IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC MOTORS
Year: 1884

page_text: I SYDNEY PITT of Sutton in the County of Surrey, Gentleman do hereby declare
the nature of my Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC MOTORS" to be as
follows:-
The object of my Invention is to produce an electric motor in which a maximum
effect may be obtained from a given electro-motive force, and in which the rotation
of the armature shaft will be caused by continuous action of the field magnet
ou the armatures, and not by unconnected periodic impulses of attraction or
repulsion.
A further object of my Invention is to provide an improved switch or device for
running the niotor in either direction, and, for stopping it by rendering the
armature neutral, so that the field magnet acts as a break to arrest its motion.
While these are the leading features of my Invention, there are other details of
novelty fully set forth hereinafter.
In the accompanying Drawings.-
Figure 1 is a transverse section on the line 1. 1. of Figure 2.
Figure 2 is a longitudinal section on the line 2. 2. of Figure 1.
Figure 3 is an elevation of the front end of the motor, showing the controlling
switch with the parts partly broken away.
Figure 4 is a transverse section through a portion of the motor on the line, 4, 4, of
Figure 3 showing more especially the arrangement of the controlling switch and
commutator.
Figure 5 is a diagram view illustrating the circuits and winding of the field
magnet and armature coils.
Figure 6 a detail view showing a form of brush which may be used with
considerable advantage where two points of contact on each side of the ring are
desired.
Figures 7, 8 and 9 are detail views, showing an improved form of armature.
The field magnet A. A is supported by the end pieces b of the casing or jacket B.
It is shown as circular in cross section and having its poles a projecting inwardly.
The magnet is supported by the elongated ends at which abut against the end
[Price 8d.1

page_text: pieces of the casing, and are sustained by suitable bolts or screws, and also by
bars a² of non-magnetic material bolted to the field magnet opposite its poles, and
sustained by the end pieces of the casing. The poles a¹ of the field magnet
preferably extend beyond their coils C on each side, and project inwardly somewhat.
They are also enlarged transversely, and present the are of a circle in cross section.
The coil C is wound continuously around the cores of the field magnet in the
ordinary way, and one end is connected with a binding post D. on the rear end
piece of the motor to which the wire from the positive pole of the battery or source
of electric energy is connected and the opposite end of the coil is connected with a
binding-post on the opposite end piece of the motor. The wire from the
negative pole of the battery is connected with a binding post F, also on the front
end piece of the machine. The binding posts are of course all properly insulated
from the casing of the motor. The front end piece is formed with a projecting
hub which constitutes one bearing of the motor spindle S, and also serves as a
bearing for the pivoted rocking switch-plate G which carries on its opposite ends
contact buttons H on the ends of insulated bolts or posts I which project through
curved slots in the end piece b and carry the commutator brushes, as is hereinafter
described.
The insulated binding posts E and F support semi-circular contact-plates K, L,
illustrated in Figure 3 in which Figure the full outlines of the plates are indicated
by dotted lines.
The ends of the contact-plates K, L, are in such close proximity that when the
switch lever G is turned so as to bring the contact-buttons H between the ends of
the contact-plates, these plates bear upon the buttons at both ends. In this
position the circuit through the coils of the field magnet will be as follows:-
Starting from the positive binding-post D, the circuit runs through the coils of
the field magnet to the binding post E, contact-plate K contact-buttons H, and
opposite plate L to the binding post F and negative pole of the battery.
In this position the circuit will of course be shunted from the commutator
brushes. There will be no current through the armature coils, and the motor will
be at rest.
I will now proceed to describe the construction and connections of the armature
magnets and coils. I remark here, however, that the special construction and
arrangement of field magnet or magnets and devices already described may of
course be varied so far as the other features of my Invention which remain to be
described are concerned, and of course the same principles of construction illustrated
may be also applied to different forms of machines, either of circular or rectangular
construction, without in any way departing from the principles of the organization.
