IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR TRANSKITTING ELECTRICITY BETWEEN DISTANT PLACES, WHICH IMPROVEMENTS CAN BE APPLIED, AMONGST OTHER PURPOSES, TO APPARATUS FOR GIVING SIGNALS AND SOUNDING AGARUMS AT DISTANT PLACES BY MEANS OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS
Year: 1842

page_text: COOKE'S SPECIFICATION.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
FOTHERGILL COOKE, of Copthall Buildings, in the City of London, Esquire,
send greeting..
WHEREAS I did by petition humbly represent unto Her present most
Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, that I had invented "IMPROVEMENTS IN
APPARATUS FOR TRANSKITTING ELECTRICITY BETWEEN DISTANT PLACES, WHICH
IMPROVEMENTS CAN BE APPLIED, AMONGST OTHER PURPOSES, TO APPARATUS FOR
GIVING SIGNALS AND SOUNDING AGARUMS AT DISTANT PLACES BY MEANS OF
ELECTRIC CURRENTS;" and Her said Majesty, being willing to give encourago-
ment to all arts and inventions which may be for the public good, was
graciously pleased, by Her Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster,
the Eighth day of September, One thousand eight hundred and forty two, in
the sixth year of Her reign, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, to give and
grant unto me, the said William Fothergill. Cooke, my executors, admini-
strators, and assigns, Her especial license, 'full power, sole privilege and
authority, that I or they, by myself or themselves, or by my or their deputies,
servants, or agents, or such others as I or they should agree with, and no
others, during the term of fourteen years from the date of the said Letters
Patent, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend my said
Invention within that part of Her said Majesty's Dominions called England,
Her Dominion of Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, in such manner

page_text: .
as to me, my executors, administrators, and assigns, shall seem meet, and
as that I or they shall enjoy the whole profit and advantage arising by reason
of the said Invention during the said term of fourteen years, and for that end
Her said Majesty requires and strictly commands all IIer subjects whatsoever,
within England, Wales, .and.Berwick-upon-Tweed aforesaid, that they shall
not, neither directly nor indirectly, make, use, or put in practico my said Inven-
tion, or any part thereof, nor in anywise counterfeit, imitate, or resemble the
same, nor make any addition thereto or substraction therefrom, whereby to
pretend himself or themselves to be the inventor or inventors thereof; and
whereas the said Letters Patent- contain a proviso, obliging me, the said
William Fothergill Cooke, particularly to describe and ascertain the nature of
my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an
instrument in writing under my hand and seal, and to cause the same to be
inrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months
noxt and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent, as in and by
the same (reference being thereunto had) will more fully and at large
appear.
* NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
William Fothergill Cooke, do hereby declaro that my said Invention is
described and ascertained in manner following, and by the aid of the two
Sheets of Drawings hereunto annexed, that is to say:-
My said improvements in apparatus for transmitting électricity between
'distant places relates to the arrangement-and disposition on a large scale of
"what may in general terms be designated long conducting wires for electricity,
'or the same may be termed long telegraphic wires, in cases when such wires
are applied to apparatus for giving signals and sounding alarums at distant
places by means of electric currents transmitted through metallic circuits, and
which said apparatus has been rendered practically useful by means of various
improvements formerly invented by me, the said William Fothergill Cooko,
conjointly with Charles Wheatstone, and for which improvements Royal
Letters Patent have been granted at three several times, as follows, for tho
sole use of those improvements in England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-
upon-Tweed: First Letters Patent granted by His late Majesty King William
the Fourth to William Fothergill Cooke and Charles Wheatstone, bearing
date the Twelfth day of June, One thousand eight hundred and thirty-seven;
and in conformity with such Letters Patent a Specification was duly inrolled
at the Chapel of tho Rolls on the Twelfth day of December One thousand
eight hundred and thirty-seven; second Letters Patent granted by Her
present Majesty Queen Victoria to William Fothergill Cooke, bearing date on

page_text: the Eighteenth day of April, One thousand eight hundred and thirty-eigh, and
in conformity therewith'a Specification was inrolled at the Rolls Chapol on
the Eighteenth day of October, One thousand eight hundred and thirty-eight;
third Letters Patent granted by Her present Majesty to Charles Wheat.
stone and William Fothergill Cooke on the Twenty-first day of January, One
thousand eight hundred and forty, and in conformity therewith a Specification
was duly inrolled at the Chapel of the Rolls on the Twenty-first day of July,
One thousand eight hundred and forty. And noto.--Whenever the expression
or expressions, First Specification, or Second Specification, or Third Specifica-
tion, is or are used in any part of this my present Specification, it is to bo
understood that the first, or the second, or the third of the Specifications abovo
enumerated is or are meant by such expression or expressions. And although
the nature and operation of such long conducting wires or long telegraphic
wires is fully described in tho said Specifications, it will nevertheless bo con-
ducive to a correct understanding of my present improvements to recapitulato
some portions of what is so described in those Specifications."
In the first Specification, at the commencement theroof, it is described to the
affect that for communicating between the several portions of the apparatus
for giving signals and sounding alarums at distant places by means of electric
currents transmitted through metallic circuits, and which said portions of the
apparatus aro situated at a distance one from another, a number of metallic
rods or wires, which are suitably arranged and prepared for conducting electric
currents throughout their longths, are extended from that portion of the appa-
ratus which is situated at one terminus (or terminal section of the whole
apparatus), so as to reach through all the other more and more distant portions
of the apparatus to that portion thereof which is situated at the other terminus
(or ferminal section of the whole apparatus, at a placo distant from the first-
mentioned terminal station), the arrangement of the said conducting wiro3
being such that they form as many distinct lines of extension or courses
capable of conducting electric currents from one terminus to the other as
thero are wires, cach wire being kept distinct or insulated from all the other
wiros; also that in extending from tho first-mentioned terminus and portion of
the apparatus to the next nearest portion thereof, and thence in proceeding
onwards to another more distant portion, and thence onward to another still
more distant portion, and so on to the most remote portion, which is situated
at the distant or last-mentioned terminus. Each wire must preserve its own
continuous course of extension distinct and insulated from all the other wires,
so as to be qualified for transmitting or conducting.an electric current through-
out its whole length from the first-mentioned terminus, and portion of the

page_text: apparatus to the most distant portion thereof at the other last-mentioned
terminus, without interruption, to the continuity of the said current in passing
through as many portions of the apparatus as may be established at interme-
diate places between the two termini. And it is further described how any
two or more such long insulated conducting wires are to have their ends con-
nected, when required, with the two poles of a voltaic battery, which may be
situated at one terminus, one or more of the said wires having its end (or their
ends) connected with one of the said poles, and another (or others) of the
said wires having its end (or their ends) connected with the other or
contrary pole of the same battery, the other or distant ends of all the said
wires being at the same time connected together at the distant terminus,
so as that the said wires shall, in consequence of all the said connections
being made from what is termed a metallic circuit along which a continuous
electric current will be transmitted (throughout all the 1 ngths of the said-
wires which are so connected into a metallic circuit), in consequence of a
continuous transmission of electric action, which as soon as such a circuit is
formed begins to proceed from one pole of the battery and along or through
all the length of the one or more of the said conducting wires whereof the end.
is or the ends are connected with that pole with a very great velocity of trans-
mission, in order to return to the other contrary polo of the same battery along
or through all the length of the other or others of the said conducting wire or
wires whereof the end is or the ends are connected with that contrary pole,
the electric current thereby performing a circuit from the battery and back
again thereto; and the said electric current or transmission of electric action in
a circuit will continue without interruption or cessation so long as the metallic
circuit is maintained, that is, so long as the aforesaid connections of the onds
of the conducting wires with the two poles of the battery is continued, provided
that the insulation of the wires and the continuity of metal throughout their
whole lengths, as well as their aforesaid connections at their other or distant
ends, is also continued, and provided that the battery is kept in working order.
By continuity of metal in the conducting wires it is not meant that the whole
length of such wire necessary consists of one unbroken piece of metal, but
merely that the ends of every separate piece of metal whereof the whole length
is composed aro effectually connected together with suitable contacts for
conducting electric currents; and near to the commencement of the first
Specification, it is also further described that the said first-mentioned portion
of the apparatus, which is situated at one terminus, is provided with parts which
are adapted for establishing, at the will of the person stationed at that said
portion, the requisite connections between the two poles of the voltaic battery

page_text: and the ends of one or more of the conducting wires in manner aforesaid, so as
to form those particular wires into a metallic circuit, as aforesaid, for the
transmission of an electric current from one of the poles of the battery along
one or more of the said particular wires to the distant portion of the apparatus
at the other terminus, and thence back again through some other (or some
others) of the said particular wires to return to the other pole of the same
voltaic battory, and thereby perform an electric circuit, and the manner is fully
described in the said Specifications whereby such an electric current (when the
same is transmitted along such of the wires as may be for the time formed into
a metallic circuit, as aforesaid, is caused to give signals or sound alarums at
distant places by operating in some suitable manner on some suitable parts
wherewith each portion of the apparatus is provided, and various modes for
that purpose are explained in tho different Specifications which it is not
necessary to recite in the present Specification, except so far as to state that
it is described in the first Specification; that the same signals will be given or
the same alarums will be sounded simultaneously by cach and all of the said
portions of the apparatus which are situated in distant places by simultaneous
operation of the same electric current on the said parts wherewith each portion
is provided for the purpose of giving signals and sounding alarums. And it is
further explained in the first Specification how the ends of the long conducting
.or telegraphic wires can at pleasure be sometimes connected with the contrary
poles of the voltaic battery to thoso parts theroof with which the same ends are
at other times connected in manner before-mentioned, wherefore, although the
same metallic circuit will be formed through the same conducting wires, as
before mentioned, nevertheless the transmission of the electric current will
take place in a contrary direction through the said metallic circuit, and
such reversal of the direction of the transmission of the electric current
through the same metallic circuit is caused to produce corresponding differences
in the appearance and signification of the signals which are given by all the
several portions of the apparatus situated at distant places by transmission of
an electric current through the same metallic circuit; and it is also explained
how a great diversity of signals can be given by varying the combinations or
coupling together of the several long conducting or telegraphic wires with
which the apparatus is provided, when the ends of any two or more of the
wires are connected with the opposite poles of the battery, so as to form those
two or more wires into a metallic circuit or circuits for the transmission of an
electric current or currents, and the number and diversity of such variations
can be augmented by reversing the direction of such transmission as aforesaid;
and by virtue of the several means described in the first Specification, th

page_text: apparatus is qualified to form (at the pleasure of the operator) a variety of
different metallic circuits, each such circuit being adapted to give its own
appropriate signal, but nevertheless the electric current which will be trans-
mitted through each of those circuits can be made to give two different signifi-
cations to the signal belonging to that circuit, according to the direction of the
current; or the apparatus is capablo of forming two or more metallic circuits,
with a distinct electric current through each circuit at the same time, in order
to exhibit (two, or, in- some cases, moro) signals, in concurrence with capability
of diversifying the concurrence. of the two signals which will be so brought into
concurrence, and by one or other or all of various. means described in.the.first
Specification, a sufficient diversity of signals and change in tho significations of
those signals can be given in distant places for constituțiug a telegraphic
language, or modo of communicating letters of the-alphabot and numeral or
symbolic characters. And in the first Specification it is also further described,
that the portion of the apparatus which is situated at one terminus, as first
mentioned, is exactly the same in every respect as that portion thereof which
is situated at the other or distant torminus, the last-mentioned portion.being
provided with a voltaic battery as well as the other, and that in consequence
the giving of signals and sounding alarums can be performed by a person
stationed at either terminus, and such signals or sounds will bo given to the
person stationed at the other terminus, as well as to the persons stationed at all
'the-intermediato-portions of the apparatus between the two termini, whereforp
the apparatus is capable of communicating telegraphic intelligence in either
direction, that is to say, either from the first-mentioned terminus to the distant
terminus, or else from the distant terminus to the first-mentioned terminus,
and in either case the intermeiliate portions of the apparatus participate
in the communication which is in course of transmission in either direction
from one terminus to the other. And in the first Specification it is also
described that one of the long conducting wires out of the whole number
belonging to the apparatus, and which wire is insulated from all the other
wires, may be extended direct from one terminus to the other terminus without
being connected in any manner with thoso parts which, as before mentioned,
are provided in each portion of the apparatus for giving signals by operation
of any electric currents which may be transmitted through such of those other
wires (as are connected with the said parts) as may for the time he formed
into a metallic circuit, the said wire which is not so connected with any of the
said parts being provided for the purpose of forming one-half of a metallic cir-
cuit by being conjoined with any one or more of the other wires which are con
nected with the said parts. And it is further described in the first Specification

