IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES
Year: 1842

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
PALMER, of Sutton Street, Clarkenwell, in the County of Middlesex, Manu-
facturer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at West-
minster, the Fifteenth day of December, in the sixth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said William Palmer, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and
authority, that I, the said William Palmer, my exors, adñiors, and assigns,
or such others as I, the said William Palmer, my exors, adiñors, or
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time
and at all times during the term of years 'therein expressed; should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and
the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES;" in which said Letters Patent is contained a
proviso that I, the said William Palmer, shall cause a particular descrip-
tion of the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of
Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference
being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
William Palmer, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention,
and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are fully described
and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, reference being
had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters marked 5
thereon, that is to say:-
My Invention relates,-
First, to improvements in the manufacture of what are called "dip candles,"
and also to preparing wicks by dipping them when held extended.
Secondly, my Invention relates to improvements in the manufacture of I
mould candles.
And, thirdly, my Invention relates to a mode of making dip candles,
whereby two candles are made on two ends of one wick, or combinations of
wicks where more than one wick is used in the same candle.
And in order that my Invention may be most fully understood and readily 1
carried into effect, I will proceed to describe the Drawings hereunto annexed,
and the means pursued by me in carrying out my Invention.
2
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS MARKED A.
In the manufacture of "dip candles" it has been usual to form each wick
into a loop, which is placed on what is called a candle rod. According to one 2
part of my Invention each wick used has no loop formed thereon, but the
same is securely pinched or held between two surfaces, as will be hereafter
explained. Another part of my Invention relates to the mode of applying a
series of wicks to suitable holding surfaces; and another part of my Invention
relates to a mode of manufacturing dip candles," by causing wicks of 2
candles, whilst held in an extended state, to be coated with tallow, or other
matter used.
*
Figure 1 is a front view of a machine for applying wicks to suitable
apparatus for holding the same by pinching them between two surfaces.
Figure 2 is a transverse section of the same, shewing the parts in the 3
position when the apparatus carrying the wicks have just carried the same
down into a position for their lower ends to be held.
Figure 3 shews another transverse section of the machine and apparatus
in the positions the parts would assume when the lower ends of the wicks
have just been fastened, and the apparatus which brought them down has gone 3
up out of the way.
Figure 4 shews a front view, and Figure 5 a transverse section of some of
the principal parts on a larger scale, in the same positions as those shown in
Figures 1 and 2.

page_text: Figure 6 shews a front view, and Figure 7 a transverse section of some of
the principal parts on a larger scale, in the same positions as those shewn in
Figure 3; and Figure 8 is a plan and transverse section of the apparatus for
holding the wicks, in substitution of the candle rod heretofore used. In all
these Figures the same letters of reference indicate similar parts wherever
they occur. a, a, is the framing of the inachine, the nature of which is clearly
shewn in the various Figures of the Drawings. b, b, is what I call the wick
board, having six rows of holes to receive wicks. c, c, are slides with handles,
which slides each have as many holes as there are holes in one row of wick
holes in the wick board b, and these slides move in grooves formed in the two
surfaces of wood of which the wick board is composed, as is clearly shewn, and
it will also be seen that there are other holes d, d, in the wick board, which
come on to the guage pins e, e, fixed on the projecting frames f,f, at each end
of the machine, as is shewn, the wick board being received and supported on
the brackets 9, 9, affixed to the projecting frames f,f, as is shewn. h is a bar
which runs from end to end of the machine, and it is against this bar that the
lower ends of the wicks are held by means of what I call the wedging bar i,
which moves on axes or necks at i¹, as is shewn. The series of wicks being
brought down to the lowest position are held by causing the bar i to pinch
them between it and the bar h, h, as is shewn at Figures 3, 6, and 7, and
when so held the apparatus by which the wicks have been brought down may
ascend out of the way; and this apparatus I will now describe. j,j, are a
series of tubes, one to cach of the wick holes in the wick board b. These tubes
are fixed through the bar j', which bar is capable of moving up and down,
and is guided at each end by moving in a groove formed in the end framing a,
and the tubes are guided in their movements up and down by means of holes
formed in the fixed bark, through which holes the tubes slide. 1, 7, are a series
of springs affixed at their lower ends to the bar j'; and at the upper end of each
spring is affixed a small block of wood, which, pressing against the upper
surface of the bar , holds the wick and prevents its slipping. m is a rod
affixed to the bar j', such rod sliding in the groove formed in the upright
grooved bar n, affixed to the framing, as is shewn. is a balance weight
affixed to the cord o¹, which passing over a pulley; the other end of the
cord o is affixed to the bar ;', by which means the bar is balanced, and
is readily moved up and down by the workman when working the machine
p, p, are bobbins on which are wound the wicks which are to be used.
I would remark, that this apparatus is suitable for wicks of various descrip-
tions, whether platted or simply cords of cotton, or composed of several strands

