IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE TREATMENT AND PREPARATION OF ASBESTOS, AND IN " ITS ITS APPLICATION TO VARIOUS USEFUL PURPOSES IN THE ARTS
Year: 1873

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Thaddeus Hyatt, of Gloucester Gardens, Hyde
Park, in the County of Middlesex, for the Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE TREATMENT AND PREPARATION OF ASBESTOS, AND IN
"
ITS
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thaddeus Hyatt at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 12th November 1873.
I, THADDEUS HYATT, of Gloucester Gardens, Hyde Park, in the
3 County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TREATMENT AND PREPARATION OF ASBESTOS, AND IN
ITS APPLICATION TO VARIOUS USEFUL PURPOSES IN THE ARTS," to be as
follows
According to one part of my Invention asbestos, either pure or
improved by admixture with other non-heat-conducting materials of
greater body and consistency is employed by me as a bearing surface

page_text: от шасцлогу
motion.
According to another part of my Invention asbestos, either pure or
improved by admixture with other non-heat-conducting materials of
greater body and consistency, is employed by me as a rubbing surface or
lining for the interior of the hot air or steam cylinders; in some cases a
lining of thin metal over the asbestos may be applied to prevent over-
heating.
According to another part of my Invention asbestos, either pure or
improved by admixture with other non-heat-conducting materials of
greater body and consistency, is employed by me as an interior lining
for steam boiler and hot-air engines to preserve the metal from becoming
over-heated. In this application it may be found advisable in practice
to cover the asbestos with a thin metal case interposed between it and
the hot water.
In applying asbestos as a bearing surface I use it either in the form
of a lining (when applied to journal boxes) or I make the box itself of
asbestos or its compounds, and sometimes upon a concealed metal core
grating or frame for greater strength, or I mould it under pressure into
removable collars or "bushes" for lining metal journal boxes or for
encircling and banding the journals themselves, this Invention being
particularly applicable to railway carriages and locomotives.
According to another part of my Invention I apply an admixture of
clean and pure asbestos in powder, with palm oil or other suitable grease
as a railway grease or lubricating compound.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos to
sad irons, the bottom only of the iron being metal. These irons I make
solid in the usual form for being heated against fire, or I make them
hollow to be heated from within. These asbestos sad irons may be formed
wholly from asbestos or its compounds under pressure in moulds, or a
metal core or frame may be used, and the asbestos compressed into and
upon it. By another plan I apply the asbestos by incrusting or covering
over any ordinary sad iron with asbestos in pulp or other form, and thus
make a non-heat radiating sad iron.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos to

page_text: piece, and made upon a wire netting or other metallic or wood grating
or core, or may be mixed with agglutinating clays, which, under com-
pression, will insure a reliable article for this use. These chimney backs
may be ornamented in the style of glazed tiling.
According to another plan of applying asbestos to these chimney backs
I take any ornamental fire-proof tiles and set them in a similar manner
to the glasses of illuminating gratings, using the tiles in place of glasses
to close the apertures of the gratings, and this chimney back grating of
tiles I then coat on the rear side with a sufficient layer of asbestos to
prevent the heat of the fire from passing through to the brickwork
behind it.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos to the
manufacture of ventilating fire-bricks to lay behind the coals in the
grate, which, while supplying the under side of the coals with air, also
prevents the absorption of heat from behind the fire.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos in the
manufacture of fire-screens to set before the fire or hang upon the grate.
I also apply asbestos to the making face protectors to hang before the
fire as a suspended curtain upon an arm from the mantel-piece.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos to the
making of hearth rugs to lay before the fire as a defence against the
discharge of hot coals
According to another part of my Invention to prevent fires I apply
asbestos as a beam protector in the nature of a hollow box or cap to fit
over the ends of those beams, which, of necessity, approach chimney
flues, and the burning of which so often occasions the destruction of
buildings.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos in the
form of tubes or coverings to encase the wrought-iron ties of cast-iron
beams, and I prevent the action of fire upon beams and girders generally
by the application thereto of an asbestos overlaying of the parts.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos to fire-
proof stairways for buildings by making the stairs of asbestos string
pieces fitted with asbestos treads and risers, these string pieces, treads,
and risers being preferably made or moulded upon an open work metal
core of suitable form and strength.

page_text: asbestos ties itself to the wood foundation. These woven wood mats
I use both in a flat and corrugated form; in the latter I use the
corrugations not only to strengthen and stiffen, but to also make a
flexible article, the latter taking place when the completed article is
formed into corrugations; I also use wood in the veneer form, which
when flat I perforate according to one plan, and I corrugate according
to another; in the latter case steaming the wood and moulding it into
form under pressure.
In some cases I use the flat veneers crossed by wood strips on one
or both sides, which may be glued or otherwise attached to it, and
which are so shaped as to be capable of holding the asbestos to its
core. In all these cases I employ the wood as a substitute for iron,
the wood being a cheaper material, and for many purposes equal to iron
when protected by the asbestos.
For some purposes I use wood in the form of a grating more
or less strong, according to the nature of the articles manufactured.
My improvements in the uses of asbestos as a fireproofing material
extending to many or most of the constructions described in my Pro-
visional Specification, under the title of " Improvements in Archi-
tectural and Engineering Constructions," No. 3381,7%, and also as to
those described and included in my Provisional Specification, under
the title of "Improvements in Buildings and Building Materials"
No. 3658,73.
In applying asbestos combined with wood gratings and wood mats,
as already described, and wood veneers, according to one part of my
Invention, I make roofing materials and entire roofs either overlaying
the building with the wood grating, mat, or veneer, flat or corrugated,
and forming the asbestos covering directly upon it in loco; or I make
the combination in a merchantable form of slabs, plates, sheets, tiles,
slates, or shingles, either flat faced, corrugation faced, or actually
corrugated. The slabs, plates, sheets, tiles, slates, or shingles I also
in some cases set with glass to make them illuminating. From this
same manufacture I also make window shutters and doors, partitions,
and other building constructions, some of which, where light is required,
I set with glass; I also, where it is desirable, make an external finish
of the roofing asbestos by moulding it into a representation of ornamental
slate which I also color.

