IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS AND APPARATUS FOR GENERATING, SUB- DIVIDING, AND TRANSMITTING ELECTRIC CURRENTS, ALSO IN ELECTRIC LAMPS."
Year: 1880

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles Frederick Heinrichs, of Quilford Street, Russell
"
Square, in the County of Middlesex, Electrician, for an Invention of
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS AND APPARATUS FOR GENERATING, SUB-
DIVIDING, AND TRANSMITTING ELECTRIC CURRENTS, ALSO IN ELECTRIC
LAMPS."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Frederick Heinrichs
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 9th November 1880.
CHARLES FREDERICK HEINRICHS, of Guilford Street, Russell Square, in the
County of Middlesex, Electrician. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS AND
APPARATUS FOR GENERATING, SUB-DIVIDING, AND TRANSMITTING ELECTRIC
CURRENTS, ALSO IN ELECTRIC LAMPS."
My Invention relates, firstly, to new and improved means and apparatus for
generating, sub-dividing, and transmitting electric currents to be employed for tho
production of electric light, the transmission of motive power for chemical
decomposition, and other purposes.
It consists in further improvements on the apparatus described in the Specifica-
tion of the Letters Patents granted to me and dated 11th November 1879,
No. 4589, and dated 13th November 1878, No. 4595. When I construct
apparatus such as or similar to those described in the Specification of my last
named Patent I make the electro-magnets (arranged upon the circumference of the
revolving shaft) U shaped in cross section, the hollow part being inwards.to or
outwards from the shaft.
I may also vary the forms of the sections as long as the channel form is retained
similar to the sections shown in the channeled ring armature described in the
Specification.of the Patent dated 11th November 1879, No. 4589.
By this means I expose a sufficient length of the insulated conducting wire
surrounding the electro-magnet (and in which the electric currents are generated)
to the air, which prevents the accumulation of heat in the insulated conducting
wire, and thus maintains the efficiency of the generator.
'
The inducing electro-magnets employed in these or similar generator I make
also U shaped in cross section for the same purpose as above described.

page_text: The subdividing of electric currents generated in apparatus of the kind above
referred to has been done mostly after the currents have passed the generator into
the circuits, when a great loss of current has been the consequence.
Further, in those generators where the current generated in the armature has
been employed to excite the inducing electro magnets, a great loss of current and
great variation in the strength of the current takes place, as known. Again, in those
apparatus where a portion of the current is shunted through a portion of the
insulated conducting wire of the inducing magnets great heat is produced in that
portion of the insulated conducting wire, yet the current generated in those
apparatus is not constant.
To obtain better results I connect each section of the insulated conducting wire
(surrounding a ring armature or an electro magnet of an armature) to one or more
commutation plates.
These plates are so arranged that they shall transmit the electric currents
generated in that section while passing through the field of one inducing magnet to
two or more collecting brushes, and thence to two or more circuits, thus the current
generated in a given section of the insulated conducting wire in one direction by the
influence of (for example) the north inducing magnet will be divided twice or more
times of its duration, and may be taken firstly by one set of brushes and sent
through inducing magnets for exciting them, then taken by the second set of
brushes and sent into the lamp circuits or where the current may be required.
When now the same section of insulated conducting wire has passed through
the north inducing magnets and comes under the influence of the south inducing
magnet the current generated, as well known, will be in a reverse direction to the
former.
I arrange the different commutator plates so to each other that the several set
of collecting brushes will collect two or more currents in one continuous direction,
or in alternating direction.
Large generators, in which only two set of inducing magnets are employed, and
where the fields of the inducing magnets are very large, will give the best results,
but I also may employ the above described commutator in combination with the
several sets of collecting brushes for the above described purpose in generators
where more than two sets of inducing magnets are employed.
The several commutator plates I arrange preferably spirally and insulated from
cach other around the shaft carrying the armature, or I may arrange the commutator
plates in one or more disks, the number of disks corresponding to the number of
circuits required.
Sometimes I may make each commutator plate consist of two or more pieces
insulated from each other and interpose between the several pieces of one
commutator plate a metal wire of high resistance, so that when the current becomes
transmitted by the commutator plates from one set of collecting brushes to the next,
it shall not be interrupted.
The collecting brushes I may arrange in rows, or in any other suitable manner,
insulated from each other and from the apparatus.
