IMPROVEMENTS IN WINDOWS. AND IN SASHES OR GLAZED FRAMES IN APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH
Year: 1880

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Henry Brittain, of the Firm of S. Brittain and Son,
of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Manufacturers, for an Invention
of "IMPROVEMENTS IN WINDOWS. AND IN SASHES OR GLAZED FRAMES
ANT
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Henry Brittain at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 31st August 1880.
HENRY BRITTAIN, of the Firm of S. Brittain and Son, of Birmingham, in the
County of Warwick, Manufacturers. "IMPROVEMENTS IN WINDOWS, AND IN
SASHES OR GLAZED FRAMES, AND IN APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH."
My Invention consists of the improvements herein after described in windows,
and sashes or glazed frames for cabs, carriages, show cases, cabinets, and other
articles, and in apparatus connected with the said windows and sashes or glazed
frames.
My said Invention consists in part of additions to and modifications of the
Invention for which Letters Patent were granted to me on the 18th day of
September 1876, No. 3648.
To the provision made in my said Patent for glazing and fixing the glass in
the, frame I make the web which covers the trough of a small angle plate on two
sides of the frame, and on the two other sides of the frame one side of the angle
plate is made larger and formed into a flange to strengthen the frame.
To glaze the frame with india rubber I cement in the angle plate an angular
piece of india rubber, which forms two sides of the rebate to receive the glass;
or the side of the angle next the edge of the glass I make to receive a layer of
wood.
To retain the glass I overlap the edge of the bar of the frame at the top on two
of its sides to form a continuous slot through the length of the frame in place of the
slots described in my Patent referred to.
On the metal glazing bar and in one piece therewith I make two ribs or ridges,
one on the top side, and the other at the bottom edge of the opposite side; this
latter ridge I make in place of the knuckles referred to in my Patent, and to
D.

page_text: fit in the continuous slot on the bar of the glazing frame. On the face of the
glazing bar and under the top ribs I cement a strip of india rubber, which when
the glazing bar is fixed in its position completes the elastic rebate to hold the glass.
The glazing bar when made in two parts is secured to the frame by screws in the
middle. To finish the outside face of the trough I make it capable of holding a
veneer of wood or metal, or for the same purpose make a sheath with the two
edges bent inwards, so that when pressed over the outside of the trough one of the
bent edges overlaps one edge of the trough, the other overlaps a small projection
made in the trough itself. The improved frame described I use as a metal rebate
or sash by perforating and countersinking the bar all round to receive wood
screws. The frame can then be applied to the wood framing of broughams, cabs,
omnibuses, railway and other carriages, show cases, cabinets, and the like, or
I make the glazing sashes of wood, and in place of the ordinary tenon I mitre the
sash ends together, and cut a hole through the length of the mitred ends, through
This head lies at the
which hole I pass a bolt having a double angled head.
bottom of the rebate in which the glass is fixed, the two angles of the head taking
hold of the wood on either side of the mitres, and a metal cap, when the frames are
put together, being passed over the screwed ends of the bolt and the two mitred
ends of the sash. The cap described is held in this position by a, nut being screwed
into the body of the cap. In inner windows the sliding part may be combined
with the metal cap and not with the angle plate. The side windows of cabs and
railway and other carriages may be constructed of the improved metal rebate or
sash, the said side windows being either fixed or capable of opening.
When the frames are to be hinged I make at the junction of the bar and trough
or head of the glazing frame a tubular projection made of the same piece of metal,
the said tubular projection being formed into the hinge and strengthened by a strip
of metal on the inside.
In applying my present Invention to the sliding windows of carriage heads,
I construct the outer frames and the inner or sliding frames and the inner or sliding
frames and the parts connected therewith in the following manner-In making the
outer sheet metal frames I form the sinall trough and the light hollow bar referred to
in my former Patent in one piece. To this combined part I attach part of the outer
casing (parallel to the face of the bar), consisting of a kind of trough piece having an
angular or double angular face, or two flat faces constituting the pulley stiles, or
that part on which the glazed frame slides. The troughs or stiles on the bottom of
the frame are set back from the face of the hollow bar, and to prevent rain
entering the case the sashes are projected forward over the troughs or stiles in such
positions that they move freely in front of each other by means of an angle plate,
one edge of the said plate being secured to the base of the sash, and the vertical
edge of the angle plate having a sliding part which works in the stiles.
The angle plates and sliding parts described can be so arranged on the bottom of
the sashes by a space being left in the middle of each as to reduce the friction, and
also to admit of both sashes sliding on one stile.
I also apply the angle plates and the arrangement of the parts to the wood
sashes of broughams and other carriages to work in wood stiles.
The inner edge of the metallic sliding frame I make substantially the same for
the glazing and reglazing as described in my Patent before referred to, with the
elastic lining.
Or I make the inner edge of a trough form fitted with a sheath having the edges
The hollow of the
bent over to clip the edges of the trough to strengthen it.
sheath forms the recess to hold the glass and glazing substance. The parts of
the sash constituting this kind of glazing frame are secured together by angle or
elbow pieces and screws, so that the sash can be taken to pieces for glazing and
reglazing.
To prevent the rattling of the sliding frames in the fixed outer frames, I attach
to the stiles of the sliding frames friction or pressing shoes acted upon by springs,
the said shoes being so connected with a thumb bit or handle that the act of

page_text: grasping the said thumb bit depresses one or more of the friction or pressing
shoes, and allows the sliding sashes to move freely on the stiles.
When the glazed frames are hinged to the vertical webs, as in the Patent before
referred to, I prefer to use the modification of the light hollow bar and small
trough herein described, and the larger trough in a separate piece. To secure the
hinged glazed frame in the fixed outer frame, I use the following modification of
my patent tubular bolts :-
The bottom of the guide tube is jointed to the bottom of the fixed frame at the
sides. The bolt tube is also jointed to each side of the hinged frame near the hinge.
In the guide tube is a coiled spring, which abuts against the bottom of the guide
tube on one side, and against the end of the bolt tube on the other side. The
joints on the hinged and fixed frames are arranged in such positions that when the
hinged frame is closed, the coiled spring acting against the end of the bolt tube
presses it firmly against the fixed frame, and when opened presses it against stops.
