AN IMPROVED LOCOMOTIVE APPARATUS PARTICULARLY ADAPTED TO AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Bray, of Abinger Road, Lower Road, Dept-
ford, in the County of Kent, Engineer, for the Invention of "AN IMPROVED
LOCOMOTIVE APPARATUS PARTICULARLY ADAPTED TO AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES...
Sealed the 20th May 1862, and dated the 23rd November 1861..
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Bray at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 23rd
November 1861.
I, WILLIAM BRAY, of Abinger Road, Lower Road, Deptford, in the County
of Kent, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"AN IMPROVED LOCOMOTIVE APPARATUS PARTICULARLY ADAPTED TO AGRICULTURAL
PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in supporting or carrying the boiler or boilers and
machinery, consisting of one or two engines combined with gearing of loco-
motive carriages upon or over one axle, which thereby supports or sustains
the entire weight thereof; and in making the main axle in two parts, but con-
nected in a box the width of the carriage, so that when put together it shall
act as a solid axle; and in arranging the upper carriage body in such manner
that the front portion thereof may be moved by steering apparatus, and be
turned from its straight position with regard to its hind portion by a suitable
locking plate; and in arranging the entire upper carriage body upon an under

page_text: carriage or frame reaching from end to end, and on and by means of which
under carriage and its toothed gearing and the locking plate the front portion
of the upper carriage is caused to be steered or turned from its direct course
by the main or driving wheels and axle. Also in furnishing the main axle
with cranks close to or near the main wheels, so that the axes of these wheels
are removed from the centre of the main axle, in order that the position of
the wheels may be changed in relation to each other, according to circum-
stances, by varying the position of the cranks on the axes or centres of which
they are caused to turn by means of the driving rim or wheel. Also in the
arrangement of the driving rims or wheels in connection with main wheels,
whether on cranked axles, as just referred to, or on other axles, by causing
such rims or wheels to be detached from the main wheels, and to operate upon
fixed hollow axles or bearings, as hereafter described, whereby their position
remains unchanged whatever be the position of the main wheels, although in
some cases the rim wheels are to be bolted to the cranked main wheels, and
when I wish to change the vertical position of the cranks, which is their
ordinary working position, I remove the bolts and allow the rim wheel to
work, resting on four or five rollers, and by means of a driver to propel the
main wheels. And in improved methods of attaching agricultural imple-
ments to locomotives! The effect and advantage of these arrangements are
that the driving wheels become also the steering wheels, and also that by the
double or independent axle I can use dished wheels, which in my opinion are
better suited for general. purposes than perfectly upright wheels; and I can
also use wheels made according to my Patent for "Improvements in Traction
Engines," dated December 31st 1856, No. 3102 (which I prefer to do),
whereby a greater advantage will be obtained than by their use according to
the present mode, because I shall be able to advance the teeth or blades in
one wheel while the other wheel remains stationary, as in turning a corner
or in particular or soft ground whenever it may be desired to deviate the
carriage from a straight course. I prefer to use two boilers, one on each side
of the axle. The engines may be placed in a siinilar manner; or may be
arranged both on one side of the axle. The steering apparatus may be then
arranged on the other side of the axle, but when the engines are situated one
on each side of the axle the steering apparatus may be placed on both sides of
the axle, or a shaft may be carried from one end of the engine to the other,
in order that the steering may be effected at either end with one steering.
apparatus. Each portion of the main axle near their bearings is furnished
with a crank about. three inches in length, but I do not limit myself to this
extent of crank. In ordinary work the cranks would be uppermost and pèr-

