IMPROVEMENTS IN MAKING DRAINS, AND IN MACHINERY FOR THAT PURPOSE
Year: 1857

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles Cowper, of 20, Southampton Buildings,
Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Patent Agent, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MAKING DRAINS, AND IN MACHINERY FOR
THAT PURPOSE."-A communication.
Scaled the 17th July 1857, and dated the 17th February 1857.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Cowper at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 17th
February 1857.
I, CHARLES COWPER, of 20, Southampton Buildings, Chancery Lane, in
the County of Middlesex, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MAKING DRAINS, AND IN MACHINERY FOR
THAT PURPOSE," to be as follows:-
A long horizontal or inclined hole or tunnel is bored at a sufficient depth
below the surface of the ground in the following manner:-A long bar of iron
or other suitable material, in one or more pieces, is furnished at one end with a
head of conical or other suitable form of the same diameter as the required
hole or drain. To commence the drain, a trench is dug to the required depth
and in the proper direction and of a sufficient length to receive the bar,
which is then laid in the trench; the bar is then driven forward into the
carth at the end of the trench until it has perforated a hole equal to its own
longth, or thereabouts. A vertical hole is dug or bored at the point where the

page_text: head has then arrived, and the bar is pushed on again for another length by
apparatus placed in this hole; another vertical hole is then dug or bored and
the bar again pushed on, and so on, until the whole length of drain is com-
pleted, when the bar passes out into a trench from which it is removed, or it
may be carried back and removed at the original trench from which it started.
The bar may be advanced in various ways. Thus two ropes or chains may
be attached to its two ends and passed round pullies in an iron cylinder or box
which is placed in the vertical holes. These ropes or chains are passed round a
barrel on a portable frame, so that by turning the barrel the bar is advanced
or drawn back. The ropes are passed on to the next vertical hole cach
time that the bar has advanced a length. Or, the bar may be worked by
a rack and pinion, or a chain and pinion, or by a lever with a ratchet
The
or a sliding collar on the bar, or by similar mechanical means.
bar may also be turned upon its axis to facilitate its progress through
the ground.
A toothed wheel is placed in the vertical bole, and the
bar is made to slide through the centre of this wheel. The bar carries a
feather, or is made square, or of such form as to be driven round by the motion
of the wheel, although free to slide endways. The advancing gear is con-
structed to allow of the bar turning on its axis. The toothed wheel is driven
by an endless chain and another toothed wheel, which are also made available
for raising and lowering the apparatus in the vertical hole. A continuous or
intermittent rotary motion may thus be given to the bar; it may also be
moved on its axis by a lever or similar mechanical means instead of the
toothed wheel and chain. A machine is employed for boring the vertical holes,
which consists of a large auger or screw, with an apparatus for raising it out
of the ground, mounted on a carriage, which can be wheeled about like a
wheelbarrow. The auger is screwed into the ground a little way, and then
raised and cleared from the earth, and again screwed in, and so on, until the
hole is bored to the required depth. The drain or hole is lined or strengthened
in various ways; thus a string of drain pipes are drawn into it by the machine
as it advances; or plaster of Paris, cement, bitumen, clay, or other composi-
tion or mastic is run in round a mandril, which is withdrawn, leaving the
drain complete. Or, in some cases, when the soil is of a suitable nature, or
the inside of the hole is lined with clay or a suitable composition, it may be
baked or hardened by fire. A fire being made in one of the vertical holes,
and a chimney placed over the next hole, the flame or hot air will be drawn.
through the drain, so as to bake or harden or dry the interior. The vertical
holes may be filled up when the drain is completed, they may be kept open
for the purpose of cleaning the drains when necessary.
or

