IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY AND APPARATUS FOR KNEADING, CUTTING, CONDENSING, DRYING, CARBONIZING, PROAL SP
Year: 1875

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles Edward Hall, of Leeds, in the County of
York, Engineer, and Charles Edward Bainbridge, of Middleton-in-
Teesdale, in the County of Durham, Superintendent of Lead
Smelting Works, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY
AND APPARATUS FOR KNEADING, CUTTING, CONDENSING, DRYING, CARBONIZING,
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Edward Hall
and Charles Edward Bainbridge at the Office of the Commissioners
of Patents, with their Petition, on the 21st April 1875.
We, CHARLES EDWARD HALL, of Leeds, in the County of York,
Engineer, and CHARLES EDWARD BAINBRIDGE, of Middleton-in-Teesdale,
in the County of Durham, Superintendent of Lead Smelting Works, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MACHINERY AND APPARATUS FOR KNEADING, CUTTING, CONDENSING, DRYING,
CARBONIZING, AND DISINTEGRATING OR PULVERIZING PEAT AND OTHER MATTERS,”
to be as follows:-
Our Invention consists of the improvements herein after described in

page_text: raw peat in apparatus for drying and carbonizing peat and other
matters, and in machinery for disintegrating and grinding peat and
other matters.
Our said Invention consists, firstly, of an improved machine for
kneading or masticating, and cutting and condensing raw peat, and for
cutting it into blocks.
The said machine is constructed and acts as follows:-It consists of a
taper casing, the diameter of which decreases towards the exit end,
which casing is made in two parts which are bolted together and hold
between their flanges a diaphragm having ports or openings through
which the peat is forced, as herein-after described. The said casing is
furnished with a hopper at its larger end, and lateral delivery orifices are
formed at its smaller end. Through the axis of the said casing runs the
main shaft of the machine, which shaft revolves in outside bearings and
on which either two or more curved cutters similar to the blades of a
chaff cutter are affixed, or a circular cutter is mounted eccentrically.
The said cutter or cutters revolves or revolve past the ports of the
diaphragm aforesaid and cuts or cut up the peat as it passes through
the said ports. On the main shaft and at each side of the diaphragm
hollow shafts carrying archimedcan screws and pugging arms are
mounted so as to be capable of independent rotation, the main shaft
being driven faster than the pugging shafts. Stationary pugging arms
are or may be fixed inside the casing, between which arms the revolving
pugging arms work. On the rear end of the second pug shaft is affixed
a disc which facilitates the delivery of the masticated peat out of the
machine through the side delivery orifices aforesaid, the said peat
issuing in continuous streams or slabs which are divided into blocks or
briquettes" by a counterbalanced cutter, to which reciprocatory
motion is imparted by means of counterbalanced arms or levers worked
by a cam on the second pug shaft. The blocks or briquettes thus cut
are received on trays carried by endless bands stretched over revolving
rollers, and may either be stacked on such trays in the drying chambers,
herein-after described, or be first exposed to the action of the atmosphere
and then charged into such chambers.
"

page_text: In order to drive the main shaft at a quick speed, the first pug shaft
slower than the main shaft, and the second pug shaft faster or slower
than the first we adapt to them toothed gearing of the kind described in
the Specification of Letters Patent, No. 1667, A.D. 1870, amongst other
publications. The said gearing consists essentially of an internally
toothed wheel in which works a pinion which has a less number of teeth,
and is so mounted on an excentric that the revolution of the latter
causes the said pinion to impart a slow rotatory motion to the outer
wheel. In our arrangement a wheel of the first kind is keyed on that
part of the first pug shaft which projects from the feed end of the
machine, and the pinion is mounted loosely on an eccentric carried by
a friction pulley mounted loosely on the main shaft, which pulley is
driven by means of a driving pulley keyed on the said shaft, a lug on
which pulley engages between lugs on an adjustable friction band which
clips the friction pulley with sufficient force to carry it round when the
machine is working smoothly, but slips round the said pulley in the
event of any sudden strain being caused by stones or other hard matters
getting in. The usual tail piece is affixed to the aforesaid pinion so as
to prevent it from revolving but allow of its being carried round within
the internally toothed wheel by the excentric so as to impart a slow
rotatory motion to the said wheel. The rear ends of the main shaft and
second pug shaft are furnished with the gearing described with the
exception of the friction pulley and driving pulley which are not there
necessary. A fly wheel is keyed on the rear end of the main shaft, and
the excentric on which the pinion for driving the internally toothed
wheel is mounted is by preference cast on the boss of the said fly
whecl.
Instead of mounting a cutter or cutters on the main shaft and the
pugging arms on hollow shafts in which the said shaft revolves, as
described, the pugging arms may be mounted on the main shaft and the
cutters may be mounted on another solid shaft mounted outside the
casing and parallel to the main shaft, the shaft carrying the cutters
being in this casc also driven faster than the pug shaft. In this modi-
fication the cutters must be long enough to work through an opening
or space between the first and second parts of the casing.
A rectangular cutter to which reciprocatory motion is imparted by
a crank may be substituted for the revolving cutters herein-before
described.

page_text: The counterbalanced cutter, herein-before described, may be worked
by hand or by means of a treadle instead of by a cam on the pug shaft,
and is applicable to ordinary peat cutting machines.
In order to facilitate the cleaning of the casing it may be made in
several parts hinged together.
The action of the aforesaid machine is as follows:-As the peat is fed
in through the hopper it is forced forward by the first archimedean
screw and then comes under the action of the pugging arms which
knead the said peat and force it through the ports in the diaphragm, on
issuing from which it is cut up by the revolving cutter or cutters. It
is then further kneaded and propelled by the pugging arms on the
second pug shaft and is then forced by the second archimedean screw
and the disc aforesaid through the delivery orifices, on passing through
which it is cut up by the counterbalanced cutter into blocks or
briquettes" which are received on trays, as herein-after described.
Our Invention further relates to such peat cutting machines as have
stationary cutters between which revolving cutters work, and consist of
apparatus for clearing the said stationary cutters from the fibres which
accumulate upon them. For this purpose instead of fixing the plate
carrying such cutters directly to the casing of such machine we fix to
the said casing a plate having as many slots in it as there are stationary
cutters, through which slots the said cutters pass, and we affix to the
back of the cutter plate screws which pass through brackets fixed to the
said casing and carry hand wheels tapped with female screws, by turning
which wheels in one direction the cutters may be drawn back through
the aforesaid slots and thus freed from any fibres which may have
accumulated upon them, which done they may be replaced in their
working position by turning the hand wheels in the reverse direction.
Or the backward and forward movements of the said cutters may be
effected by means of a lever or other mechanical equivalent instead of
by screws.
Our Invention further consists of the improved apparatus, herein-after
described, for drying and carbonizing peat and other matters. The said
apparatus consists of horizontal chambers with openings and doors for
charging and discharging, two or more of which chambers are by
preference grouped together and heated by a furnace, the volatile pro-
ducts of combustion from which furnace as well as air heated thereby