page_text: In using this machine the workman will commence by placing the
front row of holes in the wick board under the tubes j, and this will.
be insured by means of the guage pins entering the holes d at either end
of the front row of holes in the wick board. He will then cause the
bar to descend with the wicks into the position shewn at Figures 1, 2, 4,
and 5; he will then cause the lower ends of the wicks to be held securely
by the wedging bar i, as before mentioned, and as is shewn at Figures 3, 6,
and 7; he will then cause the bar to be raised up to the highest
position, by which movement more wick will be drawn off the bobbins
and he will move the front slide c by its handle, by which the front row of
wicks will be securely held in the front row of holes, and the wicks are then
cut off at the upper surfaces of the wick board b, leaving a short length of
wick projecting beyond each tube j. The wick board is then to be moved
forward so as to bring the second row of wick holes into position by placing
the holes d of such second row on to the guage pins, the wedging board i
having been first released; and wicks are to be applied to and fixed in such
second row of holes in the same manner as that described in respect to the
first row of holes, and so on in respect to all the rows of holes, and the wicks
of the wick board are to be dipped in like manner to that now resorted to
when dipping with several candle rods. I would remark, that other means
may be resorted to for holding wicks without loops, by binding, pinching, or
holding them between two surfaces pressed tightly together; I do not therefore
confine myself to the means shewn.
I will now describe another part of my Invention, which consists in causing
wicks of candles to be dipped or coated whilst in a straightened or extended
state, and without having a wire to each wick for a candle, as formerly prac-
tised, such wires having to be withdrawn from the candles when made or
partly made, such coating being accomplished, when for mould candles, before
putting the wicks into moulds.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS MARKED B.
Figure 1 is a front view of a machine and frame for reeling wicks according
to this part of my Invention; Figure 2 shows a transverse section of the
same; Figure 3 shows a front view of a machine for dipping the distended
wicks, and. Figure 4 shows a transverse section of the same. The other views.
show some of the details, the nature of which will be hereafter explained.
A, A, is the framing of the reeling machine, the nature of which is clearly
shewn. B, C, D, is the frame of the reel; this frame moves on axes or
necks B¹. On the end frames or bars of the reel are placed the pin bars D,

page_text: there being notches cut in their ends to fix or retain them on to the end frames
or bars B, and the ends of those bars will be sufficiently elastic to hold the
bars D. On the pin bars D are affixed a series of pins, as are shewn. And
I would state that wicks may be applied for making candles, each with one
wick, or with two wicks, or with three wicks; or more wicks might be used
on each candle if desired. Figure 7 shows a perspective view of parts of the
reel, in order to indicate how wicks may be applied to the reel for making
candles with one wick. Figure 8 shews a perspective view of parts of the
reel, in order to indicate how wicks may be applied when for making candles
each with two wicks. Figure 9 shews a perspective view of parts of the reel,
in order to indicate how wicks may be applied when for making candles each
with three wicks, in which case rods are used, the means of supporting which
are shewn in the section and front view of part of the reel shewn at Figure 10.
If in using a reel such as above described wicks are employed suitable for
turning out of the flame when burning, the workman, in applying such wicks.
to the reel, will take care that they are so placed as to turn in the direction
.desired. And I would state that the position and number of the pins or studs
used on the bars D may be varied. The reel being thus supplied with wicks
is to be conveyed to the dipping machine, Figures 3 and 4, where the wicks
are to be dipped whilst held distended. E is the framing of this machine, the
nature of which is clearly shown in the Drawing. F is a trough of tallow or
other material, kept melted by a steam pipe or other convenient means not
shewn in the Drawing. G is a frame which is capable of sliding in, and is
guided in its movement up and down by grooves in the end uprights of the
framing, as is shown. G is a weighted cord passing over a pully; one end of
such cord is affixed to the frame G. The axes or necks of the reel are placed
in the bearings G2, affixed to the frame G, as is shown. Hence the reel can be
lowered into the melted tallow or orther material in a horizontal state, as is
shewn at Figure 3 and Figure 4. The reel having been dipped into the tallow
or other matter, and raised out thereof, is to be moved slowly round on its axis,
by which the tallow or other matter will cool and set equally, or nearly so, on
the length of wicking, and then the wicks on the other side of the reel are to
be coated in like manner; and when the wicks are sufficiently coated and cold
the wicks are to be cut across, as indicated by the dotted line in Figure 1, and
the bars D are then combined in threes or other convenient numbers, with
their wicks already on them, as shewn at Figures 5 and 6, where three bars D
are shewn to be combined together by bars H, H, which are then to be used
for dipping the wicks thereon, in the same manner to what has heretofore
been practised when using a series of candle rods and blocks. It will be

page_text: 65
<5
seen that the object of this part of the Invention is to prepare a length of
wicking" suitable for many candles whilst it is held extended, each part of
the prepared wicking" being suitable for a candle, and the wicks so prepared,
when cut from the length, will be stiff and straight. Figure 5 shows part of
a plan of three bars D combined by bars H; and Figure 6 shows a transverse
section thereof; and in this manner is the process of dipping to be completed;
or wicks so prepared by dipping when in a distended state may be intro-
duced into moulds, and finished as mould candles.
Although I prefer the above mode of preparing the wicks and stiffening them
with tallow or other matter suitable for making dip candles whilst the same are
held in an extended or straightened condition, yet I do not confine myself
thereto, as wicks, each suitable for one candle, may be so held at each end as
to be kept extended in a convenient manner for having the surface thereof
coated whilst in an extended state, and thus be rendered stiff and straight.
Figure 11 shews part of a frame suitable for this purpose,, there being two rails
having angular slits at (1), (1), into which the ends of each wick (whether
one, two, or more wicks be used in cach candle) are pressed, by which means
they will be held secure and extended during the coating process. Figure 12
shews part of the same frame with one length of "wicking" introduced, in order
to shew that the same frame may be used when preparing the wicks for many
candles in one length, or when preparing the wicks in separate lengths, each
suitable for a candle. I would remark, in respect to this part of my Invention,
that I do not confine myself to the precise details shewn, as the same may be
varied, so long as the mode of dipping wicks whilst kept extended, without
having a wire for each candle wick, be retained. The wicks made by the above
means are suitable for making dip candles, as before explained; or prepared
wicks, such as above described, may be introduced into moulds, and the making
of the candles completed by means of moulds, in which case I dip the ends of
them into hot tallow in order to melt off a portion of tallow, that the ends
may more readily enter the nossels of the moulds, and then introduce them
into moulds; and I either fasten the wicks in the centres of the moulds by
pins, as shewn at Figure 13, or else by spring clamps, as is shewn at
Figure 14.
I will now describe that part of my Invention which relates to apparatus for
applying wicks to moulds, and consists of similar parts to those before
explained when applying wicks for dip candles, with such variations only as
are necessary to render the same suitable for the introducing the wicks into
moulds, and there are also apparatus applied to the moulds for holding tho
wicks in the moulds.

page_text: DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS MARKED S
Figure 1 shows a front view of a mould frame; Figure 2 is a plan thereof,
and Figure 3 is a side section. In these views the apparatus for holding the
wicks in the moulds is shewn applied thereto.
Figure 4 shows a front view of the mould frame on a smaller scale, having
the apparatus applied thereto for supplying the various moulds with wicks, as
well as the apparatus for holding the wicks when in the moulds.
The parts
of the apparatus for supplying the wicks to the moulds are marked with the
same letters of reference as those already referred to, and the description of the
parts and their mode of working already given will apply to the present
apparatus. jj, are the tubes, which being caused to descend carry down the
wicks into the moulds, these tubes having each an enlarged end, as is shewn,
to fit the lower part of the mould into which it enters, the lower end of each
of the tubes having a slit or cut formed therein, as is shewn, in order that the
instrument hereafter explained may pass through and press and hold the wick
in the mould, in order that the tubej of each mould may then pass away; and
when the tube j of each mould has been raised to its highest position, the wick
is to be held centrally within the mould by the instruments explained, when
the wicks are to be cut and the mould frame is to be removed and another
placed in position.
Figure 5 shows a transverse section of the mould frame and apparatus in
the position just after the wicks have been lowered into the moulds and have
been pressed by the holding instruments at the lower ends.
Figure 6 shows another transverse section of the same parts in the position
they assume after the tubes j have gone up to their highest positions, and the
wicks have been taken hold of by the holding instruments at their upper ends.
Figure 7 shows two views, full size, of the tubes j and the bar, with their
springs, as before described. Each of the moulds has three wick holders, two
at the upper part thereof, and one at the lower end; or there might be two
at the lower end if desired. x, x, are a series of wick holders, one to each
mould; such holders passing through holes in their respective moulds enter
between the cut or slit formed in the lower end of each tube j, and by such
means the wicks will be held between the ends of the holders and the inner
surface of each mould. The holders are affixed to the bar 21, which is
affixed to the arms a, which move on axes at a, as is shewn.
bar, which move or slides in brackets or bearings w¹, and on this bar there
are formed two inclined slits or openings, such as are shewn and hereafter
described, for moving the wick holden at the upper part of the moulds, and in
w is a sliding

page_text: these slits or openings the arms a are placed; consequently on sliding the
bar win one direction the inclined slits cause the arms a to move the bar x¹,
with the holder a, in towards the moulds; thè reverse movement causes the
holders to be withdrawn from the moulds. u, u, are a series of wick holders
at the upper ends of the moulds, two to each mould, one wick holder being
opposite to the other, so that when moved inwards towards each other they
come together and hold the wick between them in a central position in the
mould, as will be readily understood on a careful examination of the Drawings.
The holders u, u, are affixed to the bars u', u', on either side of the moulds,
and these bars u¹, u, are respectively affixed to the arms u², u², which move
on axes at u³, u³, on either side of the moulds. v, v, are two bars, combined
together at each end, as is shewn. These bars v, v, slide in brackets or
bearings v¹, vl, and on each bar is formed two inclined slits v³, the outer ends of
such slits being continued parallel with the the inner edges of the bars v. The
arms u², u², being within these slits the sliding of the bars will cause each pair
of the wick holders to approach or recede from each other; and when the inner
parts of the slits receive the arms u*, those arms will be pressed closely
together and hold the wick between them, when the wicks may be cut and
the mould frame removed from the wick-supplying apparatus, and the melted
matter of which the candles are to be made run into the moulds.
I will now describe another part of my Invention, which relates to so sus-
pending wicks that two dips candles may be made, one at each end of a wick.
Figure D, Drawings marked B, represents a section of three bars, over each
of which a series of wicks of any suitable kind are suspended, there being a
series of studs or pins affixed in the rods between which the wicks are placed,
in order to prevent their being drawn out when working, the rods being wide
enough to keep the parts of the wick separated. I do not, however, confine
myself to this arrangement, as this part of my Invention has for its object the
making of two dip candles on the same wick (or combination of wicks), the
wick being so suspended that the two ends may be sufficiently separated for
that purpose.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, I would have it under-
stood that I make no claim to any parts of the apparatus herein described,
- nor do I confine myself to the details thereof, nor of the other means herein
described as being resorted. to by me in carrying out my Invention, so long
as the peculiar character of either part of my improvements in the manu-
facture of candles be retained; and I wish to be understood, that what
. I claim is,
First, the mode of manufacturing dip candles on a series of wicks without