page_text: According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos for
overlaying the large tables on which plate glass is cast, the non-heat-
conducting property of the asbestos being so great that the molten metal
will practically retain all its heat until entered into the annealing oven.
Upon this general plan and principle I also construct moulds for
making pressed glass, applying the asbestos either as a lining or as
the mould bodily, and preferably made upon a metallic strengthening
core. Upon this same plan I also apply asbestos to the making of
heat-retaining moulds, and flacks for castings of metal of various kinds,
the character of the metal being thereby improved by a sort of annealing
process; in some cases the moulds themselves with their contents, glass
or metal, may be advantageously placed in the annealing oven.
"
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos to the
making of floor, roof, and pavement tiles, and preferably upon the plan
of rimed tiles, or tiles with rims called “ quarries in my said Pro-
visional Specification already referred to under the title of "Improve-
ments in Building and Engineering Constructions," by means of which
cheap fireproof roofs, floors, partitions, and other constructions may be
made. These quarries I also make upon a wood as well as metal base,
and to make them illuminating I sometimes set them with glass. Upon
this plan I also apply asbestos to the making of "pots" for insertion
between beams in floors upon the French method of construction.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos to the
making of roofs and roofing materials upon a thin perforated metal
sheet foundation rendered stiff and strong by cross corrugations, the
corrugations serving as compensation for the loss of strength incident to
the perforations. The perforations are in the centre of the corrugations
upon the flat and are designed to allow the asbestos to clinch itself from
the opposite side of the sheet.
In some cases instead of punching out the metal I cross slit it and
bend the points outward from the sheet so as to convert them into
holdfasts for the asbestos.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos or its
compounds as a fireproof roof and roofing material by crimping or
fluting sheet metal into tubular or semi-tubular form, of such shape,
size, and cross section as to hold the asbestos securely to the metal
while at the same time, according to its size, adapting it to form an

page_text: "all beam" self-sustaining roof or floor, or a strong shingle, tile, or
slate for roofing purposes, the asbestos being finished off plain or in
ornamental style.
According to another part of my Invention I make use of sheet metal
either flat or corrugated and without loss of strength by punching. I
produce a cheap retaining surface upon one or both its sides by means
of wire netting or by means of willow or basket netting or by a light
network of wood cross lathing. The netting may be held off from the
surface of the metal by studs or otherwise, or it may be corrugated and
attached. Tho plastic asbestos is then applied with or without pressure,
according to circumstances, the external face being finished to taste.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos to the
making of tiles, shingles, slates, plates, slabs, sheets, and surfaces of any
size suitable for roofing and other purposes upon a system which I call
"the hollow grate bar system," which ensures great strength with
lightness of construction, and in combining with these gratings asbestos
and its compounds, I regard any other earthy fire resisting materials as but
the equivalents of asbestos for the purposes of this Invention. According
to this part of my Invention I make use of hollow tubes, preferably sheet
iron, for strength, lightness, and cheapness. These tubes, which may bc
of any size from a half inch upwards, are in two sets, one larger than
the other, the small ones being the "cross bars." The larger tubes are
placed parallel to each other at suitable distances apart according to the
character of the article to be made. Each tube is pierced crosswise
through and through at distances from each other equalling the space
between the tubes, and the smaller cross tubes are then passed through
them, thus forming the grating. The asbestos or its compounds is then
moulded upon this foundation into the articles already described for
roofing, or into floor sections, partitions, "dry panels" for walls, or
any other purpose for which such an article is suitable. If found
desirable the pipes may be made solid by a filling of asbestos or other
material.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos to the
manufacture of a waterproof paperboard in the nature of millboard or
pasteboard of strong and heavy character and rendered exceedingly hard
by powerful pressure after the manner of making paper car wheels for
railroad carriages. These paper sheets I prefer to corrugate for greater

