IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO THE CONSTRUCTION AND PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION
Year: 1880

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George E. Waring, jr., of Newport, in the County of
Providence and State of Rhode Island, United States of America, for an
"
Invention of 'IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO THE CONSTRUCTION AND
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George E. Waring, jun., at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 9th November 1880.
GEORGE E. WARING, jr., of Newport, in the County of Providence and State
of Rhode Island, United States of America. "IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING
TO THE CONSTRUCTION AND ARRANGEMENT OF SEWERS OR DRAINS, AND TO
APPARATUS FOR VENTILATING THE SAME."
This Invention has reference to an improved system for removing the sewage
waste from houses, for draining the subsoil, and for the ventilation of sewers..
1
One object of the said Invention is to provide for the removal of the wasto from
the houses of cities or towns in the shortest possible-time, at the least possible cost
for the construction and fixing of the necessary apparatus or devices employed.
Another object of this Invention is to secure the perfect ventilation of the apparatus
or system so as to prevent the formation of sewer gas, to prevent the lodgment of
solid matter in any part of the sewers, and to facilitate the construction or fixing
of the apparatus or system in wet or saturated soil, and to drain the soil.
The said Invention comprises providing a system of sewerage for the collection
and removal of house waste and foul waters, and their removal independently of the
removal of storm water through one main pipe to each system, providing flushing
tanks at the ends of the branch pipes, connecting the house drains with the sewers
by a branch as large at their junction. as the sewer, and ventilating the system by
providing open gratings to admit air to the sewer, and connecting house drains
with the sewer without the use of traps, and extending the same above the house
so as to ensure a continuous circulation of air through all parts of the sewer.
The said Invention further comprises laying into the same trench with the sewer
pipe a drain pipe, and in the peculiar and novel devices hereinafter described; by
which the construction of parts of the system is facilitated, and its continuous and
efficient operation secured.

page_text: In carrying the said Invention into practice I provide a main sewer and branch
sewers, on the ends of which, and therefore at their highest ends, flush-tanks are
located, so that the flushing water will periodically wash the branches and carry all
matter therein contained in the main sewer, where, by the united effect of all the
flusbing tanks, the sewage is rapidly swept to the outfall.
The two last lateral branches are each provided with five flushing tanks, so that
not only are the branches frequently flushed, but as all this water from the ten
flushing tanks is rushing into the highest end of the main sewer pipe, the same is
frequently swept by a rush of water, carrying all impurities contained therein to the
outlet and discharging the contents at frequent intervals.
No sewer should be used of a smaller diameter than six inches, first, because it
will not be safe to adopt a smaller size than four-inch for house drains, and the
sewer must be large enough surely to remove whatever may be delivered by these;
second, because a smaller pipe than six inches would be less ventilated than is
desirable; third, and because it is not necessary to adopt a smaller radius than
three inches to secure cleansing of the channel by reasonably copious flushing.
No sewer should be more than six inches in diameter until it and its branches
have accumulated a sufficient flow at the hour of greatest use to fill this size half
full, because the use of a larger size would be wasteful, and because, when a
sufficient ventilating capacity is secured, as it is in the use of a six-inch pipe, the
ventilation becomes less complete as the size increases, leaving a large volume of
contained air to be moved by the friction of the current or by extraneous
influences, or to be acted upon by changes of temperature and of volume of flow
within the sewer.
The size should be increased gradually and only so rapidly as is made necessary
by the filling of the sewer half full at the hour of greatest flow.
Every point of the sewer should, by the use of gaskets or otherwise, be protected
against the least intrusion of cement, which, in spite of the greatest care, creates a
roughness that is liable to accumulato obstructions.
The upper end of each branch sewer should be provided with a flush tank of
sufficient capacity to ensure the thorough daily cleansing of so much of the conduit
as from its limited flow is liable to deposit solid matters by the way.
There should be sufficient manholes covered by open gratings to admit air for
ventilation. If the directions already given are adhered to, manholes will not be
necessary for cleansing. The use of the flush tank will be a safeguard against
deposit. With the system of ventilation about to be described, it will suffice to
place the manholes at intervals of not less than 1,000 feet.
For the complete ventilation of the sewera it should be made compulsory for
every householder to make his connection without a trap, and to continue his soil
pipe to a point above the roof of his house, that is to say, every house connection
should furnish an uninterrupted ventilation channel four inches in diameter
throughout its entire length.
