Lighting or Heating.
Year: 1886

page_text: This Specification was, upon the 16th day of June 1888, amended under
Sections 18 to 21 of the Patents, Designs, and Trade Marks Act, 1883.
Lighting or Heating.
I, JAMES BALLANTYNE HANNAY, of Cove Castle, Loch Long, in the County of
Dumbarton, North Britain, Chemist, do hereby declare the nature of this Invention
to be as follows, that is to say :-
My said Invention has for its object to improve the construction and arrangement
of the parts of spray lamps or burners for burning oil in the form of spray for
lighting and heating purposes.
My improvements are applicable to what is now well known as the Lucigen and to
other spray lamps. One improvement consists in a novel construction for supplying
air to the lower part of the flame or flames within the combustion vessel or cup;
and in carrying it out this cup which is made wholly or partly cylindrical has a
number of holes formed round its lower part for the admission of air into an annular
space between the shell of the cup and an inner cylindrical shell which inner shell
prevents currents of air from proceeding directly and unequally to the flame. Air
entering the holes passes up over the inner shell and may be deflected downwards
from above it by an annular curved flange if found desirable. Round the upper part
of the interior of the cup there is coiled a pipe through which the compressed air or
steam is passed so as to become superheated by the flame. The nozzles for the jets of
oil and compressed air or steam are made in an improved manner insuring their
being concentric with each other and causing the jets to issue regularly and
uniformly. The inner nozzle for the oil is made with its extreme end cylindrical and
with a small round central hole, and it projects just through the orifice of the outer
nozzle, the last named orifice being shaped as though first made cylindrical to fit the
inner nozzle and subsequently having fine grooves formed all round it, the com-
pressed air or steam issuing in an annular series of numerous fine jets. The nozzles
are enlarged conically at a short distance below their orifices and at a lower part fit
each other cylindrically, grooves being formed at the cylindrical part for the
passage of the compressed air or steam. With this improved construction vibration
and noise are diminished and with a view of further diminishing them, two,

page_text: three, or more orifices may be provided, in one nozzle or in separate nozzles for
the oil spray to issue from; or in some cases I make the jet orifice in the form of
a straight, or curved, or cruciform slit.
As a provision against the extinguishing of the flame by the presence of water in
the oil, or other cause, I arrange a small wick burner or torch in connection with
the main burner. This torch is a small tube containing a wick of asbestos or other
suitable material and connected by a branch pipe and valve to the main ascension
oil pipe, its upper end being placed inside the cup or just above its edge, so that
the small permanent flame of the wick may relight the main flame whenever it
happens to become extinguished.
In my improved lamp or burner which may be arranged to project the flame in a
vertical, inclined, or horizontal direction, the jet of spray may be formed by means
of steam or compressed air. When steam is used I arrange the oil reservoir at
such a height that the oil will issue from the oil nozzle without requiring any
sucking action of the steam, as such sucking action involves a greater consumption of
steam and a consequent inferiority in the flame. When the oil reservoir cannot
conveniently be placed at a sufficient height I apply steam pressure to raise the oil
from a vessel or tank below the burner by means of a flexible bag placed within the
vessel or tank and connected to a branch steam pipe. The steam acts directly or
through water in the interior of the bag and is thus prevented from mixing with
the oil. Whether using air or steam I prefer to insure its thorough dryness by
passing it through a vessel or through piping heated by the flame.
In applying the lamp or burner for heating purposes I arrange it so that the flame
or flames is or are projected into the furnace or heating chamber in such manner
as to operate on the articles to be heated by its radiant action rather than by playing
upon them. Thus in a furnace for heating rivets or the like, I direct the flame
or flames in a horizontal or inclined direction above the bottom or .hearth; and in
a furnace for heating a crucible I direct the flames downwards round the sides of
the crucible. And in all applications of the improved lamp or burner for heating
purposes, when it can be conveniently managed I arrange the pipes for supplying
the oil and compressed air or steam to the lamps or burners through flues through
which the used hot gases pass off from the furnaces. I also cause the air which
is supplied to the outside of the jet of spray to complete the combustion, to be
previously heated by passing through passages or spaces heated by the used gases;
and in the case of portable or other small furnaces intended to be used for short
periods I form the passages for heating the air with iron or other suitable metal in
order that the heat may be rapidly communicated to the air.

