Improvements in Fluid-pressure Heat Engines.
Year: 1895

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Fluid-pressure Heat Engines.
I, VICTOR KARAYODIN, of Stoliarny Pereulok, No. 5-19, St. Petersburg,
Russia, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
11
This invention relates to improved constructions of caloric motor engines
whereby these are rendered of cheaper construction and of increased useful effect.
When used with steam as motor fluid they enable steam at higher temperatures
to be employed while with motors worked by gas or other combustible fluids, they
reduce the loss of heat by transmission to the water of condensation.
I will describe the said improvements with reference to the accompanying
diagrammatic drawings.
In Figure 1C is a cylinder with piston C', and A and B are two vessels or
reservoirs, the walls of which are covered with a layer of a bad conductor of
heat a a.
These are provided at top with four pipes having shut off cocks of which the
pipes 1 and 3 are connected to a steam boiler while 2 and 4 communicate with the
atmosphere on with a condenser. The vessel A, cylinder C and part of vessel B
are filled with a liquid having a high boiling point, such as oil.
If the cocks and 4 are open and 2 and 3 are closed, the steam passes through
cock 1 into vessel A and presses upon the oil, thereby causing this to move piston C
to the right hand, whereby the oil is made to rise in vessel B, forcing out the
waste steam through pipe 4.
When the oil has sunk somewhat in vessel A, cock 1 is closed and the steam
supply is cut off, so that it then acts by expansion, forcing the oil farther down.
When the oil has sunk nearly to the bottom, the piston will have arrived at the
end of its stroke to the right, and the oil will have risen to the top of B. Cock 4 is then
closed and cocks. 3 and 2 are opened, so that the steain will now enter B and force
the oil column downward, causing the piston C to perform its stroke to the left.
After a time the steam supply cut off, so that the steam in B acts by expansion
for completing the stroke, and A being now filled with oil again, the above cycle is
repeated.
The opening and closing of the cocks or valves is of course effected automatically
In order to
by any suitable mechanism actuated by the motion of the piston.
prevent the oil from splashing about and portions thereof from adhering to the
walls of A and B when in rapid motion, I provide floats bb that can move easily
up and down in the vessels and are provided with suitable soft packing round the
edges, such as hemp, asbestos, and the like, in order to protect the layers
injury. These floats might also be moved up and down by providing them with
rods passing through the tops of the vessels and having motion imparted thereto by
suitable gear from the motor.
a a from
Figure 2 shews a motor constructed according to my invention having a revolving
piston. v is a cylinder containing a revolving piston c the shaft of which passes
through a stuffing box in the cover.
The piston revolves in the direction of the arrow, thereby turning the shaft.
Against the piston bears continuously the lower end of a vertically sliding
partition D preferably provided with a roller, and guided between four guide
rollers

page_text: Steam enters A through cock 1 and forces down the oil (cocks 2 and 3 being
closed while 4 is open) and thereby effects the rotation of c in the direction of
the arrow.
The partition D slides downwards during this time and the oil rises in B.
In the tube connecting the vessels A and B is a rotatable slide d, shewn at d¹³ in
vertical section and at d in sectional plan.
This slide contains four passages of which two, 7 and 8, are straight while the
other two 5 and 6 pass diagonally across. When the oil sinks in A and rises nearly
to the top of B, the pistou e arrives at the point z. The slide d is then turned
partially round by any suitable means so as to bring the passages 5 and 6 into
the positions shewn at d while the piston c in continuing to move by its
inomentum passes from 2 to the position shewn in full lines again.
The steam entering B through valve 3 (valves 4 and 1 being closed and 3 and 2
open) then forces down the oil, which passes through passage 5 over to the left
side so as to press upon c and cause it to continue its rotation in the direction of the
arrow, while the oil forced in front of the piston passes up through passage
the vessel A again, and so on.
The slide d can be replaced by valves as shewn at Fig. 3; in
the steam in pressing upon the oil in vessel A, closes valves
valve e.
into
this arrangement
and k and opens
per-
The oil sinks in A and opening valve f, rises in B. When piston chas
formed a complete revolution, the vessel B will be again full while A will be empty.
Cock 4 is then closed (cock 1 was previously closed for the steam cut off) and
cocks 3 and 2 are opened.
In consequence of the steam pressure upon the oil in vessel B, the valves fand e
are closed, and the oil, opening valve k, again presses upon the piston c, rotating it,
and rises through valve into vessel A again, and so on.
