Improvements iN AND RELATING TO THE GENERATION, STORAGE,
Year: 1882

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Joseph Stokes Williams, of Riverton, New Jersey,
United States of America, now of 8, Southampton Buildings, London, for an
invention of "Improvements iN AND RELATING TO THE GENERATION, STORAGE,
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Joseph Stokes Williams at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 22nd February 1882.
JOSEPH STOKES WILLIAMS, of Riverton, New Jersey, United States of America,
now of 8 Southampton Buildings, London. "IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING
TO THE GENERATION, STORAGE, DISTRIBUTION, REGULATION AND UTILIZATION OF
ELECTRICITY AND APPARATUS OR MEANS THEREFOR
n
The object of my invention is to generate, distribute, store, regulate and utilize
electricity for the working of railways and tramways and for other purposes and it
relates to methods apparatus and means employed therefor.
In order to generate, distribute, store and utilize electric currents for motive
power and other purposes, especially upon lines of railway, I employ apparatus,
methods, and means as follows, that is to say-in some cases I generate electricity
upon a wagon, locomotive, or train through the medium of a dynamo-electric
machine or a series of the same, and conduct the electricity into a storage tank or
system placed upon such locomotive, wagon, or train and I provide for withdrawing
the electricity from such storage system by completing the circuit so that it can be
conducted through an electric engine or motor or a series of the same. These motors
or engines are insulated from the machinery or body of the carriage; in other
words, they are insulated from the earth. By those ineans I minimize the loss of
energy caused by the leakage with the ordinary methods employed for conducting
the currents to the motor. The motors are placed upon, or in connection with, the
axles or wheels of the engine, or the axles or wheels of the carriages or vehicles
to be moved. I sometimes employ a series of conductors leading to the poles of

page_text: the different motors. I can by these means bring any number of them into use as
may be desired either for propelling the trains or for retarding their motion. I
arrange the circuit maker or makers to be under the control of the engine-driver,
or both the engine driver and the conductor or guard; or I can so arrange the same
that the circuit-maker can be controlled at or from any portion or portions of the
train as may be desired, and I am enabled by means of this apparatus to provide
such power as may be necessary, and to apply the electric energy to any desired or
necessary number of the wheels or vehicles.
When I construct an electric engine and provide for the generation of the electric
currents upon the train, the machinery inay be kept running constantly; the
electricity so generated is preferably conducted into the storage system or tank,
except when the latter shall be fully charged or when the operator desires to utilize
the electricity through the motors or electric brakes for propelling or impeding the
motion of the train or for other purposes. I can employ a gas or other engine for
driving the generator. When I use a gas-engine for this purpose I employ apparatus
to regulate the supply of gas according to the electricity being utilized and thereby
govern the speed of the engine and the consumption of fuel.
When I employ steam to drive the electric generator I combine the governor,
safety valve, or damper, or any or all of the same, with the generator or storage
system, or both, so that when the electricity cannot be utilized directly or by
storage, the fire is checked or governed by limiting the admission of air to the
same. For instance I can employ an electric motor which, by the aid of suitable
apparatus connected therewith, will regulate the position of the damper or inlet for
the air. Or such apparatus can be so combined as to act with, or as the governor
for, the admission of steam, compressed air, or gases dependent upon the pressure
or electro-motive force in the main or from the storage system, or dependent upon
the amount of electricity being utilized.
I also employ a central generating station or stations for supplying electricity
for the working of a railway or to be utilized along the line or elsewhere, and
provide storage systems of electricity placed along the line. I lead the conductors
from the generating station preferably to a prime storage apparatus or system and
connect such prime storage system with secondary accumulating apparatus or
systems placed along the line; when such systems are supplied from one generating
station they are connected by a suitably insulated conductor or conductors. The
return circuit may be completed by earth or by a return conductor. For instance
I can place the conductors, suitably insulated, along the line and connect them with
the poles of the storage apparatus.
I can place these storage systems at any distance apart along the lines of railway
at the sides thereof or between the rails of the line. I employ storage apparatus
placed upon the electric engine, wagon, or train, and provide adjustable circuit-
makers such as a brush or other apparatus which is under the control of the engine-
driver or attendant who is thereby enabled, through the medium of this adjustable
connection or circuit maker or makers, to feed the electric tank or system placed
upon the train from the conductor or electric tank or system placed along the line.
By such arrangement it is practicable to generate electricity at convenient stations
or places and feed or supply the electricity for the moving of the trains or for
other purposes upon the train somewhat as water is now supplied to the locomotive
tenders or water tanks. The electricity can be utilized from the storage tanks for
motive power or other purposes on the train and the difficulties attending the
general application of electricity for propulsion or other purposes on railways will
be entirely obviated the frictional and wearing parts and the difficulties of
construction and insulation being avoided.
I so arrange the storage system or tanks upon the train as to regulate or govern
the electro-motive force of the current irrespective of the electro motive force of
the currents which charge such tanks; I ain thereby enabled to utilize the elec-
tricity upon the same as best suited for the purposes for which the electricity will

page_text: be employed, that is to say, I provide apparatus or means to obtain the desired
electro-motive force due to the number of the batteries or storage systems coupled
in series and placed upon the train. I can use any suitable apparatus for this
purpose or I can employ any system or apparatus for the utilization of stored elec-
tricity. I can use in connection with a conductor or storage spstem placed upon
the line, a liquid conductor which is placed in troughs or grooves and into which
the adjustable apparatus or circuit-makers can enter so that communication is made
between the electric conductor or storage system placed upon the line and the
storage system or apparatus placed upon the train, wagon, vehicle, locomotive, or
engine.
When I employ a liquid as the means for establishing communication I prefer to
construct a circuit-making apparatus placed upon the wagon or other vehicle with
thin sharp eriges so that it will not throw the liquid from the tank when the train
is running and also to obtain more perfect communication or contact.
In order to construct an electric engine or motor for working upon railways I
arrange upon the driving wheels thereof armatures mounted upon an insulating
support; or I secure such insulating support to the driving wheels, and upon this
insulating support or bed I place insulated wires, strips, or ribbons the same being
preferably covered by a plate of copper which is securely fastened thereon and I
arrange an electro-magnet or a series of such magnets so that these armatures will
revolve in their respective magnetic fields.
I sometimes construct the armatures of plates of copper secured upon an insulating
or non magnetic support for instance I may fasten or clamp to the driving wheels
a plate of copper circular in form which rests upon an insulating support both of
which are secured to the wheel. Another armature of similar construction is placed
upon the opposite wheel. The electro inagnet is supported and insulated froin the
axle of the driving wheels. This magnet may have a horse-shoe or other form the
wires or ribbons with which it is wound are preferably in close proximity and
nearly parallel with the face of the armature. I lead the currents to or from the
armature to conductors or collectors midway between the wheels. Or I sometimes
arrange the armature upon the axle throughout the most of its length and of the
greatest diameter practicable and employ in connection therewith an annular
electro magnet and conduct the currents to or from the armature through the
medium of the collectors placed at the ends thereof.
I provide for transforming the motors into generating machines when running
down inclines or when the speed is desired to be checked that is to say instead of
conducting the electricity into the motor from the storage system I reverse the
position of the circuit maker and connect the generator with the storage system
and through the medium of .an automatic cut off placed in the circuit prevent the
return of the electricity from the storage system to the generator in case the electro
motive force shall be greater in the generator than in the machine but as I lead the
currents to the prime system of storage of low electro motive force the generator
will be running at a very slow speed when not feeding the storage system. If the
electric engines and vehicles are to run at a high speed I prefer to employ bent or
set axles in order that the bodies of the carriages and the weight will be partly
below the axis of the wheels; or I provide loose wheels and cover the axles with a
sleeve in order to retain the oil and prevent or diminish friction in the bearings.
In constructing a governing apparatus for the electric engine or motor or other
electrical appliances where the amount of electric energy required is not constant
or uniform I provide a series of electro-motive force-regulators and combine there-
with a series of circuit-makers or conductors which are so arranged relatively
thereto as to regulate the number of the series employed at a given time according
to the energy required in the electric motor. These devices aro more fully described
in my Provisional Specification filed the 16th day of February 1882 No. 766.
It will be understood that any number of electric motors can be controlled from
any given point by the employment of such regulating devices.

page_text: With my improved method or system of generating and storing electric energy
for the working of railways, the power is always in constant reserve and I utilize
the capital expenditure in generating apparatus to its full capacity, that is to say,
the generating machinery or apparatus can be kept constantly feeding the storage
apparatus or systems along the line, and the electricity so stored can be conducted
into the storage apparatus or systems of the trains. wagons, or vehicles as it may
be needed. This method or system of working railways will obviate the necessity
for building heavy machinery or engines to pass over the lines thereby rendering it
practicable to construct roads more economically than where heavy rolling stock
is employed. Moreover this method or system is well adapted for elevated railways, 1
tramways, light electric railways, as well as ordinary railway systems.
In applying the machinery to the trains or vehicles I provide for the connection
of the motor or motors with the driving wheels. And in order to provide for the
gradual application or withdrawal of the electric energy I construct the armature
of the motor of a series of independent strips, pieces, wires, or ribbons, or I employ
a series of electro-magnets in conjunction with the armature. I lead the wires from
these magnets or from the sections of the armature, or both, to a convenient position
and join them to an apparatus in which they can at pleasure be included in the
circuit through the medium of a circuit maker or a series of them preferably a
liquid (say mercury). In conjunction with this mercury I employ a plunger or
other suitable apparatus which causes the displacement of the liquid and thereby
regulates the number of the aforesaid electro magnets or the number of the sections
of the armature or both which will be doing work. This circuit maker or governor
is placed in a convenient position for the engine driver or attendant, and being in
circuit with the source of electricity (preferably the storage system) the position of
such circuit-maker will govern the amount of electric energy introduced into the
machine; or in other words the power of the motor for instance where a small
amount of electric energy is required there will be a proportionate expenditure in
the machine and on the contrary where a large amount is requisite, or where the
full force of the machine is needed, the circuit-maker or governor can be placed in
such a position as to render available the full force of the said machine.
I also employ a circuit maker or governor, preferably of similar construction to
that above described, for reversing the current through the machine to act as a
brake. This construction obviates entirely the necessity for the employment of
belts, friction gearing, clutches, and complicated devices for diminishing or
increasing the speed of wheels or machinery to be operated by the motors.
Furthermore this apparatus can be used as an automatic governor for regulating
the electro-motive force introduced into the motors or passing through the main or
conductors of electricity.
In order to construct this automatic governor I combine with such displacing
apparatus, plunger-device, or devices, an electric motor through which the current
passes. This motor is held in check by a weight, pressure device, spring, or brake or a
series of the same, that is to say, the electric motor acts against such weight, spring,
or brake which is graduated or proportioned in accordance with the electro-motive
force in the conductor or main. These devices are applicable to the governing of
motors, electric generators, resistances or circuit-makers in connection with various
electrical machines or appliances, and may be the medium for covering, regulating,
and combining a dynamo electric machine and a steam engine, boiler, damper or
conductor for supplying liquid fuel or gas, or for other purposes.
I sometimes place the electric motor in connection with friction-wheels which
operate upon the driving wheel, wheels, or axles of the engine, wagon, or train.
In railways with steep gradients I prefer to arrange a conductor continuously
along the line at such portions.
In order to construct a simple and effective electric brake for use upon wagons
or other vehicles, locomotives, and railway trains I employ an electric motor which
is secured in any convenient position on the wagon, vehicle, or train. This electric

page_text: motor is provided with scrow or cam faced ends which fit into, or over, corre-
sponding pieces or sockets with which the brake-blocks are connected or combined.
For instance, one such motor may be placed with its axle ends extending
lengthwise of the vehicle. The screw or cam face sockets slide to and fro in
grooves or channels according to the position of the motor. The connecting rods
extends to the brake-blocks; or the motor may be mounted upon the vehicle with
its axis in line with the axle or axles of the vehicle.
Under this last construction I prefer to fit upon the sides of the wheel or upon
the axle, a bearing plate or a series of such plates and force against the same the
brake-blocks connected with the aforesaid sockets.
I may employ, in connection with the motor, a counterweight or spring which
will cause the withdrawal or taking off of the brake-blocks when the current is
not passing.
I also provide on railway vehicles or trains, means for the automatic application
of the brake upon a vehicle when the same becomes disengaged from the other
portion of the train. I can employ for this purpose a relay or a storage battery
or system; or electro-magnets, can be employed in conjunction therewith.
I prefer to employ the construction of motors, electric generators and liquid
commutators, collectors, or circuit makers and governing apparatus as described in
provisional specifications filed the 6th January 1882 No. 85 and the 13th February
1882 No. 700.
When I place conductors or storage systems along the line for feeding or
supplying the apparatus placed upon the train, I mount or place them in, or on,
suitable insulating supports. At the places where I employ conductors extending
for long distances along the line I can either use an independent rail or rails placed
between the ordinary rails of the line, or I can use the ordinary rails of the liue, or
can provide a conductor supported at the side of the line. I sometimes form the
ends of the conductors of the storage system with inclined ends or plates preferably
inclined at the ends, or where I employ a liquid as a conductor I reverse the
construction so as to form long troughs placed between the rails or adjacent to
them. Or I employ at suitable stations flexible or adjustable conductors for
connection with the poles of the storage apparatus placed in or upon the train.
In constructing large electric engines I sometimes secure the armatures to the
side of the driving wheels, the said armatures being insulated and built up in
sections or otherwise. The electro-magnets are placed between the armatures.
Or I employ a series of electric motors connected with the engine wheels. Or the
power can be distributed throughout the train by the application of motors placed
upon the axles or otherwise combined with them or the wheels. These motors are
preferably connected by conductors leading to the driving department of the train
where they can, at pleasure, be placed in the circuit with the storage apparatus or
system as above described; or they can be controlled from the guard's van through
the medium of a circuit-maker or a series of circuit-makers which will render
active an electro-magnet or an electric motor which will operate upon a circuit-
maker or a series of them and then will prevent the supply of electricity or will
cause the reversal of the current through such apparatus. To provide for the
distribution and utilization of electricity throughout the train for lighting, heating,
and other purposes (but not for motive power) I provide conductors connected
with the storage system. These conductors lead to the different vehicles, or com-
partments thereof, and I provide automatic coupling devices between the different
vehicles. In these different vehicles or compartments I employ suitable electric
lamps or heaters and arrange circuit makers or switching apparatus by which the
lights or heaters can be turned on or off as may be desired, the same being placed
either in the different compartments or in the guard's van or other suitable parts
of the train.
I sometimes construct the motors or generating machines in sections so as to
readily apply them on the axles or wheels of the vehicles, and when it is necessary,

page_text: I so construct, support, and arrange the electro-magnets as to provide for the
variation in height due to the springs of the vehicles when the springs have their
bearings directly upon the axles and body or framing of the vehicles.
I provide methods, apparatus, and means for operating, controlling, and securing
the proper relative working of movable mechanics such as is in general use on
railways or which is described in the specifications of prior Letters Patent granted
to me or on my behalf or of any combination of the latter with the apparatus in
general use, that is to say, I provide apparatus or means for signalling upon rail-
ways through the medium of electricity and I provido apparatus, methods, and
means for operating, controlling, and securing the various combinations of switches
crossings crossing lines or sidings in their proper relationship to the principal line
or lines or the signalling or other apparatus connected or combined therewith so as
to fully secure the proper relative position of the parts of the inovable mechanisın,
and I can employ the improvements herein described and the system or apparatus
for generating, storing, distributing, measuring, governing, and utilizing electricity
and apparatus or means to be used therefor, or in connection therewith, as set forth
in former Provisional Specifications dated and numbered respectively November 30th
1881 Nos 5229 and 5233 December 31st 1881 No 5742 January 6th 1882 No. 85
January 16th 1882 Nos. 224 and 225 February 4th 1882 No 560 February 13th
1882 No 700 February 16th 1882 No 766.
In order to construct and arrange apparatus for the working of the aforesaid
movable parts or mechanisin I preferably employ an electric generating apparatus
and conduct the currents therefrom into a storage apparatus or system; and I lead
conductors from the poles of the storage system along the railway and place in
conjunction with the movable mechanism to be operated, suitable electric appliances
such as electric motors electro magnets and armatures, thermo electric engines or
machines, gas engines, or cylinders, but I preferably employ electric motors or
electro magnets. The conductors placed along the line are provided with branches,
sub-branches, or extensions which connect these appliances with the storage or
generating apparatus or system, or both.
For the operation of a switch, cross over road or any combination of apparatus to
be moved therewith in the working of railways, I preferably employ an electric
motor which is constructed and arranged to cause the adjustment of such movable
mechanism, dependent upon the introduction of the current into such motor. For
instance I place adjacent to the line of railway a motor the axle of which may be
directed across the line. I provide upon this axle a screw or cam faced piece, or
part, which fits into or over a corresponding nut or socket placed upon or con-
nected with, the rod leading to, or connected with, the switch When the circuit
is completed the electric current causes the movement of the motor, and the screw
is driven further into, or is partly withdrawn from the socket or piece upon the
connecting rod. These corresponding fittings upon the electro motor and the
connecting rod can be so formed as to require several revolutions of the electric
motor to complete the adjustment, or they may be so formed and arranged as to
cause the adjustment with a slight movement of the motor; moreover these fittings
can be so arranged relatively to each other as to provide for the locking of the
switch firmly in position. For this purpose I arrange a slowly-operating screw or
cam face, or a straight or nearly straight slot, into which a pin or projection fits or
works. By extending the shaft or axle of the motor under the rail or rails or in
close proximity to the rail I can connect with such motor a locking bar which will
prevent the movement of the motor while a train is passing; or I can lead the
current to such motor through a conductor in which the current will be interrupted
by the passage of the train over any given portion of the line as may be desired.
I can provide for such interruption by leading the conductors through movable
circuit makers which will be displaced while the train is standing or moving on
certain portions of the line.
I can employ a liquid circuit-maker, or a series of the same which will be