This is directly the reverse of the system of connection that should be adopted in
the case of storm-water and street wash sewers. These are foul, and the volume
of their contained air is too great to be thoroughly ventilated by such appliances.
Their atmosphere contains too much of the impure gases to make it prudent to
discharge it through house drains and soil pipes.
With the system of small pipes now described the flushing would be so constant
and complete, and the amount of ventilation furnished as compared with the volume
"gewer-
of air to be changed would be so great, that what is popularly known as
gas" would never exist in any part of the public drains. Even the gases produced
in the traps and pipes of the house itself would be amply rectified, diluted, and
removed by the constant movement of air through the latter.
All house connections with the sewers should be through inlets entering in the
direction of the flow, and these inlets should be funnel shaped, so that their flow may
may be delivered at the bottom of the sewer, and so that they may withdraw the

page_text: air from its crown, that is to say, the vertical diameter of the inlet at its point of
junction should be the same as the diameter of the sewer.
All changes of direction should be on gradual curves, and the fall from the head
of each branch to the outlet should be continuous. . Reductions of grade within this
linit, if considerable, should always bo gradual.
Referring now to the special features by which the construction of such a system
is facilitated and its efficient operation assured, I employ what is known as Field's
flush tank, which consists of the tank proper provided with an inlet pipe, by which &
small quantity of water is constantly flowing into the tank. There is a larger pipe
than the outlet pipe, closed at the upper end and open near the bottom, set over the
said ontlet pipe and held by distance pieces so as to form an annular passage,
which with the outlet pipe forms a syphon for the discharge of the water from the
tank.
The efficiency of this tank depends on the said outlet pipe, which must be set
perfectly plumb, so that the first flow of water into the pipe will establish a partial
vacuum, and cause the water in the tank to flow quickly over into the outlet pipe ;
and to facilitate the accurate setting of this pipe I provide a plate with a recess,
into which a flange of the outlet pipe fits. I now place this plate on the masonry,
and level the same with an ordinary level, and then set the flange into the recess,
and the pipe will be in its proper position without the difficulty heretofore
experienced in adjusting the same.
To ensure the prompt action of the syphon the lower end of the outlet pipe
should be above the water level, so as to facilitate the first discharge of the water
from the pipe. The syphon is for this purpose placed into the discharge pipe, and
thus the water is drawn to a level below the end of tho outlet pipe.
There is a box
I provide an open grating forming an air inlet to the sewer.
constructed so as to prevent the entrance of solid matter into the sewer, also a
grating and a connecting pipe or sleeve extending above the bottom of the said box,
so that solid matter cannot enter the sewer. A covering plate protects the entrance
to the sewer.
By this peculiar construction the inspection and cleaning of the man holes or air
inlets is greatly facilitated, and the entrance of gravel or sand prevented, a most
essential feature in this system.
To ensure a healthy atmosphere in a city or town, the draining of the subsoil
becomes a necessity, and as by this improved system of sewerage the sewer is
usually made to follow the original natural drainage of the city or town, which in
the process of grading and building the city. or town, consists usually of valleys
filled up with all kinds of refuse, in which the surface water is retained and slowly
evaporated, thus forming the fever districts so well defined in most cities and
towns.
It becomes essential with this system to support the sewer-pipes temporarily, and
to drain the soil so that it shall become dry and solid to prevent the settling of tho
pipes and leakage of sewage into the already unhealthy soil..
According to this Invention I make a trench in, and the sewer pipe is temporarily
supported on a board pile, and the drain pipe is laid in the same trench close to
the sewer pipe, but disconnected from the same. By this arrangement the sewer
pipe can be laid into any kind of swampy soil, and in a short space of time the earth
near the sewer, and in fact for a considerable distance on each side of the same,
will be found dry and solid; the board piles, which may be made short, will
facilitate the laying of the sower pipes, as they can be more accurately lined to true
incline'; and as they extend a little above the bottom of the trench, the joints can
be much more readily and better mado, as the gasket can be driven. into the socket
more easily, and the cement can be allowed to set free from contact with the bottom
of the trench.
It becomes frequently desirable to secure two outlets to a system of sewerage,

page_text: either for discharging the sewerage to the best advantage at the varying stages of
the water in the river, or for distributing the sewage.
