IMPROVEMENTS IN MINERS' SAFETY LAMPS AND OTHER LAMPS AND APPARATUS FOR LIGHTING, ALSO IN FURNACES, FIRE-PLACES, AND STOVES OR APPARATUS FOR HEATING, AND IN INSTRUMENTS FOR KINDLING LIGHTS, PART OF THE IMPROVEMENTS BEING APPLICABLE FOR VENTILATING
Year: 1873

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Marcus Israel Landau, of Bury Court, Saint
Mary Axe, in the City of London, Poultry Slaughterer, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MINERS' SAFETY LAMPS AND OTHER LAMPS
AND APPARATUS FOR LIGHTING, ALSO IN FURNACES, FIRE-PLACES, AND STOVES
OR APPARATUS FOR HEATING, AND IN INSTRUMENTS FOR KINDLING LIGHTS,
PART OF THE IMPROVEMENTS BEING APPLICABLE FOR VENTILATING."
Bealed the 23rd September 1873, and dated the 26th March 1873.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Marcus Israel Landau
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 26th March 1873.
I, MARCUS ISRAEL LANDAU, of Bury Court, Saint Mary Axe, in the
3 City of London, Poultry Slaughterer, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MINERS' SAFETY LAMPS AND OTHER
LAMPS AND APPARATUS FOR LIGHTING, ALSO IN FURNACES, FIRE-PLACES, AND STOVES

page_text: OR APPARATUS FOR HEATING, AND IN INSTRUMENTS FOR KINDLING LIGHTS, PART OF
THE IMPROVEMENTS BEING APPLICABLE FOR VENTILATING," to be as follows:-
According to one improvement I form or place at the lower part or
other convenient part of a lamp or lighting apparatus a chamber or box
into which I blow, force, drive, compress, or otherwise admit atmospheric
air. Within this chamber is a fan, a wheel, or an agitator, worked by
Or the fan wheel
clockwork or plunger and cylinder or other means.
or agitator may be dispensed with. Air may be forced into or com-
pressed in the chamber by a bellows or other means either continuously
In the latter case the chamber is closed after blowing in the
air. When the fan or agitator is used the air may be admitted without
forcing or compressing. The air passes to the flame through perfora-
tions or orifices.
or not.
For carrying off and condensing the hot air or gaseous and vapourous
products from the flame I fit at the top of the lamp or lighting
apparatus a bent or coiled tube, or zig-zag or tortuous pipe, or serpentine
or hollow worm; the bends or convolutions may take various directions.
This tube or conduit may be unscrewed in order to clear it of the waters
of condensation or the moisture produced by the condensation of the
hot gases or aeriform products. Or for this purpose a slide may be used
for getting at the interior of the tube, or a cock, tap, valve, or syphon may
be used. But I prefer to employ a blower or apparatus for blowing or
driving air transversely to the mouth of the tube, or in such manner as
to act thereon without of course blowing out the flame. The air may
be brought by a suitably disposed tube or conduit into the air chamber
before described.
When these lamps are used in mines and other confined places they
are conveniently placed on suitable supports or frameworks, a number
being arranged and combined together instead of the lamps being
separate and portable.
By these arrangements a large number of lamps may be controlled,
kindled, acted on, and caused to operate simultaneously, they may be
placed under proper responsible supervision, and accidents now occurring
from the carrying of the lamps by miners and by their having inde-
pendent control over them will be avoided.
The frames or supports of the lamps or the lamps themselves may be
furnished with appliances for raising and lowering them, so that the