I apply the same kind of metallic or wood sliding and hinged windows to the
fronts of broughams and other like carriages, with the appliances before described
for glazing, preventing rattling, and holding the sliding sashes.
For the back windows, either fixed or moveable, of broughams and other carriages
I modify the screw attachments of my patent window to admit of an intermediate
plate being secured by wood screws to the body of the carriage. I also apply
the glazing arrangements and the modified spring bolts for holding the moveable
frames in an open or closed position.
Or I secure the frame by a bolt mounted on a flat spring capable of being
released by the action of a sliding handle with a bevelled nose acting on the end of
the spring which is fixed to the hinged sash.
In applying metallic windows to railway and other carriage doors, and to the
ordinary wood windows of carriage doors, I make the sliding sashes of the frame
with bevilled or or square edges to work on bevilled or square stiles in the case of
the door, or I make the stiles partly bevilled and partly square, as hereinafter
described, the glazing and reglazing of the sliding sashes being effected as already
described.
For the purpose of retaining the sliding sash or window of the carriage door in
the position to which it may have been brought I make one of the stiles in the
door case loose and joint it at the top of the door case, the back of the loose stile
being acted upon by a spring to press it against the bearing edge of the sash or
window.
To release the sliding sash the loose or moveable stile is so acted upon by a lever
operated upon by the strap in raising the sash that the stile is forced from the said
sash and the latter may be raised. To open the sliding sash the lever is acted upon
by a thumb bit near the meeting rail. As the sash bas motion only in one plane
a moveable fence rail is used with it. This fence rail consists of strips of metal
jointed and screwed to the meeting rail, the said fence rail being brought into
position by the action of the bottom of the sash or window when the latter is
raised to its full extent. Or I joint the fence rail to the bottom of the sash and
bring it into position by fixed points on the meeting rail.
When the improved glazed sash or window is used like an ordinary carriage
window, and is required to be moved backwards and forwards over the fence rail, in
order to prevent noise or rattle I make the sashes with square edges for the stiles
to run in, the case of the door being made square as usual. At the bottom of the
stile, from the fence rail to the top of the door, I make a counter angular run
parallel to the case of the door. On the top of the sash at the two angles I
fix a case containing pressing shoes acted upon by springs, as before described,
which press the bevilled ends of the said shoes into the counter angular stiles or
run in the upper part of the door with sufficient force to allow the sash to move
freely without rattle.
On each side of the sash, near the bottom, I fix a spring and bearing piece of

page_text: metal, which acting against one side of the square stile or run keeps the bottom of
the sash free from rattle.
I prefer to use sheet metal stiles of corresponding shape to the stiles and counter
stiles made in the case of the door. I so attach these metal stiles in the case of
the door by a flange and screws that the contraction and expansion of the wood 5
framing of the door do not affect them.
When it is required to retain the window in a given position I use the arrangement
first described, excepting that the sash is made to have motion in one plane only,
and in place of the fixed fence rail I use a moveable one. To raise or lower the
window the friction shoes on the top of the sash have two handles attached near
the middle, so that the act of grasping them relieves the pressure from the stiles
and allows the window to move freely.
The appliances described for retaining the window in a given position are also
applicable to sashes made entirely of metal, and to ordinary wood frames and wood
frames made as before described.
In applying metallic window frames to the fronts of Hansom cabs I make them
according to my patented Invention combined with the tubular projection to form
the hinge before referred to. I also make them with a compound or double
arrangement of the improved glazing frame or sash rail before described, the inner
edge being used to hold the glass and the outer edge and elastic packing to shut
against the framing of the cab. Or the outer edge I use on three sides of each
sash as a flange for securing the sash to a wood framing.
The two parts of which the window is composed are jointed to each other by
the middle sash rail. I effect this by making a tubular projection on the body of
each sash bar from the same piece of metal, the said projections being jointed
together. In a like manner the top sash rail of the window may be hinged to the
wood, one part being drilled and countersunk and secured to the framing of the
cab by wood screws. On the bottom of the lower sash which closes upon the cab
door is fixed a jointed weather bead or plate made in two parts, having a spring on
the back to keep it in contact with the top of the door to shut out rain.
The lower corners of the bottom window are furnished with projecting studs, on
which are mounted rollers travelling upon moveable or fixed stiles or guide rods
within the cab on each side. The said moveable or fixed stiles or guide rods are
jointed or fixed at bottom to the front of the cab, and the jointed stiles are
constructed on the principle of the modified bolt before described.
The folded window is retained in its open position either by a spring catch or by
the action of the spring rods working in the jointed stiles. When jointed stiles
are used the window may be raised and lowered from the outside by the driver by
means of a jointed rod, or from the inside by a handle. When fixed stiles are used
the driver may raise and lower the window by a cord. My improved cab window
may be used without guides, and be raised and lowered in the ordinary way by a
cord attached to the bottom sash.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Henry Brittain in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 23rd February
1881.
HENRY BRITTAIN, of the Firm of S. Brittain and Son, of Birmingham, in the
County of Warwick, Manufacturers. "IMPROVEMENTS IN WINDOWS, AND
SASHES OR GLAZED FRAMES, AND IN APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH.”
IN
My Invention consists of the improvements hereinafter described in windows
and sashes or glazed frames for cabs, carriages, show cases, cabinets, and other
articles, and in apparatus connected with the said windows, and sashes or glazed
frames.
My said Invention consists in part of additions to and modifications of the
Invention for which Letters Patent were granted to me on the 18th day of
September, 1876, No. 3648.
To the provision made in my said Patent for glazing and fixing the glass in the
frame I make the web which covers the trough of a small angle plate on two sides
of the frame, and on the two other sides of the frame one side of the angle plate.
is made larger and formed into a flange to strengthen the frame.
To glaze the frame with india rubber I cement in the angle plate an angular
piece of india rubber which forms two sides of the rebate to receive the glass,
or the side of the angle next the edge of the glass I make to receive a layer of
wood.
To retain the glass I overlap the edge of the bar of the frame at the top on two
of its sides to form a continuous slot through the length of the frame in place of
the slots described in my Patent referred to.