page_text: are passed into and through such chambers. The said furnace may be
of any suitable construction, but we prefer to use a furnace constructed
essentially as described in the Specification of Letters Patent, No. 2112,
granted to Charles Edward Bainbridge (one of the present applicants),
and William Pinkney, and bearing date 17th June, A.D. 1874, as being
the most economical both for drying and carbonizing. Such furnace is
constructed with hollow fire-bars, air heating flues and chambers, an
inverted hollow or solid fire-bridge, and an ash-pit door, which parts are
so arranged relatively to one another that the air used for the support of
combustion shall be caused to pass first through the said hollow fire-
bars, then through the said air heating flues and chambers, and down
through the fire and into or over the said hollow or solid fire-bridge on
their way to the drying chambers aforesaid. The air to be passed into
such chambers may be heated either by forcing it by means of any
suitable blowing apparatus through the hollow firc-bars (to the other
ends of which a blast pipe is in this case connected), and thence into
and through the fire, or by forcing it into the closed ash-pit and up
between the bars and through the fire, or by forcing it through an air
heating stove heated by the said furnace.
When we use the first alternative we connect the blast pipe to the
outer ends of the hollow fire-bars and construct under the chambers
horizontal flues with openings, through which the heated air and the
volatile products of combustion from the furnace pass into and through
the said chambers, from which they escape through openings in the
wall thereof to the chimney.
When we use the second alternative we lead the blast pipe into the
closed ash-pit and force the air up between the fire-bars and through
the fire, whence the heated air and the volatile products of combustion
pass through the flues and openings to the chambers and chimney, as
herein-before described.
When we use a stove for heating the air we prefer to make it of a
saddle form with divisions cast in it so as to form air heating passages,
through which the air from the blast pipe is caused to pass to and fro,
so as to become thoroughly heated, and we lay in the horizontal flues
aforesaid pipes, the fore ends of which communicate with the stove, the
rear ends being closed. These pipes have vertical branch pipes, which
pass through the floors of the drying chambers, and through which the
air enters the said chambers in jets. Flues are formed between the

page_text: Our Invention further consists of the improvements herein-after
described in apparatus for carbonizing peat, wood, bones, and other
matters. This apparatus is constructed on the same principle as the
drying and carbonizing apparatus hercin-before described, that is to say,
one furnace is common to several chambers grouped together, and. the
volatile products of combustion from the said furnace, and a blast of air
heated in any of the ways herein-before described are passed into and
through the said chambers. In this arrangement however the chambers
are vertical, and are by preference circular in transverse section, and
are constructed with openings at the top for charging, and at the
bottom for discharging, and chambers below (herein-after termed
"cooling chambers"), and sliding, hinged, or drop doors, which
support the matter to be carbonized, and on being opened allow the
carbonized matter to fall into the said cooling chambers.
Any suitable furnace may be used, but we prefer to use a furnace
constructed as herein-before described.
The furnace fluc communicates with a central up-cast shafṭ con-
structed with lateral openings, which lead into the upper ends of the
carbonizing chambers, and are fitted with dampers worked from outside
the apparatus, by means of which dampers the communication between
the up-cast shaft and any one or more of the said chambers may be
closed, so as to allow of the said chambers being worked alternately or
successively, as hercin-before described with reference to the horizontal
drying chambers. Side flues leading to the main chimney are constructed
near the bottoms of the vertical chambers.
When our apparatus is so arranged as to heat the air to be forced
into the said chambers by passing it through the fire, we construct
around the upper part of each chamber an annular flue with openings,
through which hot air and the volatile products of combustion from the
furnace pass from the up-cast shaft into the said fluc, and thence into
the said chambers. When a stove is used for heating the said air we fix
in the said up-cast shaft a main pipe, the lower end of which communi-
cates with the flue of the stove, the upper end communicating with
branch pipes which lead into the chambers and down nearly to the
bottom thereof, and are furnished with radial branch pipes through
which the hot blast issues in jets. In either case both the volatile
products of combustion and the hot blast descend through the

page_text: chambers, and pass therefrom through the side flues aforesaid to the
chimney.
When the matter in the carbonizing apparatus herein-before last
described has been sufficiently carbonized, the doors of the chambers are
opened so as to allow the charcoal thus made to fall into the cooling
chambers.
Our Invention further consists of the improvements herein-after
described, in the machines known as "disintegrators," to the action of
which we subject the peat which has been cut, kneaded, and condensed
and dried or carbonized by means of the improved machinery and
apparatus berein-before described.
In machines of the class referred to, the matters to be reduced are
forcibly struck by beaters revolving in a circular or partially circular
casing, and are thus driven against teeth in the interior thereof.
According to one of our improved arrangements we key on the shaft
of the machine a wheel to which we affix a chaff cutter blade, or chaff
cutter blades which works or work past a rectangular opening formed in
the casing, which opening is furnished with a removeable steel blade,
and through which opening the peat or other matter to be operated upon
is fed into the machine from a feed table. The feeding being effected
either by hand or by means of toothed or fluted rollers driven by a worm
on the main shaft, which worm gears with a worm wheel on one of the
roller shafts. The main shaft has an adjustable tail piece to keep the
cutters up to their work. To the interior of the casing are affixed
removeable metal plates having formed on them teeth, cach of which has 2
the shape of a triangular pyramid. Between the beaters and the exit
aperture of the machine we arrange an adjustable grating made in two
parts, one part being capable of being slidden by means of a screw or
otherwise over the part which is fixed. By means of this arrangement
the size of the apertures of the grating may be regulated according to
the degree of firmness to which it is wished to reduce the matter under
treatment.
•
As the matters to be reduced are fed into the machine, they are first
cut up by the cutters and are then beaten to and fro between the beaters
and teeth until they have become sufficiently fine to pass through the a
grating on their way to the exit aperture.