When the direction of the flow of the sewage is to be changed from one outlet
to another, I provide the main sewer with a collar, and secure to this collar a tube
which is supported on ways, and is hinged in the said collar by a pivotal bearing,
the inner face of the collar being curved so as to form a tight bearing of the tube
on the same. The tube is covered by plates, one or more of which can be readily
lifted so as to swing the mouth or end of the tube in line with either of the
discharging sewers, the ends of which form a curved line.
To prevent any accumulation of matter in the sewer, secure the full force of the
flushing water in the whole length, and the rapid change of air or ventilation in
the sewer, all the connections are made by specially constructed lengths of sewer-
pipe, having branches, which at the junction with the sewer, are of the same diameter
as the sewer-pipe, or the branch pipe may be made oval at the junction with the
main pipe, so that the air can be withdrawn from the top of the main-pipe.
Drain pipes are usually laid with a ring surrounding the abutting ends of the
pipe; this ring serves to hold the pipes in line until the trench is filled in and the
soil is settled around the pipe. This joint increases the cost of the drain pipe
without adding to its durability or usefulness, and it is desirable to dispense with
the same. I make an improved joint as follows:-Around the joint of two lengths
of drain pipe I wrap a strip of stout paper; this paper is sufficient to retain the
joint in place until the drain-pipe is securely laid. It is much cheaper than the
ordinary sleeve, and as in time it will be dissolved by the moisture, the open joint
of the porous-pipe becomes available for drainage.
The success of this improved system of sewerage and drainage depends on the
rapid removal of the refuse. Any imperfections in the pipes become obstacles on
which solid matter is liable to lodge, and by collecting other matter there is a
liability to build up such obstructions as will cause the complete stoppage of the
sewer.
The joints in the sewer pipes are most liable to form the primary cause for such
stoppage; it is therefore necessary to guard against this defect. I provide a device
by means of which sewer-pipes can be laid more rapidly than heretofore, and so
that the inner face of the pipe at the joint will present no obstruction.
This device consists of a frame provided with two elastic cushions, a yielding bar
provided with an elastic cushion, a wedge-shaped block provided with a nut in
which a screw-threaded bolt secured to a crank is turned so as to draw in the said
wedge shaped block, or push the same out. This device is set into the sewer pipe,
two cushions reaching beyond the joint so as to bear partly on the interior of the
fixed pipe and partly on the interior of the pipe to be secured, two cushions resting
against the sides of the pipe. When now the wedge is drawn in by turning the
crank to the right one cushion is forced against the interior of the pipe, and the
loose pipe to be secured is placed at the joint exactly on a line with the pipo
already secured, and is firmly held. If now a gasket be driven into the socket, and
the joint made with cement, the two pipes will present a smooth surface on the
joint without the slightest projection to form an obstacle to the flow of the
sewage.
It will be seen that the system of sewerage here described is radically different
from that usually practised. It is in all essential particulars much better adapted
to the purpose of sanitary drainage. It is cleaner, is much more completely
ventilated, and is more exactly suited to the work to be performed. It obviates
the filthy accumulation of street manure in catch-basins and sewers, and it
discharges all that is delivered to it at the point of ultimate outlet outside the
town before decomposition can oven begin.
If the discharge is of domestic sewage only, its solid matter will be consumed by
fishes if it is delivered into a water-course, and its dissolved material will be taken
up by aquatic vegetation. The limited quantity and the uniform volume of the

page_text: sewage, together with the absence of dilution by rain-fall, will make its disposal
by agricultural or chemical processes easy and reliable.
The cost of construction, as compared with that of the most restricted storm-
water sewers, will be so small as to bring the improvement within the reach of the
smaller communities.
In other words, while the system is the best for large cities, it is the only one
that can be afforded in the case of small towns.
Tho various devices described are essential to the success of the system and to its
economical construction.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said George E. Waring, jun., in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
9th May 1881.
GEORGE E. WARING, jun., of Newport, in the County of Providence and State
of Rhode Island, United States of America. "IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING
THE CONSTRUCTION AND ARRANGEMENT OF SEWERS OR DRAINS, AND ΤΟ
APPARATUS FOR VENTILATING THE SAME."
ΤΟ
This Invention has reference to an improved system for removing the sewage-
waste from houses, the drainage of the subsoil, and the ventilation of the sowers.