page_text: kindling, trimming, adjusting, cleansing, or other requisite operations,
as also the blowing in or introducing of air, may be performed at the
mouth of the pit or mine.
The condensing or bent pipes may be carried to the top of the pit's
mouth so as to avoid the retention of the hot gases and vapours within
the mine.
By the employment of the air chamber the atmosphere of the mine,
room, or place in which the lamp is used does not enter the lamp or act
on the burner.
I sometimes fit a valve at the outer end of the bent tube, such valve
opening outward, so that the outer and often vitiated air cannot enter it,
while yet the heated aeriform products can escape from it.
In one arrangement I fit a moveable rim, jacket, or casing over the
lower portion of the lamp and form perforations at intervals therein; I
also form perforations in the lower portion of the lamp. When the
moveable jacket, rim, or casing is so turned so as to bring its orifices
coincident with the inner orifices the latter are opened, but when the
outer orifices are brought opposite the intevals between the inner orifices
the latter are closed.
The various arrangements above described may in whole or in part be
applied to furnaces, fire-places, and apparatus for heating, especially for
maintaining heat and combustion, securing safety, and preventing the
envolving of noxious or deleterious vapours.
The arrangement of bent tube may also be applied for ventilating as
it will carry off heat from lighting and heating apparatus employed in
confined rooms or places.
Miners, divers, and persons working where the supply of atmospheric
air is arrested or limited may obtain a supply of air for respiratory
purposes from the air chamber or reservoir at the bottom of the lamp
or lighting apparatus.
My instrument for kindling consists of a rod or wand having a wick,
sponge, or other combustible contrivance or material at one end sur-
rounded by wire gauze or perforated or reticulated material, which may
be so contrived as to be opened and closed by a screw or otherwise.
The lamps or other apparatus to be kindled are in some cases provided

page_text: with doors closed by special keys or patent locks. The key should be
in possession of a superintendent or other responsible officer. Within
the lamp or apparatus is a screen, veil, or curtain of elastic or springy
material in which is a small orifice which the elasticity or resilience of
the material tends to keep closed and through which the end of the
kindling instrument is introduced.
According to another improvement I cause a bent tube to open into
a fire-place or stove at one end and into its chimney or flue at the other
end. In this tube are one or more openings opened and closed by doors,
slides, dampers, or valves. A door or slide is provided at the upper part
of the fire-place or stove and also in the chimney or flue over the top of
the tube. After the smoke has passed off from the fuel the doors of the
fire-place and the chimney are closed and the doors of the tube opened
so that the hot gases which pass into the tube will enter the apartment
or place to be warmed by the fire-place or stove instead of being wasted.
Hot plates or other contrivances for cooking or warming articles and
liquids may be adapted to the bent tube. There may be one or more
bent tubes and there may be openings in the doors or slides.
The above improvement may be applied to close stoves or stoves
burning smokeless fuel.
Tubes or passages constructed as above described (except that they
may be straight or otherwise formed as well as bent), may be carried
from a fire-place, stove, or furnace at the bottom or other convenient
part of a house or other structure, and lead to various apartments therein
or parts thereof, so that by opening the doors, valves, or slides the heat
may be communicated to such apartments or parts.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Marcus Israel Landau in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 26th September 1873.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Marcus Israel Landau in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 26th September 1873.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, MAROUS 30
ISRAEL LANDAU, of Bury Court, Saint Mary Axe, in the City of London,
Poultry Slaughterer, send greeting.

page_text: WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-sixth day of March, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, in the
thirty-sixth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Marcus Israel Landau, Her special
licence that I, the said Marcus Israel Landau, my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Marcus Israel Landau,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN MINERS' SAFETY LAMPS AND OTHER LAMPS AND APPARATUS FOR
LIGHTING, ALSO IN FURNACES, FIRE-PLACES, AND STOVES OR APPARATUS FOR HEATING,
AND IN INSTRUMENTS FOR KINDLING LIGHTS, PART OF THE IMPROVEMENTS BEING
APPLICABLE FOR VENTILATING," upon the condition (amongst others) that I,
the said Marcus Israel Landau, my executors or administrators, by an
instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and
seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause
the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Marcus Israel Landau, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement thereof, reference being had to the accom-
panying Drawings and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that
is to say :-
According to one improvement I form or place at the lower part or
other convenient part of a lamp or lighting apparatus a chamber or box
into which I blow, force, drive, compress, or otherwise admit atmo-
spheric air. Within this chamber is a fan, a wheel, or an agitator worked
by clockwork, by a plunger and cylinder, or by other means; or the
fan, wheel, or agitator may be dispensed with. Air may be forced into
or compressed in the chamber by a bellows or other means, either con-
tinuously or not. In the last case the chamber is closed after blowing
in the air. The air passes to the flame through perforations or orifices.