page_text: In constructing our improved machines for pounding or pulverizing
coal, charcoal, and other hard matters which do not require to be
subjected to the action of the chaff cutter blades herein-before described,
we dispense with such blades and with the feed rolls, and construct at
one side of the casing of the machine (the interior of which is provided
with teeth of the kind herein-before described) a partly conical feed
hopper or chamber, the interior of which may be plain or furnished with
flutes or cutting edges, and we mount excentrically on that part of the
main shaft which revolves in the said chamber a truncated cone, on
which are formed or affixed flutes or cutting edges. The said cone may
either be keyed to the shaft or be mounted loosely on an excentric
formed on the said shaft. On that part of the shaft which revolves
within the casing we mount two sets of beaters in pairs, the inner ends
of the said beaters being bolted between the flanges of a boss formed in
two halves, and the outer ends of the said beaters being bolted on cach
side of a flat iron ring. The beaters are thus securely fixed to the shaft,
and the beaters of each of the respective sets revolve in the same
planc.
The machine is furnished with the adjustable grating herein-before
described.
The acction of this machine is as follows:-The matters to be pounded
or pulverized are fed into the hopper, and are there pounded between the
aforesaid cone and the flutes or cutting edges in the interior of the said
hopper, from which such matters fall into the casing where they are
reduced to the requisite degree of fineness by the beaters, and thus
reduced pass out through the adjustable grating and the exit aperture.
Both the machines hercin-before last described may if desired be
furnished with air valves to admit a current of air for the better carrying
off of the pulverized matters.
30 SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Charles Edward Hall and Charles Edward
Bainbridge in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 21st October
1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, Charles
35 EDWARD HALL, of Leeds, in the County of York, Engineer, and CHARLES

page_text: EDWARD BAINBRIDGE, of Middleton-in-Teesdale, in the County of
Durham, Superintendent of Lead Smelting Works, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-first day of April, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, in the thirty- &
eighth year of Her reign, did for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto us, the said Charles Edward Hall and Charles
Edward Bainbridge, Her special license that we, the said Charles
Edward Hall and Charles Edward Bainbridge, our executors, admini-
strators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said Charles Edward Hall
and Charles Edward Bainbridge, our executors, administrators, and
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time
and at all times thereafter during the term thercin expressed, should
and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle
of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY AND APPARATUS FOR
KNEADING, CUTTING, CONDENSING, DRYING, CARBONIZING, AND DISINTEGRATING OR
PULVERIZING PEAT AND OTHER MATTERS," upon the condition (amongst others)
that we, the said Charles Edward Hall and Charles Edward Bainbridge,
our executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under our
or their hands and seals, or under the hand and seal of one of us or
them, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said :
Letters Patent

page_text: Our said Invention consists, firstly, of an improved machine for
kneading or masticating, and cutting and condensing raw peat, and for
cutting it into blocks.
The
The said machine is constructed as follows:-It consists of a taper
casing the diameter of which decreases towards the exit end, which
casing is made in two parts which are bolted together, and hold between
their flanges a diaphragm having ports or openings through which the
peat is forced as herein-after described. The said casing is furnished
with a hopper at its larger end, and lateral delivery orifices are formed
at its smaller end. Through the axis of the said casing runs the main
shaft of the machine, which shaft revolves in outside bearings, and on
which either two or more curved cutters similar to the blades of a chaff
cutter are affixed, or a circular cutter is mounted excentrically.
said' cutter or cutters revolves or revolve past the ports of the diaphragm
aforesaid, and cuts or cut up the peat as it passes through the said ports.
On the main shaft and at each side of the diaphragm hollow shafts
carrying archimedian screws and pugging arms are mounted, so as to be
capable of independent rotation, the main shaft being driven faster than
the pugging shafts. Stationary pugging arms are or may be fixed inside
the casing, between which arms the revolving pugging arms work.
On the rear end of the second pug shaft is affixed a disc which facilitates
the delivery of the masticated peat out of the machine through the side
delivery orifices aforesaid, the said peat issuing in continuous streams or
slabs which are divided into blocks or 'briquettes" by a counter-
balanced cutter, to which reciprocatory motion is imparted by means of
counterbalanced arms or levers worked by a cam on the second pug
shaft. The blocks or briquettes thus cut are received on trays carried
by endless bands stretched over revolving rollers, and may either be
stacked on such trays in the drying chambers herein-after described, or
be first exposed to the action of the atmosphere and then charged into
such chambers.
The machine may be so constructed as to deliver the peat out at an
opening in its rear end instead of through lateral openings, in which
case the disc aforesaid is dispensed with.
In order to drive the main shaft at a quick speed, the first pug shaft
slower than the main shaft, and the second pug shaft faster or slower
than the first, we adapt to them toothed gearing of the kind described in

page_text: the Specification of Letters Patent, No. 1667, A.D., 1870, amongst other
publications. The said gearing consists essentially of an internally
toothed wheel in which works a pinion which has a less number of teeth
and is so mounted on an excentric that the revolution of the latter causes
the said pinion to impart a slow rotatory motion to the outer wheel.
In our arrangement a wheel of the first kind is keyed on that part of the
first pug shaft which projects from the feed end of the machine, and the
pinion is mounted loosely on an excentric carried by a friction pulley
mounted loosely on the main shaft, which pulley is driven by means of a
driving pulley keyed on the said shaft, a lug on which pulley engages
between lugs on an adjustable friction band, which clips the friction
pulley with sufficient force to carry it round when the machine is
working smoothly, but slips round the said pulley in the event of any
sudden strain being caused by stones or other hard matters getting in.
The usual tail piece is affixed to the aforesaid pinion so as to prevent it
from revolving, but allow of its being carried round within the internally
toothed wheel by the excentric, so as to impart a slow rotatory motion
to the said wheel. The rear ends of the main shaft and second pug shaft
are furnished with the gearing described, with the exception of the
friction pulley and driving pulley which are not there necessary. The
excentric on which the pinion for driving the internally toothed wheel
for driving the second pug shaft is mounted is keyed on the cutter