page_text: fectly vertical; but for agricultural purposes when working with one wheel-in
a furrow I reverse the position of the crank of that wheel's axle, whereby the
wheel is lowered with regard to its opposite or corresponding wheel to the
extent of six inches, which would be sufficient in most instances to maintain
the horizontal level of the carriage and its machinery. In order, however, to..
allow the main wheel to fall it must be detached from the rim wheel or driving
wheel, and I therefore remove the bolts which fix it to the rim wheel and.
allow it to be supported by four or five rollers, on which it can turn and work.
the main wheel by means of a driver.
Another mode I propose to adopt is to allow the driving rim to work on an
independent bearing, whereby bolting or attachment to the main wheel may,
if necessary, be dispensed with. In order to effect this, I construct a hollow
axle or shaft of a sufficiently large diameter to allow the main axle to pass
through it, or even large enough to allow the crank to be contained and its
position varied therein. This hollow axle consists of a flanged ring, and is to
be firmly bolted to the carriage, and the rim wheel is to be furnished with
spokes and a box or hub to revolve around. the hollow axle. The rim wheel
may be furnished with guide rods, slides, or slots, in which the driver should
be placed, and allowed to move in a block further from or nearer to the centre
of the driving rim according to the position of the main wheel, with regard to
the driving wheel varies during its revolution. A projection of a strengthening
rim on the main wheel would be the resting surface for the driver, and would
force it further from the centre; when the position of the main wheel required
it a spiral spring would bring back the driver towards the centre, or the driver
may be fixed on or between the spokes of the main wheel, and forced round
by the slot or guide rods on the rim wheel in which the driver is inserted.
Thus, when the main wheel is lowered, or its position altered by means of its
crank, the driving rim remains in position, and being furnished (whether
bolted to the main wheel or not) with a driver or projecting roller, it drives by
its revolution the main wheel on one of the spokes of which it acts. In order
to reverse the motion of the carriage by this means, the driver or projecting
roller may be made to act on the next spoke. The position of the cranks is
régulated and maintained by means of a worm wheel fixed on the axle with a
worin gearing therein. The axles being cranked also permit of one wheel being
driven while in a more forward position than the opposite one; for instance,
by lowering the axle of one forwards to a horizontal position that wheel will
be thrust forward, and by lowering the crank of the opposite wheel back-
wards to a similar level one wheel will be in advance of the other, and yet on
the same level. So also one wheel can be raised or lowered and thrust for-

page_text: ward or backward with regard to the opposite wheel by lowering one axle
completely, and the opposite one horizontally. The advantage of these
operations will be at once apparent; as, for instance, in agricultural purposes
when one wheel is running in a furrow, and it is desired to maintain the level
of the carriage, it is only necessary to lower the position of the wheel in the
furrow to compensate for the inequality of level. Again, it would often be
advantageous in agricultural operations to work with greater power on one
side of the engine than on the other, especially in those cases where imple-
ments are projected from the side of the carriage to operate upon the land.
In such instances, by thrusting one main wheel into a more advanced position
than its corresponding wheel, a leverage would be obtained which would
operate most advantageously in counteracting the well-known inconveniences
which side ploughing or tilling has hitherto entailed upon the locomotive
carriage. A great advantage will be obtained by allowing the rim or driving
wheel to work on a hollow axle, and to be independent of the driving wheel,
because the inequalities of the ground, which hitherto jerked and strained the
driving gear by forcing the rim wheel cogs up against the small pinion, will
no longer affect the working gear; the jolting of the main wheels will not
interfere with the rim wheel, for the drivers or projections will permit the
spokes of the main wheels to change their levels, and slide up or down their
rollers or surfaces with an imperceptible effect.
Another method I propose to adopt is to use a cranked axle, as before
described, in such a manner that the main wheel shall travel, when desired,
concentric with the driving rim. To effect this, I place the main axle in an
eccentric position with regard to the driving rim, and bring the centre of
the crank on which the main wheel turns into the centre of the driving rim.
The advantage of this method is that when running on the common road, I
can work with the main wheels and driving rims concentric with each other,
and when in the field I can by shifting the positions of the cranks alter the
positions of the main wheels, as before described. Connected to each end of
the engine for agricultural purposes is a frame (firmly bolted to an under
locking frame of the engine); this frame is supported at each end by a small
pivot wheel, which will run in the last furrow, or on the land not ploughed ;
if preferred, the frame will be of an oblong square shape, or more approaching
a triangle; in some cases this frame is slotted at each end, in which slots
several moveable beams will be placed longitudinally in order to carry any
implements for tilling or other purposes. They will be fixed when in work at
suitable distances apart by means of blocks, or by thumb screws or pins.
These implements are to be lowered into their work and recalled either