page_text: displaced or will change position through the medium of a lever placed under the
rail or through the medium of pressure upon an elastic or collapsible vessel with
which I combine the circuit maker or makers. For operating a cross over road I
can employ a single motor or a series of them for adjusting the movable parts of
the same. When I employ one motor I preferably place it midway between the
most distant parts of the cross over road and in the line of the connecting rods the
operation of which will be similar to that hereinbefore described. It will be under-
stood that through the medium of these appliances when the electric current is
sent through the motor such switch or cross over road will be adjusted and held in
a position dependent upon the current sent, that is to say, when the current is sent in
one direction the switch or cross over road or apparatus connected therewith will be
adjusted so as not to interrupt the main line and when the current is sent in the other
direction the apparatus will be adjusted so that the crossing line will be completed and
bolted or otherwise held in position. I can employ testing and bolting apparatus
which will be adjusted through the medium of electric motors in a similar manner that
is to say I provide a duplex or other form of bolting apparatus which is connected
or combined with an electric motor or the armature of an electro magnet; or such
motor or armature may have a testing and bolting face or part to correspond with
or fit into or over a socket aperture, recess or projection in connection with or
forming part of the motor or part first moved but I prefer to employ in connection
with the electric motor or the apparatus to be moved in connection therewith a
repeating apparatus which will indicate to the signalman or operator the exact
position of the parts first moved either visually or audibly or both and such
repeating apparatus may be a testing and bolting apparatus and may be made to
react upon other apparatus which would conflict if moved improperly with the first
moving mechanisin. For this purpose I employ an electro magnet and armature
or other apparatus which will be operative through the medium of the electric
current this armature or device engages with or fits into or over a socket, aperture,
recess or projection in connection with some part of the apparatus to be bolted or
tested. This reacting or testing armature or device is preferably arranged to engage
or interlock with and hold the circuit maker or a series of the same or some exten-
sion thereof or some sliding or adjustable piece or bar or extension thereof which
engages with the circuit maker or makers. When I use an electric motor I
arrange that when the switch shall be fully adjusted the electric motor shall be
automatically cut out of the circuit. I provide for this result by an excess of
movement in the motor in the locking faces of the screw cam face or slot as
herein before specified.
I also employ electric motors to move a signal semaphore or disc. The motor
may be placed in any desired position and may be combined with the signal through
the medium of a crank pulley or otherwise. The motor can be mounted upon the
signal post and the connecting rod extending to the signal may be combined with
the shaft of the motor through the medium of a screw and socket or an excentric or
otherwise. I sometimes provide a counterweight either attached directly to the
drum or otherwise arranged so that the signal shall go to danger in case of
breakage.
When I wish to control the signal from more than one point I employ apparatus
that can be operated through the medium of electricity. For instance when I use
an electro magnet and an armature the armature is provided with an engaging face
which fits into or against a projection or recess on some part of the apparatus
connected or combined with the signal. I preferably construct and arrange this
locking armature with a bolting face inclined at about the angle of 45° which face
fits against a corresponding face which it is designed to lock. When the current is
passed through the electro magnet and the engaging faces are opposite each other
they will be caused to fit closely and the slight power exerted by the magnet will
render it impossible to adjust the signal even though the force of the motor should
be applied; but when the circuit is broken so as to release the armature it may be

page_text: readily forced from its position and the signal will be free to be moved But in
order to better protect the working of the apparatus I provide apparatus for
interrupting the circuit to the motor when the current shall be passed through the
electro magnet so as to render active the locking armature. Further-more I
provide means whereby the completion of the circuit to the armature will cause
the locking or prevent the movement of the circuit maker which is employed to
complete the circuit to the motor. Or I can employ an independent circuit maker
and I may use for this purpose apparatus or devices which inay also be used as a
medium for locking or unlocking other circuit makers mechanically. Instead of
using an electro magnet and armature for locking the signal I may employ an
electric motor for this purpose some part or connection thereof being so constructed
and arranged relatively to the other parts of the apparatus as to accomplish or
permit the aforesaid results Or I may use an apparatus which is rendered
operative through liquids gases or metals which are heated by or through the
medium of the electric current. That is to say I expand a wire rod or other
medium or connection placed within a collapsible or expansible chamber which is
so arranged and combined with the apparatus to be moved that the expansion
imparts movement through a lever or other nodium to actuate the said apparatus
when the passage of the electric current develops heat in the conductor which is
so arranged in the chamber or space as to act in the manner herein described.
Theso same devices can be employed for the movement of signal and other
apparatus employed on railways and they can be rendered operative from the
signal cabin or from central stations or places with which they are connected by
suitably insulated conductors with returns by earth or otherwise. These or any of
the above described electrical apparatus and the signalling or other devices with
which they are connected or combined can be automatically operated or controlled
through the medium of wagons or trains by the aid of suitably arranged circuit
makers which will interrupt or complete the circuit as desired. In some instances
I provide apparatus for automatically signalling the line blocked and combine such
automatic apparatus with apparatus at stations to prevent the signalman from
giving conflicting signals or moving apparatus to conflict with the automatic
signals.
I also provide for the automatic adjustment of switches and crossings through
the medium of electric motors or other apparatus herein described To accomplish
this result 1 employ a circuit maker arranged in such position relatively to the
rails as to be operated upon by the passing locomotives.vehicles or trains. This
circuit maker is arranged a suitable distance in advance of the apparatus to be
moved and when the train passes over such circuit maker the current is caused to
pass into the apparatus (say the motor) and reverse its movement or rather its
position and consequently the apparatus combined therewith notwithstanding that
the circuit maker which was moved by the signalman may be locked or interlocked
with other circuit inakers or with other apparatus.
I preferably combine with such automatic operating devices signalling devices
which will indicate such automatic adjustment. I sometimes employ along the
line signals which are operated through the medium of electricity and devices to
which movement is imparted by the expansion of a wire rod or other medium
placed within a collapsible or expansible vessel or chamber so arranged and
combined relatively to the apparatus to be moved that the expansion imparts
movement through a lever or other means connected or combined with the signal.
Or I employ electric lights developed by or through the medium of electricity. I
arrange these signals or lights in suitable positions and preferably control them
partly or entirely from the station or cabin. Or I so arrange them as to be
operative automatically by the passing trains; that is to say I provide circuit
makers in the cabin under the control of the signalman which circuit makers may
be so combined with the automatically working circuit makers or siguals as to
check or control the automatic working or maintenance of the siguals.

page_text: In constructing and arranging apparatus for the working of movable mechanism
upon railways I provide means whereby such apparatus will prevent the giving of
conflicting signals or signals contrary to the actual positon of other inovable
mechanism with which the signals are connected or combined, or in conjunction
with which they are employed. In order to accomplish this result more
economically and efficiently than heretofore, I employ suitable apparatus operated
by electricity and I establish central stations at convenient places or positions
along the line and fix or install at such places or stations a system of circuit makers
and breakers. I thus cause or effect the adjustment through the medium of
electricity of the movable mechanism placed along the line as efficiently as tho
same is now accomplished through the agency of the ordinary system of inter-
locking levers that is to say I arrange a series of contact makers in the form of
push-buttons, plugs, levers, rotating shafts, cranks, or the like in close proximity
to each other and combine the system of circuit makers through the medium of
sliding bars rocking shafts or the like. These movable pieces bars or plates are
provided with projections and recesses which fit into or over or engage with
corresponding projections recesses or detents formed upon or secured to some of the
aforesaid circuit-makers or breakers or extensions thereof or parts moved thereby
or combined therewith; for instance, in applying this part of my invention to an
ordinary station where eight lovers are required, under the ordinary system there
would be six levers for the operation of signals and two for cross over roads.
Instead of this system of levers I provide circuit makers arranged in a box or
frame and combined or interlocked with each other through the medium of the
aforesaid sliding bars or rocking shafts or both so fitted and combined that the
possibility of movement of these circuit-makers relatively to each other will be
similar to that of the ordinary system, that is to say, they cannot occupy conflicting
positions relatively to each other, therefore they cannot be caused to complete the
circuit to permit a curreut of electricity to be sent to cause the signals or other
apparatus placed upon the lines to conflict therewith or with each other.
In some cases I employ conductors from the main placed along the lines of
railway and through the medium of the same combine the apparatus placed along
the lines with the aforesaid circuit-makers.
It will be understood that although I have above specified the application of my
invention to an ordinary station the most extensive system of signals and number
of lines which might conflict with each other can be operated and controlled
through the medium of the above described apparatus and means. Different
stations or sections of railway can be so combined as to prevent the sending of
trains over the lines in too close proximity to each other and any number of signals
can be operated over the longest lines or sections of railway; or complicated
systems of starting signals at distant stations or both starting and home signals
can be operated from the station or block station in advance of the train; for
instance suppose a train is at station A. The signalman at station B can give the
signal at station A for engine driver and in doing so must have his line clear
between A and B; that is to say there cannot be a train on such section and when
desired a circuit to the signals can be made or broken; or the circuit can be so
controlled automatically as to prevent the giving of signals or the movement of
other mechanisin along the line which might interfere with the safe working of the
traffic maliciously or inadvertently through some act of the signalman. By such
arrangement a perfect and absolute block system can be obtained. It will be
understood that fog or other signals can be placed at intervals along the line and
at any distance from the signal cabin and can be readily operated and controlled
by the means herein described.
In some cases I use an electric motor for the compression or forcing of air to
give audible signals along the line. This apparatus for producing sound may be
similar to a fog horn. The air may be forced into a chamber which is provided
with a check valve and the outlet valve can be controlled by an electro-magnet

page_text: armature and circuit maker or a movable lever which will be acted upon by the
passing train. Or I may combine with the motor a fan or blower which will force
the air through the horn or tube.
This form of signal is especially applicable as a fog signal and the circuit maker
for operating it may be combined with the other circuit makers in the signal box.
Moreover exploding signals can be placed upon the line and controlled through the
medium of the means and devices herein described.
In some cases I generate electricity for the special purpose of working the
appliances placed along the line and for the lighting of stations. I use for this
purpose a magneto-electric machine or other form of electric generator; in all cases
I preferably employ a storage battery apparatus or system to which the electricity
is conducted from the generator.
A conductor or series of conductors is led from such storage system along the
line of railway and I employ branches and sub-branches therefrom connecting the
electric motors, the thermo-motors, the electro magnets and armatures the electric
lamps or lighting apparatus (or any of the same) which may be used along the
line, for signalling or other purposes.
I preferably employ the improvements herein described with the improvements
described in the provisional specifications herein before referred to which described
apparatus for generating distributing storing regulating or governing and utilizing
the electric energy for these and other purposes along lines of railway. And I
preferably conduct and utilize the electricity through the medium of storage
systems, or a series of the same and govern the electro motive force of the
electricity passing into the apparatus to be operated through or by the storage
batteries or accumulators or apparatus which regulates the electro motive force
such as is described in my Provisional Specification filed 16th day of February 1882
No. 766.
I sometimes employ at or with each motor or apparatus to be moved a storage
apparatus or system; in other words I make the store of electricity at each
apparatus. But I prefer to connect the storage apparatus or system in multiple
arc or in series and make independent return circuits and operate the movable
mechanism or signals by completing the circuit through a shunt branch or sub
branch conductor. I provide the circuit maker or branch in a shunt line which is
controlled from the signalmans box through the medium of an electro-magnet and
armature or other medium or apparatus which will be operated by the passage of
the electric current through a motor or by the expansion of some device or medium
combined or arranged in connection with the circuit maker
I sometimes employ air or gas under compression for conserving or storing
electrical energy I place or introduce the metallic conductors or conductors into
the air or gas chambers and provide an extended surface thereof by employing
wire or thin sheets or strips of metal preferably separated from each other. These
metallic conductors may consist of sections of alternate metals or I may use
metallic salts or oxides as specified in my Provisional Specification No. 766 dated
February 16th 1882. When I employ different gases or gaseous compounds I can
use conductors of the same metal or metallic salt or oxide.
When I employ only one gas or gaseous compound I preferably use at least two
metals or compounds and provide terminals extending therefrom
I sometimes employ terminals for charging with electricity of low electro motive
force that is to say I provide terminals of increased section for charging a small
apparatus and I provide a stopper to prevent a too rapid discharge of the electricity
for instance I can apply an arrangement of this kind in connection with a Leyden
jar by completing or forming the connection to the terminals with a series of
metallic oxides or salts.
In constructing batteries generators or accumulators I sometimes use a liquid
gas as one pole and metal of which the vessel is composed as the other pole or I
may use separate vessels or chambers and I can apply heat to the liquid and

page_text: generate the gas or steam. I provide for conducting the electricity so generated or
stored through the medium of suitably insulated conductors or terminals to be
afterwards utilized as desired.
In order to provide a portable lamp or apparatus for storing and utilizing
electricity I arrange at the base thereof a storage apparatus or system which is so
constructed and regulated relatively to the light emitting portions of the lamp as
to prevent the passage of an excess of electricity through the conductor.
I preferably employ a primary storage apparatus or system and regulate the
electricity through the medium of the regulating devices described in my said
Provisional Specification No 766. dated 10th February 1882. But I may use a
resistance combined with the circuit maker.
I employ the methods and apparatus or means for generating storing distributing
regulating and utilizing colectricity described in the several Provisional Specifications
hereinbefore referred to in cases where the same are applicable in conjunction with
the improvements heroinabove set forth.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Joseph Stokes Williams in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
22nd August 1882.
JOSEPH STOKES WILLIAMS of Riverton, New Jersey, United States of America
now of 8, Southampton Buildings London "IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING
TO THE GENERATION, STORAGE, DISTRIBUTION, REGULATION AND UTILIZATION OF
ELECTRICITY, AND APPARATUS OR MEANS THEREFOR
The object of my invention is to generate, store, distribute, regulate and utilize
electricity for the working of railways and tramways, and for other purposes, and
the said invention relates to apparatus, methods, and means to be employed
therefor, or in connection therewith.
⚫ It has heretofore been proposed to distribute electricity through the medium of
a system of conductors consisting of mains, branches, and sub-branches, and to
reinforce such system of conductors through the medium of a secondary battery or
reservoir so that when the generator is not producing sufficient electricity the said
battery or reservoir will serve to assist the same. Such a system does not, however,
provide all that is necessary for a general system of distribution, and furthermore
necessitates tho employment of heavy conductors proportioned to the consumption
of the clectricity throughout the systeni.
In carrying my invention into practice I establish a generating station or such a
number of generating stations as may be best suited to the installation or as best
suited to supply the electricity. I may employ, as the generating source or sources
of electricity either thermo-electric or hydro-electric apparatus, or one or more
dynamo or magneto electric machines or other menus. From the electric generator
or generators I lead a conductor or a series of conductors which is connected with
the elements of an accumulator, storage battery, electric reservoir or magazine.
I employ a series of such accumulators, storage batteries, reservoirs or magazines
which I so construct and arrange as to permit the current to be conveyed into
them from the electric generator or generators constantly and at a uniform rate of
production and I provide for converting or regulating the tension or electro-motive
force of the current to be utilized irrespective of the tension or electro-motive
force of the current discharged from the said generator or generators by regulating
the number of the elements of the said accumulators, batteries, or reservoirs coupled
in series from which the current is discharged into the discharging mains or con-
ductors, by means of an adjustable circuit-maker that causes the electric current
froin the generator or generators to be alternately discharged into different cells
or series of elements for supplying the conductors in the system, the said con-
ductors being charged or supplied from one set or series of clements while another
set or series of elements are being charged by the said generator or generators.
In order to provide for such a result either in the prime electric reservoir or in the
subsidiary or auxiliary electric reservoirs or magazines, whether the saine are
stationary or movable, or in any combination of stationary and movable reservoirs,
I employ time-mechanism or any suitable arrangement of circuit making and
breaking devices so constructed and arranged, according to the time required for
charging the elements of the reservoirs, batteries, or accumulators from the generator
or generators, as to maintain at a practical uniformity the activity of the said
reservoirs, batteries, or accumulators. I sometimes employ for this purpose a
duplex or compound circuit making and breaking apparatus, the terminals or
conductors through which the current passes being insulated from each other
and mounted upon a lever arm or shaft which is caused to be moved at certain
times, or at a determined rate of speed in proportion to the generating capacity of

page_text: the electric generator or generators and the discharge of electricity from the
reservoir, battery, accumulator, or magazine or a series of the same. In a system
for distributing electricity I so proportion the capacity or power of the generator
or generators relatively to the capacity of the part of the apparatus for storing or
conserving the electric energy as to provide for generating electricity constantly or
for a set or determined number of hours and the part of the apparatus for con-
serving the electric energy is of such proportions relatively to the said generator
or generators as to provide for such a result. The tension or electro-motive forco
of the current can be increased, reduced, or regulated through the medium of the
accumulators or storage batteries or electric reservoirs or magazines, and the electric
energy can be transmitted for long distances through conductors of comparatively
light section; these conductors communicate with accumulators, storage batteries,
electric reservoirs, or magazines arranged at a central station or district or in a
house or works or along highways, railways, or other places nearer the place or
places where the electric energy is to be utilized. At each place or at various
places or intervals I employ electric reservoirs, magazines, or batteries susceptible
of being charged vivified or revivified through the agency of the electric current.
These reservoirs or magazines are of such proportions as to provide for conserving
the electric energy or for holding in reserve a sufficient supply of electricity to
meet any possible withdrawal or discharge of electricity therefrom. As it is in
many cases desirable to reduce the tension of the current to ensure safety in con-
ducting electricity through houses, and as it is more efficacious to employ the
electric energy with comparatively low tension for the production of light, heat,
and motive power or any of them, I employ subsidiary accumulators, storage
hatteries, electric reservoirs or magazines, or a special device or apparatus which
is herein termed a converter. These subsidiary reservoirs can be fitted or provided
with a switching device or devices, as and for the purpose hereinafter described.
The number of the elements or the extent or area of the inducing part or parts as
herein more fully described will provide for regulating the tension of the current
I am
or for converting a current of high tension into a current of low tension.
thereby enabled to provide for transmitting electricity of high tension through
comparatively light conductors either directly from the generator or generators,
or from the prime reservoir or magazine, or a series of thein, to a distant place or
places where I conserve or provide for a reserve of electric energy within a sub-
sidiary accumulator, storage battery, electric reservoir, or magazine, or a series of
When such electric reservoir or magazine constitutes a central station
from which the electricity is distributed through a conductor or a series of the
same, or through mains, branches, or sub branches, the discharging conductor or
conductors may, if desired, be formed of such a size as to provide for the discharge
from the said reservoir, with greater rapidity than such reservoir can be charged
or revivified by the charging conductor or conductors, that is to say, I provide one
or more discharging conductors from the reservoir of greater carrying capacity
than the charging conductor or conductors. It will be understood that I am
thereby enabled to so proportion the carrying capacity of the charging conductors
in accordance with the discharge or possible discharge or consumption of electricity
as to keep the conductors or mains for charging the reservoirs arranged at different
or distant points or places constantly employed. Where there is a very large con-
sumption of electric energy, the reservoirs can be employed to provide for the
supply either in conjunction with, or independently of, the charging conductor or
conductors. When the reservoir or reservoirs become fully charged I am enabled,
by the employment of an automatic cut-off which is operated through the medium
of the electric current, to provide for rendering practically independent in its
working, in order to supply electricity at a given time, any part of the apparatus,
and to render the translation of the electricity practically independent of the
generation thereof for a given time, and also to constantly generate the electricity.
Various methods have been proposed for the transmission of electricity for the
purposes of locomotion or for the production of motive power, light, and heat, and
the same.