page_text: flanges a, a¹; b, 6, are the ports in the said diaphragm through which
the peat is forced; a' is the feed hopper, and a, a, are tho delivery
spouts; C is the main shaft which revolves in outside bearings c¹, c¹,
carried by standards c³, c²; c³, c³, are the cutters affixed to the said
shaft C; E, E¹, are the hollow shafts (shown partly in elevation in
Figure 5) mounted on the shaft C; e, e¹, are the archimedian screws;
and e³, e³, are the pugging arms mounted on the shafts E, E¹; e' is the
disc affixed to the latter shaft; F is the reciprocatory cutter working in
grooves formed in the spouts a³, a³. The cutter F is connected by
means of the links f, f, and spindle f¹ to the lever f* and arm ƒ³,
which arm and lever are keyed to the rocking shaft f working in
bearings a, a, formed on or affixed to the casing A². The weight of
the cutter F is counterbalanced by the weight which is capable of
adjustment on the arm fe keyed to the shaft f'; f' is a friction roller
carried by the free end of the lever f. Reciprocatory motion is com-
municated to the said cutter when the machine is in operation by means
of a came herein-after referred to, with which cam the friction
rollerf is kept in contact by means of the weight f³; G is one of the
endless bands which carry the trays g¹, g', on which the peat issuing
from the machine is received. The said bands G are stretched over
rollers g³, g³, carried by a frame g³, g³; e³ is the internally toothed wheel
keyed to the shaft E; c is the excentric formed on the boss of the
pulley c* mounted loosely on the shaft C; c is the friction band on the
said pulley; c, c, arc lugs on the said friction band; c', c, are fast and
3 loose pulleys on the shaft 0; c³, is a lug on the fast pulley to which the
lugs on the friction pulley are secured by the bolt and nuts c¹º, c10;
c", is the pinion mounted loosely on the excentric c; _c¹ is the tail piece
affixed to the said pinion; e³ is the internally toothed wheel keyed to
the shaft E' on the boss of which wheel is cast the cam e$, by which the
cutter 1 herein-before described is actuated; c¹³ is the fly wheel. By
means of this gearing the shaft C is driven at a quick speed, the shaft E
at a slower speed, and the shaft E¹ at a slower or faster speed than the
shaft E.
The object of the diaphragm B being principally to give a bearing to
5 the shaft C a simple bar may be substituted for the said diaphragm, or
it may be dispensed with entirely when the cutter c³ is run at a very
high speed.
The antion of this machine is as follows:-As the neat is fedinto the

page_text: casing A through the hopper at it is forced forward by the archimedian
screw e, and then comes under the action of the pugging arms e², e²,
which knead the said peat and force it through the ports 61, 61, in the
diaphragm B, on issuing from which it is cut up by the revolving
cutters c³, c³; it is then further kneaded and propelled by the pugging
arms e³, e³, on the shaft E¹, and is then forced by the archimedian
screw e¹, and the disc e' through the spouts a, as, on passing through
which it is cut up by the counterbalanced cutter F into blocks or
"briquettes," which are received on the trays g³, g², and carried away
by the bands G. The said blocks may either be stacked in such
trays in the drying chambers herein-after described, or be first
exposed to the action of the atmosphere and then charged into such
chambers.
Instead of cutters of the kind herein-before described and illustrated
in Figures 4 and 5, a circular cutter mounted excentrically on the
shaft C may be substituted. This arrangement is illustrated in Figure 6
which is a transverse section of part of the machine taken on the line 3,
Figure 1, the said circular cutter being marked o*.
In order to facilitate the cleaning of the casing A, A¹, it may be made
in several parts hinged or bolted together.
Stationary pugging arms may be fixed inside the casing A, A³,
between which arms the pugging arms e², e³, would work.
The machine may be so constructed as to deliver the pcat out at the
end of the casing A' instead of through openings in the sides of the said
casing. In this arrangement the disc e* is dispensed with.
2
The reciprocatory cutter may be worked either by hand or by a
treadle instead of being worked by the cam e³, and is applicable to
ordinary peat cutting machines. Figures 7 and 8 are end elevations,
and Figure 9 is a longitudinal section (taken on the line 5, Figure 8) of
a machine so constructed as to deliver the peat out at the end of the 3
casing, the reciprocatory cutter being arranged to be worked by hand. In
this arrangement the pugging arms e³, e³, and the archimedian screw e¹
are mounted on the shaft C which is supported at the rear end by and
works in a bearing a' fixed in the casing A'; C is the driving shaft on
which is mounted the belt pulley, and pinion which gears with a 3
toothed wheel ŉ on the back shaft H, a pinion on this back shaft gears
into the toothed wheel ² on the hollow shaft E. By this means the

page_text: shaft E is driven at a slower speed than the shaft C, which is the cutter
shaft. as is the cutter which is capable of being raised and lowered in
grooves formed in the exit spout of the casing A¹. The machine is
mounted on wheels aº, aº.
Instead of mounting a cutter or cutters on the main shaft and the
pugging arms on hollow shafts in which the said shaft revolves as
described, the pugging arms may be mounted on the main shaft, and
the cutters may be mounted on another solid shaft, mounted outside the
casing and parallel to the main shaft, the shaft carrying the cutters
being in this case also driven faster than the pug shaft. In this modi-
fication the cutters must be long enough to work through an opening
or space between the first and second parts of the casing. This arrange-
ment of the cutters is illustrated in Figure 10, which is a transverse
section of the machine, the section being taken between the said cutters
and the second part of the casing A¹. I, I, are the cutters, and it is the
shaft on which they are mounted and to which motion is communicated
by the driving pulley. The speed is then reduced on to the screw shaft
by the spur pinion , driving into an internally toothed wheel c¹³
mounted on the shaft C. In this arrangement the part A³ (not shown)
of the casing is supported by standards instead of being bolted to the

page_text: to the said crank plate and the other end to the lever *. In this
arrangement the diaphragm B illustrated in the arrangements herein-
before described is dispensed with, the main shaft C being supported by
a cross bar a", between the face of which and the cutter blades K, K,
the material under treatment is chopped up; j, j³, are the driving
pulleys and is a fly wheel. The action of this arrangement is as
follows. Motion being communicated to the driving shaft J, the cutter
blades K are alternately raised and lowered at each revolution of the said
shaft, the peat being at the same time fed forward by means of the
pugging arms and screws on the shaft C, which is caused to revolve by
means of the pinion j³ and wheel c¹s on the shaft C. The cutter blades
K and frame ¹ are counterbalanced by the weight ³.
Our Invention further relates to such peat cutting machines, as have
stationary cutters between which revolving cutters work, and consists of
apparatus for clearing the said stationary cutters from the fibres which
accumulate upon them. For this purpose, instead of fixing the plate
carrying such cutters directly to the casing of such machine, we fix to
the said casing a plate having as many slots in it as there are stationary
cutters, through which slots the said cutters pass, and we affix to the
back of the cutter plate screws which pass through brackets fixed to the
said casing and carry hand wheels tapped with female screws. Figure
13 is a transverse section, and Figure 14 is a longitudinal section (taken
on the line 7, Figure 13), showing the application of our Invention to
the barrel of a peat machine having both stationary and revolving cutters.
L is a portion of the barrel of the said machine, 1, 1, are the revolving
cutters, 1, 12, are the stationary cutters carried by the plate ³, to which
arc affixed screws 1, 1; 1, 1, are the hand wheels which carry bosses
18 having female screws formed therein which work upon the said screws
7. The said bosses revolve in bearings in the brackets 1, 16, affixed to
the casing; is the slotted plate through which the cutters 1, 1º, pass,
the said plate (which is shown separately in Figure 15) being screwed
or otherwise affixed to the barrel L. By turning the hand wheels 15, 1,
in one direction, the cutters 12, 13, may be drawn back through the slots
in the plate ', and thus freed from any fibres which may have accu-
mulated upon them, which done they may be replaced in their working a
position by turning the hand wheels in the reverse direction.
Instead of screws, levers or other mechanical equivalents may be used
for moving the cutters 1, F, backward and forward. In constructing

