Process and Appliances for Washing, Bleaching, and Dyeing Fibrous Materials.
Year: 1890

page_text: Date of Application, 19th Sept., 1890
Complete Specification Left, 19th June, 1891-Accepted, 29th. Aug., 1891
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Process and Appliances for Washing, Bleaching, and Dyeing Fibrous
Materials.
I OSWALD HOFFMANN, of Neugersdorf in the Empire of Germany, Manufac-
turer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:
This invention relates to a process and the necessary appliances for washing,
bleaching and dyeing fibrous materials and has for its purpose to efficaciously expel
the air from the fibrous substances when impregnating the same in order to attain
a more perfect and uniform penetration of the liquor.
A liquid when in contact with fibrous material cannot penetrate into the same
until the air adhering to and enclosed in the material is eliminated, the energy of
its escape being dependent on the pressure produced in one direction by the liquid.
To increase the said energy 1 impart to the liquid in which the fibrous material is
immersed, a centrifugal or knocking movement whereby a higher pressure in one
direction is produced.
The effect may be seen from the following experiment:
A strong glass bottle is filled with dry fibrous material and subsequently com-
pletely filled up with water and then corked. When such bottle receives a knock
from a hammer or falls on a firm support the bottle being in either case protected
from injury by india-rubber layer-the air that was enclosed in the fibrous material
escapes and the sinking of the water level in the bottle denotes that water has
penetrated into the fibrous material and air escaped therefrom.
By frequent repetition of sufficiently powerful knocks the air is completely
removed from the materials which are then perfectly impregnated by the water.
The same effect is produced if the vessel filled in the same manner is caused to
be flung by aid of a centrifugal machine. In either case the water will produce
increased pressure in one direction, which takes place momentaneously if concussion
is applied and continually if centrifugal force is used.
When knocking or concussive influences are used, the fibrous material is enclosed
with the liquor in a sufficiently strong vessel which receives movements and shocks
or concussion in the manner of the head of a hammer. This purpose is accom-
plished by substituting said vessel for the head of any suitable hammer moved
mechanically or by hand. Or, the vessel is freely suspended or otherwise movable
and receives the concussions from a hammer operated mechanically or by hand.
To protect the vessel from injury the shocks are rendered elastic by intermediate
layers of caoutchouc, wood, springs, or equivalent substance or device.
Referring to the drawing hereunto annexed
Fig. 1 illustrates a mode of attaining the end, above referred to, by concussion;
Fig. 2 shows a centrifugal device for the same purpose, and
Fig. 3 a modification thereof.
The metal vessel a filled with fibrous material and liquor and closed by lid c, is
secured to the free extremity of an arm e, suitably hinged or pivoted at d and
adapted to be raised by an eccentric f. This arm is caused to fall down with
the vessel either by its own weight and that of the filled vessel or it is assisted in
its descent by aid of springs or other device. On the descent of the vessel its
bottom falls on a caoutchouc plate g provided on the frame.
By the concussions thus produced, the air contained in the fibrous material, is
expelled therefrom and driven upward so as to necessitate from time to time the
addition of fresh liquor through cock in order to keep the material, which may be
loaded with a cover, immersed in the liquor.
After the impregnation is terminated, the liquor is let off through cock i.