page_text: :-
it has been proposed to operate vehicles, wagons, or trains over lines of railways
tramways and public highways through the medium of electricity.
In all arrange-
ments however hitherto made, the following are some of the difficulties which arise,
namely The excessive prime cost of the conductors or channels for the trans-
mission of the electricity; the difficulties of insulation in the working of a railway
or the like; the difficulties of transmitting electricity over long lines of conductors
of light section, and so as to provide for the requisite supply of electricity where
needed; the difficulties of providing a conductor or conductors along the line at
places where switches or crossing lines are employed or found necessary; the
constant wear and friction between the contact or circuit makers upon the vehicle
or vehicles and the conductor or conductors along the line; the difficulties of
distributing the electric energy to the various wheels of a vehicle or the different
vehicles of the train; the difficulty of carrying conductors across roadways and
along the ground; the difficulty of supplying from a generating station or system
electricity for utilization in electric lamps or other electric appliances or apparatus
upon a vehicle or train, and, the difficulties attending the general utilization of
electricity upon the wagon, vehicle, or train, and the maintenance of any
approximate uniformity in the supply of electricity, especially over any considerable
length of line.
My invention is designed to obviate these difficulties, amongst others, and to
secure important advantages in the transmission, distribution, and utilization of
electricity as will be understood from the ensuing description.
In order to generate, distribute, store, and utilize electricity for the production of
motive power, and for other purposes, especially upon lines of railway, I, in some
cases, generate electricity upon a locomotive, wagon, or train, by means of a
dynamo or magneto electric machine or a series of the same and conduct the
electricity so produced into an accumulator, storage battery, electric reservoir or
magazine, or a series of the same, placed upon such locomotive, wagon, or train,
and I provide for withdrawing the electricity from the said accumulator, storage
battery, electric reservoir or magazine, or a series of the same, by completing a
circuit or circuits so that the electricity can be caused to pass through an electric
motor, or a series of the same. The said motor or motors is or are insulated from
the body of the carriage or vehicle, or in other words from the earth. I am thereby
enabled to minimize the loss of electrical energy caused by leakage when a current
is conducted to the motor or motors in the ordinary manner. The said motor or
motors is or are placed upon, or in connection with, the axles or wheels of the
engine or the axles or wheels of the carriages, or vehicles to be moved. I sometimes
employ a series of conductors leading to the poles or terminals of the different
motors. I can, by this means, bring any number of the said notors into use as
may be desired, either for propelling the wagon, vehicle, or train, or for reversing
or retarding its motion. I arrange the circuit maker or makers in such a manner
as to be under the control of the engine-driver or both the engine-driver and the
conductor, guard, or guards; or I can so arrange the said circuit inaker or makers
as to be controlled at, or from, any portion or portions of the train or from certain
points, places, or stations along the line as may be desired. I am thereby enabled
to obtain the requisite amount of power and to apply the electric energy to any
desired or necessary number of the wheels or vehicles, either for the propulsion or
stoppage of the same.
When I employ one or more electric generators upon the train or vehicle I can
keep the same constantly in operation, the electricity generated being conducted
into an accumulator, storage battery, electric reservoir or magazine, or a series of
them except when the latter become fully charged or when the engine-driver
guard, or attendant, desires to utilize the electricity for operating the motors or for
actuating electric brakes, or for propelling, reversing, or impeding the motion of,
the train, or for other purposes. I can employ either gas, petroleum, or steam for
operating the machinery for driving the dynamo or magneto electric machine when
I employ such a form of generator.

page_text: In some cases I employ a generating station or stations for supplying electricity
for the working of a railway, tramway, or the like, or to be utilized along the line
or elsewhere, and provide reservoirs or magazines for conserving electric energy,
which are placed along the line or in the streets, houses, manufactories, stations or
other places desired, so as to constitute a system or apparatus for the general
distribution of electricity for the operation of railways and for any or all purposes
for which electricity can be utilized. I lead the conductors from the generating
station or stations preferably to a prime storage reservoir apparatus or system and
connect the latter with auxiliary or subsidiary accumulators, storage batteries, or
electric reservoirs or magazines placed along the line, and on the vehicles, engines, or
trains; when such subsidiary reservoirs are placed along the line they are supplied
from one or more generating stations through the medium of one or more suitably
insulated conductors. The return circuit may be completed by earth or by an
insulated return conductor. For instance I can place the conductors suitably
insulated along the line and connect them with the pole or poles or terminals of
the storage apparatus or subsidiary storage reservoir. I place these storage
reservoirs along, or in proximity to, the lines of railway, and either at the sides
thereof or between the rails.
I lead conductors from these storage reservoirs placed at the side of, or between,
the lines of rails so as to provide for conducting the electric current into the
storage reservoirs or into the electric motors placed upon the engine, wagon,
vehicle, tramcar or train, that is to say, the said conductors extend from the
accumulators, storage batteries, electric reservoirs or magazines, between the lines
of rail or at the sides thereof, being insulated from the earth in any preferred
manner, or the current may be transmitted through the rails themselves provided
they are properly insulated from the earth. I preferably employ subsidiary storage
reservoirs for charging the conductor or conductors in sections along the line; the
ends of the said conductor or conductors when placed between the ordinary rails
or at the side thereof, are preferably inclined so as to provide for the circuit maker
or makers upon the wagon, vehicle, or train, entering the section, or being brought
into contact with the said conductor or conductors without jar in case the said
circuit maker or makers should be depressed prior to its entering the said section.
I prefer to divide the conductors extending along the line into sections and to
charge such sections through the medium of accumulators, storage batteries, or
electric reservoirs even where the said sections form almost a continuous line
throughout the length of the line. I am thereby enabled to employ conductors of
light section for conducting the electric energy the electric reservoirs, accumulators
or magazines along the line and the electric energy is always in reserve near to
the place or places where it is to be utilized. I in some cases so connect or
construct these reservoirs as to provide for charging them with a low resistance,
that is to say. I sometimes so construct and arrange the elements of the electric
reservoirs as to provide for charging, vivifying, or revivifying the same when
coupled for quantity or low tension, and discharge from the reservoir or some part
of the same when the elements are coupled for tension. I sometimes lead from
these reservoirs a conductor or conductors for supplying one or more subsidiary
batteries, reservoirs, or magazines which are placed along the line, and furnish
electric energy for the development of light, or other purposes, and for supplying
electric energy for the operation of movable mechanism arranged along the liue.
1 sometimes place between the storage reservoir or reservoirs and the conductors
extending along the line, a circuit-maker which is controlled automatically or by
an operator at a determined place or station upon the line, so as to provide for
controlling the supply of electric energy to any desired section either for the
purpose of automatically preventing the wagon, vehicle, or train from passing onto
a section, or for controlling the movement of the wagon, vehicle or train or to
provide for the development of signals or the operation of the movable mechanism.
For these last named purposes I preferably employ independent cut-offs in
connection with independent electric reservoirs or batteries. I can employ a

page_text: reservoir, battery, magazine, or a series of them, operating as one apparatus from
which one or more conductors lend to different appliances or places on the line and
through suitably arranged circuit-makers placed at some convenient point, place,
or station. I provide for the utilization of the electric energy and the control of
the various appliances or the traffic, and I employ accumulators storage batteries,
electric reservoirs or magazines placed upon the engine, wagon, or train and provide
adjustable circuit-makers or devices which are under the control of the engine-
driver, guard, or attendant, who is thereby enabled, through the medium of
such devices, to feed the electric reservoir or storage apparatus placed upon the
train from the conductor or electric reservoir or reservoirs placed along the line.
By such arrangement it is practicable to generate electricity at convenient stations
or places and to feed or supply the electric energy for the propulsion of the wagons,
vehicles, or train, or to be used for other purposes upon the same somewhat as
water is now supplied to locomotive-tenders or water tanks, that is to say, the
accumulators, storage batteries, electric reservoirs or magazines upon the wagons,
vehicles, or trains can be charged or revivified through the medium of the electric
reservoirs and conductors placed upon the line, while the trains are moving, or
while they are stationary. I construct or arrange the accumulators, electric
reservoirs, storage batteries, or magazines on the wagons, vehicles, or trains so that
the number of elements coupled in series or connected with, or adapted to be
connected with, the charging conductor or conductors will be less than the number
of elements coupled in series in the reservoir or reservoirs along the line and
employed for discharging into or vivifying or revivifying the clements of the
reservoir of the train. The terminals of one or more, or some part, of the electric
reservoirs are adapted to be brought into connection with one or more conductors
from the storage system arranged along the line through the medium of switching
or circuit-making devices. It will be understood that one or more, or some part,
of the electric reservoirs or magazines placed upon the wagons, vehicles, or train
can be charged or vivified through the medium of a single conductor with return
by earth, or the return may be made through the circuit-maker and a return
conductor communicating with the storage system battery or generator which
supplies the conductor or conductors placed along the line. The electricity
from the storage tanks can be utilized through the medium of electric motors for
producing motive power, or can be utilized for lighting or heating the vehicles,
wagons, or train through the medium of electric lamps or heaters or for stopping
or retarding motion or for any or all of these purposes, and the difficulties attending
the general application of electricity for propulsion or other purposes on railways
will be obviated, the frictional and wearing parts and the difficulties of construction
and insulation being avoided or reduced to a minimum.
I so arrange the storage reservoirs or magazines upon the train as to regulate or
govern the electro-motive force of the current or currents which charge such tanks.
I am thereby enabled to utilize upon the train the electricity as best suited for
the purposes for which it is to be employed, that is to say, I provide apparatus
or means to obtain the desired electro-motive force or tension of the current due
to the number of the elements of the reservoir or magazine coupled in series and
placed upon the train. I sometimes employ independent regulating or converting
devices, or a series of the same, for regulating the electro-motive force or tension
of the current used upon the wagon, vehicle, or train either for communicating
motion or controlling the movement of the train, or for lighting and heating the
same, or for any or all of such purposes.
I sometimes use, in connection with, or between, a conductor or storage system
placed upon the line and a conductor or conductors or circuit maker or makers on
the wagon, vehicle, or train, a liquid which is placed in a trough, groove, or recess
and with which the adjustable apparatus or circuit maker or makers can come into
contact when communication is made or being made between the electric
conductor or storage system placed along the line and the storage system or
apparatus placed upon the wagon, vehicle, engine, or train. I can employ for this

page_text: purpose oil, water, or any other suitable liquid, or I may employ a lubricant which
is supplied from a suitable reservoir on the engine or train when in motion. By
this means I obviate firing and undue friction between the contact surfaces.
When I employ a liquid as the means for establishing communication I prefer to
construct a circuit-making apparatus placed upon the wagon, vehicle, or train in
such a manner that it will not throw the liquid from the tank when the train is
moving and also to obtain more perfect communication or contact. The metal
conductor placed along the line can be covered by a liquid such as oil, water, or
the like. The adjustable circuit-maker or makers placed upon the wagon, vehicle,
or train will complete the circuit through the conductor or conductors on the line
and the film of oil or water or the like between them will obviate friction and firing.
I sometimes construct an electric motor for working upon railways by arranging
upon the driving wheels of the engine or vehicle, armatures mounted upon a
support of insulating material, or I secure such support to the driving wheels and
place upon the said support, insulated wires, strips, or ribbons, the same being
covered by one or more metallic plates or pieces securely fastened thereon, and I
arrange an electro-magnet, or a series of such magnets, of horse-shoe or other form
in such a manner that the armatures will revolve in close proximity to the polar
extensions of the same.
I sometimes construct the armatures of plates, strips, or coils of copper or other
suitable metal secured upon an insulating or non-magnetic support, for instance;
I may fasten or clamp to the driving wheels, plates, strips, or coils of copper or
other suitable metal which rest upon an insulating support secured to one of the
wheels. Another armature of similar construction is placed upon the opposite
wheel. The electro-magnet or maguets are supported and insulated from the axle
of the driving wheels. The said magnet or magnets may have a horse-shoe or
other form, the wires or ribbons with which the said magnet or magnets are
wound being preferably in close proximity to, and nearly parallel to, the face of
the armature. I lead the currents to or from the armatures by means of
conductors or collectors arranged between the wheels. Or I sometimes arrange
the armature or arinatures upon the axle throughout a considerable portion of its
length and of the greatest diameter practicable, and employ in connection
therewith an annular electro-maguet, or a magnet having semi-circular, or
approximately semi-circular polar extensions, faces, or ends, and conduct the currents
to or from the armature through the medium of collectors or circuit-makers placed
at the ends thereof.
I provide for transforming the motors into generating machines when running
down inclines or when it is desired to check the speed of the train, that is to say,
instead of conducting the electricity into the motor from the storage system I
reverse the position of the circuit-maker and so connect the generator with the
storage system as to supply the same, and through the medium of an automatic cut
off placed in the circuit, I prevent the return of the electricity from the said
storage system to the generator in case the electro-motive force shall be greater in
the said storage system than in the generating machine, but as the currents are
conveyed to a special or prime storage system which is so constructed and
connected with the generator as to be charged with low resistance, the said
generator will feed such storage system except when running at a very slow speed.
In constructing large electric engines I sometimes secure the armatures to one
side of the driving wheels, the said armatures being insulated from each other and
built up in sections or otherwise. The electro-magnets are placed between these
armatures. Or I employ a series of electric motors connected with the engine
wheels. Or the power can be distributed to the different wheels or throughout
the train by the application of motors placed upon the axles, or otherwise com-
bined with them or the wheels. These motors are preferably connected by
conductors leading to the driving department of the train where they can, at
pleasure, be placed in the circuit with the storage apparatus or system as above
described and they can be controlled from the guard's vau through the medium of

page_text: a circuit-maker or a series of circuit makers that will render active an electro-
magnet or an electric motor, solenoid, or other device which will operate upon the
circuit-maker or a series of them, and will thus prevent the supply of electric
energy to the motors or will cause the reversal of the current through the same.
I sometimes construct the motors in sections so as to readily apply them to the
axles or wheels of the vehicles, and when it is necessary I so construct, support,
and arrange the electro-magnets as to provide for the variation in height due to
the springs of the vehicles, especially when the said springs have their bearings
directly upon the axles and body or framing of the said vehicles.
In constructing a governing apparatus for the electric engine, motor, or other
electrical appliance where the amount of electric energy required is not constant or
uniform, I provide a series of accumulators or electro-motive force regulators, and
combine therewith a series of circuit makers or conductors which are so arranged
relatively thereto as to regulate the number of the series of elements employed at
a given time according to the energy required in the electric motor. Or I provide
a set or determined electro-motive force in the accumulators, storage batteries,
electric reservoirs, magazines, or converters, and regulate the current through the
medium of a circuit-maker, or a series of them, which, according to their position
regulate or define the utilization of electric energy. It will be understood that any
number of electric motors can be controlled from any given point on the train by
the employment of such regulating devices.
Under my improved method or system of generating and storing electric energy
for the working of railways and for other purposes the power is always in constant
reserve and I utilize the capital expended for generating apparatus to its full
capacity or to such extent as may be desired, that is to say, the generating
machinery or apparatus can be kept constantly feeding the storage apparatus or
system along the line and the electricity so stored can be conducted into the
storage apparatus or systems upon the wagons, vehicles, or trains as it may be
needed. This method or system of working railways will obviate the necessity for
building heavy machinery or engines to pass over the lines thereby rendering it
practicable to construct lines more economically than where heavy rolling stock is
employed. Morcover this method or system is well adapted for elevated railways,
tramways, and light electric railways, as well as for ordinary railway systems.
In applying the machinery to the trains or vehicles, I provide for the connection
of the motor or motors with the driving wheels and in order to effect the gradual
application or stoppage of the electric energy I sometimes construct the armature
or armatures of the motor of a series of independent strips, pieces, wires, ribbons
or coils, or I employ a series of electro-magnets in conjunction with the armature
or arinatures. I lead the conductors from these magnets or from the sections of
the armature or both, to a convenient position and join them to an apparatus by
means of which they can, at pleasure, be included in the circuit through the
medium of a circuit-maker or a series of them. I preferably employ as a circuit-
maker a plunger or movable piece or part of duplex or compound form in
combination with a liquid such as mercury or water. This plunger or other
suitable apparatus causes the displacement of the liquid and thereby regulates the
number of the aforesaid electro magnets or the number of the sections of the
armature or the amount of electricity admitted to the armature from the storage
system. This circuit-maker or governor is placed in a convenient position for
manipulation by the engine-driver, guard, or attendant, and being in circuit with
the source of electricity (preferably the storage system) the position of such circuit-
maker will govern the amount of electric energy introduced into the Machine or
engine, or in other words, the power of the motor, for instance where a small
amount of electric energy is required, there will be a proportionate expenditure
in the machine, and on the contrary, where, a large amount is requisite or where
the full force of the machine is needed, the circuit-maker, governor, or resistance
can be placed in such a position as to render available the full force of the said
machine, or a series of them.

