Improvements in or relating to Methods of Securing Resilient Tyres on or to Road Wheels, Pneumatic and others.
Year: 1899

page_text: Improvements in or relating to Methods of Securing Resilient Tyres
on or to Road Wheels, Pneumatic and others.
I, FREDERICK JOHN TRENCH, of 58, Lower Mount Pleasant Avenue, Rathmines,
Dublin, Ireland, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
This invention has for object, securing tyres or parts of tyres on or to wheels
according to the uses for which the wheels are made, such as for road, motor
cars, or like vehicles, and cycles.
For the purpose of my invention, I employ one or more band strips with overlap
ends plain, corrugated, or toothed, which ends may be free or be clipped, clamped,
or secured by single or double yoke like appliances with plain or hinged side
flaps capable of being bolted to the felloe of an ordinary wheel either through or
around the felloe. The yokes may be centrally hinged, or articulated plates or
the like in chain fashion may be enclosed or embedded in a solid rubber or a
cushion tyre or in or to the canvas of a pneumatic tyre, or of the cover of such
but preferably to or through the canvas only of a rubber coated or otherwise pre-
pared liner to withstand internal pressure of the inner inflated tube resisted also
by the outer cover which may be fastened by the same appliances as the canvas,
or by separate appliances.
In some cases, the cover proper may be perforated or be forined with slits of
desired shapes for the canvas liner to project into or through under the internal
air pressure to form bulged portions or excrescences thereto or therefrom.
The edges of the cover slits or openings may be bound or sewn, and in some cases
drawn or contracted to prevent undue looseness both for the tread portion and
of the side slits through which the fasteners have to be passed for direct attachment
to the binding strips, or to the clips or other forms or appliances by or to which
the fasteners are to be affixed.
The binding strips may have the liner or and the cover affixed near its or their
edges and separate yoke or like plates, plain or hinged or hook flanged can be
arranged for the felloe attachments.
דזי
H. GARDNER,
Patent Agent, 166, Fleet Street, London,
Agent for the said Frederick John Trench.

page_text: Improvements in or relating to Methods of Securing Resilient Tyres
on or to Road Wheels, Pneumatic and others.
I, ARTHUR TRENCH, of Dromkeen House, Cavan Ireland, Esquire, Executor of
the late Frederick John Trench, of 58, Lower Mount Pleasant Avenue, Rathmines,
Dublin, Ireland, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner
the same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement:-
.
This invention has for object, securing tyres or parts of tyres on or to wheels
according to the uses for which the wheels are made, such as for road, motor cars,
or like vehicles and cycles.
For the purpose of my invention, I employ one or more band strips with over-
lap ends plain, corrugated, or toothed, which ends may be free or be clipped,
clamped, or secured by single or double yoke like appliances with plain or hinged
side Haps capable of being bolted to the felloe of an ordinary wheel either through
or across or around the felloe. The yokes may be centrally hinged, or articulated
plates, or the like in chain fashion may be employed, said strip or strips with the
yokes or parts may be enclosed or embedded in a solid rubber or a cushion tyre,
or in or to the canvas of a pneumatic tyre, or of the cover of such, but preferably
to or through the canvas only of a rubber coated, or otherwise prepared liner to
withstand internal pressure of the inner inflated tube resisted also by the outer
cover which may be fastened by the same appliances as the canvas, or by separate
appliances.
In some cases, the cover proper may be perforated or be formed with slits of
desired shapes for the canvas liner to project through under the internal air
pressure to form bulged portions or excrescences thereto or therefrom.
The edges of the cover slits or openings may be bound or sewn, and in some cases
drawn or contracted to prevent undue looseness both for the tread portion and
of the side slits through which the fasteners have to be passed for direct attach-
ment to the binding strips, or to the clips or other forms or appliances by or to
which the fasteners are to be affixed. The binding strips may have the liner, or
and the cover affixed near its or their edges, and separate yoke or like plates,
plain, or hinged, or hook flanged can be arranged for the felloe attachments.
In order that my invention may be more clearly understood, I herein describe
amongst other things a pneumatic tyre with a separate inner air tube contained
therein, for attaching to the rim of the wheel of any suitable vehicle by means of
metal bands or wires, 01 other suitable material of any suitable SCC-
tional shape and width and thickness enclosed either within the folds
or fastened to the free or outside surfaces of the borders of the
canvas cover of the pneumatic tyre; and by attaching to the said metal bands
hinges or clamps or other suitable contrivances and having the other ends or other
portions of the said hinges or clamps attached or fastened to the side of the wheel
so as to retain the said pneumatic tyre permanently and efficiently on the rim of
the wheel for as long as may be desired.
The said rim of the wheel being either a flat iron tyre, such as is generally
found fastened to the wooden felloe of ordinary road vehicles, or else a more or
less flat metal or wooden rim with or without flanges; but if with flanges having
them turned downwards towards the centre or hub of the wheel.
In order to make my pneumatic tyre, I take for present purposes two strips or
bands of soft or hard tempered steel, or any other suitable metal or material and
of any suitable length and width and thickness, and having measured the length
of the periphery of the wheel along the outer surface or tread of the iron tyre H,

page_text: Figure 1, of the annexed drawings, already in position on the wheel, I allow a
few inches extra in length so as to lap the two ends of each band and also to allow
of a certain amount of freedom to facilitate the putting on and taking off of my
pneumatic tyre from the aforesaid from tyre.
I then either rivet, or screw, or solder, or otherwise fasten the laps of each band
together or I may make the two adjacent surfaces of the laps either in corrugated
or in sharp toothed, Figure 3, lines or ridges across the width of each band end,
and I may use one or more embracing metal slides Q, Figure 3, to slide along the
two laps and grip them tightly, the one against the other, so as to prevent them
from loosening and opening out. I make these lapping ends of the bands some-
times without any corrugations or toothed ridges on their surfaces, but smooth
instead and with the ends either tapering or not in width and thickness. I slide
along these ends, the upper arm or nap of one of the hinges or clamps, to be
presently described, and which I use for holding in proper position my pneumatic
tyre on to and over the iron tyre or the rim already in position on the wheel.
The clamp R, Figure 4, or this upper flap of the said hinge I turn or double
over so as to sufficiently embrace and grip together the two ends or the two laps of
the metal band D), D, Figure 4. These ends or laps may in this case be loose
enough to slide slightly to and fro in the clamp K, or in the upper arm of the
said hinge, and in such a case neither of the ends or laps of the band would be
permanently joined together, but the band would be kept from loosening too much
round the periphery of the wheel by the various hinges, or by the clamps, or by
both, where both are used, when they are properly fixed in position as herein
presently to be described.
Sometimes I place or fasten by any suitable means, to be presently described, .
for fixing on hinges or clamps, a clamp at or near either side of this point of the
band in order to keep the band ends from being drawn out of the aforesaid
embracing arm of the hinge or the clamp.
I prefer sometimes to have neither end of the band lapping, but I bring instead
each end of the band into more or less juxtaposition D, D, Figure 7, and I fasten
on by any suitable means herein described one or more jointless clamps R,
Figures 4 or 8, at the adjacent ends of the band and suitably bolted or otherwise
fastened on,as herein to be described, to the iron tyre or to the wooden felloe or to
the metal rim of the wheel, as herein to be described.
I prefer sometimes to so make the metal bands 1), D', Figure 1, as to have
short lateral arms or spurs of suitable shape projecting from the outer or the inner
edges of the said bands and more or less of the same form and make as the outer
or inner ends of the upper flaps of the hinges, presently to be described, and
thus having the upper flap of the hinge of one piece with the metal band D),
Figure 1, and the lower flap of the hinge separate and detachable from the band.
I may make these bands of my pneumatic tyre of any suitable shape, such as
shall give sufficient strength and rigidity to resist more especially the lateral
pressure of the compressed air inside the tyre, and also to resist the lateral pressure
of external forces or knocks met with outside the inflated tyre when it is travelling
along the roadway, and I place these bands D, DI, Figures 1, 2, 2ª within the canvas
cover of my pneumatic tyre, and so that they shall lie with their flat or broad sides
next to and along the flat surface of the iron tyre H or the rim of the wheel.
I prefer for present purposes the sectional shape of these bands to be either round
or more or less flat, Figure 12, or corrugated or ridged lengthways with one or
more grooves and having the two edges turned or rolled over merely, Figures 15
and 15, or one surface corrugated, and the other surface flat with the inside
hollow, or one surface flat and the two edges rolled over suitably, Figure 13. Some-
times in cases where the iron tyre or metal rim of the wheel has the outer surface,
which comes in. contact with the road surface, too convex, I prefer to use bands
with the sectional shape more or less wedge shaped, Figure 12ª, being thicker at
one edge than at the other edge. By placing the thicker edge of each band at
the outer edge of the said convex tyre it produces the effect of a flat surface. Such

