A NEW METHOD OF APPLYING HEAT IN CERTAIN PRO- CESSES TO WHICH THE SAME METHOD HATH NOT HITHERTO BEEN APPLIED, LIKEWISE FOR IMPROVEMENTS IN REFRIGERATORS
Year: 1818

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, PHILIP
TAYLOR, of Bromley, in the County of Middlesex, Operative Chemist, send
greeting.
WHEREAS His most Excellent Majesty King George the Third did,
by His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland called England, bearing date at Westminster, Fifteenth day
of January, in the fifty-eighth year of His reign, give and grant unto me, the said
Philip Taylor, my exors, adiñors, and assigns, His special licence, full power,
sole privilege and authority, that I, the said Philip Taylor, my exors, admors,
and assigns, should and lawfully might, during the term of years therein men-
tioned, make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town
of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and also in all His Majesty's Colonies and Plantations
abroad, my Invention of "A NEW METHOD OF APPLYING HEAT IN CERTAIN PRO-
CESSES TO WHICH THE SAME METHOD HATH NOT HITHERTO BEEN APPLIED, LIKEWISE
FOR IMPROVEMENTS IN REFRIGERATORS;" in which said Letters Patent there is
contained a proviso that if I, the said Philip Taylor, shall not particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under my hand and
seal, and cause the same to be inrolled in His Majesty's High Court *
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent, that then the said Letters Patent, and all liberties and advan-
tages whatsoever thereby granted, shall utterly cease, determine, and become
void, as in and by the same, relation being thereunto had, may more fully
and at large appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Philip Taylor, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, are particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following description thereof (that is to
say):
:-
Having discovered that the Invention described in a Patent granted me,
and dated on or about May Twenty-fifth, One thousand eight hundred and
sixteen, for A New Method of Applying Heat to Liquors used in the Processes
of Brewing, Distilling, and Sugar Refining, may be advantageously employed
in other processes for which the same has not been heretofore used, I shall
herein describe the nature of my said Invention, and the improvements
thereon, and also the modes of applying it to such processes for which it is
further adapted, and for which these Letters Patent are granted. In boiling
or evaporating fluids I employ vessels constructed so that the various opera-
tions can be conducted in my mode with far less labour than is necessary for
the same operations conducted in the usual manner; but as I do not claim the
Invention of vessels of any particular structure or arrangement, I shall proceed
to describe the mode in which heat may be applied to the boiling of fluids by
the use of steam according to my Invention, in such manner as may be
applicable to vessels of any description proper for this purpose, and to any
processes wherein it may be useful.
My Invention may be shortly described by stating that steam heated to a
greater degree than boiling water, or as it is usually called high-pressure
steam, is used by me for the purposes above stated, by applying it to give heat
to fluids by conveying the steam into proper reservoirs or pipes situated in the
fluids to be heated and properly immersed therein, which reservoirs or pipes
are furnished with proper cocks for regulating the influx and maintaining the
pressure of the steam, and for the eduction of the condensed water. And I do
further declare that the following description of the means by which the opera-
tion is to be effected is sufficient to enable any competent workman to execute
it with success. And further, that as the properties of high-pressure steam,
and its power of conveying higher degrees of heat than can be given by
common or atmospheric steam, are well known to all persons conversant in
these matters, I do not think it necessary to describe these properties, or the
differences between this and common steam, or the modes of producing high-
pressure steam in a manner applicable to my said Invention, because high-
pressure steam, however produced, is proper to be employed in the manner I
shall describe; nor do I think it needful to describe the pipes, valves, cocks, &c.,
which I make use of to convey or regulate the steam, because such properties

page_text: and modes of producing steam of this kind, and likewise the construction of
pipes to convey it, and proper valves, cocks, and apertures, are well known to
all persons conversant in these matters, and I do not claim by these Presents
any exclusive right to any mode of producing high-pressure steam, or of
regulating its conveyance, except as is herein-after described. Having in the
course of much practice in the construction of vessels for heating fluids by
high-pressure steam encountered many of the inconveniences attendant on the
modes of using it formerly known, and contemplated the dangers and disadvan-