page_text: that the long extensions of the conducting wires or telegraphic wires may be lodged,
in channels formed in wood rails, lined with. any suitable resinous matter, with
a covering rail of wood over the channels to protect the wires from injury and
from damp; such rails may be fixed on the tops of posts fixed in the ground in.
the same manner as post and rail fences, or the rails may be laid underground,
or part of a long line may be laid underground and part above ground on:
posts. The wires may be laid.in distinct channels formed in the wood, one
such channel for each wire, in order to keep them asunder and insulated, cach
wire being, if necessary, covered with a wrapping of coarse thread and varnished:
over that covering; or all the wires may be lodged close together side by side
in ono channel formed in the wood, provided the several wires are covered and:
varnished and kept dry, so as to form a sufficient insulation of cach wire.from-
its neighbours by means of such. covering and. varnish and keeping dry; or
the said channels.may be formed by inverted iron troughs, or gutters, or.half-
· tubes, applied upon the wood rails over the wires, so. ps to inclose them, tho.
edges of the iron being fastened and cemented to the wood; or the wires may
bo enclosed within iron tubes-formed of two halves put together longitudinally,
and united by screw bolts, or within iron tubes formed by bending hoop "iron
into the form of a tube, but with a narrow longitudinal.opening left between
the meeting edges, for the facility of introducing the several covered.wires one
by one into the interior of the,tube, and afterwards filling up the opening and
punching the meeting edges together...
And in the second Specification it is described how the wires, being
effectually covered and varnished to obtain insulation, are to.. be lodged.
close together sida, by side within.tubes of metal, the several lengths.or
pieces whereof are united together at their ends by screw joints or socket
joints, or by solder joints, in the same manner. as pipes for conveyance of
water-or of gas are jointed. The above parts of the former improvements
being-understood, I will first describe the apparatus which is constructed
according to my present-improvements, and then at the conclusion of
this Specification I will point out the particulars.of.the Invention whereof
the exclusive use-is granted to me by the said Letters Patent of the Eighth
day of September last.. My present-improvements relate to the disposition of
those long extensions, of the conducting or telegraphic wires, whereby commu--
pication is to be made between different portions of the apparatus for giving
signals for sounding alarums, which portions are situated at places distant one"
from another, and which long.extensions of wires require in many cases to be
carried. for great-distances through the county, and instead of lodging the said
wires within separate closed.channels formed in wood rails, or instead of laying

page_text: all the said wires within one closed channel formed in wood, or within tubes
formed of iron, in the manner described in the said first Specification, or
instead of laying the said wires within pipes or tubes of metal in the manner
described in the second Specification, the said wires, according to my present
improvements, are to be extended through the open air in great lengths, and
suspended or sustained at suitable intervals by suitable supports of wood or
other substanco which is a suitable non-conductor of voltaic electricity, the
suspension being at such.height from the ground as to keep the wires out of
the way of interference with anything which might subject them to injury
from accidental violence; and by the said wooden or non-conducting supports
the wires are all insulated from the earth, and also the several wires are
insulated one wire from another, because the different wires are extended side
by side or one above another; but in either case the wires are kept separated
from any contact, or metallic or other conducting connection, one with another,
and at such distances apart as to be insulated one wire from another, although
they are all sustained by the same wooden or non-conducting supports. Under
such condition's the said wires can be exposed to the open air and subjected to
the influence of the weather, the wires being painted or varnished so as to
effectually preserve them from oxydation, but covering of the wires by wrapping
thread around them is not required. Also iron wires of suitable size may be
used instead of copper wires, and will have an adequate power of conducting
electric currents and greater strength to resist breaking. The expence of
forming long lines of telegraphic wires is greatly diminished by my present im-
provements compared with the said former modes, in consequence of being now
enabled to dispense with the use of wooden rails or metal tubes, and also with
the covering around the wires, and being enabled to use iron wire instead of
copper; also the wires in the open air being in sight, and accessible for
repairs, are easily kept in order; and the several wires being extended betwoen
the wooden or non-conducting supports, by their own strength to resist tension,
the perfect metallic continuity of each wire is ensured so long as it remains
unbroken, and when from any cause any wire is actually broken, then by the
dropping of the broken wire it becomes apparent that repair is required, and
at what part of the line, and also which wire it is that requires repair. And
by virtue of other parts of my present improvements, such repair or restoration
of the continuity of a broken wire is very easily and quickly performed. A
set of long conducting or telegraphic wires which are suspended in the air by
means of insulated supports at suitable intervals apart, along the length of such
wires, according to my present improvements, in manner aforesaid, will be
qualified for forming metallic circuits for the transmission of electric currents

page_text: in the manner and in all various ways described in the former Specifications,
and with all the combinations of these various ways and changes of those com-
binations which are described in those former Specifications as capable of
being made by a set of conducting or telegraphic wires. The susceptibility of
forming metallic circuits and combinations of such circuits, and of diversifying
such circuits and combinations of circuits being the same, whether a set of
such wires is disposed within closed channels or within tubes or pipes of metal,
as described in the former Specifications, or whether a corresponding set of
such wires are suspended in the air, according to my present improvements.
The iron wire being made in pieces of as long lengths as can be conveniently
procured, several long pieces of wire are to be effectually joined together end
to end by welding or brazing, or by hooking the ends together and soldering
over the hooked ends so as to make up lengths of three hundred yards or
more, which lengths are to be suspended in the air as one piece or length of
wire; the two ends of each such long length of wire being for that purpose
attached by suitable means to the upper parts of strong wooden posts, which
are firmly planted in the ground at a proper distanco assunder, and nearly
corresponding in distance with the length of the wire; these strong posts I call'
drawing posts. And the ends of as many distinct conducting or telegraphic
wires as are to be established are all attached to the same drawing post, one
such wire above another at different heights above the ground on the said
which
posts; and in order to sustain the weight of the wires in the long space
intervenes between each two of the drawing posts above mentioned, four or
other number of smaller wooden posts or poles, which I call standards, are set
up at-equal distances apart, or as nearly equal as circumstances permit, in the
long space which intervenes between each two of the drawing posts, and the wires
are upheld by lodging them on pins or in hooks projecting out sideways from
the upper parts of those standards, without the wires being otherwise attached
to the said standards, but the only attachment of the wires for extending and
thereby suspending them is at the said drawing posts at the two extreme ends
of each length of wire; and for the purpose of such attachment each of the said
drawing posts is furnished with some simple but powerful apparatus for forcibly
drawing one end or both ends of each wire until a due degree of tension in the
direction of the length of that wire is obtained, so as to cause all the length of
5 such wire to hang in the air with curves of only very moderate descent from
straight lines in all the several spaces or intervals between the several points
where the wire. is sustained by the several drawing posts and standards.
And the same apparatus must be qualified for holding fast and securely retaining
the-wire in such state of tension without any risk of relaxing or slipping. The ap-

page_text: paratus which I prefer for the purpose of so attaching and drawing and retaining
the ends of the wires is of the nature of the winding-up pegs or turning pins
which are used for stretching the wires of musical instruments, but made on
a large scale, of suitable strength, and cach wind-up pin being provided
with a ratchet wheel and click to retain the pin from running back by the
reacting force of the wire. And in order to preserve the wooden or other non-
conducting supports in a proper state for insulating the wires which they sustain,
the wood must bo kept dry at the parts where the wires are attached to or
sustained by the wood or non-conducting substances; and therefore the rain
water must be kept off from those parts, or at least from an adequate portion
of each wooden or non-conducting support, which portion intervenes between
the places where one wire is sustained by the wood or non-conducting
substance, and whero the next adjacent wire is sustained by the same piece of
wood or non-conducting substance.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS HEREUNTO ANNEXED.
In Sheet I., Figure I represents the general arrangements of a series of six
long extensions of as many conducting wires or telegraphic wires, marked 21,
22, 23, 24, 25, and 20. Those wires are stretched in nearly parallel lines, ona
wire above another, and sustained at or by the upper portions, of the height of
upright wooden supports A, B, and C, D, E, F, which are erected from the
ground at suitable distances apart along the line whereon the telegraphic com-
munication is to be formed; the said supports either being entirely of wood
fixed or planted in the ground, and extonding upwards therefrom to a sufficient
height for sustaining the wires at the upper portions of the height of such
wooden supports, as shown at A, D, E, and F; or else the lower part of the
supports, which are fixed on the ground may be hollow columns of cast iron, as
represented at B and C, similar to those iron columns which are now commonly
used for lamp posts for gas lights in the streets of London and other large
towns, but in the present case having the upper part of the support formed of
wood, affixed into the hollow of the iron column in prolongation of the height
of the iron columns for sustaining the wires, which are in all cases to be
sustained by wood or other non-conducting substance, as herein-after explained,
in order to obtain insulation.
In Sheet II., Figure 2, oxplains the manner of constructing the wooden
supports when circumstances may require the wires to be kept at an unusual
height above the level of the ground; as, for instance, when they are to be carried
across a navigable river, or canal, or a roadway, so as to leave height for the
masts of vessels or for loaded carriages to pass beneath tho wires, and to

page_text: elevate the wires out of. the reach of, interference from any other cause.. In
such cases one.wooden pole ar support may be applied at the top of another in
prolongation of the height of the lower pole, in the manner whereby the topmasts
of ships are applied in prolongation of the height of the lower masts thereof..
Figure 3 in Sheet II.. represents the manner of carrying the said wires
beneath the arch of a bridge, or it might be the archway, of a tunnel on a line
of railway, and. of sustaining all the wires.by a piece or by pieces of wood,
which may,
in such case, be fixed (if convenient to do.so) in an inclined.direc-
tion beneath the curved part of such arch, instead of being upright, the several
wires being kept separated one from another at their usual distances asunder,
although they will not, in case of an inclining support of wood, be situated one
over the other, as in the case of being sustained by upright pieces of wood,
that circumstance being immaterial, provided an effecient insulation of the wires
from tho earth and from one another is maintained..
Figure 4, Shoet II., represents how. the said wires may be sustained side by
side from a horizontal support of wood, which is firmly fixed by its middle across
the upper end of an upright wooden post fixed or planted in, the ground, or it
might be an upper length of wood affixed to an iron column in prolongation of
the height of such column, as before mentioned; or the said horizontal support
of wood, might be fixed at or near to its two ends crossways upon the upper ends
of two upright wooden posts, ar upon the upper ends of the wooden lengths of two
iron columns, when circumstances may require the two ends of the horizontal
support of wood to be sustained. The long.conducting or telegraphic wires may
be sustained. in all the several different manners aforesaid at different-parts of
the lengths.or extensions of such wires according to convenience, for instance,
in case. of a. set of such wires being extended in a line-across the open
country by the side of a line of milway, or of a public road, or along the bank
of a canal, or across fields, the said wires may for, the most part of such line be
sustained, one wire above another, by upright wooden supports, as. represented
in Figure 1, the same wires being occasionally sustained at.a greater height
above the ground than usual for any such parts of the line as circumstances
may require, the wires to be at such greater height as is shown between D
and. E, Figuro 1; and the same wires may, when, circumstances require, be
sustained at a very unusual.height for the purpose of crossing obstacles in the
5 manner. represented in Figure 2, Sheet II.; also the same wires may at other
parts of their length be.sustained, one wire by the side of another, by horizontal
wooden supports, in the manner represented in Figure 4, Sheet II; and at other
parts of their length the samo wires may be.sustained by inclined wooden sup-
ports, in the manner represented in Figura 3, Sheet II.; and the use of. posts or