page_text: I also employ a circuit-maker or governor preferably of similar construction to
that above described for reversing the current through the electric engine or
machine either for changing the direction of the motion of the wagon, vehicle or
train, or for impeding or arresting its motion.
It will be understood that when the motion of the train is being arrested and the
current is prevented from entering the Motor, by connecting the conductors through
the medium of the circuit-making device with the terminals of the accumulator,
storage battery, electric reservoir or magazine, I provide for storing the electric
energy produced by vivifying revivifying or charging the said accumulator, storage
battery, or reservoir.
I sometimes place the electric motor, or a series of the same, in connection
with friction-wheels or devices which operate upon the driving wheel, wheels, or
axles of the engine, wagon, or train -These friction wheels or devices can be so
constructed and arranged as to provide for increasing or decreasing the friction
between the wheels and the axle of the motor
In order to provide an electric brake for use upon wagons or other vehicles,
locomotives and railway trains I sometimes employ an electric motor which is
secured in any convenient position on the wagon or vehicle. This electric motor is
provided with screw-threaded or cam-faced ends which fit into, or over, corresponding
pieces or sockets with which the brake blocks are connected or combined. For
instance one such motor may be placed with its axle extending length-wise of the
vehicle. The screwed or cam-faced sockets slide to and fro in grooves or channels
according to the position of the motor, and connecting rods extend therefrom to the
brake-blocks. Or the motor may be mounted upon the vehicle with its axis in line
with the axle or axles of the said vehicle. Under this last construction I prefer to
fit upon the axle a bearing plate or a series of such plates and force against the
same the brake-blocks connected with the aforesaid sockets. I can employ in
connection with the motor a counter weight or spring which will cause the with-
drawal of the brake blocks when the current is interrupted.
I also provide on railway vehicles or trains means for the automatic application
of the brake upon a vehicle when the same becomes disengaged from the other
portion of the train. I can employ a relay or a storage battery or system or a
derived circuit from the system of distribution on the train for furnishing the energy
for the application of the brakes through the medium of electro magnets or other
appliances connected or combined with the brake-blocks
I place conductors or storage systems along the line for feeding or supplying the
apparatus placed upon the wagon vehicle or train and mount or place them in or on
suitable insulating supports or otherwise provide suitable insulation for them -I
can employ as conductors extending for long or short distances along the line either
an independent rail or rails placed between the ordinary rails of the line, or can
provide a conductor supported at the side of the line. I sometimes form the ends
of the conductors communicating with the storage system with inclined ends as
above stated. I employ at suitable stations flexible or adjustable connections leading
from storage systems accumulators batteries or generators arranged along the line
for communication with the terminal or terminals of the storage apparatus placed
in or upon the train.
In providing for the distribution and utilization of electricity throughout the
train for lighting heating and other purposes I employ storage systems or apparatus
placed upon one or more of the veliicles (preferably one or more on each vehicle)
these subsidiary storage systems being charged through the medium of a conductor
or conductors communicating with storage systems placed along the line or charged
from a battery or accumulator arranged upon the wagon vehicle or train and
charged or revivified through the medium of a conductor or conductors and
batteries or magazines arranged along the line. The conductors lead to the
different vehicles or compartiments of the vehicles wagons or trains, automatic or
other coupling devices being provided between the different vehicles. In these
different vehicles or compartments I employ suitable electric lamps or heaters or

page_text: both and arrange circuit makers or switching apparatus by which the lamps or
heaters or both can be turned on or off as may be desired the said circuit makers
or switching apparatus being placed either in the different compartments or in the
guard's van or in other suitable parts of the train
In or in connection with a system or apparatus for generating or for generating
storing and distributing electricity for the production of light heat and motive
power along lines of railway or at other places such as highways houses works or
stations where electrical translating devices are placed or can be supplied through
the medium of mains branches and subbranches I sometimes combine methods
devices and means for operating controlling and securing the proper relative
working of the movable mechanism such as is generally used on railways or which
is described in the specifications of prior letters patent granted to mne or on my
behalf or of any combination of the latter with the apparatus in general use that
is to say I provide apparatus or ineans for signalling upon railways through the
medium of electricity and also apparatus methods and means for operating
controlling and securing the various combinations of switches crossings crossing
lines or sidings in their proper relationship to the principal or main line or lines
or the signalling or other apparatus connected to or combined therewith so as to
fully secure the proper relative position of the parts of the movable mechanism,
that is to say, 1 generate electricity cither through the medium of dynamo or
magneto-electric machines thermo electric generators or otherwise, and conduct
the electricity along mains branches or subbranches to electric reservoirs or
batteries susceptible of being charged or revivified and placed in convenient
positions relatively to the houses works stations or places sections of railways
tramways or highways or to the electrical appliances through which the electricity
can be translated into light heat or motive power or in convenient positions to
supply electrical reservoirs placed upon the wagons vehicles or train.
Such
apparatus or system provides for holding in constant reserve a supply of electricity
which may be withdrawn or discharged from the electric reservoirs magazines or
batteries either in quantity or with high tension. The said apparatus or systein
consists partly of the translating and storing devices placed upon the wagons
vehicles or trains and the conductors circuit makers and other devices connected to
or combined therewith so constructed and arranged that when desired they may be
made to form part of or be combined or put in circuit with a general system or
apparatus for the generation storage distribution and regulation of clectricity with
or without measuring and recording devices.
In order to construct and arrange apparatus for the working of the aforesaid
movable parts or mechanisın I preferably employ an electric generating apparatus
or system as above stated and conduct the currents therefrom into a storage battery
apparatus or system or a series of them or converters charged thereby and I lead
conductors from the poles of the said storage system or from the converter or a
series of them along the railway and place in conjunction with the movable
mechanism to be operated suitable electric appliances such as electric motors, electro
magnets and arinatures or solenoids. The conductors placed along the line are
provided with branches, sub branches or extensions which connect those appliances
with the storage and generating apparatus or with the storage apparatus alone.
For the operation of a switch crossover road or any combination of apparatus to
be moved therewith in the working of railways 1 preferably employ an electric
motor electro-maguet or solenoid which is so constructed and arranged as to cause
the adjustment of such movable mechanism dependent upon the admission of the
current into such motor or device. For instance I place adjacent to the line of
railway a motor whose shaft or axle may extend transversely or parallel or nearly
so to the line of rails. I provide upon this axle a screw-thread or cam faced piece
or part which fits into or over a corresponding nut or socket placed upon or
connected with the rod leading to or connected with the switch or shifting or
movable part. When the circuit is completed the electric current causes the
movement of the motor or other device and the screw is driven further into or is

page_text: partly withdrawn from the socket or piece upon the connecting rod. The
corresponding fittings upon the electric motor or other device and the connecting
rod can be so formed as to require several revolutions of the electric motor to
complete the adjustment of the movable switch or part or the said fittings may be
so formed and arranged as to cause the adjustment of the movable part by a slight
movement of the motor. Moreover these fittings can be so arranged relatively to
cach other as to provide for the locking of the switch firmly in position. For this
purpose I provide a slowly operating screw or cam face or a straight or nearly
straight slot into which a pin or projection fits or in which such pin or projection
works. By extending the shaft or axle of the motor under the rail or rails or in
close proximity to the latter I can connect with such motor a locking bar which
upon the movement of the said motor is raised and lowered and will prevent the
movement of the motor while a train is passing; or I can lead the current to such
motor through a conductor in which the current will be interrupted by the passage
of the train over any given portion of the line as may be desired. I can provide
for such interruption by leading the conductors through movable circuit makers
which will be displaced while the train is standing or moving on certain portions
of the line.
I can employ a liquid circuit maker or a series of the same which will be
displaced or will be caused to change position through the medium of a lever or
spring placed under the rail or through the medium of pressure upon an elastic or
collapsible vessel with which I combine the said circuit maker or makers. For
operating a cross over road I can employ a single motor electro magnet or any
combination or series of them for adjusting the movable parts of the said cross
over road. When I employ one motor or device I preferably place it midway
between the most distant parts of the cross over road and in the line of the
connecting rods and arrange the electric reservoir in close proximity thereto.
It will be understood_that_through the medium of these appliances when the
electric current is sent through the motor the switch or crossover road will be
adjusted and held in a position dependent upon the direction of the current sent,
that is to say, when the current is sent in one direction the switch or cross-over
road or apparatus connected therewith will be adjusted so as not to interrupt the
main line and when the current is sent in the other direction the apparatus will be
adjusted so that the crossing line will be completed and bolted locked or otherwise
held in position. I can employ testing and bolting apparatus which will be
adjusted through the medium of electric motors electro-magnets or solenoids in a
similar manner that is to say I provide a duplex or other form of bolting apparatus
which is connected to or combined with an electric motor or the armature of an
electro-magnet or the core of a solenoid; or such motor armature or device may
have a testing and bolting face or part to correspond with or fit into or over a
socket aperture, recess or projection in connection with or forming part of the
motor or part first moved; I prefer to employ in connection with the electric
motor or the apparatus to be moved in connection therewith a repeating or
recording apparatus which will indicate through the medium of electricity to the
signalman or operator the exact position of the parts first moved either visually or
audibly or both and such repeating apparatus may constitute a testing and bolting
apparatus and may be made to react upon other apparatus which would conflict if
moved improperly with respect to the first moving mechanism. For this purpose
I employ an electro magnet and armature or solenoid which is rendered operative
through the medium of an electric current; this armature or device engages with
or fits into or over a socket aperture recess or projection in connection with some
part of the apparatus to be bolted or tested. The testing apparatus is preferably
arranged to engage or interlock with and hold the circuit maker or a series of the
same or some extension thereof or some sliding or adjustable piece or bar or
extension thereof which engages with the circuit maker or makers. When I use
an electric motor I so arrange the same that when the switch is fully adjusted the
said electric motor will be automatically cut out of the circuit. I provide for this

page_text: result by an excess of movement of an extension or projection from connected
with or operated by the said motor in the locking faces of the screw cam face
or slot.
I also employ electric motors electro magnets and armatures or solenoids to
actuate a signal, semaphore or disc. The motor or other device may be placed in
any desired position and may be combined with the signal through the medium
of a crank, pulley or otherwise. The motor can be mounted upon the signal post
and the connecting rod extending to the signal may be combined with the shaft
of the motor through the medium of a screw and socket or an excentric or
otherwise.
I sometimes provide a counter weight attached either directly to a pulley or
otherwise arranged so that the signal shall go to danger in case of the breakage of
the circuit. When I wish to control the signal from more than one point I employ
apparatus that can be operated through the medium of electricity. For instance
when I use an electro-magnet and an armature which is provided with an engaging
face that fits into or against a projection or recess on some part of the apparatus
connected or combined with the signal, I preferably construct and arrange this
locking armature with a bolting face inclined at an angle of about 45 degrees; this
face fits against a corresponding part which it is designed to lock. Or instead of
providing the said armature with an inclined face I may form the same with a
curved or semi-circular projection or recess adapted to fit a corresponding recess or
projection on the part it is designed to lock. When the current is passed through
the electro-magnet and the engaging faces are opposite each other they will be in
close contact and the slight power exerted by the magnet will render it impossible
to adjust the signal, even though the force of the motor or other electric translating
device should be applied; but when the circuit is broken so as to release the
armature it may be readily forced from its position and the signal will be free to
be moved. In order however to better protect the working of the apparatus I
provide means for interrupting the circuit to the motor when the current is to be
passed through the electro magnet so as to render active the locking armature.
Furthermore I provide means whereby the completion of the circuit to the
armature will cause the locking to prevent the movement of the circuit-maker
which is employed to complete the circuit to the motor. Or I can employ an
independent circuit-maker and I may use for this purpose apparatus or devices
which may also be used as a medium for locking or unlocking other circuit-makers
mechanically. Instead of using an electro-magnet and armature or a solenoid for
locking the signal I may employ an electric motor for this purpose some part or
connection thereof being so constructed and arranged relatively to the other parts
of the apparatus as to accomplish or permit the aforesaid results. Or I may use an
apparatus which is rendered operative through liquids gases or inetals which are
heated by or through the medium of the electric current that is to say I expand a
wire rod or other medium placed within a collapsible or expansible chamber which
is so arranged and combined with the apparatus to be moved that the expansion
imparts movement through a lever or other medium to actuate the said apparatus
when the passage of the electric current developes heat in the conductor which is
so arranged in the chamber or space as to act in the manner herein described.
These same devices can be employed for the movement of signal and other apparatus
employed on railways and they can be rendered operative from the signal cabin or
from central stations or places with which they are connected by suitably insulated
conductors with returns by earth or otherwise. These or any of the above described
electrical apparatus and the signalling or other devices with which they are con-
nected or combined can be automatically operated or controlled through the
medium of wagons vehicles or trains by the aid of suitably arranged oircuit-makers
which will interrupt or complete the circuit as desired. In some instances I provide
apparatus for automatically signalling the line blocked or clear and combine such
automatic apparatus with other apparatus at stations to prevent the signalman
from giving conflicting signals or moving devices to conflict with the automatic

page_text: signals. I also provide for the automatic adjustment of switches and crossings
through the medium of electric motors or other apparatus herein described. To
accomplish this result I employ one or more circuit makers arranged in such
position relatively to the rails as to be operated upon by the passing locomotives
vehicles or trains. The said circuit-maker or makers is or are arranged at a
suitable distance in advance of the apparatus to be moved and when the train
passes over such circuit-maker or makers the current is caused to pass into the
apparatus (say the motor electro-magnet or solenoid) and reverse its movement or
rather its position and consequently the position of the apparatus combined there-
with notwithstanding that the circuit-maker which was moved by the signalman
may be locked or interlocked with other circuit-makers or with other apparatus.
I preferably combine with such automatic operating devices signaling devices
which will indicate in a signal cabin or at some central point or station or elsewhere
such automatic adjustment.
I sometimes employ along the line signals which are operated through the
medium of electricity and devices to which movement is imparted by the automatic
expansion of a wire rod or other medium placed within a collapsible or expansible
vessel or chamber so arranged and combined relatively to the apparatus to be
moved that the expansion imparts movement through a lever or other means con-
nected or combined with the signal. Or I employ electric lights developed by or
through the medium of electricity to indicate the position of one or more trains or
the position of the movable mechanism along the line or at the stations. I arrange
these signals or lights in suitable positions and preferably control them partly or
entirely from the station or cabin. Or I so arrange them as to be operated
automatically by the passing trains that is to say I provide circuit-makers in the
cabin under the control of the signalman which circuit-makers may be so combined
with the automatically working circuit-makers or signals as to check or control the
automatic working or maintenance of the signals.
In constructing and arranging apparatus for the working of movable mechanism
upon railways I provide means whereby such apparatus will prevent the giving of
conflicting signals or signals contrary to the actual position of other movable
mechanism with which the said signals are connected or combined or in conjunction
with which they are employed. In order to accomplish this result more
economically and efficiently than heretofore I employ suitable apparatus operated
by electricity and I establish central stations at convenient places or positions
along the line and fix or install at such places or stations system of circuit-makers
and breakers. I thus cause or effect the adjustment through the medium of
electricity of the movable mechanism placed along the line as efficiently as the
same is now accomplished through the agency of the ordinary system of inter-
locking levers that is to say I arrange a series of contact-makers in the form of
push buttons plugs levers rotating shafts cranks or the like in close proximity to
each other and combine the system of circuit-makers through the medium of
sliding bars rocking shafts or the like. These movable pieces bars or plates are
provided with projections and recesses which fit into or over or engage with corres-
ponding projections recesses or detents formed upon or secured to some of the
aforesaid circuit-makers or breakers or extensions thereof or parts moved thereby
or combined therewith for instance in applying this part of my invention to an
ordinary station where eight levers are required under the ordinary system there
would be six levers- for the operation of signals and two for cross over roads.
Instead of this system of levers I provide circuit makers arranged in a box or frame
and combined or interlocked with each other through the medium of the aforesaid
sliding bars or rocking-shafts or both so fitted and combined that the possibility of
movement of these circuit-makers relatively to each other will be similar to that of
the ordinary system that is to say they cannot occupy conflicting positions
relatively to each other therefore they cannot be caused to complete the circuit to
permit a current of electricity to be sent to the signals or other apparatus placed
upon the line so as to cause them to conflict with the position of the circuit-makers