page_text: Improvements in and Connected with Spray Lamps or Burners for
Lighting or Heating.
I, JAMES BALLANTYNE HANNAY, of Cove Castle, Loch Long, in the County of
Dumbarton, North Britain, Chemist, do hereby declare the nature of this invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement :--that is to say
My said Invention has for its object to improve the construction and arrange-
ment of the parts of spray lamps or burners for burning oil in the form of spray for
lighting and heating purposes.
"
My improvements are applicable to what is now well known as the “Lucigen
and to other spray lamps and will be best understood by aid of the accompanying
drawings.
Figure, 1, is a vertical section of the complete burner. Figure, 2, is an enlarged
plan of the jet nozzle employed when working with steam, figure, 3, being a corre
sponding vertical section, and figure, 4, an inverted plan. Figure, 5, is an inverted
horizontal section as at the line A-A in figure, 1. Figure, 6, is an elevation drawn
to a small scale showing one arrangement of the burner in connection with its oil
reservoir, and figure, 7, is a sectional elevation showing another.
One of my present improvements consists in a novel construction for supplying air
to the lower part of the flame or flames within the combustion vessel or cup, 10; and
in carrying it out this cup, 10, which is made wholly or partly cylindrical, has a
number of holes, indicated by dotted lines and formed round its lower part for the
admission of air into an annular space between the shell of the cup and an inner
cylindrical shell, 11, which inner shell prevents currents of air from proceeding
directly and unequally to the flame. Air entering the holes passes up over the
inner shell, 11, and is deflected downwards from above it by a curved inner shell, 9.
Round the upper part of the interior of the cup, 10, there is coiled a pipe, 12,
through which the compressed air or steam is passed so as to become superheated
by the flame. The nozzles for the jets of oil and compressed air or steam are made
in an improved manner insuring their being concentric with each other and causing
the jets to issue regularly and uniformly. The inner nozzle, 13, for the oil is made
with its extreme end cylindrical and with a small round central hole and it projects
just through the orifice of the outer nozzle, 14, the last named orifice being shaped
as though first made cylindrical to fit the inner nozzle and subsequently having fine
grooves formed all round it, the compressed air or steam issuing in an annular series
of numerous fine jets. The nozzles are enlarged conically at a short distance below
their orifices and at a lower part, 15, fit each other cylindrically, grooves being
formed at the cylindrical part for the passage of the compressed air or steam. With
this improved construction vibration and noise are diminished and with a view of further

page_text: diminishing them two, three or more orifices may be provided in one nozzle or in
separate nozzles for the oil spray to issue from; or in some cases I make the jet
orifice in the form of a straight, or curved or cruciform slit. When compressed air
is used the nozzles may be made as formerly but with the orifices of the outer nozzle of
about the same size as that of the inner nozzle and with a small space between the
inner and outer nozzles in which the air and oil can intermix.
As a provision against the extinguishing of the flame by the presence of water
in the oil or by other cause I arrange a small wick burner or torch, 16, in connection
with the main burner. This torch, 16, is a small tube containing a wick, 17, of
asbestos or other suitable material and connected by a branch pipe, 18, and valve, 19,
to the main ascension oil pipe, 20, its upper end being placed inside the bottom, 21,
of the cup so that the small permanent flame of the wick may relight the main flame
whenever it happens to become extinguished.
The supply of oil in the main pipe, 20, is regulated by means of a screw stop
valve, 22, the spindle of which passes through a stuffing box, and which is fitted in
connection with an inlet passage, 23, formed at the lower end of the main pipe, 20.
The supply of compressed air or steam is regulated by means of a stop valve, 24,
which is by preference fitted also to the main pipe, 20, so that the two valves, 22,
and 24, can be near together conveniently for joint regulation. The compressed air
or steam is led by a pipe (not shown) to an inlet branch, 25, shown in figure, 5, and
indicated by a dotted circle in figure, 1, and this inlet branch, 25, communicates by a
passage, 26, with the orifice controlled by the valve, 24, and a passage, 27, leads from
that orifice to a pipe, 28, which is connected to the coiled pipe, 12, inside of the
burner cup, 10. The other end of the coiled pipe, 12, has connected to it a pipe, 29,
which leads into the upper part, 30, of the main pipe, 20; and in this part, 30, an
inner pipe, 31, is fixed to lead the oil up centrally to the oil nozzle, 13, whilst the
compressed air or steam passes up round this inner pipe, 31, to the space between the
inner and outer nozzles, 13, 14.
In my improved lamp or burner which may be arranged to project the flame in a
vertical, inclined, or horizontal direction the jet of spray may be formed by means of
steam or compressed air. When steam is used I arrange the oil reservoir, 32, as
shown in figure, 6, at such a height that the oil led to the burner by a pipe, 33,
will issue from the oil nozzle, 13, without requiring any sucking action of the steam
as such sucking action involves a greater consumption of steam and a consequent
inferiority in the flame. When the oil reservoir cannot conveniently be placed at a
sufficient height I apply steam pressure to raise the oil from a vessel or tank, 34,
below the burner as shown in figure, 7, by means of a flexible bag, 35, placed within
the vessel or tank and connected to a branch steam pipe, 36. The steam acts directly
or through water in the interior of the bag and is thus prevented from mixing with
the oil. Whether using air or steam I prefer to insure its thorough dryness by
passing it through a vessel or through the piping, 12, heated by the flame.
In applying the lamp or burner for heating purposes I arrange it so that the flame
or flames is or are projected into the furnace or heating chamber in such manner
as to operate on the articles to be heated by its radiant action rather than by playing
upon them. Thus in a furnace for heating rivets or the like I direct the flame or flames
in a horizontal or inclined direction above the bottom or hearth; and in a furnace for
heating a crucible I direct the flames downwards round the sides of the crucible.
And in all applications of the improved lamp or burner for heating purposes, when it
can be conveniently managed I arrange the pipes for supplying the oil and compressed
air or steam to the lamps or burners through flues through which the used hot
gases pass off from the furnaces. I also cause the air which is supplied to the
outside of the jet of spray to complete the combustion, to be previously heated by
passing through passages or spaces heated by the used gases; and in the case of
portable or other small furnaces intended to be used for short periods I form the
passages for heating the air with iron or other suitable metal in order that the heat
may be rapidly communicated to the air.