The armature spindle S, which rotates within the circle of the radial field
magnet poles, has its bearings in the end pieces of the casing, and carries near one
end, just inside the end piece b, a hub of vulcanite or other suitable insulator M
upon which the commutator plates m. m and n, n, are arranged. A collar or
flange N of some insulating substance is also carried by this hub on the end
adjacent to the armature coils. The commutator brushes or contact fingers o. o. p. p.
carried by the insulated posts I which project through the end piece band carry
the contact buttons H bear upon the face of the commutator ring. Two armature
magnets Q. R with their cores arranged at right angles to the armature spindle
and to each other, and with their greatest transverse width parallel with the spindle
and with the length of the cores of the field magnet, are carried on the spindle S.
The poles of these armature-magnets are enlarged so as to present the arc of a
circle in transverse section, and revolve in close proximity to the correspondingly
curved poles of the field magnet.
The armature-magnet Q is wound continuously in the ordinary way, and the
terininals of the wire are connected with the opposite commutator contacts n. n;
while the terminals of the coil of the magnet R are connected with the opposite
commutator contacts m. m. These connections may readily be traced in the
Drawing.

page_text: By turning the switch lever G, which carries the posts I, the relation of the
commutator brushes o. p. to the commutator plates may be charged so as to reverse
the relative contacts illustrated in the Drawings, and at the same time the contact
of the buttons H and the plates K. L is reversed. By swinging the switch plate G
therefore the polarity of the armature magnets Q. R. may be reversed at pleasure
and the direction of the motor changed; or by turning the plate to a central
position so that the buttons H come in contact with both of the plates K L the
current will be shunted from the armature coils but will still pass through the coils
of the field magnet, which acting upon the neutral armature poles, at once bring
the armature to rest.
Referring now particularly to Figure 1 it will be perceived that the commutator
brushes or fingers o. are straight while the fingers p are bent near their ends so as
to cross the straight end of the finger o. and give two points of contact to each pair
of brushes. The purpose of this arrangement is this:-
When the poles of one of the armature magnets-say Q-is immediately opposite
the poles of the field magnet, as illustrated in Figures 1 and 2, the coils of the
armature magnet Q will be entirely out of circuit, as there is no contact of the
brushes o. p. with the contact plates n. n. This magnet therefore offers a minimum
opposition to the action of the field magnet on the armature magnet R. When,
however, the spindle has rotated about 25 degrees, more or less, so as to bring the
poles of both armature magnets into a favorable position to be acted on by the
field magnet, the bent ends of the brushes 2 make contact with the commutator
plates n. while the brushes o still maintain contact with the plates m. The current
is therefore, divided and passes through the coils of both armature magnets, so that
the poles of the field magnet act on both of them, and a maximum effect is
obtained.
As the poles of the magnet R come opposite the poles of the field magnet, the
brushes o pass from the contact plates m on to the plates n. so that the coil of
the magnet R is cut out of the circuit, and the full current is sent through the coil
of the inagnet Q. This operation continues as the armature spindle is rotated,
and it will be perceived that the field magnet acts continuously upon the armature
magnets, either upon one magnet only through the coil of which the whole battery
current is passing when the poles of the other magnet are directly in line with the
poles of the field magnet, or upon both armature magnets when they have passed
from the poles of the field magnet.
The details of construction last described may of course be varied without
changing the principle of operation herein set forth. For instance, but one
commutator brush having a curved end, could be employed in place of each pair of
brushes p. o. but such an arrangement would not be so good as it would be difficult
to ensure contact at the desired points, whereas by employing a pair of crossed
brushes perfect contacts at the desired points are ensured.
The coils of the armature, it will be seen, are wound so that their greatest
length is parallel with the armature spindle, and with the poles of the field magnet.
The poles of the field magnet are equal in length to the combined length of the
poles of the armature magnets. By arranging the coils of the armature magnets
as described, a maximum effect is produced; and this construction in connection
with the method of working by successively sending the current through both
and then through one only of the coils according to the positions they occupy
relatively to the field magnet poles gives most satisfactory and improved results.
Of course, instead of employing a field magnet of such a width as to give a
pole equal in length to the combined lengths of the armature magnets, two field
magnets in line with each other might be employed in place of the elongated
magnet illustrated. But they should be arranged so that the field on each side of
the armature spindle will have a uniform polarity-so far as part of my Invention
is concerned. Other parts of the Invention are not dependent upon such an
arrangement.