page_text: or with each other. In some cases I employ conductors from the main placed
along the lines of railway and through the medium of the said conductors combine
the apparatus placed along the lines with the aforesaid circuit-makers.
It will be understood that although I have above specified the application of
my invention to an ordinary station the most extensive system of signals and
number of lines which might conflict with each other can be operated and con-
trolled through the medium of the above described apparatus and means. Different
stations or sections of railway can be so combined as to prevent the sending of
trains over the lines in two close proximity to each other and any number of
signals can be operated over the longest lines or sections of railway or complicated
systems. Starting signals at different Stations or both starting and home signals
can be operated from the Station or block station in advance of the train. For
instance suppose a train is at station A the Signalman at Station B can give the
signal at station A for the engine-driver and in doing so must have his line clear
between such stations A and B; that is to say, there cannot be a train on such
section and when desired a circuit to the signals can be made or broken; or the
circuit can be so controlled automatically as to prevent the giving of signals or the
movement of other mechanism along the line which might interfere with the safe
working of the traffic maliciously or inadvertently through some act of the
signalman. By such arrangement a perfect and absolute block system can be
obtained. It will be understood that fog or other signals can be placed at intervals
along the line and at any distance from the signal cabin and can be readily operated
and controlled by the means herein described.
In some cases I use an electric motor for the compression or forcing of air to
give audible signals along the line; This apparatus for producing sound may be
similar to a fog horn.-The air may be forced into a chamber which is provided
with a check-valve and the outlet valve can be controlled by an electro magnet
armature and circuit maker or a movable lever which will be acted upon by the
passing train. Or I may combine with the motor a fan or blower which will
force the air through the horn or tube in which a reed is placed. This form of
signal is especially applicable as a fog signal and the circuit maker for operating
it may be combined with the other circuit maker in the signal box. Moreover
exploding signals can be placed upon the line and controlled through the medium
of the means and devices herein described.
In some cases I generate electricity for the special purpose of working the
appliances placed along the line and for lighting the stations or for distribution to
houses works roadways or other places I use for this purpose the apparatus
hereinbefore referred to; in all cases I preferably employ a storage battery
apparatus or system into which the electricity is conducted from the generator.
When dynamo or magneto electric machines are used I employ storage batteries
accumulators or electric reservoirs placed in convenient positions for supplying the
apparatus along the line or any electrical appliances supplied from or included in
the system of distribution. A conductor or scries of conductors is led from such
storage system along the line of railway and I employ branches and sub branches
upon which I place accumulators storage batteries electric reservoirs or magazines
susceptible of being charged or revivified and from these reservoirs or magazines I
supply the electricity through conductors leading to the electric motors the electro
magnets and armatures or solenoids the electric lamps or lighting apparatus (or any
of the same) which may be used along the line for signalling or other purposes
and through a system of conductors and subsiduary storage systeins or electric
reservoirs I provide for distributing the electric energy to houses places or works
either in connection with or independent of the railway.
I sometimes employ in connection with each motor electro magnet and armature,
solenoid, electric lamp, or other apparatus or a series or group of them a storage
apparatus battery or system supplied from one or more generators at some station
or place in other words I conduct the electricity from one or more storage batteries

page_text: or reservoirs along the lines through one or more conductors mains branches and
sub branches with or without subsidiary stores or magazines of electricity.
I prefer to so place and connect the storage apparatus or system with the devices
through which the electricity is to be translated as to make independent return
circuits or operate the movable mechanism or signals by completing the circuit
through a shunt branch or sub-branch conductor: I sometimes place upon this
branch or sub-branch a storage apparatus battery or accumulator and charge or
revivify the same from the generating battery or station through the medium of a
suitable conductor or conductors and lead from the storage battery accumulator or
tension regulating or converting devices in connection therewith a suitable con-
ductor or conductors to the electric lamp, motor, solenoid electro-magnet and
armature or other devices in which electricity can be translated either into light
heat or inotive power, or any of them, as may be suited or applied to the develop-
ment or working of signals or for the movement of other movable mechanisin
placed along the line this movable mechanism as will be understood being con-
nected or combined with such appliances as are suitable for the translation of the
electric energy I provide for interrupting or completing the circuit or governing
the supply of clectric energy from the storage system to the electric translating
dovices by employing a circuit-maker or makers or devices in the conductor or
conductors extending to the translating devices. For this last named purpose I
employ a thermostat, electro-magnet and armature, solenoid, electric motor or
other suitable device which has combined with it an adjustable resistance or circuit
making device or devices I lead a conductor or conductors from such circuit making
devices to a central place or station, say a signalman's box where I place a series
of circuit-makers which when moved into certain positions complete the circuit
thereby causing a current of electricity to be sent through the conductor or con-
ductors to the electric translating device or devices combined with the circuit-maker
or resistance. I sometimes employ one or more independent conductors leading
from the storage system or magazine and so construct or arrange my circuit making
devices as to provide for reversing the current through the translating devices
through the medium of independent conductors. I am thereby enabled (for
instance) to control the operation of an electric motor so as to provide for the
adjustinent of the apparatus in connection therewith into two distinct positions.
I provide cut off devices or mechanism which when the movement of any movable
part or parts is completed will interrupt the flow of electricity to the machine or
apparatus for operating the said part or parts I provide for the use of a solenoid,
electro magnet or other electric translating device and regulate the position of the
apparatus and reverse the movement of any part by constructing the solenoid
electro-magnet or other apparatus of duplex from and I provide for breaking the
circuit upon a certain or determined movement of the apparatus or I may employ
two electric translating devices for such purposes and two electrical circuits or
conductors. I employ a similar system of distribution for supplying electricity to
conductors placed along the line for conducting the electricity to the motors placed
upon the vehicles or trains and by suitably arranged circuit inakers placed between
the storage system and the continuation of the conductor or conductors leading
along the line I am enabled to provide for cutting out or including any section of
a conductor or conductors along the line as may be desired either automatically or
at the will of the operator or both. I preferably lead from such circuit making
device a conductor to a circuit maker placed at a central station or in a signal-box
or cabin and combine such circuit makers with other circuit making devices
arranged at such central place or station so as to secure the proper relative working
of the entire apparatus or system. When I employ generating machines I lead the
electricity into an electric reservoir accumulator or battery or a series of the same
and I charge or revivify such battery or other apparatus by dividing the charging
conductor or providing it with branches which lead to the different cells plates or
compartments of the battery or other apparatus so as to charge with a low
resistance The cells or elements of the battery when coupled in series in the

page_text: discharging circuit regulate the electro motive force of the current which is dis-
charged through special terminals connected with the mains or I employ largo
reservoirs which I charge, and regulate the electro-motive force by small apparatus
coupled in series.
I provide for conducting and distributing the electricity from such reservoirs
magazines or batteries through the medium of subsiduary reservoirs magazines or
batteries placed along the mains branches or sub-branches as above stated and in
some cases I charge or revivify such subsidiary apparatus with low resistance as
herein before stated.
It will be understood that through an adequate and well distributed system of
storage batteries or accumulators I am enabled to provide for the use of electricity
at all times and at all places either in quantity or with high tension, and the
conductors for the transmission of electricity need not be proportioned to the
consumption at any given hour or moment. The storage batteries magazines or
accumulators are proportioned to the use or special purpose or installation for which
they are to be employed and the conductors need simply perform the function of
keeping them supplied even though they may be constantly employed in doing so.
I simetimes so construct or arrange the reservoirs magazines or batteries at the
generating station or place as to be charged with a current of low tension and
provide for generating the electricity with the same view or end and regulate or
control its use as suited to any purpose. For instance I may charge or revivify a
battery or accumulator on an engine from an accumulator magazine or battery
placed along the line so as to provide for withdrawing the electricity from the
reservoir along the line and charging in quantity the reservoir or magazine placed
upon the train. This method of working forms an important feature in my
apparatus or system as central stations or batteries can be employed at any point
or place and be worked or supplied as set forth and any number of electric
reservoirs or magazines throughout the system may be charged in quantity or with
a current of high tension and discharged in quantity or with high tension. At the
same time any reservoir may be revivified or charged through the medium of a light
conductor extending to the generator or electric reservoir at some distant part or
place whilst the same reservoir may be supplying a system of conductors extending
for miles in connection with which conductors any suitable number of apparatus
or electric reservoirs is employed for utilizing and translating electricity into light
heat or motive power or any of them either for use upon the railway or for any
industrial public or private use. These reservoirs or parts of the same or parts
arranged in connection therewith may be supplying a reservoir in a private house
where only one electric lamp is giving light or may be supplying or sustaining an
electric reservoir or magazine in a rolling mill where metals are being heated
through the agency of the electric current as they pass through the rolling or
shaping devices in fact the apparatus system methods and means for distributing
and utilizing electricity for the operation of railways the lighting of houses the
movement of machinery in houses works or places and all other purposes or any
combination of them can be practically combined without any conflict in the
working of any part of the system. The same independenco which is possible with
the electric engine and electric reservoir or magazine placed in connection therewith
is practicable for a given time in any part of the system. Such a system renders
possible the railway companies becoming the great distributors for the supply of
electricity not only for uses on their lines but for private and public use along the
same.
I will now proceed to describe more particularly Figure 1 of the drawings
which is a diagram representing a double line of railway provided according to my
invention with devices methods and means for generating distributing and utilizing
electricity for the propulsion of the vehicle vehicles or trains and for controlling
the traffic over the line or lines as well as for other purposes in connection
therewith or for which such system can be rendered available-In this Figure
A represents a generating station at which I arrange suitable machinery devices

page_text: or means for generating supplying and distributing electricity. A convenient
number of such stations may be arranged at suitable places or distances apart
along the line.
When I employ dynamo or magneto electric machines at such station or stations
I in some cases so construct such machines as to generate electricity in quantity
or with slight internal resistance within the machine and conduct the electricity
generated into one or more accumulators storage batteries electric reservoirs or
magazines B or I can employ a series of sets of the same that is to say I so
construct the reservoirs or connect them with the conductor communicating with
the electric generator or generators as to provide for charging or revivifying the
accumulators storage batteries reservoirs or magazines as herein provided for. In
other words the said accumulators storage batteries reservoirs or magazines are
so constructed and arranged as to enable one set or more of them to be charged by
the current produced by the generator or generators and are adapted to be con-
nected in tension series or otherwise with the discharging conductor or conductors C;
the number of elements coupled in series and connected with or included in the
discharging circuit regulate and define the electro motive force of the current
transmitted through the discharging circuit or conductor or conductors C irrespective
of the electro-motive force of the current from the generator or generators. I lead
the conductor or conductors C from the said accumulator storage battery reservoir
or magazine or some part or a series of the same or from a converter For a series
of the same (as described in the Specifications of my former Letters Patent
No. 700 and 766 A.D. 1882) along the line of railway the said conductor or
conductors being of such proportions as to ensure the proper distribution of tho
electric energy preferably through the medium of subsidiary accumulators storage
batteries magazines or reservoirs D, which are of such proportions as to provide
for the conservation of the electric energy necessary to supply the translating
devices in connection therewith or other translating devices or electric reservoirs
supplied at intervals therefrom and are placed at suitable intervals stations or
places along the line or at stations or places communicating therewith as herein
provided for or described.
One or more conductors convey the electric energy to one or more of the said
accumulators storage batteries magazines or reservoirs D so as to charge vivify or
revivify the same and maintain a sufficient supply or reserve of electric energy for
the special purpose or use to which it is to be applied, that is to say the said
accumulators storage batteries magazines or reservoirs are of such proportions as
to provide for holding in reserve the electric energy at or near the place or places
where it is to be withdrawn or utilized and they consist of such a number of
elements so connected combined or arranged as to provide when placed or included
in the discharging circuit or when discharging for so regulating the tension of the
current discharged therefrom as to best suit the purpose for which such current is
to be utilized or the discharge from such reservoirs imagazines or batteries may be
regulated or controlled at the will of the operator or automatically from one or
more points or stations; the conductor or conductors for discharging the said
reservoirs magazines or batteries provide for discharging with such increased
rapidity and with high or low tension dependent upon the carrying capacity of the
said discharging conductor or conductors."
Such method of distribution provides for the constant transmission of electric
energy through the conductor or conductors C and as the electric energy is only
withdrawn from the accumulators storage batteries magazines or reservoirs D at
intervals the latter provide for conserving or holding in reserve the electric energy
so as to provide for supplying electric energy in certain proportions and at such
place or places as it may be required independently of or in conjunction with the
electric energy which at any given time may be passing to or be transmitted
through the discharging conductor or conductors C. It will be understood that
the minimum section of such conductor or conductors must be proportioned
according to the capacity of the reservoirs and the time allowed for charging

page_text: recharging vivifying or revivifying them or so as to restore to the said reservoirs
the amount of electric energy which at any time may be withdrawn therefrom.
It will be understood that I am thereby enabled to charge vivify or revivify any
number of electric reservoirs at different places and at short or long distances apart
and to transmit the electric energy over long lines of conductors of comparatively
light section and thereby to lessen the prime cost of the conductor or conductors
for the transmission of such electric energy.
I obviate lessen or minimize the difficulties of transmitting an electric current or
supply of clectric energy to be utilized or translated by the electrical appliances on
or in connection with the vehicles wagons or trains for operation upon railway or
tramway lines by employing a well insulated conductor or conductors supported
upon poles or placed beneath the surface of the ground or otherwise suitably
arranged. These conductors extend from the generating source of electricity or
from the accumulator storage battery electric reservoir or magazine B or some part
or a series of them or from the converter For a series of them charged thereby to
the accumulators storage batteries or electric reservoirs D arranged at suitable
places or intervals along the line or so as to be in comparatively close proximity to
the line or lines or place or places where the electric energy is to bo withdrawn or
utilized. From the elements or some part of the elements of these accumulators
storage batteries electric reservoirs or magazines I lead the conductors E one or
both of which are arranged in such proximity to the lines of railway as to provide
for the transmission of electric energy to one or more or soune part of one or more
electric reservoirs or devices for conserving or accumulating electric energy upon a.
wagon vehicle or train where such reservoir or reservoirs or a part of the same is
placed in electrical communication with the reserve of electric energy along the
line or at some fixed point or station. I sometimes employ one or more circuit-
makers which are so arranged that they can be placed in contact with the said
conductor or conductors E extending from or communicating with the elements of
the accumulator storage battery electric reservoir or magazino D or of the
battery B or the converter F or with one or more of the reservoirs and one or more
electric generators that is to say the clements one or more accumulators storage
batteries electric reservoirs or magazines placed upon the wagon vehicle or train
and the electric motor or motors or other translating devices therein or the
reservoirs themselves only can be placed in communication with the elements which
conserve or hold electric energy in reserve along or adjacent to the line through
the medium of one or more conductors and circuit making or completing devices
or means.
By arranging the aforesaid accumulators storage batteries electric reservoirs or
magazines D) at suitable distances apart along the line and extending from the
clements thereof the conductor or conductors E I provide for the use of com-
paratively short sections of such conductors for supplying the electric energy to
the motor or motors on the vehicle or vehicles or for charging vivifying or
revivifying the reservoirs or magazines placed thercon.
I in some cases so construct the accumulators storage batteries electric reservoirs
or magazines D as to provide for charging or revivifying the same with a low
resistance and I provide for utilizing the electricity from such reservoirs either
with high or low tension, that is to say, the tension of the currents transmitted or
discharged from the said reservoirs or magazine irrespective of the tension of the
current from the generating and prime storage source or either of them.
In order to provide for the charging of the accumulators electric reservoirs or
magazines upon the wagon vehicle or train I construct and arrange the elements
thereof in such relation to the elements of the reservoir or reservoirs by which the
electric energy is conserved or held in reserve along the line that the tension of
the currents transmitted from the elements of the reservoirs D B or F will overcome
the resistance of the elements of the electric reservoir or reservoirs placed upon the
train, that is to say, the number of elements or pairs of the reservoir or reservoirs
coupled in series and connected with the discharging circuit or the conductor or.