page_text: Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said Invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I claim is :-
1-The improved construction of spray lamp burner with its accessory parts sub-
stantially as herein before described and as shown in figures, 1, to 5, of the
accompanying drawings.
2-The improved burner cup with air inlets round its lower part and an inner
shell over which the air has to pass, together with the coiled piping within the upper
part of the cup for heating the compressed air or steam substantially as hereinbefore
described.
3-The fitting of a torch or wick supplied with oil in connection with the
burner cup substantially in the manner and for the purposes hereinbefore described.
4 The mode of raising the oil from a receiver or tank below the burner by means
of steam or water under pressure admitted into a flexible bag in the receiver or tank
substantially in the manner and for the purposes hereinbefore described.
5 In applying a spray lamp or burner for heating purposes, arranging it so that
the flame or flames net radiantly substantially as hereinbefore described.
Dated this Twenty-seventh day of October 1887.
EDMUND HUNT,
Applicant's Agent.
EDMUND HUNT,
Applicant's Agent.

page_text: and other Articles, and in Tools to be Employed therefor.
I, JOHN BAKER of 63 Hockley Hill Birmingham in the County of Warwick
Manufacturing Jeweller do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as
follows:-
This invention relates principally to the lettering or ornamenting of what are
commonly known as press made articles of jewellery, such as bracelet, scarf fronts,
slides and the like, although my invention is applicable to the production of relief
or sunken letters, monograms or designs upon convex, concave or other curved
surfaces for various purposes.
Raised or sunken letters or designs formed upon curved surfaces, are usually
produced prior to the process of bending or curving of an article on which they are
formed; that is, the said raised or sunken letters or designs are usually produced
when an article is in the flat, and then afterwards bent into the curved figure
required.
The process of bending or curving from the flat, with raised or impressed letters,
causes the parts of the said article to become distorted in shape by the buckling or
cracking of the metal of which the article is made; and further, only a limited
number of letters or designs can be produced, and then not of the full length of
the article.
I will first describe my invention in connection with a bracelet, in which
raised letters are produced upon the convex or outer curved surface of the article.
I take a completed bracelet front, curved to the desired figure with the usual
beaded or rolled over edges; and from the back of the said bracelet front, I by
means of a number of independent punches, raise upon the front side a series of
letters in relief; that is, I take a series of independent punches having respectively
upon their acting faces, either a letter, a number of letters or a short word of such
a length that the punch is able to make a direct blow or produce direct pressure in
the production or raising of the letters; thus the letters are raised by a series of
punches whose combined acting faces comprehend or are of about the same
curvature as the bracelet front upon which they are to operate. The punches are
operated collectively or individually, and may be enclosed within a frame, which