tages of its application in the usual manner, and having made many attempts
to obviate them, and being convinced of the great utility of a safe and easy
mode of using high-pressure steam for such purposes, I have after many
experiments invented and discovered a mode of effecting it which I shall
herein proceed to describe more particularly than is set forth above, for the
purpose of obtaining the requisite ebullition and evaporation of the worts,
washes, cane juice, syrups, saline solutions, alkaline leys, dye liquors, soap,
and all liquors or substances in a fluid state or otherwise, for melting
tallow and other fat and resinous matters employed in various processes of
manufacture, whether in distilling or otherwise, and which liquids or sub-
stances require a heat above that of boiling water. To maintain them
in such state of perfect ebullition and evaporation, or at such tempera-
ture as is necessary for the proper management of the different pro-
cesses, I employ certain reservoirs so constructed that the surface of such
reservoirs is very great compared with their capacity, and these I charge and
supply with high-pressure steam, that is to say, steam compressed and heated
above the temperature and expansive force of common or atmospheric steam;
and I adapt these reservoirs to the utensils or vessels employed in the several
processes in such a manner that they may during the operation be immersed
in the liquors to be heated, and which immersion may be either partial or
complete, though the latter is generally to be preferred, and capable, therefore,
of communicating to the liquors or other substances the heat of the steam
which the said reservoirs contain. And I construct these reservoirs so that a
supply of high-pressure steam can be conveyed into them at pleasure by means
of proper apertures furnished with cocks or valves, and I maintain the
requisite heat and expansive force of the steam in the said reservoirs by means
of other cocks, valves, or apertures so constructed and regulated that the water
produced by the condensation of the steam, together with the air or
superfluous steam, may pass off without reducing the force and temperature
of the steam contained in them below the point which is requisite. The
advantages of my, said Invention, as compared with the modes formerly.

page_text: used, are sufficiently obvious, as by the above method I maintain and
regulate high-pressure stean of a temperature much above boiling water
in the reservoirs immersed in the fluid or substance to be heated, by
which a great degree of heat may be produced and kept up, and the most
dense saccharine or saline liquors kept in a state of perfect ebullition; and
I render the use of high-pressure steam for heating fluids in vessels of
the largest required capacity safe and casy. In constructing my reservoirs
containing the high-pressure steam, I prefer a combination of pipes or cylinders
of small diameters, and of considerable length (though other forms may be
adopted), by which. I obtain sufficient strength to resist the expansive force of
the steam, thereby avoiding all danger from explosion, at the same time that
the extension of surface may be made to any required degree to enable the
steam to communicate its heat rapidly to the surrounding fluid. These
reservoirs may be adapted to any vessels, stills, coppers, pans, vats, or other
utensils, as previously used, without altering their form or material or situation;
or considerable advantage may be gained by the adoption of my said Invention
by the construction and arrangement of new stills, pans, vats, or utensils, as
they may be made of materials and arranged in such a manner as is not
practicable where fluids are to be boiled in them by the action of firc. The
reservoirs for steam, whether-made-of-pipes-or tubes as aforesaid, or otherwise,
admit of great variety of position and structure, so as to adapt them to different
vessels or circumstances; and they may be made by pipes of metal or other
proper material laying parallel to each other, and connected properly together,
or by a continuous pipe or tube bent into a coil or spiral form, or into any
other form that circumstances or the shape of the vessel which is to contain
the liquid to be heated may require. And such pipe or pipes constituting
reservoirs for steam, or cylinders, tubes, or other proper and convenient reservoirs,
may be placed either at the bottoms of the vessels in which they are employed,
or at any convenient distance from it, and they may be placed either horizon-
tally or vertically or in an inclined position, and they may be immersed either
wholly in the fluid or partially therein, although the effect will be most com-
plete when they are wholly immersed; or boiling or distillation may be
performed in a tube or cylinders, or in a combination of tubes or cylinders,
by inserting therein a smaller tube, which may be charged with steam in the
manner I have described. The case with which high-pressure steam may be
confined in such pipes, and the facility of making and keeping the joints