On the metal glazing bar and in one piece therewith I make two ribs or ridges,
one on the top side and the other at the bottom edge of the opposite side; this
latter ridge I make in place of the knuckles referred to in my said Patent, and to
fit in the continuous slot in the bar of the glazing frame. On the face of the
glazing bar and under the top ribs I cement a strip of india rubber, which when
the glazing bar is fixed in its position completes the elastic rebate to hold the
glass. The glazing bar when made in two parts is secured to the frame by screws
in the middle. To finish the outside face of the trough I make it capable of holding
a veneer of wood or metal, or for the same purpose I make a sheath with the two
edges bent inwards, so that when pressed over the outside of the trough one of
the bent edges overlaps one edge of the trough, the other overlaps a small projection
made in the trough itself. The improved frame described I use as a metal rebate
or sash by perforating and countersinking the bar all round to receive wood screws.
The frame can then be applied to the wood framing of broughams, cabs, omnibuses,
railway and other carriages, show cases, cabinets, and the like; or I make the
glazing sashes of wood, and in place of the ordinary tenon I mitre the sash ends
together and cut a hole through the length of the mitred ends, through which hole
I pass a bolt having a double angled head. This head lies at the bottom of the
rebate in which the glass is fixed, the two angles of the head taking hold of the
wood on either side of the mitres, and a metal cap, when the frames are put
together, being passed over the screwed ends of the bolt and the two mitred ends
of the sash. The cap described is held in this position by a nut being screwed
into the body of the cap. In inner windows the sliding part may be combined
with the metal cap and not with the angle plate.
The side windows of cabs and railway and other carriages may be constructed
of the improved metal rebate or sash, the said side windows being either fixed or
capable of opening:

page_text: When the frames are to be hinged I make at the junction of the bar and trough
or head of the glazing frame a tubular projection made of the same piece of metal,
the said tubular projection being formed into the hinge and strengthened by a
strip of metal on the inside.
In applying my present Invention to the sliding windows of carriage heads I
construct the outer frames and the inner or sliding frames and the parts connected
therewith in the following manner:-In making the outer sheet metal frames I
form the small trough and the light hollow bar referred to in my former Patent in
one piece. To this combined part I attach part of the outer casing (parallel to the
face of the bar), consisting of a kind of trough piece having an angular or double
angular face, or two flat faces constituting the pulley stiles or that part on which
the glazed frame slides. The troughs or stiles on the bottom of the frame are set
back from the face of the hollow bar, and to prevent rain entering the case the
sashes are projected forward over the troughs or stiles in such positions that they
move freely in front of each other by means of an angle plate, one edge of the said
plate being secured to the base of the sash, and the vertical edge of the angle plate
having a sliding part which works in the stiles.
The angle plates and sliding parts described can be so arranged on the bottom of
the sashes by a space being left in the middle of each as to reduce the friction, and
also to admit of both sashes sliding on one stile.
I also apply the angle plates and the arrangement of the parts to the wood sashes
of broughams and other carriages to work in wood stiles.
The inner edge of the metallic sliding frame I make substantially the same for
the glazing and reglazing as described in my Patent before referred to with the
modifications herein described to hold the elastic lining.
Or I make the inner edge of a trough form, fitted with a sheath having the edges
bent over to clip the edges of the trough to strengthen it. The hollow of the
sheath forms the recess to hold the glass and glazing substance. The parts of the
sash constituting this kind of glazing frame are secured together by angle or
elbow pieces and screws, so that the sash can be taken to pieces for glazing and
reglazing.
To prevent the rattling of the sliding frames in the fixed outer frames I attach
to the stiles of the sliding frames friction or pressing shoes acted upon by springs,
the said shoes being so connected with a thumb bit or handle that the act of
grasping the said thumb bit depresses one or more of the friction or pressing shoes,
and allows the sliding sashes to move freely on the stiles.
When the glazed frames are hinged to the vertical webs, as in the Patent before
referred to, I prefer to use the modification of the light hollow bar and small
trough herein described and the larger trough in a separate piece. To secure the
hinged glazed frame in the fixed outer frame I use the following modification of
my patent tubular bolts :-
The bottom of the guide tube is jointed to the bottom of the fixed frame at the
sides. The bolt tube is also jointed to each side of the hinged frame near the
hinge. In the guide tube is a coiled spring which abuts against the bottom of the
guide tube on one side, and against the end of the bolt tube on the other side.
The joints on the hinged and fixed frames are arranged in such positions that when
the hinged frame is closed the coiled. spring acting against the end of the bolt
tube presses it firmly against the fixed frame, and when opened presses it against
stops.
I apply the same kind of metallic or wood sliding and hinged windows to the
fronts of broughams and other like carriages with the appliances before described
for glazing, preventing rattling, and holding the sliding sashes. For the back
windows, either fixed or moveable, of broughams and other carriages, I modify the
screw attachments of my patent window to admit of an intermediate plate being
secured by wood screws to the body of the carriage. I also apply the glazing
arrangements and the modified spring bolts for holding the moveable frames in an
open or closed position.

page_text: Or I secure the frame by a bolt mounted on a flat spring capable of being released
by the action of a sliding handle with a bevelled nose acting on the end of the
spring which is fixed to the hinged sash.
In applying metallic windows to railway and other carriage doors, and to the
ordinary wood windows of carriage doors, I make the sliding sashes of the frame
with bevilled or square' edges to work on bevilled or square stiles in the case of
the door, or I make the stiles partly bevelled and partly square, as hereinafter
described, the glazing and reglazing of the sliding sashes being effected as already
described.
For the purpose of retaining the sliding sash or window of the carriage door in
the position to which it may have been brought, I make one of the stiles in the
door case loose and joint it at the top to the door case, the back of the loose stile
being acted upon by a spring to press it against the bearing edge of the sash or
window.
