CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINES OR APPARATUS FOR AND IN THE PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING BREAD FROM GRAIN, AND THE APPLICATION OF OTHER PRODUCTS OR ANOTHER PRODUCT THEREOF TO CERTAIN USEFUL PURPOSES
Year: 1833

page_text: HEBERT'S SPECIFICATION.
........
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL C
SHALL COME, I, LUKE
HEBERT, of Paternoster Row, in the City of London, Civil Engineer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS His present most Excellent Majesty King William the Fourth,
by His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date
át Westminster, the Twenty-fourth day of January, in the third year of
His reign, did, for Himself, His heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me; the said Luke Hebert, His especial licence, full power, sole privilege
and authority, that I, the said Luke Hebert, my exors, admors, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said Luke Hebert, my exors, admors, and
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time
and at all times during the term of years therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend; within England, Wales, and
the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and also in all His' said Majesty's Colonies
and Plantations abroad, my Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINES
OR APPARATUS FOR AND IN THE PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING BREAD FROM GRAIN,
AND THE APPLICATION OF OTHER PRODUCTS OR ANOTHER PRODUCT THEREOF TO CERTAIN
USEFUL PURPOSES; in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso that
I, the said Luke Hebert, shall cause a particular description of the nature
of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
to be inrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said in part recited
Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will
more fully and at large appear."

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Luke Hebert, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention consists
(as briefly expressed in the title of my Patent) of a continued series of
mechanical contrivances and processes designed for the manufacture of bread
with greater purity and economy than is at present generally practised, and
in the application of the vapour or vapours arising from the bread during
the process of baking in making solutions of bran and other vegetable
substances.
Having stated the nature and object of my said Invention, I proceed to
give a particular description of the same, and to shew in what manner the
same is to be performed with reference to the explanatory Drawings hereunto
annexed.
Grain is rarely brought to market in a sufficiently clean state to be ground
into meal without one or more preparatory operations. When the adventi-
tious or impure matter mixed with it can be effectually separated by sifting or
other dry operation it is adviseable to employ no other; but it frequently
happens that, owing to the adhesion of smut and other fecalent matter, a
washing process becomes necessary to purify it. The machine and the process
I employ for this purpose is explained by the Drawing hereunto annexed, and
by the following description:-
"
. In the Drawing, Fig. 1 represents a longitudinal section of the machine,
and Fig. 2 a transverse section of the same, in both of which the same letters
of reference indicate corresponding parts where they occur. Into a cylinder a,
of adequate dimensions, I put the deteriorated grain b, together with a
quantity of coarse sharp sand c, which has been previously washed clean and
duly sifted, so as to detain only those particles which measure from a sixteenth
.to a thirty-second part of an inch in diameter, and to free it from those which
are either coarser or finer. The proportion of sand to the grain is not very
material; but I find that about one part of the sand to three parts of
grain adequate, and that a less quantity suffices when the sand is in the wet
state after being washed, as it adheres more to the grain in consequence. The
cylinder may be of a length proportioned to the magnitude of the operations
intended to be conducted with it, and be accordingly fitted up for rotation with a
winch d, a pulley e, or geer, according to the nature and extent of the motive
power employed to work it. It is an advantage, however, to have a good depth
or diameter of cylinder, as the pressure of the superincumber portion upon the
lower causes the sharp sand interposed between the grains of corn to scour off
the impurities attached to them. To ascertain when this process is completed,
a sample of the corn may be drawn from a try hole, which may be made on

page_text: one side of the cylinder, and provided with a stopper. When completed, a
door g on the periphery of the cylinder is to be unfastened and opened, and the
whole contents of the cylinder be discharged into a large flat sieve h under-
neath, which is immersed just under the surface of a body of water contained
in the cistern i, i. This being done, the cylinder is to be turned half way
round, so as to bring the open doorway opposite to the shoot of a hopper
above, containing a similar mixture of corn and sharp sand (supposed to have
been shoveled into in from the heaps represented on either side of the hopper),
which is then to be discharged into the cylinder, and the latter, after fastening
the door, be put into operation again. By reference to the Drawing it will be
observed that the effect of this rotation is to actuate the sieve h, which is
effected through the medium of a pulley / fixed on the axes m of the cylinder,
and an endless cord or chain n, n, which passes around two other pulleys o, p,
and also a fourth pulley g, which latter revolves in a horizontal plane, and
carries with it an eccentric plate on the top m, which a pin s, fixed to the
bottom of the middle of the sieve, works; this arrangement, therefore, causes
the sieve to take a circular motion, and as the sieve is suspended from four
points, as represented at t, t, t, to two projecting arms u, u, fastened to the
spindle v, v, it cannot revolve in a horizontal plane, but takes an inclination
alternately from side to side during each revolution of the eccentric r, thereby
producing increased agitation amongst the particles of corn and sand, causing
them to be quickly and thoroughly separated, and the corn to be well washed
by collision in the water. The sand passing through the meshes of the sieve,
deposit itself at the bottom of the cistern. The bad corn, from its inferior
specific gravity, rises to the surface of the water, when it is floated away by a
gentle current produced by the running of a small stream of water from a
pipe w at the end of the cistern, and passing over a partition or dam x, it falls
into a receptacle y underneath, to be carried out of the machine through a
spout . The operations of scouring the cylinder and of washing in the sieve
(carried on together) being now supposed to be completed, it becomes neces-
sary, in order to operate upon fresh portions of corn, to remove the purified
corn from the sieve. For this purpose there are two levers 1 and 2; fixed
also to the spindles v, v, and these levers are connected by a rod 3, so as to
cause them to move parallel with each other, therefore, by pulling the lever 1
in the direction of the curved arrow, the sieve is lifted out of the water into
the position shewn by dotted lines. A flap on the sieve at 4 being now let
down, the grain may be readily discharged into the hopper 5, where it may
lic to drain during the operations upon the succeeding charge of corn, the
water therefrom running off at 6, or by any other suitable means.