If the slide d, Fig. 2, is prevented at any time by a suitable mechanism from
turning, and if at the same time the steam is admitted into the one vessel instead
of the other, the motion of the engine will be reversed. Also with the valve
arrangement Fig. 3 this will take place if the valves are so arranged as to be
capable of opening and closing in the contrary direction to that shewn, and the
steam is admitted into the one vessel instead of into the other.
The above described arrangements have for their object to obviate the friction
of hard bodies i.e. the piston and cylinder walls, at high temperatures and by
interposing a liquid packing which does not wear between these parts.
This is effected by employing a liquid under pressure which fills out the
interstices between the piston and the cylinder, in the following manner.
The inner surface of the cylinder and the piston are covered with a layer of a
bad conductor of heat, and between the piston and the cylinder is left a space, the
piston being so supported as not to come in contact with the cylinder at any point,
while in the space between them is forced a liquid, or a molten easily fusible metal,
at a higher pressure than that of the working steam or gas.
With this arrangement any leakage or escape of the steam cannot take place,
while friction between the piston and cylinder is avoided, and these can be provided
with a covering of a bad conductor of heat. The arrangement for this purpose is
shewn at Fig. 4. Here the steam presses through passage a upon the piston c and
rotates the same in the direction of the arrow.
The partition L, which bears upon the piston, moves downwards in consequence
of the pressure exerted upon it by the spring I. The exhaust steam escapes
through passage m. For balancing the pressure of the steam upon the axis of the
piston c, this may be formed double, with a second steam inlet, partition L and
passages as indicated in dotted lines. The steam admitted simultaneously through
the passages x and x' balance the pressure upon the shaft of the piston. The latter
has an annular groove F on each side and from these grooves other grooves y y
extend to near the edges of the piston c. Opposite the grooves Fare formed
openings E in the cylinder ends through which a pump worked by the engine

page_text: made to force the liquid such as oil &c. at a higher pressure than that of the steam
or gas. The liquid fills the annular grooves F and passes thence through the
grooves y to the left hand edge of the piston c.
At the upper end of the piston is also formed a groove opposite the cylinder wall
which communicates with the groove F, and which is consequently also filled with
the liquid under pressure.
The superfluous liquid which escapes through the interstices is drawn off by the
pump and is fed back to the openings E.
At the point of contact of the partition L with the piston c a narrow slit is made
in the former, through which the liquid is made to fill out the interstice between L
and c, as, with high temperatures, the partition L must not work with friction
against c, the partition being in that case moved up and down in a corresponding
manner to the motion of the piston, by actuating it externally by a cam on the
piston shaft having the configuration of the piston and acting on an arm provided
with a roller and attached to the shaft of L, which passes through a stuffing box
in the side of the casing. The bearings of the shaft of the piston c must be so
arranged as to hold this in such a position that it does not touch the cylinder or its
covers at any point, so that these can be covered with a coating of a bad conductor
of heat, which is not subjected to wear.
Also, with engines having reciprocating pistons that are supported by their
piston rods, the piston is prevented from touching the non-conducting lining of the
cylinder.
The piston rod made hollow and through it is forced the lubricating liquid
which passes through transverse channels into circular grooves on the periphery of
the piston, so as to fill the interstice between it and the cylinder.
This filling of the interstices can also be employed in machines without recipro-
cating parts as shown by way of example at Fig. 5. In Fig. 5 V1 V1 are two
intersecting cylinders in which rotate the piston c and the partition in the
direction of the arrows. The axes of the piston and of the partition are geared
together externally by toothed wheels so as to revolve at the same speed. The
left band surface of the piston c and the right hand surface of the partition h are
curved to a radius corresponding to a distance between the centres of the axes of h
and c.
Under these circumstances, the edge k', on the rotation of the parts, comes
in contact with the surface of the piston c, but when the piston is no longer in
contact with the partition the surface of the latter comes in contact with the
boss ³.
-
The steam enters through the piper and drives the piston to the right. The
exhaust steam is led off through the pipe m.
All the internal parts can be coated with a layer of a bad conductor of heat and
do not come in contact with each other, the space between them being filled with a
liquid as described with reference to Fig. 4.
In all motors the arrangement shown at Fig. 6 for automatically regulating the
alternate cutting off of the steam supply can be used. The axis Ŏ revolves at the
same speed as the motor shaft.