To release the sliding sash the loose or moveable stile is so acted upon by a lever
operated upon by the strap in raising the sash that the stile is forced from the said
sash, and the latter may be raised. To open the sliding sash the lever is acted upon
by a thumb bit near the meeting rail. As the sash has motion only in one plane, a
moveable fence rail is used with it; this fence rail consists of strips of metal jointed
and screwed to the meeting rail, the said fence rail being brought into position by
the action of the bottom of the sash or window when the latter is raised to its full
extent; or I joint the fence rail to the bottom of the sash, and bring it into position
by fixed points on the meeting rail.
When the improved glazed sash or window is used like an ordinary carriage
window, and is required to be moved backwards and forwards over the fence rail
in order to prevent noise or rattle, I make the sashes with square edges for the
stiles to run in, the case of the door being made square as usual. At the bottom of
the stile, from the fence rail to the top of the door, make a counter angular run
parallel to the case of the door. On the top of the sash at the two angles I fix a
case containing pressing shoes acted upon by springs, as before described, which
press the bevelled ends of the said shoes into the counter angular stiles or runs in
the upper part of the door with sufficient force to allow the sash to move freely
without rattle.
On each side of the sash near the bottom I fix a spring and bearing piece of
metal, which, acting against one side of the square stile or run, keeps the bottom of
the sash free from rattle.
I prefer to use sheet metal stiles of corresponding shape to the stiles and counter
stiles made in the case of the door. I so attach these metal stiles in the case of the
door by a flange and screws that the contraction and expansion of the wood framing
of the door do not affect them.
When it is required to retain the window in a given position I use the arrange-
ment first described, excepting that the sash is made to have motion in one plane
only, and in place of the fixed fence rail I use a moveable one. To raise or lower
the window the friction shoes on the top of the sash have two handles attached near
the middle, so that the act of grasping them relieves the pressure from the stiles,
and allows the window to move freely.
The appliances described for retaining the window in a given position are also
applicable to sashes made entirely of metal, and to ordinary wood frames, and wood
frames inade as before described.
In applying metallic window frames to the fronts of Hansom cabs I make them,
according to my patented Invention, combined with the tubular projection to form
the hinge before referred to; I also make them with a compound or double arrange-
ment of the improved glazing frame or sash rail before described, the inner edge
being used to hold the glass, and the outer edge and elastic packing to shut against
the framing of the cab; or the outer edge I use on three sides of each sash as a
flange for securing the sash to a wood framing.
The two parts of which the window is composed are jointed. to each other by the

page_text: middle sash rail; I effect this by making a tubular projection on the body of each
sash bar from the same piece of metal, the said projections being jointed together.
In a like manner the top sash rail of the window may be hinged to the wood, one
part being drilled and countersunk, and secured to the framing of the cab by wood
screws. On the bottom of the lower sash, which closes upon the cab door, is fixed
a jointed weather bead or plate made in two parts, having a spring on the back to
keep it in contact with the top of the door to shut out rain.
The lower corners of the bottom window are furnished with projecting studs, on
which are mounted rollers travelling upon moveable or fixed stiles or guide rods
within the cab on each side. The said moveable or fixed stiles or guide rods are
jointed or fixed at bottom to the front of the cab, and the jointed stiles are con-
structed on the principle of the modified bolt before described.
The folded window is retained in its open position either by a spring catch or by
the action of the spring rods working in the jointed stiles. When jointed stiles
are used the window may be raised and lowered from the outside by the driver by
means of a jointed rod, or from the inside by a handle. When fixed stiles are used
the driver may raise and lower the window by a cord.
My improved cab window may be used without guides, and be raised and
lowered in the ordinary way by a cord attached to the bottom sash.
I will now proceed to describe with reference to the accompanying Drawings the
manner in which my Invention is to be performed.
Figure 1 represents in front elevation, Figure 2 in vertical section, and Figure 3
in horizontal section, a metallic glazed frame for the side windows of cabs and
carriages, and for other purposes, the said glazed frame being constructed according
to my Invention, the glazing and reglazing being effected without the use of putty.
Figure 4 represents a portion of the window or glazed frame drawn of the full
size; Figure 5 represents a side elevation and cross section of the vertical sides of
the sash rail, and Figure 6 represents in side elevation and cross section the
horizontal sides or ends of the sash rail; Figure 7 represents in front elevation the
two halves of the glazing bar, and Figure 8 represents in elevation and cross
section of the full size a portion of the glazing bar, Figure 7; Figure 9 represents
the details of the fastening by which the halves of the glazing bar, Figure 7, are
connected together and to the window; Figure 10 representa in elevation and
section the sheath I prefer to employ for covering the exterior of the trough of the
glazing frame.
The glazing frame fixed to the wooden part c of the window is marked a, a, b, b,
the side parts a, a, having the sectional figure represented in Figure 5, and
the end parts b, b, the sectional figure represented in Figure 6. The said
parts a, a, and b, b, Figures 4, 5, and 6, are each composed of a trough and straight
bar strengthened by an angle plate, but the bottoms of the straight bars of the
vertical parts a, a, of the framing are hooked, as shown at d, Figure 5. The glazing
frame a, a, b, b, is connected to the wooden part c of the window by screws passed
through the straight bars and angle plates. In the said angle plates an angular
piece of vulcanized india rubber, marked e, in Figure 4, is cemented for the glass ƒ
to take a bearing against. The glazing bar, Figure 7, is made in two halves, one
half being marked a, b, and the other half a³, 63, the said glazing bar having the
sectional form shown in Figure S, and is made of one piece of metal. The
longitudinal rib g at the inner edge of the glazing bar is for the purpose herein after
explained. To the inner face of the glazing bar a strip of india rubber / is cemented.
Between the said strip of india rubber h and the angle strip of india rubber e an
elastic rebate is formed, in which the glass fis held firmly, as seen in Figure 4.
In glazing or reglazing the metallic frame a, a, b, b, of the side window, the
glass is laid upon the angle strip of india rubber e on the said frame a, a, b, b, and
the halves a², 62, 63, and a³, b³, b³, Figure 7, of the glazing bar are placed in the said
frame from the back of the window, the ribbed edges g, g, on the vertical sides of
the two parts of the said glazing bar being engaged with the hooked bases d, d, of
the fixed glazing frame a, a, b, b, as best seen in Figure 4.