page_text: loops by pinching or holding the upper ends of the wicks between suitable
surfaces; I also claim the mode of using what I have called the wedging
bar i for holding the lower ends of the wicks; I also claim the mode of con-
structing what I have called the wick board for holding a series of wicks for
dip candles; I also claim the mode of supplying wicks for dip candles by
means of tubes j, and apparatus connected therewith, as above described;
I also claim the mode of dipping or coating wicks for candles when the same
are held extended and in such manner that the wicks for several candles
are prepared at the same time in one length; and I also claim the dipping
or coating wicks suitable for candles, cach having one, two, or more wicks,
when the same are each held at both ends, and thus kept extended till the
same are stiffened with tallow or other material used, thus rendering the use
of a wire for each wick unnecessary.
Secondly, I claim the mode of supplying wicks to moulds in the manu-
facture of mould candles by means of tubes j and apparatus compined
therewith.
And, thirdly, I claim the mode of manufacturing dip candles by causing
two candles to be dipped on the same wick, or combination of wicks, one at
either end.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Palmer, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Fourteenth day of June, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and forty-three.
W (L.S.) PALMER.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Fourteenth day of June, in
the year of our Lord 1843, the aforesaid William Palmer came before onr
said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form
above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according
to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.

page_text: En the Matter of a Patent granted to William Palmer, of Sutton Street,
Clerkenwell, in the County of Middlesex, Manufacturer, for his
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES,"
bearing date at Westminster, the Fifteenth day of December, One
thousand eight hundred and forty-two, to which a Specification has
been duly inrolled.
DISCLAIMER proposed to be entered with the Clerk of the Patents of
England by the said William Palmer, pursuant to an Act passed in the
fifth and sixth year of the reign of His late Majesty, entitled "An Act
to amend the Laws touching Letters Patents for Inventions."
In the said Specification, enrolled in pursuance of the proviso in the said
Letters Patent, I did déclare that the Invention relates,-
First, to improvements in the manufacture of what are called dip candles,
and also to preparing wicks by dipping them when extended.
Secondly, to improvements in the manufacture of mould candles.
Thirdly to a mode of making dip candles, whereby two candles are. made on
two ends of one wick, or combination of wicks where more than one wick is
used in the same candles.
"
And since the inrolment of my said Specification I have discovered that
that part of my said Invention which is described under the third part of the
Invention is not sufficiently new to justify me in retaining it in my Patent, for
which reason I do wish to disclaim it, and do hereby disclaim all that part of
the Specification which speaks of the third part of the Invention in the
following words:" And, thirdly, my Invention relates to a mode of making
dip candles, whereby two candles are made on two ends of one wick, or
"combinations of wicks where more than one wick is used in the same
"candle," and the description which relates thereto, in the following words:-
I will now describe another part of my Invention, which relates to so
suspending wicks that two dip candles may be made, one at each end of
a wick. Figure D, Drawings, marked B, represents a section of three bars,
"over each of which a series of wicks of any suitable kind are suspended, there
being a series of studs or pins affixed in the rods between which the wicks
are placed, in order to prevent their being drawn out when working, the rods
"
66
65

page_text: being wide enough to keep the parts of the wick separated. I do not,
however, confine myself to this arrangement, as this part of my Invention bas
for its object the making of two dip candles on the same wick (or combina-
"tion of wicks), the wick being so suspended that the two ends may be
"sufficiently separated for that purpose." And also the third claiming clause
in the following words :-"And, thirdly, I claim the mode of manufacturing
dip candles by causing two candles to be dipped on the same wick or combi-
"nation of wicks, one at either end," at the end of the said Specification.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Palmer, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twentieth day of September, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty-three.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twentieth day of September,
in the year of our Lord 1843, the aforesaid William Palmer came before
our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Disclaimer
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form
above written. And also the Disclaimer aforesaid was stamped according
to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Twenty-fifth day of September, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and forty-three.

page_text: En the Matter of a Patent granted to William Palmer, of Sutton
Street, Clerkenwell, in the County of Middlesex, Manufacturer, for
his Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES,"
bearing date at Westminster, the Fifteenth day of December, One
thousand eight hundred and forty-two, to which a Specification has
been duly inrolled.
DISCLAIMER proposed to be entered by the said William Palmer with
the Clerk of the Patents of England.
In my said Specification I did claim, amongst other things,-
First, a mode of manufacturing dip candles on a series of wicks without
loops, by pinching or holding the upper ends of the wicks between suitable
surfaces; also a mode of using what I have called the wedging bar i, for
holding the lower ends of the wicks; also a mode of constructing what I
have called the wick board, for holding a series of wicks for dip candles by
means of tubes j, and apparatus connected therewith.
I also claimed, secondly, the mode of supplying wicks to moulds in the
manufacture of mould candles by means of tubes j, and apparatus combined
therewith.
And I also claimed, thirdly, a mode of manufacturing dip candles by
causing two candles to be dipped on the same wick, or combination of wicks,
one at either end.
At the time of taking out such Letters Patent I believed that each and every
part above mentioned and claimed by me was new and useful, and I still
believe them to have been new; but such parts of my said Invention have
not turned out to be of that practical utility as to induce me to wish to retain
the same as parts of my Specification; for which reason I wish to disclaim,
and I do hereby disclaim, all parts of my said Specification which relate to
and describe so much of my Invention as is claimed in the first claiming
clause near the end of my said Specification by the words:-
56
"First, the mode of manufacturing dip candles on a series of wicks without
loops by pinching or holding the upper ends of the wicks between suitable
"surfaces; I also claim the mode of using what I have called the wedging

page_text: First, to improvements in the manufacture-of-what-are-ealled-"-dip-eandles,"-and
alse to preparing wicks by dipping them when held extended.
Secondly, my Invention-relates-te-improvements-in-the-manufacture-of-mould
eandles.
And, thirdly, my Invention relates to-a-mode-of-making dip candles, whereby
two-eandles-are-inade-on-two ends of one-wick, or combinations of wieks-where
anore than one wiek-is-used-in-the-same-eandle.
And in order that my Invention may be most fully understood and readily
carried into effect, I will proceed to describe the Drawings hereunto annexed,
and the means pursued by me in carrying out my Invention,
Deseription of the Drawings-marked-A.
In-the-manufacture of "dip-candles"-it-has-been-usual-to-form-each-wick-into-a
loop, which is placed on what-is-called-a-eandle-rod.-According to one part of my
Invention-each-wiek-used-has- no-leep-formed thereon, but the same is-securely
pinehed-or-heid-between-two-surfaces, as will be hereafter explained.--Another-part
of my Invention relates to the mode of applying-a-series of wicks to suitable
holding-surfaces;-and-another part of my Invention relates to a mode-of-manufae
turing -dip-eandles,"-by-eausing wieks of candles, whilst held-in-an-extended state,
to-be-eeated with tallow, or other matter used.
6.
Figure 1 is a front-view-of--a-machine-for-applying-wieks-to-suitable-apparatus
for holding the-same-by-pinching-them-between-two-surfaces.
Figure 2-is-a-transverse-section-of the same, shewing-the-parts in the position
when-the-apparatus-earrying the wieks have just--earried-the-same-down-into-a
position-for their lower-ends-to-be-held.

page_text: Figure-g-shews-another transverse section of the machine and apparatus in the
positions-the-parts would assume when the lower ends of the wicks have just been
fastened, and the apparatus which brought them down has gone up out of
the way.
Figure 4-shews-a-front view, and Figure 5 a transverse section of some of the
principal parts on a larger seale, in-the-same-positions-us-those shewn-in
Figures-1-and 2.
Figure-6-shews-a front view, and Figure-7-a-transverse-section-of some of the
principal parts on a larger seale, in the same positions as those shewn in
Figures; and Figure S is a plan-and-transverse section of-the-apparatus
for-holding--the wicks in substitution of the eandle rod heretofore-used.
In-all-these--Figures-the-same-letters-of-reference-indicate-similar-parts wherever
they-oeeur.-a-ar is the framing of the machine, the nature of which is clearly
shewn-in-the-various Figures of the Drawings. by br is what I call the wick-boards
having six-rows-of-holes to receive wieks. e, e, are slides with handles, which
slides-each-have-as many holes as there are holes-in-one-row-of-wiek-holes-in-the
wiek-board-b-and these slides move in grooves formed in the two surfaces of
wood-of-which the wiek board is composed,-as-is-clearly shewn. And it will also
be seen that there are other holes-d, d, in the-wick-board, which comme-on-to-the
guage pins-e, e, fixed on the projecting-frames-f-f, at-each-end-of--the--machine,
as-is-shewn, the wick beard-being-received-and-supported--on--the--brackets gig
affixed-to-the-projecting-frames f, f, as is shewn. -h is a bar which runs-from-end
to-end-of-the-machine, and it is against this bar that the lower-ends-of the-wieks
are held by means of what I call the wedging bar in which moves on axes of
Heeks-at-i', as is shewn. The series of wieks being brought down-to-the lowest
position-are-held by causing the bar-i-to-pinch-them-between it and the bar hy
as is shewn at-Figures-3, 6, and 7, and when so held-the-apparatus by which the
wieks have been brought-down-may ascend out of the way; and this apparatus
will now describe.-jj-are-n-series of tubes, one to each of the wiek holes in
the wiek board b. These tubes are fixed through the bar j', which bar is-eapable
of-moving-up-and-down, and is guided at each-end by moving in a groove-formed
in the end framing a, and the tubes-are-guided in their movements up and.
down-by-means-of holes formed in the fixed bar-k, through which holes-the-tubes
slide., are a series of springs affixed at their lower ends-to-the-bar-j';-and-at
the-upper-end-of each spring 1-is-affixed a small block of wood, which, pressing
against the upper surface of the bar-j', holds the wiek and prevents its slipping.
m-is-a-rod-affixed to the bar j', such red-sliding in the groove formed in the
upright-grooved-bar- ny affixed to the framing, as-is shewn. o is a balance weight
affixed to the cord-o', which, passing over a pulley; the other end of the cord o
'