page_text: conductors E exceeds the number of elements coupled in scries upon the train
placed in electrical connection with the charging elements arranged as at D B F or
otherwise along the line or in other words I provide for the tension of the current
transmitted from the conserving or storing devices D B or F being in all cases
sufficient to overcome the resistance of the elements on the wagon vehicle or train
to be charged.
When I employ conductors E extending a considerable distance along the line I
so connect them with the accumulator storage batteries electric reservoirs or
magazines D B or F or any combination of them as to provide for such a decrease
increase or regulation of the electro motive force of the current as may be desired
or is best suited for the purpose for which it is to be employed. This arrangement
provides for the charging of long sections of a conductor or conductors E either for
direct translation through the medium of electric motors or other apparatus placed
upon the train or for the charging of electric reservoirs placed thereon. Such
electric reservoirs practically serve the same purpose relatively to the translating
devices placed upon the wagon vehicle or train as the subsidiary reservoirs placed
along the line or elsewhere do to the translating devices which they supply as
herein set forth.
I sometimes employ a circuit-maker which is connected or combined with the
armature of an electro-magnet the core of a solenoid or an electric motor or other
electric device for making or breaking the circuit between the reservoir or
magazino D B or F and the extension of the conductor or conductors E. This
circuit-maker can be controlled through the medium of a circuit-inaker arranged in
close proximity thereto or at some distant point place or station so that the said
conductor or conductors E will only be charged when the last named circuit-maker
occupies or is adjusted into a certain or defined position. Under this arrangement
there will be no loss or discharge of electric energy through the conductor or
conductors E except when the wagon vehicle or train is passing over the same
or when at the will of the operator the circuit is completed between the reservoir D
and the said conductor or conductors E. It will be understood that by charging
or revivifying the magazine or reservoir or a series of them upon the wagon
vehicle or train I can dispense with conductors E extending throughout the entire
length of the line and by providing reservoirs at the stations or at intervals along
the line I am cuabled to charge 'the conserving accumulating or storing devices
upon the wagon vehicle or train when the latter is in motion or when stationary
or both and in proportion to the electric energy conserved while such train is
stationary or in motion or both I can diminish the length of the conductors or
sections E along the line thereby obviating the difficulties of insulation hitherto
accompanying the construction and working of electrical railways.
By charging vivifying or revivifying the electric magazine or reservoir of a
series of the same placed upon the wagon vehicle or train from the conductor or
conductors E or extensions from the elements of the electric reservoirs batteries or
accumulators D B or F or any combination of them at the stations or other places
along the line I am enabled to provide for a reserve of power or electric energy
upon the wagon vehicle or train so that the same may be propelled moved or
operated without the reservoir or appliances upon the train being in circuit con-
stantly with the source or reserve of electricity or the conductor or conductors
extending therefrom along the line I am thereby enabled to avoid the use of
electrical switches and crossings and also to obviate the placing of an uniusulated
or partially uninsulated conductor or conductors along the surface of the ground or
across roadways or the like and to lessen friction between the contact or circuit
makers and the conductor or conductors E along the line.
1 am also enabled by the employinent of a reservoir magazine or accumulator or
devices for conserving or holding in reserve the electric energy upon the wagon
vehicle or train to better provide for the distribution of the electric energy to the
various wheels of a vehicle or to the different vehicles of a train and thereby
obviate if desired the necessity for the use of heavy electric engines For this

page_text: purpose I employ such a number of conductors or a number of branches from the
main conductor as may be necessary to conduct the electricity to the different
motors placed upon the train. I preferably employ two sets or series of conductors
to provide for the reversal of the current through the electric motors which can be
coupled up in series in multiple arc or in multiple series. When a series of vehicles
are to be combined I provide coupling devices such as spring clips or screw couplings
for uniting the conductors it will be understood that these conductors are
necessarily properly insulated and are carried to a circuit maker or a series of them
arranged in a convenient position to be operated by the driver or attendant on the
train. The conductors leading from the eleinents of the electric reservoir also
extend to such circuit making device or devices and are so arranged or combined
therewith as to provide for the breaking of the circuit and for the reversal of the
current through the motors as may be necessary in the working of the traffic.
By employing electric reservoirs or magazines along the line and at or between
stations along such line or both I am enabled to provide for charging vivifying or
revivifying the magazines upon the wagon vehicle or train with electricity of high
or low tension without loss of time or detention of such train and conserve
sufficient elcotric energy upon the train while the same is stopping the ordinary
length of time at a station or as it may be running or both to provide for the
developement of light and heat upon a wagon vehicle or train through the medium
of electricity as well as for the development of motive power or the application of
brake power or any or all of them. That is to say I employ generating apparatus
and reservoirs or magazines of electricity placed at suitable intervals or parts along
the line to provide for holding in reserve such an amount of electrical energy as
may be necessary for any or all of the aforesaid purposes.
I can employ a generating apparatus at the stations or other places and convey
the electric energy through one or more conductors (with insulated or uninsulated
return conductors or with return by earth) to electric magazines or reservoirs
arranged at a station or different stations or places and I can employ thermo or
dynamo or magneto apparatus or other devices or means for producing or generating
electricity but in all cases I conserve the electric energy near the place or places
where it is to be with-drawn or utilized. The electric reservoir or magazine
therefore conserves or holds in reserve the electric energy at the place or places
where it is needed and the elements thereof can be charged by currents of high
tension; I utilize the storage reservoirs or magazines as regulators of tension and
discharge the electricity from them through conductors which in section or carrying
capacity are proportioned to the tension of the current discharged or the quantity
of electric energy needed either of high or low tension.
I sometimes employ a convertor which is combined or arranged in conjunction
with the electric reservoir or magazine or a series of them or with the electric
generator or generators. This apparatus consists of a number of elements coupled
in series or other suitable devices. Such devices are so connected or combined
with the discharging terminals or extensions from the elements of the reservoir or
magazine or the generator or generators as to be charged thereby and the tension
of the current to be transmitted is thereby increased decreased or regulated.
For instance if the reservoir should consist of only a small number of elements
coupled in series or coupled in quantity by discharging into the convertor the
tension of the current will be increased in proportion to the number of the elements
in the series. In order to provide for the utilization of the electric energy
upon the train I lead from the elements of the electric reservoir or magazine a
conductor or conductors as herein before described and I regulate the tension of the
current for use upon the train through the medium of the number of the elements
coupled in series or through the medium of a converter or converters as set forth,
that is to say, I employ apparatus or means for converting or regulating the
tension of the currents irrespective of the tension of the current or electric discharge
from the conductor conductors or electric magazine or magazines arranged along
the line.

page_text: I sometimes conduct the electricity from the reservoir or reservoirs B or the
electro motive force converter F through suitable conductors arranged at or leading
to the side of the line to an accumulator reservoir magazine or battery D* or a
series of the same arranged in such proximity to the line as to supply the electrical
appliances apparatus or electric reservoirs placed upon the wagons vehicles or trains
when the latter are stationary. The connection between such devices upon the
train and the said accumulator reservoir magazine or battery D* may be effected
through the medium of a flexible conductor or conductors, or a hinged or telescopic
conductor or conductors. The movable circuit maker or makers for placing the
electric reservoirs or electrical appliances on a wagon vehicle or train in communi-
cation with the conductor or conductors E may be constructed in a somewhat
similar manner. When 1 desire to utilize the electricity produced as set forth for
translation into light heat or motive power or any of them for industrial public or
private use as well as for railway purposes I connect with one or more of the
accumulators reservoirs magazines conservers of electricity or batteries D mains 1
branches 2 and sub-branches 3 (as shewn and in some cases provide an automatic
cut off or some other switching device or devices for preventing the passage of the
electricity back through the conductor or conductors communicating with the main
or other storage systems, and I sometimes provide for charging one magazine or
part of the saine while I am discharging from another magazine or part thereof as
herein provided for or the mains 1 may be connected with the battery B or a series
of them or with the electro motivo force converter F. I preferably connect the
aforesaid branches with or place thereon storage batteries accumulators or electric
reservoirs D which may practically become a part of the system of distribution for
maintaining the supply; 4, 4 represent electric lamps which for street lighting
purposes are preferably arranged in derived circuit from the mains 1, 1, or in
subsidiary conductors or in an independent conductor leading from the storage
system or systems. From the mains suitable branch circuits extend into the houses
or buildings these branch circuits being preferably provided with accumulators or
storage batteries as at D and with apparatus for measuring and recording the
electricity supplied.
I sometimes employ storage batteries accumulators or electric reservoirs or other
devices for conserving or holding in reserve the electric energy in connection with
each lamp or series of lamps so as to regulate the supply of electric energy to the
latter.
At 5 I have shewn a manufactory included in a branch circuit from the main.
This manufactory is provided with a prime reservoir 6 for supplying the same
with electricity to be translated into light heat or motive power through the
medium of suitable apparatus arranged in the said manufactory 7 is a converter
or apparatus through which the electricity is conducted from the prime reservoir 6
to the translating devices with or without the medium of subsidiary storage
systems S or both storage systems and converters. An electric motor is shewn
arranged at 9 and the electric energy admitted to the same is regulated through
the medium of suitable devices. In order to provide for the heating of metal
prior to or during its passage through rolls arranged as at 10 I preferably provide
independent electric reservoirs or lead the current directly from the prime
reservoir 6 into another reservoir adjacent to the rolls or to a series of such
reservoirs and provide for distributing and regulating the electricity passing
through the metal to be heated according to its bulk or area in cross section and
dependent upon the degree of heat to which it is desired the metal should be
brought. I may provide electric heaters as at 11 for beating or warming the
building or for other purposes. At various parts of the said building incandescent
or are lamps or both may be arranged as at 12, 13 represents a meter or
apparatus for measuring and recording the electricity supplied to the manufactory
or building.
Figures 2. 3. and 4 represent in side elevation plan and transverse section an
electric engine having combined with it devices or means as at G for conserving or

page_text: storing or holding in reserve electric energy.
These devices can be arranged upon
an independent wagon truck or tender as shown It will be understood however
that such devices can be supported by the wheels of the engine as at G* or
the said devices may be mounted upon a framework and wheels in a somewhat
similar manner to the boiler of au ordinary locomotive or engine.
Figure 5 represents in elevation portions of an electric engine or locomotive in
which a series of devices G for storing or conserving electric energy is supported
by the wheels and the electric motors are arranged above the said devices.
Figures 6 and 7 represent other constructions of electric engines hereinafter
described.
Figure 8 represents in elevation a tramcar with an accumulator storage battery
or electric reservoir C supported by the wheels of the said tramcar with which
wheels or the axles of the same the electric motors are combined for propelling the
said tramcar.
I provide for charging or revivifying the elements of the accumulators storage
batteries electric reservoirs or magazines upon one or more of the vehicles when
stationary or in motion or both by the employment of one or more circuit makers
or cut off devices H arranged and adapted to complete an electrical circuit with
the elements of the electric reservoirs accumulators or batteries G placed upon the
vehicle or train such circuit making device or devices being so arranged as to
complete the circuit through the conductor or conductors E extending from the
electric reservoir or reservoirs B or D placed along the line or otherwise suitably
located at stations or elsewhere. Various forms of circuit makers are illustrated
in other figures of the drawings hereinafter referred to.
Figure 9 illustrates in plan an electric reservoir or magazine which may be
placed upon a wagon vehicle or train and whose elements are so connected with
the conductors ab as to adapt them to be charged vivified or revivified by a
current of high or low tension from the elements whose electric energy is
conserved or held in reserve along the line as herein provided for.
Figure 10 is a plan of a series of such reservoirs or magazines placed upon a
truck or framework The said reservoirs or magazines may be charged from the
reservoirs or magazines at D B or For any combination of them as herein
provided for I regulate or govern the electro motive force of the current for use
upon the train either through the medium of an electro motive force regulator
which may consist of such a number of elements coupled in series as will provide
for this result or through the medium of other suitable apparatus I may either
couple up in series the different elements plates or parts of the prime storage
battery or accumulator or may employ a series of independent accumulators or
reservoirs which are charged or revivified from the prime reservoir or magazine
first or directly charged or revivified from the generating source or magazine.
Figure 11 is a side elevation partly in section representing ono form of circuit
making device for connecting the elements of one or more accumulators storage
batteries electric reservoirs or magazines upon a wagon vehicle or train with the
conductor or conductors and reservoirs placed along the line. Figure 12 is an end
elevation partly in section of the same. In these figures the circuit maker H is
shewn as consisting of the shoes or plates H' hinged at H so that they may be
raised from or depressed into contact with the conductors E through the medium
of a connection I capable of being operated by the engine driver guard or other
attendant. The parts J which form a continuation of the shoe constitute an extension
of the elements or conductors of the storage battery accumulator reservoir or
magazine G or a series of the same. In order to provide for a perfect contact
or prevent firing at the hinge or joint H² I soinetimes employ a liquid or
lubricaut.
Figures 13 and 14 are similar views to figures 11 and 12 representing an
arrangement of circuit making devices wherein the shoes H' are adapted to be moved
or to slide within or against suitable supports or guides J' formed in the arms or
parts J. The stems of the said shoes are provided with extensions or legs H* which

page_text: extend and fit into sockets or parts Jo formed in the arms or parts J In these
sockets I sometimes place a suitable liquid or lubricant which will ensure the
closing of the circuit between the parts H° and J° and at the same time prevent
firing.
Figure 15 is a sectional elevation shewing the method of employing a disc wheel
or roller H° in place of the shoe H for effecting communication between the conductor
or conductors E and the electric reservoirs accumulators or batteries placed upon the
wagon vehicle or train. I have shewn the circuit makers in the said figures 11
to 15 arranged to be brought in contact with two conductors one at least of these
conductors being necessarily insulated from the earth I prefer however to employ
for the completion of the circuit an insulated conductor and utilize one of the rails
of the line as a return conductor or to make a return by earth. I can for this
purpose employ a single circuit maker and make return through the wheels to the
rails or to earth or I complete the circuit through the wheels to the elements of the
electric reservoir or reservoirs upon the wagon vehicle or train. The adjustable
circuit making device in charge of the ongine driver or attendant would in this case
not be required to be placed in contact with the conductor or conductors E along
the line As sections of one or more of the lines of rails, can be insulated and adapted
to be placed in connection with the clements of the reservoirs D. B. or F, or any
combination of them where electric energy is held in reserve. The wheels themselves
in this instance will provide for completing the circuit when suitably insulated from
other parts of the machinery or from the earth.
I may
Figure 16 is a transverse soction of one form of such single conductor.
however employ for such conductor an ordinary rail or plate insulated from the
earth in any preferred manner.
Figure 17 is a transverse section shewing two conductors or plates E insulated
from each other and adapted to be arranged along the line for the circuit makers H
to be brought into contact with.
In the engine illustrated in figures 2, 3, and 4 I have shown an electric motor
mounted upon a shaft K independent of the shafts of the driving wheels L of the
engine. This shaft K is provided with friction-wheels K' which run in contact
with an annular flange or drum L' formed on or attached to the said driving
wheels L. The friction of these wheels K' upon the wheels H may be increased
or decreased by mounting the shaft K in adjustable bearings and providing suitable
means for the adjustment of the same. The said shaft K is shewn as supported
upon a framing resting upon or supported by the axles of the wheels L and has
fitted upon it the armature M which may be of any suitable construction. I prefer
to employ an armature of large diameter and to arrange the magnets N so as to
operate mostly or entirely upon the sides of the armature or over both the
periphery and the sides the circuit being completed to the armature through the
medium of commutators or rings or enlargements upon the axle or shaft K I may
employ a series of commutators mounted upon an adjustable or reversible holder
so as to provide for the reversal of the motion of the engine. This apparatus can
be under the control of the engine driver guard or attendant through the medium
of suitable devices operated by the electric current and a circuit maker or reverser
or solely by mechanical means.
The current is admitted from one or more or some part of one or more of the
reservoirs accumulators or magazines G or G* to and regulated by a number of
elements coupled in series or by other apparatus which will govern or regulate the
electro-motive force or tension of the current and by means of the conductor or
conductors extending from such devices to the electric motor or motors and other
devices I provide for propelling impeding arresting or reversing the motion of the
train through the medium of circuit-makers under the control of the driver guard
or other attendant.
Figure 6 shews the armaturo M mounted directly upon the shaft or axle of the
driving wheels and adjacent to the magnets N placed on each side of the said
armature. These magnets may if desired cover or partially cover the periphery

page_text: of the said armature as well as the sides of the same. The current is admitted
to the armature in a similar manner to that herein before described. The said
magnets are supported upon a bed plate which is combined with the framing
resting upon the axles.
Figure 7 shews two armatures M mounted upon the driving wheels as herein
described the magnets being arranged at the sides thereof and mounted upon a
framing supported upon the axles. The circuit to these armatures is completed
through commutators collectors or circuit-makers arranged between the said
armatures. The said magnets may have a horseshoe or other form and may be so
arranged that their greatest length will be parallel or in the line of the axle or
will extend transversely to such line. When I arrange them transversely to such
line the polar extremities may extend beyond and be supported by the axles of two
or more sets of wheels. Or such magnets may be used in connection with a
series of armatures placed upon or supported by the different pairs of wheels.
In Figures 18 and 19 I have shewn in section two forms of circuit makers:
wherein I employ an adjustable piece O for varying the height of a liquid or for
varying the distance of the said piece O from the piece or part O¹ and consequently
varying the resistance in the circuit. The casing which encloses the parts O O¹ is
preferably formed of or lined with insulating material and the adjustable piece O
when brought close to or in contact with the piece O' provides for completing the
circuit with a minimum resistance. The said piece O may be composed of carbon
or carbon combined or covered with metal. Lead may however be used for such
purpose. It will be understood that instead of making the parts O O¹ tapered they
may be formed with concave and convex surfaces or they may have flat surfaces
adapted to slide in contact with or adjacent to each other or to be separated from
each other.
In figures 20 and 21 I have shewn a front view and central section of a
compound form of circuit maker adapted to vary limit or define the amount of
current passing to the electric motors or other translating devices. This circuit
maker also enables the current through the electric motor or motors to be regulated.
A series of such circuit makers may be so arranged and combined as to provide for
regulating or reversing and regulating the current admitted to a series of motors
thereby controlling the speed and the direction of motion of the vehicles. The
said circuit-maker is shewn as consisting of a movable plate P adapted to
be brought in contact with one or more of the conductors c or d secured in or
attached to a suitable base or frame of insulating material and communicating
with the electric motors or other translating devices. The said plate P may be
actuated by a button P* or by a lever which may be manipulated by hand or
controlled through the medium of the electric current when suitable electric
translating devices are so combined with the same as to transmit motion to the
part P of the said circuit making device.
It will be understood that each one of the terminals or conductors c or a can
communicate with a separate electric motor or other translating device or a series
of these terminals or conductors may extend to each electric motor or translating
device. It will also be understood that when the circuit maker P is moved into
such a position as to complete the circuit to a motor or a series of them say through
the medium of the conductors c the current can be sent in one direction so as to
propel the wagon vehicle or train in one direction and when the circuit maker is
adjusted into such a position as to complete the circuit through the medium of the
other conductors d the current will be sent through the latter so as to propel the
wagons vehicles or train in the reverse direction. When the said circuit-maker
is in such a position as to break the circuit through the sets of conductors there is
no electricity admitted to the motor or motors or other translating device or devices.
The return circuit to the reservoir or reservoirs on the train is preferably completed
through the circuit making device to the negative plates or elements of the said
reservoir or reservoirs where the electric energy is stored or conserved and from
which the electric energy is being utilized on the wagon vehicle or train.