page_text: strength in the form of what, when made of sheet iron, is known in
America as "Cornell's Patent Continuous Lathing," a form of corrugation
which has the quality of interlocking with itself any plastic material
with which it is overlaid. Upon this waterproof continuous paper
lathing I form my asbestos fireproof articles for roofing and other
purposes as already described. It is evident that these waterproof paper
sheets may be moulded into other forms and used like the wood and
metal sheets described, also that by setting them with glasses in
perforations made for the purpose in the sheet illuminating tiles and
quarries of a cheap and durable fireproof character may be produced for
roofing and other purposes. Upon this general plan I also mould and
make paper gratings under pressure sometimes with a wire netting
through the centre of its thickness using preferably an asbestos wire
netting. Upon this construction as a foundation I mould my asbestos
for roofing purposes as described.
When I use these gratings for illuminating purposes I place them in
a suitable mould to produce the open grating form when covered with
the asbestos, the plastic asbestos in place of filling the holes only
overlaying the actual grating, the appertures of which I then block up
with glass.
When the wire netting forms a part of the grating as described I prefer
to cast the glasses directly in their seats upon the grating, so that the
wire netting is then in the centre of the glass as well as in the centre of
the grating. This same result I also attain by casting the glasses upon
the wire netting at the proper distances apart before it is put into the
paper grating mould, in which case the asbestos paper pulp is compressed
closely around a portion of the sides of the glasses and the asbestos is
subsequently moulded around the remainder upon the paper grating.
By substituting metal gratings for the paper gratings herein described
I obtain a stronger construction but not a more fire-proof one, but for
certain situations I make asbestos coated illuminating metal gratings of
this description in some cases with, in others without, the wire netting as
described.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos to the
making of fire-proof revolving shutters by the use of the continuous a
paper lathing described, but although the asbestos enters the corrugations
it does not in this case fill them solid, as in the case of the roofing for

page_text: this plan I also apply asbestos for constructing book cases for the interior
of fire-proof desks or safes now ordinarily made of wood.
For building purposes, as a precaution against fire, I apply asbestos to
the construction of chimney pipes to form an interior lining to chimney
flues to prevent heating the walls or charring adjacent timbers,
I also apply asbestos for making hearth tiles for paving underneath
grates, ranges, kitcheners, and fire-places.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos, preferably
pure asbestos, to the making of pitchers, it being consolidated under
conditions which render it as hard as solid wood, and this I then overlay
by a metallic covering of thin metal "spun' upon it, which may after-
wards be nickel plated or otherwise.
"
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos to the
making a sheet revolving shutter, the novelty of which lies in its
construction, which is designed with special reference to flexibility to
prevent cracking the asbestos in working the shutters.
My Invention consists in using a netting of any suitable material,
metallic wire of preference; this netting is of the proper size to close
the window. According to one plan before I apply the asbestos I
corrugate this netting, and I then apply the asbestos upon it in a mould
of such interior configuration as to produce the same corrugated form in
the asbestos when the article is completed; the asbestos overlaying the
netting on both its sides, and being of equal thickness at every part of
its waved form. By the other method I coat the netting with asbestos
upon both its sides, and immediately, while the mass is sufficiently
plastic, compress it into corrugated form by means of fluted rollers or
otherwise.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos to the
making of asbestos-faced brick for building purposes, the exposed faces
of the bricks being the only portions where asbestos is required, and
which plan economizes the material. In this application I make the
bricks by first making hard compressed facings of asbestos in the form
of tiles of suitable thickness cast or moulded with holdfasts or spurs
upon their backs. These facings I place in the brick or concrete mould
and force in the brick or concrete material which on hardening will
then possess an asbestos facing. But in applying asbestos to the making

page_text: of fire-bricks I prefer to use the asbestos in a state as nearly pure as
possible, and consolidated by means of the greatest pressure, using to
aid in holding the fibres together no more agglutinating materials than
will serve the purpose.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos to the
making of shingles for roofing purposes, the peculiarity of the Invention
consisting in the employment of the common American shingle in a new
form as the core for the asbestos, to wit, I steam and compress the
shingles into corrugated form in suitable dies, and then place them in
moulds and compress the asbestos upon them so as to make a complete
asbestos envelope in which the shingle is concealed, or by a modification
of the plan I cover the surface on one or both sides with an incrustation
of asbestos, preferably using asbestos paint for this purpose.
According to another part of my Invention in place of using oils that
are expensive, I apply asbestos as a substitute therefor in making a
cheap asbestos paint by first dissolving gum shellac in an alkaline water
and then using this liquid in place of paint oil for mixing with the
asbestos flour to form the asbestos paint. By the use of this paint made
of proper consistency, or if thin by the application of a sufficient number
of coals, I make a fireproof facing to stone, wood, iron, canvass, and to
other materials, vessels, and structures.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos to the
making of curved bricks or tiles of special character for enclosing
columns, piers, and pillars; these curved bricks or tiles are in the
nature of bands or rings in section for convenience of application, and
are moulded and shaped to suit the column pier or pillar and the part or
parts of the same where they are to be applied. In the application of
these sectional bands I build them upon the "break joint" principle,
using asbestos mortar in the work; these curved tiles I prefer to make on
a strong and substantial core. When these columns are used in ware-
houses where they are exposed to hard usage I sometimes surround the
lower part of the column with an iron enclosure.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos in the
condition of a fire-proof mortar for plastering wood and other surfaces in
buildings, preserving as far as possible the characteristics of the best :
mortars used for such purposes, but combining asbestos with the other
materials in a way to increase their fire-resisting qualities.