page_text: is affixed-to-the-bar j', by which means-the-bar j'-is balaneed, and is readily-moved
up and down by the workmen when working the machine. -ppy are-bobbins-on
which-are-wound--the wieks which are to be used. I would remark, that this
apparatus-is-suitable for wicks of various descriptions, whether plated-or-simply
cords of cotton, or composed of several strands of yarn.
In using this machine the workman-will commence by placing-the-front-row of
holes in the wiek board under the tubes j, and this will be insured-by-means of
the-guage-pins entering the holes d-at-either end of the front row of holes-in-the
wiek beard. He will then-eause the-bar-j-to-deseend with the-wieks-into the
position-shewa-at-Figures-1-3-4-and-5-;-be-will-then-eause-the-lower-ends-of
the wieks to be held-securely-by-the wedging bar i-as-before-mentioned,-and-as-is
shewn-at-Figures 3, 6, and 7-;-he-will then cause the bar j' to be raised-up-to-the
highest-position, by which movement-more-wick-will-be-drawn-off-the-bobbins,
end-he-will-move-the-front-slide-e-by-its-handle, by which the-front-row-of--wieks
will be securely held in the front-row-of-holes, and the wicks-are-then-cut-off-at
the upper-surfaces of the wick-beard b, leaving-a-short-length of wiek-projecting
beyond-each-tube-j.--The-wick board is then to be-moved-forward-so-as-to-bring
the-second-row-of-wick holes-into-position-by-placing the holes d of such second.
Fow-on-to-the-guage-pins, the wedging-board-i-having been first released-;-and
wieks-are-to-be-applied-to-and-fixed-in--sueh-seeond-row-of-holes-in-the-same-
manner-as-that-described-in-respect-to-the-first-row of holes, and-so-on-in-respect
to-all-the-rows-of-holes, and the wicks of the-wiek--board-are-to-be-dipped-in-like
manner to that now-resorted to when dipping with several eandle rods. I would
remark, that other-means-inay-be-resorted-to-for-holding-wieks-without-loops, by
binding pinching, or holding them between-two-surfaces-pressed-tightly together-;
Ido-not-therefore-confine-myself to the means shewn.
I will now-deseribe-another-part-of-my-Invention, which consists in causing
wicks of candles to be dipped or coated whilst in a straightened or extended
state, and without having a wire to each wick for a candle, as formerly
practised, such wires having to be withdrawn from the candles when made or
partly made, such coating being accomplished when for mould candles before
putting the wicks into moulds.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS MARKED B.
Figure 1 is a front view of a machine and frame for reeling wicks according
to this part of my Invention; Figure 2 shews a transverse section of the same;
Figure 3 shews a front view of a machine for dipping the distended wicks ;
and Figure 4 shews a transverse section of the same. The other views
shew some of the details, the natures of which will be hereafter explained.

page_text: A, A, is the framing of the reeling machine, the nature of which is clearly
shewn. B, C, D, is the frame of the reel; this frame moves on axes or
necks B'. On the end frames or bars of the reel are placed the pin bars D,
there being notches cut in their ends to fix or retain them on to the end
frames or bars B, and the ends of those bars will be sufficiently elastic to
hold the bars D. On the pin bars D.are affixed a series of pins, as are
shewn. And I would state that wicks may be applied for making candles
each with one wick, or with two wicks, or with three wicks; or more wicks
might be used on each candle, if desired. Figure. 7 shews a perspective view
of parts of the reel, in order to indicate how wicks may be, applied to the
reel for making candles with one wick. Figure 8 shews a perspective
view of parts of the reel, in order to indicate how wicks may be applied
when for making candles each with two wicks.. Figure 9 shews a per-
spective view of parts of the reel, in order to indicate how wicks may
be applied when for making candles each with three wicks, in which case
rods are used, the means of supporting which are shewn in the section and
front view of part of the reel shewn at Figure 10. If in using a reel such
as above described. wicks are employed suitable for turning out of the
flame when burning, the workman, in applying such wicks to the reel, will
take care that they are so placed as to turn in the direction desired. And I
would state that the position and number of the pins or studs used on the
bars D may be, varied. The reel being thus supplied with wicks, is to be
conveyed to the dipping machine, Figures 3 and 4, where the wicks
are to be dipped whilst held distended: E is the framing of this machine,
the nature of which is clearly shewn in the .Drawing. F is a trough
of tallow or other material, kept melted by a steam pipe or other con-
venient means, not shewn in the Drawing.. .G is a frame which is capable
of-sliding in, and is guided in its movement up and down by grooves in the
end uprights of the framing, as is shewn. G¹ is a weighted cord passing over
a pully; one end of such cord is affixed to the frame G. The axes or necks
of the reel are placed in the bearings G² affixed to the frame.G, as is shewn.
Hence the reel can be lowered into the melted tallow. or other material in a
horizontal state, as is shewn at Figure 3 and Figure 4. The reel having
been dipped into the tallow or other matter, and raised out thereof, is to be
moved slowly round on its axis, by which the tallow or other matter will cool
and set equally, or nearly so, on the length of wicking, and then the wicks
on the other side of the reel are to be coated in like manner; and when the
wicks are sufficiently coated and cold the wicks are to be cut across as
indicated by the dotted line in Figure 1 and the bars D are then combined