page_text: $
I construct the commutator by cutting grooves in the face of the hub of
vulcanite or insulating material, and letting the commutator plates into the
grooves. The plates are held in place by the ring N through which the ends of
the armature coils pass and are clamped in contact with the plates by screws
passing through the ring.
I find this construction to be superior to that in which the commutator ring is
formed by attaching the strips to the face of a hub of insulating material, and
then filling the spaces between the strips; as in the latter construction there is
a liability for the parts to loosen and for oil to work in between the plates and
the hub.
A pulley 8, either for a cord or band, may be carried upon the end of the spindle
to transmit the power of the motor, as may be desired.
: A full sized motor, especially designed for running sewing machines and such
like machinery, is shewn in the Drawings. The same principles of construction
and operation inay of course be carried out on a larger scale for heavier work.
The motor may be attached to any frame by means of a screw bolt of
non-magnetic material and thumb-screw, as illustrated in the Drawings.
The action of the field magnet upon the armature magnets is continuous, as
described, so that the motion is more steady and a greater power is developed than
has heretofore been the case in motors of the class illustrated.
It will be observed that the extended pieces a¹ which support the magnets are
at the neutral parts of the field magnet. I consider this a superior construction
to that in which the magnet is supported by extension pieces running from the
poles, as in the latter case the magnet is more diffused, and is less powerful at the
effective point in the motor. The pieces a¹ may be entirely sufficient to support
the field magnet, but I prefer for greater strength to also cinploy the non magnetic
bars a extending from the poles. For the same reason I prefer to make the
bolt T, by means of which the special motor illustrated may be secured to its
frame, also of non-magnetic material.
In Figure 6 the brushes T consist of arms or plungers which are normally
pressed end wise against the commutator ring by suitable springs. The brushes are
forked at the ends so as to give two projecting contact points which bear upon
the periphery of the commutator ring.
The plungers or brushes are supported in suitable insulated blocks U which may
be held in place by the insulated binding screws. The brushes may be pressed
against the commutator ring either by coil springs T¹ as shown on one of the
brushes, or by an elliptical spring or springs T, as shown on one of the other
brushes.
In order to give a greater certainty of two proper points of contact for each
brush, the brushes T may be split centrally longitudinally, as shown on the right
hand side of Figure 6. While these sections of the brush are in contact, they
may be moved independently endwise, and each may be provided with an
independent spring.
With a brush of this character, the double contacts on each side of the ring are
absolutely insured; at the same time the brushes have quite as much elasticity as
the ordinary spring brushes usually employed, and do not offer any greater
resistance to the rotation of the ring.
Armatures formed as shown in Figures 7, 8 and 9 may be used to produce an
even and uniform rate of rotation of the armature at every point in its revolution.
This may be done by shaping the field magnet or armature poles, or both, as
shown in Figure 7, in which the greatest width of the pole piece is in its central
transverse line. The result of such a construction is that as the armature-pole in
its rotation approaches or reaches the edge of the pole of the field magnet, the
action of the field magnet upon the armature pole will increase as greater relative
areas of the poles of the field magnet and armature come into proper relation to
each other, and the armature is driven past the dead point with more uniformity

page_text: and evenness of motion than has heretofore been attained. In other words, as the
pole of the armature approaches the pole of the field magnet, the point or apex on
the side of the field magnet first acts upon a corresponding point on the side
of the armature pole; but as the armature pole comes closer to the field magnet
and cominences to move across its face the relatively larger areas of the armature
pole and field magnet pole are brought into proper magnetic relation.
In Figure 9 I have shown a somewhat modified shape of pole-piece. The
armature is widest at one end and tapers towards the other end to a preferably
much narrower'width; or the pole pièce might be made wide at both ends and
narrow in the middle, as illustrated in Figure 8.
As before remarked, the armature poles only may be shaped as described, or the
field magnet poles only, or both may be so shaped. The broad feature of the
Invention consists in so shaping the poles that as the armature polo approaches
the pole of the field magnet, or moves part way across its face, a relatively larger
area of the field magnet and armature will be brought into proper magnetic
relation to urge the rotation of the armature with increased power until the dend
point is reached.