page_text: For binding purposes in the mortar and as a substitute for cow's hair,
I use the long and strong fibres of asbestos. In case of difficulty in
procuring these I then substitute a fibre of asbestos articificially prepared
by any of the known processes of making them. To commingle asbestos
most completely with the other materials forming the mortar, I likewise
add pure asbestos reduced to a fine flour-like condition in as great a
proportion as the required strength of the mortar will bear. A third
form of the asbestos I prepare under the name of asbestos gravel which
I also mix in certain proportions with the mortar. This asbestos gravel
I prepare from the asbestos flour, in some cases adding a small portion of
agglutinous material, such as soluble glass or other suitable material.
The asbestos thus commingled or pure I submit to powerful pressure
which brings it to the condition of stone in blocks. These blocks are
then broken into suitable sizes and assorted for mixing with the other
materials forming the mortar. By this mode of application I also
form an asbestos stono for building and other purposes in blocks, slab,
and other forms, the stone being a veritable "bèton coignet" improved
and rendered more fire-resistant by the admixture of asbestos. This
asbestos "bèton coignet" I also use in the production of any of the
new articles of manufacture already described to which it may of
preference be adapted, particularly roofs and roofing materials, either
opaque or set with glass for illuminating purposes.
According to another part of my Invention I put up the herein-before
described asbestos mortar in a dry state as a new manufacture, the
asbestos mortar being conveniently conditioned as an article of
merchandize by being put up in bags, barrels, or other packages like
cements, lime, and plaster of Paris.
I have her ein-above described the application of asbestos in com-
bination with "bèton coignet," but it may also be advantageously
employed in combination with those artificial stones like "Ransom's”
which are based on the silicates.
According to another and the last part of my Invention I apply
asbestos in its flour and fibre condition to porcelain and pottery, in the
manufacture of articles of household use, and for chemical laboratories; I
include under this head drinking cups for holding hot drinks where the
véssel should be cool to the lips. Also hot water jugs and other vessels
to hold and retain the heat of hot liquids, such as tea and coffee pots;

page_text: also dishes for holding hot meats and gravies, and for non-heat-
conducting vessels generally as well as for glazed tiles and baked
imitation slates for roofing.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Thaddeus Hyatt in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 12th May 1874.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, THADDEUS
HYATT, of Gloucester Gardens, Hyde Park, in the County of Middlesex,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twelfth day of November, in the year
of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, in the thirty-
seventh year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Thaddeus Hyatt, Her special license
that I, the said Thaddeus Hyatt, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said Thaddeus Hyatt, my executors,
administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE TREATMENT AND PREPARATION OF ASBESTOS, AND IN ITS APPLICATION TO
VARIOUS USEFUL PURPOSES IN THE ARTS," upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said Thaddeus Hyatt, my executors or administrators,
by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, should parti-
cularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and
in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the
same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Thaddeus Hyatt, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement that is to cov.

page_text: This Invention relates to the treatment, working, utilizing, and apply-
ing of asbestos and its equivalents.
According to one part of my Invention pure asbestos is employed by
me as a bearing surface applied to either the journals or the journal
boxes of machinery in motion.
According to another part of my Invention asbestos either pure or
improved by admixture with other non-heat conducting materials of
greater body and consistency is employed by me as a rubbing surface or
lining for the interior of hot air or steam cylinders. In some cases a
lining of thin metal over the asbestos may be applied to prevent over-
heating.
According to another part of my Invention asbestos either pure or
improved by admixture with other non-heat conducting materials of
greater body and consistency is employed by me as an interior lining for
steam boiler, and hot-air engines, to preserve the metal from becoming
overheated. In this application it may be found advisable in practice to
cover the asbestos with a thin metal case interposed between it and the
hot water.
In applying asbestos as a bearing surface I use it either in the form
of a lining when applied to journal boxes, or I make the box itself of
asbestos or its compounds, and sometimes upon a concealed metal core,
grating, or frame for greater strength, or I mould it under pressure into
removable collars or " bushes "for lining metal journal boxes or for
encircling and banding the journals themselves, this Invention being
particularly applicable to railway carriages and locomotives.
According to another part of my Invention I apply an admixture of
clean and pure asbestos in powder with palm oil or other suitable grease
as a railway grease or lubricating compound.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos to sad
irons, the bottom only of the iron being metal. These irons I make
solid in the usual form for being heated against a fire, or I make them
hollow to be heated from within. These asbestos sad irons may be
formed wholly from asbestos or its compounds under pressure in moulds,
or a metal core or frame may be used, and the asbestos compressed into
and upon it.

page_text: By another plan I apply the asbestos by incrusting or covering over
any ordinary sad-iron with asbestos in pulp or other form, and thus make
a non-heat radiating sad iron.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos to chimney
backs and sides, which may be moulded separately or in one piece, and
made upon a wire netting or other metallic or wood grating or core, or
may be mixed with agglutinating clays, which under compression will
insure a reliable article for this use. These chimney backs may be
ornamented in the style of glazed tiling.
According to another plan of applying asbestos to these chimney backs
I take any ornamented fireproof tiles, and set them in a similar manner
to the glasses of illuminating gratings, using the tiles in place of glasses
to close the apertures of the grating, and this chimney back grating of
tiles I then coat on the rear side with a sufficient layer of asbestos to
prevent the heat of the fire from passing through to the brickwork
behind it.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos to the
manufacture of ventilating fire-bricks to lay behind the coals in the grate,
which while supplying the under side of the coals with air also prevents
the absorption of heat from behind the fire.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos in the
manufacture of fire-screens to set before the fire or hang upon the grate.
I also apply asbestos to the making face protectors to hang before the
fire as a suspended curtain upon an arm from the mantel piece.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos in the
making of hearth rugs to lay before the fire as a defence against the
discharge of hot coals.
According to another part of my Invention to prevent fires I apply
asbestos as a beam protector in the nature of a hollow box or cap to fit
over the ends of those beams which of necessity approach chimney flues,
and the burning of which so often occasions the destruction of buildings.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos in the
form of tubes or coverings to encase the wrought-iron ties of cast-iron
beams, and I prevent the action of fire upon beams and girders generally
by the application thereto of an asbestos overlaying of the parts.