page_text: Drains may thus be made inder growing plants or under buildings, as
the surface of the ground is not disturbed except by the vertical holes at
intervals.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Charles Cowper in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
7th August 1857.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, CHARLES
COWPER, of 20, Southampton Buildings, Chancery Lane, in the County of
Middlesex, Patent Agent, send greeting.
:
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Seventeenth day of February, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, in the twentieth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Charles Cowper, Her special licence that I, the said Charles, Cowper,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Charles
Cowper, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at, all times, thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the .Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MAKING DRAINS,
AND IN MACHINERY .FOR THAT PURPOSE," (communicated to me from abroad,)
upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said, Charles Cowper, my
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their,
or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Offico
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Charles Cowper, do hereby declare
the nature of tho said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statoment thereof, reference being had to the accompanying Drawing, and
to the figures and letters marked thereon, that is to say :-
A long horizontal or inclined hole or tunnel is bored at a sufficient depth
below the surface of the ground in the following manner :-A long bar of iron
or other suitable material in one or more pieces is furnished at one end with
"

page_text: a head of conical or other suitable form of the same diameter as the required
hole or drain. To commence the drain, a trench is dug to the required depth
and in the proper direction and of a suffieient length to receive the bar,
which is then laid in the trench. The bar is then driven forward into the earth
at the end of the trench until it has perforated a hole equal to its own length,
or thereabouts. A vertical hole is dug or bored at the point where the head
has then arrived, and the bar is pushed on again for another length by appa-
ratus placed in this hole; another vertical hole is then dug or bored and the
bar again pushed on, and so on, until the whole length of drain is completed,
when the bar passes out into a trench from which it is removed, or it may be
carried back and removed at the original trench from which it started. The
bar may be advanced in various ways. Thus two ropes or chains may be
attached to its two ends and passed round pullies in an iron cylinder or box
which is placed in the vertical holes. These ropes or chains are passed round
a barrel on a portable frame, so that by turning the barrel the bar is
advanced or drawn back. The ropes are passed on to the next vertical hole each
time that the bar has advanced a length. Or, the bar may be worked by a rack
and pinion or a chain and pinion, or by a lever with a ratchet or a sliding
collar on the bar, or by similar mechanical means; the bar may also be
turned upon its axis to facilitate its progress through the ground. A toothed
wheel is placed in the vertical hole, and the bar is made to slide through the
centre of this wheel. The bar carries a feather, or is made square, or of such
form as to be driven round by the motion of the wheel, although free to slide
endways. The advancing gear is constructed to allow of the bar turning on
its axis. The toothed wheel is driven by an endless chain and another toothed
wheel, which are also made available for raising and lowering the apparatus in
the vertical hole. A continuous or intermittent rotary motion may thus be
given to the bar; it may also be moved on its axis by a lever or similar
mechanical means instead of the toothed wheel and chain. A machine is
employed for boring the vertical holes, which consists of a large auger or
screw, with an apparatus for raising it out of the ground, mounted on a carriage,
which can be wheeled about like a wheelbarrow. The auger is screwed into
the ground a little way, and then raised and cleared from the earth, and again
screwed in, and so on, until the hole is bored to the required depth. The
drain or hole is lined or strengthened in various ways; thus a string of
drain pipes are drawn into it by the machine as it advances; or plaster of
Paris, cement, bitumen, clay, or other composition or mastic is run in round a
mandril, which is withdrawn, leaving the drain complete. Or in some cases,
when the soil is of a suitable nature, or the inside of the hole is lined with clay

page_text: or a suitable composition, it may be baked or hardened by fire. A fire being
made in one of the vertical holes, and a chimney placed over the next hole,
the flame or hot air will be drawn through the drain, so as to bake or harden
or dry the interior. The vertical holes may be filled up when the drain is
completed, or they may be kept open for the purpose of cleaning the drains
when necessary. Drains may thus be made under growing plants or under
buildings, as the surface of the ground is not disturbed except by the vertical
holes at intervals.
Figure 1 of the accompanying Drawing is an elevation of a machine for
boring the vertical holes in the ground; Figure 2 is a plan of the boring tool
or auger b. a is a vertical shaft or spindle which carries the auger b, and is
capable of sliding up and down in the tube c. A cordo is attached to the
shaft a by a hook s, and carried over a pulley supported by the post n, and the
other end of the cord is fastened to the barrel p, which is capable of being
turned round by the handle or winch t, and is secured by a ratchet and paul;
the barrel p is supported by a bracket r, attached to the tube c. u is a bevil
wheel geering into a bevil pinion v, which is turned by a winch 3; these parts
are also supported by a bracket on the tube c. The wheel u has a feather or
projection which enters a groove in the shaft a, which passes through the
centre of the wheel; by this means the shaft a is capable of being raised or
lowered at the same time that it is made to revolve by turning the winch Y.
The tube c is fixed to or made in one piece with a plate or disc, having a pro-
jection m, which carries the post n; this plate has a central stud or pin, which
passes through a hole in the centre of a disc e, and receives a nut which
secures it to the disc e; the disc e is attached to a tube g, which turns freely
on the axle of a pair of wheels i, i. is a platform, which is carried by two
side rails k, k, supported by the axle of the wheels and by two legs 1,1; the
rails k, k, terminato in handles, by which the whole machine may be wheeled
along like a wheelbarrow. The post n and the boring apparatus may be
turned upon the axle, so as to lay them down in a horizontal position on the
platform, and their angular position may be altered by turning them on the
pin in the centre of the disc e.
b
This machine is wheeled to the required spot, and the shaft a is adjusted in
a vertical position and lowered so that the auger 6 rests on the ground. The
paul is removed from the ratchet of the barrel p, and the workman mounts on
to the platform k¹ and turns the winch y, and the auger is thus screwed into
the ground a little way; he then winds it up by means of the winch t and
clears it of the earth which it brings up with it; he then lowers it again into
the hole, and thus proceeds raising and clearing the auger when necessary

page_text: until the hole z is bored to the required depth; the auger is then wound up
and secured by the paul, and the machine is wheeled away to the place where
the next vertical hole is to be bored, and so on. The platform k¹ is con-
venient, as the workman does not tread down and compress the ground while
he is boring the holes. The tube g may be fixed on the axle instead of turning
freely upon it, and the axle may be secured to the wheels i, i, by the nuts
jj, while the hole is being bored; the nuts j, j are unscrewed or slackened
when the machine is to be wheeled away.
Figure 3 is an elevation, and Figure 4 is a side view, and Figure 5 is a
plan, of portions of a machine adapted for boring the horizontal holes or drains,
and which may be called a "mole." z is the boring tool or head of the mole.
of cylindro-conical form, terminating in a pyramidal point in front, and slightly
reduced in diameter at the back, so as to admit of its being drawn back
without scraping or ploughing away the sides of the hole. This head is
attached to a bar x, which may be about twenty feet long, or more or less.
This bar is driven forward and at the same time caused to revolve, as
herein-after described. The rails k, k, platform k', legs 1, 1, tube g, and disc
e are similar to those of the machine shewn in Figure 1. h is the axle. The
wheels are not shewn in the Drawing, being similar to those of Figure 1. c is
a tube attached to a disc which is capable of turning on the disc e, or being
secured to it when required; a is a long rod, which may be called the
directrix," and which carries a toothed wheel b at its lower end and a pulley
n at its upper end. A break is placed at t so as to stop the motion of the
pulley n when required; this brake can be pulled down by a cord, and when it
is released it is raised by a spring. o is an endless chain which passes over the
pulley n and round the wheel b. The chain is made of such form as to enter
between the teeth of the wheel b, and also between the teeth of a smaller
wheel r, which is mounted on a bracket on the tube c, and furnished with a
winch or handles, by which it may be turned round. p is a pulley which
keeps the chain in geer with the wheel r. If the winch s be turned
round the wheel and pulley n will be made to revolve, but if the brake t
be brought into action the pulley n will be arrested, and in that case the
chain o will act like a rack attached to the directrix a, so that the directrix
will be raised or lowered by turning the
winch s. m is a screw by which
when raised or lowered to the
the directrix may be clamped or secured
proper position. The boss of the wheel has a central hole which fits the
bar a, and is provided with a projection or feather which enters a groove in
the bar x, which may thus be made to revolve, while at the same time it is
capable of sliding endways through the wheel b. The directrix a can be

page_text: turned down and laid flat upon the platform when the apparatus has to be
transported from place to place.
Figure 6 is a side view of a windlass or apparatus for advancing the bar x,
and which may be mounted on the same carriage or platform as the
apparatus shewn in Figure 4, or it may be mounted on a separate carriage.
A, A', is a bar connected by a swivel or joint to the 'barx, 'so as not to prevent
it from revolving. The swivel is made so that the two bars may be detached
when required by driving out a pin, or in any other convenient manner.
B, B', are two cords, which are attached to hooks or loops on the two ends of
the bar A, A', while the other ends of the cords are carried round pulleys
E, E', and over other pulleys II, and attached to a barrel I, round which they
are wound in opposite directions. This barrel I 'is mounted on 'a 'spindle .J,
provided with a winch or handle L. The pulleys E, E¹, are supported by a
cylinder of sheet iron F, which is inserted in one of the vertical holes in the
ground.
Figure 7 is a plan of 'the cylinder F and pullies E, E¹. 'This cylinder
carries an
upright bar G, on which the pulleys Hare 'supported at different
heights, as may be required; 'by 'turning the winch L, one of the cords is
wound up while the other is given out 'by the barrel I. The bar. A, A', is
thus driven along horizontally in the ground.
This apparatus is employed in the following manner:-The two vertical
holes are bored at about twenty feet apart, 'and a' trench is dug between them,
and for about twenty feet beyond 'the hole, which receives the cylinder F. The
bars A and are laid in the trench and connected by the joint or swivel,
and the cords B, D, are connected to the 'two ends of the bar A, A. The
directrix a and the wheel b are lowered into one vertical hole and the
cylinder F is placed in the other; 'the cords B, B', are connected to the two
ends of the bar A, A, and by turning 'the winch 'L' the bar x is-advanced and
passed through the 'boss of the wheel b; the head is than attached to the
end of the bar a. The bar a with the head is now driven forwards into the
solid earth by turning the winch 'L, and' at the same time it is made to revolve
by turning the winch s. The head' thus bores or drills a hole in the ground,
until it arrives at the next vertical hole, which is about twenty feet in advance
of that occupied by the directrix a and wheel b, and until the swivel joint,
which connects the bars a and A, is close to the wheel b; the swivel joint is
then disconnected, and the bar A is drawn back a little; the wheel b is then
drawn back off the end of the bar'x and the-swivel is again connected; the
wheel is raised with the directrix a, and the machine is-wheeled on to the
next vertical hole, into which the directrix and the wheel b are lowered; the

page_text: wheel b is slipped over the end of the bar a after removing the head z,
and
the bar is pushed forwards a little and the head is again attached to it.
The cords B, B', are detached from the barrel I and their ends are con-
nected together so as to form a loop, which is drawn up by means of a hook
into the vertical hole from which the wheel 6 has been removed, and into
which the cylinder F is now inserted. The loop is drawn up until the junction
of the two cords appears, and they are then untied or separated and attached
as before to the barrel I, which is brought forward on its carriage for that
purpose; the head and bar a are again driven forward and caused to
revolve as before, and another twenty-foot length is thus bored, and so on.
The end of the bar A, A¹, has an eye to which a rope or chain is attached, and
on this rope or chain are strung as many drain pipes as will form a length of
twenty feet. This rope with the drain pipes is introduced through the vertical
hole, and the pipes are guided in as the bar A proceeds. When the last pipo
has entered the horizontal hole or bore, the rope is detached from it, and the
rope is raised by a hook at the next vertical hole and drawn through the
drain; it is then strung with a fresh length of drain pipes to fill the next
twenty feet of drain, and so on. The pipes at the bottom of each vertical
hole may be placed by hand when the holes are being filled up. These
vertical holes may, however, be retained to facilitate the cleaning of the
drains, and in that case each twenty-foot length of drain pipes may terminate
at the side of the vertical hole. In lieu of working the cords B, B'¹, at one
vertical hole and the wheel b at another, they may both be worked at the
same hole, as indicated by the red lines in Figure 4. 2 is a ring or ferule,
which is made in two pieces, hinged or otherwise connected, so as to admit of
its being placed round a neck or reduced part of the bar x, which is thus
capable of turning in it; 3 is a lever or latch on one portion of the ring 2,
which is turned up into a vertical position while the ring is put on the bar x,
and is then turned down into the position shewn in the Drawing, so as to
secure a projection 4 on the other portion of the ring. The cord 5 is
attached to the latch 3, and carried under the pulley 6 and
up to the barrel
of the windlass. The other cord is arranged in a similar manner, or connected
by a swivel to the end a¹ of the bar. The bar A, A, is not then employed.
The swivel and the ring 2 have to be detached when the apparatus is shifted
on from one vertical hole to another.
Figure 8 is a side view, and Figure 9 is a plan, of portions of a simpler
boring apparatus or mole. A geering chaine is connected by its two
ends to the bar x, and it is guided by two pulleys c, c, round a pinion b,
mounted on a vertical shaft or spindle a. By turning this spindle a the
3

page_text: bar a is moved forward or backwards. i is a lever by which a recipro-
cating rotary or wriggling motion is communicated to the bar x, so as to
facilitate its passage through the ground. The lever is made like a
fork or a spanner at its lower end, so as to fit upon the bar x, which is
square, or rectangular, or of other suitable form. The bar x is thus free to
advance while it is being moved by the spanner. This apparatus is detached
and removed when necessary by withdrawing the axes d, d, of the pulleys or
rollers c, c, from the frames f. f. These frames, and the spindle a and
pinion b, are raised and slipped away from the chain e and carried to the
next vertical hole into which the slack portion of the chain is drawn; the
pinion and pulleys and frames are then introduced, and arranged and fixed as
before, and the operation proceeded with.
Figure 10 is an end view, Figure 11 is a side view, and Figure 12 is a
plan, of another arrangement in which the pinion 6 gears into a rack e on the
bar a, which is kept in geer by two rollers c, c, between the frames f, f.
is the lever or spanner by which the reciprocating rotary or wriggling
motion is given to the bar a. The apparatus is released by withdrawing the
spindles d, d, of the rollers c, c, and then slipping the frames and pinion
sideways.
Figure 13 is a side view, and Figure 14 is a plan, of a very simple arrange-
ment of the boring apparatus or mole. The boring bar x is of square, or
rectangular, or other suitable form, and it receives a reciprocating rotary
motion from the lover or spanner i, as before. It is advanced by a lever a in
the following manner:-The fulcrum of this lever is carried by a bracket 6 on
the cylinder F, which lines the vertical hole. The short end of the lever is
connected by a link & to a ring e, which embraces the bar x. The lever a
is worked backward and forward by hand, and the ring e is thus caused to
move backward and forward. As it moves forward toward the head it
binds upon the bar a, and causes that also to advance with it; but when it
moves backward it slides freely on the bar, being prevented from binding by
a projection at the upper part, which comes in contact with the link d. The
ring or clip e may be made open at one side, so as to admit of its being
applied at any part of the bar instead of requiring to be slipped over the
end of the bar. The clip is then provided with a pin, or screw, or other
contrivance at the open side to prevent it from falling off the bar. It is
convenient to construct the bar & so as to be capable of receiving the head =
at either end, and also to be capable of receiving a rope or chain at either end
for drawing the drain pipes into the ground.
Figure 15 is a section, showing a method of lining the drain or bore with a

page_text: plastic composition, as clay or Roman cement mixed with water, so as to form
a liquid composition. a is a taper mandril, which is drawn into the horizontal
hole, and has its end brought in contact with or inserted into a hole in a
metallic cylinder b, which is placed in the vertical hole, and which is also
slightly tapered. The liquid composition is poured into the space around
the cylinder b, and it flows into the space round the mandril in the
horizontal hole; when it has set or become solid the mandril is with-
drawn. The cylinder 6 is also withdrawn, leaving the vertical and hori-
zontal holes lined with the composition. If clay or any matter requiring
to be hardened by fire or heat is employed, a fire is made in one vertical hole,
and a moveable sheet-iron chimney is placed over the next hole, and the flame
or products of combustion are thus caused to pass through the drain. The
products of combustion may be drawn through several lengths of drain by
placing the fire at one end and the chimney at the other and closing the
intermediate holes. If heat be employed in this manner the operation should
be performed when the land is as dry as possible. In clayey soils it may be
sometimes sufficient to apply the fire to the drain at once without introducing
any lining; the interior of the hole will then be baked by the heat and will
form the drain.
Figure 16 is a side view, and Figure 17 is a plan, of a machine which
may be enployed for boring the vertical holes in lieu of that shewn in
Figure 1. The auger or boring tool is fixed to: the lower end of a vertical
shaft a, which slides up and down through a horizontal frame d, which is
connected by three pillars or legs g. 9, with a frame c, carried by three
wheels e, which run on a circular rail supported by a wooden ring or
curb k. j is a chain or band, which is fixed to the lower part of the shaft a,
and wound upon a barrel h on a spindle m, provided with two winches or
handles. The shaft a is provided with a groove, into which enters a feather
in the hole in the frame d, through which the shaft passes. The shaft is thus
compelled to revolve with the frame d. The curb k with the rail f is laid on
the ground round the spot where the hole is to be.bored, and the shaft a with
the boring tool is lowered by turning the winches I, and the chain j is left
slack. The workmen then take hold of the winches l and walk round and
round the hole, causing the whole machine to turn round on the circular rail.
The auger is thus screwed into the ground. It is lifted from time to time by
winding up the chain; and cleared of the earth.
Figure 18 is a side view, and Figure 19 is a front view, of another machine
for driving the mole or horizontal borer. An endless chain h is passed round
pulleys y, y, supported by tlie cylinder F, and it is wound one or more times

page_text: in a spiral direction round the boring bar x, and carried over a toothed wheel
or barrel t, supported in bearings on a standard o, and then under a pulley v,
and again over another wheel or another part of the barrel t. A weight is
hung to the pulley v to keep the chain stretched. The spindle u of the
barrel is supported by a frame 1, and carries a wheel r, which is driven by
a pinion q, on whose axis is a winch p. The frame is shewn in plan in
Figure 20; it can be fixed at different heights on the standard o. m, m, are
pullies or rollers, which prevent the bar a from being raised by the pull or
tension of the chain when it is at work. By turning the winch P in one
direction the bar a is advanced and caused to revolve at the same time, and
by turning the winch in the opposite direction the bar x is turned in the
contrary direction and drawn back.
Figures 21, 22, and 23 are plans shewing different modes of placing the
rollers m and Y.
Having now described the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, I wish it to be understood that what I claim is,-
First, the improvement or improvements in making drains, by boring or
making a series of vertical holes, and boring a horizontal or nearly horizontal
hole from one vertical hole to another, by means of a boring tool or mole
worked from above the surface of the ground by means of machinery or
apparatus communicating with it through the aforesaid vertical holes, sub-
stantially as herein-before described.
Second, the improvement or improvements in making drains, by boring or
making the vertical and horizontal holes as aforesaid, and drawing in the
drain pipes by attaching them to the boring bar, as herein-before described.
Third, the improvement or improvements in making drains, by boring or
making the vertical and horizontal holes as aforesaid, and then lining the
inside of the horizontal holes, or of both the vertical and horizontal holes,
with a plastic composition introduced round a mandril, which is afterwards
withdrawn, as herein-before described.
Fourth, the improvement or improvements in making drains, by boring or
making the vertical and horizontal holes as aforesaid, and then baking or
hardening the inside or the lining of the horizontal holes, or of both the
horizontal and vertical holes, by means of fire, as herein-before described.
Fifth, the combination of parts forming the machine for boring the vertical
holes, herein-before described in reference to Figure 1.
Sixth, the combination of parts forming the machine for boring the vertical
holes, hercin-before described in reference to Figures 16 and 17.

page_text: Seventh, the various combinations of parts forming the different machines
for boring the horizontal holes, herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Cowper, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Fifth day of August, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven.
CHARLES COWPER. (L.S.)