IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS AND MACHINERY FOR LIFTING AND MOVING HEAVY BODIES, AND FOR RAISING AND DISPLACING FLUIDS
Year: 1849

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, PIERRE
FREDERICK GOUGY, of Paris, in the Republic of France, Gentleman, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-seventh day of
January, One thousand eight hundred and forty-nine, in the twelfth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Pierre Frederick Gougy, my exors, adññiors, and assigns, Fer especial
licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said Pierre Frede-
rick Gougy, my exors, adñors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
Pierre Frederick Gougy, my exors, adññors, or assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times during the
term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-
Tweed, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS AND MACHINERY FOR
LIFTING AND MOVING HEAVY BODIES, AND FOR RAISING AND DISPLACING FLUIDS;"
in which said Letter's Patent is contained a proviso that I, the said Pierre
Frederick Gougy, shall cause a particular description of the nature of my said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument
in writing under my hand and seal, to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's
High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the
samé, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Pierre Frederick Gougy, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, are fully described and
ascertained in and by the present Specification thereof, reference being had to
the Drawings hereunto annexed, that is to say :-
Firstly, my said improvements in apparatus and machinery for lifting and
moving heavy bodies consist in the following additions to and improvements
in certain apparatus for this purpose, for which former Letters Patent for
England were granted to me on the Twenty-third of December, 1846.
Figure 1 is a sectional elevation, and Figure 2 an exterior side elevation,
of an apparatus for repairing ships, &c. constructed on the principle of the
apparatus aforesaid. a is the ship; b, b, the floating dry dock; c, balloons
for regulating the immersion of the floating dry dock b, b; d, d, ballast; e, e,
pipes attached to the balloons c, c. The floating dry dock b, b, is placed in
a basin k, in which there is always sufficient depth of water to float the ships
on which it is desired to operate. When the level of the water in the basin
is higher than that of the outer harbour from the ebb of the tide, I empty the
floating dry dock b, b, by means of the syphon f.f, which is fixed at one end in
the floating dry dock b, b, while the other, passing over the jetty h, falls on
the outside into the harbour g. 1 is a box or case attached to the floating dry
dock b; b, and communicating with the-interior thereof -by-means-of the-valve
n; r is a pipe by which the syphon is filled with water; s, another pipe fixed
on the top of the syphon to allow the escape of air, but which may also be
used to fill the syphon with water. The end of the syphon, which falls outside
the jetty, must be closed by any suitable means during the operation of filling.
Figure 3 represents one mode of effecting this:-t is a valve box; u, the
valve; and v, a line to open or shut the valve. The syphon, when it is filled
with water, and the openings and s closed, and the line v pulled, taut, is put
in action. The valve n opens by the pressure of the atmosphere on the
surface of the water in the floating dry dock, and the latter rises in proportion
to the overflow of water. The syphon is a water and air tight flexible tube,
constructed in such manner as not to collapse, and the height to which the
water is desired to be brought thereby must not be greater than the balance
of atmospheric pressure will allow. Flexible air-tight bags i, i, may be used
instead of the cases c, c, to regulate the immersion of the floating dry dock.
Figure 4 is a sectional elevation of a floating dry dock, differing slightly
from the one before described. The cases c, c, are placed inside at a distance
one from the other, and communicate by means of a pipe i. The mode of
emptying this floating dry dock is as follows:-f is a flexible pipe which passes
.

page_text: through the jetty h or floodgate out into the harbour; the other end is kept.
above the surface of the water inside the basin k. p is another 'flexible .pipe
which is connected to the bottom of the floating dry dock. These pipes are
then united, and allowed to fall down, when the water from the floating dry
dock passes out into the harbour.
Figure 5 is a sectional elevation of another floating dry dock, different
from the two preceding ones in so far that it is emptied without recourse to
the fall of the tide. The case or balloon is placed underneath the entire
length of the dry floating dock, which latter is sunk beneath the surface of the
water by means of a sliding valve n, which is acted on by a rack i and pinion
fixed to the extremity of the iron rod h. The pipe e is opened to allow the
escape of air. When the ship is in dock, and properly stayed, the water is
forced out of the balloon c, c, by means of conipressed air, as described in the
Specification of my former Patent; and as soon as the balloon is emptied, the
sliding valve n is shut, as is also the gate or sluice of the floating dry dock.
The pipe e is then opened, and the line v slackened, whereby the valve ris
also opened, and the water contained in the floating dry dock allowed to flow
into the balloon c, c. d, d, is the ballast; and t, t, are spars to guide the
ship, which are removeable at pleasure.
Secondly, my improved machinery for raising and displacing fluids is repre-
sented in Figures 6 and 7.
Figure 6 represents an apparatus or balloon a for raising water. 6 and e
are the compressed air induction pipes; c, the valve; d, opening for the
escape of air; ff, openings for the inflow or outflow of water; g, g, the
cylinders; h. h, pistons; i, i, valves; p, p, outlet pipes; and r, r, valves.
The apparatus or balloon is lowered into the water up to the line 'w, w, and
slides in the fixed guide pieces 9, 7. In the Drawing Figure 6 the balloon
a is represented as being empty, and as ascending with the pistons h, h,
which causes the water to flow through the valves r, r, into the pipes p, p. On
the pistons h, h, being brought to the top of the cylinders g the piece n presses
the detent l, which liberates the valve and whereby it is brought to the point
e by the float m, and consequently prevents the entrance of compressed air into
the balloon a, while at the same time it allows the escape of air from the balloon,
which is thus free to descend and fill with water. The valve i being open allows
the water to fill the cylinders g, g. When the pistons h, h, are at the bottom
of the cylinders the line or chain facts on the detent line l, and liberates
the valve c, which is then brought back into its former position. This appa-
ratus may be constructed in duplicate, each acting similar to the one de-
cribed in Figure 48 of my Specification before referred to, so that while one
rises the other falls; or it may be connected with a compressed-air reservoir,

page_text: such as represented in Figure 7, in which a is a sectional elevation of a metallic
cylinder; 6, the piston pipe; c, the pipe; d, an opening on the upper part of the
cylinder; and e, a column of water or mercury superposed on the piston. If the
pipe b, Figure 6, be put in connection with the pipe c, Figure 7, the compressed
air will, as soon as the opening e, Figure 6, is closed, enter under the piston,
Figure 7, and force it to ascend together with the column of water or mercury,
after which, when the valve c, Figure 6, is opened, the piston b, Figure 7,
will force the compressed air back into the interior of the balloon a. Tho
reservoir, Figure 7, may be employed to produce a vacuum by connecting tho
pipe to the opening d instead of to c, and may be also applied to the working
of atmospheric railroads cither by compressed air or vacuum.
Thirdly, my Invention consists in the application of the air-compressing
system herein-before partially developed to the raising and displacing of fluids
in the manner represented in Figures 8 and 9. Figure 8 is an clevation,
and Figure 9 a plan of a compressed-air apparatus applied to the purpose
of raising and supplying beer or spirits from the cellar to the bar of a
public house. A is the compressed-air reservoir; B, the pump by which
it is filled with air; C, a safety valve to regulate the pressure; D, a
pipe which is made to communicate by the branch pipes E, E, E, with
the casks F, F, F, containing the liquids to be raised; G, G, G, the pipes
for conveying the same to the bar. By compressing air in the reservoir to
a sufficient extent to overcome the pressure of the fluid due to the height
to be raised, on opening the taps upon the pipes E, E, the fluid in the casks
F, F, will be discharged from the pipes G, G, at pleasure. Of course these
pipes will require to be furnished with taps at or near to the bar where the
liquids are to be drawn off. By this arrangement the necessity for pumping
at each time a supply of the liquid is required will be completely obviated, as
the reservoir is supposed to be sufficiently charged to displace a considerable
quantity of liquid from the casks, and therefore would only require to be
recharged from time to time, and instead of charging the reservoir with atmo-
spheric air it may be charged with carbonic acid gas, if the liquor be of such
a nature that it would be improved thereby. In order to regulate the pressure
of the compressed air on the surface of the beer or spirit contained in the casks
F, F, and retain it at one uniform pressure, whatever may be the pressure of
the air in the reservoir, the following arrangements are adopted, as represented
in Figures 8 and 9 before referred to. II is a tap fitted on the pipe D,
which is kept open by the weight K, so as to allow the compressed air to
flow freely into the casks by the pipes E, E. L is an air bag or bellows
which has communication. with the air in the casks by a small pipe M. When
the air in the casks is compressed above a certain amount, determined by the

page_text: weight K, it expands the bellows, and causes the weight to be raised up by
means of a small rod which connects the weight and bellows together. This
action, of course, closes the tap H, and prevents any more compressed air
from entering the casks until the pressure has again fallen below that which
is to be determined by the weight K. Thus the pressure in the casks is kept
uniform, however high it may be in the reservoir A.
Figure 10 is an elevation of a flexible reservoir to be employed instead of
the rigid reservoir shewn in Figures 8 and 9. A is a flexible bag or case
which rests in the frame B, B; C is a weight which is calculated to produce
the pressure necessary to raise the beer or spirits to the height required. As
the weight has one uniform surface to act upon, it produces a constant and
uniform pressure on the fluids in the casks. Figure 11 represents a modifi-
cation of the apparatus just described, shewing how it may be applied to dis-
charge the liquid from a bottle. A is the compressed-air reservoir commu-
nicating with the bottle by the pipe B; C is the tap by which the liquid is to
be drawn off; or, instead of having a reservoir, the bottle may be only
partially filled with liquid, and the air compressed at once into it, which
would answer the same purpose. These reservoirs may be made of any solid
or flexible materials, but when made of india rubber or other clastic substanco
they may be weighted so as to produce an uniform pressure on the liquid.
Figure 12 shows a portable apparatus, on the same compressed-air system,
for watering gardens, or for other similar purposes. A is the reservoir; B,
the pump to compress the air; C, the pipe to distribute the water. The
reservoir may contain both the water and compressed air, or they may be.
contained in separate compartments, or the apparatus may be made a fixture,
and in that case the pipe for discharge would require to be of sufficient length
to go over the extent to be watered, or the compressed-air vessel may be made
separate from the water tank, as indicated by dotted lines. Figure 13 is a
small garden fountain constructed on the same principle. A is the reservoir
for water, which is supplied with water, when emptied, by the pipe B. C is
the compressed-air reservoir, which is filled through the pipe C, and again
connected with the water reservoir by the pipe D, and E the discharge pipe.
A very small quantity of water is required to work an apparatus of this sort,
as the water which falls in the basin F above the reservoir A may be again
used for filling it, which can easily be accomplished by a cock or valve opening
from the one to the other. The same hydraulic system is applicable to a
great many other purposes, such as the raising and displacing brewers' worts
and liquids.
An arrangement for raising water for baths by compressed air is represented
in Figure 12, which is a sectional clevation of as much of this apparatus as is

page_text: necessary to shew its operation. A is an air-tight vessel which is encased
within another air-tight tank B, the only communication between the two
being through the pipe C, supposing that the tap a is shut, and air forced into
the vessel A by the tap b, which is then to be closed, which in this state, if
lieated water is poured into the tank .B by the pipe D, the air in the chamber
A will become considerably dilated, and upon opening the tap a the water in
the tank. will be made to ascend the pipe E to the desired height.
Fourthly, my Invention consists in the application of atmospheric pressure
in combination with the action of the tides to empty dry docks in the manner
represented in Figures 13, 14, and 15. Figure 13ª is a plan of a harbour
and dock at low water. a represents the sea; b, the harbour; c, c, the inner
basins; d, d, dry docks. The surface of the water in the harbour 6 at low
water is on a level with the solid bottom of the dry docks d, d; e, e, are
pipes or syphons to empty the dry docks d, d, which communicate at one
end with the water in the dry dock and at the other with that in the har-
bour.. A sectional side elevation of one of these syphons is given in Fi-
gure 14.
The end a communicates with the dry dock, and is furnished
with a valve (of which Figure 15 is a plan) which opens when the water
rises above the line c of the ball, and remains shut when beneath it, and
so prevents the syphon emptying itself; that is to say, provided the end b
remains immersed in the water, as shewn, but if the end b is curved, as
indicated by the dotted lines-d, d, Figure 14, the syphon can never empty
itself even when the water falls considerably beneath it. The syphons.are
made ready for action cither by exhausting the air or filling them with water
through the opening g, and when it is low water in the harbour they will
empty the dry dock, as is well understood. The syphons may be constructed
of iron. or other metal, or of any suitable flexible material kept distended by
springs placed. inside. The valve fƒ may be dispensed with, and the syphons
closed by any suitable-means.
Fifthly, my Invention consists in the improved method represented in
Figure 16 of dislodging masses of water from hollows in upland districts or in
sewers without the necessity of cutting a channel or channels for it through
the surrounding heights. The Figure 16 is supposed to represent a sectional
elevation of the ground. a is a river; b, b, a marshy flat which is separated
from the river by a height e, and flooded by a spring c. To drain this flat I
cut a trench down the centre of the flat as at d at which the waters flow from
either side, and from this drain I carry a syphon m from the reservoir d over
the height e to the river a, whereby the water is conveyed from the reservoir
to the river, and the marsh land consequently drained.. Let it be supposed
again that it is desired to supply a. village with water from the river a:

page_text: I establish a well or cistern at any convenient situation in the village, say g,
to which I furnish a constant supply of river water by means of a syphon 278
constructed and arranged in the same way as in the preceding case.
Or sup
posing a spring or source of supply to exist at h, a syphon may be either made
to lead from 1 to 1, passing over the height k, and as there is a considerable
descent from the point to m, there will be a fall of water sufficient to be
used as a motive power, as for example, to turn a turbine or other wheel,
which again may be employed to force air through a pipe to great distances,
to be there used to work an engine similar in all respects to a steam engine,
except in its requiring neither boiler nor furnaces.
Figures 17 to 23, both inclusive, represent different arrangements of syphons
to be used for the preceding and other similar purposes. Figure 17 is an
exterior elevation of a syphon which is furnished at top with an opening a for
the purpose of filling it with water; during this operation the ends and c
are kept closed. When it is filled, the opening a is closed, the ends b and c
opened, and the apparatus set working. A valve is attached to the end 6 for
the purpose of closing it in case the water falls beneath the line e, and thereby
prevents the syphon from emptying. The end c is bent, as shewn, to effect the
same object. When the level of the water rises above the line e, the ball f
floating on the surface opens the valve. 9 represents in section another mode
of closing the opening a; k is an exterior elevation of the lower part of a syphon
with the valve n inside. The opening i, as shewn in the Drawings, is open,
but if the level of the water in which the syphon is placed falls beneath the
line 7, the valve n will descend and close the opening i. Figure 18 is an.
exterior elevation of the top of a syphon shewing how a tap or cock may be
employed instead of the preceding mode. Figure 19 shews bow a' syphon
may be constructed in a serpentine form to suit the inequalities of the ground.
a, b, c, are openings for filling it, during which operation both ends d, e, are
kept closed by a cock f, or any other suitable means. Figure 20 is an exterior
elevation of a syphon with three taps a, b, to close the ends, and c the central
opening. The ball e is also filled with water, and closed by a metal plug.
Figure 21 is an exterior side elevation of a syphon without valves, which,
when filled and the central hole closed, cannot empty itself, provided the two
legs are of equal length. Figure 22 is an exterior side elevation of a syphon
Furnished with a valve c at top, to which pneumatic apparatus may be con-
nected and made to exhaust the air from the syphon, and thereby to set it
working. During this operation the ends of the syphon must be kept im-
mersed in water. Figure 23 is an exterior elevation of a syphon a; 6 is a tap
to close the central and upper opening; c, c, valves to close the end. This

page_text: syphon, which is set working in the same manner as the preceding ones,
cannot empty itself when once filled, and will always be ready for action.
Two valves d, e, are attached to the legs. The valves c, c, and d, e, are in
equilibrium, so that they will shut when the level of the water is as shewn in
the Drawing, but will open when it ascends.
Sixthly, my Invention consists in the employment of an bydraulic apparatus
of the description represented in Figure 24 for domestic purposes. is the
cistern; is a pipe attached at one end to the cistern, and communicating at
the other (which is fitted with a valve) with the source of supply; c, a tap for
drawing off the water from the cistern; d, a tap to be kept closed during
the filling of the cistern, but afterwards to be opened to allow the air to enter
and the water to flow out. The air is exhausted from the cistern by the
action of a suitable pneumatic apparatus which is connected to it by the
opening c. A glass panel is fitted into the top of the cistern to enable persons
to see when it is filled.
Figure 25 is a pneumatic apparatus for exhausting the air from the cistern.
When the side a closes the side a¹ opens, so that the atmospheric pressure on
one will nearly counterbalance that upon the other (as in the double-action
exhausting machines). When the side a¹ is opened, the valve c inside also
opens, and the outside valve closes. The reverse of this operation takes place
in the side a, as seen in the Drawings.
Seventhly, my Invention consists of a double-barrelled pump represented in
Figures 26 and 26, which is equally-applicable to the distributing of water and
air. A, A, are the cylinders which are placed on the same line so that the
pistons of both cylinders are upon one common piston rod B, which has a
number of projecting teeth in the central part between the pistons, which teeth
are acted upon by the pinion C which is fitted upon the spindle of the crank
handle D. The frame upon which the spindle D has its bearings has liberty
to move up and down so far as to allow the pinion to gear into the teeth on
the piston rod either on the upper or lower side; by this arrangement the
continuous turning of the crank handle causes a reciprocating motion of the
pumps. The movements of the pinion and piston rod are similar to what is
known as the motion of the patent mangle. The pistons are formed by fixing
a cup of leather to the lower side of a hollow plate, the leather serving as the
packing for the piston. The ingress and egress valves a and b are in the
bottom of the cylinder.
Eighthly, my Invention consists of an apparatus for making extracts and
essences, and filtering liquids by the pressure of compressed air, as represented
in Figure 27. A, A, is a chamber into the lower end of which the substance