Dhim oth dr.. of T1001
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page_text: I SYDNEY PITT of Sutton in the County of Surrey Gentleman do hereby declare
the nature of my Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC MOTORS and in
what manner the same is to be performed to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement:-
The object of my Invention is to produce an electric motor in which a maximum
effect may be obtained from a given electro motive force and in which the
rotation of the armature shaft will be caused by continuous action of the field
magnet on the armatures and not by unconnected periodic impulses of attraction or
repulsion.
A further object of my Invention is to provide an improved switch or device for 1
running the motor in either direction and for stopping it by rendering the
armature neutral so that the field magnet acts as a break to arrest its motion.
While these are the leading features of my Invention there are other details of
novelty fully set forth hereinafter.
In the accompanying Drawings:
Figure 1 is a transverse section on the line 1. 1. of Figure 2.
Figure 2 is a longitudinal section on the line 2. 2. of Figure 1.
Figure 3 is an elevation of the front end of the motor showing the controlling
switch with the parts partly broken away.
Figure 4 is a transverse section through a portion of the motor on the line 4. 4. 2
of Figure 3 showing more especially the arrangement of the controlling switch and
commutator.
Figure 5 is a diagram view illustrating the circuits and winding of the field
magnet and armature coils.
Figure 6 a detail view showing a form of brush which may be used with 2
considerable advantage where two points of contact on each side of the ring are
desired.
Figures 7, 8 and 9 are detail views showing an improved form of armature.
The field magnet A A is supported by the end pieces b of the casing or jacket B.
It is shown as circular in cross-section and having its poles a projecting inwardly. 3
The magnet is supported by the elongated ends a¹ which abut against the end
pieces b of the casing and are sustained by suitable bolts or screws and also by
bars a² of non-magnetic material bolted to the field magnet opposite its poles and
sustained by the end pieces of the casing. The poles a¹ of the field magnet
preferably extend beyond their coils C on each side and project inwardly somewhat. 3
They are also enlarged transversely and present the arc of a circle in cross section.
The coil C is wound continuously around the cores of the field magnet in the
ordinary way and one end is connected with a binding post D on the rear end
piece of the motor to which the wire from the positive pole of the battery or source
of electric energy is connected and the opposite end of the coil is connected with a 4
binding post E on the opposite end piece of the motor. The wire from the negative
pole of the battery is connected with a binding post F also on the front end piece
of the machine. The binding posts are of course all properly insulated from the
casing of the motor. The front end piece b is formed with a projecting hub b₁
which constitutes one bearing of the motor spindle S and also serves as a bearing 4
for the pivoted rocking switch plate G which carries on its opposite ends contact
buttons on the ends of insulated bolts or posts I which project through curved
slots in the end piece b and carry the commutator brushes as is hereinafter
described.

page_text: The insulated binding posts E and F support semi-circular contact plates K. L.
illustrated in Figure 3 in which Figure the full outlines of the plates are indicated
by dotted lines.
The ends of the contact plates K L are in such close proximity that when the
switch lever G is turned so as to bring the contact buttons H between the ends of
the contact plates these plates bear upon the buttons at both ends. In this position
the circuit through the coils of the field magnet will be as follows:-
-
Starting from the positive binding post D the circuit runs through the coils of
the field inaguet to the binding post E, contact plate K, contact buttons H and
opposite plate L to the binding post F and negative pole of the battery.
In this position the circuit will of course be shunted from the commutator
brushes. There will be no current through the armature coils and the motor will
be at rest.
I will now proceed to describe the construction and connections of the armature
magnets and coils. I remark here however that the special construction and
arrangement of field magnet or magnets and devices already described may of
course be varied so far as the other features of my Invention which remain to be
described are concerned and of course the same principles of construction illustrated
may be also applied to different forms of machines either of circular or rectangular
construction without in any way departing from the principles of the organization.