page_text: together or separately, as may be required, by means of a rack and pinion,
screw lever, or other mechanical means in connection with a parallel motion,
so that while one set is being drawn across the field in work, the other or front
set of implements are perfectly clear of the ground; or the frame may be
jointed to the engine, and hoisted from the ground by means of a chain and
pulley when not at work. When not required for cultivating purposes a frame
can be attached to one end of the engine having two wheels to support it, to.
which a brake will be fitted, and on which frame a wagon body will be placed
capable of carrying farm produce, coals, or manure; from this wagon the
load can be tipped as from a cart; the engine is also adapted for threshing,
grinding, pumping, and other purposes; and a light engine would be appli-
cable to the conveyance of passengers. A flooring of lattice work is placed
over the frame for the attendant to work upon, whereby he can observe the
operation of the implements and regulate them accordingly. The pivot wheel.
is secured to the frame by a vertical shaft, which moves up or down through a
bearing, and is kept at the required level by means of a screw and clamp.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said William Bray in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
23rd May 1862.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM,
BRAY, of Abinger Road, Lower Road, Deptford, in the County of Kent,
Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters.
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-third day of November, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, in the twenty-fifth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said William Bray, Her special licence that I, the said William,
Bray, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such other as I, the.
said William Bray, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any.
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times there-
after during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "AN
IMPROVED LOCOMOTIVE APPARATUS PARTICULARLY ADAPTED TO AGRICULTURAL PUR-
POSES," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said William Bray,
my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or

page_text: their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascer
tain the nature of the said Invention, and in what mauner the same was to
be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William. Bray, do hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the. same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:-
My Invention consists in supporting or carrying the boiler or boilers and
machinery, consisting of one or two engines, combined with gearing &c. of
locomotive carriages, upon or over one axle, which thereby supports or sustains
the entire weight thereof; and in making the main axle in two parts, but
connected in a box the width of the carriage, so that when put together it shall
act as a solid axle; and in arranging the upper carriage body in such manner
that the front portion thereof may be moved by steering apparatus, and be
turned from its straight position with regard to its hind portion by a suitable
locking plate; and in arranging the entire upper carriage body upon an
under carriage or frame, reaching from end to end, and on and by means of
which under carriage and its toothed gearing and the locking plate, the front
portion of the upper carriage is caused to be steered or turned from its direct
course by the main or driving wheels and axle. Also in furnishing the main
axle with cranks close to or near the main wheels, so that the axes of these
wheels are removed from the centre of the main axle, in order that the
position of the wheels may be changed in relation to each other, according to
circumstances, by varying the position of the cranks on the axes or centres of
which they are caused to turn by means of the driving rim or wheel. Also
in the arrangement of the driving rims or wheels in connection with main
wheels, whether on cranked axles, as just referred to, or on other axles, by
causing such rims or wheels to be detached from the main wheels, and to
operate upon fixed hollow axles or bearings, as hereafter described, whereby
their position remains unchanged, whatever be the position of the main
wheels; although, in some cases, the rim wheels are to be bolted to the
cranked main wheels, in which cases, when I wish to change the vertical
positon of the cranks, which is their ordinary working position, I remove the
bolts and allow the rim wheel to work resting on four or five rollers, and I
propel the main wheels by means of a driver. And in improved methods of
attaching agricultural implements to locomotives. The effect and advantage
of these arrangements are, that the driving wheels become also the steering