page_text: from which the extract or essence is to be derived or the filtering medium is to
be placed. The fluid for the essence or the water to be filtered is put in at
the opening B in the top of the chamber, and compressed air is then forced
forced in by a pipe Cinserted in the chamber, which causes the fluid to pass
through the filtering medium or the substances to form the extract required.
The essence or filtered fluid is received from the tap D.
Ninthly, my Invention consists of an apparatus for displacing fluids, repre-
sented in Figures 28, 29, and 30. Figure 28 being an external elevation
and Figure 29 a sectional elevation of the apparatus. A, A, is a cylinder;
B, a discharging nozzle; C, a piston; D, the piston rod which has one side
cut with ratchet teeth; E is the cover, a plan of which is given in Figure 30;
F is a projection on one side of the cover, which carries a small jointed lever G,
the inner end of which terminates in a spring which takes into the ratchet
teeth formed on the side of the piston rod; H is a helical spring interposed
between the piston and cover, the action of which is to force the piston to the
bottom of the cylinder, and forcibly discharge through the nozzle the fluid
below the piston. In using this instrument the drawing up of the piston fills
the cylinder of fluid, the spring termination of the jointed lever G takes into
the ratchet teeth on the piston rod, and prevents the helical spring from
causing a discharge of the fluid until the position of the instrument is pro-
perly adjusted, when the jointed lever is pressed on one side and sets the piston
rod clear, whereupon an instantaneous discharge of the fluid is effected.
a spring which causes the jointed lever to resume its proper position for holding
the piston rod upon taking off the pressure of the hand.
a is
And having now described the nature of my said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I declare that I am aware that heavy
bodies have been before raised by means of the buoyancy of bodies filled with
air, and that I lay no claim to the application of air to that purpose, and also
that compressed air has been employed for the purpose of raising water, and
that I therefore lay no claim to compressed air for that purpose, but that
the improvements which I claim as constituting my said Invention, are as
follows:-
First, I claim the employment of air for raising ships for purposes of repair
in manner herein-before exemplified in Figure 5, and before described.
Second, I claim the modes of raising ships for purposes of repair by
the rise and fall of the tides, as described under the first head of this
Specification.
.
Third, I claim the mode of raising water as exemplified in Figures 6 and 7,
and described under the second head of this Specification:

page_text: Fourth, I claim the application of compressed air or carbonic acid gas for
the purpose of raising malt liquors and spirits, as described under the third
head of this Specification. And also the means employed to regulate the
pressure upon the liquor in the casks.
Fifth, I claim the application of compressed air to the working of garden
engines and fountains, as herein-before exemplified and described.
Sixth, I claim the application of compressed and dilated air for raising
water to supply warm baths, and as before described.
Seventh, I claim the application of atmospheric pressure in combination
with the action of the tides to empty dry docks, as before described.
Eighth, I claim the mode or modes of dislodging masses of water or liquids
from land hollows or from sewers without cutting through the adjacent heights,
as before described, and the applying of falls of water artificially obtained by
such mode or modes to motive purposes, as also before described.
Ninth, I claim the domestic hydraulic apparatus, as described under the
sixth head of this Specification, and as herein-before described.
Tenth, I claim the arrangement of pumping apparatus, as described under
the seventh head of this Specification.
Eleventh, I claim the application of compressed air to the purpose of
filtering fluids or making extracts and essences, as before described. And,
Twelfth, I claim the apparatus for displacing fluids, as described under the
ninth head of this Specification.
In witness whereof, I, the said Pierre Frederick Gougy, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twenty-second day of July, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty-nine