to allow too great a rush of liquid into
the burner before sufficient pressure exists in it to check the flow of liquid,
which would otherwise be the case, and the liquid would be emitted through
the jet C of the burner. I occasionally adopt another way of regulating the
supply of the liquid from the reservoir to the burner, and which consists in
what might be called a self-acting cock, placed either inside the burner, and
worked by means of a lever, which is acted upon by the extension of a bar of
metal, which is so placed as to receive heat from the flame or burner, and
thus open the cock or valve only when the burner is hot enough to resist any
pressure from the column of liquid; and when the light is extinguished, or the
burner not sufficiently warm, the said cock or valve is shut by a spring, and
the liquid cannot overflow the burner. And I also occasionally place a cock or
valve upon the same principal externally; that is to say, the rod acting upon a

page_text: lever and cock placed upon the tube through which the liquid flows from the
reservoir to the burner, and the said rod fixed upon the top of the burner
in such manner as to become heated and extended, and thereby act upon the
lever and cock in such manner as to effect an opening for the liquid to flowof
about one thirtieth of an inchdiameter, which is sufficient for the passage of
liquid, enough for most of the pressure burners. I have not, however, shewn
these self-acting lever cocks or valves attached to the lamp in the Drawings,
to prevent confusion, and because the use of thein is avoided as much as
possible, from being rather difficult of adjustment, and rendering the lamp
more complicated. At the top of the tube H the cup I forms the well, upon
the principle of the other lamp, without regard to shape or appearance, but
merely to explain the principle, and the reservoir G is reversed in the same
manner any reservoir might be in any ordinary system of lamp, the whole of
which can be made to fix in lanterns of various descriptions, according to the
uses and places for which the light may be wanted.
Figures 5 and 6 represent, upon a scale of one fourth the usual size, a
lantern for posts, &c., and another to be attached against a wall, or any place,
but which may be varied according to circumstances,there being no peculiarity
in the construction of such lanthorns, except that care inust be taken to place
the reservoir of liquid in such a manner that it shall not be heated by the
flame within, see, for example, 1, Fig. 5, and L, Fig. 6; or, in case of leakage,
that the liquid thus issuing should not be ignited by the flame,and that there
be sufficient ventilation to prevent the whole from being too much heated by
the flame, and that the body of the lanthorn, when made of sheet iron, should
not be soldered, but fasten ed by rivets or otherwise; and Fig. 4 represents a
a lamp in which the supply of liquid from the reservoir to the burner is
effected by means of capillary attraction. A is the reservoir for liquid, placed
under the burner B, which is so made as to form a burner and evaporating
cup at the same time, as hereafter explained. F represents the material used
for the conduction of liquid from the reservoir to the burner by capillary
attraction, and which may be cotton, silk, asbestos, metallic, or glass, or any
other material made sufficiently fibrous for the purpose, and possessing the
necessary properties. This reservoir and burner are joined together by
screwsG, which must be made quite tight,and between those two partswashers
or packing of non-conducting substance must be placed to prevent the con
duction of caloric from the burner to the body of the reservoir, whereby the
burner would be deprived of part of its energy, and the reservoir become hot
to no useful purpose. The whole is surrounded by or enclosed in a case 1, I,
which is so made as to leave a certain space of about one quarter of an inch