page_text: determines their direct action. Thus in impressing the words "To my love" upon
a bracelet, I should take four punches, two separate ones for the first two words,
and a segmental or divided punch for the last word "love"-I prefer to place these
punches within a frame, with their acting faces directed towards the curved surface
to receive the impression of the impressing tools; so that by pressure applied by a
press, or by other means, the punches or tools are individually or collectively
pressed home, thereby producing raised letters upon the opposite or front side of a
bracelet.
By employing independent punches as described, direct pressure or impact can
be thus imparted to a curved surface, and perfect letters in relief produced.
The bed which forms the lower. die is of the exact outside curved figure of the
front of a bracelet; the face of the bed is provided with sunken parts of the exact
figure of the counterpart of the outsides of the letters to be produced.
When sunken letters are required instead of raised letters, then the punches or
tools are worked upon the convex or outer side, instead of upon the concave
inner side, as described.
The production of monograms or designs, differs only in the shape of the
impressing tools.
Raised letters or designs or letters or designs in antorilievo, are perfectly
uniform in character and in height, which thus admits of their top surfaces being
perfectly and regularly lapped, without imperfections or bucklings. The ground
work upon which the letters stand is also free from irregularities.
The application of my invention to the production of letters and designs upon
other curved surfaces (both convex and concave) for various purposes, differa in no
essential respect from its application to a bracelet as herein-before described.
Dated this third day of February 1886.
JOHN BAKER.
By Henry Skerrett,
Agent to the Applicant.

page_text: monograms, or Designs upon Curved Surfaces for Jewellery
and other Articles, and in Tools to be Employed therefor.
•
I, JOHN BAKER of 63 Hockley Hill Birmingham in the County of Warwick
Manufacturing Jeweller do hereby declare the nature of said invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF RELIEF OR SUNKEN LETTERS, MONOGRAMS
OR DESIGNS UPON CURVED SURFACES FOR JEWELLERY AND OTHER ARTICLES, AND
IN TOOLS TO BE EMPLOYED THEREFOR and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:
"
This invention relates principally to the lettering or ornamenting of what are
commonly known as press made articles of jewellery, such as bracelets, scarf fronts,
slides and the like, although my invention is applicable to the production of relief
or sunken letters, monograms or designs upon convex, concave or other curved
surfaces for various purposes.
Raised or sunken letters or designs formed upon curved surfaces, are usually
produced prior to the process of bending or curving of an article on which they are
formed; that is, the said raised or sunken letters or designs are usually produced
when an article is in the flat and then afterwards bent into the curved figure.
required.
The process of bending or curving from the flat, with raised or impressed letters,
causes the letters of the said article to become distorted in shape by the buckling or
cracking of the metal of which the article is made; and further only a limited
number of letters or designs can be produced, and then not of the full length of
the article.
I will first describe my invention in connection with a bracelet, in which raised
letters are produced upon the convex or outer curved surface of the article.*
I take a completed bracelet front, curved to the desired figure with the usual
beaded or rolled over edges; and from the back of the said. bracelet front, I by
means of a number of independent punches, raise upon the front side a series of
letters in relief; that is, I take a series of independent punches having respectively
upon their acting faces, either a letter, a number of letters or a short word of such
a length that the punch is able to make a direct blow or produce direct pressure in
the production or raising of the letters; thus the letters are raised by a series of
punches whose combined acting faces comprehend or are of about the same
curvature as the bracelet front upon which they are to operate. The punches are
operated collectively, or individually, and may be enclosed within a frame, which
determines their direct action-Thus in impressing the words "To my love" upon
a bracelet, I should take four punches;, two separate ones for the first two words,
and a segmental or divided punch for the last word "love"-I prefer to place these
punches within a frame, with their acting faces directed towards the curved surface
to receive the impression of the impressing tool; so that by pressure applied by a
w