The armature spindle S which rotates within the circle of the radial field magnet
poles has its bearings in the end pieces of the casing and carries near one end, just
inside the end piece ba hub of vulcanite or other suitable insulator M upon which
the commutator plates m. m. and n. n. are arranged. A collar or flange N of some
insulating substance is also carried by this hub on the end adjacent to the armature
coils. The commutator brushes or contact fingers o. o. p. p. carried by the insulated
posts I which project through the end piece b and carry the contact buttons H bear
upon the face of the commutator ring. Two armature magnets QR with their
cores arranged at right angles to the armature spindle and to each other and with
their greatest transverse width parallel with the spindle and with the length of the
cores of the field magnet are carried on the spindle S. The poles of these armature-
magnets are enlarged so as to present the arc of a circle in transverse section and
revolve in close proximity to the correspondingly curved poles of the field magnet.
The armature magnet Qis wound continuously in the ordinary way, and the
terminals of the wire are connected with the opposite commutator-contacts n. n.
while the terminals of the coil of the magnet R are connected with the opposite
commutator contacts m. m. These connections may readily be traced in the
Drawing.
By turning the switch-lever G which carries the posts I the relation of the
commutator brushes o. p. to the commutator plates may be changed so as to reverse
the relative contacts illustrated in the Drawings and at the same time the contact
of the buttons H and the plates K. L is reversed. By swinging the switch plate G
therefore the polarity of the armature magnets Q. R. may be reversed at pleasure
and the direction of the motor changed; or by turning the plate to a central
position so that the buttons H come in contact with both of the plates K L the
current will be shunted from the armature coils, but will still pass through the
coils of the field magnet which acting upon the neutral arinature poles, at once
bring the armature to rest.
Referring now particularly to Figure 1 it will be perceived that the commutator
brushes or fingers o are straight while the fingers p are bent near their ends so as
to cross the straight end of the finger o and give two points of contact to each pair
of brushes. The purpose of this arrangement is this.
When the poles of one of the armature magnets, say Q, is immediately opposite
the poles of the field magnet, as illustrated in Figures 1 and 2, the coils of the
armature magnet Q will be entirely out of circuit as there is no contact of the
brushes o. p. with the contact plates n. n. This magnet therefore offers a minimum
opposition to the action of the field magnet on the armature magnet R. When,

page_text: however, the spindle has rotated about 25 degrees, more or less, so as to bring the
poles of both armature magnets into a favorable position to be acted on by the
field magnet, the bent ends of the brushes p make contact with the commutator
plates n while the brushes o still maintain contact with the plates m. The current
is therefore divided and passes through the coils of both arinature magnets so that
the poles of the field magnet act on both of them and a maximum effect is
obtained.
As the poles of the magnet R come opposite the poles of the field magnet the
brushes o pass from the contact plates m on to the plates n so that the coil of the
magnet R is cut out of the circuit and the full current is sent through the coil of
the magnet Q. This operation continues as the armature spindle is rotated and it
will be perceived that the field magnet acts continuously upon the armature-
magnets either upon one magnet only through the coil of which the whole battery
current is passing when the poles of the other magnet are directly in line with the
poles of the field magnet, or upon both armature inagnets when they have passed
from the poles of the field magnet.
The details of construction last described may of course be varied without
changing the principle of operation herein set forth. For instance, but one
commutator brush, having a curved end, could be employed in place of each pair
of brushes p. o; but such an arrangement would not be so good as it would be
difficult to ensure contact at the desired points, whereas by employing a pair of
crossed brushes perfect contacts at the desired points are ensured.
The coils of the armature, it will be seen, are wound so that their greatest length
is parallel with the armature spindle, and with the poles of the field magnet. The
poles of the field magnet are equal in length to the combined length of the poles of
the armature magnets. By arranging the coils of the armature magnets as
described, a maximum effect is produced; and this construction in connection with
the method of working by successively sending the current through both and then
through one only of the coils according to the positions they occupy relatively to
the field magnet poles gives most satisfactory and improved results.
Of course, instead of employing a field magnet of such a width as to give a pole
equal in length to the combined lengths of the armature magnets, two field
magnets in line with each other might be employed in place of the elongated
magnet illustrated. But they should be arranged so that the field on each side of
the armature spindle, will have a uniform polarity-so far as part of my Invention
is concerned. Other parts of the Invention are not dependent upon such an
arrangement.
I construct the commutator by cutting grooves in the face of the hub of vulcanite
or insulating material, and letting the commutator plates into the grooves. The
plates are held in place by the ring N through which the ends of the armature
coils pass and are clamped in contact with the plates by screws passing through the
ring.