page_text: wedge shaped bands also assist in preventing either band from being unduly
pressed inwards by external forces or obstructions along the roadway. I may
also use such wedge shaped bands on wheels whose iron tyres or rims are flat
or concave on their outer surfaces.
Sometimes I prefer to place the said metal bands D, D', Figure 10, along the
free or outside surfaces of the borders of the canvas cover of my pneumatic tyre
and to fasten them along the surfaces of the said canvas borders in the following
manner. I make any suitable number of holes along the said canvas borders which
may or may not be covered with the outside rubber or other suitable waterproof
covering and in the manner herein described, and if necessary protect these canvas
holes from wear and tear by inserting suitable eye holes or rings of metal or of
any other suitable substance into the canvas holes. Through these holes I pass
suitably shaped rivets, or bolts, or screws, or any other suitably shaped contrivance,
and I pass them on through corresponding holes made in and along the metal
bands D, D, Figure 10, above described, and which I now attach and fasten to
the outer or to the inner surfaces whichever I may find most suitable, of the
borders of the canvas cover of my pneumatic tyre by means of nuts K attached
to the said bolts or screws, or by flattening the ends of the said rivets, or by
suitably bending over the ends of the said rivets, or pieces of wire.
Sometimes I prefer to place within the folds of the said canvas borders short
flat strips of metal S, S, Figure 9, or short pieces of wire, or strips with rolled back
edges S, or grooved longitudinally S, Figure 9, or strips of any other suitable
substance placed either end to end S, S, Figure 9, along the borders and having
suitably shaped holes T, Figure 9, at either end of each strip, or having their
adjacent ends overlapping, S₁ Figure 9, and rivetted or otherwise fastened together
through holes T" or slits to the aforesaid metal bands D, Figure 9.
I now pass
through these holes and through the canvas borders, rivets or other fasten-
ings 0, 01, Figure 10, as above described for passing through the said eye holes,
and I fasten them to the aforesaid metal bands D, D₁, so as to efficiently hold the
canvas borders of the cover to the surfaces of the said metal bands in such a manner
that the edges of the canvas borders of the cover and the inner edges of the said
metal bands shall lie more or less flush and parallel and be so fastened together.
I prefer to have sometimes the said metal bands D, D¹, Figure 10, lie next the
iron tyre H, or rim of the wheel, Figure 10, so that the canvas borders or rubber
covered canvas borders may not be unduly rubbed and possibly damaged by con-
stant contact with the rim of the wheel.
Sometimes I prefer to thicken the edges of either border of the cover B,
Figure 11, and to place these borders between the metal strips S, S, or between
SS Figure 9, and the bands D, D¹, Figure 11, and thus rivet 0, 0, Figure 11,
or otherwise fasten as above described the said borders B, Figure 11, to the bands
D, D, and the metal strips St, ST, Figure 11. The thickened edges of the canvas
and rubber borders will now assist in preventing the borders B, Figure 11, of the
cover from being pulled away from the bands D, D', and from the strips S¹, S¹,
by the lateral pressure of the compressed air in the pneumatic tyre when it is
inflated and when the hinge flaps E, E', or the clamps R, Figure 8, have been
properly fastened to the sides of the wheel, as shown in Figure 11 and Figure 2,
or as otherwise elsewhere herein described.
The hinges or clamps, or the short cross pieces V, Figure 16 and Figure 20,
or any other suitable fastener herein described for fastening my pneumatic tyre
to the rim of the wheel, I may attach, as herein described, to either surface of
the metal bands D, D', as may be found most suitable in those cases where I fasten
the said bands to the outside, instead of within the folds of the said canvas cover
borders, as above described and as shown in Figures 10 and 11.
In order to give greater strength and rigidity, I prefer sometimes to use two or
more of any of the above described bands, such as Figure 12, to each border of
my pneumatic tyre cover, and placed parallel and edge to edge D, D, Figure 14.
Instead of one or more such bands, as D, D¹, Figure 1, running continuously round