page_text: I claim as my Invention in this apparatus, the general combination of
mechanism described, and the washing apparatus considered as a distinct part.
The corn, which has undergone the operation last described, has then to. be
dried. For this purpose I employ the heated air from my biscuit oven, herein-
after described, when the same is in operation. At other times I employ a distinct
machine, on the same principle as that attached to the said oven, of which the
following is a description with reference to Figs. 3, 4, and 5. Fig. 3 represents
an end elevation of the apparatus, Fig. 4 a longitudinal section of the principal
parts of the same, and Fig. 5 a cross section of the drying chamber; the same
letters of reference in each indicating corresponding parts. At a, a, a, are shown
a series of wrought or cast iron tubes, which are bent into the form represented,
and connected at their, extremities to, two transverse tubes b, 6', so as to open
a free communication, with all of them. The lower transverse tube 6¹ commu-
nicates by a broad curved channel c, and a horizontal continuation of the
same d with a rotative air forcer e. The upper transverse tube b is sur-
mounted with a broad curved channel f, leading into a long shallow box or
trough 9 (preferably made, of copper), which is provided with no other cover
than an endless band:h, of extremely open woved canvass cloth, which con-
tinually traverses lengthwise over the whole area of the said box, the edges
of the cloth sliding between grooves and over tie rods (which prevent the
cloth from swagging), as seen in the cross section in Fig. 5, at i, i... The
cloth is made to traverse by the revolution of three drums j, k, l, and is kept
distended by a self-acting tightening roller m, which is screwed against
a hopper n. This hopper, supposed to contain the washed grain, is provided
with a shoe o, adapted to deliver an even and thin stratum of the grain upon
the endless cloth while the same is being made to pass under it, and over the air
box; another endless band p, p, passes round the drums l, k, only, also provided
with a self-acting tightening roller; fixable to any convenient object. The fuel is
deposited at r, not upon bars, but immediately upon the tubes, the ashes falling
upon the top of the air tube d. The opening into the ash-hole s is at the
side, and the heated matters; flame, and smoke pass between the tubes a, enter
à horizontal flue t in the brickwork (the copper bottom of the air chamber g
forming the top of the said flue for the absorption of the heat), whence it
proceeds to a chimney u.
The operation of the machine is as follows:-A slow rotation derived from
any first mover is to be given to either. of the drums j, k, l, which causes the
endless cloth thereon, h, to glide gradually over the top of the air chamber g
at the same time the air forcer e has been put into operation at a high velocity
so as to produce a rapid current of air, which receives an increase of tempera-

page_text: ture on passing under the metallic bottom. of the ashpit, hence proceeding
through the tubes c, b'; a, a, b, and f, as shown by the arrows in the Drawing,
it acquires considerable heat, which is subsequently. moderated by its diffusion
and rarefaction in the large air chamber g, before it passes through the meshes
of the endless cloth h above, carrying with it the moisture. on the surfaces of
the grain deposited thereon. The course of the endless cloth is shewn by the
arrows in the Drawing. Upon arriving at the drum k, the other endless cloth
p comes in contact with the grain, on h, the corn thus becomes inclosed
between the two cloths, which carry it up. the inclined plane to the drum l,
where the cloths separate and discharge the grain back into the hopper n to
undergo a repetition of the operation should it be deemed necessary; but
there are so many obvious modes of regulating this matter by varying the
'velocity of the air forcer, the quantity of fuel, and 'the air for combustion,
the motion of the endless cloth, &c., so as to enable any person of ordinary
judgment. after an hour's experience to determine such a régulation as will
generally enable him to complete the process perfectly by a single passage of
the grain through the machine. In this case the grain, instead of falling back
into the hopper n, is received from the roller, where the bands separate into
a shoot or on to a creaper, which have not been introduced into the Drawing
to avoid complexity of appearance.
I claim as of my Invention the whole arrangement of this machine, and all
imitations of the same, whereby air blown through heated vessels is afterwards
forced through the meshes of an endless: cloth or similar substitute, on which
the grain to be dried is distributed. As the corn cleansed and dried in the
processes described may possibly retain some fine particles of sand abraded in
the first process, or have acquired dust, I pass it through a machine which I
employ in other cases to separate foreign matter of a dry nature.
The construction of this machine is explained by the four Diagrams marked
Fig. 6, 7, 8, and 9. It consists of a cylinder a, a, of four or five times the
length of its diameter, the periphery of which is formed by the coarsest wire
cloth that will not admit the grain to pass through its meshes. It is inclosed
in a case or box, which is not introduced into the Drawing, and is mounted
upon a central axis 6, which turns with it in plummer blocks at its extremities.
The cylinder is strengthened by a number of circular frames c, c, fixed to the
axis by arms d, d, (separately shown in Fig. 7, on which and the end discs
e, e, the wire work is nailed down. On the lower side of the cylinder inter-
nally is fixed a kind of partition f, f, extending radially from the axis to the
circumference, and to about four fifths of the length of the cylinder. The
grain is passed into the cylinder through a sleeve 9 (or other suitable contri-

