Improvements in Electric Cables, particularly suitable for Telephone Circuits.
Year: 1896

page_text: Date of Application, 8th Dec., 1896
2
1007
0010
1007
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Electric Cables, particularly suitable for Telephone
Circuits.
I, FREDERICK HAWKINS, Electrician, of 6 Crosby Road, Romford Road, Strat-
ford, E, in the County of Essex, do hereby declare the nature of this invention
to be as follows:-.
My invention relates to the combination of two electric conductors in one
cable for the use of telephone or telegraph, worked on metallic circuit; possess-
ing the advantage when in use of neutralizing effect of inductive influence on
adjacent wires or circuits. To carry out my invention, I form a core or centre,
of horse or other animal hair, long or short preferably twisted or otherwise into
a thread; a number of such threads may be laid together longitudinally or
helically to a suitable and convenient size. Around this centre core of hair, I lay in
a helical manner two suitable metallic electric conductors, alternately with horse
or other animal hair of suitable size to separate or prevent the conductors making
metallic connection. Each conductor may be formed of one or more wires
strips or pieces of metal, of such size, shape or cross section as may be most
suitable. Outside and around the two insulated conductors described, I wind
on or otherwise use as a covering long or short horse or other animal hair, in
any suitable way, as, for example by matting short horse or other animal hair
with or without some suitable adhesive substance applied in a convenient manner
to the required thickness.
To protect the hair from the prejudicial effects of water or of gases in the
atmosphere, I employ, over the hair covering described, or over the two insulated
conductors without the hair covering, suitable insulating isolating or pro-
tecting material, such for example as gutta percha, india-rubber or a tube of
One or more of such double conductors, separately insulated as described,
I may lay together in the form of a cable, and further protect from injury by
the usual methods in general use for submarine, subterranean or aerial cables
or telegraph wires. The cable as above described would be complete for a single
metallic circuit, but I may if preferred include in one cable more than one
circuit by forming it with more conductors.
Dated this 8th day of December 1896.
BOULT & WADE,
Agents for the Applicant. "

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in Electric Cables, particularly suitable for Telephone
Circuits.
I, FREDERICK HAWKINS, Electrician, of 6 Crosby Road, Romford Road, Strat-
ford, E, in the County of Essex, do hereby declare the nature of this invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement:-
My invention relates to the combination of two electric conductors in one
cable for the use of telephone or telegraph, worked on metallic circuit; possess-
ing the advantage when in use of neutralizing the effect of inductive influence on
adjacent wires or circuits. To carry out my invention, I form a core or centre,
of horse or other animal hair, long or short preferably twisted or otherwise into
a thread; a number of such threads may be laid together longitudinally or
helically to a suitable and convenient size. Around this centre core of hair, I lay in
a helical manner two suitable metallic electric conductors, alternately with horse
or other animal hair of suitable size to separate or prevent the conductors making
metallic connection. Each conductor may be formed of one or more wires
strips or pieces of metal, of such size or shape in cross section as may be most
suitable. Outside and around the two insulated conductors described, I wind
on or otherwise use as a covering long or short horse or other animal hair, in
any suitable way, as for example by matting short horse or other animal hair
with or without some suitable adhesive substance applied in a convenient manner
to the required thickness.
To protect the hair from the prejudicial effects of water or of gases in the
atmosphere, I employ over the hair covering described, or over the two insulated
conductors without the further hair covering, suitable insulating isolating or pro-
tecting material such for example as gutta percha, india-rubber or a tube of
metal. One or more of such double conductors, separately insulated as described,
I may lay together in the form of a cable and further protect from injury by
the usual methods in general use for submarine subterranean or aerial cables
or telegraph wires. The cable as above described would be complete for a single
metallic circuit, but I may if preferred include in one cable more than one
circuit by forming it with more conductors.
In the accompanying drawings
Figure 1 is a view of a cable constructed as described with the various layers
successively removed.
Figure 2 is a cross section of a similar cable,
Figure 3 is a cross section of a multiple circuit cable made up of seven cables
cach similar to that shown in Figures 1 and 2.
Figure 4 is a different arrangement of the cable shown in Figure 2.
Like letters indicate like parts throughout the drawings.
A is a central core made up of horse or other animal hair, long or short, pre-
ferably twisted or otherwise formed into a thread, several such threads being
if necessary laid together longitudinally or helically to form a core of the required
diameter. B, are the metallic conductors each of which may either be a single
wire or may comprise several wires laid side by side or stranded strips may be
used, or other pieces of metal of suitable size or shape, laid in a helical manner
round the central core A. Laid between certain of the conductors so as to
separate them into the required number of circuits is a sufficient number of
threads of horse or other hair C made up in any suitable way, or other insulating
material may be employed to separate the conductors.

