Improvements in Devices for the Diffusion or Transference of Heat.
Year: 1892

page_text: Date of Application, 5th Dec., 1892
AA
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Devices for the Diffusion or Transference of Heat.
We, LUDLOW PATTON PERKINS, of 43 Regent Square, in the Administrative
County of London, and WILLIAM EDWARD BUCK, of Carisbrook, Battenhall, in
the City of Worcester, in the County of Worcester, Engineers, do hereby declare
the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
Our invention relates to improvements in devices for the diffusion or transference
of heat.
It consists principally in a novel combination with lamps, stoves, furnaces, hearths,
and other sources of heat, of a closed tube or tubes of suitable form or material and
partially charged with liquid.
The liquid which we generally use is water, but we do not limit ourselves in
this respect, but may make use of others which have the property of resisting the
crystallizing influence of frost, or have boiling points higher or lower than that of
water.
When it is desired to transmit heat of a low temperature and diffuse it. evenly
throughout the length of the tube or tubes, or to transmit heat of high temperature
with great rapidity, we prefer to exhaust the tube or tubes of air as far as is
practicable.
We construct the lamps, stoves or hearths, burning oil, gas, coke or other fuel,
for use in combination with the above described closed heating tubes, in such
manner that the latter can be easily removed for cleaning, packing, storing, or for
regulating the heat transmitted, by withdrawing or partially withdrawing one or
more tubes from the source of heat. The stoves are also so constructed and
provided with stops and guides that, if the tubes are removed, they can only be
replaced at angles proper to their working and with suitable portions of them
exposed to the action of the heat.
The tubes as above described are preferably sealed at both ends; but, for special
purposes, where it is desired to transmit heat to considerable distances in small
tubes, we bend and return the tube into itself in such manner that the outgoing
current does not meet the return flow.
The above invention may, if suitably modified, be advantageously applied to very
many purposes of which the following are some.
For heating greenhouses, rooms, vehicles, drying closets and the like, its use
ensures the rapid production, transmission and diffusion of heat, together with long
continuance, ease and rapidity of regulation, and rapid loss of the accumulated heat
when its source is removed.
The lamps or stoves used for the above purposes may be constructed so that the
products of combustion are carried outside the house, chamber or vehicle, or are
condensed as far as possible, in the lamp or stove itself.
Those portions of the tubes which are outside the lamp or stove may either be
exposed or may be surrounded by an ornamental casing or trellis.

page_text: When a coke stove is employed, the tubes are, preferably, used as fire bars.
and the air current is directed downwards so as to pass between them. It may
then be made to pass upwards between the tubes again on the farther side of a
dividing bridge.
The draught entering the stove being downwards, we construct a combined
drauglit and fire door which is hinged at the bottom and provided with lips on the
sides, so that air is admitted only from the top edge when the door is partially open.
When fully open, the door falls level with the fire bars and forms a convenient
shoot for the withdrawal of clinker.
A tube or tubes arranged at the bottom of a shop window so that the air heated
by them shall pass up and over the internal surface of the glass prevents the con-
densation and deposition of moisture upon that surface. The lamp or burner heating
the tube or tubes is arranged so that the products of its combustion are kept from
contact with the shop window.
These tubes can be used for warming currents or volumes of air or water or
other liquids contained in pipes, tanks or columns, such as water cranes, feed tanks
or the like, by being. passed through the side of the latter, the stove or other source
of heat being outside and of any suitable/type.
This invention can also be applied to the abstraction and utilization of waste
heat, such as is usually lost in cooling the tuyeres of smiths' thearths, blast
furnaces and other similar fires;; closed tubes being so arranged as to draw the
heat from the tuyere and transmit it to the blast pipe so as to warm the incoming
blast.
This invention can also be applied to the abstraction of heat from the liquids
which need cooling to the temperature of the atmosphere, as wort, milk, many
chemicals, circulating cooling water for many machines, gas engines and the like.
Dated this 5th day of December '1892.
PHILLIPS & LEIGH,
Agents for the Applicants.
ше опистон от пацыетение отпеал..