page_text: According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos to fire-
proof stairways for buildings by making the stairs of asbestos string
pieces fitted with asbestos treads and risers, these string pieces, treads,
and risers being preferably made or moulded upon an openwork metal
core of suitable form and strength.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos in making
the "tips" for gas burners, not destroyable by the heat of the flame.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos in the
making of shades for reading lamps, and for hanging over gas lights and
capping over glass shades to save the ceilings from heat and smoke.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos to gas
stoves so contrived as to cause all or the main portion of the heat of the
flame to serve the cooking or heating purposes required, instead of being
radiated into space. This part of the Invention is equally applicable to
the ordinary gas stoves in use when applied to them in the form of
shields, or as an overlayer in the form of asbestos pulp or otherwise.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos to
portable roasting ovens to stand before the fire. In this application I
employ either compressed asbestos upon a strengthening concealed core,
in which case I prefer to line the inner face with tin; or I overlay the
ordinary metal roasters with asbestos in the form of pulp or otherwise.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos to the
ranges or kitchener backs, to prevent the loss of the heat which now
passes away by absorption of the brick wall behind the range or
kitchener. In this application of asbestos I make the backs in a manner
similar to the chimney back already described.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos as an
asbestos inner lining of the range or kitchener's outside plates not
required as heating surfaces so as to entirely prevent radiation, or I
make these plates double, and I apply asbestos as a filling for the
intervening space. The application of asbestos to the moveable lids of
the kitchener is included in this part of my Invention when not required
as heating surfaces.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos or its
compounds in connection with a strengthening core or foundation frame-
work of wood to various articles of use, this wood whether willow or

page_text: other wood reduced to slips like basket material I prefer to first burnetize
and then weave, leaving open spaces through which the asbestos ties
itself to the wood foundation. These woven wood mats I use in both
a.flat and corrugated form; in the latter I use the corrugations not only
to strengthen and stiffen but to also make a flexible article, the latter
taking place when the completed article is formed into corrugations. I
also use wood in the veneer form which when flat I perforate according
to one plan, and I corrugate according to another; in the latter case
steaming the wood and moulding it into form under pressure.
In some cases I use the flat veneers crossed by wood strips on one or
both sides which may be glued or otherwise attached to it, and which
are so shaped as to be capable of holding the asbestos to its core. In
all these cases I employ the wood as a substitute for iron, the wood
being a cheaper material, and for many purposes equal to iron when
protected by the asbestos.
For some purposes I use wood in the form of a grating more or less
strong, according to the nature of the articles manufactured; my improve-
ments in the uses of asbestos as a fire-proofing material extending to
many or most of the constructions described in my Provisional
Specification under the title of "Improvements in Architectural and
Engineering Constructions, No. 3381, 1873, and also to those described
and included in my Provisional Specification under the title of "Im-
provements in Building and Building Materials," No. 3658, 1873.
In applying asbestos combined with wood gratings and wood mats, as
already described, and wood veneers, according to one part of my Inven-
tion I make roofing materials and entire roofs, either overlaying the
building with the wood grating, mat, or veneer, flat or corrugated, and
forming the asbestos covering directly upon it in loco, or I make the
combination in a merchantable form, as slabs, plates, sheets, tiles, slates,
or shingles, either flat faced, corrugation faced, or actually corrugated.
These slabs, plates, sheets, tiles, slates, or shingles, I also in some cases
set with glass to make them illuminating. From this same manufacture
I also make window shutters and doors, partitions, and other building
constructions, some of which where light is required I set with glass;
I also where it is desirable make an external finish of the roofing
asbestos by moulding it into a representation of ornamental slate which
I also color.

page_text: According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos for over-
laying the large tables on which plate glass is cast, the non-heat con-
ducting property of the asbestos being so great that the molten metal
will practically retain all its heat until entered into the annealing oven.
Upon this general plan and principal I also construct moulds for
making pressed glass, applying the asbestos either as a lining or as the
mould bodily, and preferably made upon a motallic strengthening core.
Upon this same plan I also apply asbestos to the making of heat
retaining molds and flasks for castings of metal of various kinds, the
character of the metal being thereby improved by a sort of annealing
process; in some cases the moulds themselves with their contents, glass
or metal, may be advantageously placed in the annealing oven.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos to the
making of floor, roof, and pavement tiles, preferably upon the plan of
rimmed tiles, or tiles with rims called “quarries," in my said Provisional
Specification already referred to under the title of "Improvements in
Building and Engineering Constructions," by means of which cheap
fireproof roofs, floors, partitions, and other constructions may be made.
These quarries I also make upon a wood as well as metal base, and to
make them illuminating I sometimes set them with glass. Upon this
plan I also apply asbestos to the making of "pots" for insertion between
beams in floors upon the French method of construction.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos to the
making of roofs and roofing materials upon a thin perforated metal
sheet foundation, rendered stiff and strong by cross corrugations, the
corrugations serving as compensation for the loss of strength incident to
the perforations. The perforations are in the centre of the corrugations
upon the flat, and are designed to allow the asbestos to clinch itself from
the opposite side of the sheet.
In some cases instead of punching out the metal I cross slit it, and
bend the points outward from the sheet, so as to convert them into
holdfasts for the asbestos.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos or its
compounds as fireproof roof and roofing material by crimping or
fluting sheet metal into tubular or semi-tubular form of such shape, size,
and cross section as to hold the asbestos securely to the metal, while at