page_text: columns erected from the ground may be dispensed with at all places where
adequate means can be conveniently obtained for affixing the wooden or non-
conducting supports to the walls or other parts of buildings which may be in
the line of the direction of the wires, such, for instance, as the station houses or
lines of railway, or to the sides of excavations in rock for the line of a railway
as well as to the arches of bridges across the railway, or the archway
of tunnels thereon, as already mentioned, provided that in every such case
the wooden or non-conducting supports can be kept sufficiently dry for in-
sulation of the wires, which I effect by enclosing them with a tight wooden
cover. The wires in all cases to be stretched so tight in the intervals between
their supports as that they will not hang down to any such considerable extent, in
proportion to the, extent of the said intervals below a straight line, as would
allow them to swing materially by action of the wind; and the several wires of
the set must be nearly equally stretched so as to keep them all nearly parallel
one to another, or in nearly parallel curves, in order that the several wires may
be equidistant one from another throughout their several lengths between the
supports, or at any rate that they may hang in such curves as to avoid any
nearer approach of one wire to another in the interval between the supports
than the appointed distance between the same wires at those supports. And
other parts of the extensions of the same telegraphic wires aforesaid may (if
convenience requires) be gathered nearer together than the said appointed
distance at which they are to hang one from another in the open air, as afore-
said; and the wires so gathered nearer together may be lodged and enclosed
within channels formed in rails of wood, with a distinct channel for each wire,
.according to the manner described in the first Specification; the several wires,
or the portions of the length thereof which are so lodged in such channels,
being in such case covered with thread, if necessary, and varnished, as thero
mentioned; or the wires, if effectually covered with a wrapping of thread and
varnished, may be gathered quite close together in a bundle, which may be
lodged and enclosed within one channel formed in rails of wood, or formod
by rails of wood together with invertod gutters or troughs of iron; or the
said covered wires, when so gathered close together, may be enclosed within
tubes of iron formed by gutters or half tubes put together, or within tubes
formed by bending up hoop iron with a longitudinal opening left between
the meeting edges for introducing the wires one by one, and afterwards
closing the opening by means of screw bolts, in the manner described in
the first Specification; or else the said covered wires so gathered close
together, as aforesaid, may be enclosed within tubes or pipes of metal whereof
the several lengths or portions are united by screw joints or by socket

page_text: oints, or by soldering, in the manner described in the second Specification.
My present improvements being best adapted to be used for carrying the
great lengths of the conducting or telegraphic wires along their intended
line in the open country, and by the side of lines of railways, canals, or public
roads in the open country, but novertheless the other modes described in the
former Specifications as aforesaid, or some of them, may be resorted to with
advantage at some portions of the said line of conducting or telegraphic wires.
where the wires would be more liable to injury from accidents, and therefore
require greater protection, as, for instance, in the vicinity of large towns and
at the stations on railways. An effectual insulation of the several wires one
from another, and of all the wires from the earth, is an essential condition for
the successful application of my present improvements in all the wires, when
the wires which are suspended according to the said improvement are not
covered with thread and varnished. The wood or other non-conducting sub-
stance by which the wires are supported 'will sufficiently insulate the wires, so-
long as that wood is kept dry, and for that purpose small overhanging sheds
are applied on the upright wooden supports above each wire, as shewn at
9, 9, 9, Figure 5, Sheet I., and also at G, Figure 18, and separately in
Figure G, one such shed being so applied as to intervene between each
wire and that wire which is next above it, and each of those sheds g,g,
G, acts in the manner of the eaves of a roof for preventing rain water.
from running down the wood, but the said sheds turn off such water from
so much of the wood as is immediately beneath each. shed, and so as to
be sheltered thereby, wherefore by means of such overhanging sheds a small.
portion of the length of each wooden or non-conducting support which
intervenes between every two wires will be kept dry and in a proper state for
insulating the wires. The said sheds g, g, or G are chiefly applicable for the.
standard posts, such as C, D, E, and F, Figure 1, which sustain intermediate
points in the lengths of the several wires, those points intervening between the
drawing posts A and B, at the ends of each length of wire. The several wires.
are sustained at each of the said standard posts by means of metal hooks f.f.
Figure 5, which are fastened into the sides of the wood of the standard at the
proper height for the support of each wire, and each of the said hooks f.f.
projects out laterally from the wood as far as is requisite for forming an
adequate lodgement for the wire which is to be sustained by that hook. The
said hooks may be made of iron and driven into the wood, or of brass, as shewn
at Figure f, and screwed into the wood. The wood into which the said hooks
are so fastened may be the upper part of the standard pole, which is planted
in the ground, as at D, Figure I, or the upper part of a round wooden pole

page_text: which is fixed into the upper end of an iron column, as at C, Figure 1, in
either of which cases the sheds, Figure G, are suitable to be applied on the
wood one above another, at such parts of the height thereof as to intervene
between the soveral hooks which are fixed-into the wood for sustaining tho
several wires, as aforesaid. The sheds, Figuro G, are small cones of metal
formed by casting or stamping iron, or brass, or copper, or zinc into the form
shewn 'in section in that Figure; the socket part at the upper part of the
cone being' adapted to fit-truly and tight upon the pole, which is made round
-and slightly tapering, and a coment of white lead or of putty or other suitable
material is used; so as effectually to exclude rain water from penetrating and
getting through between the polo and the said socket part which fits on tho
pole, whorefore the shed, Figure G, whon so fixed, forms a sort of small circular
roof or eaves of a roof, projecting beyond the pole on all sides thereof sufficiently
to prevent any rain water getting to that part of tho wood of the pole
which is immediately beneath the shelter of the said shed, by which means
every such shed will in all cases preserve a dry zone of wood or a dry part
of the pole all around its circumference; and each such zone or part infervenes
between the hook which serves to support ono wire and the hook which serves
for the support of the next wire below, and it is by so maintaining such dry
zones of wood by means of such sheds that the insulation of one wire from
another is maintained, and also tho wires are all insulated from the earth,
because one of the sheds, Figuro G, is fixed on the pole below the lowermost
of tho wires, as is plainly shewn at the standards C and D, Figure 1. The
shed which is so used for the lowermost shed on each of the standards may be
of larger size, as shown by the dotted lines in Figure G, in order moro
effectually to sheltor that part of the pole from wet, and preserve a dry zono
of greater breadth around the wood than the smaller sheds could do. But
note. All the sheds may be made as large as is shewn by the dotted lines in
Figura G. The uppermost end of the pole is surmounted by an overhanging
cap, as shewn at C and D, Figure 1, which will keep off the rain. Figure 5
represents an elevation and a section of a square case of wood, which may be
applied over the upper end of each of the wood standards, as shown at E,
Figure 1, in the manner of a cap or hood, which will affectually keep off the
rain wator from that upper end. The outside of the said cap, Figure 5, has
the several hooks f,f, fixed into it. Seo also in the Figure f, in the same
manner as already described respecting the hooks being fixed into the
standard pole D, Figure 1, those hooks being so fixed at the height which is
proper for each wire ;" and the hooks f. f, project out from the case, Figure 5,
nt one-side of it, so far as to afford the requisite lodgement for the several

page_text: wires 'without any othor difference from what has been already explained,
except that the hooks are screwed through the side of case, Figure 5, into the
pole, instead of being fixed merely into the wood of the pole; but the pole
being included within the case, Figure 6, is very effectually protected from
rain water and kept dry. The case, Figure B, has a series of sheds g, g, fixed
around it, and projecting out so as to interveno between each of tho hooks f
and the next hook f, which is below it, in order to shoot off rain water, in the
same manner and for the same purposes as already explained in respect to tho
'sheds, Figure G, on the polès C or D; Figure 1; and the case, Figure 5, has
a larger shed around its lower end, to keep off rain water from the pole. The
upper end of the case is surmounted by a roof which will shoot off the rain.
Figure 6, Sheet I, explains the manner whereby a non-conducting substance,
such as glazed pottery ware of such a quality as will not absorb any moisture,
or coarse glass, may be used in place of wood, at the standards for sustaining
the wires, the said non-conducting substance being formed into a case Very
similar to Figure 5, and mounted on a round iron stem. 'An upright post of
wood, or else a column of iron, is fixed upright in the ground, to stand up
therefrom to a suitable beight, and has an upright rod or stem of round iron
fixed fast into the upper end of the column or post, so as to stand up in pro-
longation of the height thereof, and over that iron stem a strong hollow caso
of glazed pottery ware or coarse glass is to be applied, so as to be firmly sup
ported in its upright position by the iron stem, such case being formed like a
tube, but solidly closed at its upper end, so that rain water cannot gain admit-
tance into the interior hollow of the case; the lower end of the hollow case
resting solidly upon the upper end of the wood post or iron column, and the
iron stem which stands up within the hollow caso serving to keep up the said
case firmly in an upright position, in prolongation of the height of the wood
post or the iron column; and the exterior of the said hollow case of glazed
pottery is to have such lateral projections from one or more of its sides
as will afford a distinct lodgement for each of the wires at the height
which is proper for each one, and which will be the same heights as
already explained respecting the hooks f, f. Figure 5, the said lateral projec-
tions being formed in the same piece of pottery ware or glass as the case itself,
or such lateral projections may be formed by metal hooks inserted and fastened
into suitable holes in the side of the case of pottery or glass at the proper heights
for the several wires, those books being secured in the said holes by suitable
cement, so as to project as much laterally from the side of the case as is
sufficient for forming the requisite lodgements for the several wires, or instead
of so inserting and fastening such metal hooks into holes in the pottery or

page_text: case.
glass of the case, iron hooks may be formed, projecting out from circular rings
which are adapted to encompass all around the outside of the case, each of the
said rings for the hooks being made in two halves, jointed together at one part
of the circumference with a hook and eye or other joint, so that the rings can
be opened in order to put them on around the case, and then the separated ends
of the two halves being securely united by a pin or screw, or a binding of wire,
to keep them together, a complete ring will be formed for fastening the hook
to the case, which, in order to form a firm lodgment for such rings, must have
prominent rings around it formed of the same piece of pottery or glass with the
whole case. And the exterior surfaces of the same prominent rings are to be
formed sloping downwards and projecting outwards from the case; and over-
hanging therefrom, in the same manner and for the same purpose of shooting
of rain water as the sheds already described on the poles C and D, Figure 1,
or the sheds g, g, Figure 5, and with a larger shed at the lowermost end of the
The said cases of glazed pottery ware or coarse glass are, as already
stated, very similar to the case, Figure 5, except as to the materials, and being
made wholly in one piece of pottery ware or glass, instead of being put together
in several pieces of wood, and being of smallar dimensions to go over a round
iron stem instead of being large enough to go over the upper end of a wood
pole, as in Figure 5; also the cases of pottery or glass are made of a round
form instead of square. But note.-If there is any difficulty in procuring such
cases to be made in one piece of glazed pottery or coarse glass, each such case
may be made in two or three or more lengths or pieces adapted to go one
above another upon the iron stem, and to fit close one such piece above
another; and the projecting sheds being at the lowest end of each such piece, so
that the junctions of every two such pieces will be in every case close beneath
the overhanging shed of that piece which goes immediately above the junction,
and the overhanging of the sheds being sufficient to prevent rain water getting
in at the junction, and one half of the whole number of wires which constitute
the set of telegraphic wires may be carried on one side of such stem of glazed
pottery, in order to obtain their said lodgements by suitable projections, as
aforesaid, from that side of the stem, the other half of the same set of wires
being carried on the opposite side of the same stem, in order to obtain their
lodgements by like projections from that other side of the stem, the halves into
which the set of wires is divided for such purpose being alternate wires, that
is to say, the wires 21, 23, and 25, being one of the said halves, then the
wires 22, 24, and 20, would form the other half, wherefore, if the uppermost
wire 21 of the set is carried on one side of the stem, then the next or second
wire 22 will be carried on the contrary side of the same stem, and the next

page_text: wire 28 will be carried on the first-mentioned side of the stem, and so on of all
the other wires. But note.-When wooden supports are used at the standards
for sustaining the wires, the alternate wires may be carried on contrary sides of
those wooden supports, in the same manner as described respecting the pottery
ware stems.
.
Figure 7, Sheet II., represents another variety of the mode last described
of applying non-conducting substance of glazed pottery or coarse glass :-
Two cases of such materials, very similar to the case last described, are
fixed in vertical positions, one at each side of the upright standard pole;
the said two cases being so fixed at the ends of iron arms which project
outwards from the pole on opposite sides thereof, videlicit, one pair of such
arms projecting out each way from the top of the pole, and the ends of
those arms sustain the upper ends of the two upright cases of pottery
or glass, and another pair of arms projecting out each way from the polo
lower down the same, and the ends of those arms sustain the lower ends
of the said two upright cases. The set of wires are divided, as already
described, into two halves, whereof one half is applied against and sustained by
the projections of one of the said upright cases of pottery or glass, and the
other half of the wires is applied against and sustained by the projection of
the other of those stems; and each half into which the wires are divided, as
aforesaid, may be subdivided, and the subdivided wires applied on contrary
sides of each of the said upright cases of pottery or glass, that is, one wire
being carried on one side, the next wire below will be carried on the contrary
side, then the next wire on the first-mentioned side, in the same manner as
already explained, respecting Figure 6. The two cases of pottery ware or
glass in Figure 7 may be each mounted on an upright rod of iron, the upper
end of which is put down through an eye at the end of one of the uppermost
arms of the pole, and the lower end of which rod is inserted into or passed
through a corresponding eye at the end of one of the lowermost aruis of the
same pole. The said iron rod gives support to the pottery ware or glass, which
must be a complete tube, hollow throughout, in order to allow such iron rod to
pass quite through all the height, and be supported at the upper as well as the
lower end of the rod. The pottery ware or glass may be made in two or
more pieces put together on each iron rod, in the same manner as already
described. But note.-Of the pottery ware or glass can be made the whole
height in one piece which will have sufficient strength, it will not be necessary
to insert such iron rods through the hollow of the pottery or glass, or the same
may be made solid without any hollow through the interior. The upper and
lower ends of the pottery or glass being inserted and held in eyes at the ends
B