page_text: For carrying off and condensing the hot air or gaseous and vaporous
products from the flame I fit at the top of the lamp or lighting appa-
ratus a bent or coiled tube or zig-zag or tortuous pipe, or serpen-
tine or hollow worm, the bends or convolutions may take various
directions. This tube or conduit may be unscrewed in order to clear it
of the waters of condensation or the moisture produced by the condensa
tion of the hot gases or aeriform products. Or for this purpose a slide
may be used for getting at the interior of the tube, or a cock, tap, valve,
or syphon may be used; but I prefer to employ a blower or apparatus
for blowing or driving air transversely to the mouth of the tube or in
such manner as to act thereon, without (of course blowing out the
flame. The air may be brought by a suitably disposed tube or conduit
into and from the air chamber before described.
When these lamps are used in mines and other confined places they
are conveniently placed on suitable supports or framework, a number 1
being arranged and combined together instead of the lamps being
separate and portable.
By these arrangements a large number of lamps may be controlled
kindled, acted on, and caused to operate simultaneously. They may be
placed under proper responsible supervision and accidents now occurring 2
from the carrying of the lamps by miners and by their having inde-
pendent control over them will be avoided.
The frames or supports of the lamps or the lamps themselves may be
furnished with appliances for raising and lowering them, so that the
kindling, trimming, adjusting, or cleansing or other requisite operation, a
as also the blowing in or introduction of air may be performed at the
mouth of the pit or mine.
The condensing or bent pipes may be carried to the top of the pit's
mouth so as to avoid the retention of the hot gases and vapours within
the mine.
By the employment of the air chamber the atmosphere of the mine,
room, or place in which the lamp is used does not enter the lamp or act
on the burner before passing through the air chamber.
I sometimes fit a valve or equivalent contrivance at the outer end of
the bent tube, such valve opening outward so that the outer and often a
vitiated air or the wind cannot enter it while yet the heated aeriform
products can escape from it.

page_text: In one arrangement I fit a moveable rim, jacket, or casing over the
lower portion of the lamp, and form perforations at intervals therein.
I also form perforations in the lower portion of the lamp. When the
moveable jacket, rim, or casing is so turned as to bring its orifices
coincident with the inner orifices the latter are opened, but when the
outer orifices are brought opposite the intervals between the inner.
orifices the latter are closed.
The various arrangements above described may, as herein-after
explained, be applied to furnaces, fire-places, and apparatus for heating,
especially for maintaining heat and combustion, securing safety, and
preventing the evolving of noxious or deleterious vapours.
The arrangements may also be applied for ventilating, as they will
carry off heat from lighting and heating apparatus employed in confined.
rooms or places.
Miners, divers, and persons working or being where the supply of
atmospheric air is arrested or limited, such as in mines, in water,
theatres, halls, ships, railway carriages, and elsewhere may obtain the
supply of air for respiratory purposes from the air chamber, reservoir, or
conduit at the bottom of the lamp or lighting apparatus.
) My instrument for kindling consists of a rod or wand having a wick,
spong, or other combustible contrivance or material at one end sur-
rounded by wire gauze or perforated or reticulated material, which may
be so contrived as to be opened and closed by a screw or otherwise.
The lamps or other apparatus to be kindled are in some cases provided
with doors or openings closed by special keys or patent locks. The
keys should be in the possession of a superintendent or other responsible
officer. Within the lamp or apparatus may be a screen, veil, or curtain
of elastic or springy material in which is a small orifice which the
elasticity or resilience of the material tends to keep closed, and through
which the end of the kindling instrument is introduced.
According to another improvement I cause a bent tube or passage to
open into a fire-place or stove at one end and into its chimney or flue
at the other end. In this tube are one or more openings opened and
closed by doors, slides, dampers, or valves. A door or slide is provided
at the upper part of the fire-place or stove and also in the chimney or
flue over the top of the tube. After the smoke has passed off from
the fuel, the doors of the fire-place and chimney are closed, and