My Invention relates secondly, to improvements in electric lamps, and particularly
to those described in the Specification of my above named Patents.
It consists in further improved applications of curved or circular carbon pencils,
with or without straight carbon pencils, and in improved mechanism for feeding
and regulating the feed and consumption of circular and straight carbon pencils,
also in arrangements for maintaining the electric arc in the same position.
When I employ one set of circular carbon pencils as one clectrode, as described
in my former Patents, I gear the two metal arms which rotate the carbon with
two small spur wheels instead of the three bevil wheels. By this means I simplify
the mechanism, and obtain in some form of lamps better results.
When I construct lamps in which one set of circular carbon pencils forming the
positive electrode is employed as combination with one straight carbon pencil as
negative electrode, I employ an improved feeding arrangement which will press the

page_text: straight carbon pencil constantly and with great regularity against 2 or more
points of platinum or iridium, or any other substance fusible only under very high
temperature. (Platinum iridium points have already been used for this purpose
but in a different manner from the one I have adopted, as will be seen later on).
Within a metal tube of the same length as the straight carbon pencil I wish to
employ I place a spiral, which spiral can be rotated on its own axis by a clock
spring connected by suitable gear with the spiral and fixed within a small receptacle
on the lower end of the metal tube.
The carbon electrode fits freely in the spiral and has fixed to its lower end a
metal pin, which pin passes through the spiral into a groove on the length of the
metal tube; thus when the spiral is rotated by the clock spring, the carbon will be
lifted in the tube and pressed with its upper conical end against the platinum
iridium points and there maintained by the continuous action of the clock spring
on the spiral until the whole electrode is consumed.
Instead of the clock spring a cord or chain and weight may be employed. The
whole arrangement allows several modifications as long as the combination of the
spiral turning on its own axis, the electrode, and the lift pin or its equivalent are
retained.
The before mentioned platinum points. I arrange as follows:-I fix the platinum
points to one end of small metal levers which are pivotted on the upper end of the
metal tube. The levers are made on their lower end into circular shape, so that
when the carbon is pressed upwards against the platinum points the lower end of
the levers will grip the carbon, thus with the friction produced the force with
which the carbon is pressed upwards against the platinum points is regulated.
The grippers also ensure the electric contract with the electrode. The movable
lever with the platinum points I arrange sometimes in a reverse manner from the
above described.
The lower end of the levers are then pressed by springs against the carbon, and
the opening of the lower ends of the levers will correspond with the opening of the
Thus if I employ
upper ends of the lever to which the platinum points are fixed.
thick or thin carbon the upper opening of the lever will correspond to the size of
the carbon employed.
In some other form I bend the platinum-points into circular shape and arrange
them on the side of the conical end of the carbons. In this case the thickness of
the carbon employed does not change the position of the straight carbon relatively
to the one set of circular carbon pencils.
The last described feeding arrangement, with or without platinum iridium points,
can be employed in electric lamps where straight carbons only are employed.
Two of these feeding arrangements may be arranged opposite each other and
connected by a common pinion, and the feed of the carbons in proportion to their
consumption is regulated by mechanical means in combination with electro magnets
in similar manners to those described in my former Letters Patent.
I may also employ one set of straight carbon pencils arranged as one electrode
in combination with one straight carbon pencil arranged as the other electrode, and
then employ the above described leading arrangement.
The same can be employed for the feed of very small carbon pencils which are
employed in lamps on the incandescense principle and when the carbon is pressed
against a block of carbon or metal.
When I employ circular carbon pencils on the above principle, I arrange them
against the block of carbon or metal similar to that described in the Specification of
my Patent dated 11 November 1879, No. 4589, with reference to Figure 32
therein, and sometimes I employ them in a similar manner to that described in
my Patent dated 13th November 1878, No. 4595, with reference to Figures · 13
to 19.
I provide in such cases circular or curved carbon pencils with the necessary
contact points.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Charles Frederick Heinrichs in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 9th May 1881.
CHARLES FREDERICK HEINRICHS, of Guildford Street, Russell Square, in the
County of Middlesex, Electrician "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS AND
APPARATUS FOR GENERATING, SUB-DIVIDING, AND TRANSMITTING ELECTRIC
CURRENTS, ALSO IN ELECTRIC LAMPS."