page_text: of the arms of the pole, and secured therein by cement, the pottery or glass
will be firmly held in an upright position without any iron rods. Another
mode of applying glazed pottery ware or glass for effecting the insulation of
the wires at their supporting points on the standards is shewn at the standard F,
Figure 1; also Figure F: the wire, is supported in a small short tube of glazed
pottery ware or coarse glass, which is fastened laterally, either against the
upper part of the standard pole F, or else against a case which may be put
.over the
upper end of that pole, in a similar manner to what has been already
.explained respecting Figure 5, the fastening of the tube of pottery or glass
being in either case a small band of metal suitably curved so as pass half
round the tube of pottery or glass, and the two ends of the said band applying
flat against the wood are fastened thereto by two screws screwed into the
.wood, as is sufficiently explained by Figure F. The tube of pottery ware or
glass having a prominent rim around each end of it to give strength, the band
of metal, by entering between those rims, will retain the tube securely in
place. The interior of the tube is a round hole of a sufficient size to admit
the wire to pass freely through the interior, and the said interior should
be so much enlarged or bell-mouthed at each end of the tube as to avoid any
pressure of the wire at the ends of the tube, or so near to those ends as
might tend to break the pottery or glass, but the pressure caused by the.
weight of the wire will operate upon the middle part of the length of the tube
opposite to that part of the tube which is supported externally by the
band of metal. The said tube of pottery or glass must be threaded on
the end of the wire before the said end is attached to the apparatus at the
drawing posts, and slided along the wire to that part of the length of the wire
which is to be supported by the standard, as F, for instance; or it might be
C, or D, or E.
Figure 2, Sheet II., shews another application of the same tubes in cases
when the wires are extended at an unusual distance between the supports
and at an unusual height or exposure to wind, or when the wires may
for any reason require to be kept steady in the middle part of their suspended
length. A tube of pottery ware or glass being applied on each wire, all the
said tubes may be united together at their proper distances assunder by lashing
ench one of them against an upright piece of cane or bamboo, or lath of
wood, or the tubes may be fitted or notched in between two pieces of wood,
which are bound together with lashings of small cord. And note.-The mode
last described of uniting and retaining the wires at their proper distances
assunder is applicable when the wires are side by side.
Figure u, Sheet I., explains how a quill, such as a goose quill, may be used

page_text: for more complete insulation of the wires at the points where they are sup-
ported by hooks of metal f, affixed into the standards C, D, and E, Figure 1:
a short length of the quill of a goose or other bird in the raw state of such
quill, which quill is large enough to admit the wire, is slit open with a pen-
knife along one side, as shown in Figure u, and forced upon the wire at each
place in the length thereof which is to be lodged in one of the hooks f. f, or
Figure f, and the wire being well furnished with white lead at the place where
the quill is so applied, the quill is bound round with twine to make it fast on
the wire, which thereby becomes covered at the place which is to be in contact
with the metal hook. The winding-up apparatus for producing the requisite
tension of each length of the several wires is explained by Figures 8, 9, 10,
and 11, Sheet I; those Figures being representations of the upper part of one
of the drawing posts, such as A, Figure I, to which the ends of the wires are
attached. The drawing posts are posts of wood, and may be of a square form,
as is shown by the horizontal section, Figure 8. The winding-up apparatus is
mounted in metal pieces H, Figures 8 and 9, which are applied across the flat
surface of one side of the upper part of the drawing post A, and the end of
the pieces H clasp round the edges of the post A to obtain secure hold thereof,
and the thickness of the metal H may be inlaid into the wood, the metal;
whether so inlaid or not, being firmly secured to the post by nails or screws.
The winding-up spindles I are fitted into sockets formed in the said pieces of
metal H, each spindle having a square i on the end of it for the application of
a square socket of a winding-up key with a cross handle, in the manner shewn
in Figure 12, by means of which key the spindle is turned round, when re-
quired, in order to wind up the wire in coils around the neck part of the
spindle I; and each spindle has a ratchet wheel a formed upon it, the teeth of
that wheel being caught by the click b, so as to prevent the spindle turning
back by the tension of the wire. The end of the spindle beyond the ratchet
wheel is a round spindle which is fitted into the socket in a piece of metal H,
(see also Figure I.), and is retained from drawing out of the socket by a small
cross pin which is inserted into the metal H so close by the side of the socket
as to encroach a little into the interior of the socket, and part of the said pin
enters into a groove formed around that part of the spindle which is lodged
in the socket. Each piece of metal H sustains two of the winding-up spindles
which оссиру the angles of the post A. one of those spindles being for winding
up the end of one length of wire, and the other spindle for winding up the
end of the next adjacent length of wire which forms the continuation of the
extension of the other wire; the piece of metal H forming the metallic
connection between the said adjacent ends of the said two lengths of wire

page_text: which are to operate one as a continuation of the other. The neck part of
each spindle I, around which the wire is coiled for winding up the wire, is per-
forated transversely with a small hole across it for the reception of the extreme
end of the wire, which end being inserted into such hole and bended so as to
wrap around the neck of the spindle I, the wire becomes so securely fastened to
the spindle that the spindle will coil and wind up the wire when the spindle is
turned round by means of its winding-up key, applied to the square i on the end
of it, in the manner shewn in Figure 12, and turning round that key, together
with the spindle, by strength of the hands, the click 6 and ratchet a retaining the
spindle from turning backwards. Each drawing post A is furnished with as many
of the pieces of metal II, above described, as the number of wires that are to be
used one above the other for constituting the set of telegraphic wires, those pieces
of metal H being applied to the post A one above another at equal distances
apart, as shewn in Figures 10 and 11, where six are represented, and they sus-
tain the several wires 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 20 at about six inches apart, one
wire above another; and cach piece of metal H has two winding-up spindles,
as already stated. The whole of the upper end of the drawing post A is
-covered by a box or case J, Figures 1, 8, 9, 10, and 11, in order to keep off
rain from the said upper end, and from all the apparatus that is attached
thereto; the said case J being large enough to enclose the whole of the said
apparatus, and having a sloping roof on its upper end to shoot off rain. The
case J is put on over the upper end of the post A after all the several wires
have been suspended in place and wound up, each wire to its requisito tension,
so that all the wires will hang in parallel and nearly parallel curves in the
intervals between their several supports A, B, C, D, E, and F, as is shewn in
Figure 1. The case J is made to open at the front side, which is to go
against the ends of the winding-up spindles I, for the purpose of giving access
to those spindles when required. The back and part of the two sides of the case
J are firmly united together, and when put in place over the upper end of the
post A, so us to enclose the back and sides thereof, the front edges of the
two sides of the case J will come near. to the several wires, which are wound
up around the winding-up spindles, but the said edges will not touch those
wires, and additional pieces j, j, are fitted to the said front edges of the sides,
so as to complete the two sides of the case J; and the edges of those additional
pieces j,j, are notched out to correspond to the several wires, so that when the
two sides of the case are made completely by the application of the said
additional pieces j, j, in their places, the several wires will pass through as many
holes in those sides, but without touching the wood around those holes. The
said two additional pieces j, j, are united in their said places to the sides of the

page_text: case J by means of three bands d, d, d, of hoop iron, which are bended so as to
extend across the front e of the case J, and the two end of each band & reach
nearly across the two sides of the case J, in the manner shown in Figures 8,
10, and 11, the ends of each band d being firmly screwed to the sides of the
case J, and to the two additional side pieces j, j, by carpenters' screws, so as to
keep those pieces in place. The front of the case J is a plate of iron, having
its two upright edges fitted into grooves formed in the two additional pieces
j.j, as shown in Figure 8, so that the iron fronte is capable of being slided
downwards in those grooves, in order to give access to the winding-up appa-
ratus when required, or the said front e can be wholly removed by so sliding it
downwards, if required. The box or case J is so much larger than the upper
end of the post A, which is included within the case, as to leave a vacant space
all round between the wood of the post A and the interior of the case J, & in
order to fasten the case to the post A, filling pieces of wood are inserted at
suitable places in such vacant space; and at those places carpenters' scrows are
inserted through the back and through the sides of the case J, and through the
said filling pieces, to screw into the wood of the post A; but by withdrawing
the said screws (after having withdraw the other screws before mentioned,
which fasten the iron bands d, d, d) the case J can be removed when required.
And note.-The iron plate front of the case must be kept so far from the ends
of the square i of the spindles as to be quite clear of any accidental contact
with those ends; also respecting the metal work H, which belongs to each pair
of winding-op spindles which fitted to the same piece of metal H, and which
two spindles are on the same level, and which pair of spindles serve for winding
up the adjacent ends of two lengths of wire which form continuations of the
same telegraphic wire, all the metal work I belonging to each such pair of
spindles must be kept carefully detached from any metallic connection with
the like metal work H of every other pair of spindles, in order that the insu-
lation of each telegraphic, wire from the other, telegraphic wires may be
preserved at the places of those spindles, those places being the junctions of
the ends of the several lengths of wire whereof the long extension of each
telegraphic wire is composed, and being also the places where the said ends
are attached to their drawing posts' supports; but in so attaching the said ends
to their said supports the insulation of one telegraphic wire from the others
must be carefully preserved, at the same time that a continuity of efficient
metallic contact is preserved between the end of one length of wire which is
wound up around one spindle and the end of the next adjacent length of the
same telegraphic wire which is wound up by the other fellow spindle of the
same pair, and which is situated on the same level and, fitted to the same piece

page_text: .
of metal II. And note.-Respecting the extremeties of the wires which are
attached to the winding-up spindles by inserting those extremeties into holes
across the spindles, as already mentioned, those extremeties, as well as the
interior of the holes into which they are inserted, should be carefully cleaned
from dirt, grease, or paint, or varnish, or rust, and made bright, in order that
there may be an effectal metallic contact between the ends of the wires and
the winding-up spindles, and for the same object so much of the said part of
..the wire as is to coil around the spindle, as well as the part of the spindle
-around-which-the-wire is to-coil-should also be carefully cleaned and made
bright. The two spindles of the same pair-being-both fitted into the same
piece of metal H, may be expected to be thereby connected with the requisite
metallic contact; but still further to ensure the requisite 'continuity-of
metallic contact between the adjacent ends of the different lengths of the same
telegraphic wire, a short piece of copper wire rubbed bright may have one end
twisted several times around a part of the wire which is extended-by-one
spindle, that part being also rubbed bright, and being near to the said spindle,
the other end of--the same copper wire being made bright and twisted in like
manner around a brightened part of the wire which is extended by the other
fellow spindle of the same pair, and which pair of two spindles are both
situated on the same level; the said copper wire so applied extending
horizontally across beneath the two spindles of the pair, and being drawn so
straight and tight as to avoid risk of any other accidental contact with metal,
will ensure an effectual transmission of an electric current from the end of one
length of each telegraphic wire to the adjacent end of the next length of the
same telegraphic wire, in addition to a completion of the transmission which
may be expected to take place by the metallic contacts of the several ends of
the wires with their respective winding-up spindles, and of the contacts of the
two spindles of each pair with the one piece of metal H, into which both
spindles of the same pair are fitted. The manner of fixing the drawings posts
which have the winding apparatus above described applied to their upper
ends is shewn at A, in Figure 1, Sheet I.; such posts A being subject to the
strain of the tension of the wires must be substantial and firmly fixed in the
ground. The lower end of the post A may have a horizontal piece of wood
fixed across its lower end for a base, with oblique struts extended therefrom to
the post to keep it upright, that base and struts being buried in the ground to
render the post firm. Also an oblique stay may be applied, as shewn by the
dotted lines to keep the post upright in cases when such stay may be
requisite. The post for the winding-up apparatus may be differently
constructed, as is shewn at B, Figure 1. The post being of iron instead