The object of the said Invention is to provide for the removal of the waste from
the houses of cities or towns in the shortest possible time, at the least cost in the
construction of the system. Another object of this Invention is to secure the
perfect ventilation of the system so as to prevent the formation of sewer gas, to
prevent the lodgment of solid matter in any part of the sewers, and to facilitate
the construction of the system in wet or saturated soil, and to drain the soil. The
Invention consists in providing a system of sewerage for the collection and removal
of house waste and foul waters, and their removal independent of the removal of
storm water through one main pipe to each system, providing flushing tanks at
the ends of the branch pipes, connecting the house drains with the sewers by a
branch as large at their junction as the sewer, and ventilating the systein by
providing open gratings to admit air to the sewer, and connecting house drains
with the sewer without the use of traps, extending the same above the house so as
to insure a continuous circulation of air through all parts of the sewer.
The Invention further consists in laying into the samo trench with the sewer
pipo a drain-pipe, and in the peculiar and novel devices more fully set forth
hereinafter, by which the construction of the system is facilitated and its
continuous and efficient operation secured.
Figuro 1 is a plan view shewing the application of my improved system for
sewering and draining a town or city, showing the main sewer pipe with its
branches, the ends of which are provided with flushing tanks.
"

page_text: Figure 2 is a plan view, and Figure 3 a vertical sectional view of one of the
flushing tanks; Figure 4 is a sectional view of the ventilating man hole and its
connection with the sewer pipe; Figure 5 is a section shewing the trench for the
sewer pipe, the drain pipe, and the piles for supporting the sewer pipe; Figure 6 is
a perspective view showing the supports for the sewer pipes in wet, marshy, or
water-soaked filled-in ground; Figure 7 is a sectional view showing the switch-
pipe used for directing the discharge of the sewage from the main pipe.
Figure 8 is a side view, and Figure 9 an end view of the branches by which the
house drains are connected with the sewer pipes and the branch sewers to the
main sewer; Figure 10 is a sectional view, and Figure 11 a perspective view of a
drain pipe showing the method for making the joint; Figure 12 is a cross section
and Figure 13 a longitudinal section of the sewer pipe, showing the device used
to secure an absolutely true and smooth surface of the interior of the pipes at the
joints.
Figure 14 is a sectional view showing the connection from the sewer to and
through a house, and the arrangement of the drain pipes.
In the Drawings, a, a, represent the squares of a town or city surounded by the
streets b, b; and c represents a river or creek into which the sewage is to be
discharged; d, d, are lines indicating corresponding levels, and showing natural
drainage of the surface; e represents an outlet of the sewer, and fan oulet further
down the stream; g is the main sewer, and h, h, are the branch sewers, on the
ends of which, and therefore at their highest ends, the flush tanks i, i, are located,
so that the flushing water will periodically wash the branches and carry all
matter therein contained in the main sewer, where by the united effect of all the
flushing tanks the sewage is rapidly swept to the outfall. On examination of
Figure 1, it will be seen that the two last lateral branches are each provided with
five flushing tanks, so that not only are the branches frequently flushed, but as all
this water from the ten flushing tanks is rushing into the highest end of the main
sewer-pipe, the same is frequently swept by a rush of water carrying all impurities
contained therein to the outlet, and discharging the contents at frequent intervals.
In my improved system of sanitary sewerage no sewer should be used of a smaller
diameter than six inches; (first) because it will not be safe to adopt a smaller size
than four inch for house drains, and the sewer must be large enough surely to
remove whatever may be delivered by these; (second), because a smaller pipe than
six inches would be less ventilated than is desirable; and (third), because it is not
necessary to adopt a smaller radius than three inches to secure cleansing of tho
channel by reasonably copious flushing. No sewer should be more than six inches
in diameter until it and its branches have accumulated a sufficient flow at the
hour of greatest use to fill this size half full, because the use of a larger size would
be wasteful, and because when a sufficient ventilating capacity is secured, as it is in
the use of a six inch pipe, the ventilation becomes less complete as the size
increases, leaving a larger volume of contained air to be moved by the friction of
the current or by extraneous influences, or to be acted upon by changes of
temperature and of volume of flow within the sewer.
The size should be increased gradually, and only so rapidly as is made necessary
by tho filling of the sewer half full at the hour of greatest flow. Every point of
the sewer should, by the use of gaskets or otherwise, be protected against the least
intrusion of cement, which in spite of the greatest care creates a roughness that is
liable to accumulate obstructions. The upper end of each branch sewer should be
provided with a flush tank of sufficient capacity to secure the thorough daily
cleansing of so much of the conduit as from its limited flow is liablo to deposit
solid matters by the way.
There should be sufficient manholes covered by open gratings to admit air for
ventilation. If the directions already given are adhered to, manholes will not be
necessary for cleansing. The use of the flush tank will be a safe-guard against
deposit. With the system of ventilation about to be described, it will suffice to
place the manholes at intervals of not less than 1,000 feet. For the complete

page_text: ventilation of the sewers it should be made compulsory for every householder to
make his connection without a trap, and to continue his soil-pipe to a point above
the roof of his house, that is, every house connection should furnish an uninterrupted
ventilation channel four inches in diameter throughout its entire length. This is
directly the reverse of the system of connection that should be adopted in the case
of storm water and street-wash sewers. These are foul, and the volume of their
contained air is too great to be thoroughly ventilated by such appliances. Their
atmosphere contains too much of the impure gases to make it prudent to discharge
it through house drains and soil-pipes. With the system of small pipes now
described, the flushing would be so constant and complete, and the amount of
ventilation furnished, as compared with the volume of air to be changed, would be
so great that what is popularly known as sewer-gas would never exist in any
part of tho public drains. Even the gases produced in the traps and pipes of the
house itself would be amply rectified, diluted, and removed by the constant
movement of air. through the latter. All house connections with the sewers should
be through inlets entering in the direction of the flow, and theso inlets should be
funnel-shaped, so that their flow may be delivered at the bottom of the sewer, and
so that they may withdraw the air from its crown, that is, the vertical diameter of
the inlet at its point of junction should be the same as the diameter of the sewer.
All changes of direction should be on gradual curves, and as a matter of course the
fall from the head of each branch to the outlet should be continuous. Reductions
of grade within the limit, if considerable, should always be gradual.
"
"
Referring now to the special features by which the construction of such a system
is facilitated, and its efficient operation assured, the flushing tank shewn in
Figures 2 and 3 is what is known as Field's flush tank; it consists of the tank
proper, provided with the inlet pipe a', by which a small quantity of water is
constantly flowing into the tank. b' is the outlet-pipe, and c¹ is a larger pipe,
closed at the upper end and open near the bottom, set over the pipe b' and held by
distance pieces, so as to form an annular passage, which with the pipe b¹ forms a
syphon for the discharge of the water from the tank. The efficiency of this tank
depends on the pipe 61, which must be set perfectly plumb, so that the first flow of
water into the pipe will establish a partial vacuum, and cause the water in the
tank to flow quickly over into the pipo b¹, and to facilitate the accurate setting
of the pipe b', I construct the plate d' with a recess, into which the flange e' of the
pipe b'fits. I now place the plate d' on the masonry and level the same with an
ordinary level, and then set the flange e into the recess, and the pipe b¹ will be in
its proper position without the difficulty of adjusting the same heretofore
experienced. To ensure the prompt action of the syphon, the lower end of the
pipe b should be above the water level so as to facilitate the first discharge of the
water from the pipe; the syphon f¹ is for this purpose placed into the discharge
pipe, and thus the water is drawn to a level below the end of the pipe b'.
Referring now to Figure 4, a' represents an open grating forming an air inlet to
the sewer; b is a box constructed so as to prevent the entrance of solid matter
into the sewer; is a grating, and da connecting pipe or sleeve, extending above
the bottom of the box 62, so that solid matter cannot enter the sewer; c is a
covering plate, shown in solid black, as protecting the entrance to the sewer; it is
also shewn in broken lines placed lower down, when the box 6 is being cleaned out
so as to prevent any matter entering the sewer, and also shown as placed against
one side of the box be when the sewer is to be inspected. By this peculiar
construction, the inspection and cleaning of the manholes or air inlets is greatly
facilitated, and the entrance of gravel or sand prevented, a most essential feature in
this system. To ensure a healthy atmosphere in a city or town, the draining of the
subsoil becomes a necessity; and as by my improved system of sewerage, the sewer
is usually made to follow the original natural draining of the city or town,
which in the process or grading and building the city or town consists usually
of valleys filled up with all kinds of refuse, in which the surface water is

page_text: retained and slowly evaporated, thus forming the fever districts, so well defined in
most cities and towns; it becomes essential with this system to support the sewer
pipes temporarily, and to drain the soil so that it shall become dry and solid, to
prevent the settling of the pipes and leakage of sewage into this already unhealthy
soil. Figure 5 represents a trench made into such made land, and shows the sewer
pipe A temporarily supported on a board pile, and the drain pipe B laid in the
same trench close to the sewer pipe, but disconnected from the same. By this
arrangement the sewer pipe can be laid into any kind of swampy soil, and in a
short space of time the earth near the sewer, and in fact for a considerable distance
on each side of the same, will be found dry and solid.