page_text: To indicate the number of the conductors c or d included in the circuit at any
particular time I provide an index or pointer Pl which in the movement of the
plate P passes over the dial P suitably graduated according to the number of
the conductors leading to the motors or translating devices or according to the
number of the conductors placed in the circuit extending to a single motor or
translating device. e represents the conductor extending from the positive
element or part of the electric reservoir magazine or battery or the converter or
regulator charged thereby or in connection therewith. It will be understood that
the circuit may be completed to the negative element or part of the said reservoir
magazine battery or converter on the wagon vehicle or train or on the line by a
return conductor or by earth or through the wheels of the vehicle or vehicles and
the line of rails or through special circuit makers in contact with the rails or
conductors along the line.
By placing in the circuit between the electric reservoir or magazine and
the circuit making device under the charge of the engine driver or attendant
another circuit making breaking or reversing device and combining with such
device an electro magnet solenoid or electric motor and leading from the same a
conductor or conductors to the guards' van of the train where I place suitable
circuit making devices and a store of electricity, I provide for interrupting the
current through the motors or for reversing such current. Or instead of reversing
the current through the motors, such circuit making devices under the control of
the guard or such as may be placed in various compartments of the train may be
employed for the transmission of the electric current to suitable electro-magnets
solenoids or electric motors which are connected or combined with brake-blocks in
such a manner as to provide for the application of the brakes to the wheels or
axles or the rails of the line and at the same time to interrupt through the medium
of a suitable circuit breaker or a resistance the passage of the electric current to
the electric motor or motors employed for propelling the wagon vehicle or train.
In order to provide for the stoppage of a vehicle or vehicles in case of the severance
of one part of the train from another I provide for the transmission of the current
lectric apparatus so that the brakes will be applied directly through the agency
of such electric current. For this purpose I employ a subsidiary reservoir or
battery upon each vehicle the transmission of the electric current from such
reservoir or battery being prevented by means of an adjustable piece which
regulates the resistance or prevents the passage of the current when the wagons
or vehicles are coupled together. When the latter become detached a weight or
spring acts upon the said adjustable piece so that the same will be caused to
complete the circuit to the electrical appliances for operating the brakes.
In order to provide for charging the elements of the electric reservoirs or accu-
mulating devices where electric energy is to be conserved or held in reserve I
employ switching devices adapted and arranged in such a manner as to provide
for charging one set or part of the reservoirs accumulators or magazines while the
other set or part thereof is being discharged. When such arrangement is employed
on an engine vehicle or train one part of the apparatus holds in reserve electric
energy to provide for supplying the electric motors for propelling the wagon vehicle
or train while the other part or parts of the reservoir is being charged. At
intervals or until it shall become fully charged such part can be automatically or
otherwise disconnected from the charging conductor and placed in circuit so as to
supply the electric energy to the electric motor, motors, subsidiary electric magazines
accumulators or reservoirs or parts of the apparatus placed upon the wagon vehicle
or train.
I sometimes employ a switching or circuit making and breaking device or
devices placed upon the wagon vehicle or train and so adapted to or combined
with the conductors leading from the elements magazines or reservoirs where
electric energy is conserved or held in reserve to the adjustable device for
completing the circuit with the conductor or conductors E placed along the line
us to provide for alternately directing the currents into the respective reservoirs

page_text: or magazines or any combination of them placed upon the train. The switching
device or devices may also provide the means for completing the circuit from the
reservoirs alternately to a subsidiary reservoir magazine or a series of them which
may also be provided with switching devices. These switching devices can be
operated through the medium of electric motors solenoids electro magnets and the
electric current or the said switching devices may be actuated by or geared with
the driving wheels or be operated by the engine driver or attendant.
It will be understood that the switching or circuit making devices can be of
duplex or of such compound form as may be desired so as to provide for charging
such a number of parts or elements or series of the same as may be desired.
Figure 22 is a plan of a double line of rails shewing the arrangement of the
electric reservoirs D D in proximity to the line and the connections therefrom
to the conductor or conductors E arranged between the rails as herein before set
forth. It will be understood that these conductors E may be the mails of the
track suitably insulated. The said conductors preferably extend in sections along
the line. In order to provide for charging and discharging the reservoirs D in
such a manner that one reservoir is being discharged whilst the other reservoir is
being charged vivified or revivified, I employ a duplex or compound cut-off or
circuit-maker arranged between the reservoirs D and the charging conductor or
conductors C. One form of such duplex or compound circuit-maker is illustrated
in section in figure 23. It will be understood by reference to this figure that
when the circuit is completed between the parts QQ¹ the circuit to one of the
reservoirs will be completed and the circuit to the other reservoir will be broken
by the interruption of the circuit between the parts Q2 Q³. The movements of the
parts may be effected through the medium of a magnet R and armature R'
the circuit to the said magnet being broken at certain times or periods and for
the desired length of time. An extension from the movable parts QQ² of the
circuit-makers may be so arranged as to accomplish this result. The electro-
magnet R. or the electric appliance used in lieu thereof is preferably placed in a
branch circuit from the main conductor or conductors C or in independent
circuits.
Figure 24 shows in section a circuit making and breaking device somewhat
similar in construction to that described with reference to Figure 23 of the
drawings. By employing this or any other suitable form of circuit maker and
breaker at V Figure 22 and leading from the electro-magnet R or other suitable :
device a conductor W to some set or determined place or station from which the
electric current can be transmitted through such conductor I am enabled to place
the conductor E extending along the line in circuit with the electric reservoirs or
magazines D. Any section or length of the conductor E can thus be thrown into
the circuit with the reservoir or source of electricity so that the reservoirs or
magazines upon the wagon vehicle or train can be charged or revivified with a
current of high or low tension or so that the electric energy can be transmitted to
the electric motors upon the train. It will be understood from the above
description that I can provide at any generating station or place for regulating the
tension of the current independent of the tension of the current generated and that
I provide for charging in quantity while I may discharge with tension or vice versa
and such method or process is applicable for charging the reservoirs or magazines
on the train or for other purposes or I can transinit the electric energy to any place
station house works or to a wagon vehicle or train either stationary or in motion
and convert or regulate the tension of the current irrespective of the tension of the
current transmitted.
Figure 25 is a diagram representing an apparatus or systein for generating
storing or conserving distributing and utilising electric energy A represents the
generating station at which are placed electric reservoirs B these reservoirs provide
for conserving or storing the electric energy produced by the generator or
generators or generating devices-Between the said reservoirs and the generators
I employ a switching device or devices 14 constructed arranged and adapted to

page_text: provide for charging one part or series of elements while the other part or series of
elements may be discharging. The said switching device or devices may be of
ordinary construction or of the construction herein described. The elements of
these reservoirs are adapted to be placed in the circuit with the discharging
conductor C or conductors.-The said reservoirs are preferably of such pro-
protions as to provide for the conservation or storage of the electric energy
porduced by the generator or generators at A in any given number of hours
and in accordance with the number of elements coupled in series in
the discharging circuit. I provide for regulating the tension of the current trans-
mitted through the discharging circuit or conductor C. The latter extends to one
or more sets or groups of electric reservoirs magazines or accumulators D which are
distributed throughout the system or at central stations and from which electrical
conductors extend to the translating devices-The electric reservoirs at B are shewn
in electric circuit with the generators at A the return being made by an uninsulated
conductor or by earth I can however employ an uninsulated conductor for this
purpose. The electric reservoirs D arranged throughout the system or at different
parts of the same and communicating with the conductor Care shewn with a
return made by an uninsulated conductor or by earth. Switching devices 14 are
employed in connection with these electric reservoirs D which devices may be
operated by time mechanism by hand or otherwise. The number of the elements
of these reservoirs coupled at any given time in the charging circuit C is such as to
provide for the current transmitted from the reservoir or reservoirs B overcoming
the resistance of the elements included in the charging circuit. The conductor C
for conveying the electric energy to one or more sets of independent electric
reservoirs D is of such size or proportion in section or carrying capacity as to
provide for the conservation or storage of the electric energy which will be utilized
from such reservoirs D in a less number of hours than that necessary to transmit
to, and conserve the necessary electric energy in, the reservoirs D through the con-
ductor C. At 5 I have shewn a building or manufactory at which are provided
devices D for conserving electric energy. These devices are connected with the
main charging conductor C switching devices being provided at 14 in the branch
circuit 2 from the said conductor C. The return circuit from these reservoirs is
shewn as completed through an uninsulated conductor or earth. One or more
conductors 15 extend from the said reservoirs D throughout the building or works
the return circuit being shewn as completed by an uninsulated conductor or by
earth. 9, 9, represent electric motors which may be included in the circuit with
the electric reservoirs D but I prefer to employ independent circuits from the latter
or independent reservoirs for supplying the said motors with electric energy.
Heaters or other translating devices may be placed in the electrical circuit-At 16
I have shewn electric reservoirs D which are supplied from the prime storage
reservoirs B through the conductor C. From these reservoirs at 16 one or more
conductors 17 extend to other devices D for conserving electric energy which are
also provided with electrical circuits wherein translating devices are placed with
returns by uninsulated conductors or by earth. At 18 I have shewn an electric
reservoir placed in a derived circuit which reservoir simply assists in reinforcing or
maintaining a charge of electric energy in the conductor or provides for conserving
the electric energy when there is any undue pressure or charge of the electric
energy being transmitted through the conductor 17. At 19 I have shewn a
device D for conserving or storing electric energy with a switching device inter-
posed in the charging circuit at 20. This device may be adapted to be combined
with the cut offs or switching devices 21 in the discharging circuits to the con-
ductors E extending along or placed in connection with the line of a rail way
tramway or the like. The said conductors E are suitably insulated as herein
provided for. At 22 I have shewn a conductor E extending for a short distance
along the line and at 23 I have shewn conductors E extending in sections throughout
the length of the line-At 24 I have shewn reservoirs D adapted to operate as
herein provided for.

page_text: The conductors from these reservoirs extend to the electrical conductors or
sections E. At 25 I have shewn switching devices adapted to be interposed in the
charging circuits from the reservoirs D to the conductors E so as to provide for
cutting out or placing in the circuit with the electric reservoirs D the said electrical
conductors or sections E along the line. At 26 I have shewn the reservoirs D
supplied from the electric reservoirs arranged at 16.
In the diagram Figure 26 I have shewn generating devices A. for _charging a
series of independent reservoirs D arranged throughout the system. In this case
the conductor C must be of such a size or carrying capacity as to provide for the
transmission of the electric energy direct from the generator or generators at A
and the series of independent reservoirs D arranged at different points or places
provide for the conservation or storage of electric energy to meet the requirements
at such places. I provide an automatic cut off 27 adapted to be interposed in the
discharging circuit in case the current produced by the generators A. is not sufficient
to overcome the backward flow of the current from one or more of the reservoirs
of the system. I preferably provide switching devices adapted to be interposed in
the circuit to each reservoir D in case such reservoir should become charged or in
case of a stoppage or diminution of the production or supply of electric energy.
The reservoirs B can provide for the conservation or storage of electric energy at
the generating station at such times as the electric energy produced by the
generators is not being utilized or conserved elsewhere By this means I can
provide for the distribution from such reservoirs of the electric energy throughout
the system in conjunction with the current transmitted from one or more of the
generators or from the reservoirs B alone when the said generators are not
producing or transmitting electric energy. At 28 and 29 I have shewn
reservoirs D placed along or in proximity to the line of railway and adapted to be
placed in circuit with the electrical conductors or sections E. At 30 and 31 I have
shewn conserving or regulating devices placed in connection with or in the circuit
to a translating device 32 such as an electric lamp. These regulating devices are
adapted to conserve any surplus or overcharge of electric energy transmitted
through the conductor 33 to the said translating device that is to say the number
of the elements coupled in series in these conserving devices is such as to provide
for this result. At 34 I have shown the translating devices coupled in niultiple
arc or parallel circuit the return circuit from the reservoirs D to the generators
being made by an uninsulated conductor or by earth
In the diagram Figure 27 I have shewn an apparatus or system for distributing
electric energy and conserving it at various stations points or places along a line of
railway. A represents the generator C the charging conductor and DD the
devices for conserving electric energy. These devices D arranged at different points
or places along the line can be connected with one or more charging conductors and
one or more discharging or working circuits which may include one or more
translating devices to be operated by the energy transmitted from the said devices I)
switching devices for each of these independent devices D are provided whereby any
one or more of the said devices D and the apparatus supplied or worked thereby can
be cut out from the charging conductor or conductors Cor E or both without cutting
out the others.-Conductors may extend from the said conserving devices D to the
translating devices arranged along the line or elsewhere or the electric energy may
be transmitted from the said devices D to other devices for conserving electric
energy at or near to the translating devices arranged along the line.. The said
reservoirs D are shewn with a return by an insulated conductor or by earth. The
conductor C. provides for conducting the electric energy constantly to the devices D
where it is conserved or stored near to the place or places where it is to be utilized.
At 35 the rails of the line serve as the conductors E for conveying the electric
energy from the reservoirs D to the conserving devices upon the wagon vehicle or
train. In some cases I provide switching devices adapted to direct the current
from the. reservoir or reservoirs D in either direction through the conductor or
conductors E. This arrangement provides for the working of light electric railways

page_text: where electric reservoirs upon the wagon vehicle or train are not employed. At 36
I have shewn a conductor E arranged between the rails and adapted to be placed
in communication with one or more electric reservoirs D so as to provide for the
supply and conservation of electric energy upon the wagon vehicle or train-At
37 I have shewn two conductors E arranged between the rails sad adapted to place
the electric reservoirs D in circuit with the devices on the train for conserving
electric energy. The switching devices adapted to be placed in the circuit between
the reservoirs D and the conductors E can be combined with the circuit makers or
other devices for the development of signals or with the circuit makers for
controlling the supply of electric energy from one or more devices along the line
for storing or conserving electric energy.
In the diagram illustrated in Figure 28 of the drawings I have shewn an
apparatus or system for generating and conserving electric energy at one or more
points or stations along a line of railway tramway or the like. The devices or
means at A for generating electric energy may be distant from the line and the
devices D for conserving the electric energy can be placed in suitable proximity to
the said line so as to conserve the electric energy at the place or places where it
is to be utilized. I employ switching or other devices at 38 for regulating the
conservation or storage or the discharging or utilization or both of the electric
energy in or from the conserving devices D and I provide devices and means for
conducting the electric energy held in reserve or stored to the translating device
or devices (placed in the discharging circuit of the said conserving devices D) such
as electric lamps electric heaters or electric motors or any or all of the same with
or without other conserving devices placed in one or more of the discharging
circuits from the reservoirs D. The latter can be connected or placed in circuit
with the electrical conductors E for transmitting or conveying the electric energy
to one or more electric motors placed upon the wagon vehicle or train through the
medium of the switching or circuit making devices herein provided for so as to
communicate motion to the vehicle or vehicles and by placing the conserving
devices upon one or more vehicles in electrical communication with the conserving
devices D arranged along the line I am enabled to conserve or store electric energy
upon a vehicle wagon tramcar or train and provide for the distribution and
utilization of such conserved energy either for lighting heating motive power
brake power or any or all of the same upon the train and independently of the
generation storage or utilization of electric energy along the line or in the system
or apparatus for distributing electric energy along the line or elsewhere.
have shewn a series of independent reservoirs D arranged along the line at
different points or stations in proximity to the devices for translating the electric
energy. At each station I have shewn a series of such independent reservoirs D,
At station 39 I have shewn these reservoirs supplied from a prime charging
reservoir D with a return formed by an uninsulated conductor or with a return by
earth. At station 40 the primary charging reservoir D is connected with the
generating source A by an insulated conductor C and has a return by earth. The
conserving devices D supplied from the said primary charging reservoir D and
arranged near the apparatus where the electric energy is to be utilized are shewn
coupled in multiple arc. At station 41 I have shown a similar arrangement of
conserving devices D to that shewn at station 40 with the exception that the prime
charging reservoir D is so constructed that one part of the same may be charged
while another part is being discharged, or is connected with the working circuit.
I have shewn a conductor 42 leading from this reservoir D to a station where
electric lamps heaters or other devices are placed in the circuit therefrom. In
order to provide for the discharge or utilization of the electric energy from the
conserving devices D arranged along the line when such devices are employed for
supplying electric energy to electric translating devices connected to or combined
with the signals or for the development of signals or for the operation of crossing
lines or cross over roads as herein described I employ independent circuits extend-
ing from the prime charging reservoir D to the translating devices or devices for
I

page_text: the development of signals as at 43 in the diagram Figure 29. Or I employ a
series of independent reservoirs 44 arranged in proximity to the device to be moved
or in which the electric energy will be translated. I employ a series of switching
or circuit making devices 45 arranged at a convenient point or station, these circuit
makers being adapted to control the supply or utilization of electric energy from
the reservoirs D. In order to provide for this result I employ a series of indepen-
dent conductors which extend from one or more of the electric reservoirs to the
electric reservoirs D arranged along the line and I employ a series of switching
devices or circuit makers 45 placed at the central station or in a signalman's box
or cabin they being so constructed and arranged as to provide for making or
breaking the circuit to the switching device or devices 46 adapted to be interposed
in the charging or discharging circuit or both of the reservoir D. When such
switching device is interposed in the circuit 47 the electric energy from the
reservoir D can be transmitted through the discharging circuit to the translating
device or devices arranged in the said circuit. In like manner the circuit making
devices 46 connected with the different reservoirs or connected with the independent
or derived circuits 47 can be controlled from the central point or station and by com-
bining the circuit makers 45 through the medium of sliding bars rocking shafts or
other devices which are adapted to engage or interlock with the said circuit makers 1
am enabled to provide for the conservation discharge or utilization of electric energy
at distant points or places along the line of railway in such a manner as to ensure
the safe working of the traffic over the said line as herein set forth. Such method
of providing for the conservation and utilization of electric energy at distant points
or places is applicable in a system of distribution especially for lighting heating
motive power or brake power on vehicles or trains. It will be understood from the
foregoing description that the electric energy will be conserved by the devices D
when the circuit makers 45 are in a position conforming to safety for the main line
traffic.
In the diagram illustrated in Figure 30 I have shewn a generator A electrical
conductors for connecting the said generator with electric reservoirs or magazines
for conserving electric energy and switching devices for automatically making or
breaking the circuit between the said generator and the conserving reservoirs or
devices when the current from the generator is not sufficient to provide for the
conservation or accumulation of the energy in one or more or some part of one or
more of the reservoirs. 48 shews a completed or developing circuit for the
generator and 49 the charging circuit to or including the reservoir for conserving
or accumulating electric energy. When the generator is not producing sufficient
current to overcome the resistance of the reservoir the current will pass through
the circuit 48 but when sufficicnt current is generated to overcome the resistance
of the charging circuit the circuit maker 50 will be attracted by the magnet 51 so
as to overcome the attraction of the magnet 52 or overcome a weight or equivalent
device on the circuit maker 50 as shewn at 53. I also provide an automatic cut
off in the main charging circuit between the reservoir and the generator in case
the said reservoir becomes fully charged.
In the diagram illustrated in Figure 31 A represents the generator from which
one or more conductors extend to a series of independent reservoirs D arranged at
different points or places I employ independent conductors C' extending to a
switching device in connection with the series of independent reservoirs D. The
latter are provided with one or more discharging conductors or working circuits in
which are included electric translating devices such as electric lamps motors or
heaters or any or all of them which will be operated by the energy from the said
independent reservoirs, I am thereby enabled to utilize the electric energy from
the conserving devices D without interfering with the charging or discharging of
other independent conserving devices D. In order to control or provide for such
working I employ electro magnets 54 which are adapted to operate upon a
switching device or armature 55 arranged in connection therewith when the
electrical circuit is completed through the magnet 54 through the medium of the

