IMPROVEMENTS IN HOOPS FOR FASTENING BALES, AND IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR MAKING THE SAME."
Year: 1862

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Pender, of the City of Manchester, in the
County of Lancaster, Merchant, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN HOOPS FOR FASTENING BALES, AND IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR
MAKING THE SAME."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Pender at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 15th
September 1862.
I, JOHN PENDER, of the City of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster,
Merchant, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN HOOPS FOR FASTENING BALES, AND IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR
MAKING THE SAME," to be as follows:-
These improvements consist in making hoops with one or more elongated
holes at one end, one part of such elongated hole or holes being sufficiently
large to allow the head of the rivet or rivets to pass through, the other or
narrow part being of such a size as to allow the rivet shank to pass, but not
its head. The rivet or rivets is or are inserted into the opposite end of each
hoop before commencing to pack a bale, the heads standing out a little more
than the thickness of the hoop. When employed for packing bales or other
packages, the bales are compressed until the head of the rivet is passed
through the wide part of the hole, the bale being slightly released the hoop
is tightened, and the head is pushed to the narrow part of the hole and there

page_text: held fast. By this means the plan hitherto adopted of rivetting the hoops
upon the bales is dispensed with. For punching the holes in the hoops of the
requisite shape I use a punching machine, with punches and dies of the size
and shape of the holes to be punched, and I arrange the table or apparatus on
which the hoops are punched, so that the machine will cut each hoop at one
or both ends at the same time the holes are punched.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John Pender in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 14th
March 1868.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
PENDER, of the City of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster, Merchant,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Fifteenth day of September, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, in the twenty-sixth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said John Pender, Her special license, that I, the said John
Pender, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
John Pender, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
HOOPS FOR FASTENING BALES, AND IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR MAKING
THE SAME," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said John
Pender, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under
my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was
to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Pender, do hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement,
that is to say-
This Invention consists in making hoops with one or more elongated holes

page_text: at one end, and one or more circular holes at the other end for containing
rivets, studs, or buttons. One part of each elongated hole is sufficiently large
to allow the head of the rivet, stud, or button to pass through, and the other
or narrow part is of such a size as to allow the neck or shank to pass, but
not the head. For punching the holes in the band of hoop iron I use a
punching and cutting machine, with punches and dies of the size and shape of
the holes to be punched, and curved or straight cutters for cutting the ends
of the hoops, so that the machine will cut each hoop at one or both ends at
the same time as the holes are punched.
These improvements will be clearly understood by referring to the figures
and letters on the accompanying Sheet of Drawings, in which Figs. 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, and 6 shew the ends of the hoops or bands made with the elongated
holes and rivets of the requisite form, and placed in the required position; the
ends only of the hoops or bands are shewn, and will sufficiently explain to any
person acquainted with the mode of using such hoops or bands the manuer in
which they are to be made or applied. In making the holes and fixing the
rivets care must be taken that they bo cut and fixed at equal relative dis-
tances, in such a manner that the hoops or bands when applied and fastened
upon the holes, shall when they are expanded to their full stretch by the
swelling action of the hole bo of the same length, so that the pressure on all
the rivet heads and the edges of the elongated holes shall be as nearly as
possible equalised. The hoops or bands, which may be made of iron, steel, or
brass, or copper, or other suitable material, having an equal strain or nearly
equal strain put upon all the holding rivets, may be made lighter and of less
strength than the hoops or bands heretofore employed, so that great economy
is effected, in addition to the convenience which attends the use of my
improved hoops. To ensure the hoops or bands being accurately made I
employ by preference the punching and cutting machine, shewn in front and
elevations in Figures 7 and 8, which will punch and cut the hoops or bands
by a simultaneous operation; preference I employ hoop iron for the hoops
or bands. Fig. 9 a front, and Fig. 10 a bottom view, of the punches for
punching the elongated holes and cutter in connection with them; Fig. 5,
a front view of the punches for the circular holes, and also the cutter;
Fig. 6, a top view of the dies for the elongated holes, and also the bottom
cutter; and Figs. 7 and 8, views of the band of which the hoop is made, with
the elongated holes at one end, and rivets, buttons, or studs at the other end;
Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 being drawn about full size.
The two punching slides are represented at a, b, they are fitted at the bottom
to the vee-bed c, fixed to the standards d, e. The vertical slides f, g, of the