Figure 6 shews the manner of thus supporting the sewer-pipe in perspective
view. In sandy, or in fact in any kind of soil, the board piles D, which may be
made short, will facilitate the laying of the sewer-pipes, as they can be more
accurately lined to true incline, and as they extend a little above the bottom of the
trench the joints can be much more readily and better made, as the gasket can be
driven into the socket more easily, and the cement can be allowed to set free from
contact with the bottom of the trench. It becomes frequently desirable to secure
two outlets to a system of sewerage, either for discharging the sewerage to the best
advantage at the varying stages of the water in the river, or for distributing the
sewerage.
When the direction of the flow of the sewage is to be changed from one outlet to
another I provide the main sewer with the collar a³, and secure to this collar the
tube 6s, which is supported on the ways c³, and is hinged in the collar a³ by the
pivotal bearing d³, the inner face of the ring a³ being curved so as to form a tight
bearing of the tube on the ring, the pivotal centre of the ring a³ forming a centre
for such curve. The tube b³ is covered by plates, one or more of which can be
readily lifted so as to swing the mouth or end of the tube in line with either of the
discharging sewers e³, e³, the ends of which form a curved line, of which the pivotal
centre of the ring a³ at d³ is the centre. To prevent any accumulation of matter
in the sewer, secure the full force of the flushing water throughout the whole length,
and the rapid change of air or ventilation in the sewer, all the connections are made
by specially constructed lengths of sewer-pipe having branches, which at the
junction with the sewer are of the same diameter as the sewer-pipe, or the branch-
pipe may be made oval at the junction with the main pipe so that the air can be
withdrawn from the top of the main pipe. Figures 8 and 9 represent a connecting
picco of sewer pipe. A is the sewer-pipe; and A' the branch pipe.
Drain pipes are usually laid with a ring surrounding the abutting ends of the
pipe. This ring serves to hold the pipe in line until the trench is filled in and the
soil is settled around the pipe. This joint increases the cost of the drain-pipe
without adding to its durability or usefulness, and it is desirable to dispense with
the same.
In Figures 10 and 11 my improved joint is shewn. B, B, are two lengths of
drain pipe, and X is a strip of stout paper wrapped around the joint; this paper
is sufficient to retain the joint in place until the drain-pipe is securely laid. It is
much cheaper than the older sleeve; and as in time it will be dissolved by the
moisture, the open joint of the porous pipe becomes available for drainage.
The success of this improved system of sewerage and drainage depends on the
rapid removal of the refuse; any imperfection in the pipes becomes obstacles on
which solid matter is liable to lodge, and by collecting other matter is liable to
build up such obstructions as will cause the complete stoppage of the sewer.
joints in the sower-pipes are most liable to form the primary cause for such
stoppage, it is therefore necessary to guard against this defect.
The
In Figures 12 and 13 a device is shewn by means of which sewer pipes can bo
laid more rapidly than heretofore, and so that the inner face of the pipe at the joint
will present no obstruction. The device consists of the frame a, provided with
two elastic cushions b, b, a yielding bar e provided with an elastic cushion d', and

page_text: a wedge shaped block provided with a nut, in which a screw threaded bolt
secured to the crank fis turned so as to draw in the wedge shaped block, or push
the same out..
This device is set into the sewer-pipe, the cushions b' and dreaching beyond
the joint so as to bear partly on the interior of the fixed, and partly on the interior
of the pipe to be secured, the cushions b*, b, resting against the sides of the pipe;
When now the wedge et is drawn in by turning the crank f' to the right the
cushion d' is forced against the interior of the pipe, and the loose pipe to be secured
is placed at the joint exactly on a line with the pipo already secured, and is firmly
held. If now a gasket is driven into the socket and the joint is made with cement,
the two pipes will present a smooth surface on the joint without the slightest
projection to form an obstacle to the flow of the sewage.