page_text: of wood, the lower part which is fixed in the ground being cast iron'
he same as is made for gas lamp-posts, and that part rises some height above
ground in the manner of a pedestal, having a broad flange at the surface of the
ground to rest thereon, and avoid sinking downwards. The upper part of the
ron post, which resembles a column, may be cast iron, hollow like a tube, or
t may be a strong tube of malleable iron, and it is fixed fast into a socket in tho
upper end of the pedestal; into the upper end of the column a short round pole
of wood is fixed, so as to prolong the height of the column to a proper height
for fixing the winding-up apparatus for the wires, with insulation of the whole
of that apparatus from the earth, and with insulation of each such part of the
apparatus as belongs to one telegraphic wire from each of the other parts which
belong to any other of the telegraphic wires. The construction of the winding-
up apparatus at the top of the drawing post B is explained by Figures 12
and 18, wherein K is a part of the short round pole of ash wood which is fixed
into the upper end of the iron column, and h are the pieces of metal which are
fixed on the pale K for sustaining each of the pairs of winding-up spindles I.
The said pieces h are rings or hoops of cast iron, which are fixed fast on the
pole K, each such hoops & having two projecting ears k, wherein the sockets
are formed for receiving the two winding-up spindles I, I, which constitute a
pair of spindles; those sockets and the spindles I, I, and the manner of retain-
ing the spindles in the sockets, being the same as already described in reference
to Figure 8 and Figure I. The wooden pole K may be turned in a lathe,
and of a slightly tapering form, being smallest at top, and interiors of the
several different rings h, which are to go one above another on the same
5.pole K, being made with such difference in size as will suit the taper of the
.pole K, those rings will, when driven down thereon, fasten themselves firmly
thereon at their proper places to suit the intended height for the different
wires, as is shewn by two of the said rings, one above the other, at Figure 13,
and also at B, Figure 1, where six such rings and pairs of winding-up spindles
0 are shewn and adapted for six telegraphic wires 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 20,
corresponding in that respect to the other winding-up apparatus, Figures 8, 9,
.10, and 11, already described. And note.-The winding-up spindles I may
be made as shewn in Figure W, where the extreme end of the spindle -I
projects out through beyond the socket K, wherein it is fitted, and the wire is
5 wound up around that projecting end, the ratchet wheel a and the click b being
as before described, as also the square i, to which the winding-up key is to be
applied;. but the said square being close to the ratchet wheel a, the end of the
square.does not project so far out. And Figure X explains how the winding-
up spindle may be fitted through two socket pieces k and 7, instead of one, and

page_text: the wire wound up around that part of the spindle I which is between the two
sockets and ; the extreme end of the spindle may protrude through the
said socket I, and be retained from drawing out by means of a cross pin. And
note.-The said modes of applying the winding-up spindles I, as represented
at Figures W and X, may be applied to the apparatus already described in
reference to Figures 8 and 9, if the pieces of metal II are formed with suitablo
projecting ears for the sockets k or k and l, to be formed in either one socket
for each spindle, as in Figure W, or two sockets & and l-for each spindle, as in
-Figure X. The winding-up spindles I, I, may be made. to receive the wire
which they are to wind up on the upper sides of the spindles, instead of the
Jower sides, as is represented in all the other Figures. The ratchet wheels a
.in Figure Y have the sloping sides of their teeth disposod in a reverse direction
to the ratchet wheels a of the other Figures; and in the Figure Y the
clicks b, b, of the ratchet wheels a, a, are hooked clicks, which catch and
- detain the teeth of the ratchet wheels with-hooks, instead of being ordinary
clicks or palls, as shewn in the other Figures. Figure 12, and. Q, at the
upper part of Figure 13, shews by dotted lines how the rings à can be made
in two halves, united by a hinge joint m'at one side of the ring h, and with
two projecting cars n, n, at the opposite sido united by a screw bolt, which may
be a thumbscrew and nut, like that of a hand vice; such a jointed ring h,.
Figure 12, can be applied upon the pole K, when it may be required to
replace any of the rings h, which may have been broken off or may have
othewise become unserviceable. The jointed ring h, Figure 12, can be applied
in place of such broken ring without disturbing the other rings h upon the
pole K; the jointed ring h, Figure 12, may also be applied upon the wooden
pole K in a temporary manner, as shewn at the upper part of Figure 18, for
the purpose of winding up the wires to their proper tension when they are first
suspended, and after each of the wires has been securely fastened to tho pole
with that tension, the winding-up apparatus, Figure 12 and Q, the upper part
of Figure 18, may be removed from the pole K, having the wire so fastened;
the wires may in such case be fastened to the pole by means of a small iron
ring p, fitted around the pole K, with projecting ears 9, 9, at opposite sides of
fhe ring p, and a hole through each of those ears to receive the end of the
wire after it has been drawn up to its proper tension, the extreme end of the
wire which is put through the hole being twisted round the wire to make it s
fast, as is shown in Figure 13. The wire is not wound up around the winding-
up spindles of the apparatus Q, Figure 18, in order to draw up the wire to its
tension in such case, but the wire is seized by a pair of tongs L, Figure 13, of
a similar kind to those which are used for taking hold of wire whilst it is

page_text: undergoing the operation of wire-drawing; and a strong cord or soft wire which
is fastened to the sliding ring r of the tongs L, as shewn in Figure 18, is
wound up around the winding-up pin of the apparatus Q, and the pull upon the
sliding ring causes the tongs to bite the wire very firmly to take fast hold of
the wire, and the wire is drawn up by the winding-up apparatus to its proper
tension, leaving the extreme end of the wire detached, so that the said end can
be inserted through the hole in the projecting ear g of the ring p, and twisted
to make it fast; or, instead of applying such a ring p, with projecting ears q, on
the pole K, for fastening the end of the wire, the said end may be fastened as
shown in Figure 14, by a small screw bolt a, with an eye through one end of it
and a long screw cut out on the other end, and such bolts being inserted through
a-hole bored through across the pole K may have a nut & screwed on that end
of the screw which reaches through the pole, the wire being drawn to its proper
tension by means of the winding-up spindle and tongs L, as in Figure 18, is to
have its extreme end inserted through the eye of the bolts, and secured by twisting
as before described; but by turning the nutt of the bolts round with a wrench
or key, the tension of the wire can be readjusted at any future period, when it
may be required, without applying the winding-up apparatus, Figure 12, and Q,
Figure 18. Figure 14'shews that there are two such bolts & put through across
the pole very near together, or as close as they can be placed to allow of turning
their nuts & round by application of a wrench or key; the eyes of those two bolts 3
project out from opposite sides of the pole K, and the nutst of the two bolts s
draw them in contrary directions across the pole K; the said two bolts. which
are thus close together form a pair, and the two are provided for fastening and
justing the adjacent ends of two lengths of the same telegraphic, wire, in the
same manner as would be done by a pair of the winding-up spindles, as already
described. Those ends of the said bolts a through which the eyes are formed
are square or flat, and are fitted to slide through corresponding holes in plates
of iron let into the wood of the pole K, the same plates having other round
holes through them for the screws at the other ends of the bolts to pass
through, and the nuts t of the said screws bear against the said plates,
which thereby form a metallic connection between those two bolts & which
constitute each pair; but the said iron plates must not extend farther,
so as to form any connection between the bolts of different pairs, because
the different pairs of bolts are to be kept insulated, each pair from the
other pairs. The pole K, Figure 14, may be either square or round at
the upper end, where the several screw bolts are put through it, and
the whole of that upper end, Figure 14, may be enclosed within a care
to kerp off the rain, in the same manner as already. described respecting

page_text: Figures 10 and 11. The said case may be made in two parts to join
together, with meeting edges down the sides of the case where the wires
are, and notches may be cut in the meeting edges of those sides to receive the
wires. And note.-The drawing up of the wires to their requisite tension may
be performed without the winding-up spindles, as above described, and as
represented at Q, Figure 18, although those spindles are a very convenient
mode of drawing up the wires. In place of the cord or wire which is attached to
the sliding ring 'r of the tongs L, Figure 13, a small pulley block of two or
three sheaves may be attached to that ring r, with a cord reeved through its
sheaves, and through the sheaves of another.corresponding, pulley block, which
latter is lashed or hooked in a temporary manner to the upper end of the pole
K of the drawing post, so as to form a tackle of pulleys which will give suffi-
cient power for drawing up the wire as well as the winding-up spindles I
would do, but with the difference that the spindles must be turned round by
effort of a person standing on a ladder set up against the drawing post, and
using the turning key, shewn in Figure 12, as already explained; whereas the
said pulley 'blocks admit of the requisite force being exerted by effort of a
person standing on the ground at the foot of the drawing post, and pulling
down the cord or tackle-fall of the pulley blocks, which circumstance may.
render the latter more preferable to the winding-up spindles in cases when the
wire are situated high above the ground. The wire, when drawn up by the
force of the pulley blocks, may be made-fast either to the eye of one of the
ears g, Figure 13, or else to the eye of one of the screw bolts, Figure 14.
And note. Instead of the bolts s being inserted through the wood of the
pole K, as already described, and as is shewn at the upper part of Figure 14,
such bolts may be applied across the front side of the drawing post, and
inserted through a projecting piece of metal which stands out edgeways, pro-
jecting from that front side, being firmly affixed thereto. The nuts t bear
against that projecting piece of metal when they act for drawing up and
retaining the wire. This mode is represented at the lower part of Figure 14,
and it has the advantage of rendering the screw bolts a much shorter than they
must be if applied, as before described, through the wood of the post; and the
ends of the short bolts do not extend out so much beyond the width of the
wood, and therefore the whole of the drawing-up apparatus, if so constructed,
can be included within a case of smaller dimensions to preserve it from rain.
Figure 15 explains another mode of obtaining the requisite force for drawing
up the wire by the temporary application of a bended or elbow lever v, w
which is actuated by effort of a person standing at the foot of the drawing post,
and pulling down a rope. A bolt &, Figure 15, with an eye at one end of it,
8,

page_text: to receive and fasten the end of the wire, is fitted to slide endways through a
hole across the upper end of the drawing. post K, but the other end of the
bolts, instead of being cut with a screw, as in Figure 14, is pierced with holes
for the reception of a cross pin by which the bolt is retained. The elbow
lever v has a short arm projecting upwards from near one end of it, and that
end, as well as the arm w, is made double, so as to be adapted for including
that end of the bolt which protrudes through beyond the post in the interval
between the double part of the lever; and the end of the short arm w is jointed to
the bolt by inserting a temporary joint pin through the hole at the end of the
short arm w, and through some one of the holes across the end of the bolt.
The end of the lever is furnished with a small roller filled in between the
double part before mentioned at the end of the lever, and that roller applies
against the upright side of the post, in which situation the long arm v of the
lever will be inclined upwards, and a rope which is attached to the extremity
of that long arm being pulled down, so as to make the long arm v of the lever
incline downwards, that action will cause the short arm of the lever to draw
the bolt a small distance endways through the pole K with great force, and
thereby draw up the wire, and then the cross pin which had previously
retained the bolt being withdrawn from its former hole across the bolt, and
inserted into another of those holes nearest to the wood of the pole K, that
cross pin will retain the bolt in the new place to which the force of the elbow
lever has drawn it. If it is required to draw up the wire still further, the end
of the long arm.v of the lever is lifted up again till it inclines upwards, as
before, and a piece of hard wood of suitable thickness is inserted between the
roller at the end of the lever and the wood of the post; after which preparation,
the rope being pulled down again, the bended lover. will again exert its force
of leverage to draw the bolt another small distance endways through the pole
K, and thereby draw.up the wire again, and by removing the cross pin to
another hole, the bolt will be retained in the new. place to which the lever has
so drawn it. If a further repetition of the operation of the lever is required,
a thicker piece of wood may be interposed between the roller and the post, or
the temporary joint whereby the short arm w of the lever is connected to the
bolt & may be connected anew at another hole through tho. bolt, nearer to the
post, by changing the temporary joint pin. The long arm of the lever must
be bended sideways as much as will enable it to keep clear out of the way of
the wires. G, G, Figure 18, also B, Figure 1, shews how sheds, such as
Figure G, are to be applied on the round pole K of the drawing post to inter-
vene between the different metal rings h which sustain the several pairs of
winding-up spindles, in order to shoot off rain water from the pole K, and pre-

