IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PREPARATION OF CERTAIN COLORING MATTERS FOR DYEING, STAINING, AND PRINTING
Year: 1859

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles Lavers Smith, of Highbury Crescent, in the
County of Middlesex, Manufacturing Chemist, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PREPARATION OF CERTAIN COLORING MATTERS FOR
DYEING, STAINING, AND PRINTING."-A communication from abroad by
Albert Schlumberger, of Mulhouse, in the Empire of France.
Sealed the 8th May 1860, and dated the 3rd December 1859.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Lavers Smith at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
3rd December 1859.
J, CHARLES LAVERS SMITH, of Highbury Crescent, in the County of Middle-
sex, Manufacturing Chemist, do hereby declare the nature of the said Inven-
tion for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PREPARATION OF CERTAIN COLORING MATTERS
FOR DYEING, STAINING, AND PRINTING," to be as follows:-
This Invention of "Improvements in the Preparation of certain Coloring
Matters for Dyeing, Staining, and Printing," relates to an improved mode of
treating aniline, toluidine, cumidine, or substances obtained from coal tar oils,
or other analogous substances containing aniline, toluidine, cumidine, or their
elements, for the purpose of producing therefrom a red color. The above
mentioned, and other analogous substances, have heretofore been employed for

page_text: producing certain colors for dyeing and printing, but these colors have more
or less had a purple or violet shade. Some other shades or colors, such as
blues and drabs, have also been produced from aniline and other analogous
substances, whereas the object of the present Invention is to produce from
the same substances a bright red color. This object is effected by treating
aniline, toluidine, cumidine, or other analogous substances obtained.from coal
tar oils, with such chemical agents as will, to a certain extent, if not entirely,
dehydrogenize the substance, and thereby alter the proportion of its constituent
elements. Nitric acid salts are capable of acting on the aniline or other
analogous substances in this manner, and producing a red color. Various
nitrates are capable of effecting this object, but metallic nitrates, such as
nitrate of silver or nitrate of mercury, are preferred, the latter especially, as
after the nitrate has performed its office the metallic mercury resulting from
the decomposition of the nitrate is obtained. It may, however, be found con-
venient for some purposes to use other nitrates. By heating the mixture a
fine dark red liquid is produced. This red liquid is heated and boiled in
water, and the clear liquid separated from the metallic sediment, which can
be used over again. The clear red coloring matter obtained in this manner
may be used for dyeing or staining, or, if required, it may be concentrated by
evaporation or precipitation, or an extract may be obtained by dissolving the
coloring matter in alcohol or methylated spirit. A rich brown liquid may be
obtained by the use of the same chemical agents, by stopping the process before
the red color is produced. The brown liquid may be separated from the
sediment by decantation or filtration, and will be found to consist of
decomposed aniline & other analogous substances, and may be converted
into red coloring matter by being boiled. Another set of chemical substances
may be used as the dehydrogenizing agents, such as iodine and bromine, or
their compounds. The aniline or violet color prepared from aniline, toluidine,
cumidine, or other analogous preparation of coal tar oil is treated, for instance,
with the biniodide of mercury, and after being heated for some time .a red
color will be produced. Bromine, or the metallic bromides, or metallic iodine,
will also give the same results. In a word, all the salts that are soluble in
aniline will, when boiled a long time with this substance, be found capable of
producing the red coloring matter. A red color may be obtained from voilet
or purple aniline (obtained by the oxydizing process) by treating the same
with bromine and adding ether.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Charles Lavers Smith in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 2nd June 1860.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, CHARLES
LAVERS SMITH, of Highbury Crescent, in the County of Middlesex, Manu-
facturing Chemist, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Third day of December, in the year of our Lord.
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, in the twenty-third year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Charles Lavers Smith, Her special license that I, the said Charles
Lavers Smith, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as
I, the said Charles Lavers Smith, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at
all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PREPARATION OF CERTAIN COLOURING MATTERS FOR DYEING,
STAINING, AND PRINTING," being a communication from abroad by Albert
Schlumberger, of Mulhouse, in the Empire of France, upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said Charles Lavers Smith, by an instrument in
writing under my hand and seal, .should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be per-
formed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Charles Lavers Smith, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof (that is to say):
This Invention of improvements in the preparation of certain colouring
matters for dyeing, staining, and printing, relates to an improved mode of
treating aniline, toluidine, cumidine, or substances obtained from coal tar oils,.
or other analogous substances containing aniline, toluidine, or cumidine, for
the purpose of producing therefrom a red color. Various chemical agents
have hitherto been employed to effect this object, but the novelty of this
Invention consists in the use of iodine and its compounds. The developement

page_text: of the red color is effected by heating together in different proportions aniline
or salts of aniline, or any of the analogous substances before mentioned, or the
salts thereof, with metallic iodine, or iodine in combination with a metal, such
as the bincodide of mercury. When metallic iodine is employed, the pro-
portion I prefer is two parts of aniline to one part of iodine, though more or
less of this agent will develope the red color in proportion to the quantity
used.
When the bincodide of mercury or iodine in combination with other sub-
stances is employed as the agent for developing the red colour, a larger pro-
portion of the binary compound must be employed than when metallic iodine
is used. The mixture of the aniline and iodine, or iodine compound is then
heated and boiled in a glazed metallic digestor or other suitable vessel, until it
passes through the various shades of brown and dull red, and attains a
beautiful bright red color. This result may be facilitated by the addition of
a small quantity of hydrochloric acid to the mixture. To obtain this color in a
state fit for use, it should then be thrown into hot water, and boiled in different
waters until all or nearly all is dissolved. The solution should then be filtered,
and the filtrate allowed to cool in suitable vessels, when the bulk of the
coloring matter will be deposited. That which still remains in solution may
then be precipitated by the addition of a proper quantity of common salt, or
other neutral salt. The precipitate thus obtained may then be dried or re-
dissolved in methylated spirits of wine for convenience of use, or the watery
solutions first mentioned may be employed partially evaporated or otherwise
for the purposes of dyeing, staining, or printing. The ordinary purple
or violet coloring matter obtained from aniline or analogous substances,
according to well known processes, whether patented or otherwise, may be
converted into my red color by adding to such purple or violet coloring matter
a small proportion of pülverized metallic iodine, or some iodide compound,
such as the bincodide of mercury, the proportion of iodine or iodide compound
to be added for this purpose must, of course, depend upon the strength of the
purple or violet coloring matter.
Having now described the Invention of improvements in the preparation of
certain colouring matters for dyeing, staining, and printing, and having
explained the manner of carrying the same into effect, I claim as the
Invention secured to me by Letters Patent as aforesaid, producing a red color
from aniline, toluidine, cumidine, or analogous substances, by treating them,
or either of them with iodine, or its compounds.
I also claim converting the ordinary purple or violet color obtained from

page_text: aniline, toluidine, cumidine, or analogous substances into a red color, by the
addition thereto of iodine, or its compounds.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Lavers Sinith, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Second day of June, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty.
Witness,
J. W. MOFFATT,
66, Chancery Lane.
C. LAVERS SMITH. (L.S.)