IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC, TARTARIC, CITRIC, AND OXALIC ACIDS, AMMONIA AND CYANIDES
Year: 1856

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Jordan Firmin, of Newton-le-Willows,
Lancashire, Manufacturing Chemist, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC, TARTARIC, CITRIC, AND OXALIC ACIDS,
AMMONIA AND CYANIDES."
Sealed the 8th August 1856, and dated the 9th May 1856.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Jordan Firmin at.
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
9th May 1856.
I, GEORGE JORDAN FIRMIN, of Newton-le-Willows, Lancashire, Manu-.
facturing Chemist, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC, TARTARIC, CITRIC, AND OXALIC ACIDS,
AMMONIA AND CYANIDES," to be as follows:-
In carrying out my improvements, I turn sulphur pyrites or other sources of
sulphur in a furnace with nitrates of potassium or soda, and pass the combined
gases into a leaden chamber with air and steam, as is now practised in the
ordinary manufacture of sulphuric acid, above this, which I term the principal
chamber. I place a small chamber, running its entire length, containing sul-
phuric acid of a specific gravity of 1.750, over which I cause the gases from
the principal chamber to pass and arrange an overflow, so as to cause it to pass
in finely divided streams into the principal chamber while at work.
cause the incondensable gases arising from the action of nitric acid upon sugar
I also

page_text: and starch, as hereafter described, to pass into the smaller chamber. The
resulting gases from the manufacture of sulphuric acid I convey into a gasholder
for use, as hereafter described. The sulphuric acid I use for decomposing the
tartrate or citrate of lime, as in the ordinary manner of making tartaric or
citric acids; and to ensure proper decomposition I prefer to use it in excess, but
as it has the property of destroying a portion of the tartaric or citric acids
when evaporated in contact with the air, I use a closed vessel, as described.
Thus I first separate the tartaric or citric acid liquors from the sulphate of
lime or other earthy sulphate by passing them in a condition of thick cream
through a perforated cylinder attached to an air pump, to be hereafter more
particularly described, through the centre of which cylinder I pass a pipe,
perforated with fine holes, and connected with a water cistern; or I separate
the liquors from the sulphates by filtration. Having freed the liquors from the
earthy sulphate, I force or run them into a vessel lined with lead, placed above
the evaporating pan. The contents of this vessel are known, and a given
quantity is run into the pan on each charge. This evaporating pan I prefer of
iron, well painted, and lined with lead of 81b. to the foot, and of such dimen-
sions as may be most suitable to the extent of works. In this pan
I leave an
opening, closed with a moveable cover of iron, lined with lead, to enable the
attendant to remove the selenite which will be largely deposited on the pipes,
sides, and bottom of the pan, and which unless removed will collect and stop
the progress of evaporation. This pan I heat by means of coils of steam
pipes, and an iron jacket for steam or hot water in the bottom. I place a
copper pipe, 4 to 6 inches diameter, for discharging the contents into a receiver
lined with lead; this pipe I close either with a cock or copper cap.
The steam and air from the evaporating pan I cause to pass through a vessel
of iron lined also with lead, which will retain any of the liquor which may happen
to boil over. This vessel to be fitted with a guage, to show how much liquor has
been passed into it, and a cock at the bottom to draw it off. From this vessel I
conduct a pipe of cast iron to an air pump which exhausts both the pan and the
receiver (for overflow) and cause the steam then to pass under pans contain-
ing liquor for evaporation. The tartaric or citric acid liquors being sufficiently
evaporated (which may be ascertained by inspecting a small quantity taken
from the pan by means of a proof stick; so arranged that no air enters during
the drawing of the sample), I draw off by means of the copper pipe into the
réceiver, and allow it partially to cool until it attains a syrupy consistency. This
I then conduct to a vessel (connected to an air pump) having small perforations
on the top, over which, by means of an endless strap of woven wire, an inclined
plane, or otherwise, I cause the liquors to pass, exhausting the air from the