page_text: the rim of the wheel and enclosed within each border of the canvas tyre cover, I
prefer to sometimes use two or more short lengths rivetted, or otherwise suitably
held together at their ends (as in D D Figure 3 already described) to the upper
flaps of the hinges, or to the clamps, and enclosed within each canvas border of
the canvas tyre cover, or else suitably fastened underneath to each canvas border
of the cover, and more or less in the manner herein previously described for
fastening the long bands D, D₁, Figures 10 and 11 to the said canvas borders.
Sometimes these ends of these short lengths and whose adjacent surfaces I may
ridge or tooth as previously shown at the ends of D D Figure 3 would merely be
passed into the openings formed in the upper arms and flaps of the hinges, or in
the clamps, as at E, R, Figure 4, and R, Figure 7, or formed in the ends which
have been turned or doubled over, R, Figure 8, as previously herein described,
in order to embrace and grip the band or bands D, D₁, Figure 4.
By this means, a fresh short length of band may be inserted between any two
adjacent hinges on the same border or side of the canvas cover of the tyre without
it being necessary to place an entire new full length band to the canvas border,
in those cases where from one cause or another the short band has been broken
or so damaged as to necessitate putting in a fresh piece, or else in order to fasten
or attach one or more longer lengths to either border of the canvas cover in order
to fit my pneumatic tyre to a larger wheel than it had been previously used upon
or attached to.
I sometimes rivet or otherwise suitably fasten on to the outer or inner surfaces
of the canvas tyre bands, strong shaped metal strips U, Figure 17, so shaped as to
form slits facing one another along each band D on either border of the canvas tyre
cover.
Through these slits, I pass the upper flap of a hinge E, Figure 18, or a clanip
from one slit U into and through the opposite slit opening U¹, on the opposite
band in the opposite border of the canvas tyre cover, I now fasten on the lower flap
of the hinge G by passing through the hinge joint a pin or bolt P, I likewise fasten
on the lower flap G¹ of the other end of the hinge if it is not already fastened on.
Sometimes I make the width of the upper flap E narrower at one half than at
the other half, and the opposite shaped slits also narrower in width, so as to
prevent the wider half of the upper flap or arm E from passing into the opposite
shaped slit U. In cases where the bands are thick and strong enough, I may
whenever and wherever suitable make these slits through the bands themselves,
as at D, Figure 19. I prefer sometimes to merely pass suitable detachable cross
pieces of flat or round iron V, Figures 16, 17, or other suitable metal or sub-
stance or fabric through these opposite slits or holes formed at U, Figure 17 or in
D Figure 19 and to have them turned over or otherwise suitably enlarged at one
end and rolled over also, or not rolled over, at the other end, so as to permit of
a pin P, Figure 16, or other suitable contrivance being passed through holes at
the end or ends in order to keep the cross piece V from slipping back, and to
assist in holding together the opposite bands D, D', of the canvas cover.
I may
also have where suitable the above described cross pieces of metal V made with
a hinge joint across it at or near its centre and parallel with the inner borders or
edges of the bands D, D¹, of the canvas cover so as to allow of free up and down
movement when necessary to each band of the canvas cover.
In cases where such a cross piece of metal V, Figure 16, is used to serve and
act as the upper flap of a hinge, as at E, Figure 18, I may also make such a hinge
joint at the centre of the upper flap E, Figure 18, either with a detachable pin P
Figure 2, or a non-detachable pin. Such a hinge flap and such a connecting cross
piece V, Figure 16, could either of them be inserted and placed in position before
the pneumatic tyre is placed on the wheel, thereby allowing the inner air tube to
be the more easily placed in its proper position inside the cover and allowing the
opposite bands to be properly brought into position and so held, the one border
against the other border; and also allowing the pneumatic tyre to be partially or
sometimes wholly inflated before placing it on the wheel. I prefer sometimes to

page_text: attach these cross pieces of metal V, Figure 23, to either surface, whichever I may
find most suitable, of the bands 1, 1', but outside the canvas cover or the rubber
of the cover, as in Figure 23, by fastening hooks or rivets 0, 0, or bolts or
screws of any suitable shape and make, or any other suitable contrivance through
holes in the bands D, D, and at any suitable distance apart, and by passing the
projecting heads or ends of these said fastenings through suitable holes or slits
in the ends of the said cross pieces and thus the bands D, D₁, of either border
of the cover will be held together edge to edge.
These cross pieces or couplings V I prefer to sometimes make in the form of a
link, or a hook, or a short chain either permanently or otherwise attached by one
end to one of the bands D, D', Figure 23, of the cover. I make these cross
pieces of sufficient strength and size and durability as to be adapted for holding
together, inner edge to inner edge, the bands and borders of the cover of my
pneumatic tyre when properly inflated either on or off the rim of the wheel, and
thus prevent the inner air tube from protruding between the edges of the said
cover and I make them sometimes with a hinge joint across the middle, as at
Figure 24, and have them fastened permanently or not at both ends to the bands
of the cover, in which case I use rivets 0, 0, Figure 23, or other suitable con-
trivance, and a detachable pin P in order to bind both borders and the bands of the
cover together before placing the pneumatic tyre on to the rim of the wheel.
I may also use and attach automatic coupling lock links or spring hooks, such
as shown in Figures 31, 32, or of any other suitable shape and make to either
end of the said cross pieces V, VI, or to the ends of any of the hinge flaps, clamps,
bolts, chains, or to any portions of the bands 1, D', of the cover where suitable
for assisting in fastening or holding my pneumatic tyre on to the rim of the wheel,
or for fastening on the solid or cushion tyres herein described to the rim of the
wheel, or for fastening together the two borders and the bands of the cover of my
pneumatic tyre.
Sometimes I prefer these detachable cross pieces V, Figure 22, to have one
end turned down at about a right angle and to a sufficient depth so as to press
against the edge of the iron tyre H, or the wooden felloe.
This turned down end I sometimes again turn inwards V, Figure 21, near its
extremity so as to lie in under the iron tyre H, or under the metal rim, and thus
get an additional hold on the iron tyre or the rim of the wheel. The other end I
Turn or roll over or otherwise suitably shape in order to allow of a pin P. Figure 21,
or other suitable contrivance being inserted through a hole or a slit so as to
prevent the cross band from working out, or from allowing the band D of the
canvas cover from being pulled away by the lateral pressure of the compressed air
enclosed in the cover. By placing such cross pieces of steel or other suitable metal
with their turned down ends alternately or otherwise placed against either edge
of the iron tyre of the wheel. I claim they would assist much in keeping the
pneumatic tyre in position on the wheel, and in some cases would be sufficient in
themselves to hold the pneumatic tyre on to the iron tyre or the rim of the wheel
when the pneumatic tyre is properly inflated; for the lateral pressure of the
compressed air I claim would have a tendency to pull each of the turned down
ends of the cross pieces towards the opposite side or border of the inflated tyre
and so make them grip the more strongly the edges of the iron tyre or the rim
of the wheel.
Sometimes I have my hinges or clamps with the upper flaps or arms attached to
the bands D. D¹, Figures 1, 2, of the cover either by rivets 0, or screws or small
bolts, or by soldering, or by any other suitable means in the following manner:-
I place the said flap E either on the upper or the under surface, whichever I may
find most suitable of the band D and on boring holes through the said band, and
the hinge flap or arm I rivet, or screw, or bolt, or otherwise hold them together.
In cases where the bands D, D', Figure 1, of the cover are sufficiently strong, I
may countersink and dovetail the said hinge flap or arm into the said band, or
I may countersink the said band into the hinge flap or arm of the clamp whichever