page_text: it
may
wheels, and also that by the double or independent axle I can use dished
wheels, which, in my opinion, are better suited for general purposes than
perfectly upright wheels; and I can also use wheels made according to my
Patent for "Improvements in Traction Engines," dated December 31st 1856,
No. 3102, (which I prefer to do) whereby a greater advantage will be
obtained than by their use according to the present mode, because I shall be
able to advance the teeth or blades in one wheel, while the other wheel remains
stationary, as in turning a corner, or in particular on soft ground, whenever
be desired to deviate the carriage from a straight course. I prefer to
use two boilers, one on each side of the axle. The engines may be placed in
a similar manner, or may be arranged both on one side of the axle. The
steering apparatus may be then arranged on the other side of the axle, but
when the engines are situated one on each side of the axle, the steering appa-
ratus may be placed on both sides of the axle, or a shaft may be carried from
one end of the engine to the other, in order that the steering may be effected
at either end with one steering apparatus. Each portion of the main axle,
near their bearings, is furnished with a crank about three inches in length,
but I do not limit myself to this extent of crank. In ordinary work the
cranks would be uppermost, and perfectly vertical, but for agricultural pur-
poses, when working with one wheel in a furrow, I reverse the position of that
wheel's axle, whereby the wheel is lowered with regard to its opposite or
corresponding wheel to the extent of six inches, which would be sufficient in
most instances to maintain the horizontal level of the carriage and its
machinery. In order, however, to allow the main wheel to fall, it must be
detached from the rim wheel or driving rim, and I therefore remove the bolts
which fix it to the rim wheel, and allow it to be supported by four or five
rollers on which it can turn and work the main wheel by means of a driver.
Another mode I adopt, is to allow the driving rim to work on an independent
bearing, whereby bolting or attachment to the main wheel may, if necessary,
be dispensed with. In order to effect this, I construct a hollow axle or shaft
of a sufficiently large diameter to allow the main axle to pass through it, or
even large enough to allow the crank to be contained, and its position varied
therein. This hollow axle may consist of a flanged ring, and be firmly bolted
to the carriage, and the rim wheel is to be furnished with spokes and a box or
hub to revolve around the hollow axle. The rim wheel may be furnished
with guide rods, slides, or slots, in which the driver should be placed, and
allowed to move in a block further from or nearer to the centre of the driving
rim, according as the position of the main wheel with regard to the driving
rim varies during its revolution. A projection of a strengthening rim on the

page_text: main wheel would be the resting surface for the driver, and would force it
further from the centre when the position of the main wheel required it; a
spiral spring would bring back the driver towards the centre; or the driver
may be fixed on or between the spokes of the main wheel and forced round by
the slot or guide rods on the rim wheel in which the driver is inserted. Thus,
when the main wheel is lowered or its position altered by means of its crank,
the driving rim remains in position, and being furnished (whether bolted to the
main wheel or not) with a driver or projecting roller, it drives by its revolu-
tion the main wheel, on one of the spokes of which it acts. In order to
reverse the motion of the carriage by these means, the driver or projecting
roller may be made to act on the next spoke. The position of the cranks is
regulated and maintained by means of a worm wheel fixed on the axle, with
a worm gearing therein. The axles being cranked, also permit of one wheel
being driven while in a more forward position than the opposite one. For
instance, by lowering the axle of one forwards to a horizontal position, that
wheel will be thrust forward, and by lowering the crank of the opposite wheel
backwards to a similar level, one wheel will be in advance of the other, and
yet on the same level; so also one wheel can be raised or lowered, and thrust
forward or backward, with regard to the opposite wheel, by lowering one axle
completely and the opposite one horizontally.
The advantage of these operations will be at once apparent, as for instance,
in agricultural purposes, when one wheel is running in a furrow, and it is
desired to maintain the level of the carriage, it is only necessary to lower the
position of the wheel in the furrow to compensate for the inequality of level.
Again, it would often be advantageous in agricultural operations to work with
greater power on one side of the engine than on the other, especially in those
cases where implements are projected from the side of the carriage to operate
upon the land. In such instances, by thrusting one main wheel into a more
advanced position than its corresponding wheel, a leverage would be obtained
which would operate most advantageously in counteracting the well-known
inconveniences which side-ploughing or tilling has hitherto entailed upon the
locomotive carriage. A great advantage will be obtained by allowing the rim
or driving wheel to work on a hollow axle, and to be independent of the driving
or main wheel, because the inequalities of the ground, which hitherto jerked
and strained the driving gear by forcing the rim wheel cogs against the small
pinion, will no longer affect the working gear; the jolting of the main wheels
will not interfere with the rim wheel, for the drivers or projections will permit
the spokes of the main wheels to change their levels and slide up and down
their rollers or surfaces with an imperceptible effect.