page_text: the same time, according to its size, adapting it to form an "all beam"
self-sustaining roof or floor, or a strong shingle, tile, or slate for
roofing purposes, the asbestos being finished off plain or in ornamental
style.
According to another part of my Invention I make use of sheet metal
either flat or corrugated, and without loss of strength by punching.
I produce a cheap retaining surface upon one or both its sides by means
of wire netting, or by means of willow or basket netting, or by a light
network of wood cross lathing. The netting may be held off from the
surface of the metal by studs or otherwise, or it may be corrugated
and attached. The plastic asbestos is then applied with or without
pressure, according to circumstances, the external face being finished
to taste.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos to the
making of tiles, shingles, slates, plates, slabs, sheets, and surfaces of any
size suitable for roofing and other purposes upon a system which I call
the hollow grate bar system, which insures great strength with lightness
of construction; and in combining with these gratings asbestos and its
compounds I regard any other earthy fire-resisting materials as but the
equivalents of asbestos for the purposes of this Invention. According
to this part of my Invention I make use of hollow tubes, preferably
sheet iron, for strength, lightness, and cheapness. These tubes, which
may be of any size from a half inch upwards, are in two sets, one larger
than the other, the small ones being the "cross bars." The larger tubes
are placed parallel to each other at suitable distances apart, according to
the character of the article to be made. Each tube is pierced crosswise
through and through at distances from each other equalling the space
between the tubes, and the smaller cross tubes are then passed through
them, thus forming the grating. The asbestos or its compounds is then
moulded upon this foundation into the articles already described for
roofing, or into floor sections, partitions, "dry panels" for walls, or any
other
for which such an article is suitable. If found desirable
purpose
the pipes may be made solid by a filling of asbestos or other material.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos to the
manufacture of a waterproof paper board in the nature of millboard or
pasteboard of strong and heavy character, and rendered exceedingly
hard by powerful pressure after the manner of making paper car wheels
B 2

page_text: for railroad carriages. These paper sheets I prefer to corrugate for
greater strength in the form of what when made of sheet iron is known
in America as "Cornell's Patent Continuous Lathing," a form of corru-
gation which has the quality of interlocking with itself any plastic
material with which it is overlaid. Upon this waterproof continuous
paper lathing I form my asbestos fireproof articles for roofing and other
purposes, as already described. It is evident that these waterproof paper
sheets may be moulded into other forms, and used like the wood and
metal sheets described; also that by setting them with glasses in per-
forations made for the purpose in the sheet illuminating tiles and
quarries of a cheap and durable fireproof character may be produced for
roofing and other purposes. Upon this general plan I also mould and
make paper gratings under pressure, sometimes with a wire netting
through the centre of its thickness, using preferably an asbestos wire
netting. Upon this construction as a foundation I mould my asbestos
for roofing purposes, as described.
When I use these gratings for illuminating purposes I place them in
a suitable mould to produce the open grating form, and when covered
with the asbestos the plastic asbestos in place of filling the holes only
overlaying the actual grating, the apertures of which I then block up
with glass.
When the wire netting forms a part of the grating, as described, I
prefer to cast the glasses directly in their seats upon the grating, so
that the wire netting is then in the centre of the glass, as well as in the
centre of the grating. This same result I also attain by casting the
glasses upon the wire netting at the proper distances apart before it is
put into the paper grating mould, in which case the asbestos paper
pulp is compressed closely around a portion of the sides of the glasses,
and the asbestos is subsequently moulded around the remainder upon
the paper grating.
By substituting metal gratings for the paper gratings herein described
I obtain a stronger construction, but not a more fireproof one; but for
certain situations I make asbestos coated illuminating metal gratings of
this description in some cases with, in others without, the wire netting,
as described.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos to the
making of fireproof revolving shutters the use of the continuous

page_text: it
paper lathing described; but although the asbestos enters the corru-
gations it does not in this case fill them solid; as in the case of the
roofing for shutters, the asbestos enters the angles of the corrugations,
and is thereby firmly held to its foundation, but it is moulded upon
with a corrugated wave outline resembling the sheet-metal corrugated
shutter in common use known as "Clark's Patent." By this con-
formation the sheet obtains the necessary flexibility for being rolled
upon the cylinder. I also use iron veneer sheets when corrugated for
the same purpose; also any other suitable corrugated material, especially
one of an elastic nature, such as hardened rubber, or any compound
producing a sheet resembling it.
A part of my Invention consists in applying asbestos to the firc-
proofing of ordinary metal revolving shutters as now manufactured in
the case of slat shutters by coating the laths with asbestos in the case
of revolving corrugated sheet shutters by incrusting or overlaying the
corrugated sheets.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos to the
making of paper boxes for public libraries and other places for holding
packs of pamplets after the manner of the Patent Office Library
arrangement of its Patents. In this same line of applying asbestos to
useful purposes I make the shelves of libraries of asbestos boards or
planks.
I also apply asbestos to the making of book cases or portable libraries
of asbestos of suitable character, or I use asbestos as a fireproof lining
for book cases and portable libraries made of ordinary materials. In
this samo line of application I use asbestos as a binding for books to
preserve the leaves from fire.
I also propose the application of asbestos for making an asbestos
writing and printing paper or parchment for deeds and other valuable
instruments to be written or printed upon; also for printing valuable
and rare books or pictures upon.
I also propose to apply asbestos for making printers' ink with a suffi-
cient amount of asbestos in its composition in the form of an impalpable
powder to give it a valuable fireproof character.
I also propose the application of asbestos for making asbestos paper
envelopes in which to protect valuable papers; also light asbestos boxes