page_text: serve a dry zone around the wood of that pole, for insulation of one wire from
another at the drawing posts B, where the ends of those wires are attached
and wound up, the application and operation of such sheds G being the same
as already described in respect to the standard polo G, Figure 1, except that
in consequence of the larger size of the pole K, the sheds for the drawing post
B, Figure 1, require to be of larger size than the sheds for the standard C,
Figure 1. But note.-The whole of the apparatus for winding up the wines
at the upper end of the drawing post B, Figure-1, may be enclosed within a
case to keep.off.the rain from every part of that apparatus, in the same manner
as already, describód respecting the drawing post A, Figure 1 and Figure 11..
Figure 4 represents the mode already mentioned of disposing the set of tele-
graphic wires side by side. The horizontal cross piece of wood from which all-
the wires are in such case suspended must be very firmly fixed across at the
upper end of the upright post, and secured by oblique braces, as shown in
Figure 4. The several wires may be suspended side by side from the said
horizontal piece of wood by means of metal hooks, the shanks of which,
pass up through the thickness of the piece of wood, and are fastened theroto
by nuts screwed on the upper ends of the shanks, as shown in Figure 17;
and a conical shed, somewhat similar to those already described, is applied, as
shewn in Figure 17, to surround each hook, in order to shoot off rain water.
The shank of the hook passes through the top of the shed, and fastens the shed
to the wooden cross piece. The wire is suspended from the hook by interven-
tion of a non-conducting loop, which may be formed of india-rubber, web, or of
hemp twine coiled many times to form a ring or loop, which is saturated with
resin or india-rubber solution; the said loop being suspended on the aforesaid
hook is wholly sheltered from rain by the conical shed within which the loop is
so suspended, see Figure 17; and from the lower end of the said loop the upper
part of another or double metal hook is suspended, and in a lower part of that
hook the wire itself is lodged. Note.-In placo of the said double metal hook
the wire may be suspended in a short tube of pottery ware or coarse glass of
the same kind as Figure F, Sheet 1, already described, that tubo being sus-
pended in the loop of hemp twine in place of the double metal hook shewn in
Figure 17. The horizontal cross piece of wood is covered over with a roof, as
shown in Figure 16, which will shoot off rain water from the whole of the
suspensions for all the wires, in addition to the shed already described for each 3
wire. The upright pole, Figure 4, has a shed upon it to keep it dry at a zone
around its upper part, and thereby preserve the insulation of all the wires
from the earth.
The Figures 4, 16, and 17 represent the suspension of the wires at
ona

page_text: of the standard posts which intervene between the drawing posts to which
the ends of the wires are attached, and at which posts those ends are drawn
up by suitable drawing-up apparatus. A drawing post suitable for wires
which are disposed side by side to correspond to Figure 4, would have winding-
up' spindles applied to the horizontal cross piece, Figure 4; those spindles
being disposed with the squares upwards to which the winding-up key is to be
applied. The several spindles would be applied to the said horizontal cross
piece of wood by means of a distinct piece of metal to receive the sockets for
each pair of spindles, in the same manner as the winding-up spindles already
described in respect to Figures 10, 11, and 12 are applied in pairs to an
upright piece of wood. The horizontal cross' piece of wood, with all the
winding-up spindles, is kept sheltered under a roof, like that shewn in Figure 16.
Figures 18 and 19 represent another mode of suspending a set of conducting
or telegraphic wires side by side, the requisite insulation being effected by
means of glazed pottery ware or glass. In place of the horizontal cross pieco'
of wood, Figure 4, there is a horizontal cross rod of iron in Figure 18,
formerly fastened across the upper end of the upright pole, and on that rod a
set of short tubes of pottery ware or glass, similar to those shewn at Figure F,
Sheet 1, but larger, are applied, one such tube at the end of another; 'on the
rod and around the exterior of those tubes loops of hemp twine, saturated
with resin, are looped, the lower ends of the same loops suspending the several
wires by means of other short tubes of pottery ware or glass, such as Figure
F, Sheet 1, applied on the wires, the lower parts of the loops of hemp passing
round beneath the said short tubes, and the upper parts of the same loops of
hemp passing round over the uppermost or first-mentioned short tubes which
are applied on the horizontal iron cross; or in place of such loops of hempen
twine, double hooks or links of iron may be applied over the uppermost or
first-mentioned short tubes, in order to suspend, the wires by, either with the
lowermost short tubes for the wires, or without any such lowermost tubes, but
with the wires themselves suspended in the said metal hooks or links. And
note. It has been already stated that each end of each long piece of wire is
drawn up at the drawing posts to which those ends are attached, and accor-
dingly each drawing post is provided with a pair of winding-up spindles or
other similar means for each of the telegraphic wires; nevertheless, it is not
necessary (although it is convenient) to have such a pair at cach drawing post,
for the requisite drawing up of the wire may be performed at one end of each
long piece of wire, and in such case the drawing posts require to have only
one winding up spindle for each telegraphic wire, wherefore all those winding-
up spindles which, as shewn in Figure 11, are disposed one aboye another at

page_text: one edge of the post A may be omitted, leaving all those winding-up spindles
which are disposed one above another at the other edge of the same post A,
as they are represented in Figure 11. In place of the winding-up spindles
which are thus omitted, simple pins are provided for attaching the ends of the
wires to. The manner of applying winding-up spindles singly to a drawing
post and not in pairs is shewn at the upper part of Figure 20. It will bo
most convenient to apply the winding-up spindles in pairs to the drawing post,
as shewn in Figure-11, even-when the drawing is-to be-performed-at only one
end of each piece of wire, in such case: every other drawing post-will- be
without any winding-up-spindles at all the ends of the pieces of wire, being
merely attached to such posts by looping those ends around pins projecting out
from the front face of the post. The manner of affixing such pins securely to
the wood of the post is shewn at Figure 21, by means of a bend of flat iron
which passes round the angle of the post and is fastened in place by screws,
the pin being made out of the same piece of iron which is so bended. A small
tube of hard wood may be applied on the pin, and the end of the wire being
looped around'the said tube, the wood will contribute to the insulation of the
wire; or instead of wood, a tube of pottery ware or glass might be used, if the
iron pin is prepared by winding a wrapping of twine around it, so as to form
a soft bearing for the pottery or glass, and the outside of the tube may have a
like wrapping for the wire to lodge upon, so as to avoid breaking the pottery
or glass by any unequal bearing that there might be between the iron of the
pin or of the wire and the pottery or glass. Note.-In Figure 2, the two masts
which are there represented appear to be drawing posts, for they have pairs of
winding-up spindles for each telegraphic wire, applied in a manner similar to
Figure 18, at the uppermost part of each topmast; that may be convenient in
particular cases where the distance over which the wires must extend without
any intermediate support is unusually great, for then the preciso adjustment
of the tension of the wires is of more consequence, in order that the wires may
have at regulated distances one below another, and such adjustment will be
facilitated by having winding-up spindles at each of the points between which
the wires are extended; but in general the two masts represented in Figuro 2
will only be used for the purpose of elevating the wires to an unusual height
without
any unusual distance between them, and in such case the masts would
not be drawing posts, as they are represented, but only standards for inter-
nediate support of the wires in the space between the drawing posts, which
post would be situated at a distance further along the line cach way, and with
the wires elevated at a less height above ground, so as to be more accessible
or winding up or drawing up the ends of the wires.

page_text: Figure 21 explains the pins which are to be applied to the inclined
piece of wood which is fixed to the arch of a bridge or of a tunnel, as
represented at Figure 3, for conducting the wires beneath such arch. The
pins, with their tubes of wood or of pottery ware or glass, such as Figure 21,
are fastened to such pins for each of the telegraphic wires on the opposite
angles of the inclined piece of wood, and each wire may be passed around
the wooden or pottery or glass tubes of both the pins of the said pair,
so as to form a loop or curl around both, and' may also be applied with
other curls around each one in addition, by which means each wire will
be firmly attached at such piece of wood, although it may not be the
end of a length or piece of wire which is so attached, but it may be the
middle part of such a length, the wires in most cases being carried beneath.
Archways must be approached nearer towards the line of the road or railway
than would be convenient at the more open parts of such line where space can
be obtained. The wires may be conducted obliquely from their general line of
direction in the vicinity of each arch beneath which they are to pass, so as to
change their distance from the line of the road or railway from the usual and
convenient distance to that smaller distance at which they must be therefrom
in passing beneath the archway, or vice versa. The inclined piece of wood
must be very firmly fixed to the arch, and so as to be sheltered as com-
pletely as can be done from rain or other water by a suitable box or
case. And in case of a tunnel or long archway, like pieces of wood must
be fixed at suitable intervals for intermediate support to the several wires,
which may in such case be suspended to such intermediate pieces of wood by
the means represented in Figure F, Sheet 1, and already described. At the other
side of the arch or end of the tunnel, another inclined piece of wood is- to be
fixed, as represented by Figure 8, with pairs of pins for each wire, as already
explained, or the ends of the wires may be looped to such pins; and in cases of
the conducting wires being carried through long tunnels, suitable apparatus for
drawing the ends of the wires may be required at each end of such tunnel, or
at intermediate points in the length therein; in such case, winding-up spindles
may be applied in pairs to the inclined pieces of wood, Figure 3, in the same
manner as such pairs are represented in Figure 1'1 to be applied to an upright
piece of wood; the squares at the ends of those spindles whereon the winding.
up key is to be applied being at the lowest end of the spindles, the spindles
will be in an inclined direction.
Figure 20 represents the manner whereby the long conducting or telegraphic
wires, or some of them out of the set, are to be connected with some kind of
apparatus for giving signals or sounding alarms- by the transmission of an

page_text: electric current, or of electric currents, through the said telegraphic wires, or
through some of them, which may for the time be formed into a circuit or
circuits, or part of a circuit or circuits, capable of transmitting such current or
currents. Figure 20 represents the upper part of one of the drawing posts which
will be situated in the vicinity of such apparatus for giving signals or sounding
alarums. The winding-up spindles I, I, although they may be applied
to the drawing post, Figure 20, in pairs of such spindles, each wire in the
manner already described in reference to Figure 11; nevertheless, the two
spindles whereof each such pair is composed must not be fitted to the same
piece of metal II, but the two spindles of each pair must be fitted to two dis-
tinct pieces of metal II, H, Figure 20, which pieces of metal II, H, must have
no metallic connection one with the other; but they must have wood intervening
between the two pieces of metal H, H, as is shewn in Figure 20, wherein the
two ends of two adjacent lengths or pieces of the telegraphic wire 21 are shewn
'to be applied to two distinct winding-up spindles I, I, which have no metallic
connection one with the other; and therefore, as far as those spindles, and
their pieces of metal II, II, are concerned, the metallic continuity of the
telegraphic wire is interrupted in its own direct line; but a branch wire 21 a,
21 b, is connected with each of the winding-up spindles I, I, or with each of
the ends of the wire 21, which is coiled around those spindles. Those branch
wires 21 a, 21 b, are carried downwards and onwards to the apparatus for
giving signals or sounding alarums, the connections of the said branch
wires 21 a, 21b, with the parts of such apparatus being made in any of the
different ways which are described in either or all of the three former
Specifications, the nature of such connections being that a metallic continuity
of the end of the branch wire 21 a, with the end of the branch wire 21 b, will
be found in all cases when the apparatus for giving signals or sounding
alarums is not in actual operation for giving signals or sounding alarums, and
then the transmission of any electric current through one portion or length
of the line of the telegraphic wire 21, will on arriving at one of the two wind-
ing-up spindles I, Figure 20, be transmitted down the branch wire 21 a, to the
apparatus for giving signals or sounding alarums, and will be transmitted
through so much of the continuation of the corresponding conducting wire as
is contained or disposed in those parts of that apparatus which are provided
for containing such wire; and the said current will then be transmitted out-
wards through the other branch wire 21 6, up to the other winding-up spindle
I of the other portion or length of the telegraphic wire 21, so that the trans-
mission of the electric current through the said line of the telegraphic
wire 21 will be duly performed, notwithstanding the deflection of the