The steam inlet pipes are provided with two cocks M and N as shown at Figs. 4
and 5. The cock M is geared by means of a toothed wheel (not shown) with the
toothed wheel P, so that the cock M is always open at a certain position of the
piston. The cock N is also connected with the wheel P, but through the medium
of a spindles and a toothed wheel p which can be shifted on the spindles by means
of a fork T. In this motion the quick screw thead s on spindle s causes the latter
to turn relatively to the wheel p whose boss serves as a screw nut for the thread s¹.
The fork T is connected to a centrifugal governor and is shifted to the right on an
increase of speed taking place in consequence of which the spindles is partly rotated
relatively to the wheel p and consequently the cock N is closed sooner than the
cock M.
In order to prevent the cocks from being deteriorated by the high temperature
they can be replaced by the valves shown at Figs. 7 and 7^.

page_text: u is a conical valve of steel, having a seat of the same metal. The pipe Q leads
to the steam boiler; the pipe Q¹ leads to the motor.
All the parts of the valve which come in contact with the hot steam, with the
exception of the end of the cone and of its seat, are coated with a bad conductor of
heat. Or the end of the valve can also be coated with a bad conductor of heat
as shown at Fig. 74, while in the recess a¹ a soft material, such as asbestos,
is imbedded.
In order to prevent concussions on the closing of the valve, it may be externally
provided with an air or spring buffer of a suitable construction. For obviating the
friction of hard surfaces and allowing the use of a layer of a bad conductor of heat,
the arrangement shown at Fig. 9 can be employed. M is a cylinder, O¹ is a second
cylinder closed at top, which can rise and fall. In the cylinder M is fitted a ring
or cup leather for serving as packing to the cylinder O₁ in a similar manner to
that employed in hydraulic presses. P₁is the steam pipe, p is the oil or other fluid
which can be covered in by a float L'. The sides of the cylinder M are coated
internally with a bad conductor of heat. The steam entering through the pipe P
presses on the top of the cylinder 0 and upon the surface of the oil or of the
float L'. In consequence of this the cylinder O¹ rises while the float L₁ sinks
slightly corresponding to the small volume of oil which is displaced by the thin
sides of the cylinder O. Under these conditions the motor can work at a high
speed.
To the upper surface of the cylinder O is fixed a piston or connecting rod as
indicated in dotted lines, or the space above the cylinder O¹ is filled with a
liquid which flows through pipe N¹ into the motor described with reference to
Figs. 1, 2 and 3. For obviating the friction of hard surfaces at high temperatures,
the construction shown at Fig. 8 can also be used. F¹ is a long piston, the
cylinder A has a steel ring K¹ which serves as packing to the piston F¹ and has in
addition a soft packing which is saturated with oil, and which in consequence
hereof is pressed by the steam pressure exercised upon the end surface of the
piston F, (which is coated with a bad conductor of heat) close against the piston F1,
and by this means prevents any contact of the hot steam or gases with the periphery
of the piston F¹.
All the above described motors can be either steam or gas or petroleum motors,
for which latter purpose there is in employed in place of steam a mixture of air
and combustible fluid supplied to the motor cylinders by means of pipes and ignited
in any suitable manner. With this application the use of the before described
layer of a bad conductor of heat prevents any material portion of the heat
generated being imparted to the sides of the cylinder. With petroleum motors
the liquid employed in the vessels A and B of Figs. 1, 2 and 3 can consist of liquid
petroleum.
Dated the 11th day of January 1895.
ABEL & IMRAY,
Agents for the Applicant.
Improvements in Fluid-pressure Heat Engines.
1. VICTOR KARAVODIN, of Stoliarny Pereulok, No. 5-19, St. Petersburg,
Russia, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement :-
This invention relates to improved constructions of fluid-pressure heat engines 5
whereby these are rendered of cheaper construction and of increased useful effect.
When used with steam as motor fluid they enable steam at higher temperatures

page_text: to be employed while with motors worked by gas or other combustible fluids, they
reduce the loss of heat by transmission to the water of condensation.
I will describe the said improvements with reference to the diagrammatic
drawings accompanying my Provisional Specification.
In Fig. 1C is a cylinder with piston C¹, and A and B are two vessels or
reservoirs, the walls of which are covered with a layer of a bad conductor
of heat a a.
These are provided at top with four pipes having shut off cocks of which the
pipes 1 and 3 are connected to a steam boiler while 2 and 4 communicate with the
atmosphere or with a condenser. The vessel A, cylinder C and part of vessel B
are filled with a liquid having a high boiling point, such as oil.