page_text: I may be using at the time. In some cases I prefer to have this upper arm of
the clamp R, Figure 4, or flap of the hinge E made with a cross slit through it
so as to allow the band 1), Figure 8, to be passed through it and to leave it thus
free to slide into its proper position along the band.
"
In other cases, I turn or double over this upper arm of the clamp R, Figure S,
or of the hinge E, Figure 4, and thus grip the band 1). To the inner ends of these
upper rivetted arms E Figure 2, or sliding arms E, Figures 4, 18, 1 may have a
hinge joint and detachable pin P, Figure 2, such as has been previously described
for those hinge flaps or clamp arms which are not rivetted on to the bands of the
cover and I use these inner hinge joints for the purposes of enabling the pneumatic
tyre cover to be fastened along its free edges or borders, edge to edge, and to allow
of partially or of wholly inflating the inner air tube within the said cover before
the said cover and inner air tube are adjusted and fastened on to the iron tyre or
to the rim of the wheel, and also to assist in holding the more securely the
pneumatic tyre on the rim of the wheel by preventing or assisting in preventing
lateral displacement of either border of the canvas cover and of the metal bands
D, DI, Figures 2, 10, 11, and to give a more firm and solid foundation to the
pneumatic tyre to lie on the iron tyre H, or on the rim of the wheel.
Through the lower flap G, Figure 1 of the hinge, or through the lower portion
of the clamp R, Figure 4, I bore one or more square or round holes or I may make
one or more oblong vertical or horizontal slits of a suitable size and shape and at
any suitable distance from the angle connecting the upper and lower flaps or parts
of the said hinges or clamps. Through this hole or slit, I pass a suitable bolt J.
Figure 1, with a square or a round shoulder, or with square sides, and with
square or other suitably shaped flat head L. I make a suitable corresponding hole
or holes through the wooden felloe I, or partly through it and next the under
surface of the iron tyre, as in H, Figure 2. In some cases, I make the said hole
altogether through and across the iron tyre H itself from edge to edge, or through
the rim of the wheel.
I make a suitable hole or holes through the corresponding arm G of the hinge,
or through the corresponding portion of the clamp facing and on the opposite
side of the felloe I, or edge of the iron tyre H, and having passed the bolt or
serew through the hole in the arm G' of the hinge and through the corresponding
holes in the felloe and in the opposite flap G, I now bolt or fasten the three parts
together by a suitable nut. K, so as to bring the hinge flaps G, G, tightly against
the two sides of the wooden felloe I, and against the two edges of the iron tyre H.
I claim that the pneumatic tyre will thus be firmly held in proper position on
the iron tyre H, or on the rim of the wheel, being unable to be dislodged laterally,
or to do what is known as "creeping."
The above described bolts may be threaded or not along their whole length with
no head at either end, as in J, Figure 2, and thus be screwed into the wooden
felloe I, and one or more suitably shaped nuts and washers may be used at either
end for holding on the lower hinge flaps or the lower portions of the clamps,
whichever I may be using at the time.
Or I may use a flat piece of suitable metal J, Figure 6, of suitable size and
strength with one or more threaded bolt shaped projections at either end to receive
the lower hinge flaps or lower portions of the clamps and the nuts for holding the
same at either end, as previously described.
I may place it in any suitable position previously described for round or for
square sided bolts.
Sometimes I countersink this flat piece of metal into the under surface of the
iron tyre H, Figure 5 or rim of the wheel or into the upper surface, whichever
may be most suitable, and I may have the edges dovetailed or not into the iron
tyre H, or rim of the wheel so that it may be securely held in position and be
easily withdrawn.
For the lower flaps of the hinges, or for the lower portions of the clamps, I
sometimes use in cases where I make slits or openings through the said lower flaps,

page_text: bar-shaped short pieces W, Figure 25, of metal with a threaded hole through the
centre and through which I screw or otherwise suitably fasten it on to the bolt
previously described as passing through the wooden felloe I. On letting the lower
Hap G of the hinge pass on to the bolt end, I bring the threaded bar into a position
parallel with the slit in the lower flap of the hinge and thus let the hinge flap
pass over it and behind it.
I then give the bar a half turn which leaves-it at right angles to the slit in
the hinge Hap where it remains and holds the hinge flap firmly in position. I may
make a transverse groove W in the outer surface of the hinge flap G at right
angles to the slit in order to receive the cross bar W when it has been half turned
round and I may also where desirable screw on a nut to the end of the bolt in
order to the better hold in position the above described bar. Sometimes I prefer
to use draw bolts which I fasten and countersink into the sides of the wooden felloe.
On placing in position the lower hinge flap, or the lower portion of the clamp,
I draw the said bolt across the outer surface of the lower hinge flap and through
shaped receptacles U or U¹ on either side of the said flap and which have been
previously screwed or otherwise suitably fastened into the wooden felloe. I may
also use what are known in the trade as "buttons" of suitable metal and shape
which I may screw or bolt into proper position into or through the wooden
felloe, so that on letting the lower hinge flap fall into its proper position against
the side of the wooden felloe, the said buttons may be turned to a right angle,
position and lie across the face of the said lower hinge flap, or I may use any
known form of suitable spring catch which may be conveniently countersunk
into the lateral surface of the wooden felloe, and on letting fall the lower hinge
flap into its proper position against the said side of the felloe it shall upon pressure
force back the spring catch and pass behind it, which catch now rebounds and
remains pressed against the said flap pressing it in turn against the side of the
felloe or against the edge of the iron tyre.
Sometimes instead of a bolt passing right through the wooden felloe, I prefer.
to use a flat metal plate X, Figure 26, of suitable size and shape with a projecting
short shaft or bolt Y, threaded or not threaded, and rivetted or otherwise suitably
held in position in any suitable position on the plate. On screwing the plate
by screws Z, 71, into its countersunk bed in the side of the wooden felloe, the
lower flap G of the hinge, or the lower portion of the clamp may be fastened
against it by any suitable means previously described for fastening the said
lower flap to a bolt. Sometimes I prefer to rivet or screw or otherwise suitably
fasten a small shaped staple, Figure 27, into the above described flat metal
plate X, Figure 26.
On passing this staple through the slit in the lower flap of the hinge G, the said
flap can now be held firmly in proper position by passing a small pin, or bolt,
or ring, or a padlock of suitable shape through the loop of the staple. Sometimes
I use a bolt J Figure 4, with a suitable hole or slit at one or both ends, and
on passing this bolt. or pin through a hole made through the wooden felloe, or
through the iron tyre, as previously herein described, I now pass the end of this
bolt through suitable holes or slits in the two opposite and lower flaps G, G¹,
of the hinges on either lateral side of the felloe and thus hold these lower hinge
flaps securely in position by means of small pins or bolts or rings P, Figures 4,
6, and Figure 5, or by any other suitable contrivance passed through the said
bolt, or instead of the said bolt J I may use a short chain of suitably shaped links
and with suitable loops or spring hooks attached to one or both ends for passing
through holes in the lower hinge flaps, and for fastening it to the said flaps by
suitable pins or rings. Or the two end links of the chain I may connect by a
hinge joint and a detachable pin to the band D, Figure 2, by any suitable upper
flap E, and I may pass the chain along and in the place of the bolt J and connect
it by any suitable means herein described to the band D¹ by any suitable flap E¹,
or E, E, Figure 33, or E, Figure 18, or to any suitable cross band V, Figure 16.
Sometimes I prefer to have the lower flap of the hinge G¹, Figure 33, or the