page_text: between, in order to avoid direct contact with the burner and reservoir. The
said box or jacket is open at the top H. round the burner, so as to admit air
partially heated to the flame in burner through holes or tubes E. Under the
burner and evaporator B a cup C is made, in which a small quantity of spirit
is placed and ignited to heat the said burner for lighting instead of using the
spirit lamp or the lighting lamp. The shape of this lamp can be varied, and
I therefore do not confine myself to that here represented. The screw stopper
L hermetically closes the opening at which the liquid is introduced into the
reservoir A.
I will now describe that part of the Invention called the burners, and the
principal features and merits of which are,―
First, the choice of the best caloric-conducting metals, such as copper, &c.
Secondly, the physical combination is such, that when once lighted the
flame communicates heat to certain parts of said burner, so as to keep up a
sufficient vaporization of the liquid.
Thirdly, the adjustment of the passage of the flame through the said burner
at certain distances, and in certain proportions and contact, so that it shall
give heat for vaporization of liquid in proportion to the consumption and the
quality of said liquid and the temperature of the atmosphere.
Fourthly, in the adjustmennt of the parts through which air is supplied to
the vapour and flame, in such manner that it is brought for mixture with the
vapour sufficientlyrarified to mix with it without refrigerating and condensing
the vapour, and furnishing nitrogen and oxygen, so as to give the flame of
these vapours a calorific power and a good combustion, which they do not
possess of themselves when burning under ordinary circumstances.
Fifthly, in the great division of the vapour in certain of the burners by its
emission in a large proportional quantity through a very comparatively small
aperture, so as to force it to take up a sufficient quantity of oxygen and
nitrogen (atmospheric air). It will be seen, by referring to Figure 2, that the
burner is made of sheet copper,being a good conductor of caloric,but to which
I do not confine myself. It is about one twentieth or one thirtieth of an inch
in thickness, joined by hard solder; the part through which the flame passes
be made about one twelfth of au inch in thickness. Into this burner the
liquid bydro carbon passes from the reservoir through the wellG,and through
the iron tube E about up to the height shewn by the said Drawing Fig. 2.
This tube E is made of iron in preference, as abstracting less heat from the
burner. When a light is applied under this burner it will readily become
heated and produce vapour in the interior, part of which will pass through
the tube Finto the hot-air chamber, where the air is rarified so as to form a
may

page_text: pressure upon the liquid in the well equal to the pressure in the burner, and
thus prevent the pressure in the latter from driving back the liquid, which it
would otherwise do. The tube F through which the vapour passes from the
burner to the hot-air chamber is also made of iron. At the same time as
vapour is passed from the burner to the hot-air chamber to form this necessary
counterpressure, the like pressure is of course formed in the burner, and a
portion issues with force through the pipe B out of jet C, and passes up verti-
cally through the burner, as shewn by the Drawing of this burner in Fig. 2,
or horizontally, as shewn by burners of Figs. 1 and 3 when it is lighted, and
the light itself maintains the heat as first communicated to the burner, and
keeps up a regular vaporization of the liquid hydro carbon within as long as
this is supplied. The size of these burners is usually double that shewn by
the Drawing, but may be varied in size, and the size of the jet C, through
which the vapour is emitted, may vary from about one fortieth to one sixtieth
of an inch in diameter, and is made in preference of platinum, as being less
liable to be injured by the acids which the liquids may happen to contain. If
in cleaning the jet, when by any accident it may have got stopped, it should
become enlarged, this will be perceived by the flame, which would be larger
and of less perfect combustion, and it would be necessary to replace it by one
of a fit size. The jet is made to screw quite tight upon the part of the
burner, where it is fixed or adjusted in the most convenient manner, according
to circumstances. This burner when lighted is surrounded by a protector or
jacket D, made in the most convenient way for putting on and taking off, and
which serves to prevent refrigeration of the burner by the surrounding atmo-
sphere, and must not be made to fall in close contact with the burner, but as
shewn by the Drawing; a space of about one fourth of an inch must be left
between it and the burner. The bottom of this jacket is perforated with
holes which, by a moveable plate W,are more or less opened, according as the
temperature and quality of the hydro carbon may require, and which will be
seen by the greater or less brilliancy of the flame. These holes, when the
liquid is of a coarse or heavy quality, and the temperature of the atmosphere
low, must be entirely closed, so that the air which is absorbed by the vapour
and flame be first beated to a certain degree by passing down from the top of
the jacket through the space I left between this and the burner, or such like
means adopted, otherwise it would partially condense the vapourat itsemission
from jet C, which at intervals would take fire and interrupt the light, &c.
The burners of Figures 1 and 3, and the other horizontal burners, are upon
the same physical principles as the foregoing burner, with the exception that
the flame passing through horizontally a greater heat is obtained from it, and