page_text: vessel at the same time. At the bottom of this vessel a cock is placed to draw
off the liquor which will pass through the perforations, and also convenience
for cleansing; or, I fix a worm or screw, attached to a hollow shaft having
numerous perforations, inside a tube, also perforated, which tube I then place
inside a jacket attached to a pump for exhausting the air from between the
jacket and the tube. The worm, &c. I connect to the receiver from the evapo-
rating pan, and cause the shaft on which the worm is fixed to revolve, by
which means the contents of the pan are discharged. During the progress of
the liquor through this vessel I admit air (and steam, if necessary) by means
of cocks through the shaft on which the worm is fixed, convenience being left
for emptying and cleansing this machine; or, I place the liquor from the re-
ceiver in convenient quantities in a centrifugal machine. The salts obtained
by either of these processes I then, if necessary, dissolve, filter through animal
charcoal, properly prepared, and again subject to evaporation as before, and
either treat the evaporated liquors by one of the processes described; or I draw
into leads to crystallize, as at present practised.
The mother liquor from the first evaporation, consisting of sulphuric acid
with tartaric or citric acids, I treat with tartrate or citrate of lime, to remove
a portion of the sulphuric acid, and after filtration subject the liquors to evapo-
ration as before. The sulpuric acid I also use in the manufacture of oxalic
acid as follows:-I decompose the nitrates of potass, soda, or lime, with sul-
phuric acid, and collect as usual the resulting nitric acid. This I cause to drop
upon sugar, molasses, or starch, as in the usual method of manufacturing oxalic
acid, but the vessel I use for this decomposition I prefer covered, and so
arranged that the gases arising must pass through the saccharine solution
before they can escape from the vessel. These gases I collect in a gasholder,
and pump or force them again into the decomposing vessel, admitting or forcing
in air at the same time, until its admission no longer causes the gases to assume
color. These gases I then conduct or turn into the smaller sulphuric acid
chamber, as before described, or into a tower filled with coke, stones, &c., to
give an extended surface, down which I cause sulphuric acid of a specific
gravity of about 1-750 to trickle. This I then cause to pass through a current
of sulphurous acid gas from the combustion of sulphur into the principal sul-
phuric acid chamber. The incondensible gases I pass into a gasholder for use,
together with the gases resulting from the manufacture of sulphuric acid, as
follows:-These waste gases from the manufacture of sulphuric and oxalic
acids, consisting mostly of nitrogen, I cause to pass through retorts or iron
cylinders, placed in coke ovens or furnaces. In these retorts I place coal or
coke, or soot, or other form of carbon, mixed in a coarse powder with iron

page_text: filings, clippings, or scrap iron, and potash or pearlash, or sulphate of potash
and lime, and having attained a proper heat force the nitrogenous gases through
them. I prefer reciprocating retorts, so as to combine as much of the nitrogen
as practicable. These I continue to work until the iron and potash is mostly
coverted into prussiate of potass or cyanide of potash, or ferrocyanide of iron,
or other compounds of cyanogen and iron or potash; these I then draw, and
grind the charge to a coarse powder and dissolve out the cyanogenous matters,
(with potash, if necessary) and treat as is well known for prussiate of potass,
(ferrocyanide of potassium), or prussian blue (sesqui ferrocyanide of iron).
The gases passed off I conduct through retorts or cylinders containing platinum
wire or spongy platinum, or clay well burnt with einder & broken in pieces,
so as to render it permeable, into an hydraulic main, to condense the ammonia
that is formed, or any tarry matters that may remain undecomposed, and
thence through a condenser into purifiers containing water or lime, or sulphuric
acid, or sulphate of lime and iron, and finally into a gasholder, either to be
again passed over fresh charges of carbon, iron, and potash, or if the nitrogen
has been sufficiently abstracted, I use the gas for purposes of illumination
or evaporation, as it may be most fit. Or, in place of retorts or cylinders, as
described, I cause the nitrogenous gases from the manufacture of sulphuric
and oxalic acids to pass over the mixture of carbon, potash, and iron, when
placed in a furnace, similar to a reverberatory furnace, and thence through the
cylinder containing platinum or argillaceous matter into the hydraulic main,
ns before described. The charge in the retorts or reverberatory furnaces to be
occasionally stirred during the process.
I also pass the gases given off from the ordinary combustion of coal over
heated mixtures of carbon, potash, and iron placed in retorts or cylinders, or
reverberatory furnaces, as described. When the last are used I prefer to con-
nect several furnaces with a main flue with dampers, so arranged as to allow
any one or more to be detached. At the end of the flue I place a fan or pump,
to exhaust the gases, which I cause to pass with or without a jet of steam
through the furnace or cylinder containing the platinum or argillaceous matter
into a condeuser or other suitable arrangement for collecting the ammonia or
salts of ammonia formed. The ammoniacal liquors, resulting from these com-
binations contain carbonate sulphate and its subsalts, nitrate and its subsalts,
hydrocyanide of animonia, which I either separate, as is well known how, or I
use in the manufacture of manures as follows:-The residue of the ground
coke, after washing and filtering, consisting of sulphate of lime, sulphate of iron,
cyanides of potash and iron together with carbon, and some undecomposed
sulphate of potash, I treat with the ammoniacal liquor containing free ammonia