page_text: in threes, or other convenient numbers, with their wicks already on them, as
shewn at Figures 5 and 6, where three bars D are shewn to be combined
together by bars H, H, which are then to be used for dipping the wicks
thercon, in the same manner to what has heretofore been practised when
using a series of candle rods and blocks. It will be seen that the object of
this part of the Invention is to prepare a length of "wicking" suitable for
many candles whilst it is held extended, each part of the prepared "wicking"
being suitable for a candle, and the wicks so prepared, when cut from the
length, will be stiff and straight. Figure 5'shews part of a plan of three bars D
"combined by bars H; and Figure 6 'shews a transverse section thereof; and
in this manner is the process of dipping to be completed; or wicks so prepared
by dipping when in a distended state may be introduced into moulds and
finished as mould candles.
Although I prefer the above mode of preparing the wicks and stiffening
them with tallow or other mátter suitable for making dip. candles whilst the
same are held in an extended or straightened condition; yet I do not confine
myself thereto, as wicks, each suitable for one candle, may be so held at each
end as to be kept extended in a convenient manner for having the surface
thereof coated whilst in an extended state, and thus be rendered 'stiff and
straight. Figure 11 shews part of a frame suitable for this purpose, there being
two rails having angular slits at (1) (1), into which the ends of each wick
(whether one, two, or more wicks be used in each candle) are pressed, by
which means they will be held secure and extended-during the coated process.
Figure 12'shews part of the same frame with one length of "wicking" introduced,
in order to shew that the same frame may be used when preparing the wicks
for many candles in one length, or when preparing the wicks in separate
lengths, each suitable for a candle. I would remark, in respect to this part
'of niy Invention, that I do not confine myself to the precise details. shewn, as
'the saine may be varied, so long as the mode of dipping wicks whilst kept
extended without having a wire for each candle wick, be retained. The wicks
made by the above means are suitable for making dip candles, as before
explained; or prepared wick's, such as above described, may be introduced
into moulds, and the making of the candles completed by means of moulds,
in which case I dip the ends of them into hot tallow, in order to melt off a
portion of tallow that the ends may more readily enter the nossels of the
moulds, and then introduce them into moulds; and I either fasten the wicks
in the centres of the moulds by pins, as shewn at Figure 13, or else by.spring
clamps, as is shewn at Figure 14.
Il desarihe that part of my Invention which relates to apparatus for

page_text: applying wicks-to-moulds, and consists of similar parts to-those-before-explained
when applying wieks for dip candles, with such variations only as are necessary.
to render the same suitable for the introducing the wicks into moulds, and there
are-also-apparatus applied to the moulds for holding the wicks in the moulds.
Description of the Drawings marked C.
Figure shews a front view of a mould frame; Figure 2 is a plan thereof,
and Figure 3-io a side section. In these views the apparatus for holding the wieks
in the moulds is shewn applied thereto.
Figure 4 shews a front view of the mould frame on a smaller seale, having the
apparatus-applied thereto for supplying the various moulds with wieks, as well as
the apparatus for holding the wicks when in the moulds. The parts of the
apparatus for supplying the wicks to the moulds are marked with the same letters
of reference as those already referred to, and the description of the parts and
their mode of working already given will apply to the present apparatus. j, jare
the tubes, which being caused to deseend carry down the wicks into the moulds,
these tubes having each an enlarged end, as is shewn, to fit the lower part of the
mould into which it enters, the lower end of each of the tubes having a slit or eut
formed therein, as is shewn, in order that the instrument hereafter explained-may
pass-through and press and hold the wiek in the mould, in order that the tube j-of
each-mould-may-then-pass away;-and-when-the-tube-j-of-each-mould-has-been raised
to its highest-position, the wick is to be held centrally within the mould-by-the
instruments-explained, when the wicks are to be out and the mould frame is to be
removed-and-another placed in position.
Figure 5 shews-a-transverse section of the mould frame and apparatus in the
position-just-after the wicks have been lowered into the moulds and have been
pressed by the holding instruments-et the lower ends.
Figure 6 shews another transverse section of the same parts in the position they
assume-after the tubes j-have-gone-up-to-their highest-positions, and the wicks
have-been taken-hold of by the holding instruments at their upper ends.
Figure 7-chews two views, full-size, of the tubes j and the bar jr with their
springs, as before described. Each of the moulds has three wiek holders, two-at
the upper part thereof, and one at the lower end-;- or there might be two at the
lower-end if desired. x, x are a series of, wiek holders, one-to-ench-mould;-such
holders passing through holes in their respective moulds enter between the eut or
slit formed in the lower end of each tube-j, and by-such means the wicks will be
held between-the-ends of the holders x and the inner surface of each mould.
The holders x are affixed to the bar x', which is affixed to the arms-x, which
move-on-axes at x³-as is shewn. -w is a cliding bar, which moves or slides in
brackets or bearings-w', and on this bar there-are-formed two-inclined slits-of