page_text: course of such telegraphic wire from its ordinary and direct line, when it
proceeds by the branches 21 a, 21 b, to the apparatus for giving signals
and sounding alárums, and proceeds along so much of the continuation
of the corresponding conducting wire as is contained in that apparatus.
And it is by the transmission as aforesaid of the electric current through so
much of the said continuation of the corresponding conducting wire as is con-
tained in the said apparatus that the same is made to exhibit such a signal, or
sound such an alarum as appertains to the transmission of an electric current
through the telegraphic wire 21; the said signal being such as will have one
signification if the said current is so transmitted through the wire 21 in
one direction, but à different signification if the transmission is in a contrary
direction through the same telegraphic wire. And note.-The said apparatus
for giving signals and sounding alarums, as far as the same is above described,
would be of the nature of what was described in the first Specification as an
intermediate portion of apparatus situated between the two terminal portions
of the whole apparatus, or portions thereof situated at the two terminal stations,
and which intermediate portion of apparatus, as described in the first Speci-
fication, was only capable of exhibiting the same signals or sounding the same
alarums as were at the same time exhibited or sounded by the two terminal
portions of the apparatus.
But by improvements described in the second Specification, the inter-
mediate portion of apparatus is rendered capable of having a vollaco battery
connected with it, in such manner as that a person stationed at such inter-
mediate portion of apparatus can at pleasure become the operator for giving
signals or sounding alarums at either or both of the portions of the appa-
ratus which are situated at the terminal stations, or at any other inter-
mediate portion which may intervene between either of those terminal
portions and that intermediate portion at which such operator is stationed.
The wires 21 a and 21 6 being connected with any of the intermediate
apparatus described in the second or the third Specifications, and the con-
nections being made in the manner therein described to be suitable for so
connecting in each case respectively, then the full effects therein described
as ascertaining to such intermediate apparatus respectively, will be produced,
and need not be further explained in the present Specification. In Figure 20
the ends of two adjacent lengths or pieces of the telegraphic wire 20, 20,
are shown to be attached to pins fixed to the drawing post A, in the manner
represented in Figure 21, and already described, without any winding-up
spindles for the wire 20; the said pins must have no metallic connection from
one of those pins to the other; that is, so drawn by way of example, to shew

page_text: how the ends of the pieces or lengths of the telegraphic wire may be merely
attached to the drawing post A, without means of drawing up those ends.
The branch wire 20 a and 206 are connected to the two pieces or lengths of
the telegraphic wire 20, 20, in the same manner as the branch wires 21a, 216,
are connected with the ends of the two pieces or lengths of the telegraphic
wire 21, 21. But note.-The ends 21, 21, of the telegraphic wire 21 might
be shewn without the two winding-up spindles I, I, but pins, such as Figure 21,
in place of those spindles, or else the ends 20, 20, of the telegraphic wire 20,
might be shewn with two winding-up spindles in place of such pins. The
branch wires 21 a, 21 b, and 20 a, 208, are to be covered with a wrapping
of thread and varnished. Each of the telegraphic wires in the set may have
-like branch wires, although, to avoid intricacy in the Drawing, only two of the
telegraphic wires 21 and 20 are shewn in Figure 20. The said branch wires
being brought close together near to the lower part of the drawing post A,
Figure 20 may then be conducted within the interior of a tube or pipe, as is
there shewn, and which pipe may, if required, be carried underground, or other-
wise, as may be convenient in order to go to the aforesaid apparatus for giving
signals or sounding alarums. And note.-The same Figure 20 may also serve
to explain how the course of the telegraphic wires can be changed, whenever
circumstances require, from the present improvements of suspending such wires
in the air to conduct those wires in closed channels, or tubès, or pipes, as
described in the former Specifications. In such cases the branch wires, such
as 21 a and 20a, go off from one end of each telegraphic wire, such as 21 and 20,
and pass down to enter the closed channel or pipe to pass along therein, in the
manner described in the former Specifications. The other branches 216 and 206,
Figurge 20, will not be used at the same drawing post, but those last-mentioned
branches may perhaps be used at some other drawing post further along the
line of the telegraphic wires, at some part thereof where the wires are to be
brought out from the said channels or pipes, in order that there further con-
tinuation may be suspended in the air according to the present improvements.
And note. In each such case of changing from the present improvements of
suspending the wires in the air to the improvements described in the former
Specifications of enclosing the wires within closed channels or pipes, or vice
versa, each of the drawing posts which is situated at any of the points of such
changes will have only one winding-up spindle, or other equivalent apparatus,
for each telegraphic wire, and there will be no such wires drawing on one side
of each such post; and those wires which do draw from the other side of the
same post, drawing all in one direction, will tend to incline the said drawing
post towards that direction, wherefore all such drawing posts must be well

page_text: stayed, which may be done by an oblique wooden brace, such as is shewn in
dotted lines, applied to the post A, Figure 1, Sheet I., or an oblique stay of
rope or wire may be applied on the opposite side of the post, in the manner of
the stay to the mast of a ship. Figuro 20 also explains how a metal box 15
may be applied to the drawing post A, near to the lower part thereof, at a
convenient height, for the purpose of making temporary or occasional connec
tions with the several telegraphic wires, or with some of them, when required.
The construction, application, and use of the said box is fully explained in the
second Specification in reference to Figure n, q, r, s, y, and e, in the Drawing
Sheet B, annexed to that second Specification; and it unnecessary to repeat
that description; but only to remark, that the branch wires 21 a, 21 8, and
20 a, 20 b, Figure 20, and other like branch wires appertaining to each of the
telegraphic wires, are to be carried into the said box 15, and connected with
the parts therein in the manner described in the second Specification. And at
any time the lid whereby the box 15 is kept closed being removed, the several
telegraphic wires, or any of them, can be connected by the means described in
the second Specification with a portable or occasional apparatus, such as is
there described, either for the purpose of giving and receiving signals or
sounding alarms, or for the purpose of testing or proving the state of the
telegraphic wires, in the manner described in the first Specification for proving
the said wires as to the continuity of their metallic contacts, and consequently
as to their power of conducting electric currents, and also as to their state of
insulation from each other and from the earth, on which insulation, conjointly
with the metallic continuity, their said power of conducting is dependant.
Respecting the wires which may be employed for the telegraphic wires which
are to be suspended in the air, according to my present improvements, the
same may either be copper wires of about one-twelfth part of an inch in
diameter, and such wires may be covered with wrapping of thread and
varnished, if preferred, or so covered and varnished at such parts of the length
of such wire as may be unusually exposed to damp or accidental contacts with
metal, and may therefore require every means of insulation; or iron wires,
varying from one-eighth to one-fourth of an inch in diameter, may be used in
my present improvements, such wires being painted or varnished to protect
them effectually from oxydation; or iron wires of smaller size may be
slightly twisted, three, four, five, or six such wires together, to form each one of
the telegraphic wires, and a central cord of hemp may be introduced in the
midst of five or six such wires which are so twisted together, the manner of
doing which is represented by Figure 22, Sheet II., that central cord being
impregnated with tar or tar varnish, so as to render the hemp impervious to
ло

page_text: water; and by the pressure of the twisting of tho metal wires around the
said cord, such tar or tar varnish will be caused to exude from the cord,
so as to effectually fill up the interstices between the twisted wires
and the cord; and such compound of twisted wires with central cord of
hemp is to be well covered with paint or varnish, in order to preserve the
whole from oxydation. And Figure 23 explains how a wire of copper may
be combined with five or six iron wires which are twisted together, the said
copper wire being introduced in the centre of the iron wires which are so twisted
together, in the same place as the centre cord of hemp above described would
occupy, and tar or tar varnish is applied round the copper wire to fill up
interstices. And Figuro 22 also explains how a copper wire may be combined
with iron wires by being twisted spirally in amongst the iron wires which are
twisted together, the centre of the twisted wires being either a cord of hemp
as already mentioned, or it may be an iron wire. The compound wire which
is so composed of small wires twisted together, is to be used and.applied in
every respect in the same manner as herein-before described respecting the
application of single wires for conducting or telegraphic wires. The addition
of a copper wire amongst the iron wires which are twisted together will
augment the conducting power of each telegraphic wire which is so composed,
because of the superior conducting power of copper to that of iron; at the same
time that the strength of the iron wires will render such a compound twisted
telegraphic wire of the aforesaid kind very substantial and permanent. A set
or series of telegraphic wires, which are suspended in the air in the manner
herein-before described, may, as already stated, bo applied and used and
combined together for the formation of metallic circuits in any of the ways
described in the former Specifications; but in addition thereto, a set or serios
of the said telegraphic wires, which are according to the foregoing description,
may be used in a different manner for the formation of circuits, by employing
the conducting power of the earth to constitute one half a circuit, whereof one
of the telegraphic wires constitutes the other half. The circuit which is so
constituted will not, strictly speaking, be a metallic circuit, because only one
half of it consists of metal, the other half consisting of the earth, but whereas
the earth is capable of readily transmitting electric action, any circuit whereof
one half is so formed by the earth, and the other half of the same circuit is
formed by one of the telegraphic wires, that circuit will be capable of trans-
mitting electric currents, and by such transmission through the wire half of the
said circuit (such wire being part of the conducting wire which passes through
and belongs to any of the apparatus described in the former Specifications),
signals may be.given and alarms sounded in the same manner as if both halves

page_text: of the circuit were formed of metal in the manner described in the former
Specifications. The manner whereby the circuits may be formed, one half of
each circuit by the earth and the other half by one of the telegraphic wires,
can be readily explained by reference to the first Specification, wherein it was
described how one of the long conducting or telegraphic wires out of a set is
extended direct from one terminal portion of the apparatus to the other
terminal portion of the apparatus, without being in any manner connected with
any of the parts of the apparatus which are provided for giving signals or
sounding alarms. Such a conducting or telegraphic wire was described in the
first Specification as a sixth wire added to the five other wires, and extending
direct from one terminus to another without forming any coils around any
needles, and such wire is marked 20, and with the words sixth wire, Figure A,
Sheet F., in the Drawings annexed to that Specification; and in the second
and third Specifications the corresponding wire was also marked 21. Accord-
ing to this part of the present improvements, the long extension of the said
wire is to be omitted, but retaining the two ends of that wire near to each
terminal portion of the apparatus to which those ends of such wire are con-
nected, and those ends which are so retained' are now to be connected with some
mass of metal which is buried in the earth, so that such metal will expose an
extensive surface of contact with the earth, in order that the transmission of
electric action may be readily transmitted to the earth from the said ends of the
wire, or vice versa. This change being made from what is described in the former
Specifications, it is to be understood that the same transmission of electrio
action will in the present case take place through the earth' as in the former
Specification is described to take place through what is called the sixth wire
in the first Specification, and is marked' 20 in the Drawings annexed thereto,
but is marked 21 in those of the second and third Specifications. And all the
effects which are described in the former Specification to result from the use
of such sixth wire in dny of the various modes in which the same is therein
described to be used, will in the present instance result from the use of the
earth as a conducting medium, without any more wire in place of that
sixth wire than so much of each end thereof as before mentioned as is used
for connecting the apparatus with the earth. The several telegraphic wires
being all'insulated from the earth and one from another, any one of them can
be formed into the half of a circuit, whereof the earth forms the other half, and
the same or similar effects can be produced by the transmission of an electric
current through such circuit, as if a circuit were formed by the same telegraphic
wire for one half of the circuit, and another of the telegraphic wires for the
other half of that circuit, provided that the last-mentioned telegraphic wire

page_text: had no connection with any of those parts of the apparatus which are operative
for giving signals and sounding alarms. The set of long conducting or tele-
graphic wires herein-before described may be, as already mentioned, used in
the same manner as described in the former Specifications; in such manner
only one vo taic battery at each portion of the apparatus for giving signals and
sounding alarums is employed for the whole of the said set of wires, the
electrical action excited by that one battery being by various arrangements.
described in the former Specifications, made to form as many electric currents
as there are circuits capable of being formed by combination of the different
wires in the set. But the set of long conducting or telegraphic wires, herein-
before described, may with advantage be provided at each portion of the
apparatus for giving signals and sounding alarums with a distinct voltaic
battery for each of the telegraphic wires of the set, so that if there are
six telegraphic wires in the set, as shewn in Figure 1, then there will be six
voltaic batteries at each and every place where there would be only one such
battery according to the descriptions in the former Specifications, each of the
said six batteries having its two poles connected with the parts of the appa-
ratus for giving signals and sounding alarms in the same manner as the one
battery is described in the former Specifications to have its two poles con-
nected with the corresponding parts of the same apparatus; and whenever, by
operation of the apparatus described in the former Specification, the end of
any one of the telegraphic wires would be brought into connection with either
of the poles of the one battery, the same operation of the apparatus will bring
the same end of the said telegraphic wire into connection with the corresponding
pole of that particular battery which, according to the improvement now
describing, is provided for the said telegraphic wire alone, and for no other
wire. The application of several batteries in such manner is advantageous in
case of the earth being used to form the half of each of the several circuits,
which can be formed by using each of the several telegraphic wires for the
other half of each such circuit, in the manner already described, because it
will happen when more than one such circuit is so formed, at the same time
with the earth serving for one-half of each such circuit, that the direction of
the current through some of those circuits will require to be contrary to the
direction of the others, but that circumstance will be immaterial if distinct
batteries are used for each telegraphio wire, as aforesaid.
Figures 24 to 28 shew how conducting wires may be applied to transmit
electricity through long trains of railway carriages, for the purpose of enabling
any of the persons in any of the said carriages to give operation to an
apparatus for sounding an alarum which cannot fail to be heard by the engine