page_text: lower portion G of the clamp, of such a length as to turn round more or less
at a right angle so as to lie against that side I of the wooden felloe I which faces
the hub or the centre of the wheel. A second turn G" at a right angle of the
end of the said flap and a hole through it to allow of a small bolt J, or a screw,
or other suitable fastener being passed through and into a corresponding hole
through its fellow G" on the opposite side of the wooden felloe now allows of
the two corresponding lower flaps G, G", being bolted securely together and so
holding together and in proper position the bands D), D', of the borders of the
cover of the pneumatic tyre.
Any of the joints and pins at P, P¹, P¹, P¹, P, P, Figure 33 I may or may
not have whenever and wherever suitable.
Instead of turning the said lower flaps G, G", round and beneath the felloe I,
Figure 33, I prefer sometimes to connect the hinge joints and detachable pins
Pin, P, to a third flap G passing immediately beneath the iron tyre H, or
immediately beneath the rim of the wheel and which could thus be used instead
of the bolt J.
The flaps G, G, and G", G", and the bolt J in such a case I might not require
to have.
Instead of a hinge joint as previously herein described, I prefer sometimes to
use one or more projecting heads or spurs at the outer ends of the upper flaps of
the hinges attached or not to the bands D, D¹ of the covers.
The said head
may have a constricted neck, as shown in E, Figure 4, of suitable shape and
length to allow of the lower hinge flap G being passed on to it through a suitable
hole or slit in the lower flap. This lower flap may now be attached to the side of
the felloe or against the edge of the iron tyre by any suitable means previously
herein described for hinges with hinge connecting joints.
A pin hole through the enlarged head of the upper hinge flap I may use when
suitable for passing a small pin P or bolt through to assist in retaining the
lower flap in position.
Instead of using a more or less flat piece of metal for the upper arm of the
hinge as previously described, I prefer sometimes to use a bent U shaped piece
of wire of suitable strength and having its two ends curled over E, Figure 28,
so as to embrace the band D of the canvas cover; or I may otherwise suitably
attach it to the said band. The lower arm G of the wire hinge may also be made
of wire whose ends I may likewise curl over the base of the upper arm so as to
form a hinge joint. The two sides of this lower flap I may bring together
sufficiently close as to form a slit shaped opening or more or less round hole
through which I pass the end of the bolt J and fasten by any suitable means
herein described. Or I may use a lower flat shaped hinge flap suitably curled,
over at its upper end G, Figure 29, so as to hook on to the base of the upper
wire flap E previously described, and so hooked as to allow of its being detached
for any temporary purpose, I do this by flattening somewhat the base of the said
upper wire hinge and thus pass it through the opening formed by the partly curled
over end of the lower hinge flap G.
On giving a half turn to this lower flap, it will lie in proper position for fasten-
ing against the side of the felloe or the edge of the iron tyre or the rim of the
wheel, and at the same time prevent the upper wire flap E from becoming detached.
I may also in the same manner use a flattened pin or bolt detachable or not
detachable for any of the hinge joints, and I may also partly turn or curl over
any of the ends of the hinge flaps, or the ends of the clamps wherever suitable in
the manner above described so as to hook on to the said flat sided pin or bolt as
shown in P, P1, P1, Figure 2, and thus form a detachable hinge joint or the E
may project outside the cover & be provided with a hole for reception of a
pin P attached to hinge G as at Fig. 30.
The hinges and clamps herein described may be of any suitable length and width
and I may have one hinge flap wider than the other flap of the same hinge where
suitable, as in cases where I may wish to attach extra wide flaps along a meta!

page_text: band of the canvas cover in order to give additional strength for resisting the
lateral pressure of the compressed air inside the pneumatic tyre, or for
any external pressure against the pneumatic tyre. I prefer to use a
bolt J, Figure 48, in some cases and threaded for a nut Kat one end, and
with a suitable pin hole or curved over end at the other extremity to fit into the
hinge joint of the flap G', or of any clamp and to be so fastened to it by a detach-
able pin P.
In order to make the outer covering of my pneumatic tyre, I take a strip of
canvas or any other fabric suitable for making the outer coverings of pneumatic
tyres, I cut it either on the bias or on the straight, whichever I may find most
suitable, and of any suitable length and width, I pass one border round one of
the metal bands D, Figure 1, and I cut suitable round holes or slits at suitable
distances apart along the length of the canvas and at a suitable distance from
and parallel with the edge of the canvas in order to permit the projecting ends
of the upper flaps E, E, of the hinges previously herein described to be passed
through, these Haps having been already attached to the bands D), D¹, and at
suitable distances apart as herein described. Sometimes I prefer to cut these
holes in the canvas after the cover is made in cases where I use detachable upper
flaps E, Figure 18, or detachable clamps R, Figure 4, or detachable short cross
pieces of metal V, Figures 16, 20, for holding together the opposite bands D, D',
Figure 16, of the borders of the canvas cover, and all of which have been previously
herein described.
Sometimes I cut no such slits in the canvas cover in cases where I rivet or
otherwise fasten the clamps or upper hinge flaps E, E, Figure 2, or any other
fastenings I use to the under surface or surfaces next to the iron tyre H, or rim of
the wheel of the bands D, D', after having hrst folded the cover B or A B
Figure 1, round the said bands. I may use metal or other suitable washers for
placing between the cover and the clamps or the flaps E, E, so as to protect the
said cover from being damaged by the Haps when attached to the bands; and T
may use washers of metal or of any other suitable substance wherever desirable on
any surfaces or parts of any of the fastenings herein described for holding the
pneumatic or any other tyre herein described on to the rim of the wheel.
Having passed one border of the canvas cover round the metal band D, Figure 1,
I continue it up the inner surface of the cover having previously coated this inner
surface with a solution of india rubber or other suitable substance. I do the same
with the opposite border of the canvas and make both borders of the canvas to
eventually meet and suitably overlap in and along the middle line of the cover;
and I also overlap the ends of the said cover the one over the other in a suitable
manner.
I may use one or more of such canvas strips in order to give additional strength
to the cover. Sometimes I prefer to stitch the canvas folds together along the
borders of the metal bands D, D, Figure 1, so as to hold the bands the more
securely in their proper position within the canvas folds of the cover. Over this
canvas cover and on the outer surface, I fasten on with india rubber solution
or other suitable substance, a layer of india rubber sheeting A of suitable thick-
ness, or any other suitable material adaptable for the outside covering of pneumatic
tyres. The two edges of this outside cover A I may cause to lie on the canvas
cover parallel with and along either the outer or the inner edges of the bands D, D¹,
lying inside the canvas cover B. I prefer sometimes to prolong the edges of this
cover A round the canvas surrounding the bands D, 11, and to continue them up
on the inside surface of the canvas borders for an inch more or less, in order
to allow of the inside flap M attached to the canvas cover B, and presently to be
described. to lie upon this border of rubber; and also to assist in preventing
moisture damaging the borders of the cover. Sometimes I prefer to prolong only
one edge of the rubber cover A on to the inside surface of one border of the
canvas B, and to have the free under surface or border of the flap lie on it.
Sometimes I prefer to prolong the other border of the rubber cover A over the

