IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF METAL TUBES AND IN MACHINERY EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1877

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Thomas Selby, of Smethwick, in the County of
Stafford, for the Invention of " IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
METAL TUBES AND IN MACHINERY EMPLOYED THEREIN."
Sealed the 22nd January 1878, and dated the 1st August 1877.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Thomas Selby at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 1st August 1877.
GEORGE THOMAS SELBY, of Smethwick, in the County of Stafford. "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF METAL TUBES AND IN MACHINERY EMPLOYED
THEREIN.
دو
This Invention has for its object improvements in the manufacture of metal tubes
and in machinery employed therein.
In making copper pipes I cast a tubular shell or ingot in a mould so arranged that
the shell or ingot lies in it horizontally. I form a slit or opening all along the top
of the mould, and the head or "get" which is formed in the slit or opening I cut off
before the ingot is worked.
I employ as a core a thin iron tube, which, when the metal is poured into the
mould, rises at once to a high temperature and expands before the metal sets upon
it, after which the cooling and contraction of the core is made to take place more
rapidly than that of the metal, so that the core is not too tightly bound.
For the purpose of withdrawing the tubular core I form a slot through it. I
drive a wedge into the slot, and the wedge taking its abutment on the end of the
mould forces the core out. I prefer to make the core somewhat taper.
The shell or ingot, after the "get" has been removed, is coated on the interior
with a suitable wash or composition to prevent adhesion, and is flattened, and in this
state it is rolled both longitudinally and transversely until the desired dimensions
have been approximately attained and the diameter has been increased to any
desired extent. Some superfluous metal having been cut off from the edges, the
IDin C31

page_text: tube is next opened and a mandril is inserted, on which the tube is finished by
drawing or rolling.
Brass tubes I make in the same way, but it is unnecessary to cast the shell or
ingot in an horizontal position.
I also make a composite tube suitable for boilers. For this purpose to an iron
tube I attach copper or brass ends, and I then draw down on to the iron tube a
covering tube of zinc or spelter, which is thus caused to adhere closely to the iron,
which it serves to protect from corrosion.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said George Thomas Selby in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 31st
January 1878.
GEORGE THOMAS SELBY, of Smethwick, in the County of Stafford.
"IMPROVE.
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF METAL TUBES AND IN MACHINERY EMPLOYED
THEREIN.
"
This Invention has for its object improvements in the manufacture of metal tubes
and in machinery employed therein.
In making copper pipes I cast a tubular shell or ingot in a mould so arranged
that the shell or ingot lies in it horizontally. I form a slit or opening all along the
top of the mould, and the head or "get" which is formed in this slit or opening I
cut off before the ingot is worked.
I employ as a core a thin iron tube, which, when the metal is poured into the
mould, rises at once to a high temperature and expands before the metal sets upon
it, after which the cooling and contraction of the core is made to take place more
rapidly than that of the metal, so that the core is not too tightly bound.
For the purpose of withdrawing the tubular core I form a slot through it; I drive
a wedge into the slot, and the wedge taking its abutment on the end of the mould
forces the core out. I prefer to make the core somewhat taper.
The shell or ingot, after the "get" has been removed, is coated on the interior
with a suitable wash or composition to prevent adhesion, and is flattened, and in this
state it is rolled both longitudinally and transversely until the desired dimensions
have been approximately attained and the diameter has been increased to any
desired extent. Some superfluous metal having been cut off from the edges the
tube is next opened and a mandril is inserted, on which the tube is finished by
drawing or rolling.
Brass tubes I make in the same way, but it is unnecessary to cast the shell or
ingot in an horizontal position.
I also make a composite tube suitable for boilers. For this purpose to an iron
tube I attach copper or brass ends, and I then draw down on to the iron tube a
covering tube of zinc or spelter, which is thus caused to adhere closely to the iron,
which it serves to protect from corrosion.
In order that my said Invention may be most fully understood and readily carried
into effect, I will proceed to describe the Drawings hereunto annexed.