My Invention relates, firstly, to new and improved means and apparatus for
generating, sub-dividing and transmitting electric currents, to be employed particu-
larly for the production of electric light, also for the transmission of motive power
for chemical decomposition and for other purposes. It consists in further improve-
ments on the apparatus described in the Specification of the Letters Patents granted
to me and dated respectively 13 November 1878, No. 4595, and 11 November
1879, No. 4589.
When I construct apparatus such as or similar to those described in the
Specification of my first named Patent, I make the electro-magnets (arranged on
the circumference of the revolving shaft) U shaped in cross section, the hollow part
inwards to or outwards from the shaft. Referring to the accompanying Drawings in
in Figure 1 I show a ring armature constructed out of 6 electro magnets, and in
Figure 2, one constructed out of 8 electro magnets (I may also employ any other
suitable number of magnets), as arranged on the circumference of the shaft 8.
The
magnets are in channel form in cross section according to my Invention. I may
further vary the form of the sections of the last described (or similar) armatures,
and also those forms of armatures described in the Specification of my Patent,
dated 11th November 1879, No. 4589, in the manner described in reference to
Figures 3 to 12 in the Drawings. Further researches have proved to me that when
I rotate my armature at a very high velocity (say, at a velocity of over 10,000 feet
circumferentially per minute) so as to obtain a current of high electro motive force,
the iron coro of the ring armature acquires little magnetism and thus takes little
part in the generation of currents in its surrounding conducting wire. Henco I
vary with great advantage my several forms of channelled ring cores in cross section
(as shown in Figures 3 to 12 in the Drawings). By these means I reduce the mass
of the iron of the ring armature and expose a very large length of the insulated
conducting wire which surrounds the ring core to the air, which prevents the
accumulation of heat in the insulated conducting wire and thus maintains the
efficiency of the armature.
By reducing the mass of the iron (yet leaving always sufficient to attract the
lines of magnetic force of the inducing magnets), I save also a great amount of
motive power otherwise wasted. In Figure 3 to 9 I show the several sections of the
ring core r, r, wound with the insulated conducting wire w, w, and surrounded by
the two sets of inducing magnets N and S. It will be seen that the mass of the iron
core is greatly reduced, but yet sufficient is left to draw the lines of magnetic force
of the surrounding N and S inducing magnets through the insulated conducting
wires w, w, and in which the electric currents are generated when the armaturo is
rotated within the N and S inducing magnet, as is well known. In Figures 10, 11,
and 12 I show a few modifications with which similar favourable results can be
obtained, when I arrange coils of insulated conducting wire w, w, on the sides of the
ring core r, as shown in Figure 10, or on the sides of the channelled ring core r, r,
in Figure 11. These coils of insulated conducting wires are without iron cores and
are held insulated to the ring coro r. The latter, when rotated between the N and S
inducing magnet attracts the lines of magnetic force of the inducing magnet, which
are cut by the coils of conducting wires w, w, and in which then the electric currents

page_text: are generated mostly through the influence of the several sets of N and S inducing
magnets.
The several coils or sections of insulating conducting wires w, w, I tie firmly
together so that they will keep the required shape, as shown in the Drawings.
The apparatus in which I employ these ring armatures I construct in such or
similar manner as described in the Specification of my before named Letters Patent.
The subdividing of the electric currents generated in apparatus of the kind above
described has been hitherto done mostly after the currents have been collected by
the brushes and passed into the circuits, when a loss of current has been the
consequence.
Further, in those generators where the entire current generated in the armature
has been employed to excite the inducing magnet before entering the circuits, a loss
of current and great variation also in the strength of the current takes place, as
known.
Again, in those apparatus where a portion of the current is shunted through a
portion of insulated conducting wires of the inducing magnet, great heat is
produced in that portion of the insulated conducting wire, though the current
generated in those apparatus is not constant. To obtain better results I arrange
the several sections or coils of the insulated conducting wires (surrounding a ring
armature or an electro magnet of an armature) as connected to the commutator.