page_text: For the purpose of heating the liquor in vessel a, the cock or valve i is brought
into communication with a steam pipe by means of screw arrangement.
To allow liquor and steam to be supplied to, or let out of, the vessel during the
work, the tubes at h and i may be elongated towards shaft d and revolubly tightened
with separate pipes.
The vessel a may be detachably secured to arm e so as to allow the same to
a.) remain in a state of rest to admit of a prolonged action of the liquor on
the material,
b.) be suspended in a centrifugal device for thrusting out the liquor, or
c.) be connected with a pipe-conduit which supplies hot air for drying the
material in the vessel.
Instead of exchanging the vessel a, a perforated intermediate vessel may be
introduced thereinto, which is in close contact with the sides of the main vessel and
contains the material; this auxiliary vessel can be exchanged and employed in the
manner above referred to.
If
When the impregnation is to take place by centrifugal pressure,
the centrifugal
machine employed must be provided in its simplest form with a strong reservoir k
Fig. 2, having a cock and being closed on the rest of its surface except in the
centre, where it has an aperture, through which the material m is introduced.
the latter is heaped up near the side of the reservoir, either a sufficient quantity of
liquor is brought immediately into the reservoir, as shown in Fig. 2, or the centri-
fugal machine is set in motion and then the liquor is poured into the central portion
of the reservoir. In either case the liquor, while the centrifugal machine is at
work, will flow towards the side, rise up the same and fill out the spaces intervening
between the material.
When the fibrous material is completely covered and enclosed by liquor as shown
in Fig. 3 and the centrifugal machine has attained sufficient velocity, the liquor
will expel the air from the material in centripetal direction, as indicated by arrows,
and penetrate into the same.
After the centrifugal machine has been working sufficiently long for impregnation,
the liquor is thrust out through valve and received in the known manner by the
stationary mantle.
Subsequently the valve is closed and the impregnation can be repeated with the
same or another liquor, so that during impregnation, the fibrous material can be
successively treated with liquors for cleansing, mordaunting dyeing, rinsing, clearing
and dressing.
The above described construction of the centrifugal reservoir may be modified
in various manners.
For introducing the liquor into the reservoir, a funnel shaped vessel provided in
the centre thereof may be employed, from which radial pipes lead to the circum-
ference of the reservoir. In this rotary funnel a tube may terminate which is in
direct communication with receptacles for the liquors.
It is necessary in most cases to maintain the material, which-especially in a dry
state is specifically lighter than the liquor, owing to the inherent air, in the range
of the latter while impregnating. This can be done by a perforated cylinder con-
sisting of single detachable parts or by means of bars and railing adjustably
secured to the bottom and top of the reservoir.
To allow the liquid, after impregnation to be easily and completely flung out, the
reservoir is given a conic shape and its inner side is lined with trellis work or with
a double perforated bottom. A pipe or pipes provided with cleansing sleeve are
guided round the centrifugal machine for conducting the liquor to the cocks.
The cocks or valves, several of which may be provided around the reservoir, and
the outlet of which may be placed in opposition to the direction of the centrifugal
machine, are made adapted either
a.) to be opened and closed when the centrifugal machine is at rest, or
b.) to be opened and closed when the centrifugal machine is in action, or
c) to oven and close automatically

page_text: The operation of the cocks, while the centrifugal machine is at rest, may be
effected from a sleeve displaceably provided on the shaft of the centrifugal machine
and forming a medium for opening or closing the cocks by means of drawing rod,
cog-wheel or equivalent device.
6.
The application of valves or cocks adapted to open automatically when the
liquor is being flung out and remaining closed during impregnation is founded on
the circumstance that for impregnation, that is to say for eliminating the air, the
speed of the centrifugal machine may be considerably less than is required for
flinging out the liquor. The valve must therefore be so constructed as to be kept
closed by a spring during the period of inferior speed of the machine while
impregnation takes place, and be opened by the centrifugal pressure of its own
body during the period of higher speed-.e. the flinging out of the liquor. By
altering the weight of the valve or adjusting the spring pressure, the opening or
closing may be arranged for variable speeds.
When employing a cock for this purpose the mass and the spring would act on
the plug and thereby effect the turning of the cock according to the speed.
For attaining a uniform impregnation, the inertia of the liquor may be utilized
in addition to repeated treatment (impregnation and flinging out) of the material
with the same liquor.
When the centrifugal machine is full at work, the material and the liquor have
the same velocity, whereas, on the centrifugal machine being retarded and braked,
the easily movable liquor will tend to move along within the rigidly lodged
material. The reverse will be the case when the centrifugal machine is set in motion,
the liquor keeping behind relatively to the speed of the material. Consequently
frequent arresting and starting of the centrifugal machine may be recommendable
where sufficient uniformity is not attained with repeated impregnation.
In contradistinction to the hitherto employed methods which necessitate previous
boiling of the material, the improved method of impregnating allows, with the
assistance of centrifugal pressure or of concussion, in most cases the raw material
to be employed unboiled and unmoistened i.e. the dyeing liquors may be made to
act direct on the dry raw material.
The improved process can be applied to all textile as well as other materials in
all the various stages of their manufacture, care being taken to distribute the
pressure of the liquor as uniformly as possible on the material and to avoid the
pressure of the material on itself, produced by centrifugal action, by arranging it
circularly or spirally, whereby it receives the centrifugal pressure into itself.
Yarns in skeins are accordingly spread out ring-fashion and so placed in the
reservoir. Fabrics in the piece can be rolled up cylindrically in full width outside
the centrifugal reservoir and introduced into the same either, by correspondingly
compressing the aforementioned intermediate vessel or cylinder to allow it to pass
in through the top aperture, or the lid may be adapted to be screwed off to admit of
the introduction of intermediate vessel and material.
Warp yarns in strains are also rolled up cylindrically but in such a manner that
the rolled-up strain is more or less twisted in order to give equal tension to all
threads.
Cons and spools are placed radially within the reservoir.

