IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON RAILWAY BARS AND RAILWAY CHAIRS
Year: 1847

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, RICHARD
SHAW, of Golds Green, West Bromwich, in the County of Stafford, Railway
Bar Finisher, send greeting.
WHEREAS Iler present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Iler
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-first day of
October, One thousand eight hundred and forty-seven, in the eleventh year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said Richard Shaw, my exors, adiñiors, and assigns, Her especial
licence, full power, sole privilege and anthority, that I, the said Richard Shaw,
my exors, adiñiors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Richard Shaw,
my exors, adiiors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times during the term of years therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England,
Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON RAILWAY BARS AND RAILWAY
CHAIRS;" in which said Letters l'atent is contained a proviso that I, the
said Richard Shaw, shall cause a particular description of the nature of my
said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by au
instrument in writing under my haul and seal, to be inroled in Her said
Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and

page_text: immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as
in and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at
large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Richard Shaw, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and 5
the manner in which the same is to be performed, are fully described and
ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, reference being had to
the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters marked thereon,
that is to say-
My Invention consists,-
First, of improvements in piling iron for and in making wrought-iron
railway bars.
Secondly, my Invention consists of manufacturing wrought-iron railway
bars with protecting rails or flanches, in such manner that the working
heads or surfaces of the rails stand above the supports of the protecting 1
flanches.
Thirdly, my Invention consists of constructing railway bars with hollow heads
or working surfaces, in such manner that the cheeks of the chairs may pass
under the hollow and give support thereto, as hereafter explained.
Fourthly, my Invention consists of rolling railway bars and certain parts of a
railway bars by three rollers placed one above the other, as hereafter
explained. And,
Fifthly, my Invention consists of certain new constructions of railway
chairs..
And in order that my Invention may be most fully understood and readily a
carried into effect, I will proceed to describe the means persued by me.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Figure 1 shows a pile of iron such as is commonly used in manufacturing
railway bars.;
Figure 2 shows a railway bar rolled from a pile, such as is shewn in the
previous Figure, the grain of the several layers running to the sides of the
bar; and the consequence of such piling and constructing of iron into railway
bars is that the working surface is very liable to laminate.
Now the object of the. first part of my Invention is so to pile the iron and
make railway bars that the outer layers of iron in forming the working surface
may bend round and descend into the stem or tree of the rail in place of lami-
nating to the sides of the head or working surface,. as heretofore. This
beneficial result may. be obtained by piling iron in somewhat different ways,

page_text: but all in fact in substance according to the same principle of arrangement:
Figure 3 shows a pile suitable for making a rail like that shewn at Figure 4;
which is made with only one working surface. Figure 5 shews another pilo
of iron for making railway bars, such as is shewn at Figure 6, with two
working surfaces or heads, so that when one has been worn for some time the
rail may
be turned over. Figure 7 shews another pile suitable for producing
a railway bar like Figure 4, or Figure 8, that is, a railway bar having but one
working surface or head, In each of these cases it will be seen that the edges
of the outer plates a, a, are turned towards and come or butt against the other
plates, as shewn at a', a¹, hence the edges of the plates of the iron a will come
against the surfaces of the plates 6, and in place of the surfaces of the iron of
the plates a running parallel with the plates b, they will be at angles to each
other, as shewn. The manner in which I prefer to obtain this result is to roll
bars of iron into the sections shewn at a, a, according to the means hereafter
described under the fourth part of my Invention; but I would state that in
preparing these bent plates a, it is important and essential that care should be
taken so to produce them that the grain thereof shall run parallel with their
upper surfaces, and this I do by rolling the iron into flat bars in the ordinary
manner, and then bend the same into the curved form required, and I cut
such bars into proper lengths for forming the outer plates of piles as shewn,
by which the iron of the working surface will not be liable to laminate, as
heretofore. I would remark, that it is not absolutely necessary that the
plates a should each be of one piece, for although I prefer that such should
be the case, they may cach be of two or more pieces, as shewn by red dotted
lines; for I have found that such longitudinal weldings of the curved plates
would not be so objectionable as the weldings now necessary to the parts of an
ordinary pile, nor is it absolutely necessary that the plates forming the
working surfaces should be bent, as a similar result may be obtained, though
I think not so advantageously, by similar arrangements to that shewn at
Figure 9, in which case the outer edges a', a', of the parts a butt on to the
surfaces of the plates b. In making up the other parts of the pile I do not
confine myself to the arrangements shewn, as the same may be varied as
heretofore.
I will now proceed to describe the second part of my Invention:
Figures 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 14%, shew sections of rails constructed
according to this part of my Invention, and I would state in respect thereto
that although they materially differ from each other in regard to their sections,
they are substantially the same in respect to certain particulars, which are,
that each rail has a protecting rail or flanch 6 standing off froni the working