plates in such a manner in my improved apparatus that the commutator plates
shall transmit the electric currents generated in each section while passing through
the field of one inducing magnet the two or more collecting brushes, and thence to
two or more circuits. Thus the current generated in a given section of insulated
conducting wires by the influence of (for example) the north inducing magnet will be
divided two or more times of its duration while in one direction, and may be taken
firstly by one set of brushes and sent to the inducing magnets for exciting them,
then taken by the second set of brushes and sent into the electric lamp circuits or
wherever else the current may be required. I may also connect one end of the
insulating conducting wires of one section with the beginning of the insulated
conducting wires of the section which is placed on the opposite side of the ring core
so as to produce pairs of sections. I connect then each of the two ends of the wire
of each pair to an insulated commutator plate arranged on the shaft of the apparatus
as usual, and to these commutator plates I arrange the several sets of brushes also
in such a nanner that they will take the current generated in the pairs of the
sections of insulated conducting wires in the same manner as before described.
The several commutator plates I arrange preferably spirally and insulated from
cach other around the shaft which carries the armature, or I may arrange the com-
mutator in discs, the number of discs corresponding to the number of circuits
required. Sometimes I make each commutator plate consist of two pieces insulated
from each other, and interpose between the two pieces of commutator plates a metal
wire of high resistance, so that when the current becomes transmitted by the com-
mutator plates from one set of collecting brushes to the next brush the current
shall not become interrupted. I may for the same purpose arrange a coil of wire
of high electric resistance between the several sets of brushes in the first described
method.
In Figure 13 I show only two sections of insulated conducting wire 20¹, w³, sur-
rounding the ring core 7, T. Two ends of the wire are connected with each other,
and the two other ends to the commutator plates c¹ and c², when the ring armature r
is rotated within the N and S inducing magnets in the direction of the arrows.
The current generated in the two sections will then be taken by the brushes b'
and 6, and led to the coils of the inducing magnet to excite them. When now the
commutator plates c¹, c³, have left the brushes 6 and 6, and passed under the
brushes 63, 6, a break of the current which would take place is prevented by the
extra set of brushes 6 and 6", which are connected by two coils of resistance
wire g', g, to the brushes 6' and 6, and when on continuing the motion of the
armature the coils of wire w³, w³, leave the respective fields of the inducing magnets

page_text: the extra set of brushes b and 6" (also connected with the brushes 63 and 6 by
the two resistance coils g³ and 9') will prevent the production of sparks on the
brushes b and b⭑.
What I have described in regard to the two sections of insulating conducting
wire w¹, w, on the armature takes place with all other sections of wires, and, as
well known, the armature is entirely wound with many sections of insulated
conducting wires.
I employ such a number of sections that there will be always at least two pairs
of sections of wire with two pairs of commutator plates under each set of collecting
brushes; consequently currents will be continuously flowing through each circuit.
In Figure 14 I show the before described arrangement with three circuits, and as
inducing magnets I may employ permanent steel magnets (or when I construct
very large generators to be rotated at a very high velocity, I may employ one of
my apparatus described in the Specification of my Patent dated 11 November
1879, No. 4589, to excite the inducing magnets).
Figure 14 will be readily understood from the description of Figure 13. In
Figure 15 I show an arrangement according to my Invention, and where I make
the commutator plates in two pieces, and connect the two pieces with the wires g'
and g³ having a high resistance. In this case I employ single sets of brushes; the
resistance wires g¹ and g³ act for the same purpose as the resistance coils shown in
Figures 13 and 14.
The collecting brushes I arrange insulated from each other and from the apparatus
in similar manner as described in my before mentioned Letters Patent. Large
generators, in which only two sets of inducing magnets are employed, and where
the fields of the inducing magnets are very large, will give the best results for the
adoption of the before described method of dividing the current, as in such cases
the current generated in a given section of the insulated conducting wire when
entering the field of an inducing magnet is of different strength than when in the
middle and when leaving the field; thus by dividing the current as described I
gain in current by keeping the currents generated on the different parts of the
field of the inducing magnet separated from each other, and use them in different
circuits. I may also employ the before described method of dividing the current
in generators where more than two sets of inducing magnets are employed. The
number of circuits practically to be obtained will depend on the size of the machine
and the amount of work the currents are to do. Three or four circuits will be a
sufficient number for an ordinary large sized generator.
Having thus fully described the nature and object of the first portion of my
Invention with reference to Figures 1 to 15 in the Drawings, together with the
manner in which it may be carried into practice, I will now state what I declare to
be my Invention and what I desire to have secured to me by the first portion of
these in part recited Letters Patent.