page_text: machines on this principle also, we prefer to apply thereto the differential
gear herein-before described with regard to our peat machine, and to
construct the screw and pug shaft hollow and pass the cutter shaft
through it, maintaining a difference in the speed, but running the cutter
shaft slower than in our's, because we should mount a number of cutters
instead of one working in one plane.
We are aware that this differential gear so far as it is concerned itself
is not new or our Invention, but it has only been used for reducing the
speed of one shaft on to another, whereas we claim as our Invention, the
combination of a cutter shaft of high speed doing a specific operation
with regard to the cutting up and disintegration of the peat and also
combining the eccentric which operates the pinion, and consequently
enables us to drive the pug shaft at the same time.
Our Invention further consists of the improved apparatus herein-after
described for drying and carbonizing peat and other matters. The said
apparatus consists of horizontal chambers with openings and doors for
charging and discharging, two or more of which chambers are by
preference grouped together and heated by a furnace, the volatile
products of combustion from which furnace as well as air heated thereby
are passed into and through such chambers. The said furnace may be
of any suitable construction, but we prefer to use a furnace constructed
essentially as described in the Specification of Letters Patent, No. 2112,
granted to Charles Edward Bainbridge (one of the present applicants)
and William Pinkney, and bearing date 17th June, A.D. 1874, as being
the most economical both for drying and carbonizing. Such furnace is
constructed with hollow fire-bars, air heating flues and chambers, an
inverted hollow or solid fire-bridge, and an ash-pit door, which parts are
so arranged relatively to one another that the air used for the support of
combustion shall be caused to pass first' through the said hollow
fire-bars, then through the said air heating flues and chambers, and
down through the fire, and into or over the said hollow or solid
fire-bridge on their way to the drying chambers aforesaid. The air to be
passed into such chambers may be heated either by forcing it by means
of any suitable blowing apparatus through the hollow fire-bars (to the
outer ends of which a blast pipe is in this case connected), and thence
into and through the fire, or by forcing it into the closed ash-pit and up
between the bars and through the fire, or by forcing it through an air
heating stove heated by the said furnace,

page_text: When we use the first alternative we connect the blast pipe to the
outer ends of the hollow fire-bars, and construct under the chambers
horizontal flues with openings through which the heated air and the
volatile products of combustion from the furnace pass into and through
the said chambers, from which they escape through openings in the wall
thereof to the chimney.
When we use the second alternative we lead the blast pipe into the
closed ash-pit and force the air up between the fire-bars and through the
fire, whence the heated air and the volatile products of combustion pass
through the flues and openings to the chambers and chimney as herein-
before described.
When we use a stove for heating the air, we prefer to make it of a
saddle form with divisions cast in it, so as to form air heating passages
through which the air from the blast pipe is caused to pass to and fro so
as to become thoroughly heated, and we lay in the horizontal flues
aforesaid pipes, the fore ends of which communicate with the stove, the
rear ends being closed. These pipes have vertical branch pipes which
pass through the floors of the drying chambers, and through which the
air enters the said chambers in jets. Flues are formed between the
exterior of the saddle stove and the arch in which it is set, which flucs
communicate with the horizontal flues aforesaid over the fire-bridge. In
this arrangement we dispense with the openings herein-before described,
through which the volatile products of combustion pass from the
horizontal flues into the chambers, and we construct at the rear ends of
the said flues vertical flues, in the upper part of which are openings
furnished with dampers, through which openings the volatile products of
combustion pass into the said chambers, at the lower part of the front
ends of which are openings through which the said products and also the
hot air introduced through the pipes aforesaid pass into flues leading to
the chimney. The pipes and flues described are provided with valves
and dampers, by means of which the draught can be regulated and
directed into one or other of the drying chambers and shut off from the
other chamber or chambers.
The said drying and carbonizing apparatus is illustrated in Figures 16,
17, and 18 of the accompanying Drawings, Figure 16 being a plan partly
in section; Figure 17, a longitudinal section taken on the line S.
Figure 16 and Figure 18 represents the apparatus partly in section and

page_text: partly in elevation, the section being taken on the lines 9 and 9ª,
Figure 16. M, M³, are the carbonizing chambers; m² are the openings
for charging; m³, m³, are the covers of the said openings; m³ is one of
the doors for discharging; N is the furnace by which the chambers
M, M, are heated, which furnace is set in the arch n'; n³ are the hollow
fire-bars; n³, n, are the air-heating flues; n' is the inverted fire-bridge;
no is the ash-pit, closed by the door n'; n³ is the fire-door. One of the
arrangements herein-before described for heating the chamber M, M³,
being illustrated with reference to the chamber M, and the other
arrangement with reference to the chamber M', we will describe them
separately. m³ is the horizontal flue formed under the chambers M;
m³, m³, are openings in the floor of the chamber M by which the said
flue m³ communicates with the interior of the said chamber; m' is a flue
leading from the fire-place N to the said horizontal fluc m³; m³ is a
partition between which and the wall of the chamber is formed a
flue mº; m¹º, m¹, are flues and O is the chimney by which the heated air
and volatile products of combustion escape after passing through the
chamber M. When this arrangement alone is used for heating we con-
nect the blast pipe to the outer ends of the hollow fire-bars, or we lead
the blast pipe into the closed ash-pit nº, and force air up between the
bars n³, n³, into the fire-place, which air thence passes through the
flues m³, m', and chamber M, as herein-before described.
The arrangement of the stove or saddle casing for heating air on its
way to the carbonizing chambers without passing it through the furnace
and of the flues for conducting the air so heated to the carbonizing
chambers is illustrated with reference to the chamber M¹; m¹ is a hori-
zontal flue formed under the said chamber; m¹s is a flue which com-
municates between the flues m¹², m¹0; nº is the saddle casing of the stove,
into which casing air is forced through the pipe n¹º; n", n¹¹, are divisions
cast in the said casing so as to form passages, in passing through which
the air becomes heated; m¹ is a pipe laid in the horizontal flue m¹, one
end of which pipe communicates with the casing n³ at n¹³, the other
end
being closed; m¹³, m³, are branch pipes connected to and opening
into the pipe m". These branch pipes pass through the floor of the
chamber, and through them the air, after passing through the casing n³
enters the said chamber; n", n¹, are flues formed between the saddle
casing nº and the arch n³, which flues communicate with the horizontal
flue m. In this arrangement the openings me in the floor, described