'We, 'LUDLOW PATTON 'PERKINS, 'formerly oí 43 'Regent 'Square, in the
Administrative County of 'London, but now of 113 Aconib 'Street, 'Moss Side,
Manchester, 'in the County of Lancaster, and "WILLIAM EDWARD 'BUCK OF
Carisbrooke, 'Battedhall, in the County of Worcester, Engineers, do 'hereby
declare the nature of our invention and in what manner the same is to 'be
'performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:—
'Our invention relates to improvements in devices for the diffusion or trans-
ference of heat.
It consists principally in a novel combination with lamps, stoves, furnaces,
hearths, and other sources of heat, of a closed tube or tubes of suitable form
and material and partially charged with liquid.
The liquid which we generally use is water but we do not limit ourselves in this
respect, but may make use of others which have the property of resisting the
crystallizing influence of frost or have boiling points higher or lower than that of
water.
When it is desired to transmit heat of a low temperature and to diffuse.it/evenly
throughout the length of the tube or tubes, or to transmits heat of high temperature
with great rapidity, we prefer to exhaust the tube or tubes of air as far as is
practicable.

page_text: We construct the, lamps, stoves or hearths, burning oil, gas, coke or other fuel,
for use in combination with the above described closed, heating tubes, in such manner
that the latter can be easily, removed for cleaning, packing, storing, or for regulating
the heat transmitted, by withdrawing or partially withdrawing one or more tubes
from the source of heat. The stoves, are also so constructed, and provided with.
stops and guides that, if the tubes. are removed,, they can only be replaced at angles
proper to, their, working, and, with, suitable portions of them, exposed to, the action; of
the heat.
The tubes as above described, are, preferably sealed at both ends,, but, for special
purposes where it is desired to transmit heat to considerable distances, in small tubes,
we bend, and return the tube into itself in such manner that, the, outgoing current
does not meet the return flow.
The above invention may, if suitably modified, be advantageously applied to very
many purposes of which the following are some.,
For heating greenhouses, rooms, vehicles, drying closets, and, the like,, its use
ensures, the rapid production, transmission and diffusion.of heat, together with long
continuance, ease and rapidity of regulation, and rapid, loss of the accumulated heat
when its source is removed.
The lamps or stoves used for the above purposes, may be constructed so that, the
products of combustion, are carried outside the, house, chamber or vehicle, or are
condensed as far as possible, in the lamp or stove itself.
.
Those portions of the, tubes, which, are outside the lamp, or stove may eitlier.be
exposed, or may be surrounded by an ornamented casing. or trellis.
When a coke stove is employed, the tubes are, preferably, used as fire bars and the
air current may be directed downwards so as to pass between them. It may then be
nade to pass upwards between the tubes again, on the farther side, of, a dividing
bridge.
The draught entering the stove, being downwards, we construct a combined
draught and fire door which is hinged at the bottom and provided with lips on the
sides, so that air is admitted only from the top edge when the door is partially open.
When fully open, the door falls level with the fire bars and forms a convenient shoot
for the withdrawal of the fire, or clinker..
A tube or tubes, may be arranged, at the bottom of a shop window so that the air
heated by them shall pass up and over the internal surface of the glass, thus
preventing the condensation and deposition of moisture upon that surface. The
Jamp or burner heating the tube, or tubes arranged so that the, products of its
combustion are kept from contact with the shop window.
Our tubes can be used for warming currents or volumes of air or water or other
liquids contained in pipes, tanks or columns, such as water cranes, feed tanks or the
like, by being passed through the side of the latter, the stove or other source of
heat being outside and of any suitable type.
This invention can also be applied to the, abstraction and utilization of waste heat,
such as is usually lost in cooling the tuyeres of smiths' hearths, blast. furnaces and
other similar fires; closed tubes, being so arranged as to draw the heat from the
tuyere and transmit it to the blast pipe so as to warm the incoming blast.
This invention can also be applied to the abstraction of heat from liquids.
which need cooling to the temperature of the atmosphere, as wort, milk, many
chemicals, circulating cooling water for many machines, gas engines and the like.