Firstly. The modified and improved forms of the ring armature in the manner
substantially as and for the purpose herein before described with reference to Figures
1 to 12 in the Drawings.
Secondly. The method of dividing and transmitting the electric current
generated in a given section of insulated conducting wire of an armature while
passing through one field of the inducing magnet in the manner substantially as
berein before described with reference to Figures 13 to 15 in the Drawings.
The second portion of my Invention relates to improvements in electric lamps, and
particularly those described in the Specification of my.above named Letters Patent.
It consists in the further improved application of circular or curved carbon pencils
with or without straight carbon pencils, and in improved mechanism for feeding
and regulating the feed and consumption of circular and straight carbon pencils,
also in arrangements for maintaining the electric are in the same position. With
these further improvements the result of experience and further researches I obtain
better results, in some cases where the arrangement of circular carbons and con-
struction of lamps described in my former Patents may have been wanting, as the

page_text: applications of electric lights are so manifold that I am always finding some cases
where the shape and the form of the lamps and the method of controlling
the lamps can yet be modified to suit the requirements for the particular
case.
When I employ one set of circular carbon pencils as one electrode, as described
in my former Patent, I gear the two metal arms (which rotate the circular carbons)
with two small spur wheels instead of three bevil wheels. By this means I simplify
the mechanism, and obtain in some forms of my lamp better results. I may also
arrange one set of circular carbons in similar manner, and place two racks
insulated from cach other between the two spur wheels.
For separating and feeding the semi-circular carbons I adopt a modification of the
arrangement shown in Figures 9, 10, 11, and 12 in the Drawings of the Specification
of my Patent dated 13 November 1878, No. 4595.
And when I uso a separate current (or a current divided as before described in
the first portion of these Specifications) to operate and control the mechanism for tho
feed of the carbons, I arrange the mechanism in combination with circuit arrange-
ments in a novel manner, so that only in one lamp at a time the points of the
circular carbons will be arranged to the necessary distance; at the same time the
mechanism is so constructed as to transmit the current to the next lamp, and so on
until all lamps in that circuit have been regulated.
It is well known that a separate current and a commutator have been used to
actuate and draw straight carbons to the required distance, but the manner I
describo in Figures 16, 17, 18, and 19 I believe to be novel, and I gain favorable
results with them as combined with the mechanism modified on that described in
my before mentioned Patents.
In Figure 16 I show the improved lamp; the two semi-circular carbons c¹, c, are
held and guided by the two metal arms a¹, a³, to which are attached the
pinions p, p, which have their fulcrums in the brackets 61 and 62, which are insulated
from each other and the lamp base by the insulating piece i, i. The racks r¹ and r³
are insulated from each other, and transmit the motion of the carbon holder arm to
the regulating mechanism by being geared into the pinion ³.
The action of the lamp mechanism is as follows:-When no current passes
through the lamp neither of the armatures is attracted by the magnets, and the
springs will have pushed the armature a¹ away from the magnet m', and with it
the lever and the pawl c will be lifted on the guard g. Thus the carbons fall in
contact with each other. When now a current is sent through the lamp to
produce the light the + current enters the magnet m³, passes through this
magnet, thence through the bracket b¹, arm a¹, carbon c¹, carbon c³, arm a³,
bracket 6, and out of the lamp -1 into the other lamps or to the return.
1
The magnet m¹ attracts the armature a¹, to which the stop pin p¹ and the spiral
springs are attached; the other end of this spring is fixed to the lever l, which,
by following the armature a', allows the pawl e to slip from the guard ŋ and
engage into the teeth of the ratchet wheel w, and turning this in the necessary
direction to separate the carbon points to the required distance to produce the light.
When the carbon points becomes wasted and I wish to rearrange the distance, I
close the contact (at the station) of the second circuit of a separate or divided
electric source, when the + current enters the magnet m³, passing into the lever lª,
contact spring s*, into contact t¹, and to the return. When then the magnet m
attracts the armature a² with lever the catch e, as seen, is engaged into the pin p³
of the lever ', which will pull this lever with it, and the pawl o will be lifted on
the guard g, thus becoming disengaged from the ratchet wheel w, when the carbons
fall together, but at the same time the catch / becomes pressed against the fixed
pin p³, which disengages the catch from the lever 1, and the lever becomes
pulled back by the spiral spring & against the stop pin p', by which action the
carbons become instantaneously separated to the same distance.