page_text: DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Figure 1 is a longitudinal section of the mould which I employ in casting the
shell or ingot for making a copper tube; Figure 2 is a plan partly in section, and
Figure 3 is an end view of the same.
The mould consists of a bottom piece A, on to which two upper pieces B, B, fit,
and they are secured in their places by driving in the wedges C, C; the part A has
a hole through it at each end, of a size to receive the hollow core D. At E, in Figure
1, the ingot is seen in section, and a transverse section of the same to a larger scale
is shown in Figure 4.
It will be seen that the mould is open at the top from end to end for the free
escape of air. The core D is of wrought iron, turned smooth, and somewhat taper
on the exterior; I prefer that it should be from a sixteenth to an eighth of an inch
thick; one end of the core is solid, with the exception of a slotted hole formed
through it to receive a wedge F. In preparing the mould and the core for casting
they are slightly greased and dusted with powdered charcoal. When the metal is
poured in the core, from its thinness immediately becomes highly heated, and,
consequently, expanded; the metal sets around it whilst it is thus dilated, and
then the cooling of the core proceeds more rapidly than that of the ingot, so that the
core never becomes tightly bound. The core is provided with an opening at one
end to facilitate the cooling, and when found desirable a spray of water may be
thrown in at the open end after casting. When the metal is well set, by striking
the wedge F the core is loosened, and it is then readily drawn out by means of the
handles with which it is provided. Having in this way obtained an ingot of the
form represented in Figure 4, the fin at the top is sawn off, and the ingot having
been coated on the inside with lime white, is flattened and it is rolled by passing it
transversely or sideways between a pair of rollers. This rolling is continued until
the requisite width is attained. It is then rolled longitudinally until it has been
considerably lengthened and reduced in section. The tube is now of the form
indicated by Figure 5. Next it is opened out by drawing a taper tool through it,
and it is brought to the shape shown by Figure 6; the superfluous metal at the
sides is now cut off, and a mandril is forced into it. The tube is drawn on this
mandril until it is brought to the finished form indicated by Figure 7.
I would remark that I am aware that it has before been proposed to roll shells or
hollow ingots in a longitudinal direction, and afterwards to open them out into
tubes; and to this way of making tubes, where the shell or ingot is not rolled in a
transverse or sideway direction, I make no claim.
I employ hollow or tubular cores of thin metal in casting ingots for making brass
tubes by drawing in the ordinary manner.
I then make the core circular in section
in place of oval, and I can use the ordinary casting mould.
In making composite tubes consisting of iron covered with zinc or spelter, and
copper or brass ended, I proceed as follows:-I first attach the copper or brass end
to the iron tube by screwing or by brazing. The end piece may conveniently be,
say, six inches long, and somewhat larger in external diameter than the iron tube.
A light zinc or spelter tube is then passed over the iron tube, and it is drawn down
upon it so as to abut against the shoulder at the extremity of the brass or copper
end. Composite tubes thus made are intended to be used as flue tubes in steam
boilers, and the brass or copper end is received by and fixed into the tube plate of
the boiler, which is commonly made of copper.
Having thus described the nature of my said Invention and the manner of
performing the same, I would have it understood that I claim,-
First. Casting copper shells or hollow ingots to be made into tubes in an
horizontal position in metal moulds, open at the top, substantially as described.
Second. Casting copper or brass shells or hollow ingots to be made into tubes
upon a thin hollow metal core, and withdrawing the core whilst the shell or ingot
is still hot, substantially as described.

page_text: :
Third. The construction of moulds for casting shells or ingots to be made into
tubes, substantially as described.
Fourth. In the manufacture of tubes the rolling the shell or ingot transversely,
and subsequently after rolling, opening it out, substantially as described.
Fifth. The manufacture of composite tubes or iron tubes tipped with brass or
copper and covered with external tubes of zinc or spelter, substantially as described.
In witness whereof, I, the said George Thomas Selby, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-ninth day of January, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight.