IMPROVE- MENTS IN ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH PRINTING APPARATUS
Year: 1882

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Imray, of No. 28, Southampton Buildings,
Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, for an Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH PRINTING APPARATUS." A communication
from abroad by Jean Maurice Emil Baudot, of Paris, France.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Imray at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 28th January 1882.
JOHN IMRAY of No. 28 Southampton Buildings Chancery Lane in the County
of Middlesex. "IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH PRINTING APPARATUS."
[A communication from abroad by Jean Maurice Emil Baudot, of Paris, France.]
This Invention relates to an electric telegraph printing apparatus with multiple
transmissions. In this system the sending of a letter includes two distinct
operations. First. The transmission of the signal. S-cond. Translation of this
signal and impression of the letter. The signals are formed by means of cominu-
tator levers worked either by the fingers of the operator or automatically by the
machine itself. The letters are represented either by the action of a single
commutator or by that of several of these combined with each other. At the
receiving station the signals are reproduced by means of moveable mechanisms
actuated by electrical currents and corresponding respectively with the commutators
of the sending station. The number of transmitting levers and of the corre-
sponding moveable receiving instruments depends upon the number of distinct
combinations which it is possible to effect with them and also upon the number
of the letters or signs that have to be transmitted. The movements of the
moveable receiving instruments are effected at the receiving station by a translating
instrument which stores them and effects their translation. During the time
employed in such translation the line is utilised for transmitting other signals.
The division of the work between several different apparatus reduces corre-
spondingly the work of these and renders their action very sure, without requiring
delicate regulation. The succession of the operations allows of the constant use
of the line so that it is capable of considerable work. For actuating at the other
B •
-

page_text: end of a line wire a certain number of instruments, either separately or in combi-
nation several methods may be used. The method most easily understood consists
in using several line wires, each for the transmission of a distinct movement. This
may be useful in certain cases; but it is frequently desirable to use only a single
conductor. Distinct movements can then be obtained which can be combined
together for constituting the signals by employing for differentiating the effects
of the currents, either their time of emission, their duration, or their intensity
or the properties of sounding bodies actuated by vibrating currents, according to
the methods of Laborde, E. Gray and Lacour. Several of these methods can also
be combined together. Apparatus for differentiating currents by time and direction
is arranged as follows: At the transmitting station a metallic rubber slides
regularly over five contacts connected respectively to five keys. At the same time
a rubber at the receiving station makes communication with five successive electro
magnets. The two rubbers are electrically connected by the line wire and move
synchronously, so that if one or more keys be depressed the corresponding electro-
magnets operate as the rubber passes over the contacts. The keys can be depressed
singly or in combination, one with one, two with two, and so on, thus making 32
different combinations, that are reproduced by the armatures of the electromagnets.
Three contacts at the distributor each connected with two keys at the sending
station and with two electro-magnets at the receiving station, allow of 27 different
combinations when positive and negative currents are employed. In this case the
two keys connected to each contact serve respectively for sending a positive and a
negative current, the two electro magnets connected at the receiving station to each
contact are polarised and are respectively actuated by positive and negative
currents.
Several sounding bodies giving different sounds and maintained in vibration by
any suitable means, for instance by electro magnets can serve to transmit vibrating
currents to us many electro magnets at the receiving station-ench-actuating a body
timed to itself. If by the key the currents emitted by the one at the sending
station be interrupted the movement of the corresponding ono at the receiving
station will be stopped, and this interruption can be utilised in the following
manner for actuating an ordinary electro-magnet. of which the armature will
reproduce the movement of the sending key. The vibrator sends into this electro-
magnet one local positive current and one negative one for each double vibration.
The brevity of these emissions, neutralising each other does not allow the electro-
magnet to attract its armature; but, in consequence of the stopping of the
vibrations a single current will pass through this electro-magnet which will attract
its armature. This method being already in use, it is only claimed in its
combination with the present system.
If the armatures of the receiving electro-magnets are polarised, these can be so
arranged that they rest in the position into which they have been moved by the
currents actuating them. The signal is thus stored up. They can also be inade
to act on mechanical devices which themselves store up the signals. Sufficient
time is thus gained for effecting their translation and for operating the impression
of the letters or signals received.
The device which effects this translation is the "combiner" of which the
arrangements now to be described are adapted for the translation of the 32 combi-
nations furnished by 5 distinct movements, but they are also applicable for
combinations produced by a different number of movements, only the number of
instruments would require to be modified. Also in speaking of circular ranges of
contacts or of projections, it is to be understood that these might be concentric
or parallel. The rubbers may be fixed and the ranges moveable; or the rubbers
may move relatively to the ranges.
According to one arrangement of the combiner, a cylinder is formed of ten
metallic discs with notched peripheries which are connected together to the one
pole of a battery; ten rubbing brushes pass over the surface of the cylinder.
They are connected respectively to the ten studs of armatures that are connected

page_text: to the plus pole of the battery through an electro magnet. If the armatures are
at rest the current from the battery will be continually closed, whatever may be
the position of the rubbers on the projections of the cylinder, but if one or moro
armatures are moved the circuit will be opened when the rubbers come to a certain
point of the cylinder, and this point will change its place according to the number
of armatures that have been moved.
If then a type wheel presents its letters to a band of paper kept away by the
armature of the electro magnet, for each combined action a different letter will
be printed. Instead of pairs of brushes single brushes directed by armatures to
one or other of the discs would produce like results. According to this latter
arrangement the simultaneous movement of the five rubbers in odedience to a
spring into a notch of the cylinder is utilised for raising the paper and pressing it
against the type wheel. The rubbers may be actuated directly by the armatures
these being stationary while the cylinder revolves, making for this purpose almost
a complete revolution, This will be understood by describing the action of a pair
of the discs. A projection in passing the end of a slide which has been advanced
by an armature is shifted thereby moving the rubber from the one disc to the
other. If the slide is not advanced this shift does not occur. If the slides havo
worked they are moved back by a cam. This action can be produced by very
feeble currents. Instead of employing parallel discs, concentric toothed circles may
be used. Each rubber is directed by an arrangement like the points of a railway
which are shifted by the armatures and restored by cams.
A simple arrangement of the apparatus is as follows:-A cylinder consisting
of 5 toothed discs revolves in front of 5 rubbers connected to arinatures which act
as interrupters of the circuit. They are connected through an electro magnet to
one pole of a local battery the other pole of which is connected to the cylinder.
According to the combination of armatures displaced the first interruption will bo
determined at a particular point in the revolution of the cylinder and this will
determine the impression. The armature onco raised cannot be restored to the
poles of its magnet till after a complete revolution of the type wheel by the cam
on its axis. The movement of the arinature which presses the paper against tho
type wheel may be made to close a local circuit by which an electro magnet is
excited so as to hold the armature till the circuit is again opened by the revolution
of the wheel.
It is advantageous to select and arrange the combinations so that cach rubber
has an equal share of work all actuated by one toothed disc. For this purpose the
sending apparatus has 5 keys like those of a piano each working two commu-
tating springs and provided with a hand commutator to set the apparatus for
sending or receiving. The operator is guided by a metronome worked by an
electro magnet. The distributing apparatus consists of concentric circles of
metallic contacts mounted on ebonite. The receiving contacts are independent of
those for transmitting which occupy the two outer circles. The brushes are moved
by any suitable motor such as weight, hydraulic pressure or electricity, being
caused to slide over the contact circles. The correction of speed so as to maintain
synchronism of two corresponding distributors is effected as follows:-A current is
automatically sent into line at each revolution of one of the distributors by a
contact on it. If the arms which carry the brushes of both instruments are in
accord this current passes to earth by the contact of the second instrument; if they
are not in accord the current excites an electro magnet which causes the arin
either to advance or retreat according as it is behind or before its proper position,
this being effected by a spring acting with sun and planet gear and a star wheel,
which is moved by the armature of the excited magnet. The speed of movement
may be regulated by a flyer or otherwise.
Usually currents arriving by a long line are somewhat feeble so that it is of
advantage to employ relays which are of the polarised kind.
The translating apparatus is of the following kind. A segmental frame poised
at its ends is pressed by a spring. It has 5 slides projecting as rubbers towards a

page_text: pair of wheels, each slide being moved by an armature. An arm projecting from
the frame rests on a wheel having 31 equidistant notches, into one or other of
which it can enter when the segmental frame is not supported by its rubbers
resting on the wheels, that is to say when the rubbers are moved according to the
combination transmitted. The drop of the frame causes the paper to be pressed
against the type then presented, and by means of a ratchet and pawl the paper is
then advanced the width of a letter. The types are kept inked by an inking
roller. The movement of the apparatus is effected by any convenient motor, and
its speed may be regulated in various ways. A convenient regulator is one in
which the friction of a cork lining resulting from the centrifugal force of two
masses effects retardation. An electromagnet may be employed to retard by facing
its armature with cork bearing against a fly, and this electromagnet serves to
maintain synchronism of revolution of the receiver and the distributor correcting
their motions every revolution. Synchronism being established and maintained
the apparatus works as follows. The operator puts his commutator in contact for
transmission and when the arm of the distributor reaches the proper point the
circuit of the local battery is closed by the two rubbers through the metronome.
Supposing that the letter S is to be printed, the keys say of the 3rd and 5th contacts
are moved so as to send + currents from one of the ranges and currents from
the 1st, 2nd and 4th contacts of the same range. These currents act on two of the
relays causing their armatures to move, the other three remaining at rest, and all
remain in position until the brush carrier having completed. its revolution two of
the rubbers successively actuate the relays and cause the shifted armatures to
return to position. Immediately behind the rubbers come two of the brushes by
which another signal can be received, and so on continuously. While these actions
go on the translator corresponding with the relays referred to revolves with speed
regulated to that of the distributor, being corrected every revolution, the translator
being in the first place adjusted to move a little more quickly, a current sent by
the distributor excites a magnet by which the translator is retarded so as always
to be brought back to correspondence with the distributor. This retarding arrange-
ment may however be dispensed with, the one apparatus being worked by a treadlo
and the other by an electrodynamic machine having its commutator on the
distributor.
1
The second closer of the translator acts when the hollow of the combining discs
passes under the rubbing slides, that is to say when the electro-magnets of the
comlining apparatus prepare their signal by advancing the rubbing slides. On
long lines the currents require to be compensated which is done as follows:-The
curionts pass through the coil of an electromagnet causing its armature to move.
This armature is light but is subject to a strong spring, and the core of the magnet
is large. There is thus a sluggishness in its excitement which permits passage of
a current during an interval that can be regulated by the armature spring before
the armature is actually attracted. If the current continues it becomes discharged.
Thus short currents pass entirely to line; but when prolonged currents of like
direction are sent, only their first impulses are sent into line, the rest being
weakened or discharged. A like result could be obtained by arranging the armature
to bring in a resistance. In order to avoid inconveniences that might result from
imperfect synchronism connection might be made to earth for an instant when the
line brush is leaving one contact and about to reach another. This may be effected
by a supplementary range of contacts on the distributor. As a dispatch may
have sometimes to be repeated it may be set up on a cylinder with pegs, or a
moving band with holes to actuate the keys in proper order. Each key causes two
arms to rock, and it moves whenever a hole in the band presents itself, the band
being advanced by a ratchet movement. A similar arrangement of keys serves to
punch the holes in the band, and the motion may be given by clockwork. Ordinary
punches make defective work when they become blunt. To avoid this defect they
are made of steel tubes split at the ends so as present crowns of needles. These
punches are worked by cams, another cam serving to advance the band. The

page_text: punched band is applied to the distributor and drawn forward by rollers worked
by a ratchet, one tooth at every revolution of the distributor axis. The lever keys
are worked by cams arranged helically on the axis so that they move successively
as the axis turns, on the withdrawal of their respective supporting levers. An
automatic distributor of the kind described may be combined with the distributor
worked by hand.
The system above set forth is well suited for transmission over great distances
by means of a translation establishing communication with several stations on the
same line. For this purpose the 5 armatures of the receiving relays are connected
to 5 contacts of a transmitting distributor, these armatures remaining stationary
during nearly a whole revolution of the distributor, there is sufficient time for a
retransmission. By introducing 5 new relays having coarse wire in connection
with the armatures of the contacts of the distributor for retransmission, the
intermediate station can receive in its translator the passing dispatches.
The correspondent may be permitted to interrupt the transmission in the
following manner. The electrometronome has two coils one of which is for
beating the time and the other is introduced in the line near the compensator, the
latter being suited to the strength of the currents employed so as not to influence the
armature when the line transmits. But as the correspondent puts his commutator
for transmission he will send negative currents which added to the positive become
sufficiently powerful to actuate the armature, and thus the operator is obliged to
stop because his metronome becomes irregular. The apparatus may be used for
duplex telegraphing by transmitting line currents through an inverting arrange-
ment having its armature acting as a kind of commutator and receiving the
currents in a relay sending a local current to the receiving distributor. In this
case the currents for effecting synchronism should be direct. The various known
methods may thus be applied since there is a single manipulator which is the
armature of the transmitting relay and a single receiving relay.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said John Imray in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 27th July
1882.
"
JOHN INRAY of No. 28 Southampton Buildings Chancery Lane in the County
of Middlesex. "IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH PRINTING APPARATUS.'
A communication from abroad by Jean Maurice Emil Baudot of Paris, France.
This Invention relates to an electric telegraph printing apparatus with multiple
transmissions. In this system the sending of a letter includes two distinct
operations-First. The transmission of the signal. Second. Translation of this
signal and impression of the letter. The signals are formed by means of
commutator levers worked either by the fingers of the operator or automatically by
the machine itself. The letters are represented either by the action of a single
commutator or by that of several of these combined with each other. At the
receiving station the signals are reproduced by means of moveable mechanisms
actuated by electrical currents and corresponding respectively with the com-
mutators of the sending station. The number of transinitting levers and of the
corresponding moveable receiving instruments depends upon the number of distinct
combinations which it is possible to effect with thein and also upon the number of the
letters or signs that have to be transmitted. The movements of the moveable
receiving instruments are communicated at the receiving station to a translating
instrument which stores them and effects their translation. During the time
employed in such translation the line is utilised for transmitting other signals.
The division of the work between several different apparatus reduces corre-
spondingly the work of these and renders their action very sure, without requiring
delicate regulation. The succession of the operations allows of the constant use of
the line so that it is capable of considerable work. For actuating at the other end
of a line wire a certain number of instruments, either separately or in combination
several methods may be used. The method most easily understood consists in
using several line wires, each for the transmission of a distinct movement. This
may be useful in certain cases, but it is frequently desirable to use only a single
conductor. Distinct movements can then be obtained which can be combined
together for constituting the signals by employing for differentiating the effects of
the currents, either their time of emission, their direction, or their intensity, or
the properties of sounding bodies actuated by vibrating currents, according to the
methods of Laborde, E. Gray and Lacour. Several of these methods can also be
combined together.
The following description relates to apparatus in which the effects of the currents
aro differentiated by their time combined with their direction.
In Sheet I. of the Drawings Fig. 1 shews an arrangement of this kind. At the
sending station a metal rubber A slides uniformly over the 5 contacts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
which are respectively connected to the five finger keys T' T³. At the
"
same time the rubber B at the receiving station connected with A by the line wire
and moving synchronously with it communicates successively with the electro-
magnets E
E³, so that the key T" may be momentarily in communication
with the magnet E', T with E and so on successively. If therefore several keys
are depressed the several corresponding magnets are excited. As the keys can be
depressed separately or in any desired groupings there are altogether 32 different
combinations of the five movements A B CD E as shewn by the table Fig: 1.
With the contacts at the distributor each connected with two keys of the sender
and two electro-magnets of the receiver by sending positive currents by one of each
pair of keys and negative currents by the other and employing pairs of electro-
magnets correspondingly polarised, 27 combinations can be produced.

page_text: Several tuning forks of different tones vibrated at the sender by electromagnets
or otherwise may be used to transmit vibratory currents to corresponding electro-
magnets actuating corresponding tuning forks at the receiver, so that when a key
of the sender stops the vibration of one, that of the receiver in accord with it is
also stopped. This arrest may be applied to work an electromagnet whose
armature reproduces the movement of the sending key in the following manner.
The receiving fork at each vibration sends a positive and a negative current from a
local battery through the coil of an electromagnet, but these currents are of
duration so short that they do not sufficiently excite the magnet. When,
however the vibration ceases a single current continues to pass and the armature is
then attracted. As this method of operating has been already employed, no claim
is here made in respect of it except in so far as it is employed in combination with
the rest of the mechanism herein described.
If the armatures of the receiver magnets are polarised they remain in the
positions in which they are set by the currents that actuate them, and thus the
signal is, as it were, stored. Or they may be made to act on mechanism which
stores the signal, so that there is sufficient time to translate or print the signals
received.
The translation is effected by an instrument which may be termed the "com-
biner." This may be arranged in many ways, one of which is shown in
Figs 2, 3 and 4. Although the translating mechanism will now be described as
applicable to the 32 combinations resulting from 5 movements, it is to be under-
stood that similar mechanism is applicable to other numbers of movements and
their combinations, by merely altering the number of parts. Also where circular
rows of contacts are described it is to be understood that they might be concentric
or parallel; the rubbers may move over the contacts, or they may be stationary
whilst the contacts move.
Fig: 2 shews a cylinder consisting of 10 metal discs indented as shewn in
Fig: 3 which represents a development of the cylinder. The discs are all connected
to the pole of the battery P, and 10 brushes rub the surface of the cylinder,
these brushes being respectively connected to the 10 armatures which are
connected to the + pole through the electromagnet e
When the armatures
-
are in repose the circuit of the battery P is closed whatever be the positions
of the brushes on the projecting parts of the cylinder, but if one of
the armatures or several of them be moved to the dotted position the
circuit is opened when the brushes are on a point of the cylinder determined
by the combination of the displaced armatures. If therefore a type-wheel
presents its types towards a paper strip kept off by the armature of the
magnet e when it is attracted, while the rubbers pass over the successive divisions
of the cylinder, there will be a different character impressed on the paper for
every different combination effected by the armatures, as may be understood by
reference to the diagram Fig: 4. It will be seen from Fig: 3 that an armature
such as A chooses by which of the two brushes a or a the circuit is closed.
A single brush moved by the armature to contact with either the 1st or the 2nd
disc would produce the same result.
By a modification of this method the simultaneous drop of the armatures, subject
to springs, into an indent is made to press the paper against the type. When the
brushes are moved by the armatures it is better to make the cylinder revolve
relatively to them. As it may be desirable to have the brushes displaced at the
proper moment without necessarily exciting the magnet at the same time, the
arrangement shewn in Fig: 9 may be adopted, this giving a margin almost
equivalent to a whole revolution of the cylinder for preparing the signal by the
armatures. In Fig: 9 only two discs are shewn with one brush, it being under-
stood that this is repeated throughout. On the face of these discs is jointed a
kind of fan or wedge piece V which is kept out by a spring but which by the
rotation of the discs is brought against the end of a pin g if this pin has been
pushed by the armature. In passing the pin the piece V is moved to the dotted

page_text: position, and the brush which being pressed by the incline I would otherwise bear
on the right hand disc is thus made to bear on the left. A cam C pushes back
the pin and the armature. As the pin g has very little mass or friction, the
working of the brushes by the armatures can thus be effected with very small
magnetic power.
Instead of parallel discs, concentric indented rings may be employed, these being
stationary while the brushes revolve. This arrangement is shown in Figs: 5, 6,
7 and 8, combined with a switch mechanism for effecting the movement of the
brushes by the armatures. The 5 brushes are mounted on the frame c by screw
pins, constituting a sort of jointing, the frame itself being pivotted at its ends
at OO and pressed down by a spring R. A pedal P attached to the fraine passes
over the vertical spindle on which is the arm carrying the brushes. This spindle
is bored lengthwise and a pin sliding along the bore transmits the downwards
movement of P to the paper strip either directly or through a lever. Fig: 6
shews how each brush is guided by a switch worked by an armature, either to
right or left according as the switch G is in the position shewn by the full or the
dotted lines. The switch lever after operating is restored to its normal position
by a cam. Fig: 7 shews a modified arrangement of this apparatus. A stationary
incline I guides the brush to the left, and the switch is moved parallel to itself by
the armature, or as an arm of the armature lever as shewn in Fig: 8.
Fig 10 shews a simplified construction of electric combiner. A cylinder
consisting of 5 indented metal discs revolves in front of 5 brushes connected
respectively to the 5 armatures which merely act as interrupters of the current.
They are connected through the coil of an electromagnet to one pole of a local
battery, the other pole of which is connected to the cylinder. For every different
combination of the armature movements, the circuit is broken in the first instance
at a different point in the revolution of the cylinder, and the first break is made
-to-effect-the-impression by-the-arrangement-shewn-in-Fig 4-where-the.armature.
once raised is prevented from returning towards its magnet till after a complete
revolution of the type wheel by means of a cam on the axis thereof.
Another arrangement is shewn in Fig: 11. A piece M usually rests against a
pin J. When the armature A is caused to rise by the interruption of the current
it pushes the paper against the type wheel, but at the same time rocks the piece M
which falls on a contact K. The circuit of the local battery and electromagnet is
then closed through c PM K and the armature cannot rise. As the type wheel
completes its revolution a cam moves M back and advances the paper by the
ratchet R.
In the arrangement shewn by Fig: 10 which admits of several breaks of circuit
the combinations are necessarily so ordered so that it is the first break which
effects the impression corresponding to the particular acting combination. In the
arrangement shewn in Fig: 12 the 5 rows are alike and merely advanced by steps
so that the brushes have all the same work to do and may be actuated by the
Paine indented disc. On this is based the "combiner" shewn developed by
Fig 13, forming part of the complete apparatus, which will now be described.
The sender has 5 keys like those of a piano each governing two commutator
springs, and a commutator worked by hand sets it for sending or receiving. It
has also an electro-magnet whose armature serves as a metronome for the operator.
Fig: 14 is a longitudinal section of one key. Fig. 15 shews the 10 springs, the
electric connections being shewn by Fig: 15bis Sheet III.
The distributor Figs. 16 and 17 has two concentric circles of metal contacts on a
plate of ebonite. Its outer part is a crown which can be shifted relatively to the
rest by the rack and pinion Z Y so that the receiving contacts are rendered
independent of the sending contacts which occupy the outer circles. Any motor,
weight, hydraulic pressure or electricity may be employed to move the arm of the
brushes which sweep over the circles of contacts. Fig: 18 shews the arrangement
of a brush. Correction for synchronism is effected as follows:-At every revolution
a contact on the distributor sends a current to line which if the two brush arms

page_text: are in accord goes to earth. If they are not in accord the current must go by either.
the contact behind or before to an electromagnet connected to each of these; and
one of these magnets is made to advance the other to retract the arm as will be
understood from the diagram Fig: 19. By shortening the earth contact and
lengthening those on each side of it the correction can be made very delicate.
When the brushes are exactly in accord, part of the current goes to both electro-
magnets without exciting them owing to its briefness, but when more goes to the
one than to the other, the former acts. The mechanism for offecting the advanco
or retraction of the arm is shewn in Figs. 16 and 17. The sleeve N has at its
top the bevil wheel D, working from the spindle A, and at its lower end the
toothed wheel R which gears with the pinion F mounted on the extension of the
arm B. The sleeve N is socketted on the sleeve M which is itself socketted on
the fixed spindle X. If the arm B be stationary when N rotates the pinion F must
turn rapidly, but if it should be obstructed, the effort of R to turn F will cause B
to turn. The obstruction to F is produced by a spring bearing on the teeth of a
star wheel E fixed on the lower part of the spindle of F, the resistance not being
sufficient to stop F altogether, though it is enough to cause movement of B. When
the pin g is raised by the armature of the electromagnet Q, the star wheel meeting
the pin must turn partly round in passing it in the one direction or the other
according as the pin acts on the one side or the other of the wheel, and thus the
arm B is advanced or retracted as the case may be, by the action of one or other of
two pins g each commanded by its electromagnet. The general speed may be
regulated by a flyer or governor of any known kind, for example Hughes regulator
may be employed on the spindle A driven by band or gearing. As currents
transmitted by a long line are generally weak, polarized relays may be employed
as shewn in Fig: 20. Two coils B B' are mounted on bell-cranks E E, an
armature a having a knife edge at its lower end rests in a chase above the pole of
the magnet A; its upper end is silvered and abuts on adjusting screws C C¹; a
farther adjustinent is effected by an iron cylinder ii which is screwed into the
core of one of the coils nearer to or farther from the armature. The iron collars K
increase the magnetic force of the apparatus as may be understood by Fig: 3
shewing the electrical connections of the distributor for one sender and one
receiver.
:
The receiver, or as it may more properly be termed, the translator, is shown by
Figs. 21, 22 and 23 on Sheets IV and V. The combiner consists of two indented
discs as above explained with reference to Figs: 12 and 13. In Fig 22, K is a
lever whose axis O may be shifted lengthwise on its bearings to either of the two
positions shewn. The lower end of K rests on the one or the other of the discs
R R. It is made to take the dotted position by the rocking of the bell-crank Q,
and the other by the cam C on the disc R¹. The bell-crank Q can take three
positions, first that shewn in the figure its horizontal arm being held by a spring H,
in which position its lower end is to the right and clear of the switch cam S on
the disc R. The armature A of the magnet E in descending by means of the
adjusting rod Y causes the bell-crank Q to take its middle position in which it is
held by the spring H; so that its lower end is pushed to the left by the switch
cam S, from which its third position it is immediately shifted back by the action
of the part of the cam in the groove . It is the movement of the bell crank to
its third position that shifts the lever K to the dotted position, so that the lever K
is moved by the switch cam as determined by the armature A. It is to be under-
stood that there are 5 sets each consisting of a lever K, bell-crank Q and electro-
magnet E as shewn in Figs: 22 and 23. In Fig: 23 is shewn a sixth bent lever n
drawn by a spring and resting on the upper end of the adjacent lever K, which
rests on the next and so on. Hence it follows that the bent lever n cannot rock
unless at the same time the 5 levers K also rock, so that their lower ends must at
the same time rock on the notches of the discs R R¹ Figs. 12 and 13. As these
discs are notched as described with reference to Fig. 12, when the 5 levers K are
at.once on. the disc R, the lever n is supported during a whole revolution of the

page_text: dises; but if one or several of the levers K have at the proper time been brought
on to the disc R', the lever n will become unsupported at that point of the
revolution which corresponds with the combination of levers shifted. The move-
ment of the lever n is communicated by a rod G (Fig. 21) to a detent d which
liberates a lever L so that it is pressed by its spring V against the wheel M, and
engages with tho teeth thereof, and thus the lever L is carried beyond to a position
where it remains till the end of the revolution; then the stud / meeting the
lever q restores all to position. During this reciprocation a paper strip passing
over the bed e and between the rollers and fis made to touch the type wheel Y
and to advance a step by means of the pawl acting on the roller z. The type
wheel is inked by an inking roller.
The receiver may be moved by any convenient motor. In Figs. 21, 22, and 23
an electric motor is shewn with its governor, which may be of any kind; that
shewn in Figs. 22 and 23 is a centrifugal governor acting by friction. A pendulous
body moves outward in obedience to centrifugal force and a piece of cork fixed in
the body is thus made to rub on the concave surface of a plate with more or less
pressure adjustable by a screw. An electromagnet A E adjustable by a screw w
and having cork or leather on its arinature produces more or less friction on the
flyer of the apparatus. This governing arrangement serves to bring the discs of the
combiner at every revolution into accord with those of the distributor, the circuit
of the magnet being closed by a cam contact a as shown in Sheet III.
:
The two sets of apparatus work together as follows:-Accord having been
established as above described, the sending operator sets his commutator L for
transmission. The arm of the distributor having come to the position shewn
in Fig 15bis Sheet II. the circuit of the local battery is closed by the brushes
1 and 2 through the metronome. Suppose the letter S is to be signalled, the
keys corresponding to contacts 3 and 5 are depressed and thus + currents
by 3 and 5 contacts-of-the-row-A and---currents_by_the_contacts 1, 2 and 4.
These currents are received in the rows D E and actuate the relays RR³
causing their armatures to take the dotted position, which they retain, the
brush arin having completed its revolution the brushes 5 and 6 act on the relays
restoring the shifted armatures to their placos. Behind these brushes come the
brushes 3 and 4 by which another signal can be received. While these operations
proceed the translator turns with speed equal to that of the distributor; subject to
correction at each revolution, the translator being regulated so as to move a little
faster so that when a current sent by the contact G' of the distributor excites the
brake clectromagnet Æ, this magnet retards the translator if its circuit be closed
by S at the time when the current is sent. The regulator and brake magnet may
be dispensed with. For example the working might be effected by a trendle
moved in time with that of manipulation. When an electric motor is employed,
its commutator might be on the distributor thus ensuring synchronism.
On long lines compensation has to be made for duration of currents. The clectro-
magnet C. P effects this. Its armature being very light with a strong spring and
the cores and base of the magnet being very large, a certain time is occupied before
the armature can be noved. Should this happen owing to a prolonged current
the armature shunts the current through an adjustable rheostat H. Hence it
follows that brief currents go entirely to line, but when long currents or a succession
of like currents are sent, only the beginning goes fully to line the rest being
weakened. This result might be attained by making the movement of the
armature introduce a resistance.
To provide against errors resulting from imperfect synchronism, the line may be
connected to earth at the moment when the brush is passing from one contact to
the next. This shortens the currents but makes accuracy more certain, and it can
be done by adding a row of contacts to the distributor.
In cases where the same despatch may have to be repeated several times, as for
the press, a prepared paper strip or pegged cylinder may be employed. Thus
Fig: 24 shews part of a strip for transmitting the word "Paris" prepared by the

page_text: perforator shewn at Figs. 25 and 26. The strip passes through the opening F
between the matrix and the punches P¹- - - P actuated by the foot as in Fig: 25,
or by clock work. A keyboard has 5 keys each moving a two-branched lever V1.
A frame carrying the paper and the punches is, by depressing S, made to pivot on
the centres OO in opposition to the spring R and thus the punches are made to
strike the branches of the levers V₁ etc., if these have been moved by the keys T'
and perforating the paper which is advanced by the rollers B B¹ worked by pawl
and ratchet. At every stroke the 6th punch makes a hole which serves for tho
movement of the strip at the distributor. When clockwork is employed to work
the apparatus, the depression of a key moves a lever which liberates an axis
allowing it to make a rapid revolution and to work the punches by cams upon it.
Ordinary punches after use some time make imperfect holes. Fig: 27 shews an
improved punch consisting of a steel tube sharpened and slit at the end so as to
present a crown of needles. When the keys rise and the lever B the spindle C
resumes its position of rest. The sleeve carrying the finger G is moved by C
through a spring which prevents shocks. The spindle C carries 6 cams acting on
pins which push the punches whenever by the depression of the keys filling pieces
are introduced between the pins and the punches. When the spindle is terminating
its revolution one of the cams moves the pawl which feeds the paper. In the
distributor shewn at Figs: 28 and 29 for working with the prepared paper, the
strip is fed onwards by pins g on a wheel engaging with the 6th row of holes and
turned one division for each revolution of the distributor, the pins passing through
the holes of the paper into the groove of. a pulley over which the paper passes.
The five levers L' L' are successively moved by cams arranged helically on the
axis X of the distributor. Each of the levers is pressed by a spring against the
bent back end of the corresponding lever L. If the round ended pin J should be
over a hole in the paper at the moment when the lever L is lowered by its cam
making connection with the line, then being no longer supported, moves, and its
right hand end works a battery key so that a + current is sent to line. Should
there be no hole in the paper, the lover 7 remains at rest and a current is trans-
mitted. As the cams on X occupy an arc equal to that of one of the distributing
contacts, the apparatus forms a combination of distributor with automatic trans-
mitter. It would not demand great precision if the contact F instead of being
connected to the line, were connected to one of the contacts of the ordinary
distributor. In this case each of the cams on X might extend over a large
are of the circumference and the 5 levers would take the place of the 5 keys for
manipulation.
---
-
The arrangements described may be employed for simultaneous communication
to several stations on one line, and by means of transfer can be used for very long
lines, the 5 armatures of the receiver relays being connected to 5 contacts of
another distributor. As the armatures remain at rest throughout nearly a whole
revolution of the distributor, ample time is given for retransmission.
introducing 5 relays with large wire between the armatures and the contacts
employed for retransmission, the passing despatches can be received at the
intermediate station.
By
and
The connections shewn in Sheet III. do not allow the operator to interrupt his
correspondent but this may be permitted in the following manner. The electric
metronome is coiled with two wires, the one covering nearly the whole core,
causing its oscillation, and the other forming part of the line circuit near the
compensator, but such that the metronome is not affected by ordinary transmission
currents. But should the correspondent connect for transmission then the current
is such as to affect the metronome and the transmitting operator perceiving its
irregularity, naturally stops.
The apparatus described is also applicable for duplex transmission; which may
be simply effected thus, 1st let currents be transmitted to the line by means of a
relay reversing key whose armature forms a kind of commutator, 2ndly let the
currents be received in a relay whose armature sends a current from a local battery

page_text: to the receiving distributor. In this case currents for correcting synchronism may
be transmitted independently as usual. The known methods of duplex operation
may thus be applied as there is a single manipulator which is the armature of the
transmitting relay and a single receiving relay. When multiple transmissions are
not required, the translating receiver, Figs 21, 22, 23, may have applied to it a
distributor like that shewn in Sheets IV. and V. for single transmission, the
contacts of the row D being directly connected to the 5 receiving electromagnets.
The line is connected to a singlo relay which sends the current of local battery
to the brush of the row E and consequently to the receiving electro-magnets.
Synchronism is maintained in the same manner as in the case of multiple trans-
mission between the receiver and the neighbouring distributor. This arrangement
combined with duplex transmission may be of great use on unimportant but
numerous lines.
Having thus described the nature of this Invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed as communicated to me by my foreign correspondent, I
claim in respect of telegraphic apparatus wherein the signals transmitted depond
upon combinations of the movements of a few moving parts these movements being
repeated at the receiving station by parts which store up the signals translate and
print them :-
First. The switch arrangement described with reference to Fig: 5.
Second. The modified switch arrangements described with reference to Figs : 6,
7 and 8.
Third. The special switch arrangement described with reference to Fig: 9.
Fourth. The electric combining apparatus described with reference to Figs: 10
and 11.
Fifth. The arrangement of the combining apparatus with a single circuit,
instead of the five shewn in Fig: 13, and shewn in detail with the receiver by
|-Figs:-21, 22 and 23.
Sixth. The arrangement of manipulating apparatus-described with reference to
Figs: 14 and 15.
Seventh. The arrangement of distributor with its apparatus for correcting
synchronism, as described with reference to Figs: 16, 17, 18 and 19.
Eighth. The arrangement of relay described with reference to Fig: 20.
Ninth. The arrangement of receiver and its combiner, with correcting brake and
electric connections for maintaining the synchronism of the receiver and distributor,
as described with reference to Figs: 21, 22, and 23.
Tenth. The construction of perforating apparatus worked by the foot, as described
with reference to Figs: 24, 25, and 26.
Eleventh. The construction of punch as described with reference to Fig: 27.
Twelfth. The construction and arrangement of automatic distributing apparatus,
as described with reference to Figs : 28 and 29.
In witness whereof I the said John Imray have hereunto set my hand and
seal this Twenty-seventh day of July in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and eighty-two.
TAHTA TEDAV