If the cocks 1 and 4 are open and 2 and 3 are closed, the steam passes through
cock 1 into vessel A and presses upon the oil, thereby causing this to move piston C
to the right hand, whereby the oil is made to rise in vessel B, forcing out the
waste steam through pipe 4.
When the oil has sunk somewhat in vessel A, cock 1 is closed and the steam
supply is cut off, so that it then acts by expansion, foreing the oil farther down.
When the oil has sunk nearly to the bottom, the piston will have arrived at the
end of its stroke to the right, and the oil will have risen to the top of B. Cock 4
is then closed and cocks 3 and 2 are opened, so that the steam will now enter B
and force the oil column downwards, causing the piston C to perform its stroke to
the left. After a time the steam supply is cut off, so that the steam in B acts by
expansion for completing the stroke, and A. being now filled with oil again, the
above cycle is repeated.
The opening and closing of the cocks or valves is of course effected automatically
by any suitable mechanism actuated by the motion of the piston. In order to
prevent the oil from splashing about and portions thereof from adhering to the
walls of A and B when in rapid motion, I provide floats bb that can move easily
up and down in the vessels and are provided with suitable soft packing round the
edges, such as hemp, asbestos, and the like, in order to protect the layers a a from
injury. These floats might also be moved up and down by providing them with
rods passing through the tops of the vessels and having motion imparted thereto
by suitable gear from the motor.
Figure 2 shews a motor constructed according to my invention having a revolving
piston. is a cylinder containing a revolving piston c the shaft of which passes
through a stuffing box in the cover.
The piston revolves in the direction of the arrow, thereby turning the shaft.
Against the piston bears continuously the lower end of a vertically sliding
partition D preferably provided with a roller, and guided between four guide
rollers.
Steam enters A through cock 1 and forces down the oil (cocks 2 and 3 being
closed while 4 is open) and thereby effects the rotation of c in the direction of the
arrow.
The partition D slides downwards during this time and the oil rises in B.
In the tube connecting the vessels A and B is a rotatable slide d, shewn at ď¹ in
vertical section and at d³ in sectional plan.
This slide contains four passages of which two, 7 and 8, are straight while the
other two, 5 and 6 pass diagonally across. When the oil sinks in A and rises
nearly to the top of B, the piston c arrives at the point z.
The slide d is then
turned partially round by any suitable means so as to bring the passages 5 and 6
into the positions shewn at d while the piston c in continuing to move by its
momentum passes from z to the position shewn in full lines again.
The steam entering B through valve 3 (valves 4 and 1 being closed and 3 and 2
open) then forces down the oil, which passes through passage 5 over to the left
side so as to press upon c and cause it to continue its rotation in the direction of
the arrow, while the oil forced in front of the piston passes up through passage 6
into the vessel A again, and so on.

page_text: こ
The slide d can be replaced by valves as shewn at Fig. 3; in this arrangement
the steam in pressing upon the oil in vessel A, closes valves land and opens
valve e.
The oil sinks in A and opening valve f, rises in B. When piston c has performed
a complete revolution, the vessel B will be again full while A. will be empty.
Cock 4 is then closed (cock 1 was previously closed for the steam cut off) and
cocks 3 and 2 are opened.
In consequence of the steam pressure upon the oil in vessel B, the valves fand e
are closed, and the oil, opening valve k, again presses upon the piston c, rotating it,
and rises through valve into vessel A again, and so on.
If the slide d, Fig. 2, is prevented at any time by a suitable mechanism from
turning, and if at the same time the steam is admitted into the one vessel instead
of the other, the motion of the engine will be reversed. Also with the valve
arrangement, Fig. 3 this will take place if the valves are so arranged as to be
capable of opening and closing in the contrary direction to that shewn, and the
steam is admitted into the one vessel instead of into the other.
The above described arrangements have for their objects to obviate the friction
of hard bodies, i.e. the piston and cylinder walls, at high temperatures and by
interposing a liquid packing which does not wear between these parts.
The
This is effected by employing a liquid under pressure which fills out the
interstices between the piston and the cylinder in the following manner.
inner surface of the cylinder and the piston are covered with a layer of a bad
conductor of heat, and between the piston and the cylinder is left a space, the
piston being so supported as not to come in contact with the cylinder at any point,
while in the space between them is forced a liquid, or a molten easily fusible metal,
at a higher pressure than that of the working steam or gas.
With this arrangement any leakage or escape of the steam cannot take place,
while friction between the piston and cylinder is avoided, and these can be
rovided with a covering of a bad conductor of heat.