page_text: under and upper surfaces of the flap M; or in other cases only over the under
surface of the flap.
In some cases I prefer not to prolong the outside rubber covering further than
the outer or the inner edge of each of the bands D, D,.and to use extra strips of
rubber or other suitable waterproof substance for attaching to the inside surface
of the border or borders of the canvas cover B, or to the surface or surfaces of the
said flap M.
Sometimes I prefer to use no inner flap, but nevertheless prefer to prolong the
rubber cover, or the strips of rubber above described on to the inside surfaces of
the borders of the canvas cover. I do this in order to allow the inner air tube C,
presently to be described, to lie on these rubber covered borders, and so that when
inflated the inner air tube shall press on the said rubber borders and assist in
preventing moisture or dirt getting inside the pneumatic tyre cover. The above
mentioned flap MI may make of one or more strips of canvas or other suitable
material and of about one to two inches in width. I may stitch it or fasten it
with rubber solution or by any other suitable means along the inner surface of
either of the borders of the canvas cover and so that its free surface or border of
about an inch more or less in width shall lie along and overlap the opposite border
of the cover on its inner surface.
I may cover it with a layer of india rubber or other suitable moisture proof
substance along either its inner or outer surfaces or both. Instead of one long
continuous flap I prefer sometimes to make it of several short lengths, each
length placed end to end with the next length but not fastened together at their
ends but slightly overlapping or not at their ends so that I claim any particular
portion of the free surface of the flap need only be lifted at a time in order to
properly adjust the inner air tube C.
In order to make the flap extra stiff and strong, I sometimes insert a row of flat
square or oblong or round pieces of metal N, or other suitable substance between
the folds or layers of the fabric of the flap M, and having each piece of metal
either touching at its ends the adjoining pieces of metal, or else placed at any
suitable distance apart from the next piece. I fasten all of the short lengths
which go to make up the flap either to the inside surface of the same border
of the cover, or I may fasten, alternately or otherwise, some to one border and
the others to the other or opposite border and in the manner above described
for fastening on a long continuous flap. I claim that this flap M assists in
keeping out dust and moisture from readily finding a way into the inside of the
canvas cover, and that it prevents the inflated inner air tube C from being pressed
down or pinched between the two edges of the cover, or between the cover and
the iron tyre H, or the metal rim of the wheel when the pneumatic tyre is fixed
in proper position on the wheel. I may further strengthen when necessary the
free borders of the cover with extra suitable strips or layers of rubber or gutta
percha or canvas or any other suitable fabric so as to prevent the said borders
of the cover from being damaged by moisture or grit and I may make the free
edges of the said borders either square shaped, or with one edge slightly
convex A2, and the other edge slightly concave A¹. as in Figure 1,
A¹, A², so as to fit closely into one another on being pressed together
by the above described .holts J and hinges E, E, and G, G₁,
cross pieces V, Figures 20 and 23 attached to the hands D, D¹. Or I may
make the free edges in a wedge shape or tapering fashion and having the tapering
edges directed the one towards the other, or slightly overlapping as they lie in
position on the iron tyre or the rim of the wheel. I do this in order to assist in
preventing moisture and dirt getting inside the cover and so damaging it and
also to assist in preventing the inner inflated air tube from being pushed out
of the cover and getting pinched or damaged between the edges of the cover or
between the canvas cover and the iron tyre H, or the metal rim of the wheel.
and
I may make the inner air tube C Figure 1 of india rubber or any other suitable

page_text: material for retaining the compressed air inside the air tube, and of any suitable
size, so that it may lie free and in proper position inside the cover; and I may
make it or cause it to be made by any suitable known means such as is now
used for making detached inner air tubes for pneumatic tyres.
I may use any suitable form of known valve for sale on the market for attach-
ing to the inner air tube.
In order to the more easily inflate the inner air tube and to prevent the air
valve from being easily damaged by being knocked, I make a hole of suitable
size and shape and at any suitable point through the iron tyre H Figure 1, or
through the rim of the wheel, and also through the wooden felloe I when
such is used; and through this passage I pass the air valve; and suitably attach
it at one end and at any suitable point to the inner air tube C, and pass it
through a hole if necessary at any suitable point in the above described inner
flap M of the cover where such flap is used, or if not used I pass the valve at
any suitable point between the free edges of the borders of the cover, and so
continue it through the hole in the iron tyre H and wooden felloe of the wheel I
as previously described. I fasten the valve to the wooden felloe or to the rim
of the wheel by threaded nuts, or by any other suitable means now generally
employed.
Sometimes I make my canvas cover B Figure 1 in such a way that on being
inflated by the inner air tube C, certain parts of the cover bulge more than at
other parts which are constricted.
I effect this by excising, in a direction presently to be described, from the
strip or strips of canvas or other fabric I use for making my pneumatic tyre
cover, any suitable number of pieces of any suitable length and width and
shape abcd Figure 34. I then bring each of the adjacent edges a bc, a de
together, as at a ec, of each incision in the said cover, and hold them thus per-
manently together either by stitching the said edges together, or else by laying
and pressing either one or more strips of canvas or other suitable fabric along
and over the adjacent edges and parts which have been brought together of each
of the said incisions after having previously solutioned with rubber, or other
suitable solution, the adjacent surfaces of the said canvas and of the strip or
strips of canvas or other suitable fabric I use for laying over the said incisions
in the cover.
As portions of the canvas cover have now been cut out, those parts of the cover
more or less in the direction of the lines f g h and i j k are now narrower in width
than the other parts of the said cover which have had little or no portions cut
out, as at fand i and h and k, and on being properly constructed and fastened to
the bands D, D¹, Figure 1, and inflated as herein previously described, the
pneumatic tyre cover will be bulged in those parts where little or no portions of
the canvas cover have been cut out, as at a, and it will be constricted in other
parts where the width of the portions cut out has been greatest, as at g and j
Figure 34.
Moreover those portions of the cover near c and a will have a tendency to be
formed into pockets or swellings on account of the excised borders e bà e da,
and a b c¹, a de¹ being longer than the lines e e a and a el c¹ and along which
they have been brought together and fastened; for the tendency will now be to
force the canvas which is along the said excised borders in the directions or
point candle and c' and thus tend to collect an excess of canvas at these three
parts and so to form three pockets or three swellings in addition to the greater width
across the canvas at k h, fi, k¹ h².
I claim that by such excisions as are herein described, bulges or inflated pockets
can be produced in any desired direction along the inflated pneumatic tyre.
Instead of entirely excising the said strip or strips of canvas from the said
canvas cover, as above described, I prefer sometimes to cut the canvas either along
the line a b c Figure 34, or else instead along the line ad and to then draw

page_text: together the canvas a b c d until the line a dc shall lie along the line a b 0,
I
then suitably fasten the said canvas a bed to the canvas cover B either by stitching,
or by rubber or other solution, or by any other suitable means.
Or I may merely cut the canvas along the line bd, Figure 34, and double
or fold the two halves bad and b c d by bringing them together along their
centre lines ac and ec and reflecting them back upon the canvas cover B and
securing them in this position ez a and c y c either by stitching them, or by rubber
or other suitable solution to the said canvas cover. Or I may permanently fasten
together the said canvas a bed, or any other suitably shaped strip or strips
along the line a ec by any other suitable method which shall produce the same
effects and the same narrowing and bulging of the cover B, as herein described
or to be described.
I may cut these strips out of the canvas cover in any suitable direction or
directions along the cover B.
Sometimes I prefer to make the said excisions along the central line n, m, o of
the cover and to have the ends of each excision either just or almost touching the
adjacent ends of the adjacent excisions, or else to have the excisions made at any
suitable distance apart the one from the other. Sometimes I prefer to make the
excisions in a zig-zag fashion as at aec and a e¹¹ Figure 34 and at any
suitable angle or direction across the width of the cover B and continued thus
uniformly along the whole length of the cover, 1 may have the ends of each
excision either touching the adjoining ends of the adjoining excisions as at the
points e, a, e, or else with a suitable distance between each excision; and I
may have any suitable number of excisions to form this zig-zag course.
I may
make the zig-zag course either of such a width as to reach to either border of the
canvas cover hf h³, ki k³, or to reach only partially across the width of the
cover as along pa q and cr c¹. Sometimes I prefer to make the excisions in a
snake like or curved course bac, Figure 35, along the canvas cover B, and of
any suitable uniform width.
Sometimes I prefer to make the excisions so as to lie at any suitable slant or
angle across the cover B, Figure 36, and so as each excision ab₁e shall lie at
any suitable distance apart from but parallel with the adjoining excisions a dbc,
bon either side of it, and so that the whole row of excisions shall lie
either in a straight line or at other times in a more or less wavy or winding
course along the canvas cover. Or I may cut the excisions a b, c d, ef, Figure 37,
and a b', 'd, e f in two or more parallel rows gh, g¹ h and parallel to one
another in each row as in Figure 37 or more or less diverging; and with each excision
either touching the next excision in the same row, or at any suitable distance
apart from it, as in Figure 37, and at any suitable slant or angle to its neighbour
in the opposite row.
I prefer to make the excisions with straight borders a b, bc, and a d, d c
Figure 34 though sometimes I make them with curved borders, as in Figure 35,
b da, be a. I prefer to eut the excisions sometimes, so that their greatest width
ef Figure 38 shall be more towards one end of each of the excisions as in a eb f
Figure 38 and in such a manner that when the canvas cover B is properly put
together and fastened on the wheel and inflated by the compressed air in the
inner air tube, the ascent from the narrowest constricted portion Figure 38
formed by any excision a ef b up to the next bulge at 6, as the wheel travels
round in the direction of the arrow, shall be more gradual and therefore less
difficult to overcome than if the narrowest constricted portion had been made
midway at elf between the two extreme ends and of the excision a el
fl.
For such pneumatic tyre covers as above described and having alternate con-
stricted and bulging parts, when properly made and the said constrictions and
bulgings not too sudden and too pronounced as to cause too much of a bumpy
or a wobbly feeling when ridden on, I claim an increased speed to the vehicle or
bicycle and extra facility to the driving wheel of a bicycle in gripping the ground
at or near that bulging part of the pneumatic tyre in momentary contact with