page_text: and various salts of ammonia, in such quantities as to present sufficient free
ammonia to decompose the sulphate of lime, or with bone dust, superphosphate
of lime, or other salts, to form a manure fitted for the purpose for which it
may be required.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said George Jordan Firmin in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
31st October 1856.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, GEORGE
JORDAN FIRMIN, of Newton-le-Willows, Lancashire, Manufacturing Chemist,,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Ninth day of May, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-six, in the nineteenth year of Her reign, did,
for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said George
Jordan Firmin, Her special licence that I, the said George Jordan Firmin,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said George
Jordan Firmin, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC, TARTARIC, CITRIC, AND OXALIC ACIDS, AMMONIA AND
CYANIDES," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said George.
Jordan Firmin, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said George Jordan Firmin, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to bé particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, that is to say:
In carrying out my improvements in the manufacture of oxalic acid, I add
nitric acid gradually to sugar molasses or starch, as in the ordinary manu-.
facture of oxalic acid, but the vessel which I use for the decomposition which

page_text: ensues upon the application of heat is covered, and so arranged that the gases
arising from the action of the nitric acid upon the sugar or other substance
used must, together with the air or oxygen which I force in, pass through the
saccharine solution before they can escape; these gases I then either collect
in a gasholder and pump them together with a stream of air or oxygen mixed
with them until the admission of air no longer causes the gas to assume color
again into the decomposing vessel, or I pass the mixed gases together with
air or oxygen through water, and thence into a tower filled with stones, coke,
or other suitable material for giving an extended surface, down which tower
I cause sulphuric acid of a specific gravity of about 1.750 to trickle, which
impregnated sulphuric acid I then cause to pass through a current of sul-
phurous acid gas, from the combustion of sulphur, into the sulphuric acid
chamber. The incondensable gases I pass into a gasholder for use as hereafter
described. The decomposing vessel I have named I prefer of slate or wood
lined with stout lead, having coils of steam pipes arranged within for the
purpose of heating the solution.
Figure 1 is a section of the vessel. A is the decomposing vessel; B, the
eduction from the vessel of large capacity, and dipping into the solution, by
means of which the gases are passed off; C, a man-hole cover for charging;
D, the connection to a pump for forcing in air or oxygen, or for again passing.
over gases previously given off and mixed with air or oxygen; E, the
connection to nitric acid tank; F, the cock for emptying the vessel. Into the
vessel A, I put a charge of sugar or molasses, say, 100 lbs. sugar or its
equivalent in molasses or starch, to which I add gradually 600 lbs. of nitric
acid, of specific gravity 1:220, so that it takes twelve to fifteen hours in
delivery; heat is applied, air or oxygen pumped in, and the gases treated as
before described, until the sugar or other material is converted into oxalic
acid, which may be known by the absence of colored fumes upon the addition
of air or oxygen to the gases generated in the decomposition. The decomposing
vessel is now emptied by the cock F into water baths for evaporation, and
thence into suitable crystalizers, where the salt is collected, and the mother
waters are then returned with a fresh charge into A, and treated as before.
In carrying out my improvements in the manufacture of sulphuric acid I
burn sulphur pyrites, or other source of sulphur, in a furnace with nitrates of
potash or soda, and pass the combined gases with air and steam into a leaden
chamber, as is now practised in the ordinary manufacture of sulphuric acid,
but instead of allowing the incondensable gases to escape I cause them to be
collected for use in the production of cyanogen or ammonia, as presently
described.