When the two parts

page_text: of the glazing bar have been arranged as described upon the frame, the ends of the
parts 6, 6, enter the recesses b*, 6, (see the enlarged view, Figure 9) in the knuckle
pieces 63, 65, at the ends of the other parts 63, 63, of the glazing bar, and by passing
screw pins through the said knuckle pieces 66, 68, and into screwed holes in the wooden
part c of the window, the glazing bar is held firmly in its place. By the fixing
down of the glazing bar its india rubber strip h bears against the glass f, and
binds the said glass securely between itself and the india rubber angular strip e
fixed to the frame, as will be understood by an examination of Figure 4. For
giving & finish to the outer face of the trough of the frame a, a, b, b, it may be
covered by a metallic sheath of German silver or other superior metal, as represented
in Figure 10, the said sheath being secured to the said trough by engaging its
turned in edges under the edges of the trough.
Instead of making the glazed frame fixed, as last described, it may be made
capable of opening on a hinge. This modification of my Invention is illustrated in
front elevation in Figure 11, and vertical section in Figure 12, the glazed frame
being shown closed in Figure 11, and open in Figure 12; Figure 13 represents the
shape of the longer sides of the glazing frame, and Figure 14 represents the bottom
rail of the glazing frame showing the hinge, and Figure 15 represents the top rail
of the glazing frame; Figure 16 represents the glazing bar with its strip of india
rubber cemented to it; Figure 17 represents in section and elevation the fastening
mechanism which I employ for retaining the hinged glazed frame in its open
position or closed position.
In this modification I use nearly the same kind of metallic foundation frame
fixed to the wooden part of the window as described with respect to the fixed
window, Figures 1, 2, and 3, and I make the glazing frame on three of its sides of
two trough shaped pieces i, k, strengthened by angle pieces, and with hooked ends
on the longer sides for the glazing bar to engage with, as best seen in Figures 13
and 15. On the other or bottom end of the glazing frame a knuckle strip is made
in place of one of the trough pieces and angle plates, as seen in Figures 12 and 14.
To this knuckle strip a second knuckle strip m is hinged, and the last named
knuckle strip is secured by screws to the metal foundation frame a on the wooden
framing of the window, as seen in Figure 12. One of the trough bars of the
glazing frame has fixed to it the angle piece of india rubber n. The metallic
glazing bar p is of the kind described with respect to the fixed metallic glazed
frame or window, Figures 1, 2, and 3, and is furnished with a strip of india rubber q
for glazing and reglazing the hinged frame.
For the purpose of holding the hinged window in its open or closed position,
I employ the fastening mechanism represented in Figures 11, 12, and 17. This
mechanism consists of two tubes 7, 8, sliding in one another, and pressed from one
another by the coiled spring t in the tube r. The smaller tube 8 is jointed at 8² to
the bracket on the wooden frame of the window, and the larger tube is jointed
at to the hinged glazed frame or window. When the window is opened, as
illustrated in Figure 12, and indicated in dotted lines in Figure 17, the tubes 7, 8,
take a position on one side of the centre 83, and when the window is opened, as
illustrated in Figure 17, the tubes r, s, take a position on the other side of the
centres, the compressed spring t tending to hold the tubes in the position to
which they have been brought. The window is thus retained either in its open
position or closed position. Stops on the joints 3, 8, limit the motion of the
hinged window in either direction.
Figure 18 represent in front elevation, and Figure 19 in vertical section (drawn
of the full size) on the line b, b, Figure 18, a metallic window for a Hansom cab,
consisting of two jointed frames; Figure 20 represents a cross section, drawn of the
full size of the window taken on the line a, a, Figure 18; Figure 21 represents in
section and elevation one of the meeting rails of the window frames; Figure 22
represents in section and elevation the glazing bar, and Figure 23 represents the
fastening for connecting the halves of the glazing bar together.
The meeting rails c, c, of the two frames have the sectional form represented in

page_text: Figures 19 and 21, and are provided with knuckle pieces d, d, for hinging together
the said meeting rails. The top rail e has the sectional figure best seen at the
upper part of Figure 10, and the bottom railf has the sectional figure best seen at
the lower part of Figure 19. The sash rails g,g, that is, the vertical sides of the
frames, have the sectional figures best seen in Figure 20. The bottom rail fis
furnished with a divided weather board or plate h, h, lined with india rubber, for
bearing against the outside of the cab door for preventing the entrance of wet.
The other parts of the glazed hinged frames are constructed essentially in the
same manner as corresponding parts of the frames first described. Each of the
glazed frames of the hinged window is furnished with angle pieces of india rubber k
and the glazing bar i with a strip of india rubber 7, for securing the glass m in the
manner herein before described. The glazed bar i is constructed in halves, and the
meeting ends of the said halves are connected together by the hooked end of one
bar engaging over the end of the other bar, the two parts being fixed together by a
screw pin passed through the side of the glazed frame, as seen in Figure 23. The
outer troughs of the glazed frames may be covered by sheaths of the kind represented
at p, Figure 20, engaged with the said troughs in the manner before described.
The construction described may be applied to all kinds of windows which are
hinged together after the manner of the window of a Hansom cab.
Figure 24 represents in cross section the window of a brougham or other carriage,
having a metallic frame and glazing appliances constructed according to my
Invention. Figure 25 represents a front elevation, and Figure 26 a vertical section
of the glazing frame I employ; Figure 27 represents a back elevation; Figure 28
a vertical section, and Figure 29 a horizontal section of the metallic foundation
frame, which is secured by screws to the wooden part of the window. The said
foundation frame is marked a, a, and has the sectional form represented, one of its
longer sides being provided with holes c, c. On its shorter sides it has projecting
ribs d, d, and the longer edge a* is raised. The glazing frame is marked ff; it has
the sectional form best seen in Figure 26, and in its inner face a continuous rebate e
is made for receiving the edge of the glass g. At one side of the glazing frame f, f,
projecting screw boxes h, h, are made, which take into the holes c, c, in the side a²
of the foundation frame a, a².
In glazing or reglazing the frame, the glass g is bedded with putty in the rebate
of the glazing frame f, f, and the fixing of the combined frame and glass is effected
as follows: The outer edge of the frame fis overlapped at f³, see Figure 26, and
the overlapped part is inserted under or behind the raised edge a' of the foundation
frame a, to secure that edge of the glazing frame to the foundation frame. The
combined frame and glass is then pressed close to the foundation frame, the ribs
d, d, taking into the hollow of the glazing frame, and the screw boxes h, h, passing
into the holes c, c, in the foundation frame a, a², and by means of screws (one of
which is marked i in Figure 24) passed from the back of the foundation frame and
made to take into the screw boxes h, h, the glazing frame is secured to the
foundation frame and the glazing of the window effected.
Figures 30 and 31 represent vertical sections of a jointed window, opening
outwards, for a brougham or other carriage constructed and kept in its open and
closed positions respectively according to my Invention, Figure 30 showing
the jointed window open, and Figure 31 the same closed. The foundation
frame a, a, has nearly the same sectional figure as the foundation frame in the
last described arrangement, and the outer moulding bis fixed to it in the same way
as the glazing frame in the said last arrangement. The jointed glazed frame c has
the sectional figure best seen in Figure 30, and the glass is held in the said frame c
by a glazing bar in the manner represented. In order to hold the hinged window
or glazed frame c in its open or closed position, I use at each end of the window,
a combination of parts of the kind described with respect to Figures 11, 12, and 17,
excepting that the parts are inverted, but the action is precisely the same as in the
arrangement referred to.
Figure 32 represents in end elevation, and Figure 33 in plan, and Figures 34

page_text: and 35 parts of the same, my arrangement for retaining the hinged windows of
landaus and other carriages in their open and closed positions; h is the metallic
frame of the window fixed in the leather head of the carriage, and i is the metallic
jointed frame or window, to each end of which my appliances for fixing it in its
open or closed position are adapted.
Figure 36 represents in front elevation, partly in section, and Figure 37 in plan,
a portion of a railway or other carriage door, the sliding sash or window of which,
and the appliances for raising, lowering, and supporting the said sash or window,
are constructed according to my Invention. Figures 38 and 39 represent vertical
sections of the door, sash, and appliances connected therewith, Figure 38 representing
the sash in its depressed position, and Figure 39 the sash in its raised position;
Figure 40 represents a plan of the bottom of the sash, and Figure 41 in front
elevation the lever catch by which the sash is supported in its fully raised
position; Figure 42 represents in horizontal section the bevilled stile or run in the
upper half of the door for the friction or pressing shoes or bolts to work in; and
Figure 43 represents in horizontal section the square stile or run in the lower half
of the door for the sliding sash to work in.
a is the metallic framing of the sliding sash or window constructed as herein
after described; b, b, are the square metallic stiles or runs in opposite sides of the
lower half of the door c in which the opposite edges of the sliding sash a work as
represented; d, d, are the bevilled metallic stiles or runs in opposite sides of the
upper half of the door c for the bevilled heads e, e, of the pressing shoes or bolts on
the top of the sash to work in. The said pressing shoes e, e, consist of sliding bolts
pressed outwards by coiled springs as represented, the stems of the said bolts or
shoes being angular and working in angular cases e² fixed to the top of the sliding
sash. When the sash is raised or lowered the pressing shoes e, e, act as guides to
the said sash, and press upon the bevilled stiles d, d, with sufficient force to allow
the sash to move freely without rattle.
The sash is raised and lowered by the strap f connected at f to the bottom of
the sash, the said strap passing over the roller g which is carried by the forked
lever h, which lever is used for supporting the sash in its fully raised position.
When the strap f is pulled down the pressure upon the roller causes the said
lever h to take the position represented in Figure 38, and after the sash has been
raised to its full extent the loosing of the strap causes the said lever to take the
position represented in Figure 39, the horizontal parts i, i, passing under the
bottom of the sash and supporting it in its raised position. In order to lower
the window, outward pressure upon the strap f takes the supporting lever out of
action when the strap may be payed out for lowering the window. As the sash
has motion in one plane only a movable fence rail k must be used with the said
sash. The said fence rail k turns on the centre and is operated by the raising
and lowering of the sash. On the bottom of the sash is a double hook l, l, which,
when the sash is raised, strikes against the moveable fence rail and turns it on
its centre into the acting position represented in Figure 39, that is, brings its
inner edge under the bottom of the sash and retains it there so long as the sash is
in its raised position. When the sash is lowered the bottom of the said sash
strikes against the moveable fence rail and turns it into the position represented
in Figure 38 to permit of the descent of the sash into the lower half of the door.
When a fixed fence rail is used the runs in the upper half of the door are made in
the ordinary way to permit of the sash being lifted over the said fixed fence rail.
In order still further to prevent rattling in the sliding sash or window springs m
pressing on the sides of the runs or stiles in the door frame may be used in combi-
nation with the friction shoes e, e. One of these pressing springs is represented
detached in Figure 44.
The pressing shoes e, e, may be used for retaining the sash in any position to
which it may be brought by modifying them in the following manner:-The
springs pressing the shoes outwards are made stronger than those represented, and
the stems of the said shoes are extended to near the middle of the top of the sash
.

page_text: the inner ends of the stems being provided with handles. By grasping these handles
both of the pressing shoes are simultaneously withdrawn from the bevilled stiles
and the sash may be raised or lowered. I construct the metallic sash frame of the
sliding window and effect the glazing of the said frame in the manner represented
in Figures 45 and 46, Figure 45 representing the sash glazed, and Figure 46 the
sash in the act of being glazed. I make the metallic glazing frame of the sash
of the sectional form shown in Figure 47, and fix in the top of the hollow frame a
shallow trough piece which constitutes the rebate for receiving the edges of the
glass, as represented in the said Figure 47. The said sash frame is made in halves
(or in four parts) which are connected together in the manner represented in
Figures 45 and 46, that is to say, at one of the corners of the half a of the sash
frame (or at each corner) an angle piece p is fixed, the projecting half of the angle
piece being made hollow for receiving the fixing screw pin q. One of the corners
of the other half a² of the sash frame has a similar angle piece p. The glass?
having been inserted in the rebate of the half a² of the glazing frame, as represented
in Figure 46, the other half a is placed upon the edge of the glass, and by a sliding
motion the two halves of the glazing frame are brought together, the hollow part
of the angle piece p of one half taking into the other half. By passing screws
through the hollow parts of the angular pieces p and screwing them into fixed
screw boxes 8, the two halves of the glazing frame are bound firmly together and
the glazing is completed, as illustrated in Figure 45.