page_text: the roadway and so forcing the wheel the more easily forward.
In those cases
where I make the pneumatic tyre with the bulges and constrictions in a more
or less zig-zag course or in a wavy or winding course, as previously herein
described, I claim increased facilities of speed sometimes to the vehicle by the
compressed air in the tyre causing a combined forward and lateral propulsion
immediately behind or at that part of the pneumatic tyre in momentary contact
with the roadway, I claim also that the resistance to forward propulsion and
progression of such a pneumatic tyre is sometimes decreased by the said pneumatic
tyre taking a continual combined forward and lateral movement along the roadway;
and I claim also that it assists in preventing what is known as skidding or
side slipping of the wheel of a bicycle.
32
The bands D, D', Figure 1, I use for the canvas cover of my pneumatic tyre,
I prefer sometimes to make in a slightly lateral zig-zag shape or in lateral wavy
or winding shape to suit the shape and direction of the inflated tyre made with
zig-zag or winding bulges and constrictions as previously herein described. Some-
times I prefer to have such lateral zig-zag or wavy shaped bands D, D¹, attached to
the covers of my pneumatic tyres which have no excisions as above described,
and I claim for such pneumatic tyres when fastened to such bands
increased facilities for speed and for not "skidding or side slipping when used
on bicycle wheels. I prefer sometimes to make the metal rims of the wheels of a
bicycle of a slightly lateral zig-zag or lateral wavy or winding shape and direction
in order to fit the same shape and direction of the metal bands D, D¹, Figure 1,
attached to the cover of the pneumatic tyre as herein described, or else at other
times to correspond to the directions of the above described bulges and constric-
tions in my pneumatic tyre made in zig-zag fashion or otherwise.
23
In such cases of cutting the strips of canvas out of the tyre cover as herein
and above described 1 claim that where the said excisions in the canvas cover
are made in a straight line and one behind the other and parallel with the borders
of the canvas cover as in Figure 38, or in cases where such excisions are made only
slightly slanting from the said straight line, somewhat of the same effect can be
produced without making the said excisions in the said same straight line by
drawing the canvas of the cover round the metal bands of the cover in such a way
as to leave the width of the canvas between the said opposite bands of the cover
alternately decreasing and increasing in a suitable proportion to the required sizes
of the alternate bulges and constrictions of the pneumatic tyre when inflated; but
that what I call the pockets formed by the said excisions and previously herein
referred to I claim cannot so be produced. I may weave the canvas or other
suitable fabric I use for my pneumatic tyres, as to form such bulges or pockets
and constrictions as herein described in the cover of the pneumatic tyre when
inflated.
I claim also the right to make a solid tyre or a cushion tyre of rubber or of
any other suitable substance and of any suitable size, shape and thickness and
having suitable metal bands D, D', Figure 47, or wires running inside and around
the rubber tyre A, Figure 47.
Such bands or band I may make of one or more lengths joined together at their ends
or overlapping at their ends, or neither joined together nor overlapping at their ends,
but kept together at their ends by any suitable manner herein previously described for
keeping together similar wires or metal bands used in the canvas cover of my
pneumatic tyre, or otherwise attached to it as herein previously described.
I use these metal bands in the said solid or cushion tyres for the purpose
of holding the said rubber tyre on to the flat iron. tyre already fastened on to
the wheel, or for holding the said rubber tyre on to the flat metal rim of the wheel
in those cases where there there may or may not be used a wooden felloe: and
I fasten these metal bands in the said solid or cushion tyres on to the periphery
of the wheel and over the flat iron tyre H Figure 47, or the flat metal rim of the
wheel; in a suitable and permanent manner with the aid of any of the hinges or
clamps and bolts herein previously described for holding on to the said wheel

page_text: and in proper position my pneumatic tyre. I prefer such solid or cushion tyres
of rubber or other material to be convex in sectional shape on their outer or
tread surface, and flat or else either slightly convex or slightly concave on the
under or inner surface and of such width as to reach across to both edges of the
iron tyre or rim of the wheel and having the lateral sides either flat surfaced or
of any other shape suitable for efficiently holding the said tyre on to the periphery
of the wheel by means of any of the fastenings suitable and herein previously
described. The said cushion tyre I may make with a hollow duct or tube of
suitable size and at a suitable distance above and away from the metal
bands D, D, Figure 47, and running along the inside of the said cushion
tyre, but so that the said duct Ol' tube shall not interfere with the
efficient working of the bands D, D', in efficiently holding on the
said cushion tyre to the iron tyre H, or to the rim of the wheel. I claim
that such solid or cushion tyres can be made to stay in proper position and per-
manently on any ordinary carriage wheel or cab wheel, or on any other similarly
made wheel without having to take off the flat iron. tyre already and previously
fastened on to and used by such vehicles so as to put on a differently shaped iron
or other metal tyre, or without having to use any other iron or metal tyre or rim
furnished with flanges along its edges.
In cases where I attach my pneumatic tyres to the wheels of bicycles or tricycles,
or to self-propelled vehicles or to any other known form of vehicle whose wheels
are generally made with only a metal or wooden rim and with no additional
wooden felloe I may make the said rim either with or without flanges. In cases
where I use flanges I turn the said flanges downwards towards the hub or centre
of the wheel. These flanges may be merely the edges of the rim rolled inwards,
Figure 40, more or less, or outwards, or flattened backwards; or I may deepen the
flanges somewhat before rolling the edges inwards, Figure 41, or outwards, so
as to give additional strength to the rim and also to leave more room for passing
bolts, or staples, or other suitable fasteners through holes in the sides of the said
flanges for fastening on the pneumatic tyre with the aid of hinges or clamps to
the rim by any of the means suitable and previously described herein. The
central portion or tread of the rim I prefer to make either flat or only slightly
convex or sometimes slightly concave so as to allow of easily passing the pneumatic
tyre on to the rim of the wheel. Sometimes I prefer to make a slight groove
along the central line of the rim to allow of the heads of the nipples of the outer
ends of the spokes being countersunk into it. I prefer sometimes to make the
rim hollow and of two strips of metal with their edges suitably turned over and
made to hook the one edge on to the other edge on either side of
the rim Figures 39, 43, so as to be held securely in position, the
upper flat strip H on to the under and curved strip H' and having
the flanges or the rolled over edges of sufficient depth to allow of
holes of suitable size and shape being made through the sides of the flanges or
through the rolled over edges to allow of bolts J, Figure 39, or other suitable
fasteners previously herein described being passed through them in order to
hold the lower arms of the hinges or the clamps firmly against the flanges or
rolled over edges of the rim.
In Figures 43, 45, 46, I attach the lower flaps of the hinges in the same manner
as in Figure 44.
Where the rim is strong and thick enough, I prefer sometimes to make suitable
holes or slits through it from edge to edge, Figure 42, and to pass through the
holes bolts J with square or round or threaded ends, or to pass suitable flat pieces
of metal with suitable projecting ends for fastening the lower hinge flaps or the
clamps so as to securely hold on the inflated tyre to the rim in any suitable way
previously herein described.
Sometimes I prefer to have suitable projecting ends from either or both edges
of the rim and so rivetted or otherwise fastened to the rim as to be undetachable,
and so shaped as to act more or less as the ends of bolts or screws square sided or