page_text: the door of the tube opened so that the hot or warm gases which pass
into the tube or passage will enter the apartment or place to be warmed
by the fire-place or stove instead of being wasted.
Hot plates or other contrivances for cooking or warming articles and
liquids may be adapted to the bent tube. There may be one or more
bent tubes, and there may be openings in the doors or slides.
The above improvement may be applied to close stoves, or stoves
burning smokeless fuel. Tubes or passages constructed as above
described (except that they may be straight or otherwise formed as well
as bent) may be carried from a fire-place, stove, or furnace at the bottom
or other convenient part of a house or other structure and lead to
various apartments therein or parts thereof, so that by opening the
doors, valves, or slides the heat may be communicated to such apart-
ments or parts.
I now proceed with reference to the accompanying Drawings to 1
describe more particularly in what manner the Invention may be carried
into effect.
Figure 1 is an elevation, chiefly in section, shewing one arrangement
of my improved lighting and ventilating apparatus represented as applied
by way of illustration to a railway carriage, though it may obviously be 2
applied in precisely similar manner to other carriages and to rooms,
cabins, and other capacities, compartments, chambers, articles, spaces
or places. The pipes or conduits can be so arranged (as shewn) that
a single fan or blowing apparatus may supply air for maintaining the
lights and for ventilating a train of carriages or a series or number of 2
contiguous or adjacent rooms, cabins, chambers, places, or spaces.
A is the thing or place to be lighted and ventilated, here shewn, as
a railway carriage. B is a chamber fixed to the bottom of the carriage
and containing a fan 6 worked in any convenient manner, as for instance,
by connections 6º actuated by one of the carriage wheels.
C is a tube for admitting air into the fan chamber B. This pipe
terminates at top in a bell mouth piece c so fitted that it may be turned
on the tube in either direction to receive air.
3
D is a tube which conducts air from the fan chamber B to the
required place or places through branch pipes D* which distribute the 3

page_text: air as required. One such branch D* is shewn in the Drawing. It
conducts air into the lamp E so as to feed and maintain the flame
therein. The lamp E may be in other respects of ordinary form or
construction except that it has at top a bent tube e forming a chimney
or passage for the heated aeriform products and smoke. This tube
may be fitted so as to be capable of turning in various directions. It
may be of coiled or spiral arrangement.
For regulating the supply of air to the lamp through the tube D*,
I screw into the mouth thereof a regulator, shewn in horizontal section on
an enlarged scale in Figure 2. This consists of a chamber a, a*, closed
at the end of a at which part it is broader than at the part a*; a³, is a
cone working in a conical seat or socket in the part a*, and having
attached to its vertex a cap or flanged disc a³. The sides or periphery
of the part a are perforated with numerous small holes a*; the sides may
for this purpose be made of wire gauze. a³ is a spring or springy washer
fitted in the recess formed by the outer end of the chamber a, and
bearing against the cap a³, so as to tend to force it with the cone a³ in
an inward direction contrary to the direction of the flow of air indicated
by the arrow, and which air tends to force the cone outwards, and thus
the passage of air is regulated in its flow between the sides of the
cone and its seat, and through the holes a into the lamp E. G is a
tube branching from the tube D, and fitted at the end with a valve or
damper g, which is opened in order that air may be supplied to the
interior of the carriage A, in order to ventilate it; H is a flexible pipe
with rose spreader h at the end. It also leads from the pipe D, and serves
for ventilating.
The tube D is carried over and along the carriage and connected with
like tubes D, on other carriages, and it may also be connected with
other tubes leading elsewhere, for instance it may be carried through
a branch E, with joint e* to the furnace of the locomotive boiler, to
promote combustion therein. fis a branch from the pipe D, opening
below the mouth of the bent chimney e, as to project a stream of
air transversely of the stream of aeriform products, proceeding from the
chimney, so as to heighten the flame, and blow away the smoke.
The arrangement may be conveniently applied in like manner to
mines supposing A to represent one of a number of frames fixed in a
mine cach with a lamp and air apparatus as above described.