The arrangement of parts described for preventing rattling in the sash and for
supporting the window in any position to which it may have been brought, may
be applied to wooden sash frames, as illustrated in Figures 48, 49, and 50. In the
arrangement Figures 48 and 49, the case e² of the friction or retaining shoe or bolt,
is carried by a plate fixed to one part u of the sash frame, the said carrying plate
being furnished with a tongue which passes into a recess in the other sash
bar for strengthening the junction of the two bars. The sash bar v has a plate
and tubular part w attached to it, and by means of a screw x the two parts u, v,
are secured together, or the arrangement represented in Figure 50 may be used.
Figure 51 represents in front elevation a window having two sliding parallel
sashes to be applied to the leather head of a carriage, the said window being
constructed according to my Invention. The window is represented partly opened.
Figure 52 is a horizontal section of the said window drawn of the full size, and
Figure 53 is a vertical section of the same drawn of the full size; Figures 54
and 55 represent parts of the window detached.
The vertical sides a, a, of the fixed case or outer metallic framing in which
the parallel sliding frames c, d, work, have the sectional figure shown in the
horizontal section Figure 52, and the top b and bottom b' of the said metallic case
or outer framing have the sectional figures shown in the vertical section Figure 53.
By an examination of the said Figure 53 it will be seen that the bottoms of the
sliding frames c, d, have connected to them V shaped bearing pieces which work in
corresponding shaped stiles in the bottom 62 of the fixed case or framing, and it
will also be seen that the tops of the sliding frames c, d, have bevilled heads which
work in corresponding shaped stiles or runs in the top b of the said fixed case. The
sash bars or glazing frames containing the glass are constructed in the manner
before described with respect to Figures 45, 46, and 47, and the glazing is effected
substantially in the same way.
It will be seen by an examination of Figure 52 that the vertical sides of the
sliding frames c, d, have bevilled edges, which when the said frames are closed
take into corresponding shaped recesses in the vertical sides a, a, of the fixed case
(see the right hand end of Figure 52).
The sliding sashes c, d, are moved so as to open or close the window by the
handles e, c.
These handles have a limited vertical sliding motion, being pressed
upwards by the coiled springs f, f, in the boxes g, g. Bearing upon the said
handles e, c, are friction shoes or pressing bolts h, h, of the kind described with
respect to Figure 36 (or springs may be used of the kind represented in Figure 44)

page_text: the said shoes or bolts working in the bevilled stiles in the top 6 of the case or
outer framing. Similar friction shoes or bolts i, i, are represented at the opposite
ends of the sliding frames c, d, but without handles. One of these friction shoes / or
i is represented in Figure 54. By means of the said friction shoes or bolts rattling
in the sliding sashes is prevented. In order to readily slide the frames c, d, for
opening or closing the window, the handles e, e, are grasped and drawn towards
the fixed handles e', e². The friction shoes h, h, connected with the said handles
are no longer pressed into their stiles, and the sashes may be readily moved, the
friction of the other shoes or. bolts i, i, having only to be overcome. The stems of
the friction shoes work in tubular cases in the hollow vertical sides of the sliding
frames c, d, as seen in Figure 52, or springs of the kind represented in Figure 44
may be used.
In order to introduce the sliding sashes c, d, into the case or outer frame
a, a, b, b, a portion of the top of the said outer frame or case is capable of
removal. This detachable part is marked 63, and is represented separately in
section in Figure 54 and front elevation in Figure 55. The said detachable part b³
is furnished with eyes k, k, through which fixing screws are passed, and made to
take into screw boxes m in the fixed part b, as seen in Figure 53, to secure it to
the said fixed part b. In the ends of the detachable part 63 are angle pieces n which
take into the hollow beadings of the fixed part b (see Figure 55), and are fixed by
screws passed through the said angle pieces and the beadings. When the
detachable part 63 of the case or outer framing has been removed from the fixed
part b, the sliding frame c can be placed in its stiles or runs in the case, and
afterwards the other sliding frame d. By replacing and fixing the detachable
part b the two sliding frames c, d, are secured in their places in the fixed case
or outer framing.
This part of my Invention may be applied to the wood framings of carriages
and other articles instead of to the leather heads of carriages, as described. In
this case the flanges of the outer framing are modified to suit the wooden frames
to which the windows or sashes are to be applied. Sliding sashes of these kinds
are applicable to cabinets, show cases, and the like.
Figures 56 and 57 represent in vertical section, and Figure 58 in front elevation,
my arrangement for opening and closing Hansom cab windows by the driver,
Figures 56 and 58 showing the window closed, and Figure 57 the window open.
The jointed balves a, b, of the window are constructed and jointed together in the
manner before described with respect to Figures 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, and 23, or the
said halves may be otherwise constructed; c, c, are the moveable tubular stiles or
guide rods jointed at c, c², to the bottom of each side of the front of the cab. The
upper half a of the window is connected to the side plates d, d, and the latter are
connected to the rocking shaft e crossing the top of the cab. These side plates d, d,
carry studs ff, which work in longitudinal slots c³ in the moveable stiles or guide
rods c, c, the said studs f, f, taking into blocks, which bear upon coiled springs g, g,
in the tubular stiles or guide rods c, c, (see Figure 58), the said springs tending to
raise the arms d, d, and the window connected with them. The lower corners of
the bottom frame b are furnished with projecting cross bars h, h, which travel upon
the inner faces of the moveable stiles c, c. On the said moveable stiles c, c, are
stops, covered with cork, for limiting the travelling of the arms or projections h, h,
upon the said stiles. By the action of the moveable stiles c, c, upon the window,
the latter is held firmly in its open and closed position, as before explained with
respect to the retaining mechanism of the jointed windows.