page_text: surface or head of the rail, and the head or working surface a of the rail is in each
case above the portion c of the bar which carries the protecting rail or flanch
b. And I would at the outset state that I am aware that it has before been
proposed to have rails formed with protecting flanches or rails rising up above
the head or working surface of the rail; but in such cases the connecting
portions between the working surfaces a and the protecting rails rose from the
upper part of the heads or working surfaces of the rails; and I mention this
circumstance in order that the novelty of this part of my Invention may
be more accurately ascertained, which consists in forming the head or work-
ing surface a of a rail above the part c, which carries the protecting rail b.
And I would further state that I do not confine myself to the sections
shewn in the Drawings, so long as the peculiarity above mentioned is retained,
and railway bars are rolled having protecting rails or flanches, the heads or
working surfaces a of which rise above the part c of the railway bar. Each
of the sections of rails, Figures 10, 12, 13, 14, and 14%, only offers one
working surface or head a, whilst that at Figure 11 shews a section of rail
with two working surfaces or leads a, a, so that when one surface has been in
use; the railway bar may be turned over, and the other surface a used. The
sections of railway bars, Figures 10 and 12, are very similar; they differing
only in respect to the formation of the parts c and b, in order to allow of the
support by the chair to be under the rail 6, as well as under the part c, which
is the case in respect to Figure 10; whilst in that at Figure 12 the support
by the chair on that side is only under the part c.
Figures 13, 14, and 14* shew three sections of hollow, or what are usually
called trough or bridge rails; they are of different sections, the one,
Figure 13, being suitable for a chair which gives support to the under surface
of the protecting rail b, whilst the rails, Figures 14 and 14*, are suitable for
being fixed directly to the sleepers. In each of these rails it will be seen that
the working head a is above the part c, which carries the protecting rail b. As
the sections of rails shewn by Figures 10, 11, 12, and 13 offer difficulties in
rolling, I have thought it desirable at Figures 15, 16, and 17 to shew the
sections of finishing rolls for producing such sections of rails, the description
of rolls, Figure 15, being suitable for rolling similar sections of rails to those
shewn at Figures 10 and 12; the section shewn, however, is only exact for
one of these rails, and they would be slightly varied when for the other
section of railway bar.
Figures 16 and 17 shew the sections of the finishing rolls for the bars
Figures 11 and 13, and the preparatory processes of rolling such sections of
bars-will be performed by rollers with surfaces approaching to those shewn at

page_text: Figures 15, 16, and 17, which are not shewn, as a workman from the
finishing rolls will understand what will be required for the previous processes
of rolling. It will be evident that railway bars of the sections shewn will offer
great stiffness, and I believe it will not be found necessary to increase the
weight of railway bars, in order to obtain the advantages derivable from the
use of protecting rails 6 for preventing wheels of locomotive and, railway
carriages running off the rails. And I would state that, for the greater
security to trains travelling on such descriptions of rails, I do not propose to
dispense with the use of flanched wheels, as I believe that it is better to
combine the use of protecting rails 6 with the use of the ordinary flanched
wheels.
shewn.
I will now proceed to explain the nature of the third part of my Invention.
Figure 18 shews the section of a rail constructed according to this part of
my Invention; and Figure 19 shews another section having a protecting rail b.
The stems or trees e of these rails are fixed between two cheeks of a chair,
one of the cheeks passing into the hollow of the working surface or head a, as
The object of this construction of railway bar is to obtain great
stiffness of bar with a given weight of iron, and also to offer a very secure
means of upholding the rails by the chairs; and there is another advantage,
that the key of wood f is at all times housed under the rail, so as to be pro-
tected from rain, by which their holding will be more uniform than when
exposed alternately to rain and sun. As these sections of bars offer difficulties
in rolling, I have, as in the previous cases, shewn sections of the finishing
rollers for making the sections, Figures 18 and 19.
Figure 20 shews the rollers for finishing the section of bar, Figure 18; for
this purpose I first roll a flat bar with or without a small bead at one edge, by
which means when the bar is rolled into the completed form, the grain will not
laminate out at the sides of the working head a, but the bar will be bent so that
the welds (produced by the several layers of iron which composed the pile) will
be as indicated by the Drawing. The bar having been prepared as above
explained, it is to be passed through between the rollers at No. 1, then through
between No. 2, then through between No. 3, and then through between
No. 4 of the rolls, Figure 20, when the railway bar, Figure 18, will be
completed.
Figure 21 shews a section of the finishing rolls for the section of bar,
Figure 19, the preparatory processes of rolling being performed in grooved
rolls approaching the finishing section, as is well understood in rolling bars of
particular sections for other purposes.
I would remark, that although I have shewn sections of finishing rolls, such