page_text: with reference to the chamber M, are dispensed with. The flue m¹³, m¹³,
leading into a vertical flue m³, in the upper part of which (not shown in
the Drawings) are openings furnished with dampers; m¹ is a passage or
flue formed by a wall or partition m18 in the interior at the end of the
chamber M', in the lower part of which wall are openings, through
which openings and flue the hot air and products of combustion intro-
duced through the pipes m and fluc m³, m¹³, m18, pass into the
chimney O; m¹, m₁, are chambers into which the charcoal after being
removed from the chambers M, M³, is stored until cold.
The various flues are provided with dampers for directing the course of 1
the hot air or for cutting off the communication between either or both
of the chambers M, M³, and the furnace, as may be necessary. The
arrangement of flues described with reference to the chamber M, or that
described with reference to the chamber M', may be used for both
chambers.
The action of the apparatus is as follows:-One of the drying
chambers M, M³, having been charged with the peat to be dried we pass
into and through such chamber the volatile products of combustion and
air heated in any of the ways described. The said products and hot air
pass through the said chamber and dry the peat therein, and pass a
together from the said chamber to the chimney O. By leaving the
charge of peat in a sufficient time it may be charred or carbonized, but
when an air-heating casing or stove is used wc prefer after the moisture
has been expelled to sut off the hot blast from this chamber, and
then after an interval to shut off the volatile products of combustion,
and (whatever be the construction of the apparatus) when the drying
process is complete we direct the hot air and volatile products of com-
bustion into an adjacent chamber, which has been charged while the
charge in the first chamber was being dried, which first chamber we
allow to cool, and then remove the dried or carbonized peat therefrom.
We are thus enabled to carry on the drying process continuously by
charging one chamber while the adjacent chamber is being emptied and
recharged.

page_text: Our Invention further consists of the improvements herein-after
described in apparatus for carbonizing peat, wood, bones, and other
matters. This apparatus is constructed on the same principle as the
drying and carbonizing apparatus herein-before described, that is to say,
one furnace is common to several chambers grouped together, and the
volatile products of combustion from the said furnace, and a blast of air
heated in any of the ways herein-before described are passed into and
through the said chambers. In this arrangement however the chambers
are vertical and are by preference circular in transverse section, and arc
constructed with openings at the top for charging, and at the bottom
for discharging, and chambers below (herein-after termed "cooling
chambers," and sliding, hinged, or drop doors which support the
matter to be carbonized, and on being opened allow the carbonized
matter to fall into the said cooling chambers. Any suitable furnace
may be used, but we prefer to use a furnace constructed as herein-
before described. The furnace flue communicates with a central upcast ·|
shaft constructed with lateral openings which lead into the upper ends
of the carbonizing chambers, and are fitted with dampers worked from
outside the apparatus, by means of which dampers the communication
between the upcast shaft and any one or more of the said chambers may
be closed so as to allow of the said chambers being worked alternately
or successively, as hercin-before described, with reference to the hori-
zontal drying chambers. Side flues leading to the chimney are con-
structed near the bottoms of the vertical chambers.
When our apparatus is so arranged as to licat the air to be forced into
the said chambers by passing it through the fire, we construct around the
upper part of each chamber an annular flue with openings through which
hot air and the volatile products of combustion from the furnace pass
from the upcast shaft into the said fluc, and thence into the said chambers.
Figure 19 of the accompanying Drawings is a plan of the said apparatus
partly in section; and Figures 20 and 21 are vertical sections taken
respectively on the lines 10, 11, Figure 19. P, P, are the vertical car-
bonizing chambers; p¹, p', are removeable covers which close the openings
in the tops of the said chambers; p*, p², are the discharge doors which
close the bottoms of and are capable of sliding on ledges p³, p³, formed
below the said chambers; p', p', are screws worked by hand wheels p³, p³,
by means of which screws the doors p², p², may be slidden so as to cover
or uncover the discharge openings. Q.Q, are the cooling chambers into

page_text: which the contents of the chambers P, P, fall when the sliding doors p²
are withdrawn. 25 is the furnace flue; n18, the central upcast shaft;
and n¹ the lateral openings therein. p are the chambers or flues formed
around the upper ends of the carbonizing chambers, which flues com-
municate with the said chambers by means of the openings p', p³ ;
P³, p, are flues which lead from the chambers P, P, to the chimney (not
shown). The construction of the furnace in this arrangement is similar
to that of the furnace described with reference to and illustrated in
Figures 16, 17, and 18, with the exception that the air entering by the
hollow fire-bars n², n², instead of passing over the fire-bridge no, into the
fire-place, as illustrated in the said Figures, passes into the heating
chambers n¹, and thence through holes n", n", in the side walls of the
fire-place to the fuel, whence it passes through the flue 2 into and
When the matter
through the apparatus, as indicated by the arrows.
in the chambers P, P, has been sufficiently carbonized the doors p², p²,
are opened so as to allow the charcoal to fall into the cooling chambers Q.
When we use a stove for heating the air wo fix in the said up-cast shaft
a main pipe, the lower end of which communicates with the flue of the
stove, the upper end communicating with branch pipes which lead into
the chambers and down nearly to the bottom thereof, and are furnished
with radial branch pipes through which the hot blast issues in jets.
Figure 22 is a vertical section illustrating this arrangement of our
apparatus. The construction of the air-heating stove is similar to that
of the stove described with reference to Figures 16, 17, and 18. R is
the main pipe leading from the said stove and communicating with the
branch pipes ³, 1; and 1², r², are the radial branch pipes.
In this apparatus as in that herein-before last described, both the
volatilo products of combustion and the hot blast descend through the
chambers P and pass from the lower parts thereof through flues to the
chimney.
'
Our Invention further consists of the improvements herein-after
described in the machines known as disintegrators," to the action of
which we subject the peat which has been cut, kneaded, and condensed,
and dried or carbonized by means of the improved machinery and
apparatus herein-before described. In machines of the class referred to
the matters to be reduced are forcibly struck by beaters revolving in a
circular or partially circular casing, and are thus driven against teeth in