page_text: vance) and a hole h, where, after being operated upon as will presently be
described, it is discharged through an aperture i, a vibrating spout j, and fixed
shoot k, which delivers the mill stones. By means of an eccentric or crank
movement an alternating circular motion through an arc of about one hundred
and twenty degrees is imparted to the cylinder, so as to give a quick succession
of jirks to the corn therein. The effect of this movement is explained by the
Diagram Fig. 9, in which the curved series of black dots indicate the course
taken by the grains of corn when the partition f is turned in one direction,
and the curved series of red dots indicate the course of the grain when the
motion is reversed. Before the corn falls to the bottom of the cylinder on one
side, it is met by the return stroke of the partition; the violent collision thus
produced of course drives the dust out of the cylinder, while the constant flow
or jerking of fresh corn into it from the sleeve g causes it gradually to proceed
to the opposite end 1, beyond the operation of the jerking partition. The
motion imparted to the grain in this place is comparatively gentle, permitting
any foreign heavy matter which may be intermixed, and that is too large to
pass between the wires, to subside to the bottom, while the grain above it passes
out at the hole i. Grain that has been washed by the process first described
may be thence passed to the mills; but grain that has not been so treated will
require winnowing, to separate the light inatter as it passes out of this sifting
machine into another recipient or apparatus, which conducts it to the mills.
I claim the apparatus described in which the grain or other substance is
violently agitated by means of a board, or the partition f referred to, with an
alternating circular action.
To avoid the injurious effect of heating the meal, caused by the attrition of
the surfaces in mills of the ordinary construction, as well as to attain other
objects of economy, I have invented a new arrangement of mechanism, which
I proceed to describe, with reference to Figures 12, 13, 14, and 15, whereof
Fig. 12 affords a side elevation, a portion of which is in section, and Fig. 13
is the plan of the same; Fig. 14 is a vertical section of Fig. 12, and Fig. 15
is the plan of Fig. 14. In all the Figures the same letters of reference
indicate corresponding parts. To the three standards a, a, a, of a strong
framing are fixed three bed stones 6, 6, 6; these are contained in annular
copings of cast iron c, c, c, that have each three massive projecting lugs d, d, d,
the extremities of which are confined by and slide against (when being ad-
justed) the inside of the standards; corresponding lugs e, e, e, to the former
are cast to the inside of the standards, through which work strong regulating
screws fff, whose upper ends are made smooth and spherical, and turn in
pivot holes made in the underneath side of the lugs d. By operating upon

page_text: these screws the bed stones are elevated or depressed at pleasure, and their
parallelism with the upper stones adjusted. Bushes 9, 9, 9, are fixed in the
centre of each stone, and through all them a single spindle h of cast iron
revolves. The toe of this spindle is formed to receive and ground to fit a
spherical pivot i, whose lower portion is formed into a strong adjusting screw
j (for raising or depressing the upper stones), which works in a hollow screw
k, that is bolted down to the foundation plate of the machine; the head of the
adjusting screw is made hexagonal for turning by a spanner. The upper end
of the spindle turns in a collar and brasses m fixed to the top frame plate n,
and being also supported latterly in the bush of each bed stone, as well as at
the step, its action is very firm and steady. For the purpose of lubrecation
a central hole o is made longitudinally throughout its length, which is filled
with oil from a vase p screwed on the top. At each of the bearings a
shallow groove is turned, just capable of imbedding a few threads of cotton
wound round those parts; these threads become saturated with oil through
the medium of a fine transverse perforation 9, made through the spindle to
the oil tube. The upper mill stones r, 1, r, which are turned by the spindle,
are fixed to it by the following means:-Over the eye of each of these upper
stones is fixed (by any means known to millwrights), a metallic cap plate s
and socket t, cast in one piece. In the cap plates are formed suitable
apertures u, u, u, for the passage of the grain into the eyes of the upper stones,
and the sockets t, through which the spindle passes, are provided with set
screws r, r, r, the ends of which enter the spindle, and consequently fastens
the stones to it. Each pair of stones is enclosed in a case w, leaving a lateral
space between them and the stones for the free descent of the meal after it is
ejected from between the peripheries of the stones directly on to sieves placed
underneath each pair, where immediately it falls it is aired and dressed. The
top pair of stones are set very wide apart, so as to break or crush down merely ;
but in doing this a quantity of fine flour is produced, which is separated by
passing through the sieve a, the courser portion passing down the inclined
sides of the cone and through a tubular aperture in the centre, which.
discharges it into the hopper of the next pair of stones, which are set
closer together than the former. The produce of this second grinding is
in like manner received into a second sieve y underneath, which separates the
flour of any required quality, and discharges the remainder into the feeding
hopper of the third pair of stones, which are set still nearer together to
permit no meal to pass that has not been ground to the required fineness.
The meal resulting from this third grinding falls upon a third sieve <,
whch separates all the loose flour and delivers the bran underneath. The