In order that our invention and the means by which it is, to be carried into.
practical effect, may be thoroughly understood, we will now describe it and them in
détail, referring in so doing to the accompanying drawings which are to be taken as,
part of this Specification and read therewith. Like parts are marked throughout
the drawings with the same reference letters respectively.
Fig. 1 is a sectional longitudinal elevation of a 2-tube device heated by a gas
stove.
Fig. 2 is a sectional longitudinal elevation of a 4-tube device heated by a gas
stove.

page_text: is a sectional longitudinal elevation of a 3-Luve device heated by
descending flue coke or coal stove.
Fig. 6 is a sectional elevation on the line 6-6 of Figure 5.
Fig. 7 is a sectional longitudinal elevation of a 5-tube device heated by a coke
or coal stove having a descending and reversed flue.
Fig. 8 is a sectional elevation on the line 8-8 of Figure 7.
Fig. 9 is a sectional longitudinal elevation of a device in which the tubes are beut
and returned into themselves and heated by a solid fuel stove.
Fig. 13 is a sectional longitudinal elevation of a device applied to the warming of
a natural current of air.
Fig. 14 is a sectional longitudinal elevation of a device applied to the warming of
an artificial current of air.
Fig. 15 is a front elevation illustrating the application of our invention to the
prevention of the deposition of moisture upon a shop window.
Fig. 16 is a section on the line 16-16 of Figure 15.
Fig. 18 is a sectional elevation illustrating the application of our invention to the
warming or melting of inflammable substances.
Fig. 20 is an elevation illustrating the application of our invention to the
prevention of frost in a water crane.
Fig. 21 is a sectional elevation illustrating the application of our invention to the
transference of heat from a tuyere to the blast.
The closed tubes above referred to are, for the purpose of our invention, the
operative agents for the diffusion or transference, as the case may be, of the heat in
question. Each one is blind at both ends, complete in itself, hermetically sealed
throughout its length and has not any connection with any of the others in the
device. The well known circulation in connection with warming apparatus is
therefore foreign to the present invention.
The range of choice in respect of the liquid which our invention admits of has
been already explained.
Each such diffusing or transferring tube is only partially filled with the liquid
which it is intended to use. When the tubes are in working position, they are
never horizontal but always more or less inclined. Their positions vary from the
vertical down to one steep enough to provide a fall for the condensed liquid.
The cycle of change which takes place in the molecules of the liquid in the
tube is as follows: Absorption of heat from the external source thereof: evaporation
of the liquid into the vacant space transference of heat both sensible and latent
through the sides of the tube to the body to be warmed, accompanied by con-
densation of the vapour: return of the condensed vapour along the tube to the
unevaporated portion of the liquid.
Referring to Figures 1 and 2, a, a are the diffusing or transferring tubes. The
former figure shews the use of two; the latter, of four tubes. The number used in
any device is of no moment as far as the invention is concerned, any more than that
of their equality in respect of length or diameter. The area of transferring-or
heating, to use the more familiar term-surface, is calculated as heretofore,
according to the respective specific heats of the liquid in the tubes and the body
surrounding them. Sufficient surface must be provided for transferring the
heat from the liquid in the tube through its side rapidly enough to prevent the
internal pressure increasing beyond the limit of safety. With reference to
the internal diameter of the tubes, it must be large enough to provide room for the
vapour and condensed vapour to pass each other. Experiment has demonstrated
that when the liquid used is water, the diameter of the tubes must not be less than
half an inch, for when of a smaller diameter they will not work satisfactorily. When
such liquids as spirit were used, tubes of smaller bore than half an inch gave
satisfactory results. The tubes are connected to and held in the furnace b
independently of each other and in such a way that any or all of them can be
removed and replaced, cach one in its proper position, without breaking any joint or
screwing or unscrewing any bolt. The acts of removal and replacement consist at

page_text: the most in sliding the pipes through two holes. A series of holes is made in that
side of the furnace through which the tubes are to enter it. Each hole is made
with its axis at the same angle with the horizon as that of the tube will be when
the latter is in working position. These holes are relied on to not only support the
tubes but also to serve as guides while they are being pushed into the furnace.