page_text: punching slides work in guides h, i, and are moved up and down by means of
cranks or eccentrics k, l, on the shafts m, n, to which are fixed the spur
wheels o, p, gearing into the pinions q, r, working loose on stationary shafts,
one of which is shewn at s. To the pinions are fixed bevil wheels t, u,
gearing into other bevil wheels v, w, on the shaft x, which carries the fly
wheel y and fast and loose pulleys for driving and stopping the machine.
To the bottom of the punching slide b is fixed a nut, having in it the screws al
so fitted in bearings in the bed c that it may be prevented from moving
longitudinally, but capable of being turned for the purpose of shifting the
punching slide beam nearer to or further from the punching slide a, according
to the required length of the hoop and distances of the holes apart. The
punches for punching the elongated holes are shewn at b', Figs. 1, 3, and 4;
the punches for the circular holes at c', Figs. 1, 2, and 5, and the top cutters
for cutting the ends of the band at d', Figs. 1, 3, 4, and 5. The punches
have heads e', which are fitted into corresponding recesses in the blocks f",
through which and also the plates g' the cutters are passed. The cutters d'
are also attached to the plates g'. The plates, with the punches and cutters,
aro firmly fixed by screws h¹ to the vertical slides f, g, of the punching
slides a, b. The dies for the elongated holes and bottom cutter are shewn at
, Figs. 1 and 6, and the dies for the circular holes and bottom cutter at l',
Figs. 1 and 2. The dies are held in die-holders m' attached to the table n²,
forming part of or fixed to the vee-bed c. The table carries one or more
blocks o' for supporting the band and preventing it from bending during the
operations. The die holders are capable of being shifted according to the
positions of the punches above them, and are provided with set scrows for
adjusting the dies to the punches. To the dies are fixed the guards p¹ for
releasing the band from the punches after the holes are punched. When the
press b is moved by the screw a', the spur wheel p, pinion v, and bevil
wheel u and v move with it, and when motion is given to the machine and
the band placed on the dies both ends are cut, and the holes at both ends
punched at the same time. The hoop or band for forming the hoop is shewn
at q', Fig. 7, and the two ends of the same, about full size, at Figs. 1 and 5.
Into the circular holes at the end of the band opposite to the elongated holes,
the rivets, studs, or buttons are fixed as at r, Figs. 3 and 6, the heads of
which stand out a little more than the thickness of the band.
When employed for packing bales or other packages, a series of hoops are
laid under the bale or package; the bale or package is then compressed in
the ordinary way until the heads of the rivets, studs, or buttons can be
brought opposite to, so as to be passed through the wide part of the hole.

page_text: The pressure being then slightly released, the hoop becomes tightened by the
spring of the bale, and the heads of the rivets are pulled to the narrow part
of the holes and there held fast. The inconvenient plan hitherto adopted of
rivetting the hoops upon the bales is thus dispensed with, and the strain put
upon the hoops or bands is equalized, at the same time provision is made for
easily releasing the hoops or bands whenever it may be desired to unpack
the bales.
In some cases I employ one press instead of two, and punch and cut one
end only of the hoop or band at one operation, and when a certain number of
ends have been cut and punched the punches and dies are changed to suit
the other end of the band or hoop, a stop being employed to ensure that the
bands or hoops are of the same length, which stop can be adjusted according
to the required length of the hoop.
The punching slides in the Figures are worked by cranks or eccentrics, but
they may be worked in any approved manner and mode, of any strength
or shape.
Having now described the nature and particulars of my said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, I desire it to be under-
stood that I do not claim the machinery or apparatus for punching and
cutting the bands, which is herein-before described as being very convenient
and useful for making my improved hoops; but what I claim is, the manu-
facture and use of the improved hoops for fastening bales, as herein described
and shewn in the accompanying Sheet of Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Pender, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Fourteenth day of March, in the year of our Lord, One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-three.
Signed, sealed, and delivered by the
within-named John Pender, in
the presence of
E. J. HUGHES,
Patent Agent,
Manchester.
JOHN PENDER. (L.B.)