page_text: bran may be cleaned from any adhering flour, by fixing brushes in contact
with the wires "of the last-mentioned sieve, or, if desired, it may be
ground into pollard by being discharged from the sieve into the hopper
of a fourth pair of stones, which may be advantageously employed, not
only for the last-mentioned, but for other purposes too well' understood by
millers to need explanation. The form of the sieves, as shewn in the Drawings;
is that of the inverted frustrum of a cone, with tubular shoots leading from the.
opening at the bottom into the feeding hoppers, and. the sieves are attached to
the lower edges of the cases to the stones by: means of a strip of leather or
any convenient means that will allow of a little lateral play; and the flour that
passes through the sieves .falls into circular-sided shoots marked 1, 1, 1, with
inclined bottoms, which conducts it into any desired receptacle, or, as repre-
sented in the Drawing, on to creepers which convey it away: The said shoots
are suspended close up to the sieves, at two points, by short pieces of chain
2, 2, 2, fixed to the copings of the bed stones, and at a third point equidistant
from the two others. Their bottoms rest on centres or pivots 3, 3, 8, which
pivots are fixed to the cases of the next pair of stones underneath each, or to
any other stationary object. A joggling motion is imparted to them as well
as to the sieves by means of small canis 4, 4, 4, 4, fixed on to the spindle by
set screws or keys. The cams, as they revolve, strike successively upon two
pins 5, 5, fixed to each sieve,' which communicates by contact a similar.
agitation to the shoots underneath as they swing upon their chains, and turn
upón their pivots. Power is applied to the machine by the rigger 6 or any
other convenient means. When it becomes necessary to dress. the stones, the
feeding hoppers are to be lifted up, and the set screws of the sockets t turned
back a few threads, which releases the stones from the spindles. The sieves
may now be untied, and the short chain of the shoots unhooked, when the
little cams may be unfastened. The spindle is now at liberty to be drawn
up vertically out of the machine, when the other matters resting on the upper
millstones may be removed. The upper millstones now lying loose upon the
lower may be rolled away on a plank to be dressed, and the lower stones can
then be dressed in their places or elsewhere. I contemplate the application
of this machine to the shelling of rice, oats, &c., the preparation of groats, &c.,
with suitable adjustments of the stones for those and other purposes.
I claim in this apparatus,-
First, the general combination of mechanism set forth.
Second, the same without the dressing machines (in which case the meal, shelled
corn, rice, groats, &c., descend direct from the hopper of one mill to the other).
Third, any modification of the foregoing principle by which mills (whether

page_text: of stone or metal) at. places at different' elevations, so as to work one into the
other in the manner described.
In the mills just described the dressing operation is conducted in the same
machine, but when I employ mills of the ordinary kind, I necessarily dress
the meal in a separate apparatus, of which I have two kinds. One is like a
dusting machine, described under 'Figs. 6, 7, 8; and 9; but, instead of the:
cylinder being covered with. wire cloth of one uniform size, as in that example,
it is enveloped with the various sizes of that material used in the common
cylindrical dressing machines; but minė differs essentially from the latter in
obviating the necessity of using brushes, and in having, in lieu of the rotary
motion commonly given, an alternating circular moveinent.communicated.to
it; which movement, combined with the action of the partition (as before
described) quickly separates the various qualities of flour or meal effectually,
which are received into separate bins or hoppers in the usual, manner.
The principle of this mechanism being similar to the dusting, &c. machine
already described and delineated, I claim the modified application of it just
described for dressing meal.
The other kind of dressing machine alluded to is of the nature of that
described in conjunction with the mill; but its connections, and the manner
of imparting motion to it, being dissimilar, I proceed to describe it with refe-
rence to Figs. 10 and 11, the former representing a vertical section, and the
latter a plan. In the centre of a suitable framing a, a, a, is a vertical spindle
turning in a collar 6 at the top, and on a pivot c'at the bottom, the socket of
the latter being fixed at the centre of junction of two arched supports d, d;
which cross each other at right angles. The sieves e 1, e2, e 3,1e 4, are of the
same kind as those already described in the 'mill; but they are in this case
fixed to the spindle, as are likewise the guides f1, f 2, f 3, f 4, which sieve to
deliver the meal upon them, and the shoots g 1, 92, 93, 94, which discharge
the separated portion. These guides are of the form of two depressed cones
united at their bases, and having at their axes or centres a tube which encom-
passes the spindle, which is fastened thereto by screws, as shown. The upper
cone serves to guide and distribute the meal around the upper portion of the sieve,
while the lower cone conduces to strengthen the upper one, and to check any
undue extent of motion of the meal by the agitation, while it also tends to
prevent the escape of the fine buoyant particles of flour. The meal is delivered
to the machine by a spout h into a hopper i, to which is. connected a cover
that rests just inside the rim of the sieve e 1. The meal is thus prevented
from flying off by the agitation, while the flower which passes through the
machine is received into the shoot g 1 (connected thereto) to be discharged
on