page_text: press, or by other means, the punches or tools are individually or collectively
pressed home, thereby producing raised letters upon the opposite or front side of a
bracelet.
By employing independent punches as described, direct pressure or impact can be
thus imparted to a curved surface and perfect letters in relief produced.
The bed which forms the lower die is of the exact outside curved figure of the
front of a bracelet; the face of the bed is provided with sunken parts of the exact
figure of the counterpart of the outsides of the letters to be produced.
When sunken letters are required instead of raised letters, then the punches or
tools are worked upon the convex or outer side, instead of upon the concave
or inner side, as described.
The production of monograms or designs differs only in the shape of the
impressing tools.
Raised letters or designs or letters or designs in antorilievo, are perfectly
uniform in character and in height, which thus admits of their top surfaces being
perfectly and regularly lapped, without imperfections or bucklings-The ground
work upon which the letters stand is also free from irregularities.
The application of my invention to the production of letters and designs upon
other curved surfaces (both convex and concave) for various purposes, differs in no
essential respect from its application to a bracelet as herein before described.
I will now proceed to describe with reference to the accompanying Drawings the
manner in which the same is to be performed.
To produce raised letters upon a convex surface, or upon the outside of a bowed
article, such as a bracelet front, is conducted by the process or combination of
processes as follows.
Figure 1 represents a bracelet front, upon the outer or convex surface of which,
raised letters or words are produced according to my invention.
I take a blank figure 2 of brass or other suitable ductile metal or alloy, and by
means of dies worked in a press of the ordinary kind, I give the said blank the
troughed form figure 3, of which figure 4 is an edge view. By a further shaping
operation, the turned up edges are rolled over into longitudinal beadings as shown
at figures 5 and 6, and of which figure 7 is a cross section. This shaped blank is
then fashioned or curved to the plain bracelet front figure 8 by means of dies and
tools figure 10.
"
a is a plain bracelet front curved or shaped between the concave depression of
the lower die b, and the convex face of the upper tool c (see figure 8) gapped
edges being left to miss the beadings; that is, the cross section of the tool c is of
the cross section of the back of the bracelet front to be lettered-I then take the
said plain bracelet front figure 8, and by means of a number of independent
punches and corresponding lower dies or tools, (with short words formed thereon
or cut therein) raise the required lettering, which is done by a direct blow; thus
in the production upon a curved surface of such a sentence as "To my true love
I take an upper and lower die de figure 9, which have upon their acting.
faces sunken and raised letters d' e' to produce the word "To"-The bracelet
front is then placed in the concave d³ of the die d in the position as represented,
when by the descent of the tool 6, the word "To" is raised upon the outer curved
surface of the bracelet front; this having been done, the bracelet front is next
again operated upon by upper and lower dies or tools 'e d figure 10 with the word
"love" respectively sunken and raised upon their acting faces, the other end of the
bracelet front is then placed between the tools d e as before, and the said word before
named, raised upon the front-Limiting stops for gauging the exact position of the
bracelet front, with respect to the acting faces of the dies, are determined by
projections f.
Figure 11 shows a cross section of figure 10 upon the dotted lines A B-The
upper tools e of each pair of tools are provided with side gapa or edge depressions g
of the same inside curvature as the outside conformation as the beads or rolls
formed on the edges of the bracelet front, so that on the raising of the metal,

page_text: in the formation or production of the letters, the rolled edges are protected or
preserved.
By a further operation, the middle words "my true" are next produced, and in
order that the letters of the words "To," "love" shall not come into direct contact
with the concave face of the lower die, gaps or cut away parts are left wherein the
previous lettering produced upon the surface lies during the subsequent lettering
operation or operations.
Figure 12 represents the upper and lower dies or tools, and figure 13 is a plan
of the lower die, showing the concave bed d³ of the die d which is of the exact
breadth, and also of the exact curve of the underside of a bracelet front d' are
gaps, wherein the already raised letters lie during the time of the subsequent
lettering; (which comes between the previous lettering) that is, during the time
other letters or words are produced or are being produced and raised later on;
thus the bracelet front for the third time is placed in a midway position between
the upper and lower tools as before, with the raised lettering on the two opposite
ends lying within the gaps d', thereby protecting them from injury during the sub-
sequent raising of the middle letters or words as best seen in the section figure 12;
so that on the bringing together of the dies d and e raised letters are formed on the
middle portion of the bracelet front a which completes the inscription or wording
"To my true love."
Instead of raising the outside words or letters as described, the inside ones may
be first produced; or the lettering may start from one side, and end at the other,
but in each case, corresponding gaps for the first formed letters or words to rest in,
and be protected are made.
In the production sunken letters, the lettering has simply to be reversed upon
the respective dies and worked upon the convex, instead of upon the concave side.
In the case of monograms, designs or other representations having running
patterns, the dies or raising tools, have only to be shaped according to the
particular pattern required to be produced.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is
Raising prolonged or protracted letterings, words, names, monograms or orna-
mental representations in uniform high relief, upon curved or convex and concave
surfaces of jewellery and the like, (and also in sinking prolonged or protracted
letterings, words, monograms and the like, as aforesaid) by means of a series of
independent punches or tools and corresponding lower dies, which latter are
provided with lettering preserving gaps d', while the former have side gaps or cut
away parts g for keeping the rolled edgings good-The formation of the raised or
sunken parts being produced or carried out by the process or combination of
processes and tools herein described and illustrated in the several figures of the
Drawings; also in the production of raised or sunken letters upon curved surfaces
by means of a series of radiating or converging independent punches operated
collectively (or individually) with a lower single die having protracted or prolonged
letterings, substantially as described.