A Manufacture of Briquettes or Block Fuel.
Year: 1889

page_text: Date of Application, 28th June, 1889
Complete Specification Left, '25th Mar., 1890-Accepted, 28th June, 1890
A
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
A Manufacture of Briquettes or Block Fuel.
I, FRANZ HULWA of 68 Tauenzienstrasse Breslau Germany, Doctor of Chemistry
do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
This invention consists in a manufacture of briquettes or block fuel from carbona-
ceous materials such as stone coal brown coal cokes, anthracite charcoal, graphite or
peat, small coal waste or coal dust, saw dust, wood shavings, woody material cellulose,
spent tan, spent dyewood, or ores and waste carbonaceous materials in general.
Heretofore in the manufacture of block fuel from such materials tar, pitch,
molasses, or fatty or gummy materials with or without the addition of alkalies or only'
anorganic substances have been used as binding material. Such block fuel has
however not been found to resist sufficiently the atmospheric influences especially
damp, and required also in the manufacture the use of very costly elaborate apparatus
and high compression and high temperatures. Moreover such briquettes contain so
many ashes as to interfere greatly with their heating power and complete com-
bustion.
The process of manufacture of block fuel which possesses only inferior cohesion is
dangerous from risk of fire especially when pitch or heated tar is used. Also the
block fuel as heretofore made has been objectionable because of smoke.
To obviate all these defects and to produce in a simple cheap and clean manner and
of any desired shape block fuel or briquettes which shall wholly withstand the influence
of water, burn well and completely be clean to handle and thus fulfil all the require-
ments of good block fuel, but which hitherto have not been fulfilled.
According to this invention the coal smalls or other aforesaid material or materials
is or are well mixed with blood or other albuminous liquid or sweet or skimmed milk
or sour milk curdled or not in sufficient quantity for cohesion, and with caustic
magnesia strontian or haryta and moulded in the required form for instance by means
of a brickmaking machine. The blocks are dried at ordinary or higher temperature.
The albumen or portein bodies (such as albumen fibrin casein or gluten) contained in
the mass will thus combined with the lime, magnesia, baryta, or strontian form
insoluble binding material which may be called earthy alkaline albuminate. Or this
albuminate may be made first and then used as a binding material but the fuel blocks
then need greater compression.
Dated this n0th day of Tu 1000
:
'
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
A Manufacture of Briquettes or Block Fuel.
.
I, FRANZ HULWA of 68 Tauenzienstrasse, Breslau, Germany, Doctor of Chemistry
do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is
to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:-
This invention consists in a manufacture of briquettes or block fuel from
carbonaceous materials such as stone coal, brown coal, coke, anthracite graphite, peat
in the form of dust, smalls or waste, saw dust, wood shavings, woody materials,
fibrous materials, cellulose, spent tan, spent dyewood, or ores, and waste carbonaceous
materials in general.
Heretofore in the manufacture of block fuel from such materials tar, pitch,
molasses, or fatty or gummy materials with or without the addition of alkalies or

page_text: only anorganic substances have been used as binding material. Such block fuel
has however not been found to resist sufficiently the atmospheric influences especially
dampness and required also in the manufacture the use of very costly elaborate
apparatus, also high compression and high temperatures; moreover such briquettes
contain so many ashes as to interfere greatly with their heating power and complete
combustion.
The process of manufacture of block fuel which possesses only inferior cohesion is
dangerous from risk of fire especially when heated pitch or heated tar is used. Also
the block fuel as heretofore made has been objectionable because of smoke.
The object of any invention is to obviate all these defects and to produce in a
simple, cheap and clean manner, and of any desired size briquettes which shall wholly
withstand the influence of water, burn well, and completely, be clean to handle and
thus fulfil all the requirements of block fuel but which hitherto have not been
fulfilled.
or not.
According to this invention the coal smalls or other aforesaid material or materials
is or are, well mixed with blood or with sweet, fresh, skimmed, or sour milk, curdled
If the blood or curdled milk is too thick it is advantageous to carefully mix
it with so much water or milk as to form a sufficient liquid material for the
convenient and even mixing with or wetting of the coal smalls. If the blood be fresh
I use about 40 pounds of blood (or about 50 to 100 pounds of milk) for 600 pounds
of coal sinalls or dust. The wetted mass is then carefully mixed with caustic-line
and moulded in the required form for instance by means of a brick making machine.
Instead of the caustic lime I may use cautic magnesia or caustic strontian or
caustic baryta.
For 600 pounds of coal smalls and about 40 lbs. of blood (or about 50 to 100 lbs.
of milk) I use about 10 to 20 pounds of caustic lime, or if I use the other
materials then in the proportions given by the well known chemical equivalent
quantities.
The proportions may of course be varied according to the nature of the binding
substances, the nature of the carbonaceous material, and other circumstances, such as
the desired firmness, ignitability or inflammability.
By this process a combination is formed in the carbonaceous material viz. an
insoluble binding substance consisting of the albuminous or protein bodies in the
blood or milk, such as albumen, fibrin, casëin, or gluten combining with lime,
magnesia, baryta or strontian. Such substance may be termed earthy alkaline
albuminate.
The blocks or forms so made are then dried at ordinary or higher temperature.
Or the aforesaid earthy alkaline albuminate may be made first. For this purpose
the caustic lime or its equivalents (such as caustic baryta, caustic strontian, caustic
magnesia or materials containing same such as lime ash, cement, or burnt dolomite)
is mixed with blood or milk, and the resultant earthy alkaline albuminate is then
mixed with the coal smalls or dust. But the block or forms will in this case need
greater compression than if the said albuminate is produced in the carbonaceous
mass.
Furthermore the said albuminate may also be produced in the reverse manner in
the carbonaceous mass, viz., by first mixing the coal smalls with the lime or its
aforesaid equivalent materials and then add and intimately mix with the milk
or blood.
Instead of the milk or blood I may of course employ any other albuminous substance
such as the waste residual matters and liquids from the manufacture of starch, spirits,
sugar or glue or from slaughter houses; or lymph, sticky portëin substances or glue
(mixture of gluten and fermented flour) albumen glue (gluten rendered fluid by
fermentation) glue and gluey substances, because as stated the presence of caustic
lime, magnesia, strontian or baryta at once renders albumen casein, gluten or
albuminous hodies insoluble and produces a binding material. In this way the 5
aforesaid waste products are rendered valuable in application and removed, which is
of great importance from a sanitary point of view.