The lever, when coming close to the magnet m², disengages the contact
spring from contact t¹, and presses at the same time the contact spring against

page_text: the contact t, when the current will no longer flow to the return wire, but flows
from lever to contact t² to the next lamp, where the same action will be repeated,
and so on from one lamp to the next through any number of lamps than can be
conveniently arranged into one circuit. In Figures 17, 18, and 19, I show a
diagram of a circuit arranged in the above described manner. In Figure 17, from
the electric source 8, the current to produce the light flows through the light circuit
as follows: From source 8, +1, m³, a¹, m², a³, m³, a³, to return R by 1 to source
when all the lights are in action.
-
The second current to actuate the mechanism for the feed of the carbons flows
as follows: Source S, +2, contact C, ma, l', s¹, c', return, then changes from l'
to t', mb, 12, 82, c³, to return, then changes from to to me, and return to source.
It will be seen that the last lamp has no current changing mechanism, and all the
magnets keeps the armatures attracted until the contact C becomes broken, when
all the catches k of the several lamps engage again with lever (", Figure 16) and
are ready to act again one after the other, when the contact C becomes closed, which
may be done either by clock work or any other known suitable manner, as often as
the carbons are required to be fed.
In Figures 18 and 19 I show a modification of the before described circuit
arrangement. Instead of a simple contact I arrange a magnet m, Figuro 18, in the
circuit No. 2 as follows:-A wheel w may be rotated by clockwork or other
suitable means, when the pin p fixed to the wheel w will press against spring 8 and
press the lever l against the contact c, which closes the circuit; the magnet m then
attracts and holds the lever l, and thus the current passes through the lamp magnets
operating the adjusting mechanism, and the distance of the carbons becomes
readjusted, as before described, but when the current passes the last lamp,
Figure 19, the action is in this case as follows:-
When the current passes through the magnet mo, lever 13, spring s³, contact c³, to
return R, and the magnet me attracts the armature lever, which, after having
adjusted the lamp, breaks the contact on 88 and c³, the current becomes interrupted,
and as the pin p in Figure 18 no longer holds the lever l, this lever is pulled back
by spring 82, and so interrupts the current altogether until closed again by pin p.
It will be seen that this arrangement is entirely self acting, and the current is not
wasted but interrupted after all lamps have been adjusted.
In Figures 20 and 21 I show a modification of the lamps, in which I employ
one set of circular carbon pencils as one electrode. I gear the two pairs of metal
arms a', a², and as, a', which rotate and guide the carbons c¹, c³, and c³, c', with
two small spur wheels p¹, p', shown in Figure 21 in enlarged view. I also use a
modified mechanism for separating the one set of circular carbon pencils from the
other set of circular carbon pencils.
In the lamp base I have fixed the bracket 6, with the ratchet wheel w and
pinion p into the latter I gear the frame f.
The two metal arms a¹ and a³ have their fulcrum at the pivot screws 8', 8³, on
the lower end of the frame f. When no current passes through the lamp the
positive set of carbons rest in contact with the negative set, as known, but when a
current enters this lamp it has two ways, so that in case the carbons break
accidentally or are consumed the current will flow through a coil of wire R, R,
placed in the top of the lamp, which has a resistance equal to the arc. Thus, if
many lamps are placed in one circuit each lamp will be independent of the other,
as will be seen by the following description:-
The current enters terminal t into magnet m, base b, into movable frame f,
arms a', a, carbons c', c³, carbons c³, c, bracket b¹, and terminal t', at the same time
the current can flow from terminal into resistance wire R, R, spring s³, which
is pressed against contact screw c by the pin p¹ (the latter is fixed insulated into
the movable frame f) from contact screw cinto bracket b' to terminal t'.
If the carbons are broken the current will keep flowing through the last described
circuit only, but when the carbons are in contact the greater portion of the curront
flows through the first described circuit.

page_text: The magnet m attracts the armature e,; and with its lever lifts the frame f with
the positive set of carbons a sufficient distance from the negative set of carbons to
produce the arc. At the same time the pin p' releases spring 8³, the circuit having
the resistance R becomes broken, and the whole current passes through the
carbons.