It will be seen that the system of sowerage here described is radically different
from the usual practice. It is in all essential particulars much better adapted to
the purposes of sanitary drainage. It is cleaner, is much more completely
ventilated, and is more exactly suited to the work to be performed. It obviates
the filthy accumulation of strect manure in catch-basins and sewers, and it
discharges all that is delivered to it at the point of ultimate outlet outside the
town before decomposition can even begin. If the discharge is of domestic sewage
only; its solid matter will be consuined by fishes if it is delivered into the water-
course, and its dissolved material will be taken up by aquatic vegetation. The
limited quantity and the uniform volume of the sowage, together with the absence
of dilution by rain-fall, will make its disposal by agricultural or chemical processes
easy and reliable. The cost of construction, as compared with that of the most
restricted storm-water sewers; will be so small as to bring the improvement within
the reach of the smaller communities. In other words, while the system is tho
best for large cities, it is the only one that can be afforded in the case of small
towns. The various devices are essential to the success of the system, and to its
economical construction.
Having thus described my Invention, I claim as new, and desire to securo by
Letters Patent,―
First. The improved system of sewerage herein described, the same consisting in
a main-sewer pipe gradually diminishing in size, and provided with branches, on
the ends of which automatic flush-tanks are provided, constructed to flush the
branches and the main sewer; connecting-sewers extending from the sewer-pipe or
branches into and through the houses, forming an open flue from the sewer to the
top, or practically to the top of the house, and air inlets constructed to ventilato
the sowers, substantially in the manner described.
Second. The improved system of sewerage and drainage, the same consisting in
the combination with a system of sewer-pipes and branches constructed to discharge
the sewage independently of the storm water as described, of a system of subsoil
drains laid in the same trench with the sewer-pipe, as and for the purpose set
forth.
Third. The combination with the main sewer pipes of the branch pipes made at
their junction of the same size as the main pipes, so as to discharge the liquid on a
line with the bottom and withdraw the air on a line with the top of the pipe, as
and for the purpose set forth.
Fourth. In combination with air inlets to a system of sewers, of a house drain
connected with the sewer by a connection of the same height as the sewer,
extending to and through the house, constructed to form an open ventilating flue
from the sewer to the top of the house, as described.
Fifth. The combination with a system of sewer-pipes constructed to discharge
the sewage independent of the storm water, of flush tanks located at the heads of
the branches, air inlets, and house connections, without traps between the house
and the sewer, constructed to clean the sewer pipes by the rush of water from the
flush-tanks, and ventilate the same by currents of air passing in by the air inlet
and out by the unobstructed house connection, as described.

page_text: Sixth. The improvement in the construction of the flush-tanks, the same
consisting in providing the pipe b' with the flange el, the plate d' constructed to
receive the flange and the syphon f', as and for the purpose set forth.
Seventh. In combination with the system of sewerage as described, the box b
provided with the grated or open cover a², the grate c³, and the cover e², constructed
to operate, as described.
Eighth. The improved method for laying sewer pipes, the same consisting in
supporting the pipe on the board piles D, made by pointing one end of a board,
and forming the other end so as to receive the pipe, as described.
Ninth. The combination with a system of sewers constructed to discharge the
sewage independent of the storm-water, of the tube 63 pivotally connected
in the concaved collar or ring a³, and constructed to change the direction of the
outflow of the sewage, as described.
Tenth. AY shaped branch pipe, consisting of the main pipe A and the conical
branch A', the interior of which is on a line with the top and bottom of the main
pipe, as described.
Eleventh. The improved joint for drain pipes, the same consisting in a strip of
paper or similar material wrapped around the pipe at the joint, as described.
Twelfth. The device for securing pipes concentric, one within the socket of the
other, the same consisting in the cushions b*, b*, and d, constructed to be separated
and bear against the inner surface of the pipes, as described.
In witness whereof, I, the said George E. Waring, jr., have hereunto set
my hand and seal, the Twenty-ninth day of December, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and eighty.
In presence of
JOSEPH A. MILLER,
Civil and Consulting Engineer,
Providence, R.I.
GEO. E. WARING, J*. (L.S.)