perfect, I consider. to be great advantages. Further, by the complete immersion
of the reservoirs filled with high-pressure steam in the body of liquid to be
heated, and therein duly maintained and regulated, as by my said Invention is

page_text: male known, the high degrees of heat are communicated to the surrounding
fluids in the most perfect and economical manner, and the whole or nearly the
whole heat passing to the fluid to be boiled or heated, and little or none being
wasted or given off to parts not in contact with the fluid, as in the case when
steam is applied to the outside of a vessel and confined there by an external
covering, which was the mode practised in the application of high pressure
before my said Invention was made known, and which mode I do not hereby
claim any right to. Further, as according to my said Invention the capacity of
my reservoirs for the high-pressure steam is very small compared with their
surface, I obtain thereby great facility in producing, regulating, or stopping
ebullition, which facility of regulation is of the greatest use in 'boiling
sugar, syrups, and all other viscous or tenacious fluids, such as soap, gluc,
and so on, and is of high importance in all processes, particularly of dis-
tillation. And I further declare that it is essential to the perfect use of iny
said mode of employing steam for heating or boiling fluids or other matters,
that the compression and consequent high temperature thereof be maintained
and regulated in the reservoirs, whether formed of pipes or otherwise, in some
such manner as I have hercin-before described, that is to say, by proper cocks,
valves, or apertures, and that I do not hereby claim any exclusive right for the
use of steam passing through pipes immersed in fluids to be heated thereby,
where such steam is permitted to have a free passage through the same, and
where its pressure and high temperature is not maintained and regulated
by the use of means properly adapted to that purpose. And I hereby
further declare that the following is a description of the manner in which
my said Invention of applying the heat of high-pressure steam may be
employed in certain important processes and manufactures, and that there
are numerous others which it would be superfluous to describe, as it will
readily appear how the application of the principle, and the means of carrying
it into effect, may be used in all cases in some similar manner. My mode of
applying heat in the process of making sugar and molasses in the Colonies is to
adopt my steam reservoirs above described to the clarifiers, rackers, boilers,
teaches, or such vessels as are used in the various operations necessary to
convert the cane juice into sugar and molasses. The steam reservoirs in the
clarifiers are of a size proportionate to the quantity of cane juice to be
depurated or clarified, and by means of the regulating cocks attached to
the steam reservoir the heat can be speedily applied and completely withdrawn
as soon as the same is thrown up. As the 'vessels heated on my plan do
not require to be set in brickwork they cool more quickly than 'those heated
by the direct action of fire, and they may be placed at such elevations as will

page_text: allow of the clarified juice being drawn off by means of cocks into the boilers
or evaporating vessels. In the vessels, boilers, or pans employed for boiling
and concentrating the clarified cane juice, I place one or more of my steam
reservoirs furnished with the proper regulating cocks or valves, and these
steam reservoirs I make of such sizes as are best suited for the rapid boiling
and concentration of the cane juice. The following advantages will arise
from my new method of making sugar:-All the operations, from the clarifying
of the cane juice to its concentration in the teache, will be performed with
much less labour than is required in the usual mode, as the trouble of lading
the boiling sugar from one vessel to another is avoided by the arrangement of
the boilers or pans heated by my mode. The heat of high-pressure steam,
employed as above stated, although fully adequate to the rapid boiling of the
strongest syrup in the teache, has not the same tendency to burn, carbonize,
and injure the sugar that a naked fire has; and it will be found that cane juice
boiled down by steam applied on my plan will produce a greater weight of
sugar, and of a better colour and quality, than if the same juice had been boiled
in the way hitherto practised in the Colonies. The facility and certainty with
which the boiling of the cane juice or syrup can be regulated, by means of the
cock or valve attached to my steam reservoir, renders the management of the
operation casy and simple, and the scum is more effectually removed by with-
drawing the heat and causing the ebullition to cease. The cane juice may be
boiled into sugar in a shorter time than is usual on the present plan and with a
Jess quantity of fuel; and the adoption of my plan enables the planter to boil
his sugar with coals at a moderate charge, in which case all the vegetable
matter at present consumed might be converted into rich and valuable manure.