page_text: Another method I adopt is to use as cranked axle as before described, in
such a manner that the main wheel shall travel, when desired, concentric with
the driving rim. To effect this, I place the main axle in an excentric position
with regard to the driving rim, and bring the centre of the crank on which the
main wheel turns into the centre of the driving rim. The advantage of this
method is that when running on a common road, I can work with the main
wheels and driving rims concentric with each other, and when in the field I
can, by shifting the positions of the cranks, alter the positions of the main wheels
as before described. Connected to each end of the engine, for agricultural
purposes, is a frame (firmly bolted or hinged to an under locking frame of the
engine); this frame is supported at each end by a small pivot wheel or by a
supporting wheel which will run in the last furrow, or on the land not ploughed
if preferred; the frame would be of an oblong square shape, or more approach-
ing a triangle in some cases; this frame is slotted at each end, in which slots
several moveable beams are placed longitudinally, in order to carry any imple-
ments for tilling or other purposes. They will be fixed when in work at
suitable distances apart by means of blocks or by thumb screws or pins. These
implements are to be lowered. into their work and recalled, either together or
separately as may be required, by means of a rack and pinion, screw, lever, or
other mechanical means in connection with a parallel motion, so that while one
set is being drawn across the field in work, the other or front set of implements
àre perfectly clear of the ground; or the frame may be jointed to the engine;
and boisted from the ground by means of a chain and pulley, when not at
work. When not required for cultivating purposes, a frame can be attached
to one end of the engine, having two wheels to support it, to which a brake
will be fitted, and on which frame a waggon body will be placed, capable of
carrying farm produce, coals or manure; from this waggon, the load can be
tipped as from a cart;. the engine is also adapted for threshing, grinding,
pumping, and other purposes, and a light engine would be applicable to the
conveyance of passengers. A flooring of lattice may-be placed over the frame
for the attendant to work upon, whereby. he can observe the operation of the
implements and regulate them accordingly.
In order that the whole of the foregoing methods may be more completely
understood, I now proceed to describe an example of the Invention, reference
being had to the accompanying Sheet of illustrative Drawings and to the letters
of reference marked thereon, in which Fig. 1 is a side view of the apparatus
to be constructed on the principle of a cranked main axle causing the main
wheels to travel in an excentric position with regard to the driving rim, which
is detached, an which works on an independent and invariable bearing.

page_text: This form of apparatus is more especially applicable to agricultural purposes,
and a frame is shewn attached by bolts in order to carry implements for ploughing.
Fig. 2, is a plan of the under part of the apparatus; Fig. 3, is an inside view
of the driving rim shewing a cranked axle; and Fig. 4, is a transverse ver-
tical section of the main wheel, driving rim, and worm or bevil wheel, with a
cranked axle applied. Similar letters of reference denoting corresponding
parts in each of the figures respectively. a is the plate or floor of the apparatus
on which the boilers 6 and engines c are bolted. This plate is to be strength-
ened with angle iron and ribs. In the centre is a pin or pivot d, which is fixed
to the under locking plate d', which is also to be strengthened with angle iron
and ribs and stays; e is a steering handle or wheel working the cogged wheels,
ff, which gear into the toothed segment g, on the locking plate d', and
thereby cause the upper plate a to turn on the centre pin. The boilers b pass
completely through both plates, and the necessary spaces 6 are cut out of the
locking plate so as to enable the boilers to change their position when the upper
carriage is turned on the centre pin. The entire steering arrangement may
be placed at each end of the apparatus, so as to operate both segmental ends
of the locking plate, or gearing may be attached to the steering apparatus, and
brought to the other end of the engine, in order that the carriage may be
steered at either end. The dotted lines in Fig. 2 shew the situation of the
axle., divided into two portions, each held in a box and suitable bearings, and
being capable of adjustment by means of the bevel wheel i, or the worm wheel
j, actuated respectively and controlled in position by means of a bevelled pinion,
or a worm fixed on a shaft in the ordinary manner of working such parts; k is
a driving rim furnished with teeth, and into these teeth a toothed pinion from
the engine works and causes the rim to rotate on the bearing 1, Fig. 3, shewn
in dotted lines; the crank is bedded in this metal bearing & held firmly in
position, and turned accordingly by the worm wheel; m, m; are the main wheels
of the apparatus which are caused to travel on their axle by means of a pro-
jecting pin or driver n, on the driving rim k, which driver works in a slot or
groove o, in the block p, which is bolted or secured between two spokes of the
main wheels as shewn. The slot o allows the pin or driver to slide up and
down as the driving, rim and main wheel revolve. It will be seen in the
drawing that the axle h is cranked, but in some cases these cranked axles
which are suitable for agricultural purposes, are not used, as for instance for
travelling on common roads. In Fig. 3, the crank of the axle h, is shewn
firmly fixed in the disc q, on the grooved bearing of which the driving rim k
rotates, being retained thereon by the plate q', bolted to the disc q; it is thus
evident that the position of the main wheels may be continually varied with