page_text: Figure 3 is an elevation and Figure 4 vertical section of a miner's
lamp constructed according to my Invention.. Figure 5* is a vertical
section and Figure 5 is a plan of the lower portion of the lamp.
I, I*, is the lamp, its upper portion I being screwed to the lower
portion I* at i. The lower portion consists of the wick holder, oil
holder, and air passages, all concentric. j is the wick holder, it is
tubular, its wick is supplied with oil through a pipe j*, leading from the
oil holder J* which extends about half round the portion I*, the outer
circle of the portion I* being completed by an air space j, terminated
by the lateral ends of the oil holder J*. Air is supplied to this space
through perforations therein, the sectional area of which (and thence
the inflow of air) is regulated by a perforated circular or semicircular
jacket casing, shield, or plate 2 which slides over this part of the lamp,
and when it closes the holes the light is extinguished. is an air space
surrounding the wick holder j, and supplying air to the flame. This
air it receives from an air chamber ³ surrounding it, and closed at top
and bottom. The air passes from the chamber into the space j
through perforations or wire gauze in the inner wall of the chamber,
and this chamber is supplied with air from the air space j³ through
perforations or wire gauze 13 in the outer wall of the chamber ³. It
must be observed that these perforations do not extend all around the
periphery of the chamber but each set of perforations only extends for
about a third of its periphery and the perforations of the outer wall are
not placed in the part of the wall directly opposite the perforations of
the inner wall but at a part of the periphery of the outer wall on the
other side of the chamber as shewn, indeed none of the air perforations
extend continuously around the peripheries of the air spaces, so that air
instead of entering at all parts around the base of the lamp as in ordinary
miners' lamps is forced to travel or circulate before reaching the flame
and the chances of danger are thus reduced.
I proceed to describe an arrangement for preventing danger in miners'
lamps by constructing a special lock in such manner as to cause the
opening of the lamp to extinguish the wick. h*, is a horizontal pin or
axis passing through and beyond the wick holder and carrying a wheel
h for raising and lowering the wick. It carries at one end a wheel h³
formed of two cross bars. The locking of the lamp pushes the axis
outward and brings this wheel h³ in such position as to be engaged by
projections, as shewn in Figure 4*, on the inner side of the lower part
1

page_text: of the upper portion I of the lamp when an effort is made to unscrew
and detach the two portions, when this occurs, the axis turns the wheel
and lowers the wick until it is extinguished. On the opposite end of
the axis h* is a pinion or fluted roller p³ in gear with a worm ", the end
of the axis projects outside the lamp so that the wick may be raised
and lowered without opening the lamp by turning the stud h³ on the
shank hº. The wick is trimmed by turning this stud 8 on the end.
The rod h³ passes through a stuffing box. The worm or rack h" is in gear
with the pinion h*. This rod h' is bent at right angles at the end so
as to remove the carbonized particles of the wick.
The lamp contains a reflector and deflector of the light. In the
upper part I of the lamp is a tube or chimney K bent or twisted spirally
or otherwise. One form is shewn in Figure 6. Or the modification
shewn in elevation Figure 4, and in bottom plan Figure 7, may be used,
in which the chimney consists of a number of bent pieces, as therein, so
arranged that the air or aeriform products circulate in it before emerging.
Perforations are formed at k³ in one of the plates and other perforations
at '³ in another of the plates for the passage of the aeriform matter,
but these two sets of perforations do not come directly opposite each
other so that there must be circulation of the aeriform matter and a
blank or non-perforated portion of the chimney is presented to the wire
gauze case of the part I of the lamp, thus resisting entry of gases from
outside. The mode in which the lower portion of the lamp is arranged
is such that the flame only draws in just sufficient air for combustion
at the lower part of the lamp, and if there be a rush of inflammable
gas, as fire-damp, in force, the flame would be extinguished. Moreover
by this arrangement the entry of air or gas from the outside at the
upper part of the lamp is prevented, no air being drawn in at that
part to feed the flame, and thus the danger of admission of deleterious
gas is prevented. are man-holes for cleaning the chimney.
Figure 8 is a horizontal section of my improved kindling apparatus.
L, L*, are two cones, L being truncated and open at top but closed at
bottom, and L* sliding over it when moved by the stem 1*, which passes
through the bottom of L through a stuffing box P. A candle or other
light is introduced into the cone L through a hole in the bottom
thereof by means of a stem 7. The cones are perforated to admit air to
the light.
The apparatus in the closed condition shewn in Figure 8 is inserted
into the lamp or case of the burner or wick to be kindled, and then the