page_text: out of the machine; and the meal that does not pass through descends the
central aperture 1, thence slides down between the guide f2 on to the sieve
e 2, the separated flour being received on the shoot 9 2, and the rejected meal
falling down the tube k2, passes successively through exactly similar apparatus,
marked with the same letters, but with the numeral 3 to each of them, and
afterwards to another series marked in like manner with the numeral 4 to
them. In this last, however, some brushes 1, 1, are fixed over the sieve to
clean the bran, which afterwards falls upon a spout m that delivers to a
creeper n to conduct it to its destination. The brushes are held stationary by
means of bent irons connected to the standards a, a; and all the other parts
are fixed by means of screws, either directly or indirectly, to the spindle, to
which is communicated an ascillatory motion by the revolution of the pulley o,
in the upper part of which is fixed a crank pin that traverses a slot in the
lever 7 fixed to the other extremity of the spindle. The spout h, by being
placed in contact with or tied to the hopper i, communicates a shake to that
also, to cause it to deliver the meal in regulated quantities.
I claim this entire machine and all imitations thereof.
In the application of the flour to the preparation of light spongy or porous
bread I obviate the use of leaven, which, it is well known, as a tendency to
turn the bread sour, and likewise the use of yeast or any other substance
which is calculated to produce a decomposition of the constituents of flour, as
their employment not unfrequently communicates to the bread a bad taste, if
not an unwholesome quality. The porosity or sponginess of bread that has
undergone the process of fermentation I believe to be owing to the mecha-
nical action of the carbonic acid gas produced by the chemical changes which
a portion of the flour has undergone to produce that porosity or sponginess
without the aid of fermentation. I obtain carbonic acid gas by the usual
mode; that is, by liberating it from its combination with lime by means of an
an acid in a machine constructed not only for that purpose, but also for per-
forming the mixing and kneading operations of the dough, without resorting
to those impure and barbarous processes by which the naked arms and hands
are usually, and sometimes even the feet, are employed. This machine is
delineated in Figures 16, 17, 18, and 19, in all of which the same letters of
reference indicate corresponding parts. Fig. 16 is an external elevation of the
whole machine; Fig. 17 is a vertical section of the same; Fig. 18 is an
external side view, with the gas apparatus only in section; and Fig. 19 is a
transverse section of the dough cylinder. At a is the generator, in which is
to be put some broken marble or other carbonate of lime through the aperture
of the safety valve b, through which is also to be poured some dilute acid,

page_text: when the valve should be closed. The gas which will now be liberated will
pass through the pipe e on to the apertures at the end of d, where it will
enter the water contained in the gasholder e (introduced at a hole provided
with a screw stopper not shown). That portion of the gas which is not
absorbed by the water will bubble up and occupy the space above it, where a
pressure will be exerted according to the volume of gas generated, and to the
load on the safety valve. Water, which under the weight of the atmosphere
only absorbs its own volume of carbonic acid gas, may, by the pressure thus
exerted upon it, be made to take up several times its own volume. The
dough cylinder f being charged with a quantity of flour, it is put into
rotation by means of an endless strap passed round an annular pulley g fixed
to the cylinder by means of screws and blocking pieces, as shewn at h, h, in
Fig. 17. (The axis i of the cylinder is, during this part of the operation, fixed
or stationary by means of a pin passed through it and the plummer block).
The carbonated water described is now to be let into the cylinder by turning
the cock j. The water rushes up the pipe (which reaches, as shown,
to nearly the bottom of the gasholder), and passing round the bend 7,
through a tee piece m and union joint n, it enters into a longitudinal central
aperture o in the axis i, whence the water escapes through numerous small
perforations p amongst the flour, with which it soon becomes intimately mixed,
to ascertain which a sample may be drawn from a try hole, provided with a
screw stopper, but not shown in the Drawing; if it is desired to introduce
more flour to make the paste stiffer, it may be introduced by the door q (where
the first portion was put in), which, instead of screw bolts, as shewn in the
Drawing, may be more conveniently fastened by a cross bar and screws in
the usual manner of closing ovens and retorts. Should the dough be too dry,
more water may be introduced, as before explained, or should it require more
inflation to render it lighter or more spongy, yet be sufficiently moist, gas
alone may be introduced by turning the cock r, which communicates with the
gas reservoir, formed, as before mentioned, above the water, in the upper part
of the holder e, the gas thence passing through the bend s. The other limb
or tube of the tee piece (before mentioned), &c. enters through the perfora-
tions p into the cylinder. The rotation of the latter, which constantly causes
the paste to ascend the sides of the vessel, and to fall over by a kind of tear-
ing away and folding over action, it incloses not only the carbonic acid gas,
but the atmospheric air contained previously in the cylinder with which it
becomes mixed. To insure this action uniformly, a scraper t fixed to the
axis by arms u, u, (which scrape the sides) is placed in such a position as to
prevent the dough which may adhere to the cylinder on its ascent from being

page_text: carried round with it, but so as to shave it off before it has descended many
degrees from its highest elevation.. When the dough is judged to be com-
plete, and the door q is in the underneath position, the rotation of the cylinder
is to be stopped. The door q is now to be opened, when the greater part of
the dough will be discharged into an external recipient placed underneath to
receive it, and any dough that may adhere to the cylinder may now be
entirely removed by giving a turn or two to the winch r, which being fixed
to the axis which carries the scraper; clears it off, and causes it to fall through
the doorway into the external recipient. before mentioned. The construction
of the various parts of this machine is too obvious to need more explanation.
It may, however, be mentioned, that the vessels should be made strong and
air-tight by suitable fitting and packing; that; instead of the ordinary stuffing
boxes, to prevent leakage between the cylinder and the axis, the axis is at
these parts turned down conically, whereon is slided a metal collar w turned
conically internally, and cylindrically externally, the coned parts adapting
themselves to the wear when brought up by the screws exhibited. The end
of the tee piece, where it joins the axis, is also coned to fit the latter, and is
kept up to its bearings by a union joint. The quantity of motion of the
scraper being trifling, the wear of these parts is very inconsiderable. The
generating apparatus, being merely fastened down by a few nuts upon fixed
bolts which pass through the foundation plate of the machine, is easily remove-
able for any purpose required.
I claim as my Invention,-
First, the combined application of carbonic acid gas with a machine for
kneading dough; and,
Second, the combination of mechanism of the kneading machine, as set
forth, without the gas apparatus.
The dough being proved to be in a complete state for making into loaves, it
is weighed and divided into the required quantities, and is then placed on an
inclined plane, whereon it slides down to a table that is fixed to a moveable
platform of a peculiar kind in connection with the oven, which oven I will
described in the first place, as the uses of the platform will afterwards be
better understood. The leading principle of my oven consists in forming a
series of chambers, one over the other, which may be regarded as constituting
one oven or as a series of ovens. The main objects of this arrangement are
convenience, the economising of fuel and of space, the regulation of tempera-
ture, and the maintaining an equability of it; also, cheapness and durability
of construction. In working an oven on this principle I do not restrict myself
to the employment of any one of the known mediums for the conveyance or