For that reason they are strengthened by the combination with the furnace side of
stout sockets c. On the internal face of the opposite side of the furnace or within
it, stops are formed, against which the tubes abut. These stops may consist of a
block in which suitable distanced cavities have been formed to receive the ends
of the respective tubes, as illustrated in Figure 1, or of transverse bars d' as
illustrated in Figure 2. In the former figure all the tubes-there being only a
small number-two-project into the furnace for the same distance. The cavities
in the block are therefore vertically over each other, while Figure 2 shews an
arrangement by which the stops are echelonned in order that the tubes may over-
hang each other so as to present the end of each to the direct action of the flames,
and that those more remote from the source of heat shall have more surface exposed
to its influence. The opposite and outer ends of the series of tubes are supported,
by a standard e which receives them in the same way as the series of holes in the
furnace side described above. The furnace is shewn as adapted to burn gas in an
atmospheric burner, but the particular source of heat does not form a part of the
present invention.
Referring to Figures 5 and 6, the modification illustrated consists in the
construction of furnace. The tubes a, a are arranged side by side instead of
above each other. This arrangement in combination with the narrowness of the
spaces separating them, enables the ends inside the furnace to serve as a bottom grate
for the solid fuel which is laid thereupon in the usual way. The draught through
the fuel, however, is downwards as indicated by the arrows and up into the smoke
fine f
Referring to Figures 7 and 8, the difference between the construction illustrated
therein and the one last described has reference only to the furnace. The flue fƒ
springs from the top of the frame of the ash pit door and is continued up in front
of the furnace. The body of the latter is left free to be built in the wall g of the
room to be warmed, into which it projects.
Referring to Figure 9, the modifications illustrated therein consists in the
duplicating the tubes a. Duplicated tubes give better results than single ones when
longer runs than usual have to be dealt with, inasmuch as they provide for a freer
return of the condensed liquid than do the single tubes. In Figure 9, the two
tubes a, a both stand in the same vertical plane. They are connected to each other
at their opposite ends by means of U shaped bends a². The two tubes and bends
are then oue continuous tube, and for that reason, the liquid in them will stand at
the same level in both. Any of the vapour from the liquid in the top tube, which
may be condeused in the bend proper, i.e., to the right of the point a³, will be
returned to the liquid in the lower tube via the bend, instead of down the tube in
which it was produced.
Referring to Figure 13, g, h are two air flues opening into a warming chamber i
through which the two sets of heating tubes a a are led. This chamber is divided
by a web . The air to be warmed flows into the chamber i below the diaphragm i¹
through the tube g. It flows through the chamber i round the end of the diaphragm
and back through the top of the chamber i away through the tube h. Advantage
is taken of the distance between the two levels of tubes to use the ends of the lower
one as the furnace grate.
Referring to Figure 14, the air to be warmed is driven into the chamber i by
some means, (say a fan or blower) in the direction shewn by the arrows. The fire
grate may be considerably reduced when an induced current of air is obtainable, as
an opening can be made in the partition which will allow a certain portion of
the incoming air to pass into the ash-pit and thus urge the combustion of the fuel.
Should the induced current of air be stopped, the supply of air to the furnace

page_text: will be cut off and it will rapidly die down and prevent the tubes becoming over-
heated and possibly exploded. The door is for the withdrawal, of' ashes and not.
for the admittance of air to the furnace. The. opening ³ may be provided with.
means for closing it, so that the fire inay, be cleaned through the door without
discomfort or danger to the attendant.
Referring to Figures 15 and 16, the tube a is led along the front of the window
behind the bottom sash rail. The furnace, preferably heated by oil or gas, and its
addenda, may be fixed beneath the bottom of the window or in any other convenient
position.
Referring to Figure 18, the heating tube a is led from its furnace (not shewn)
up to the warming or melting, pan k where it is coiled within the thickness of its
side.
Figure 20 is self-explanatory of all that it illustrates.