page_text: openings, such as are shewn and hereafter described for moving the wiek holder at
the upper part of the moulds, and in these slits of openings the arms x-are
placed;-eonsequently on sliding the bar win one direction the inclined slits
cause the arins x to move the bar', with the holder x, in towards the moulds-;
the-reverse-movement causes the holders-x-to-be-withdrawn from the-moulds.
uy-u are a series of wick-holders at the upper ends of the moulds, two to each
mould; one-wiek holder being opposite to the other, so that when moved-inwards
towards each other they come together and hold the wick between them in a
eentral position in the mould, as will readily be understood on a careful examina-
tion of the Drawings. The holders u, u, are affixed to the bars u', u', on-either
side of the moulds, and these bars u', u', are respectively affixed to the arms
uu, which move on axes at u³; u³. On either side of the mouldsv, v, are-twe
bars, combined together-at-each end, as is shewn. These bars v, v, slide in brackets
or bearings-, and on each bar is formed two inelined slits v², the outer ends of
such slits being continued parallel with the inner-edges of the bars-v.-The-arms
u, being within these slits the cliding of the bare v will cause each-pair-of
the-wick holders to approach or recede from each other-;-and-when-the-inner
parts of-the-slits receive the arms u², those arms will be pressed-closely-together
and-held-the-wick between them,-when-the-wieks may be cut-and-the-mould
frame removed from the wick supplying-apparatusy and the melted-matter-of-which
the candles are to be made run into the moulds.
I will now describe another part of my Invention, which-relates-to-so-suspending
wicks that two-dip candles may be made, one at each end of a wiek.
Figure D, Drawings-marked B, represents a section of three bars, over-each-of
which a series of wicks of any suitable-kind-are-suspended, there-being-a-series of
studs or-pins-affixed in the rods between which the wicks are placed, in order to
prevent-their-being-drawn-out-when working, the rods being wide enough-to-keep
the parts of the wiek separated. I do not, however confine myself to this arrange
ment, as this part of my Invention has for its object the making-of-two-dip candles
on the same-wick (or combination of wieks), the wiek being so suspended that the
two ends may be sufficiently-separated for that purpace.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, I. would have it under-
stood that I make no claim to any of the parts of the apparatus herein
described, nor do I confine myself to the details thereof, nor of the other
means herein described as being resorted to by me in carrying out my
Invention, so long as the peculiar character of either part of my improve
ments in the manufacture of candles be retained; and I wish it to be
understood that what I claim is,-¨¨
First, the mede-of-n.anufacturing-dip-candles-on a series of wicks withou
Jeans by pinebing-or-holding-ke-upfer-ends-of-the-wieke between-suitable

page_text: surfaces; also claim the mode of using what I have called the wedging bar i, for
holding the lower ends of the wicks; I also claim the mode of constructing what.
I have called the wiek board for holding a series of wieks for dip candles ; - I also
elaim the mode of supplying wicks for dip candles by means of tubes j, and
apparatus connected therewith, as above described; I also claim the mode of
dipping or coating wicks for candles when the same are held extended and in
such manner that the wicks for several candles are prepared at the same time
in one length ;and I also claim the dipping or coating wicks suitable for candles,
each having one, two, or more wicks, when the same are each held at both
ends, and thus kept extended till the same are stiffened with tallow or other
material used, thus rendering the use of a wire for each wick unnecessary.
Secondly, I claim the mode of supplying wieks to moulds in the manufacture
of-mould-eandles, by means of tubes j, and apparatus combined therewith.
-
thirdly, claim the mode of manufacturing dip candles by causing
two-candles-to-be dipped on the-same-wick, or combination of wicks, one at
either end.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Palmer, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Fourteenth day of June, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and forty-three.
To the Clerk of the Patents of England.
This is to certify that William Palmer, of Sutton Street, Clerkenwell, in
the County of Middlesex, Manufacturer, has applied to me for leave to file
with you the above written Disclaimer of a certain Invention, for which
Letters Patent were granted to him on the 15th day of December 1842, and
to which the Specification was duly enrolled; and having considered the
said application, and no objection appearing to the same, I have granted
leave to the said William Palmer to file his said Disclaimer, pursuant to the
Statute passed in the 5th & 6th years of His late Majesty King William
the 4th, entitled "An Act to amend the Law touching Letters Patent for
Inventions.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Eighth day of November, in the
year of our Lord 1853, the aforesaid William Palmer came before our said
Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Disclaimer aforesaid,
and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form above written.
And also the Disclaimer aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of the
Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Second day of December in the year of our Lord One
Enrolled the Second day of December in the
thousand eight hundred and fifty-three.
year of
our
Lord One