page_text: distribution of heat; but I do give a decided preference to the use of steam
as the medium, on account of the rapidity of its diffusion and the uniformity,
of its temperature in parts remote from each other. I generate the steam in
a boiler underneath the pile of ovens, and each of the ovens is heated by an
upper and under stratum of steam derived from that source, the generator, as
well as the oven-heating recipients of the steam, being. composed of, two flat,
metallic plates united together in a novel manner that confers immense
strength, enabling them to bear with perfect safety a far greater pressure
than that exerted by steam of the. temperature required for baking bread,
which varies from 240° to 350° of Fahrenheit. The safety valves are loaded
to sustain a pressure, greater than that required, so that the heat which, is
abstracted from the steam by the bread in the oven causes it to be condensed
at a high temperature, and return into or towards the.boiler to have its elas-
ticity. The ovens are inclosed between massive walls of brick or masonry;
containing within them; air cells, the former to check the radiation, and the
latter.
the transmission of heat. By this. arrangement there is scarcely any
heat absorbed, except what is taken up by the bread; and this portion of the
heat being again given out by the bread in the form of vapour, I employ it in
another branch of the manufacture herein-after explained,. thus effecting a
saving of at least nine tenths of the fuel generally employed in baking an
equal quantity of bread;
An example of an oven and boiler of this kind is afforded by the Figures 20
to 31. Fig. 20 is a longitudinal section, Fig. 21 a transverse section, and
Fig. 22 an end view of the parts generally. The other Figures, marked 23
to 31, are explanatory of the constituents parts of the former separately
viewed, as. indicated by the letters of reference thereon being the same as in
the general views (20, 21, 22), which I shall first describe. a is the ashpit ;
b, the furnace; c, the boiler; d, the flue, the course of which is indicated: by
the arrows, passes under the boiler, round the end, and over the top, on to the
chimney e, which arrangement is advantageously exhibited in the plan Fig. 23.
Water is supplied by the tube f to the boiler, which I fill entirely with the
fluid, as well as the lower part of the vertical mains g, g, in connection there:
with, to the height of several inches above the boiler; to ascertain which I fix
ino ne of the said mains a steam and water guage of the usual construction.
The vertical mains ascend to the top of the oven, where they are united by an
arched pipe h into a single tube i, on the top of which is placed a safety
valve j; and as the steam generator by the boiler represented is far more than
adequate to convey the required heat to the oven, the surplus is conducted
by the tube k to work the steam engine, which I employ to furnish the

page_text: power required for the other operations of the bread manufacture herein
described. In the example given in the Drawings a series of seven com-
partments or ovens 1, 1, 1, are shown which are formed by a series of eight
metallic boxes m, m, m, set in the brickwork. These are filled with steam
supplied from the boiler through the medium of the vertical mains and the
curved branch pipes n, n, n, each of which is provided with a stopcock o to
regulate or cut off the supply of steam as occasion may require. The open-
ing for the reception and discharge of the loaves of bread is shown by the
transverse section Fig. 21. In the front of the oven is fixed a cast-iron
plate with apertures for the doors, an edge view of which is given in the
longitudinal section, Figure 20, at p, p, p. These parts are cast with chipping
pieces, and are nicely fitted so as to make them steam-tight, or nearly so, in
order that the vapour emanating from the bread may be carried off through
apertures at the back of the oven (not shown) into pipes to be applied to
other uses. By reference to the Figures 20 and 22 it will be seen that the
curved pipes n, n, n, take an inclination downward from the steam boxes to
the vertical mains, which prevents any water resulting from condensation to
run down them into the boiler, and the steam likewise readily to ascend them.
As the construction of my boiler and steam boxes is entirely new, I proceed
to give a more particular explanation of them with reference to the Diagram,
Figs. 24 to 31. The principle is alike in both, the difference being merely
in their magnitude and proportions. Their characteristic feature consists in
the mode adopted of strongly fastening them together without any bolt, screw,
or rivet. Two shallow metallic boxes are cast, both of them open, and one of
them only so much smaller than the other as to fit within it, and leave a
small lateral space on all the four sides between them, which is to be filled
with cement or metal so as to seal them hermetically, excepting at the ingress
and egress pipes for the steam or water.
•
Fig. 24 shows a plan of the oven and steam-engine boiler before mentioned,
and Fig. 25 is a vertical section of the same. Fig. 26 shews a portion of
Fig. 25 in a larger scale, and Fig. 27 is a section of Fig. 26 at right angles
to it. By these it will be plainly seen that the upper plates and the lower
plate t are locked together by a series of massive hooked stubs u, u¹, those
marked u being cast to the smaller plate, and those marked u¹ to the larger.
v is the cavity for the cement to put such plates together; it is only necessary
to invert the smaller plate, as shewn, and place the end w (Fig. 25) in
contact with the inside of the ledge x of the larger; the smaller plate is then
to be pushed forward towards y, through an extent of space equal to the
space v, which brings it to the position shown with all the studs looked