page_text: My improvements in the manufacture of cyanogen compounds consists in
passing the waste gases from the manufacture of sulphuric and oxalic acids,
consisting mostly of nitrogen, either together or separately, over a highly
heated mixture of carbonaceous substance mixed with iron and an alkali.
In describing the manner in which I carry out my improvements I shall treat
particularly of potash as the alkali used, but the same principle applies to the
cyanides of soda or lime, substituting those alkalis for potash. The gases
having been passed through water and collected, I force them into a pipe,
which I cause to dip into a tube containing water, this tube is fitted with a
cover and exit pipe to the gasholder. The pipe through which the gases are
forced I term the nitrogen pipe, and connect it to the faces of retorts or tubes
fixed in furnaces after the manner of the retorts used in the manufacture of
coal gas, but I prefer to use what I term double retorts, that is, two retorts
connected so as to form a retort 10 to 12 feet in length; and fixed in two
furnaces. Figure 2 is a section of one pair of retorts. A, A³, are the retorts,
having (a and a²) moveable plates; B, the cock connecting the nitrogen pipe;
C, the exit pipe for the incondensible gases; D, a safety valve; E, E, the
furnaces; the retorts may be made of iron, and several pairs placed in one
pair of furnaces. The proportions I have found to answer the required
purpose are,-
100 parts potash of commerce,
100
"
30
"
small coal, or coke, or soot,
iron filings or borings;
or I make a strong solution of potash, and absorb it with sawdust, and mix 30
parts iron borings, clippings, or filings, and 100 parts small coal for every 100
parts potash used; either of these mixtures I call the "charge." Having
heated the retorts I introduce a charge sufficient to nearly fill one retort A,
and when it has attained a dull red heat commence to pass the nitrogenous
gases over it, stirring occasionally for about 3 to 4 hours, at the end of which
time the plate a is removed; the half-finished charge is forced into A³, where
it is heated to a bright red heat, and a new charge introduced into A, and the
same treatment continued; the charges in both retorts are to be stirred
occasionally, which may be done by means of an iron rake or stirrer introduced
through the cover plates; after 3 to 4 hours the plates a, a³, are removed,
when the charge in A³ is drawn into a suitable vessel and covered, the charge
in A is transferred to A3 and a new charge introduced. By this arrangement
all the gases from the fresh charge, together with the uncombined gases from
the nitrogen pipe have to pass over the half-finished charge. The charge
drawn from A² having been allowed to cool, is ground and treated in the usual