page_text: The formation of the said albuminates in the briquette mass produces a so intimate
and firm cementation of the fuel particles that complicated moulding appliances
employing high degree of compression may be dispensed with and yet the briquettes
are so firm, durable and close as not to break in handling (being also cheap in
production and possessing other advantages) and resisting atmospheric influences.
As albuminous or protein-containing substances I may also use a solution of casein
in sal-ammoniac for which purpose the application of burnt magnesia is suitable. By
selection of suitable briquette materials I may also in this manner obtain briquettes
or forms suitable for building purposes (for building bricks and paving bricks).
For making briquettes or forms with casein solution this latter may suitably contain
5 to 10% of casein and I use for 50 to 75 pounds of the solution about 300 pounds
of burnt magnesia and any desired quantity of briquette material of any quality.
When using magnesia containing material such for instance as dolomite the quantity
of the material can be determined by its percentage of oxyde of magnesium.
Also in certain cases, where spent tanning liquid or spent tan have to be utilized,
it has been found suitable to replace the earth alkali wholly or partly by tannic acid
or materials containing the same.
In such case,
instead of or in addition to the
earthy alkaline protein or albuminous compounds, combinations are formed of the
tannic acid with the protein or albuminous bodies. The process for producing
the protein or albuminous compound in the briquette mass itself is quite analogous
to the one above described, except that the earthy alkaline uiass (caustic lime, caustic
baryta, caustic strontian, caustic magnesia or substances containing same such as
lime ash, cement, burnt dolomite, and the like which substances generally have to be
taken as earthy alkaline matter) is replaced partly or wholly by tannic acid or tan
and materials containing same. The tannic solutions should contain about 5 to
10 per cent. of tannin and be used in such quantities as to render the material moist
throughout so as to be suitable for being moulded. As the nature of the materials
which may be employed differs greatly it is advisable to make a small trial for
settling the exact proportions. All according to the briquette material employed I
thus obtain briquettes or forms of any desired shape and suitable for heating,
building metal smelting and other purposes. Forins made with ore with or without
coal adinixture are useful in the smelting furnace instead of ore in pieces.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of this inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is :-
1. The manufacture of briquettes from waste pieces, powder and smalls of anthracite,
stone coals, brown coals, graphite, cokes, wood charcoal, peat, wood, woody material,
cellulose, tan, logwood or ores by the production of earthy alkaline albuminate
therein and the application of the same as a binding material substantially as set
forth.
2. In the manufacture of briquettes the mixing of the briquette forming material
with milk or blood or other albuminous substance and then with the earthy alkaline
material or vice versa, substantially as set forth.
3. In the manufacture of briquettes the mixing of the briquette forming material
with earthy alkaline albuminate or material containing same substantially as set
forth.
4. In the manufacture of briquettes the application of residual products and waste
from the manufacture of starch, spirits and sugar and from slaughter houses, lymph,
sticky protein substances as well as glutinous glue or albuminous glue, the said
materials being used as albuminous liquids or substances substantially as set forth.
5. In the manufacture of briquettes the application of glue or glue containing
liquids or materials as albuminous liquids or substances.
6. In the manufacture of briquettes as set forth in the preceeding claims the
application of ammoniacal casein solution as albuminous liquid & the application of
burnt magnesia (burnt dolomite) as earth alkali.
7. In the manufacture as set forth in the claims 1 to 5 the partial or entire

page_text: replacing of the earth alkali by tannic acid, tannin or materials containing the same,
substantially as set forth.
8. The application of the process set forth in the preceeding claims 1 to 7 to the
manufacture of briquettes, forms and objects for heating, smelting, building and.
other purposes substantially as set forth.
Dated this 25th day of February 1950.
JENSEN & SON,
77, Chancery Lane, London, W.C., Patent Agents.
JENSEN & SON,
77, Chancery Lane, London, W.C., Patent Agents.