page_text: the interior thereof. According to one of our improved arrangements
we key on the shaft of the machine a wheel to which we affix a chaff-
cutter blade or chaff-cutter blades which works or work past a rect-
angular opening formed in the casing, which opening is furnished with
a removeable steel blade, and through which opening the peat or other
matter to be operated upon is fed into the machine from a feed table,
the feeding being effected either by hand or by means of rollers driven
by a worm on the main shaft, which worm gears with a worm wheel on
one of the roller shafts; or the rollers may be driven by a separate belt
and independent of the beater shaft. The main shaft has an adjustable
tail piece to keep the cutters up to their work. To the interior of the
casing are affixed removeable metal plates having formed on them tecth,
cach of which has the shape of a triangular pyramid. Between the
beaters and the exit aperture of the machine we arrange an adjustable
grating made in two parts, one part being capable of being slidden by
means of a screw, or otherwise over the part which is fixed. By means
of this arrangement the size of the apertures of the grating may be
regulated according to the degree of fineness to which it is wished to
reduce the matter under treatment.
Figure 23 is a vertical section of a disintegrator showing the
application of our improvements thereto, the said section being taken on
the line 11, Figure 24, which is a horizontal section taken on the line 12,
Figure 23.
Figures 25 and 26 are details of the said machine herein-after
described. S is the casing of the machine; 8', 8', are the removeable
toothed plates secured to the interior of the said casing, one of which
plates is shown separately in Figure 25; T is the wheel keyed to the
shaft which works in bearings 3, 1, and is capable of being adjusted
horizontally by means of the tail piece and nut 1, which bear against the
end of the shaft and is adjusted through the arms by the said nuts.
The arm is cast or affixed to the casing S; this the driving pulley
affixed to the said shaft; 1,, are the chaff-cutter blades, and tº, to, are
beaters affixed to the wheel; ³, 83, are the feed apertures in the casing S,
on the outer side of which are hoppers s*, **, (see Figure 26); 8³, s³, are
the removeable blades affixed to the inner side of the casing S at the edges
of the feed apertures &³, 83, between which blades and the blades # the
matter to be treated is cut up as it enters the said casing; is a grating
affixed to the casing S, and s' is a similar grating capable of adjustment

page_text: over the said fixed grating 8 by means of the screw s which works in
the casing S, which screw engages with an internally screwed lug sº,
formed on or affixed to the adjustable grating 87; 8" is the exit aperture
and is an aperture for the admission of air; s¹ is a valve by which the
amount of air admitted can be regulated. The matter to be treated may
either be fed into the machine by hand or by means of feed rollers.
Figures 27 and 28 are side and end elevations respectively of a portion
of the machine showing the arrangement of the feed rollers and the
mechanism by which they are driven, the said mechanism being partly
in section in both Figures; U, U, are the feed rollers (which may be
cither toothed, fluted, or plain,) keyed to shafts u¹, u³, u³, mounted in
bearings u, u, carried by a framing a bolted to the casing S. The
said rollers are shown driven by means of a worm wheel u, keyed to the
shaft u¹, which worm wheel receives motion from a worm t on the main
shaft, which in this case passes through the casing S as illustrated;
u7 is the feed table, and u³, u³, uº, u, arc toothed wheels by which the
shafts u², u², u³, are geared together. A separate driving shaft with a
pulley and worm gearing into the wheel 6, and conveniently arranged,
may with advantage be often substituted instead of being connected
with the disintegrator shaft.
As the matters to be reduced are fed into the machine they are first
cut up between the cutters & and and are then beaten to and fro
between the beaters and teeth s¹ until they have become sufficiently
fine to pass through the gratings &, s, on their way to the exit
aperture 8¹º
•
In constructing our improved machines for pounding or pulverizing
coal, charcoal, and other hard matters which do not require to be sub-
jected to the action of the chaff-cutter blades herein-before described,
we dispense with such blades and with the feed rollers, and construct at
one side of the casing of the machine (the interior of which is provided
with teeth of the kind hercin-before described), a partly conical feed
hopper or chamber having a removeable dead plate, which may be fluted
in any suitable manner but which is shown plain, and we mount
excentrically on that part of the main shaft which revolves in the said
chamber, a truncated cone on which are formed or affixed flutes, teeth, or
cutting edges of any desired shape. The said conc may either be keyed
to the shaft or be mounted loosely thereon in any of the ways herein.

page_text: after described. On that part of the shaft which revolves within the
casing we mount two or more sets of beaters in pairs, the inner ends of
the said beaters being bolted between the flanges of a boss formed in
two halves, and the outer ends of the said beaters being bolted on each
side of a flat iron ring. The beaters are thus securely fixed to the
shaft, and the beaters of each of the respective sets revolve in the same
plane.
The machine is furnished with the adjustable grating herein-before
described, and also with the removeable plates, having teeth thereon of
the form herein-before described.
The conical chamber may be affixed to the side of the disintegrator,
and may have a separate shaft to work by an independent belt, as shown
in Figure 36, and the excentricity of the cone may be effected in the
following manner:-If keyed to the shaft, such shaft may be a plain
one, and the cone bored out of the centre to give the desired throw. If
mounted loosely the shaft may have a collar thereon, and besides
depending upon the friction of the shaft at a high velocity carrying the
excentrically bored cone round a sleeve set up by a nut working on a
thread cut on the shaft at the outside of the bearing is made to press the
conc against the said collar, and so by increased friction carry the conc
round and yet be able to slip in the event of stones, &c., getting in.
If it is desired to grind or pulverize to an even sample, the shaft may
be made with a gradual tapering excentricity, so that at the outer end or
base of the cone no pounding action is given, and yet at the apex of
such cone the full stroke of the excentric is given.
The said machine is illustrated in Figures 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35,
36, 37, and 38 of the accompanying Drawings, Figure 29 being a plan;
Figure 30, a vertical section taken on the line 13, Figure 29; Figure 31,
a vertical section taken on the line 14, Figure 29; and Figure 32, a
vertical section taken on the line 15, Figure 29; S is the casing of the
machine which is provided with teeth s¹, an adjustable grating ºº, ª³,
an exit aperture 10, and an air valve s¹², as described with reference to
Figures 23 and 24; V is the feed hopper, the interior of which may be
plain or provided with flutes or cutting edges not shown; v² is the
truncated cone mounted loosely on the excentric & formed on the main
shaft t; are the cutting edges formed on or affixed to the said cone;
w, w, are the beaters which are bolted at their inner ends between the