page_text: shall treat presently. Another method of applying my improvements is by
the use of reverberatory furnaces in place of retorts, in which case I use the
charge already named or a mixture of
100 parts sulphate potash,
84
100 "
chalk,
small coal,
30 iron filings or borings,
39
which I also term a charge. I prefer to arrange my furnaces so as to compel
the nitrogenous gases, together with the uncombined gases from the ordinary
combustion of coal or otherwise, to pass over the charges placed in communi-
cation one with another. Figure 3 is an arrangement which answers this
purpose. A, A, is a main flue from ordinary furnaces; B, B, B, reverberatory
furnaces; C, the nitrogen pipe through which the gases are forced from the
gasholder into the flue; E, the fire in reverberatory furnace; these furnaces
are so arranged with dampers that any one may be stopped without reference
to the working of the others. Into each of these reverberatory furnaces I
introduce a charge, and when it has attained a red heat pass the gases over,
stirring occasionally for six or eight hours, when I draw the charge and treat
it as before named. The gases passed off from the retorts or furnaces, together
with a jet of steam (if ammonia be required), I force by means of a pump or
fan through a furnace containing spongy platinum, or iron, or clay burnt and
broken in pieces to render it permeable, or a mixture of these, which I heat
to about 700°, and thence into a suitable condenser for collecting the cyanides
of potash and ammoniacal salts which are formed; these I either separate, as
is well-known how, or I use in the manufacture of artificial manures as
follows: I take the residue of the ground "charges" from the retorts or
furnaces (after having washed out the cyanides), which residue then consists
of some cyanide of potash, and iron, sulphate of iron, sulphate of lime together
with carbon, and some undecomposed sulphate of potash; this residue I treat
with the ammoniacal liquors in such quantities as to present sufficient free
ammonia to decompose the sulphate of lime, or I mix it with bone dust,
superphosphate of lime, or other salts to form a manure fitted for the purpose
for which it may be required.
In carrying out my improvements in the manufacture of tartaric or citric
acids I decompose the tartrate or citrate of lime, or other carthy tartrate or
citrate by sulphuric acid, as is now practised. The tartaric or citric acid
solutions I now treat as follows:-First, I separate the solution from the
earthy sulphate by passing it over an exhausted surface arranged with

page_text: numerous perforations, forcing water or steam, or both, through the earthy
sulphate, so as to ensure the removal of all the acid; and, for this purpose, I
connect a vessel to an air pump, having on the top of the vessel a perforated
cover, over which I cause an endless cloth to pass; upon this cloth the
earthy sulphate mixed with the acid solution is gradually placed, and the
vessel exhausted by means of the pump. The cloth is caused to move slowly
along over the perforated cover by means of rollers placed at each end during
its passage. A finely divided stream of water is caused to fall on to the
sulphate, and is drawn through it by the pump; or, another method of causing
the sulphate and acid solution to pass over, an exhausted surface is shown at
Figure 4. A is an iron cylinder connected by the pipe b to a receiver which
communicates with an air pump, and is fitted with a guage to show how
much liquor is in the receiver, and a cock to empty this as well as the
cylinder A is lined with lead. Inside A, I place the perforated cylinder of
lead or copper C, which is fixed at each end by the rings c, c.
Another per-
forated cylinder of copper D, having a worm attached to it, revolves in C, the
ends being carried through the plates F and F, where they are fixed in
stuffing boxes. This cylinder D is hollow, and at the end F cocks are
inserted for the regulated admission of air to the cylinder D, which air is
allowed to pass as far as the division E, which divides the lower from the
upper part of the cylinder at the end F. A stationary chamber d is fixed to
which I attach cocks communicating with a water cistern placed above, also
cocks for the admission of air or steam. The driving spindle G is brought
through this chamber with a stuffing box, and connected to the power with
a slow motion; H is the hopper, which may be connected to a vessel con-
taining the salts to be operated upon, which should be kept in a state of thick
cream; I is the exit valve. In using this arrangement I pass the sulphate
and acid solutions through the hopper H when it falls on the screw c, c, c,
which revolving carries it to exit I, but in its passage I admit water and
steam at F and air at F. The air pump exhausting the cylinder A and
receiver, causes the water and steam to pass through the sulphates during
their passage through the cylinder to E, while the air which is admitted at F
effectually forces the remaining liquor from the earthy sulphates, which are
delivered at I free from the acid solution. The two perforated cylinders are
about of an inch apart, and the screw fits so as to clear the outer cylinder,
which is covered with a filtering cloth. The solutions of tartaric or citric acid
I then run into a vessel lined with lead placed near the evaporating pan.
The contents of this vessel are known; and a given quantity run into the
evaporating or vacuum pan at each charge. This evaporating pan I prefer