page_text: driver. Figure 24 shows two long conducting wires 21, 22, each of which is
composed of copper wires twisted together, as shown at Figure 28, and
both wires are woven into a web or threadwork, which is well coated with
paint or india-rubber solution, and serves as a covering to all their
length, and keeps both wires insulated from each other and from sur-
rounding bodies. Those wires 21, 22, are extended side by side along over
the tops of all the carriages of the train, and at each carriage a branch
is connected with each wire to connect the same with a pair of springs
marked 81 and 26, which are applied at some convenient part of each
carriage, and which springs can be brought into contact, pressing the
spring 81 against the spring 26, either with the finger or else by pulling
string, like a bell pull ; and when the two springs are so brought in contact,
they will form the two conducting wires 21, 22, into a circuit, and that will
cause the alarm apparatus to sound an alarm. The said alarm apparatus is of
the same kind as is described in the first Specification in reference to Figure
R, Sheet II., of the Drawings annexed thereto. The whole of the alarum
apparatus is enclosed in a box, as shewn in Figure 25, which box is attached
by suitable hooks to the front of the foremost carriage of the train, so near to
the tender of the carriage of the locomotive engine as to be within the hearing
of the engine driver. Over the box a wooden roller is mounted on metal
pivots, sustained by two metal standards, which rise up from the box at each
end thereof, the roller being provided for winding and gathering up the web
into which the two conducting wires are woven, when the apparatus is not
in use, in order to preserve the web and wires from injury; but when the appa-
ratus is to be applied, the box being fixed in place, and the web being
unwound from the roller, is extended over the tops of all the several carriages
which form the long train, and then the connections are made to the branch
wires of the pair of springs 81 and 26, which belong to each carriage, those
connections being made by means of small rings of metal which are worked
into the twist of each of the conducting wires, at suitable places therein, as
shown in Figure 28, one of the said rings being shewn separately in Figure
26. The said rings are applied over two screws which are fixed into the top
of each carriage, and the rings are secured on those screws by application of
thumb nuts, as shewn in Figure 26; the lower end of the screw being in
metallic connection with the several branch wires which go to each of the
pairs of springs 31, 26, in each of the carriages. The roller, Figure 25, is of
wood; it is connected at one end by its metal end pivot and standard, and by a
short wire 22, within the box, with one pole of the voltaic battery in that box;

page_text: and one of the long conducting wires 22 is also connected with that same end
pivot by a wire 22, within the wood of the roller, as appears in Figure 25.
The other long conducting wire 21 is connected with the other end pivot of the
roller, and by the standard at that end, and a short wire 21 within the box,
with the alarm apparatus. The construction and action of the alarm apparatus
is the same as described in the first Specification, where it is explained how the
alarum will be sounded by pressing the springs 31 and 26 in contact one with
the other, which in the present case can be done by persons seated in any of
the carriages.
And, lastly, the apparatus, herein-before described, of a set of long con-
ducting or telegraphic wires, suspended in the air, and kept extended and
insulated one from another and from the earth, may be applied for trans-
mitting electricity between distant places for any other purposes for which
such transmission can be required, besides giving signals and sounding
alarums. For instance, for connecting any number of distant clocks
together in the manner of what are called electrical clocks, so that they
will all move with an exact uniformity, although situated in distant places,
one of the number being a perfect clock, regulated by a pendlum and adjusted
to keep time correctly, the others, although provided with a maintaining
power and dial with hands, being only imperfect clocks, devoid of a pendium
for regulating mechanism, but being regulated by their connection with the
one perfect clock by action derived from electricity transmitted from a distance
through long conducting wires. The long conducting wires for such purpose
may be according to the improvements herein-before described. But as such
electrical clocks and the arrangement of their apparatus is no part of my
Invention, and are well known, it is not necessary to describe them. And, for
another instance, apparatus has been invented for the purpose of printing the
telegraphic communications which are made from a distance by means of
electrical action transmitted through long conducting wires. The conducting
wires for that. purpose may be according to the improvements herein-before
described; but such mode of printing, and the apparatus therefore, being no
part of my Invention, and' well-known, it is not necessary to describe the same.
And; for another instance, any kind of mechanism which is provided with a
maintaining power, and capable of self-motion, may be detained, and such
motion prevented by some obstacle; such is the case in the instruments known
ns musical boxes cr musical organs with self-moving mechanism in order to set
such machines in motion: when required, such detent or obstacles can be
removed to their motion by electrical action transmitted from a distance

page_text: through long conducting wires, which may be according to my improvements;
but as such musical boxes or organs are no part of my Invention, and well
known, they need not be described.
Having now described my said improvements, I, the said William Fothergill
Cooke, do hereby declare that the new Invention, whereof the exclusive use is
granted to me by the said Letters Patent of the Eighth day of September,
One thousand eight hundred and forty-two, consists in the following particulars,
videlicet:-
First, in the improyement, herein-before described, in apparatus for trans-
mitting electricity between distant places (such improvement being applied
to apparatus for giving signals and sounding alarums at distant places by means
of electric currents), and which improvement consists in stretching and
suspending in the air and insulating, in the manner herein-before described, a
set or series, consisting of any suitable number of metallic conducting: or
telegraphic wires, which wires by the various means of suspension and insulation
herein-before described are kept effectually and permanently extended in the air,
and insulated one wire from another, and all the wires insulated from the earth.
And whereas experiments have been heretofore made from time to time upon
the transmission of. electricity through one, or at the most one pair of metal
wires suspended in the air, although for want of adequate means of suspending
and of insulating the wires such experiments have not led to any useful
practical results, I do not make claim to the first Invention of so transmitting
electricity by simply suspending one or two wires in the air, unless the
suspension and insulation of a set or series of metallic conducting or telegraphic
wires is performed in the manner and according to the several improver
ments herein-before described and herein-after enumerated, or some of
those improvements; and by virtue whereof a set or series. of conducting or
telegraphic wires are readily, effectually, and permanently suspended, so as
to hang in parallel or nearly parallel curves in the air, and thereby preserve
their intended relative distances, one wire from another, without liability
of accidental contact with each other, and likewise so as that each of the
several wires will be effectually insulated from the others, and all the wires
will be insulated from the earth. And by virtue of which improvements in
suspending and isulating, a set of such conducting wires, iron wire, painted or
varnished, but without covering with thread, can be used of suitable size, to
answer the purpose of copper wire, covered with thread and varnished, such as
has hitherto been used for telegraphic wires,
Second, in the improvement, herein-before described, in the means of sus-
pending a set or series of conducting or telegraphic wires in the air so as to

page_text: stretch or extend each separate length or piece of such wire in the direction of
the length thereof to a due degree of tension, and so as to retain each of the
said wires in that state of tension, and thereby cause the said wire to hang
parallel or nearly parallel to and at a suitable distance from the other wires of
the same set, in order to avoid liability of accidental contacts between the
different wires of the set. The said means of suspending and extending and
retaining being either by application of winding-up spindles with ratchet
wheels and clicks, as herein-before described in reference to A and B in
Figure 1 of the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to Figure 2, also to Figures
8, 9, 10, 12, and 13, and Figures I, W, X, and Y; or else by application of
screw bolts with nuts, as herein-before described in referenco to Figure 14;
or else the temporary application of winding-up spindles in connection with
holding tongs to seize the wire, as herein-before described in reference to
Figures 12 and 13; or else the tempory application of tackles or pullies in
conjunction with holding tongs, as herein-before described; or else the tem-
porary application of drawing levers, in the manner herein-before described
in reference to Figure 15.
Third, in the improvement, herein-before described, in the means whereby
the several wires of a set of conducting or telegraphic wires are insulated, and
are kept insulated one from another, and all the wires kept insulated from
the earth; those said means being the intervention of wood (which is kept
dry) between the metal or the metallic connections of one wire and those of
another, the wood being so kept dry either by the application of cases for
enclosing the whole of the apparatus for suspending, extending, and retaining
the ends of the pieces or lengths of wires, which cases will keep off wet, as
herein-before described in reference to A in Figure 1, and to Figures 8, 9, 10,
and 11; or else the application of cases, as herein-before described in reference
to E in Figure 1, and to Figure 5; or else the application of sheds to shoot
off rain water and preserve a dry zone of wood to intervene between the
metallic connections of one wire and those of another, as herein-before
described in reference to B, C, D, and E, Figure 1, and to G, G, Figure 13,
and to Figure 2, Figure G, and Figure 5; or else the application of tubes of
glazed pottery ware or of glass to intervene between the metal or the metallic
connections of one wire and those of another, in the manner herein-before
described in reference to F in Figure 1, and Figure F, also Figures 6, 7, 18,
19, and 21; or else the application of loops of india-rubbing webbing, or else of
hemp twine saturated with india-rubber solution, or with resin or resinous
matter, in the manner herein-before described in reference to Figures 4, 16, and
17 in Sheet II.

page_text: Fourth, in the improvement, herein-before described, in the application of
compound twisted wire for conducting electric currents or for telegraphic wires;
such compound twisted wire either being composed of several small iron wires
twisted together, and which wire so twisted may have a central yarn of hemp
saturated with tar or varnish, as herein-before described in reference to
Figure 22; or else the wires so twisted may have a central wire of copper in
the midst of the iron wires, in the manner herein-before described in reference
to Figure 28; or else the wires so twisted may have a wire of copper twisted
in spirally amongst the iron wires, in the manner herein-before described in
reference to Figure 22.
Fifth, in the improvement, herein-before described, whereby in a set or series
of long conducting or telegraphic wires which are suspended in the air, and
kept extended and insulated one wire from another, and each wire from the
earth, according to the improvements herein-before described for those purposes.
The transmission of electric action through the earth is caused to form one half
of a circuit (or circuits), whereof the other half is (or the other halves are)
formed by one or more of the solid telegraphic or conducting wires. But
note.-I do not claim the making use of the earth for one half of a circuit,
whereof the other half is formed by one of the long conducting wires. or
telegraphic wires, unless such long conducting or telegraphic wire is suspended
in the air, and kept extended and insulated according to the improvements
herein-before described for that purpose.
Sixth, in the improvement, herein-before described, whereby a set or series of
long conducting or telegraphic wires which are suspended in the air, and kept
extended and insulated, one wire from another and each wire from the other,
according to the improvements herein-before described for those purposes, is to
have a distinct voltaio battery for each wire of the set, so as that by aid of such
distinct batteries two or more electric currents may be transmitted at the same
time through as many circuits formed by as many of the long conducting or
telegraphic wires for one half of each such circuit, and the other half of each
such circuit being formed by the transmission of electric action through the
earth, as stated in the preceding fifth head of improvement.
Seventh, in the improvement, herein-before described in reference to Figures
24 to 28 of Sheet II., whereby an apparatus for transmitting electricity being
applied to suitable apparatus for sounding alarums, as there represented, is
rendered applicable to long trains of railway carriages for communicating from
any one carriage in such a train to the locomotive engine by which such train
is propelled.
Eighth, in the application of the several improvements, herein-before described.

page_text: to apparatus for transmitting electricity between distant places (or the applica-
tion of some of those improvements), to the purpose of communicating action
from one clock, which is regulated to keep correct time, to several other distant
clocks, or pieces of mechanism resembling clocks, but which are devoid of self
regulation for keeping time of themselves; also to the purposes of communicating
action to apparatus which is adapted for printing telegraphic communications
which are made from distant places; also to other purposes of communicating
action from distant places to commence the motion of any kind of machinery
which is capable of motion by its own maintaining power, but which machinery
is detained and hindered from such motion by some obstacle which can be
removed by the action so communicated from a distance.
In witness whoreof, I, the said William Fothergill Cooke, have hereunto
hand and seal, this Eighth day of March, One thousand eight
set my
hundred and forty-three
WILL F. (L.) COOKE.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Eighth day of March, in the
sixth year of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, the said William
Fothergill Cooke came before our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and
acknowledged the instrument aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained
and specified, in form above written. And also the instrument aforesaid was
stamped according to the tenor of the Statute made in the fifty-fifth year of the
reign of His late Majesty King George the Third.
Inrolled the Eighth day of March, one thousand eight hundred and
forty-three.
BAN