The arrangement for this purpose is shewn at Fig. 4. Here the steam presses
through passage upon the piston c and rotates the same in the direction of the
arrow.
The partition L, which bears upon the piston moves downwards in consequence
of the pressure exerted upon it by the spring I. The exhaust steam escapes
through passage m.
For balancing the pressure of the steam upon the axis of the piston c this may
be formed double, with a second steam inlet partition L and passages as indicated
in dotted lines.
The steam admitted simultaneously through the passages x and x¹ balance the
pressure upon the shaft of the piston. The latter has an annular groove F on
each side and from these grooves other grooves y y extend to near the edges of
the piston c.
Opposite the grooves F are formed openings E in the cylinder ends through
which a pump worked by the engine is made to force the liquid such as oil &c. at
a higher pressure than that of the steam or gas.
The liquid fills the annular grooves F and passes thence through the grooves y to
the left hand edge of the piston c.
At the upper end of the piston is also formed a groove opposite the cylinder
wall which communicates with the groove F and which is consequently also filled
with the liquid under pressure.
The superfluous liquid which escapes through the interstices is drawn off by the
pump and is fed back to the opening E.
At the point of contact of the partition L with the piston c, a narrow slit is made
in the former, through which the liquid is made to fill out the interstice between L
and c, as, with high temperatures, the partition L must not work with friction
against c, the partition being in that case moved up and down in a corresponding
manner to the motion of the piston, by actuating it externally by a cam on the

page_text: piston shaft having the configuration of the piston and acting on an arm
provided with a roller and attached to the shaft of L, which passes through a
stuffing box in the side of the casing. The bearings of the shaft of the piston c
must be so arranged as to hold this in such a position that it does not touch the
cylinder or its covers at any point, so that these can be covered with a coating of a
bad conductor of heat, which is not subjected to wear.
Also, with engines having reciprocating pistons that are supported by their
pistons rods, the piston is prevented from touching the non-conducting lining of
the cylinder.
The piston rod is made hollow and through it is forced the lubricating liquid
which passes through transverse channels into circular grooves on the periphery of
the piston, so as to fill the interstice between it and the cylinder.
This filling of the interstices can also be employed in machines without recipro-
cating parts as shewn by way of example at Fig. 5. In Fig. 5 V₁ V₁ are two
intersecting cylinders in which rotate the piston c and the partition / in the
direction of the arrows.
The axes of the piston and of the partition are geared together externally by
toothed wheels so as to revolve at the same speed.
The left hand surface of the piston c and the right hand surface of the
partition are curved to a radius corresponding to a distance between the centres
of the axes of h and c. Under these circumstances, the edge k¹, on the rotation of
the parts, comes in contact with the surface of the piston c, but when the piston is
no longer in contact with the partition the surface of the latter comes in contact.
with the boss k³.
The steam enters through the pipe x and drives the piston to the right. The
exhaust steam is led off through the pipe m.
All the internal parts can be coated with a layer of bad conductor of heat and do
not come in contact with each other, the space between being filled with a liquid as
described with reference to Fig. 4.
In all motors the arrangement shewn at Fig. 6 for automatically regulating the
alternate cutting off of the steam supply can be used. The axis O revolves at the
same speed as the motor shaft.
The steam inlet pipes are provided with two cocks M and N as shewn at.
Figs. 4. and 5.
The cock M is geared by means of a toothed wheel (not shewn) with the
toothed wheel P, so that the cock M is always open at a certain position of the
piston.
The cock N is also connected with the wheel P, but through the medium of a
spindles and a toothed wheel p which can be shifted on the spindles by means
of a fork T. In this motion the quick screw thread s¹ on spindles causes the
latter to turn relatively to the wheel p whose boss serves as a screw nut for the
thread s¹.
The fork T is connected to a centrifugal governor and is shifted to the right on:
an increase of speed taking place in consequence of which the spindle s is partly
rotated relatively to the wheel p and consequently the cock N is closed sooner than
the cock M.
In order to prevent the cocks from being deteriorated by the high temperature
they can be replaced by the valves shewn at Figs. 7 and 7^.
u is a conical valve of steel, having a seat of the same metal. The pipe Q leads
to the steam boiler, the pipe Q' leads to the motor.
All the parts of the valve which come in contact with the hot steam, with the
exception of the end of the cone and of its seat, are coated with a bad conductor of
heat. On the end of the valve can also be coated with a bad conductor of heat as
shewn at Fig. 74, while in the recess a¹ a soft material, such as asbestos, is
imbedded.
In order to prevent concussions on the closing of the valve, it may be externally
provided with an air or spring buffer of a suitable construction.

page_text: For obviating the friction of hard surfaces and allowing the use of a layer of a
bad conductor of heat, the arrange.nent shewn at Fig. 9. can be employed. M is a
cylinder, O is a second cylinder closed at top, which can rise and fall. In the
cylinder M is fitted a ring or cup leather r for serving as packing to the cylinder O¹
in a similar manner to that employed in hydraulic presses. P' is the steam pipe,
p is the oil or other fluid which can be covered in by a float L'. The sides of the
cylinder M are coated internally with a bad conductor of heat. The steam
entering through the pipe P¹ presses on the top of the cylinder O' and upon the
surfaces of the oil or of the float L'. In consequence of this the cylinder O¹ rises
while the float L' sinks slightly corresponding to the small volume of oil which is
displaced by the thin sides of the cylinder O. Under these conditions the motor
can work at a high speed.
To the upper surface of the cylinder O' is fixed a piston or connecting rod as
indicated in dotted lines, or the space above the cylinder O¹ is filled with a liquid
which flows through pipe N into the motor described with reference to Figs. 1, 2
and 3. For obviating the friction of hard surfaces at high temperatures the
construction shewn at Fig. 8 can also be used. F' is a long piston, the cylinder A
has a steel ring K' which serves as packing to the piston and has in addition a
soft packing which is saturated with oil, and which in consequence hereof is
pressed by the steam pressure exercised upon the end surface of the piston F
(which is coated with a bad conductor of heat) close against the piston F, and by
this means prevents any contact of the hot steam or gases with the periphery of
the piston F¹.
All the above described motors can be either steam or gas or petroleum motors
for which latter purpose there is employed in place of steam a mixture of air and
combustible fluid supplied to the motor cylinders by means of pipes and ignited in
any suitable manner. With this supplication the use of the before described layer
of a bad conductor of heat prevents any material portion of the heat generated
being imparted to the sides of the cylinder.
With petroleum motors the liquid employed in the vessels A and B of Figs. 1, 2
and 3 can consist of liquid petroleum.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of this inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is :-
1. In fluid pressure heat engines, the method of obviating frictional contact
between a piston and cylinder at high temperatures which consists in causing the
hot working fluid to be kept out of contact with the piston and cylinder by the
interposition of a body of liquid between these and the working fluid this being
made to work in a chamber lined with a bad conductor of heat, substantially as
described with reference to Figs. 1, 2 and 3 of the drawings.
2. In fluid pressure heat engines, the method of obviating frictional contact
between a piston and cylinder at high temperatures which consists in constructing
the piston of hollow cylindrical form lined internally with a bad conductor of heat
and open at the lower end which dips into a liquid in the bottom of the cylinder,
the hot fluid under pressure being admitted into the interior of the piston between
the closed end thereof and the liquid, substantially as described with reference to
Fig. 9 of the drawings.
3. In fluid pressure heat engines, the method of obviating frictional contact
between a piston and cylinder at high temperatures, which consists in coating the
inner surface of one end of the cylinder with a layer of refractory packing
material saturated with oil or other liquid, against which lining works a long
piston extending into the other end of the cylinder into which hot fluid under
pressure is admitted, the part of the piston which works against the lubricated
lining of the cylinder being removed such a distance from the part against which
the fluid pressure works, as not to be materially subjected to the heat thereof,
substantially as described with reference to Fig. 8.

page_text: 4. In fluid pressure heat engines, the method of obviating frictional contact
between a piston and cylinder by causing a liquid or molten easily fusible metal to
be forced under the same pressure as, or a higher pressure than, the working fluid
into a space left between the piston and cylinder, the surfaces of which are thus
kept out of contact and can be coated with a bad conductor of heat, substantially
as described with reference to Figs. 4 and 5.
5. The use for fluid pressure heat engines of valves the surfaces of which that
come in contact with the hot working fluid are coated with a bad conductor of
heat, so as not to be affected by the high temperature of the said fluid, substantially
as described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
6. The construction of fluid heat engines, arranged and operating substantially
as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings, whether such
engines be worked by steam, gas, petroleum, or other hot working fluid, substantially
as described.
Th: 021 £October 1905
ABEL & IMRAY,
Agents for the Applicant.