I find this construction to be superior to that in which the commutator ring is
formed by attaching the strips to the face of a hub of insulating material, and then
filling the spaces between the strips; as in the latter construction there is a
liability for the parts to loosen and for oil to work in between the plates and the
hub.
A pulley 8, either for a cord or band, may be carried upon the end of the spindle
to transmit the power of the motor, as may be desired.
A full sized motor, especially designed for running sewing machines and such
like machinery, is shown in the Drawings. The same principles of construction
and operation may of course be carried out on a larger scale for heavier work.
The motor may be attached to any frame by means of a screw bolt of non-
magnetic material and thumb-screw, as illustrated in the Drawings.
The action of the field magnet upon the armature magnets is continuous, as
described, so that the motion is more steady and a greater power is developed than
has heretofore been the case in motors of the class illustrated.

page_text: It will be observed that the extended pieces a¹ which support the magnets are
at the neutral parts of the field magnet. I consider this a superior construction to
that in which the magnet is supported by extension pieces running from the poles,
as in the latter case the magnet is more diffused, and is less powerful at the
effective point in the motor. The pieces a' may be entirely sufficient to support
the field magnet, but I prefer for greater strength to also employ the non-magnetic
bars a extending from the poles. For the same reason I prefer to make the
bolt T, by means of which the special motor illustrated may be secured to its frame,
also of non-magnetic material.
In Figure 6 the brushes T consist of arms or plungers which are normally
pressed endwise against the commutator ring by suitable springs. The brushes are
forked at the ends so as to give two projecting contact points t, t, which bear upon
the periphery of the commutator ring.
The plungers or brushes are supported in suitable insulated blocks U which may
be held in place by the insulated binding screws. The brushes may be pressed
against the commutator ring either by coil springs T' as shown on one of the
brushes, or by an elliptical spring or springs T, as shown on one of the other
brushes.
In order to give a greater certainty of two proper points of contact for each
brush, the brushes T may be split centrally longitudinally, as shown on the right
hand side of Figure 6. While these sections of the brush are in contact, they may
be moved independently endwise, and each may be provided with an independent
spring.
With a brush of this character, the double contacts on each side of the ring are
absolutely insured; at the same time the brushes have quite as much elasticity as
the ordinary spring brushes usually employed, and do not offer any greater -
resistance to the rotation of the ring.
Armatures formed as shown in Figures 7, 8, and 9 may be used to produce an
even and uniform rate of rotation of the armature at every point in its revolution.
This may be done by shaping the field magnet or armature poles, or both, as
shown in Figure 7, in which the greatest width of the pole piece is in its central
transverse line. The result of such a construction is that as the armature pole in
its rotation approaches or reaches the edge of the pole of the field magnet, the
action of the field magnet upon the armature pole will increase as greater relative
areas of the poles of the field magnet and armature come into proper relation to
each other, and the armature is driven past the dead point with more uniformity
and evenness of motion than has heretofore been obtained. In other words, as the
pole of the armature approaches the pole of the field magnet, the point or apex on
the side of the field magnet first acts upon a corresponding point on the side of
the armature pole; but as the armature pole comes closer to the field magnet and
commences to move across its face, the relatively larger areas of the armature pole
and field magnet pole are brought into proper magnetic relation.
In Figure 9 I have shown a somewhat modified shape of pole-piece. The
armature is widest at one end and tapers towards the other end to a preferably
much narrower width; or the pole-piece might be made wide at both ends and
narrow in the middle, as illustrated in Figure 8.
As before remarked, the armature poles only may be shaped as described, or the
field magnet poles only, or both may be so shaped. The broad feature of the
Invention consists in so shaping the poles that as the armature pole approaches
the pole of the field magnet, or moves part way across its face, a relatively larger
area of the field magnet and armature will be brought into proper magnetic relation
to urge the rotation of the armature with increased power until the dead point
is reached.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
Invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is:-
First. The combination, substantially as set forth, of the opposite adjacent field

page_text: magnet poles, the armature magnets arranged transversely to each other and
rotating between said poles the field on each side of the armature being of uniform
polarity, the armature coils wound parallel with the poles of the field magnet, and
with their axis of rotation and at right angles to their plane of rotation the
commutator contacts with which the armature coils are connected and the brushes
bearing on said contacts and connected with the source of electric energy.