page_text: as I recommend for the various railway bars made according to the second and
third parts of my Invention, I do not confine myself to the use thereof, any
more than I confine myself to the particular sections of rails shewn as
examples, as the sections of rails shewn for carrying out the said second and
third parts of my Invention may be varied and yet retain the peculiar charac-
teristics of these parts of my Invention.
I will now describe the fourth part of my Invention, which consists of rolling
railway bars, and certain parts for railway bars, through between three rollers,
so arranged one above the other that the rails in their progress of rolling may
be passed through and back again, first through from one side, and then back
through from the other side of the rollers, in place of continuously passing
such bars through between the rollers from one side only, as heretofore, by
which much time and labor will be saved.
I would remark, that it is not new to use what are called "three-high rolls,"
that is, three rolls placed one above the other, each having corresponding grooves
or surfaces, the middle roll acting as the upper roll in respect to the lowest roll,
and as the lower roll in respect of the uppermost roll, various sections of light
iron having been before rolled by rolls so arranged; but rollers suitable for
rolling railway bars have not heretofore been so arranged; and I arrange: the
grooved rolls suitable for the particular section of railway bar to be rolled.
In the Drawing I have shewn ordinary railway bars as being rolled, but the
grooves and surfaces of the "three high. rolls" may be suitably formed for
other sections of railway bars.
Figure 22 shews a front view, and Figure 23 is an end view of the
rolls, arranged three, one above the other, or as it: is called "three high,"
and as the weight of railway bars is considerable, I arrange moveable plat-
forms for supporting the bar on both sides of the rolls, and by which the
end of the bar which has just come through between the rolls may be raised
or lowered, so as to be passed back through between the rolls. These platforms
are only shewn to one of the sets of three rolls, they being removed in respect
to the other set of rolls in order that the same may be seen, and to render
the Drawing less complex, g, h, and .i, being the one set of three rolls, which
are for the preparatory process; .and j, k, and 1, are the other set of rolls for
finishing the rolling process. Two of the rolls in each set will be as of the
ordinary kind, and the third or additional roll. corresponds with one of those
two rolls.
m, n, are two platforms, one on either side of the rolls, which are
'capable of being raised and lowered by the bars o, o, by means of the levers
pand 7, each lever turning on an axis at r, carried by the standard s..
end of the lever p. is connected by a link t to the frame v, to which the bars o
The

page_text: are affixed, and the frame may be readily raised by the lever p, and as
the levers p and q are connected by links w, on either side the lever 9 will
come down on the lever p and force it and the frame down; hence it will be
evident that if a railway bar has just been passed in the direction of the lower
arrow from the platform m, the end of the railway bar, when it has been passed
through, will be received on to the platform n, and will be raised thereby into the
position of the dotted lines, and be passed through between the rolls from the plat-
form n to the platform m, when the frame will be again lowered, and the railway
bar again passed thro' between the rolls, and be received on to the platform n.
I would remark, that the means of receiving and raising the railway bar
be varied. And this part of my Invention also consists of using "three-high
rolls" for rolling bars, for making the tops and bottoms of piles when making
railway bars, by which the welding of these parts of a pile will be more com-
plete, as the rolling will be more quickly performed.
.
may
Figure 24 shews a front view, and Figure 25 an end view of an arrangement
of three rolls for this purpose, and the rollers must be such that the bars produced
thereby shall not be less than five inches wide by one inch thick; but I prefer,
when for making flat bars for the top or bottom of a pile to make a railway
bar, that the rolls should be capable of making bars seven inches wide by two
inches thick, and when for bent bars, as described under the first part of my
Invention, for the tops and bottoms of piles, I prefer they should be nine and
a half inches wide, and one and a quarter inches thick. I do not, however, con-
fine myself to these sizes, so that "three-high rolls" be used capable of rolling
iron as large as five inches wide by one inch thick.
I will now proceed to describe the fifth part of my Invention, which has for
its object the constructing of chairs suitable for railway bars made according to
the second and third parts of my Invention; and this part of my Invention
will be fully understood by reference to the same Figures of the. Drawings
already described, where the rails are shewn supported and keyed in their
respective chairs, and the peculiarity of the construction of the chairs (though
they differ according to the section of rail) is the same in each; that is to say, a
cheek in each chair is suitably formed to come under and support the protecting
rails and the part c of the railway bars, or the part c only, where such rails b
and part c are used; or the cheek is so formed as to enter into the hollow
head of the hollow rails, and also under the part c in those cases where
hollow rails have parts c, all which will be understood by inspecting the
Drawings.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the manner in
which the same is to be performed, I would have it understood that what
I claim is,―

page_text: First, the piling and making railway bars as herein described.
Secondly, I claim the manufacture of wrought-iron railway bars with pro-
tecting rails or flanches, in such manner that the heads or working surfaces
of the rails stand above the supports of the protecting rails or franches.
Thirdly, I claim the manufacture of railway bars with hollow heads in
such manner that cheeks of the railway chairs used therewith may pass under
the hollow heads.
Fourthly, I claim the rolling of railway bars with rollers arranged "three
high," as herein described; and I also claim the applying "three-high rolls,"
in rolling iron for the tops and bottoms of piles, in the manner herein
described; and,
Fifthly, I claim the manufacture of railway chairs, such as are herein
described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Richard Shaw, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Eighteenth day of April, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and forty-eight.
HINCHLIFFE, Extra.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Eighteenth day of April, in the
year of our Lord 1848, the aforesaid Richard Shaw came before our said
Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form
above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to
the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Twentieth day of April, in the year of our Lord One