The apparatus for boiling sugar on my plan is more durable than any
hitherto employed, as none of the vessels in which the cane juice or syrup
is boiled are exposed to the destructive action of tho fire, and the
expense of setting them in brickwork is avoided. The distillation of rum,
arrack, or other spirit made in the Colonies, will be greatly improved by the
adoption of my mode of applying the heat of steam. In constructing
stills for these operations, I place my steam reservoir in the wash or fluid to
be distilled, either in the stills, or in vessels or pipes connected with the stills;
and by means of cocks or valves attached to the steam reservoir, as before
described, I obtain a power of regulating the heat with great precision, and
working the stills with greater certainty and safety than by the plans hitherto
generally employed in the Colonies. As the wash or fluid then heated is not
exposed to the direct action of the fire, all burnt flavour is avoided, and the
spirit produced is of a cleaner and finer flavour. The refrigerator which I

page_text: employ for condensing the spirit is constructed in the following manner :-A
pipe or tube of metal, earthenware, or any other proper material, is adapted
and connected with the cock of the still head, and this pipe or tube is enclosed
either wholly or partially in another pipe, tube, or a case of a larger diameter,
so that a space is left between the external surface of the inner tube and
the internal surface of the outer pipe, tube, or case. One extremity of the
internal pipe or tube is connected to the neck of the still, and the other
extremity of this pipe or tube is open for the discharge of the condensed
spirit, for which purpose the pipe or tube is laid in an inclined direction:
The extremities of the outer pipe, tube, or case are made to fit to the inner
pipe or tube by screws, solder, or any other means proper to render the
construction water-tight. An opening is made through the outer pipe, tube,
or case, into the cavity between the two pipes, near to that end of the inner
pipe where the spirit is discharged; and I admit cold wash to flow into this
aperture by means of a cock or pipe connected with a cistern or vessel of
the same placed at a proper elevation, which wash, flowing through the
space between the two pipes for the whole or nearly the whole length of the
same, is discharged into another still by a cock or aperture near to that
end of the inner pipe which is connected with the neck of the still which is
at work, thereby cooling and condensing the spirit very effectually. And the
cold wash which is made to pass through the cavity between the two pipes
will condense the spirit in the same manner as if water was employed, and the
wash thus used will require a high degree of heat, and is in a proper state to
charge another still with, by which means both time and heat are materially
saved. This refrigerator may also be used with water, or any other fluid
which is sufficiently cool to condense the spirit or fluid coming from the still.
I likewise construct my refrigerators of porcelain, glass, or earthenware,
when the same are to be employed for condensing acids or other fluid which
corrode or destroy metal. In applying my mode of heating fluids to the
manufacture of salt, either from rock salt, salt brine, sea water, or any other
substance or fluid containing salt, I employ pans or vessels made in the usual
manner, or with such improvements as to material or form as my mode of
applying heat render practicable; but I consider the best mode of placing my
steam reservoirs formed of pipes or tubes as above described into pans or
vessels to be used for evaporating and crystallizing salt is to elevate them
above the bottom of such pans or vessels, so that a sufficient space may be
left below the steam reservoir to receive the cystallized salt as it seporates
and subsides from the brine or fluid, at the same time taking care that the.
reservoir is always covered by a thin stratum of-brine. The pipes or tubes of.