Second. The combination substantially as set forth, of the opposite adjacent
poles of the field magnet, the armature magnets arranged transversely to each
other and rotating between the opposite effective faces of said poles, the polarity
of the field on each side of the armatures being uniform, the commutator contacts
with which the armature coils are connected, the brushes bearing on said contacts
and an electric circuit common to said brushes.
Third. The combination substantially as set forth of the field magnet having
elongated radially projecting poles, the armature magnets which rotate centrally
between the poles and are arranged transversely to each other and have their coils
wound with the greatest length parallel with the elongated poles of the field
magnet, the commutator contacts and the brushes bearing thereon and arranged to
send the current successively first through one of the armature coils then through
both of the coils and then through the other armature coil according to their
positions relatively to the field magnet as described.
Fourth. The combination substantially as set forth, of the field magnet, the
armature coils, a single commutator ring, the commutator contacts, with which
the coils are connected and the commutator brushes arranged in pairs one pair on
each side of the commutator ring to give an extended or double point of contact
on each side of the commutator ring to make connection with one contact before
_connection with the adjacent one is broken.
Fifth. The combination substantially as set forth of the field magnet the
armature coils, the commutator ring and the commutator brushes arranged to
make contact first with the contact plates with which one armature coil only
is connected and then with both sets of contact plates for the purpose described.
Sixth. The combination substantially as set forth of the field magnet poles,
the transversely arranged armature magnets and electrical connections and contacts
by which each armature magnet is cut out of the circuit during a portion of a
revolution.
Seventh. The combination substantially as set forth of the field magnet, the
armature, the commutator ring and brushes, the switch or controlling device and
the contact buttons and plates by which when the switch is in one position the
current is shunted from the armature coils and when moved in one direction froin
the neutral line sends the current through the armature coils in one direction
and when put over to the opposite side sends the current in the reverse direction.
Eighth. The combination substantially as set forth of the field magnet, the
armature coils, the commutator ring, a switch lever pivoted concentrically with
the commutator ring, the brushes carried by said lever, the contacts through which
the battery is shunted from the armature coils but still flows through the field
magnet coils and the contacts by which the direction of the current through the
armature coils may be reversed by moving the switch lever to change the direction
of the motor.
Ninth. The combination, substantially as set forth of the field magnet, the
armature the commutator ring, the switch lever, the brushes carried thereby, and
electrical contacts through which by the movement of the lever the commutator
brushes are adjusted on the ring and the direction of the current through the
armature coil simultaneously reversed.
Tenth. The combination substantially as set forth of the casing or magnet
supports, the field magnet, and the supporting extensions of the magnet projecting
from the neutral part.
Eleventh. The combination substantially as set forth, of the field magnet, the
supporting projections extending from the neutral part, the supporting casing and

page_text: supporting bars of non-magnetic material extending from the poles of the magnet
to the casing.
Twelfth. The combination substantially as set forth, of an electro-motor, and a
bolt or support of non-magnetic material, connected with the pole or active part
of the field magnet for attaching the motor to its support.
Thirteenth. The combination substantially as set forth of a commutator ring
and au end wise moving contact brush in contact therewith.
Fourteenth. The combination substantially as set forth of a commutator ring
and endwise moving contact brushes each having two points of contact.
Fifteenth. The combination substantially as set forth, of a commutator ring
and a sectional endwise moving contact brush having two points of contact.
Sixteenth. The pole-piece formed wider at one part than another for the purpose
described.
Seventeenth. The combination substantially as set forth, of a field magnet and
the armature pole of unequal width.
Eighteenth. The combination substantially as set forth of the field magnet
having a pole widest in its central transverse line and an armature having a
pole of like shape.
Nineteenth. The combination substantially as set forth of the field magnet, its
pole, the armature, and its pole, the poles of the field magnet and armature being
so shaped as to bring a relatively increasing area of the pole pieces into proper
magnetic relation as the armature pole approaches and travels part way across the
face of the field magnet pole.
CARPMAEL & Co.,
Agents for the Applicant.