page_text: in substitution of the tin ones commonly used as "deed boxes." On
this plan I also apply asbestos for constructing book cases for the
interior of fireproof chests or "safes
now ordinarily made of wood.
"
For building purposes as a precaution against fire I apply asbestos to
the construction of chimney pipes to form an interior lining to chimney
flues to prevent heating the walls or charring adjacent timbers.
I also apply asbestos for making hearth tiles for paving underneath
grates, ranges, kitcheners, and fire-places.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos, preferably
pure asbestos, to the making of pitchers, it being consolidated under 1
conditions which render it as hard as solid wood, and this I then overlay
by a metallic covering of thin metal "spun upon it, which may after-
wards be nickel-plated or otherwise.
"
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos to the
making sheet revolving shutters, the novelty of which lies in its con- 1
struction, which is designed with special reference to flexibility to
prevent cracking the asbestos in working the shutters.
My Invention consists in using a netting of any suitable material,
metallic wire by preference. This netting is of proper size to close the
window. According to one plan before I apply the asbestos I corrugate 2
this netting, and I then apply the asbestos upon it in a mould of such
interior configuration as to produce the same corrugated form in the
asbestos when the article is completed, the asbestos overlaying the
netting on both its sides, and being of equal thickness at every part of
its waved form. By the other method I coat the netting with asbestos 2
upon both its sides, and immediately while the mass is sufficiently
plastic compress it into corrugated form by means of fluted rollers or
otherwise.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos to the
making of asbestos-faced brick for building purposes, the exposed faces 3
of the brick being the only portions where asbestos is required, and
which plan economises the material. In this application I make the
bricks by first making hard compressed facings of asbestos in the form
of tiles of suitable thickness cast or moulded with holdfasts or spurs
upon their backs. These facings I place in the brick or concrete mould 3
and force in the brick or concrete material, which on hardening will

page_text: then possess an asbestos facing, but in applying asbestos to the making
of fire-brick I prefer to use the asbestos in a state as nearly pure as
possible and consolidated by means of the greatest pressure, using to aid
in holding the fibres together no more agglutinating material than will
serve the purpose.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos to the
making of shingles for roofing purposes, the peculiarity of the Invention
consisting in the employment of the common American shingle in a new
form, as the core for the asbestos, to wit. I steam and compress the
shingles into corrugated form in suitable dies, and then place them in
moulds and compress the asbestos upon them so as to make a complete
asbestos envelope in which the shingle is concealed, or by a modification
of the plan I cover the surface on one or both sides with an incrustation
of asbestos, preferably using asbestos paint for this purpose.
According to another part of my Invention, in place of using oils that
are expensive, I apply asbestos as a substitute therefor in making a
cheap asbestos paint by first dissolving gum shellac in an alkaline water
and then using this liquid in place of paint oil for mixing with the
asbestos flour to form the asbestos paint. By the use of this paint made
of proper consistency or by the application of a sufficient number of
thin coats I make a fireproof facing to stone, wood, iron, canvass, and
to other materials, vessels, and structures.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos to the
making of curved bricks or tiles of special character for enclosing
columns, piers, and pillars. These curved bricks or tiles are in the
nature of bands or rings in section for convenience of application, and
are moulded and shaped to suit the column, pier, or pillar and the part
or parts of the same where they are to be applied. In the application
of these sectional bands I build them up on the "break joint principle,
using asbestos mortar in the work. These curved tiles I prefer to make
upon a strong and substantial core; when these columns are used in
warehouses, where they are exposed to hard usage, I sometimes
surround the lower part of the column with an iron closure.
According to another part of my Invention I apply asbestos in the
condition of a fireproof mortar for plastering wood and other surfaces in
buildings, preserving as far as possible the characteristics of the best

page_text: mortars used for such purposes, but combining asbestos with the other
materials in a way to increase their fire-resisting qualities.
For binding purposes in the mortar and as a substitute for cow's hair
I use the long and strong fibres of asbestos; in case of difficulty in
procuring these, I then substitute a fibre of asbestos artificially
prepared by any of the known processes of making them. To commingle
asbestos most completely with the other materials forming the mortar I
likewise add pure asbestos reduced to a fine flour-like condition in as
great a proportion as the required strength of the mortar will bear. A
third form of asbestos I prepare under the name of asbestos gravel,
which I also mix in certain proportions with the mortar. This asbestos
gravel I prepare from the asbestos flour, in some cases adding a small
portion of agglutinous material, such as soluble glass or other suitable
substance. The asbestos thus commingled or pure I submit to powerful
pressure, which brings it to the condition of stone in blocks. These
blocks are then broken into suitable sizes and assorted for mixing with the
other materials forming the mortar. By this mode of application I also
form an asbestos stone for building and other purposes in block, slab,
and other forms, the stone being a veritable "beton coignet" improved
and made more fire-resistant by the admixture of asbestos. This asbestos
"beton coignet" I also use in the production of any of the new articles
of manufacture already described, to which it may of preference be
adapted, particularly roofs and roofing materials, either opaque or set
with glass for illuminating purposes.
According to another part of my Invention I put up the herein above
described asbestos mortar in a dry state as a new manufacture, the
asbestos mortar being conveniently conditioned
as an article of
merchandize by being put up in bags, barrels, or other packages like
cements, lime, and plaster of Paris.
I have herein above described the application of asbestos in com-
bination with "beton coignet," but it may also be advantageously
employed in combination with those artificial stones like "Ransom's,"
which are based on the silicates.
According to another and the last part of my Invention I apply
asbestos in its flour and fibre condition to porcelain and pottery in the
manufacture of articles for household use and for chemical laboratories.
I include under this head drinking cups for holding hot drinks, where