page_text: which the reservoirs are formed may be so placed and arranged that proper
intervals and spaces are left between them for the salt to subside through,
and likewise for the purpose of raking out and removing the salt from the
bottom of the pan. The advantages which the manufacturers will derive
from the adoption of my mode are, an improvement in his product from the
perfect control he has over the heat he uses, enabling him to boil either rapidly
or slowly as may be necessary for salts of different quality; also, from the
bottom of the vessel not being exposed to the direct action of fire, the salt
will have no tendency to crust or burn, which not only injures its quality
but destroys the pans in a very short time. The vessels heated on my plan
may be of cast iron, stone, or any proper material, and will be far more
durable than those heretofore used. The same advantages will be found in
applying the heat of steam in any mode to the boiling, evaporating, and
concentrating sulime or acid solutions, for instance, in refining saltpetre,
making alum, and concentrating sulphuric acid; but I use such metals or
materials to construct the steam reservoirs of for those operations as are the
least acted on by the fluid to be boiled or evaporated; for example, in con-
centrating sulphuric acid in its weak state, I use steam reservoirs made of
lead, and in order to bring it to a stronger state I employ steam-reservoirs
formed of platina. My mode of applying the heat of steam is better adapted
to the operation of dyeing than that at present, as I avoid all addition of water
to the dye liquor by not condensing the steam employed in the dye vat; and
by making my steam reservoirs of tin I am able to dye a fine scarlet colour
in a wooden vat, thereby avoiding the great expence of tin dye kettles for
that purpose. The making soap by means of steam applied in my mode
removes the risk of breaking the vessel employed, which often happens
when the same is heated by the direct application of fire, and much facility
is given by my method of applying heat to the general management of this
process, and the article produced is of a finer quality. In melting wax and
tallow, or separating the oil from blubber, my mode of applying heat will be
found very beneficial, as it prevents any burnt colour being produced by the
heat employed, and it will be found a rapid mode of performing the operation.
And I further declare that I believe the above description of my said Inven-
tion and of the principle which I adopt, is sufficient to enable any one practically
acquainted with the nature and use of high-pressure steam to put the same
into action, and to use it advantageously, and that it contains all that it
would be necessary for persons conversant in such matters to know in order
to apply and use it. But as it is my desire, in pursuance of the right
meaning and intention of these Presents, to make any Invention as completely

page_text: and fully understood as possible, I proceed to describe more particularly an
apparatus for boiling fluids, and this apparatus I point out as one adapted
to several processes. But I declare I do not hereby mean to limit my claim
of exclusive right to the use of any particular form or arrangement of parts
for carrying my Invention into effect, because the form and arrangement
may be varied in a number of ways, which will be obvious to practical men
and others conversant with these subjects, and my Invention may be accord-
ingly applied in various methods according to the nature of the process, or
the will or option of those who adopt it. In the first place the still, pan, or
vessel for containing the liquid to be heated, the particular construction of
which is no part of my Invention, may be made of the usual form, and of
the usual materials, or any other that may be preferred, and may be placed
in any convenient situation. I then construct in any such vessel my
reservoir to receive the supply of high-pressure steam, and I generally
place this by preference at the bottom of the vessel, or as near to it that it
may be either wholly or for the most part covered and buried in the liquor
which is to be heated or boiled, and the said reservoir I make of such size
and presenting such a quantity of heating surface to the liquor as may be
necessary for the proper degree of boiling or evaporation. When such a reser-
voir is to be adapted to vessels, utensils, or stills as are of a circular form, I
have found it most convenient to make it of a sufficient quantity of copper
or lead pipe which may be coiled or wound so as to form a flat volute or
spiral of pipe that may rest on and cover the bottom of the utensil or
vessel, and this may be so coiled, by leaving the spaces between each
turn of pipe larger or smaller, as to introduce a greater or less quantity of