The spring 81 acts on the ratchet wheel w for the purpose of retarding the
withdrawal of the one set of carbons from the other, so as to allow the several
lamps arranged in one circuit to bo started simultaneously.
In Figures 22, 23, and 24, I show a further modification of the before described
lamp arrangement, in which I employ two sets of circular carbon poncils of the
same diameter, and to be used with alternating currents. Between each pair of
carbon holder arms I gear a forked rack r³, r², and arrange the two sets of carbon
holder arms and racks insulated from each other and the lamp base. The whole
will be readily understood by reference to the description given before. In
Figures 25 and 26 I show 4 carbons rotated from the movable frame f. All four
carbons are hero to be consumed as the + electrode, and for the electrode c³ I
use a straight carbon pencil held at the necessary distance, as I shall describe
later on.
In Figure 27 I show placed above the 4 carbon points, a block of earthy
refractory matter, as, for example, fireclay, which, when becoming heated will act
as a reflector, and also increase the light by keeping the heat concentrated at the
meeting point of the carbons.
When I employ the last described arrangement in which I use two or more
carbons as the (positive) + electrode, and for the (negative) - electrode a straight
carbon pencil, I have adopted an improved feeding arrangement, which will press
the straight carbon pencil constantly, and with great regularity against two or
more points of platinum-iridium, or any other substance fusible only under very
high temperature.
Within a metal tube (which may be of the same length as the straight carbon
pencils I wish to employ) I place a spiral, which spiral can be rotated on its axis by
a clock spring connected by suitable gearing with the spiral and fixed within a
small receptacle on the lower end of the metal tube. The carbon electrode fits
freely in the spiral, and has fixed to its lower end a metal pin, which pin passes
through the spiral into a groove on the length of the metal tube, thus when the
spiral is rotated by the clock spring the carbon will be lifted in the tube, and
pressed with its upper conical end. against the platinum iridium points, and there
maintained by the continuous action of the clock spring on the spiral until the
whole electrode is consumed..
Instead of the clock spring a cord or chain and weight or a small electro-motor
may be employed. The whole arrangement allows several modifications, some of
which I shall describe herein.
The platinum points I arrange as follows: -I fix each point to one end of a
small metal lever, which is pivoted to the upper end of the metal tube. The levers
are made on their lower ends of circular shape, so that when the carbon is pressed
upwards with its conical point against the platinum points the lower ends of the
levers will grip the carbon.
Thus with the friction produced the force with which the carbon is pressed
upwards against the platinum points is regulated. The grippers also insure the
electric contact with the electrode.
In Figure 28 I show the metal tube t fixed to the receptacle r, r. In this
receptacle r, r, is fixed the base b; upon this base the spiral 8, 8, can be rotated,
being (through the pinion p) in gearing with the crown wheels w³ and w¹. To the
latter is attached the clock spring S, which supplies in this case the motive power,
and which can be wound up. through the opening h on the lower part of the
receptacle.
The small spring d, acting as a momentary stop, can be pressed with a small

page_text: button from outside the receptacle into the teeth e, e, on the circumference of the
crown wheel w¹ when winding up the clock spring S.
For lifting the carbon c I use a piece of metal of the same diameter as the
carbon, to which I fix the two pins p', p2, which pass through the spiral 8 into the
groove along the oval tube t. Thus when the spiral & is rotated it lifts the metal
piece a, and with it the carbon c, and presses it against the iridium points i, i, by
which action the lower ends of the two grippers g, g, will grip the carbon c, and
thus keep the carbon constantly pressed against the iridium point until it becomes
consumed, when the clock spring can be wound up, and with it the lift piece a
returns to the position shown. The two gripping levers g, g, can be taken out of
the tube, the carbon renewed, and when the grippers are replaced the apparatus is
ready to be used again. In Figures 29 and 30 I show a modification of the latter
arrangement in which I have the spiral 8 fixed, and a second tube rotated by the
before described mechanism.
In this case I also fix the carbon c to the lift piece a; the two pins pland p² slide
into a slot through the length of the tube t2; thus when the latter tube is rotated,
the piece a and with it the carbon c will not alone be lifted, but also rotated on its
axis, and so change constantly at its point the places where the iridium points
touch the carbon. In Figure 31 I show a single grip and contact lever g; in
Figure 32 I show a modification of the grippers arranged in a reverse manner from
that above described.