page_text: regard to the driving rim, the slot o, as before stated, allowing the pin or driver
n to approach to or recede from the centre of the main wheel, while in motion.
A strengthening rim of iron r, should be bolted to the spokes as shewn at
Fig. 1. At either or both ends s of the flange s', of the locking plate 'd', a frame
or waggon, or carriage, may be attached by means of screws or bolts, as shewn
in Figs. 1 and 2; t is a frame attached to the locking plate, and supported by a
running wheel t¹, having a broad tyre; this wheel runs on the axle t², held in
bearings ; these bearings are moveable and may be placed further from or
nearer to the main carriage as desired; this wheel t¹ is excentric to the axle
2, and it works on a pin or projection p¹, on the disc or excentric p², fixed to
the axle t. The disc should be furnished with a worm and turned accordingly.
The object of this arrangement is to take the wheel off the ground when neces-
sary, or to adjust the level thereof, when a similar frame t is fixed to the other
end of the locking plate d¹.
On the frame and the moveable parallel bars u, any agricultural implements
may be attached in order to plough or cultivate land by the passage of the
entire apparatus thereon; v, Figs. 1 and 2, shews a plough attached to the
frame; the ploughs are raised or lowered by the rack and pinion as shewn; v
is a stay rod, and v² the parallel motion rods; the bars u may be placed at any
required distances apart and fixed to the frame by pins or other fastenings; and
the wheel t may be placed in the centre or otherwise as desired.
When the apparatus is required to convey manure or goods, a waggon body
or other carriage can be similarly attached to the locking plate.
The frame t may be hinged to the locking plate instead of being fixed by
bolts and screws, so as to admit of its being turned up vertically or obliquely
when a similar frame at the opposite end of the locking plate is in work on
the land. When the frame is hinged to the locking plate, a strong arm of
angle iron should extend from the locking plate, under the hinge, and to about
the middle of the frame, and the frame should be fastened down by a pin or
other means, to the extremity of the arm, in order to hold the frame firmly in
a horizontal position.
Having now described the nature of my said Invention, and the manner in
which the same is to be performed, I would remark in conclusion that I do
not limit or restrict myself to the precise details and configuration of parts
herein expressed and shewn, as the same may evidently be varied or modified
in many ways without departing from the main principles of the Invention, as
herein first stated, but what I claim and desire to be secured to me, by the
herein in part recited Letters Patent, are the general arrangements and com-
binations of parts (substantially as herein specified and illustrated by the

page_text: Drawings annexed) constituting "An Improved Locomotive Apparatus, par-
tially adapted to Agricultural Purposes."
In witness whereof, I, the said William Bray, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Twenty-second day of May,. in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-two..
WILLIAM BRAY. (L.S.)
Witness,
ALEX. PRINCE,
Agent for Patents,
4, Trafalgar Square, Charing Cross.