page_text: together. The spaces on all four sides may be filled up, as before men-
tioned, when the boiler or steam box is complete, excepting the pipes of com-
munication, &c. These stubs may be numerous or few, massive or slight,
according to the strength required in the boilers or steam boxes. It remains
to be mentioned, that Figs. 28 and 29 represent a plan and section of the
steam boxes of the oven, their construction having been already explained;
of course these steam plates or boxes may be variously modified, yet still
retain the same principle of locking them together, and the edges may, if
preferred, be united by flonges, &c., and they will be preferably cast of smaller
sizes than that shown, and joined together if required.
The moveable platform before mentioned is delineated at Figs. 32, 33,
and 34; of which Fig. 32 is a front elevation, Fig. 33 an end elevation,"
and Fig. 34 a plan; corresponding parts in each being distinguished by the
same letters of reference. a, a, is a platform on which the bakers stand
whilst charging or discharging the ovens. b is a table on which the weighed
dough is deposited as before mentioned from above, at which the makers up
stand (as at c and d), and deliver the loaves as they are formed to a peeler
standing at e, who quickly deposits them on an iron plate f, which as it
becomes filled is moved forward into the oven, supposed to be at g, by a boy
turning the winch h, which puts in motion two pitched wheels i, i, fixed on its
axis, around which is passed an endless chain j, and an attached forked dog k
jointed thereto, the extremities of which are made to hook into two holes
at 1, 1, in the oven plate, so as either to push in or draw out the plate; the
said plate rests upon flange-like projections n, n, cast upon a series of bearing
rollers, and the chain traversed between the said flanges. When the oven or
chamber is filled the door of it is fastened, the platform is raised to the next
one above by turning the winches p, p, which actuates a pinion 7 and a
wheel r, on the axis of which is fixed a barrel s that winds upon it four ropes
or chains t, t, whose other extremities are now made fast above. The reverse
action of the winch p of course lowers the platform to any required point, and
when the bread is to be drawn from an oven, the dog k is hooked to the
plate f, and by turning the winch h the reverse way the whole batch is taken
out in a few seconds. The Drawings sufficiently explains the minutiae of this
apparatus.
My claims to Invention in this apparatus consist, first, in the general combi-
nation described, and in the novel arrangement of placing a series of ovens one
over the other, so as to apply the heated medium between them, and I shall
consider it an invasion of my Patent right if other persons arrange them at
different elevations, so that the heat of one shall be made to ascend to the other

page_text: or next above. I claim, separately considered, the boiler and steam aboxes
described for all purposes to which they are applicable, and the moveable
platform I claim only as applied to ovens.
In the manufacture of sea bread or biscuits it is essential to avoid as far
as possible the introduction of air and moisture into the article; as the pre-
sence of these fluids in quantity endangers its preservation, consequently the
kneading apparatus before described, which is chiefly designed with the view
of forcing, air into the dough, becomes unapplicable in this process. My
machinery for. the making of sea, bread is therefore contrived with the view
of avoiding as much as possible the operation of kneading (which has the
effect of taking up air), and of effecting the requisite mixture of flour, besides
completing the biscuits, by one continuous operation without manual assist-
ance. The machinery which I employ, for this purpose. is shewn in Fig. 35.
a is the vessel, in which the. materials are intimately mixed by the revolution
of a number of knives b, and beaters c, fixed to the vertical shaft d, which
during their revolution come nearly in contact with a set of arms e, e. (of the
same, sectional figure) as the beaters attached to the sides of the mixing
vessel a; a cutting and tearing action is thus produced by which the materials
are worked up and blended into a uniform mass. The flour is introduced by
means of a spout f into the covered sieve g, which is supported by a collar
or shoulder upon the shaft d... h, h,, are wings attached to the shaft, which
serve to distribute the flour equally over the sieve. A shaking motion is
communicated to the sieve by means of a cam or wiper attached to the
spindle i, striking-alternately on the two arms or prongs of a forked lever. /
fixed to the sieve. The spindle i is turned by a line passing round a small
pully on the head of the spindle, and a larger pully m on the shaft d.
The flour as it falls from the sieve, is met 'by numerous small jets of water
issuing through a very minute perforations in a hollow ring n placed within
the mixing vessel just below the sieve. o is a cock for regulating the flow of
the water. The flour and water on arriving in the conical part of the vessel a
are by the action of the knives and beaters before described mixed up into
dough, which by the pressure of the oblique sides of the beaters c is gradually
forced through the curved spout p. attached to the conical end of the vessel a.
From this spout the dough is received between two endless bands p.1 and p2,
(colored red,) and is gradually, reduced into a thin sheet of a uniform thick-
ness by the pressure of several pairs of rollers q 1, 92, 93, and q 4, the axes of
the several pairs of rollers being nearer together in proportion as the rollers
are farther from the spout. These rollers are set in motion as follows:-
The lower roller q 1 turns the upper roller q 1 by means of a spur wheel on