Referring to Figure 21, the process which goes on in the device illustrated is one
of abstraction and transference, as it is in the case of the device illustrated in
Figure 18.
o is the blast pipe to p the tuyere. a, a are tubes passing down the blast pipe
and continued into the body of the tuyere, parallel with the bore of it and
terminating at a short distance from the nose of it. The tuyere acts as a furnace
to the tubes a which, on their part, transfer the heat which they abstract from the
tuyere to the blast passing down the blast pipe.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our invention
and in what manner the same is. to. be performed, we would have it: understood
that we do not claim to be the inventors of the diffusing or transferring tubes
described and illustrated, and that. we are aware that they have been used for many
years in connection with apparatus known as: the "Perkins Steam. Oven." We are
also aware that it has been proposed. to bend. and form a single long tube into a coil
for the purpose of conveying the heat of one heated liquid to another both being
held in open vessels; for use in connection with the hot. water supply of houses.
We are also aware that they have been made to fulfil the function of grate bars,
and that means for passing the products of combustion downwards between such
tubes have been proposed. We are also aware that it has been proposed to, bend
and return these tubes into themselves but such duplicated tubes have been disposed
in a horizontal plane which does not tend to facilitate. the, return of the condensed
liquid to the part of the tube in which the unevaporated portion of the liquid rests.
We are also aware that these tubes have been used for the warming of buildings,
but we are not aware that it has. before been proposed. to construct stoves or
furnaces for heating these tubes provided with special means for their ready with-
drawal and replacement, or that the tubes have been provided with collars or stops
to that end. Their use has therefore up till now been restricted to apparatus of a
more or less.cumbrous character, the tubes being almost invariably set. in brickwork.
We are also aware that it has been proposed, to use tubes similar in appearance to
those described and illustrated herein for the purpose of heating water for raising
steam, but such tubes however have only been charged with sufficiently minute
quantities of liquid to insure that such liquid shall become entirely converted into
surcharged or superheated steam, and that tubes thus charged have not proved
themselves sufficiently good conductors of heat to prevent their becoming over-
heated when exposed to the action of a furnace. We are not aware however that
tubes charged in the manner set forth in this our Specification have before been
used for transferring the direct heat from a furnace or other heated vapour or gas
to any liquid contained in a separate tank or vessel such tubes being passed through
or into the said tank or vessel. We have found by experiment that when tubes
charged so as to secure within them the cycle of physical changes bereinbefore
referred to aud explained, it is possible to subject the tubes to the fiercest heat
without their becoming overheated or damaged. We declare therefore that what
we claim are certain novel arrangements and combinations substantially as they

page_text: are described in the foregoing Specification and enumerated in the following
claims:-
1. The construction of apparatus for the transference and diffusion of heat,
wherein tubes as hereinbefore described are combined with lamps or burners so
arranged that the tubes can be readily removed and can only be replaced at such
angles and positions as are proper to their working, as hereinbefore described in
Figs. 1 and 2.
2. The construction of furnaces for the purpose of applying heat to these tubes,
in the manner hereinbefore described and illustrated in Figs. 5 and 7.
3. The constructing of these tubes in such a manner that a separate means is
provided for the return of the condensed vapour, so that the outgoing vapour does
not touch the return flow, as herein before described with reference to Figure 9.
4. An arrangement of these tubes for the purpose of heating a current of induced
air, a portion of the induced air being used to support the combustion of the fuel
in the furnace, as hereinbefore described and illustrated in Fig. 14.
5. Any suitable arrangement of these tubes in combination with a fire or heated
vapour for heating any liquid or vapour substantially as described and shown by
Fig. 18.
6. An arrangement of one or more of these tubes so arranged as to utilize the
heat absorbed by a tuyere belonging to a smith's hearth or a blast furnace and to
transmit it to the incoming current of air, and at the same time keep the tuyere
from becoming unduly heated.
Dated this 5th day of October 1893.
PHILLIPS & LEIGH,
22, Southampton Buildings, Chancery Lane, W.C.,
Agents for the Applicants.