The cab window is raised and lowered by the driver in the following manner :—
I is an endless band fixed between the bars at on one of the side plates fixed to
the top window a. The said band passes around the pulleys m, p, q, ", in the
manner represented. To the upper layer of the band ka hand strap s is connected,
and to the under layer of the band another hand strap t is connected, the said
straps being situated near the driver.

page_text: By pulling the straps the window is moved towards the front of the cab, the
side arms d, d, turning on their shaft e, and the moveable stiles c, c, on their
centres c², c², and as soon as the said movable stiles have passed over the centres to
which they are jointed, the weight of the window tends to bring the said window
into its closed position, the studs f working in their slots in the movable stiles and
compressing the coiled springs g, the several parts occupying the respective positions
represented in Figures 56 and 58. By pulling the strap t the window is raised into
the position represented in Figure 57 and retained in that position by the action of
the moveable stiles.
The window may be opened from the inside of the cab by operating upon the
handle u.
When the sash rails of the cab window are made of wood I modify the parts in
the manner represented in the closed window, shown in front elevation in Figure 59,
and in the open window shown in Figure 60, that is to say, I fix on the bottom
corners of the wood sash rails the metal projections h (which may carry
anti friction rollers) for working on the stiles or guide rods, and I secure a metal
angle plate i, with a loop k, to the top half of the window to finish the edge and
to form an attachment for the cord or handle for opening and closing the window.
The bottom edge of the lower half of the window is furnished with a weather
board of the construction before described.
Fixed or movable] stiles or guide rods may be used with the wooden windows.
When fixed stiles are used the opening and closing of the window is effected by
the driver by means of a cord attached to the loop , the said cord passing over a
pulley in the ordinary way. To prevent rattling in the wooden or metallic window
when fixed stiles are employed I use the arrangement represented in Figure 60, the
said arrangement resembling the retaining appliances herein before described, the
one part turning at m on the roof of the cab and the other part being jointed to
an arm n on the upper half of the window, as represented. By the use of this
arrangement the window when closed is pressed firmly against the casing of the
window and the two halves of the window secured firmly together.
Having now described the nature of my Invention, and the manner in which
the same is to be performed, I wish it to be understood that I do not limit myself
to the precise details herein described and illustrated, as the same may be varied
without departing from the nature of my Invention.
But I claim as iny Invention of "Improvements in Windows, and in Sashes or
Glazed Frames, and in Apparatus connected therewith,"-
First. The improvements in the fixed side windows of cabs and carriages and
other fixed windows, herein before described and illustrated in Figures 1 to 10,
both inclusive, of the accompanying Drawings, that is to say, the construction,
described and illustrated, of the metallic glazing frame fixed in the wooden part of
the window and the metallic glazing bar used therewith, the said glazing frame
and glazing bar being provided with india rubber or other elastic packings for
glazing and reglazing the windows without the use of putty; also covering the
outer beadings of the glazing frames with a metallic sheath or sliding covering, as
described and illustrated.
Secondly. The improvements in the metallic foundation frames, glazing frames,
and glazing bars of hinged windows, herein before described and illustrated in
Figures 11 to 17, both inclusive, of the accompanying Drawings.
Thirdly. The construction and arrangements of the parts of the metallic glazing
frames and glazing bars of Hansom cab windows and other like folding windows,
substantially as herein before described and illustrated in Figures 18 to 23, both
inclusive, of the accompanying Drawings.
Fourthly. The construction and the arrangements of the parts of the metallic
foundation frames and the metallic glazing frames of the windows of broughams
and other carriages and other fixed windows, herein before described and illustrated
in Figures 24 to 29, both inclusive, of the accompanying Drawings; also the

page_text: modification of the same applicable to hinged back windows and other hinged
windows, herein before described and illustrated in Figures 30 and 31 of the
accompanying Drawings.
Fifthly. The construction and combination of the parts of mechanism, herein
before described and illustrated in Figures 11, 12, 17, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, and 35 of
the accompanying Drawings, for holding hinged windows or hinged glazed sashes,
either in their open or closed position, whether the said hinged windows or hinged
glazed sashes have metallic or wooden frames.
Sixthly. Constructing the metallic glazing frames of the sliding sashes or
windows of railway and other carriage doors and other sliding sashes or windows,
substantially in the manner herein before described and illustrated in Figures 45,
46, and 47 of the accompanying Drawings.
Seventhly. The construction and combination of the bevilled metallic stiles and
pressing bolts or shoes for the sliding sashes or windows of railway and other
carriage doors and other sliding sashes or windows for preventing rattling in the
said sliding sashes or windows, and for sustaining the said sashes or windows in
the positions to which they may have been brought, substantially as herein before
described and illustrated in Figures 36, 37, 38, 39, 42, 45, 46, 48, 49, and 50 of the
accompanying Drawings, whether the said metallic stiles and pressing bolts or
shoes be applied to sliding sashes or windows having metallic or wooden frames.
Eighthly. The construction and combination of parts, herein before described
and illustrated in Figures 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, and 41 of the accompanying Drawings,
for raising, lowering, and supporting the sliding sashes or windows of railway and
other carriage doors; also the combination with the sliding sashes or windows of
railway and other carriage doors having stiles or runs in the same vertical plane of
a moveable fence rail operated by the raising and lowering of the sliding sash
or window, substantially as herein before described and illustrated in Figures 36,
37, 38, and 39 of the accompanying Drawings.
Ninthly. The construction and combination of the parts of the outer metallic
case or outer frame and the metallic sliding frames of the windows of _carriage
heads or other windows having parallel sliding frames, as herein before described
and illustrated with reference to Figures 50 to 55, both inclusive, of the
accompanying Drawings.
Lastly. The construction and combination of parts, herein before described and
illustrated in Figures 56, 57, 58, 59, and 60 of the accompanying Drawings, for
raising, lowering, and fixing the front folding windows of Hansom cabs and other
carriages, whether the said folding windows have metallic or wooden frames, and
whether moveable or fixed stiles or guide rods be employed, as described and
illustrated.
In witness whereof, I, the said Henry Brittain, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Eighteenth day of February, in the year of our Lord One
Witness,
GEORGE SHAW.
HENRY BRITTAIN. (L.S.)