page_text: to be iron, having an iron dome or cover well painted and lined with lead.
In this pan I leave an opening closed by a moveable cover to enable the
attendant to remove the selenite, which will be largely deposited upon the
pipes, sides, and bottom of the pan, and which, unless removed, would collect
and stop the progress of evaporation. This pan I heat by means of coils of
steam pipes inside and an iron jacket for steam or hot water outside; in the
bottom I place a pipe for discharging the contents into a suitable receiver;
this pipe is closed by a cock or valve. From the top of the evaporating pan
I connect a pipe to a receiver of iron lined with lead, which will retain any
of the liquor which may boil over. This vessel to be fitted with a guage to
show how much liquor has been passed into it, and a cock at bottom to draw
it off. From the top of this vessel I conduct a pipe to the condenser, where
the steam meets a stream of injection water, and thence to an air pump for
exhausting the vessels. The solution being sufficiently concentrated (which
may be ascertained by examining a small quantity by means of the sampler,
which is a copper bath containing about a pint, fitted near the bottom of the
evaporating pan, having a communication with the vacuum space above, and
a cock to empty) I run it into the receiver, where it is kept warm, until any
selenite which may be carried from the pan with the liquor is deposited. The
liquor if then drawn from this into a suitable vessel, where I keep it in
agitation until it granulates and cools. It is then placed upon a vessel con-
nected with the air pumps, having the top covered with sheet lead perforated,
over which I place a cloth, through which the liquor from the salt is drawn
by the action of the pump into the vessel, which may be large enough to
retain it, or connected to an air-tight receiver, or in place of this vessel a
cylinder similar to that described for separating the earthy sulphates from the
acid solutions may be used, admitting air and finely diffused water. Or I
place the concentrated solutions when granulated and cool in a centrifugal
machine, in a similar manner to that in which the crystals of sugar have
frequently been separated from the mother liquor. The salts obtained, I, if
necessary, dissolve, filter through animal charcoal properly prepared, and
again subject to evaporation, as before, and either treat the colorless con-
centrated solution as before described, or I draw into leads to crystalize, as is
now practised. The mother water from the first evaporation, consisting of
sulphuric acid with tartaric or citric acid, I treat with tartrate or citrate
of lime to remove a portion of the sulphuric acid, and after filtration subject
to evaporation as before.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the manner of
Jamahood and what I claim is

page_text: Firstly, the decomposing organic matter, by means of nitric acid, in a vessel
arranged so that the gases arising from the decomposition are mixed with air
or oxygen, and caused to pass through the liquid mixture. Also, the mixing
the gases which escape from the decomposing vessel with air or oxygen, and
forcing them again through the liquid mixture in the decomposing vessel.
Also, the absorbing the gases formed in the manufacture of oxalic acid by
causing them to pass through a tower containing coke or other substances
over which sulphuric acid trickles, and afterwards acting on the sulphuric acid
(thus impregnated with sulphurous, acid, by which a further quantity of sul-
phuric acid is formed.
Secondly, the use of the incondensable waste gases from the sulphuric acid
chamber, and also the incondensable gases from the manufacture of oxalic
acid in the manufacture of prussiates, cyanides of potassium, sodium, and
calcium, and other cyanogen salts, by passing such gases over a heated
mixture of carbonaceous matter, iron, and alkali, contained in retorts or
reverberatory furnaces, as herein described. Also, the passing the waste gases
from the sulphuric acid chamber, mixed with steam, over heated spongy
platinum or other substance, to form ammonia, as above described.
Thirdly, the separation of the solutions of tartaric and citric acids from the
earthy sulphates by passing over an exbausted surface. Also, the concen-
tration of these solutions in a close vessel connected with an air
pump, and
having a man-hole cover so arranged that the pan may be readily freed from
deposit when necessary. Also, the passing the solution of these acids (when
concentrated by heat and granulated as described) on to an exhausted surface,
or the treating such solution by means of the centrifugal machine for sepa-
rating the small crystals in the manner described.
In witness whereof, I, the said George Jordan Firmin, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twenty-fifth day of October, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six.
Witness,
JNO. ALCOCK.
GEORGE JORDAN FIRMIN. (L.S.)