page_text: heavier or coarser liquid can be used than can be conveniently used by this
vertical burner. And for the protection of these burners, the jacket must
be made according as circumstances may require, and which will be easily
understood by the principles here laid down for the preceding burner
of Fig. 2. In addition to the propriety of taking more heat from the
flame than the vertical burner, this horizontal burner of Fig. 3 has the
advantage that the vapours are made to pass through the heated plates of the
upper part of this burner to the jet, whereby heavier vapours are more rarified
and fit for combustion at their emission. The burner of Fig. 1 shewn
detached, as C, section 2 of Fig. 1, is made of a detached picce from the
part in which the liquid is vaporized, and also of copper, about one eighth of
an inch thick, and can be heated before it is placed upon its vaporizing cup B,
section I of Fig. 1.
Fig. 7 is a horizontal burner, such as that described with Fig. 3. but
shewn by section 1 with the two tubes E and F, which are adapted to it
when it is applied to an apparatus such as Fig. 2 for the same uses as
tubes E and F of that Fig. 2. The burner of Fig. 4, though vertical, is a
continuation of the principle of the burners of Fig. 3 and Fig. 7. The air
is first made to pass by the opening H down between the jacket or case I
before it gets to the passages marked E, through which it passes into the part
of burner B where combustion takes place. The vapour in this burner is
made to pass internally over the division plate D against part of burner
plate B, and under it to escape for combustion through jet J; the whole
of this burner is made of sheet copper, the same thickness as the burner of
Fig. 2, and is joined to the reservoir A by screws G. The top part of the jacket
or case I is made to fit upon the lower part, as shewn, for instance, at K.
Fig. 8 is a burner upon the same principle as the foregoing, with the
exception that the vapour is made to pass through a more contracted space
pierced through a solid piece of metal whereby it is rarified than in the pre-
ceding burner, and this burner has more energy for vaporization from the
greater connection which exists between the part acted upon by the flame and
the rest.
Fig.9 is another burner upon the same principle as the foregoing Figures 8,
and the burner of Fig. 4 as regards the interior, but is supplied with air by
a direct current, upou the principle of an Argand gas burner. The emission
of vapour is made from jets placed round the part A, four six or eight in number,
of about one sixtieth of an inch in diameter. It is shewn with the tubes E for
conducting the liquid from the reservoir, and F for conducting the vapour to
the hot-air chamber, in the same way as the burner which is attached to

page_text: body of Fig. 2. This burner must be protected from a refrigerating atmo-
sphere, and the air partially rarified before passing to the vapour and flame
by the protecting jackets already described, or such like. Upon this principle
I make burners for the consumption of liquids of different qualities andspecific
gravities, by placing the jets at different points of the burner (that is to say),
I place them, as shewn by A in the Drawing, at about six eighths of an inch
from the top of the burner for a liquid of very light quality; and for a liquid
not so light I bring them down to within about an inch of the top, as shewu
by mark B, in which case I bring down and fix the division plate C to the
bottom of the burner cup, as shewn by dots D. The cup part of this burner
in which the liquid is vaporized is shewn about half the usual size. When
found not of sufficient vaporizing capacity for certain liquids, or under
certain cold temperatures, I add to the top of the burner a copper ring of
more or less depth, which increases the surface upon which the frame is made
to act, and thereby takes up more heat and adds to the power of vaporizing;
and Fig. 10 is a vertical burner, also made of copper, and shewn about the
full size of those placed in lanterns. This burner may be said to be made of
two parts, the upper part A and the lower part B, which, though joined at C.
have a plate D, which forms a division between them, and through which the
vapour escapes by jet E, taking with it a supply of air from the hose F to pass
up the inner part of burner A. This part of burner A is made one half of it
cylindrical, and the other spherical or conical. The cylindrical part is made
thicker than the under part. The lower conical part is made of sheet copper
and pierced with holes F, six or eight in number; the jet E, made in preference
of platinum, and screwed tight upon plate I), and its emitting capacity of from
one thirty-fifth to one sixtieth of an inch in diameter, as the size of the burner
and its vaporizing capacity may be required to vary, and which will require
some experience to judge of. To increase the vaporizing power of this
burner for heavier liquids and cold temperatures, copper wires or tubes are
sometimes fixed to the plate D, and pass down inside the burner cup B into
the liquid, andadd to its vaporizing powers; and, as circumstances may require,
other such like means of conduction of caloric and increasing surfaces for
vaporization, such as groving the inside of that part of the burner through
which the flame passes, may be used.
Fig. 11 shews the foregoing burner with an under protector G fixed upon
a close gallery H, made in preference of sheet iron, and a rarifier I fixed upon
the top cylindrical part of burner A. The under protector G, made of glass
or tin, is for the purpose of preventing absorption of caloric from the under
part of the burner by the atmosphere when cold, and the rarifier I is intended