page_text: Over and around the separated conductors is wound or placed a covering of
any desired insulating material D, this may be, for example, in the form of a
tape or braid made up by inatting hair together, and applying it, with or without
some suitable adhesive substance or may consist of a number of 'tlifeads of hair
side by side. When this covering is. of hair. I. protect, it from the prejudicial
effects of water, gases in the atmosphere and the like, by a further covering E
placed thereupon which may be of gutta-percha, indiarubber or any other suitable
material.
Outside this again may be a tube of lead or other metal such as F, or the
covering E may consist of a tube of metal in which case the tube F may be
dispensed with or its place taken by any well-known form of armouring
One or more of these cables made up as described with insulating conductors,
may be taken and formed into a multiple circuit cable such as is illustrated in
Figure 3; where seven cables are shown, each made up as before described as
far as and including the covering D, and then made into one multiple circuit
cable in a well known manner with common outer coverings E and F as before.
In Figure 4 is shown an alternative construction of cable according to my
invention and one which I prefer. In this form the place of each of the con-
ductors B Figure 3 is taken by a number of conductors, three being shown in
the example illustrated. It is to be understood that each group of three con-
ductors replaces one of the conductors 13 and forms one electric circuit, the total
area of cross section of the three being equal to that of the one replaced while
the overall diameter of the cable is reduced without prejudice to the insulation.
For example the total cross section of the three wires shown in Figure 4 is
approximately equal to that of the one shown in Figure 2 while the inside
diameter of the covering D in the former is considerably less than in the latter.
The conductors may be separated by insulating material made up in the shape of
threads or twine as shown at G.
Although I wish it to be understood that I prefer to employ hair insulation
as above described I do not confine myself to it, the principal feature of this
invention being the arrangement of the conductors helically around a central
core of hair.
It will be obvious that cables, after the manner of this invention may be
made up in many ways, for instance:
A cable may be made up with more than two conductors forming more than
one circuit, or,
The covering F may be dispensed with, and the cable braided or covered in
any of the ways in general use or again,
The compound cable may be sheathed with iron or other wires outside, or pro-
tected in any of the ways in use for submarine subterranean, or aerial cables
or telegraph or telephone wires.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said
Invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is:-
1. A non-inductive electric cable comprising a central core such as A of hair
and conductors B wound helically thereupon separated by insulating material
such as C to form two independent conductors for the purpose described.
2. A non-inductive electric cable comprising a central insulating core such as A
of hair conductors B wound helically thereupon, and separators such as G sub-
stantially as described or illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
3. A non-inductive electric cable comprising a central core such as A of hair
conductors B wound helically thereupon separated by insulating material such
as C to form two independent conductors, and a further covering such as D of
hair.
4. A non-inductive multiple circuit electric cable such as is described and

page_text: illustrated in Figure 3 of the accompanying drawings, comprising two or, more
cables such as are described in Claim, 3.
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anal
5. The complete electric cable substantially, as described, and illustrated in
Figures 1 and 2 or Figure 3 of Figure 4, of the accompanying drawings.
or
Dated this 7th day of September 1897:
FREDERICK HAWKINS.
FREDERICK HAWKINS!
Boult & Wade,
Agents for the Applicant.