page_text: round and threaded or otherwise, and with pin holes through their ends for
securing with pins the lower flaps of the hinges in any suitable manner herein
previously described. Or the said projections from the rim edges may be flat
and broad with a suitable slit at either end of each to allow of flat pins being
passed through to hold the lower hinge arms in a firm position, the said lower
hinge flaps having suitable holes or slits in them through which to pass them
on to the said rim projections.
These projections 0, 01, Figure 41, from the rim edges or flanges, may be
either straight or slightly curved towards the centre or hub of the wheel so as
to hook or the better fasten in proper position the lower hinge flaps G, G¹, on
to the rim H.
Sometimes I prefer to pass short bolts 0, Figure 44, or screws or pins or small
U shaped staples through the tread or surface of the rim of the wheel at suitable
points along the central line, and to attach to these bolts on the under surface.
of the rim H facing the hub the above described lower hinge flaps G, G¹, by bolting
or otherwise fastening them to the said bolts. Or I may either have a hinge
joint and detachable pin to connect the two inner ends of the lower flaps G and G¹
instead of using the bolt O; or else I may have the lower hinge flap G to extend
from the hinge joint and pin P across to the opposite hinge joint and pin Pl
and have the two ends connected by detachable pins Figure 44. In the same way,
I may use a hinge joint and detachable pin P Figure 33, for holding together
the hinges or clamps, or I may have one long flap or suitable band and chain to
connect the joints at P1, P1, instead of using the bolt J and nut K in Figure 33.
I may make the hinge flaps and clamps in any suitable shape for the purpose
of securing with the aid of any of the other fastenings I use my pneumatic tyre
to the periphery of the wheel, I may make the ends of the bolts, screws or
pins or other fastenings I use of any
suitable length and shape and
with or without holes or slits through their ends for passing pins
or rings through in order to retain in proper position the lower hinge flaps G, G₁,
Figure 44, or the clamps against the said under surface of the rim of the wheel;
the said lower hinge flaps having suitable holes or slits in them for passing the
said bolts 0, Figure 44, or pins through them. In order that the lower hinge flap
may the better turn round the edge of the rim of the wheel so as to lie flat against
the under surface of the rim and there be fastened as above described, the said
flap may require sometimes to be turned more or less at a right angle near its
outer end; or in some cases the outer ends of the upper flaps E, E¹, I may so
turn as in Figure 44.
In cases where I make or cause to be made my own iron tyres and wooden felloes
for wheels as well as the metal rims of the wheels of bicycles or other vehicles, I
may, wherever desirable, countersink and dovetail the surfaces and edges of
any parts of the said iron tyres, wooden felloes and rims, in any suitable manner,
so as the better to assist in receiving and fastening the flaps of the hinges or the
clamps to the said iron tyres, wooden felloes and rims of the said wheels: and
so as to keep them from unduly projecting from the sides of the wheels, and from
damaging in any way my pneumatic tyre, and from causing damage to the
said projecting clamps, hinges, bolts, pins, nuts or any other fastenings I use.
I may also, whenever and wherever desirable, countersink and dovetail at any
suitable points the surfaces and edges of the bands D, D', Figure 1 attached to
the borders of the cover of my pneumatic tyre, or of the hands I use in the solid
or cushion tyres herein previously described in order to fasten to them or to
receive any portions of any of the said arms of the hinges and of the clamps and
of the cross pieces such as V, Figures 16, 20, 21, previously herein decribed.
For the purpose of placing or of retaining in proper position the above described
pneumatic tyre or the above described solid or cushion tyres I may fasten
or cause to be fastened my own make of iron or other metal tyre H, Figure 1. on
to the wooden felloe of any suitable wheel by any suitable known means, such as
by fastening it on by suitable nails or spikes or screws or bolts passed through

page_text: holes at any suitable distances apart in the iron tyre and continued
through corresponding holes made partially or wholly through the thick-
ness of the wooden felloe 1, Figure 1, of the wheel. I may make such an
iron or metal tyre of any suitable thickness diameter and size to suit the diameter
and size of the wheel, and either quite flat or else slightly convex or slightly con-
cave on its outer surface and more or less fat on its under surface
or surface next the wooden felloe. I may make suitable holes or
slits at any suitable points through and across the said metal tyre,
and any suitable countersunk and dovetailed recesses at any suitable points
along the edges or surfaces Figure 5 H of my said metal tyre for any of the
purposes herein previously described for fastening my pneumatic tyre, or the
solid or cushion tyres above described, to the said metal tyre, or to the wooden
felloe of the wheel. I claim the right to patent such an iron or metal tyre as
above described for the purposes above described,
Figure 2" shows my invention applied for securing a cushion tyre to a wheel
felloe the bar E being in one piece and encircling one band D only which band D
is embedded in the rubber.
Figure 2 is an elevation of a wheel with my invention applied and showing
the position of the flaps G.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is:-
1. Securing a pneumatic tyre to the wheels of road vehicles by means of hinged
or angled side pieces, embracing or secured at intervals to the felloe, said hinged
or angled side pieces being also connected to rings embedded in or attached to
the tyre cover as specified.
2. Securing solid or cushion tyres to wheels of road vehicles by means of hinged
or angled pieces embracing or connected to a ring or rings embedded in the tyre,
said hinged or angled pieces being fastened to the felloe, as set forth.
3. In tyres for wheels, the employment of bands having yoke like appliances
with plain
or hinged side flaps capable of being bolted or otherwise secured to the
felloe, said bands being secured to the edges of the covers of a pneumatic tyre, or
embedded in a solid or cushion tyre, substantially as described and illustrated by
the different methods in the accompanying drawings.
4. In pneumatic tyres; perforating or forming slits or bulges in the cover for
the canvas liner to project into or through under the internal air pressure to
form bulged portions thereto or therefrom as and for the purposes specified.
M1 1000
R. CORE GARDNER,
Patent Agent, 166, Fleet Street, London,
Agent for the said A. Trench,
R. CORE GARDNER,
Patent Agent, 166, Fleet Street, London,
Agent for the said A. Trench,