page_text: to rarify the air before it gets to the flame by passing up through part K and
down part L, and again up the part M, so as to be supplied to the flame at the
proper point, and under a certain pressure formed by more or less rarification.
The point at which the air must be made to strike upon the flame, as circum-
stances may require, will be readily found with a little attention, and by
shifting the said rarifier, which is made to slide upon the burner for the
purpose; the inner part of this rarifier, or the part which fits in contact upon
the burner, can at times be made to rise above the top of the burner, so as to
take heat from the flame and assist the vaporizing part of the burner; at the
same time it will have the effect of spreading the flame at the top, and render
it unnecessary that the top cylindrical part of the burner should be made so
thick as usual, in which case thepart so touchingthe flame should be of copper
and the other parts of sheet iron or brass; and the said inner part of this
rarifier can also and at times be made so as not to touch the burner, except ai
its lower part or ring, by which it is fixed upon the burner, and the upper part
from this point would be separate from the burner about one tenth of an inch
more or less.
Fig. 12 shews another form of burner, which is drawn about the usual size
and proportions. It is made with the top part or burner A of a detached piece
from the lower part or cup of burner B; and upon the upper part of this cup
B there is a circular gallery C, perforated with holes E, about one sixth of an
inch in diameter, and which holes can be either entirely or partially left open
by turning the sliding burner A more or less, as circumstances may require,
and this burner can be shifted up and down without covering the holes
of the gallery, thereby varying the extent of surface of the inner part
of the top of the burner to the action of the flame, as it may be desirable,
from change of quality of liquid used, or the temperature of the atmosphere.
The upper part of this burner can be made to drop in upon the flame, as here
shewn, or be made in various other ways.
Fig. 13 shews a burner upon the principle shewn in Fig. 2, but different in
shape and with an under protector only instead of a jacket, and by which
under protector the air is made to travel against certain parts of the hot
burner before it comes into contact and mixture with the vapour and
flame.
Fig. 14 represents a burner upon the principle of the horizontal burner
Fig. 3, but producing four lights instead of one. The liquid in the lower or
cup part of this burner A is vaporized by the heat conducted from the upper
parts of the burners B, and vapor passes from the said lower part of the
burner A through the holes C perforated in plate D, as shewn by section 2,

page_text: into the space E of upper parts of burners B, and thence through the tubes
Fout of jets G through the open spaces K of upper parts of burners B, where
it burns and gives the heat necessary to keep up the vaporization in the cup.
The lines H are to mark four divisions fixed upon and passing from the
contre to the extremity of plate D, in order to prevent the four different
frames from taking air directly from the same source or point, whereby the
effect produced would be injurious to each, and a cover is placed over the
whole and in contact with the even surfaces of these division plates for this
purpose. I shews the point at which another jet may be fixed, so as to have
a vertical flame in addition to the four horizontal flaines; and upon this
principle I make burners to emit a greater number of flames, both horizontal
and vertical, in order to have a greater force of light from one point, as cir-
cumstances may require. In order to prevent the noise made by the rush of
vapour and flame from the jet through the burner, a thin single wire, or two
pieces crossed, are fixed at about one quarter of an inch over the jet, and
coincident with the centre thereof, and a platinum wire is also sometimes
placed in the burner to fix the point at which it is desired for ignition to take
place.
Fig. 15 shews the system of a burner in which the vapour is emitted
through a narrow circular space left between cones A and B, and which are
made, A of copper, and B of sheet iron or brass. These two cones are brought
together at the top to within the space of a thin line, or a number of very
small apertures can be made by slight incisions on the top of the inner cone B,
so that when it is brought in close contact with the copper cone A, each
incision will form an aperture, and the vapour will escape through them,
well divided, and in proportion to the quantity formed between the two cones,
which, as shewn by the Drawing, are made to form a recipient for a certain
proportion of liquid, and at the same time a retort for vaporizing such
liquid, by means of the heat conducted by the copper burner ring C and
the upper part of burner recipient or cup A, and in proportion to
form a certain quantity of vapour, which at its emission will take up
air from the open space of this burner, and again by the glass D), which
must be so placed as to bring the air in contact with the flame just above
the protecting ring E, which is made of the thinnest sheet irou, and placed
upon the burner cup so as to protect the copper burner ring C and the lower
part of the flame from being refrigerated by the air passing up the glass 1).
A protecting case can be placed so as to guard the whole from the absorption
of heat by the surrounding atmosphere, and to pass up through the open
pace F, and within an eighth of an inch of touching the inner part of the cup,