page_text: flanges w¹, w, of the boss w³, which is keyed to the shaft ; w³ is the
ring to which the said beaters are bolted.
Instead of mounting the cone v³ loosely on the excentric to the said
cone may be keyed thereto, and instead of forming teeth on the said
cone, knives or pieces of steel may be affixed or secured to the acting
face thereof, as illustrated in end elevation partly in section in Figure
33, and in. transverse section in Figure 34, in which Figures &² is the
cone; t¹, the shaft; 18, the excentric formed on the said shaft; and v', v³,
the knives secured to the cone v².
The beater shaft may be formed with an excentric part commencing
at the apex end of the conical roller, such excentricity gradually
lessening until it merges into the axis of the shaft at the cone's base.
This would cause the conical roller at the feed end to rise and fall a
distance equal to twice the excentricity of the shaft, but at its base or
opposite end to run truc circumferentially although not endwise. The
boss would not run in parallel lines with the shaft, but would be
inclined to it.
Figure 35 is a vertical section through the feed hopper on the line A,
and Figure 36 is a longitudinal section on the line B, showing our
improved pulverizer and disintegrator with the conical roller driven by
an independent belt instead of placing such roller or cone on the main
disintegrator shaft. is the driving shaft, and the cone is bored
(* v³
out of the centre driven by friction of the shaft, and with a sleeve 2, 2,
working through the main bearing z². Two nuts working on a thread
on shaft t* set up the sleeve, which forces the cone ³ against the solid
collar t** on the said shaft; 2, %, and are the bearings for the said
shaft; Z is the driving pulley and fly wheel combined; 8, 8, is the
frame bolted to the side of disintegrator casing, and the top half of
hopper V is by preference hinged thereto, shown in elevation, Figure 35.
v, v, are the removeable plates. After the material has been crushed 3
down it passes into the casing S.
•
Figure 37 is a section of the cone showing the shaft with the excentric
formed at one end, and tapering off to nothing at the other end; and
Figure 38 is the conc, bored skew, which effects the same object, that.is,
to cause the conc at the feed end to run excentrically, while at the a
larger end circumferentially it will run true, but it will have what is
termed a drunken movement endways.

page_text: The action of this machine is as follows:-The matters to be pounded
or pulverized aro fed into the hopper V, and are there pounded between
the sides and bottom plate of the hopper V and the flutes or cutting
edges of the conical roller, from which such matters fall into the
casing S, where they are reduced to the requisite degree of fineness by
the beaters w, w, and thus reduced pass out through the adjustable
gratings, s, and the exit aperture 80; or if required very fine out at
an aperture at the top of the casing when the gratings 56, 57, are closed.
The same effect is produced, but the strain on the main shaft is reduced
by placing the conical feed hopper and pulverizing cone so as to drive
by an independent shaft and belt, as shown at Figures 35 and 36, which
is preferred in some cases.
Having now described the nature of our Invention and the manner
in which the same is to be performed, we wish it to be understood that
we do not limit ourselves to the precise details thereof, as the same may
be varied without departing from the nature of our Invention; but wo
claim as novel,―
Firstly. One or more cutters curved or otherwise worked in con-
junction with a screw or arms set screw-like on a shaft (such screw or
arms, &c. being used to feed up material to such cutters), the said
cutters being mounted on a separate shaft and capable of independent
rotation, the screw shaft being hollow and the cutter shaft passing
through it. The said cutters may be fixed to run in one plane (as
shewn in the Drawings herewith), the same as in a chaff-cutting
machine, or they may be cutters similar and arranged to work between
fixed cutters, as in a sausage machine, but working at a higher speed
than the screw or pugging shaft.
'
Secondly. The combination on one shaft of cutters performing a
distinct operation in the cutting-up or disintegration of the peat and
other matters, and the means of driving or reducing the first speed to a
slower speed by the differential gear already described and explained.
What we claim in this respect is the utilizing of the high speed cutter
shaft as a means of conveying motion to the differential gear, thus
causing one shaft to perform two separate functions, substantially as
described.
Thirdly. The application of a reciprocatory cutter worked by hand

page_text: Fourthly. The application of a circular cutter mounted excentrically
on the cutter shaft.
Fifthly. The employment of a reciprocatory cutter working in con-
junction with a cross bar, and chopping the peat alternately at the top
and bottom half of the casing, substantially as described.
Sixthly. The employment of rotary cutters working in conjunction
with a bar or fixed diaphragm plate, whose divisions form the edge or
edges, against which the material is cut off, and the general arrange-
ments of the several machines herein described and illustrated for the
purpose at Sheets 1 and 2.
Seventhly. The improved form of horizontal drying chamber or
chambers using hot air, and the products of combustion generated in
any of the ways described and illustrated, and utilized for the drying
and carbonizing peat and other matters, Sheet 3.
-alle
Eighthly. The improved form of vertical carbonizers arranged in
groups, in which the hot air and products of combustion are led up a
central flue and dispersed at will by dampers or other equivalents to the
several chambers arranged round a circle, and the annular flues top
and bottom of such chambers with the means of oqually distributing
the heat and drawing same off. A. suitable false bottom opening into
cooling chamber below for discharging the material. The heat generated
as described is a developement of the Patent, No. 2112, dated
the Seventeenth of June, A.D. 1874, of Charles Edward Bainbridge and
William Pinkney, Sheet 3.
Ninthly. The use of curved cutters and beaters arranged in the
manner shown for the disintegration of peat and other matters, and in
the adjustable grating and means of operating same, Sheet 4.
Tenthly. The mounting of a conical roller, plain, or provided with
teeth, flutes, or other cutting edges on the disintegrator shaft, and
fitting same to work in a conical chamber, which is widest towards the
apex of the cone and narrowest at its base. It is also made wider at
the feed side so as to make a tapering throat down to the centre of the
cone when diminishing curves are made to join the curve encircling such
cone.
We also claim the fixing of such cone and chamber at the side, and
worked by an independent shaft and helt from the main disintegraton.

page_text: The arrangement of double beaters and their method of attachment to
each other and the shaft.
The peculiar form of teeth shown.
The mounting of the conical roller so as to give more excentricity
to it at one end than the other in either of the ways described and
illustrated, and the fixing of such conical roller to the driving shaft.
In witness whereof, we, the said Charles Edward Hall and Charles
Edward Bainbridge, have hereunto set our hands and seals, this
Sixteenth day of October, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and seventy-five.