page_text: the axis of each roller, which wheels are represented by the dotted circles r, r,
then by means of spur wheels on the ends of each of the two series of rollers, q'l
to g 4, and by means of the intermediate pinions s, s, s, the motion and the power
is thus transmitted from the first pair of rollers q1 to the rollers 92, 93, 94,
and they are all made to revolve in the directions of the arrows. t, t, are two
tightening rollers, which by means of the weighted levers v, v, give the requisite
tension to the endless bands p 1, p 2. When the dough has passed the last
pair of rollers 74, it is urged over the intermediate plate w, and is received
between two series of narrow endless bands x, x (colored red), passing round
the rollers y, y.. The number of bands in each series will depend upon the
number of biscuits in a row, but I prefer five bands, and their breadth must
be very nearly equal to the breadth of a biscuit. These bands first convey
the dough between two rollers z, z, which are furnished with a great number of
points projecting from their surfaces, a space equal to rather more than half
the thickness of a biscuit, and by these points numerous punctures are made
in the dough, which then passes under the rollers 5, 5; these are furnished
with a number of circular blades between which the endless bands pass, these
blades, being of such diameters as to cause the two blades of each pair to
overlap each other, and by their revolution to produce a cutting action similar
to that of scissors; the dough is thus cut into strips of the width of a biscuit.
These strips, by the revolution of the endless bands x, x, are delivered on to
trays 6, 6, (colored blue,) which are conveyed over a series of rollers 7, 7, to
the oven by means of two endless bands 8, colored red, furnished with short
projecting studs, which take into corresponding holes in the trays. These
bands pass over the roller 10, (one at each end of the same, and over a similar
roller near the oven, not shown in the Drawing. 11 is a roller, having at its
circumference a number of sharp blades extending the whole width of the
dough, by which the strips of dough as they are conveyed under the roller
are cut transversely and formed into rectangular pieces. 12, 13, 14, and
15, are driving bands, colored yellow, by which the motion is transmitted
from one part of the machinery to another. The shaft d'may be driven
by a band wheel, 16, or by gearing, and the thickness of the biscuits may
be regulated by raising or lowering one end of the bridge 17, which sup-
ports the upper axis of rollers q 1 to q.4 by turning the two nuts 18 and 19
upon the standard 20, the other end of the bridge turning upon the axis
of the upper roller q1 as a hinge. The endless cloths p 1 and p 2 are
floured by means of rollers covered with cloth, which take up flour from
hoppers, and deliver it to the bands as they pass, the said bands being cleared
of any matter that may adhere by means of scrapers conveniently placed for

page_text: that purpose, which are not introduced into the Drawing to avoid complexity
of appearance. At 21 is a door to put in any pieces of dough that may be.
rekneaded. The plates containing the biscuits are then conveyed along the
endless chain to the biscuit oven, where they are taken off as they arrive, and
deposited therein.
I claim in this Invention the apparatus described, and all imitations thereof;
by which biscuits are made by one continuous operation.
The oven I prefer for sea bread or biscuit is of the same kind as that
already described for the common bread, but with the steam partitions at not
more than an inch and a half apart. Having already given an example of
that mode of carrying into effect my Invention, I proceed to shew the appli-
cation of heated air to an oven constructed on the same principle, but which
combines the subsequent application of the air to kiln-drying, as alluded to in
the early part of this document. The arrangement is represented in the
Diagram, Figure 36, where a shows a furnace, and b, b, a flue leading into the
throat of a chimney at c, fixed in any more convenient place. A blowing
machine, dotted in at d, is caused to propel the air from the same, through a
tube e, into a broad flat vessel f. Hence it passes through a connector g in h,
and successively through a similar arrangement of vessels and connections,
respectively marked i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s. The latter conducts the air
into a long flat open trough t (which would preferably be made of a light non-
conducting substance) to the mills. Over the top of the trough I conduct an
endless band u, similar to that employed in the kiln before described, in which is
strewed the grain to be dried in a stratum of not more than the depth of a single
grain, so that the current of dry heated air which constantly pours swiftly
through its meshes shall thoroughly dry the corn before it has travelled the
entire length of the said trough. The biscuits are deposited in the chambers
marked w, w, and colored brown. The vessels for an oven of this kind need
not possess much strength, as the pressure of the heated air is inconsiderable
at the requisite baking temperature. In employing water as the heated
medium the same arrangement of vessels may be used, but they must in that
case be strong, so as to withstand a pressure of several atmospheres.
I claim in this Invention the apparatus described, and all imitations thereof,
by which the heated air is subsequently employed in kiln drying.
The application of the product or products to other useful purposes mentioned
in the title of my Patent, I now proceed to explain, refers to the employment of
the vapour or vapours arising from the bread during the operation of baking in
making solutions of bran and other vegetable substances, of which an example
is afforded in Fig. 37. I put the bran or other substance into a perforated

page_text: vessel a, contained in an exterior vessel b. Water is admitted into the vessel
6 by a cock c, and the vapour or vapours from the bread pass up the pipe d,
and are admitted by the cock e into the pipe or worm f, which has numerous
holes in the lower part g. h is a valve opening internally to prevent the
effect of a vacuum being formed on the pipe d. The vapours, issuing through
the holes, gives out its heat, and by the mixture of its constituent parts with
the water facilitates the desired solution.
I claim as my Invention this application of the vapour from bread.
In witness whereof, I, the said Luke Hebert, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-fourth day of July, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and thirty-three.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-fourth day of July,
in the year of our Lord 1833, the aforesaid Luke Hebert came before our
said Lord the King in His Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form
above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according
to the tenor of the Statute made for that
purpose.
Inrolled the Twenty-fourth day of July, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and thirty-three.