page_text: so that the cold air shall not come in contact with it, but pass up to mix
with the flame at the part where it first forms. This burner is intended
to produce a smaller flame, and to burn the vapours at a less pressure than
those before described.
Fig. 16 is made upon the same principle, but to emit the vapour with less
pressure and quantity still than the foregoing burner. The upper parts of
cones A, B, are not brought so close together, and forms a burner which will
not furnish so much light. Both these cones are made of brass, or A of brass,
and B of sheet iron, so as to carry down less heat for vaporization than in
Fig. 15, which can be regulated by the upper burner ring C being made to
offer more or less surface to the action of the flame, according to the quality
of liquid used. This burner must be protected from absorption of heat by the
atmosphere in the same way as the foregoing, Fig. 15.
Fig. 17 is intended to produce a smaller flame and light when the hydro
carbons without spirit are used, the aperture for the escape of vapour being
much larger, and the proportion of vapour formed being less, in consequence
of the copper ring C being smaller, and taking up less heat from the flame, and
the cones A and B being both made of sheet iron. The protector E, shewn
with Fig. 15, must be applied in the same way. E, in this Fig. 17, is the
tube through which the liquid flows from reservoir to burner cup.
Fig. 18 is another system of burner and cup, through which a number of
air pipes A are made to pass through the liquid in the cup, and whereby the
air can pass from the exterior into the cup C, to mix with the vapour which
is formed therein by conduction of heat from copper burner D. These pipes
are made narrow at their tops to prevent the vapour from issuing down them
instead of being carried up through the burner. B is a large air tube through
which the air passes up from the under part of the whole lamp. The copper
burner D is a detached piece, and made to slide upon the neck of the cup by
its contact, with which it conducts heat to the cup for the vaporization of the
liquid. The cup and its under part, through which the liquid flows, can be
made of brass or sheet iron, according to the liquid it is intended to use. Fis
a wire gauze to prevent the flame from communicating with the liquid in the
cup C. E is a protector, the same as shewn in Fig. 15. These four last burners
being more intended for portable or hand lamps, glass thread can be placed in
the cup,to prevent the liquid fromvarying in its level so easily, or any other means
adopted for the purpose. That part of the Invention which refers to the employ
ment ofwicks to assist in the combustion ofthehydrocarbons and other materials
above mentioned, consists in the application of glass thread or wire, spun or
drawn fine, instead of the ordinary wicks made of cotton or other fibrous

page_text: material heretofore used. This glass thread or wire may be used either in the
shape of twist, or may be made into a tissue or fabric, in the same manner as
ordinary wicks, and in various other ways. From the properties it possesses
of not carbonizing, and being a bad conductor of heat, and in such form a good
conductor of liquid by capillary attraction, it will be found an exceedingly
useful material for such purposes. This improved wick is equally applicable
as a movable wick to every description of lamp, whatever the combustible
substance to be employed may be, and where the combustible substance is
made to flow to the wick, or the wick to float in or upon the combustible.
Having now described the Invention which has been communicated to me,
I claim the sole use of the various lamps, burners, apparatus, and contrivances
described in this my Specification, and shewn by the different Diagrams
annexed, not confining myself, nevertheless, to those particular shapes, make,
or proportions; and also the sole use of glass in the form of thread, twist,
tissue, or gauze, in whatever shape it may be, as a wick for the production of
light or heat from combustible matter and hydro carbons of all descriptions.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Edward Newton, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Seventeenth day of June, in the year of
(L.S.)
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the same Eighteenth day of June,
in the year above mentioned, the aforesaid William Edward Newton came
before our Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specifica-
tion aforesaid,and all and every thing therein contained, in form above written.
And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of the
Statute in that case made and provided.
Inrolled the Twenty-first day of June, in the year above written.