The lower ends of the levers g, 9, are pressed by springs against the carbon, thus
the opening of the lower ends of levers will correspond with the opening of the
upper ends of the levers to which the platinum points are fixed; if I employ thick
or thin carbons the upper opening of the levers will correspond to the size of the
carbons employed.
In Figure 33 I fix the platinum points to one lever only in fork shape, which I
find convenient for some cases. The last described arrangement of the spiral 8 and
lifter a can be employed in electric lamps where straight carbons only are employed.
Two of such arrangements may be placed opposite each other (see Figure 34) and
connected by a common pinion, and the feed of the carbon regulated by suitable
means, as herein before described. I may also employ one set of straight carbon
pencils arranged as one electrode in combination with one straight carbon pencil
arranged as the second electrode, and then employ also the above described
feeding arrangement of the spiral and lifter. The same can be employed for the
feed of very small carbon pencils which are employed in lamps on the incandescent
principle. In Figures 35 and 36 I show a lamp arranged in the above manner.
The spirals when rotated within the tube t by similar mechanism to that described
in Figures 28 and 29 will lift the lifter a and carbon c and press the latter against
the block of carbon or metal b (representing the second pole of the source.) This
block b is held by the two wires w, which are fixed into the insulating mass i, i,
which keeps also the inner tube insulated from the outer tube t¹. Where the
carbon pencil leaves the tube t this tubo is slotted and holds the carbon with
spring pressure to ensure the electrical contact. Before putting the carbons into
the lamps I brush them with plumbago, which will prevent the carbon sticking in
the upper end of the tube t In Figure 37 I have the same arrangement made
curved, to be employed for curved carbon pencils, as the spiral s will act perfectly
in a curved tube.
When I employ circular carbon pencils on the incandescent principle, I provide in
such cases the circular or curved carbon pencils with the necessary contact points,
and in Figures 38, 39, and 40, I show the manner of arranging the small circular
carbons.
.
In Figure 38 the two + carbons c' and c² are kept in contact with the small
platinum iridium disc i which is here the pole.
-
The two metal levers a¹ and a² make the contact with the carbons c¹ and c².
Thus the carbon can become incandescent only within the distance between the
two metal levers a' and a³. In Figure 39 I show a modification of the last

page_text: arrangement without the platinum disc, and in Figure 40 I show a further modifi-
cation of the same arrangement in which two pairs of carbons are employed, and the
distance to which the carbons can become incandescent is limited by the contact
pieces a¹, a², a', and at. I can also enclose these or similar lamps in vacuum in
suitable glass globes.
Having thus fully described the nature and object of the second portion of my
Invention, together with the manner in which it may be carried into practice with
reference to Figures 16 to 40 in the Drawings, and thus shown the relation it has
to the first portion of my Invention, I will now state what I declare to bo the
second portion of my Invention and desire to have secured to ine by the hereinbefore
in part recited Letters Patent,―
Firstly. The further improved applications of circular carbon pencils in
combination with the mechanical means for separating, feeding, and controlling the
feed of the carbons when in operation, in the manner substantially as herein before
described with reference to Figures 16 to 19 and to Figures 20 to 27 in the
Drawings.
Secondly. The combination of the double circuit arrangement for the purpose of
controlling and regulating or renewing the distance of the carbon points of electric
lamps, in the manner substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to
Figures 17, 18, and 19 in the Drawings.
Thirdly. The combination of the spirals, the lift piece a with the two pins p', p³,
and a clock spring (or equivalent) in the manner substantially as and for the
purpose herein before described with reference to Figures 28 to 37 in the Drawings.
Fourthly. The use of the grip levers arranged in the manner substantially as and
for the purpose as hereinbefore described with reference to Figures 28 to 33 in the
Drawings.
Fifthly. The general construction of incandescent lamps in the manner substan-
tially as herein before described with reference to Figures 35 to 37 in the
Drawings.
Sixthly. The application of semi-circular or circular carbon pencils for
incandescent lamps, in the manner substantially as hereinbefore described with
reference to Figures 38 to 40 in the Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Frederick Heinrichs, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Ninth day of May, One thousand eight hundred
and eighty one.
CHAS. F. HEINRICHS. (L.S.)