page_text: the vessel should be cool to the lips. Also hot water jugs and other
vessels to hold and retain the heat of hot liquids, such as tea and coffee
pots. Also dishes for holding hot meats and gravies and for non-heat
conducting vessels generally, as well as for glazed tiles and baked
imitation slates for roofing.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my
said Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or
carried into effect, I would observe in conclusion that what I consider to
be novel and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured to
me by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,-
First. The application and use of pure asbestos as a bearing surface to
the journals or journal boxes of machinery in motion, substantially as
and for the purpose herein-before described.
Second. The application and use of asbestos as a rubbing surface or
lining for the interior of hot air or steam cylinders, or as a lining for
boilers, substantially as and for the purpose herein-before described.
Third. The manufacture of railroad grease or lubricating compound
from the admixture of asbestos powder with palm oil or other suitable
grease, substantially as herein-before described.
Fourth. The application and use of asbestos in the construction of sad
irons, substantially as and for the purpose herein-before described.
Fifth. The application of asbestos to the construction of chimney
backs, sides, and to the backs, sides, and movable lids of ranges or
kitcheners, the asbestos being moulded separately or in one piece upon
a wire netting or other metallic or wood core, or mixed with agglutinating
clays and compressed, or in the case of the chimney backs and sides as
a coating, overlaying gratings combined with ornamental tiles, sub-
stantially as and for the purpose herein-before described.
Sixth. The construction of ventilating fire-bricks from asbestos to lay
behind the coals in a grate, substantally as and for the purpose herein-
before described.
Seventh. The construction of asbestos, fire-screens, and hearthrugs,
substantially as and for the purpose herein-before described.
Eighth. The application and use of asbestos as a covering for the
beams, tie rods and girders of buildings, and for the construction of

page_text: stairways for the purpose of rendering them fireproof, substantially as
herein-before described.
Ninth. The manufacture of "asbestos tips " for gas burners and
shades or caps for lamps and gas lights, substantially as and for the
purpose herein-before described.
Tenth. The construction of and application to gas stoves of asbestos,
substantially as and for the purpose herein-before described.
5
Eleventh. The construction of portable roasting ovens from asbestos
compressed upon a concealed core in combination with a metal lining,
and when applied to ordinary roasters by overlaying in the form of 1
pulp or otherwise, substantially as and for the purpose herein-before
described.
Twelfth. The application of asbestos in combination or not with a
strengthening core or foundation of wood for the manufacture of various
useful articles, such as fireproofing material for roofs, window shutters, 1
doors, partitions, and other building purposes, substantially as and for
the purpose herein-before described.
Thirteenth. The construction of "asbestos" plates for overlaying the
large tables on which plate glass is laid, of moulds for making pressed
glass, and of flasks for castings of metal, substantially as herein-before 2
described.
Fourteenth. The manufacture of asbestos floor, roof, and pavement
tiles and pots for insertion between beams and floors, substantially as and
for the purpose herein-before described.
Fifteenth. The manufacture of fireproof roofing materials from 2
"asbestos" combined with perforated corrugated sheet metal or with
crimped sheet metal or upon a hollow grate bar system, substantially as
and for the purpose herein-before described.
Sixteenth. The manufacture of a waterproof paper board in com-
bination with "asbestos " consolidated by pressure preferably in a 3
corrugated form or continuous lathings, substantially as and for the
purposes herein-before described.
Seventeenth. The construction of paper gratings in combination with
"asbestos" and sometimes with a wire netting through the centre of its

page_text: thickness for illuminating and other purposes, substantially as herein-
before described.
Eighteenth. The application of "asbestos" to revolving and other
shutters for the purpose of rendering them fireproof, substantially as
herein-before described.
Ninteenth. The manufacture of "asbestos "
paper boxes, library
shelves, bookcases, bookbindings, writing and printing paper, printers'
ink, and other articles, substantially as and for the purpose herein-before
described.
Twentieth. The manufacture of "asbestos" ice pitchers consolidated
and overlaid by a metallic covering of thin metal "spun," substantially
as herein-before described.
Fwenty-first. The manufacture of revolving sheet shutters from
"asbestos" combined with corrugated sheets of wire or other netting,
substantially as and for the purpose herein-before described.
Twenty-second. The application and use of asbestos in the manufacture
of gravel, stone, or "beton coignet," substantially as and for the purpose
herein-before described.
Twenty-third. The manufacture, application, and use of asbestos,
paint, mortar, porcelain, and pottery, substantially as and for the purposes
herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thaddeus Hyatt, have to this my
Specification set my hand and seal, this Eleventh day of May
One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four.
THADDEUS HYATT. (L.S.)