pipe, by which, and by taking pipe of greater or less diameters, the requisite
quantity of heating surface may be regulated. And in general I prefer to
connect the induction pipe for the steam (that is, the pipe which conveys the
steam from the boiler) with the central part of the coil, volute, or spiral, by
which means the heat is more directly conveyed to the middle of the liquor to
be boiled, and the water produced by the condensation of the steam is forced
off towards the outer circumference. The induction pipe, which conveys the
steam from the boiler to this reservoir or volute, and also the eduction pipe,
which takes off the condensed water, air, or waste steam from the other end
of it, may be conveniently carried over the edge of the copper pan or utensil
containing the liquid to be heated; or, if preferred, may be carried into and
out of them through the sides or bottom, by securing them with a solder or
other proper joint. I place upon the pipe which admits the steam an index
cock, such as is usually employed for the regulation of steam, and which is not

page_text: my Invention, by which the quantity admitted is easily governed, and the
whole shut off, and the boiling, if required, instantly stopped; and I likewise
place upon the pipe, at the other extremity of this reservoir, which serves to
convey away the way produced by the condensation of the steam, together
with the air or superfluous steam, a similar index cock, but of smaller
dimensions; and by adjusting this cock, the degree of heat and pressure of
steam in the reservoir is regulated, which is essential to the proper manage-
ment of the apparatus, and the way of doing which will be obvious to any
persons acquainted with such apparatus.
Further, I proceed to describe a mode in which one of my reservoirs may
be found to be conveniently used in any square or rectangular vessel, in which
in which it may be required to boil or evaporate fluids. In such a case I
prefer constructing the reservoir of a number of pipes laid parallel to each
other, and which may conveniently be made of cast iron, by connecting the
ends of these by small bent or curved pipes, and suffering the whole to rest on
the bottom of the vessel or utensil, or on proper supports placed within it. A
complete reservoir may be formed, and which may be supplied with steam, as
before-described, by-a-pipe at one end connected with the steam boiler, fur-
nished with a proper cock; and the water produced by the condensation of
the steam, together with the air and superfluous steam, must be allowed to
pass off at the other extremity by another pipe, furnished with a cock to regu-
late and maintain the pressure of the steam.
I have described the above apparatus merely as examples of the modes in
which my Invention may be applied, for it is evident that it would be impos-
sible to describe all the different forms and combinations which may be used
for this purpose, or to give any precise rule as to the quantity or diameter of
the pipes or tubes required for forming steam reservoirs for boiling different
fluids.
I would further state it as my belief and opinion that it is most economical
to employ, for the purposes of heating liquids, steam of not less than forty
pounds' pressure on each square inch, as measured by the lifting of a safety
valve of the usual construction, or of about 280 degrees temperature, according
to Farhenheit's scale; but for some operations I have employed steam of
320 degrees of heat by the same scale.
And I do further declare that I do not claim as any Invention of mine, or
to have any exclusive right to, the application of high-pressure steam for the
purpose of heating, boiling, and evaporating fluids, when the same is done by
causing the said steam to act on the outside of the utensils or vessels which
contain the liquids, and when the steam is confined there by exterior cases or

page_text: vessels, or by other known modes. Neither do I claim any exclusive right to
the use of such modes of heating liquors by steam, when the effect is produced
by conveying the steam into the body of the liquors, and being therein fully
and freely discharged, so as to mix therewith, together with the water pro-
duced from the condensation of the steam. Neither do I claim any exclusive
right to any mode whereby steam of atmospheric pressure may be applied to
warming liquids, by suffering it to pass freely through pipes or worms covered
by the liquid where it is unconstrained in its passage, and no contrivance
adopted to raise the pressure and temperature of the steam above the pressure
and temperature of atmospheric steam.
In witness whereof, I, the said Philip Taylor, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Fourteenth day of July, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and eighteen.