page_text: conductor C. By employing a switching device 56 the switching device at 54. 55.
can be so adjusted as to complete an electric circuit with the electric reservoir D.
When the circuit is broken a spring or weight attached to the armature 55 provides
for placing the reservoir D in the discharging circuit. The supply of electric
energy to the discharging circuit can be controlled by the circuit maker at 57.
I have shewn a similar switching device for controlling the conservation of electric
energy in the reservoirs D at 58. This arrangement of reservoirs permits a
constant discharge from some part of the reservoir into the working circuit in.
which the translating devices are placed or employed. In Figure 31 I have also
shewn electrical reservoirs D placed along a tramway line or street with con-
nections extending between the rails or in such proximity to the line as to provide
for the completion of an electrical circuit with the devices for conserving or holding
in reserve electric energy placed upon a tramcar or other vehicle as herein described.
In order to provide for constructing and operating tramway lines through streets
highways or the like I provide for covering or protecting the conductor or
conductors E by means of an adjustable piece or I employ a switching or circuit
making device adapted to be interposed or placed in the discharging or working
circuit in which the conductor or conductors E are placed. By this means I am
enabled to prevent the discharge of electric energy except at such time or times
as it may be necessary to place the conserving device or devices D in electrical
communication with the conserving devices upon one or more tramcars or other
vehicles adapted to pass over such line. The conserving device D can be arranged
in any suitable position and concealed from view and the circuit making device
or switching device 59 can also be arranged so that it will be entirely free from
the traffic and so that it cannot be tampered with. I have shewn independent
conserving devices D at different points or places along the line so as to provide
for holding in reserve the electric energy at or near the place or places where it
may be considered necessary or desirable to provide for the conservation accumu-
lation or storage of such electric energy in or with the elements of the reservoir
placed upon the tramenr or vehicle. I sometimes provide for the conservation
accumulation or storage of electric energy on the tramcar at one or both terminals
of the line and not at intervals along the same. At 60 I have shewn a prime
reservoir B for conserving accumulating or storing electric energy. This reservoir
is so constructed as to enable one of its parts or portions to accumulate or store
electric energy while some other part or portion is or can be transmitting electric
energy through the discharging circuit C I have shewn in plan in Figure 32 in
vertical section in Figure 33 and in plan in Figure 34 switching devices which can
be employed for this purpose.
In these Figuros 61. represents an insulating support or shaft which carries strips
blades or contact pieces 62 adapted to be brought in contact with springs or
terminals 63 connected with the elements of the electric reservoir the generator A
and the discharging conductor or conductors C. These strips or contact pieces
are arranged in such a manner upon the said shaft as to provide for one or more
contact pieces being in circuit with one part or portion of the reservoir to be
charged while one or more of the other contact pieces are in circuit with the
discharging conductor or working circuit C. The shaft 61 can be combined with
and operated by time mechanism or by the generator or by electric translating
devices such as electric motors or the like or the said shaft can be operated by
hand. By a suitable arrangement and adaptation of these circuit making or
switching devices to the terminals or elements of the electric reservoir or the parts
of the same I provide for charging the latter when coupled for quantity and
discharging the elements of the reservoir into the working or discharging circuit in
tension series as herein provided for.
In order to provide a system or apparatus for distributing and utilizing electric
energy for electric lighting beating motive power or for the application of brake
power on different vehicles of a train or any or all of them I provide devices
somewhat similar to those hereinbefore described for conserving and distributing

page_text: electricity in a general system of distribution but adapt such system for application
upon one or more vehicles. In carrying this into practise I provide as shewn in
Figure 30 upon each vehicle electrical conductors 64 forming part of the main
charging circuit and means for connecting and disconnecting sucli conductors at 65
to and from those of an adjoining carriage: I also provide subsidiary auxiliary or
independent electric reservoirs 66 or a series of them upon each vehicle an
independent discharging or translating circuit 67 switching devices 68 for
connecting some part of the electric reservoir and the charging circuit 64 and for
connecting some part of the electric reservoir magazine or battery 66 or a series
of them in the translating circuit 67 and switching devices 68 controlled from one
or more places on the train for including or placing at will some part of the electric
reservoirs accumulators or batteries 66 or the translating device circuit 67 in the
main discharging circuit 64 and devices or means so arranged or adapted as to
place some part of the electric reservoir or system of reservoirs on one or more of
the wagons or vehicles of the train in electrical connection with one or more
electrical reservoirs magazines or accumulators arranged at some point place or
station along or in proximity to the line, either directly or through the medium of
a main or principal storage reservoir placed upon the wagon vehicle or train as
herein provided for.
At 69 I have shown brake blocks adapted to be operated when the electric
translating devices with which they are included in the electrical circuit or system
of distribution upon the wagon vehicle or train. I have shown the electrical
conductors 71 extending from the reservoir 70 to the electric motors 72 arranged
on the different vehicles provision being made for the reversal of the current
through the said motors from the reservoir through the medium of a circuit making
or switching device 73. The apparatus for operating the brakes is so arranged as
to be under the control of the engine driver or attendant or such apparatus can be
controlled from any desired part of the train through the medium of switching or
circuit making devices placed in the compartments. From these circuit making
devices independent conductors extend to electric translating devices having
combined with them circuit making devices adapted to make or break the circuit
between the translating devices having the brake blocks connected with them and
the store 66 of electric energy placed upon such vehicle: I have shewn at 67
translating circuits extending from the reservoirs 66 in which circuits both
heaters 74 and electric lamps 75 are included as shewn. I prefer to employ
independent circuits from the reservoirs 66 or 70 extending to the heaters 74.
Figure 35 is an elevation of a railway engine and vehicles provided with
apparatus and means for utilizing electric energy upon the train either for the
production of light heat motive or brake power or any or all of the same and
Figure 36 is a plan of the framework of the said engine and vehicles and the
devices supported thereby I can employ in connection with the said engine and
vehicles similar devices to those described with reference to Figure 30 and other
Figures of the drawings and I provide circuit making devices for completing the
circuit from the electric reservoirs arranged along the line with one or more electric
magazines or reservoirs placed upon the wagons vehicles or train as herein before
described. The parts in Figures 32 and 33 which are similar to those shown in
Figure 30 are indicated by corresponding numerals.
Figure 37 is a plan shewing the application to the under frame or truck of a
vehicle of a motor provided with a double armature each portion 75 of which is
designed to operate adjacent to independent pole pieces.
Figure 38 is a perspective view shewing the arrangement of the commutators 76
and brushes 77. 77* relatively to such a double armnature. I preferably construct
the armatures in sections 78. 78 and bolt or secure the same upon an insulated or
non-magnetic support 79. The said sections may be composed of metal cases or
boxes which enclose the coils or strips of insulated copper wire rods or plates.
Terminals extend from these insulated copper wire rods or plates to the com-
mutators 76 of the motor as shewn in Figure 39 which is a central section of an

page_text: armature so constructed Figure 40 being a face view of the same.
The copper
conductors may be united with the commutators in the usual manner and through
the medium of the double commutator I provide for the transmission of the current
from one commutator through the coils or conductors of one armature and through
the medium of the commutator brush 77* I provide for the current being trans-
mitted through the other armature and out through the other commutator brush.
The arrangement of the maguets are herein fully described. I have shewn in
section in figure 40 an armature of somewhat similar construction with the
section 78 secured upon an uninsulating support or base the conductors being
covered with metal plates (preferably of iron) as before stated.
Figures 41 and 42 represent in plan and vertical section other constructions of
motors. One of the said motors is shown provided with a double armature built
up or formed on the face of the wheels and adapted to revolve in proximity to the
polar extensions of the magnets the circuit making or commutating devices being
arranged centrally between the wheels. In the other case the double armature is
situated on or nearly on the central longitudinal line of the vehicle the commutators
and brushes in this case being arranged one on each side of the said double
armature.
Figures 43 to 45 of the drawings represent in elevation partly in section and
Figure 46 in elevation a portable electric lamp whose stand or support is provided
with a device g for conserving accumulating or storing electric energy I connect
the terminals of this conserving accumulating or storing device with the terminals
of the light emitting portion i. h. of the lamp which will be rendered incandescent
by the passage of the current supplied from the said conserving accumulating or
storing device combined with such portable lamp.
In order to provide for charging the said device for conserving accumulating or
storing electric energy I place the same in communication with the source or store
of electric energy and when the said device is charged the lamp is adapted to
develope light by the passage of the current discharged-from the elements of the
said conserving accumulating or storing device or reservoir I am thereby enabled
to provide a portable electric lamp adapted for use in houses mines or other
places.
Figure 47 is an elevation partly in section representing the aforesaid device for
conserving accumulating or storing electric energy mounted in a chandelier for
supplying electric energy to the lamps carried by the said chandelier
Having thus fully described iny said invention and the manner of performing
the same I wish it understood that I Claim :-
First: The method herein described of conserving accumulating or storing electric
energy upon a vehicle or train for causing or retarding motion or for lighting or
heating or for any or all such purposes.
Second: The method herein described of constructing and operating electrical
railways by which the propulsion or movements of the vehicles or trains is
rendered independent of the generation or storage of electric energy at a given
time.
Third-The method herein provided for of operating electrical railways by
which electric energy can be conserved or held in reserve at one or more stations
points or places along the line and conveyed or transmitted to and conserved stored
or held in reserve upon a vehicle or train for the purposes specified.
Fourth-Constructing electrical railways with rails or conductors insulated from
each other, one rail or conductor being electrically connected with the elements of
one or more electric reservoirs independently of or in conjunction with the
generator while the other rail or conductor is electrically connected to the other set
of elements of such reservoir or reservoirs either by earth or otherwise as and for
the purposes specified.
Fifth-The method of regulating or converting the tension of an electric current
upon a vehicle or train whereby I provide for the utilization of electric energy upon
such vehicle or train for lighting heating or motive power or for any one or all of

page_text: such purposes irrespective of the tension of the current transmitted to the reservoir
on the vehicle or train from the generator or electric magazine or any combination
of them for the purposes specified.
Sixth-In or forming part of a system or apparatus for distributing and utilizing
electric energy one or more electric reservoirs accumulators storage batteries or
magazines supported by or combined with a tramcar vehicle or train and one or
more permanent or fixed electric reservoirs or devices for conserving accumulating
or storing electric energy the portable device or devices for conserving accumulating
or storing electric energy being constructed or arranged in such a manner relatively
to one or more permanent or fixed electric reservoirs where electric energy is con-
served or held in reserve as to provide for the elements of the portable electric
reservoirs being charged vivified or revivified with electric energy when placed in
electrical connection with the elements of any one or more permanent or fixed
electric reservoirs substantially as and for the purposes specified.
Seventh: A system or apparatus consisting of devices for generating and con-
serving electric energy at one or more stations points or places along a railway
tramway or the like or devices and means for generating electricity at one or more
stations or places distant from the line, devices and means or reservoirs for con-
veying to and conserving the electric energy at one or more stations points or places
in proximity to or nearer to the line, devices and means for regulating the charging
or discharging of electric energy from such reservoirs and devices and means
for conducting and distributing the electric energy held in reserve or stored to one
or more parts of the apparatus or system where the translating devices such as
electric lamps electric motors electric heaters or any or all of them are placed or can
be supplied with electric energy with or without the medium of subsidiary or
secondary electric reservoirs accumulators or storage batteries and devices and
means for including in some part of the electrical circuit of the system the electric
reservoir placed upon one or more of the vehicles tramcars or trains substantially
as set forth.
Eighth In a system or apparatus for distributing and utilizing electric energy
for lighting heating motive power the application of brake power or for any or all
of these purposes on different vehicles of a train the combination of the following
elements namely in the equipment of each vehicle electrical conductors forming
part of the main charging circuit with means for connecting and disconnecting such
conductors to and from those of an adjoining carriage, subsidiary auxiliary or
independent electric reservoirs or a series of them upon each vehicle an independent
discharging or translating circuit, switching devices for alternately connecting some
part of the electric reservoir and the charging circuit and for connecting some part
of the electric reservoir magazine or battery or a series of the same in the trans-
lating circuit and switching devices controlled from one or more places on the train
for including or placing at will some part of the electric reservoirs accumulators or
batteries or the translating device circuit in the main discharging circuit and
devices or means so arranged or adapted as to place some part of the electric
reservoir or system of reservoirs or one or more of the wagons or vehicles of the
train in electrical connection with one or more electric reservoirs magazines or
accumulators arranged at some point place or station along or in proximity to the
line either directly or through the medium of a conserving accumulating or storage
reservoir placed upon the vehicle or train substantially as set forth.
Ninth In a system or apparatus for distributing and utilizing electric energy
on tram cars vehicles engines or railway trains the combination of the following
elements namely One or more electrical conductors forming part of a main charging
circuit with means for connecting and disconnecting such conductors to and from
those of an adjoining vehicle electric reservoirs accumulators magazines or batteries
adapted to conserve or hold electric energy in reserve conductors extending there-
from to the translating devices and switching devices for interposing some part of
the electric reservoir magazine or system where electric energy is held in reserve
separately alternatively or consecutively in the charging circuit and the discharging

page_text: or translating circuit and devices or means so arranged and adapted as to place some
part or all of the electric reservoir or magazine on a vehicle or train in electrical
connection with one more electric reservoirs magazines or accumulators arranged
at some point place or station along or in proximity to the line for the purposes
specified.
Tenth-In a system or apparatus for distributing and utilizing electric energy
on one or more tram cars vehicles engines or railway trains the combination of the
following elements namely one or more sets or systems of electric reservoirs
magazines or accumulators placed upon the same one or more electrical connections
or charging circuits adapted to be brought into circuit or connection with one or
more or some part of one or more electric reservoirs magazines batteries or
accumulators arranged along or in proximity to the line one or more switching
devices between such permanent and portable electric reservoirs one or more
discharging conductors or working circuits for transmitting the electric energy
from one or more or some part of one or more of the portable electric reservoir
either with or without the medium of secondary or subsidiary electric reservoirs
magazines or accumulators placed in or in connection with one or more of the
conductors or circuits branches derived circuits or sub-branches on one or more of
the tramcars or vehicles electric translating devices such as motors, lamps, heaters
or devices having connected or combined with them brake blocks or any or all of
the translating devices in one or more discharging or independent discharging
circuits or branches therefrom substantially as set forth.
Eleventh in a system or apparatus for generating conserving distributing and
utilizing electricity the employment of the following elements namely one or more
generators of electricity one or more conductors to convey the electric current
produced thereby a series of independent electric reservoirs accumulators or
magazines placed at different points or stations connected with one or more
charging conductors one or more discharging conductors or working circuits for
each of the said independent conserving accumulating or storing devices including
in such working circuit one or more electric translating devices to be operated by
the energy of the said independent conserving or storing devices or reservoirs and
switching devices for each of such independent batteries or electric reservoirs
whereby any one or more of said batteries and the apparatus worked by it or either
of them may be cut out from the charging conductor or conductors without cutting
out the others substantially as set forth for the purposes specified.
Twelfth in a system or apparatus for distributing and utilizing electric energy
the employment of the following elements namely one or more electric generators
with or without electric reservoirs at the generating station one or more conductors
for transmitting the currents from the generating source or from the generating
source and electric reservoirs arranged thereat or in connection therewith or either
of them or any combination of the same a series of independent storage batteries
accumulators reservoirs or magazines to be charged by one or more main line
charging conductors a series of switching devices one or more for each of such
independent Batteries or electric magazines arranged in such a manner as to
simultaneously or successively place the independent reservoirs at different points
places or stations into the circuit of the charging line one or more independent
conductors including electro magnets or other electric translating devices to operate
one or more of the series of switching devices and a second series of switches one
for each of said batteries by which any one or more of the said batteries may be
cut out or put in the circuit with the charging or discharging conductor without
cutting out the others or interfering with their operation substantially as
described.
Thirteenth-The construction or employment of an electric motor which has
two independent armatures-and is adapted for-use on a vehicle for the purpose
of locomotion substantially as described.
Fourteenth. A portable electric lanp or lighing apparatus provided with a device
or means for conserving accumulating or storing electric energy the elements of

page_text: such device being sustained by a stand or support and adapted to develop light
in the conductor when such elements shall be charged with electric energy-
substantially as set forth and shewn in the drawings.
In witness whereof I the said Joseph Stokes Williams have hereunto set
my hand and seal this Twenty second day of August in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and eighty two.
TAB 2
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