IMPROVEMENTS IN PIPES FOR SMOKING
Year: 1868

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Henry
to John Henry Johnson, of 47, Lincoln's Inn
Fields, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman, for the Invention
of "IMPROVEMENTS IN PIPES FOR SMOKING."-A communication from
abroad by Thomas Monro Hammond, of the City of Montreal,
in the Province of Quebec, in the Dominion of Canada, Gentle-
man.
Sealed the 12th May 1868, and dated the 11th January 1868.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Henry Johnson
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 11th January 1868.
I, JOHN HENRY JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County
of Middlesex, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN PIPES FOR SMOKING," a communication
to me from abroad by Thomas Monroe Hammond, of the City of
Montreal, in the Province of Quebec, in the Dominion of Canada,
Gentleman, to be as follows, that is to say:-

page_text: -
bowl and stem of smoking pipes, and consists in the employment
and use of carbon or of vegetable matter, such as peat, or of mixtures
of the same in combination with gums, resins, bitumen, pitch, asphalte,
or other similar substances. Before employing the same these substances
or mixtures of the same are to be reduced to a fine state of division
and when intimately incorporated are moulded either by means of
pressure, hydraulic or otherwise, or by simply moulding the same in
suitable metal moulds, applying during such moulding process such
a degree of heat as shall be sufficient to soften the agglutinating
materials. The forms, bowls, or pipes thus resulting are then submitted
to the action of a high temperature so as to carbonise the agglutinating
materials employed, such forms, bowls, or pipes being for this purpose
placed in a covered box or receptacle so constructed as that the gases
produced on the application of heat may escape and the entrance of
air be prevented. Before submitting the forms, bowls, or pipes to
the action of a high temperature so as effect carbonisation they are
to be embedded in or surrounded with whiting, slaked lime, or other
suitable material. The proportion in which the materials herein-before
mentioned have been found to give good results are about 2 parts
of carbon or of vegetable matter, such as peat or mixtures of the same,
and about 1 part of pitch, asphalte, bitumen, resin, gum, or other
similar material, but these proportions may be varied according to the
carbonised material it is desired to obtain.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said John Henry Johnson in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 8th July 1868.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
HENRY JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County of
Middlesex, Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Eleventh day of January, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, in the thirty-
first year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said John Henry Johnson, Her special

page_text: license that I, the said John Henry Johnson, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as I the said John Henry Johnson, my
executors, administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree with,
and no others, from time to time and all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "In-
PROVEMENTS IN PIPES FOR SMOKING," a communication to me from abroad.
by Thomas Munro Hammond, of the City of Montreal, in the Provence
of Quebec, in the Dominion of Canada, Gentleman, upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said John Henry Johnson, my executors
or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my hand and
seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Henry Johnson, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement, that is to say:-
The said Invention relates to the employment of a peculiar material
or combination of materials for the construction of the bowl or the
bowl and stem of smoking pipes, and consists essentially in the use
for the purpose herein-before specified of pulverized charcoal, carbon,
or peat in combination with the pulverised residuum of Cannel coal
or other analagous substance or compound treated as herein-after
described.
In carrying out this Invention the charcoal or carbon is first reduced
by grinding or pulverising to an impalpable powder. The article used
in commerce and known as distilled "residuum of Cannel coal," is
also reduced by grinding, pulverising, or otherwise to an impalpable
powder or in place of the residuum of Cannel coal, asphaltum, or other
analagous compound may be employed. These two preparations are
then thoroughly incorporated or mixed with each other in the proportion
of about two-thirds of the first to one-third of the last or residuum.
These proportions will give a good result, but I do not confine or
restrict myself thereto. This compound is, then placed in a suitable

page_text: iron or metal mould arranged in the form of the bowl of a pipe of any
suitable form or size. This metal mould is heated to the boiling
temperature or about 212 degrees Fahrenheit. In some forms of moulds
plungers are so arranged as to form the cavities of the bowl and also
in the shank to which the perforated stem is attached. These plungers
are actuated by hydraulic, screw, or other pressure, and in their progress
condense the material placed in the mould into
a compact or solid
condition. This pressure acting in combination with the heat reduces
the compound to a homogeneous mass by the melting and thorough
incorporation of the oil or gum contained in the residuum or other
material employed with the pulverised carbon. For an ordinary sized
bowl the operation may extend over about eight minutes, the bowl
of the pipe is then removed from the mould and a number of them
placed in boxes of cast metal in such position as not to touch each
other. The cavities or spaces in the iron box both in and around the
pipes are then filled with whiting, stucco, lime, or other analagous
compound, the cover of the box is then securely adjusted in position
and the joint made air tight. A number of small apertures are provided
in the cover of this box for the purpose of allowing of the free escape
of the gases.
A number of boxes so arranged are placed in a suitable
oven, such for instance as that employed by potters for earthenware,
and the temperature is gradually raised to a red heat and continued
for a time ranging from four to six hours and then allowed to cool
gradually. The oil or gum contained in the materials forming the
pipe is in this manner dissipated and allowed to escape through the
small apertures in the covers of the metal boxes. The useful purpose
served by the lime or other packing is to prevent direct contact of the
pipe bowls with each other and also prevents circulation of currents of
air. When the pipe bowls are cooled down they are then ready for
mounting and finishing up. Pipe bowls may also be manufactured
from peat first reduced to a fine powder and mixed and treated with the
other materials in the same manner as already described for charcoal; or
the pulverised peat may be reduced to a powder and then pressed by
hydraulic or other. means into the form of bowl required.
constructed in this manner possess an advantage over other pipes in
Pipes
more readily absorbing the "nicotine" of the tobacco; an additional
advantage also is the ease with which the essential oil of the tobaeco
may be removed from the pipe by simply holding it over the flame and
allowing it to burn out without injury to the pipe.

page_text: Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of the
said Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used
or carried into effect, I would observe in conclusion that what I consider
to be novel and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured
to me by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is, the
manufacture of pipes from a composition of pulverised charcoal, carbon,
or peat, in combination with pulverised residuum of Cannel coal or
other analagous compound, substantially in the manner and for the
purpose herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Henry Johnson, have to this
my Specification set my hand and seal, the Eighth day of July
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight.
J. HENRY JOHNSON. (L.S.)