page_text: cone L* is pushed forward by the rod * so as to allow the flame ľ³ to
kindle the light.
Figure 9 is a front elevation of heating apparatus constructed accord-
ing to my Invention. M is a fire-place or stove opened and closed by
hinged doors N, N. P is a passage or pipe which may be carried or a
branch into any number of rooms. The chimney may project into the
room. Q is a damper in the chimney flue. It is formed of two slotted
plates, one turning over the other so as to open and close the slots
therein or regulate their sectional area. Q* is an oven in the pipe M.
There are openings in the passage P closed by screw plates which are
removed to admit cylinders R, R, with dampers. One cylinder is shewn
detailed in Figure 10, and plan Figure 11. It consists of two concentric
cylinders r, *, one within the other. Their peripheries are perforated.
The outer cylinder is filled with lime or other purifying agent for
purifying or depurating the smoke or hot air. The outer plates of the
cylinders are slotted and a slotted plate S* is fitted over to open and
close the slots therein so as to form a damper. S is another damper
worked by a rod as at p, having a toothed segment p* at the end working
a rack or worm p² on the damper. This is for closing the passage P.
The dampers R, R, 84, are opened by turning the knobs ³ on the
plates, thus bringing the slots in the plate opposite those in the
cylinder end. When the fire is burnt up I close the doors N after
inserting the cylinders R, and I open the dampers Q. The heat
passes through the cylinders from the passage P into the room to be
warmed, as soon as the damper S is closed, and the dampers S* and
cylinder ends opened; is a man-hole for cleansing the passage V.
The view shewn in Figure 1 shews how the lamps and air apparatus
may be applied to frames for mines and other confined places.
The fan, or blower, or other means used for admitting air to the lamp
may be combined with arrangements for conveying air to furnaces or ;
fire-places, and the bent, coiled, or zig-zag passage or equivalent may be
fitted to the top of the furnace or fire-place.
Having now described the nature of the said Invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I declare that I claim,-
First. The employment in or combination with lamps or lighting
apparatus of a chamber into which air is forced, blown, or otherwise
introduced or admitted, substantially in the manner and for the purpose
described.

page_text: Second. The employment in or combination with lamps or lighting
apparatus of a fan or blower working in a chamber, substantially in the
manner and for the purpose set forth.
Third. The mode of and arrangements for admitting air to the flame
through perforations, as described.
Fourth. The employment of a bent, coiled, zig-zag, tortuous, or similar
passage or chimney at the top of the lamp or lighting apparatus for
carrying off and condensing the hot air or gaseous and vaporous products
from the flame in the manner described.
Fifth. The combined arrangement of tubes or passages whereby a
current of air is driven or blown transversely of the vaporous or gaseous
current issuing from the passage or chimney, in the manner and for the
purposes set forth.
Sixth. The employment in mines and other confined places of frames
or supports (which may be moveable and) which carry a number of
lamps or lighting apparatus (arranged according to my improvements)
whereby they may be simultaneously acted on and controlled, sub-
stantially as described.
Seventh. The conducting of the passages for admitting or introducing
air, and for carrying off and condensing the gases or vapours to the
mouth or top of the mine or other confined place, as and for the purposes
described.
Eighth. The employment of a valve opening outward or similar con-
trivance at the outer end of the passage or chimney to prevent entry of
wind and vitiated or noxious air or gas while allowing of the escape of
the aeriform products from the lamp.
Ninth. The application of the arrangements of bent zig-zag, coiled,
or similar passage for carrying off the vapours or aeriform products of
combustion in furnaces and other heating apparatus in the manner and
for the purpose above set forth.
Tenth. The combination of the means above described (for admitting
air to lamps) with furnaces or fire-places, as described.
Eleventh. The application of the arrangements for the purpose of
ventilating in the manner described, that is to say, the arrangements
herein described whereby air is supplied for ventilating purposes from
and by means of the air chamber of the lamp or lighting apparatus.

page_text: Twelfth. The kindling instrument herein described having its parts
constructed, arranged, and combined in the manner set forth.
Thirteenth. The special lock constructed as herein described for the
purpose set forth.
Fourteenth. The employment within lamps of an elastic or springy
screen, veil, or curtain, with an orifice therein for the introduction of the
kindling instrument, in the manner and for the purpose described.
Fifteenth. The combination with a fire-place or stove of one or more
tubes or passages formed with openings furnished with valves, dampers,
doors, or slides for preventing the escape or waste of the hot or warm
gases and utilizing them for heating purposes, as described.
Sixteenth. The combination with such tubes or passages of con-
trivances for cooking, warming, or heating substances or liquids, as
described.
Seventeenth. The general arrangement and combination of lamp or
lighting apparatus herein-before described and represented in the
accompanying Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Marcus Israel Landau, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Twenty-sixth day of September,
One thousand eight hundred and seventy-three.
Witness,
SAMUEL EPSTIEN.
MARCUS I. LANDAU. (L.S.)