page_text: The material may be brought into the reservoir in perforated sheet metal-or
wire-receptacles, or, in lieu of the reservoir, receptacles adapted to be closed and
containing the material and the liquor may be suspended in a centrifugal machine,
and the material; after having been impregnated in such vessels, is flung.
The improved process differs from the processes hitherto known of employing.
the centrifugal device for impregnation, by the reservoir being so closed that.no
air can escape therefrom, that the material is completely covered with liquor in
order to produce expulsion of the air in centripetal direction through the pressure of
the liquor, and that the flinging out of the liquor takes place only after impregnation
is completed.
The fundamental idea of the improved process may indeed also be realised with
a. centrifugal device, whose reservoir is not completely closed so that liquor can
escape therefrom during impregnation. If, for instance, the reservoir is fitted with
a few small apertures on the periphery and the liquor flowing out through the
same is replaced by supplying to the reservoir equal quantities of liquor, the
material can be kept constantly covered with liquor, whereby the expulsion of air
can be effected. The flinging out of the liquor would ensue as soon as the supply of
liquor would be suspended.
With regard to the loss of power ensuing and the larger quantity of liquor
required, the aforesaid modification does not prove rational; the question however
arises, whether this modification was employed in the processes heretofore. known.
It is to be considered that the modification referred to can be successful only if the
supply of liquor is in proportion to the discharge or if the quantity of liquor
escaping through the perforations of the reservoir can be replaced by the con-
trivance provided for supplying the liquor, in order that the material may be kepti
covered with liquor.
As, with a but moderate speed of the centrifugal machine, the speed of the
escaping liquor must be far higher than that of the entering liquor; the pipe
supplying the liquor to the reservoir must have at least the same cross section as
the perforations of the reservoir, unless the liquor enters under special pressure.
In the centrifugal machine by Fischer, German Patent No. 31755, the cross
section of the perforations is at least a hundred times larger; in that by Serfert
and Vollert, German Patent No. 17700, the mantle is left out altogether, and in
the centrifugal devices by Schultze German Patent No. 24433 and Chavanne,
German Patent No. 27006, a covering over of the liquor is impossible as the
reservoir is insufficiently closed at the top. At only moderate speed of the
centrifugal machine, the liquor would be flung over the upper rim of the reservoir
leaving a more or less large portion of the material uncovered.
A few of the processes hitherto applied were based on circulation, that is to say,
the liquor is forced outwardly through the material. The greater the speed of the
centrifugal machine, the more rapidly the liquor will move in centrifugal direction
and this will be the more unfavorable for the expulsion of the air in centripetal
direction.
In the centrifugal machine by Fischer above referred to, moreover a uniform
distribution is sought to be attained in addition to said circulation. If in this
process the material would be kept covered with liquor, the necessity of such a
uniform distribution would not arise; but the insufficient closing of the centrifugal
machine at the top and the large cross section of the perforations of the reservoir
show that a complete filling in and covering over of the material with liquor is not
intended.
Dated this 19th of September 1890.
OSWALD HOFFMANN.
By Huelser & Co.,
His Agents.

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Process and Appliances for Washing, Bleaching, and Dyeing Fibrous
Materials.
I, OSWALD HOFFMANN, of Neugersdorf, in the Empire of Germany, Manu-
facturer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement :-
This invention relates to a process and the necessary appliances for washing,
bleaching and dyeing fibrous materials and has for its purpose to efficaciously expel
the air from the fibrous substances when impregnating the same in order to attain
a more perfect and uniform penetration of the liquor..
A liquid when in contact with fibrous material cannot penetrate into the same
until the air adhering to and enclosed in the material is eliminated, the energy of
its escape being dependent on the pressure produced in one direction by the liquid.
To increase the said energy I impart to the liquid in which the fibrous material is
immersed, a centrifugal or knocking movement whereby a higher pressure, in one:
direction is produced.
The effect may be seen from the following experiment :-
.
A strong glass bottle is filled with dry fibrous material and subsequently com-...
pletely filled up with water and then corked. When such bottle receives a knock
from a hammer or falls on a firm support-the bottle being in either case protected..
from injury by india rubber layer, the air that was enclosed in the fibrous material
escapes and the sinking of the water level in the bottle indicates that water has...
penetrated into the fibrous material. By frequent repetition of sufficiently powerful
knocks the air is completely removed from the materials which are then perfectly..
impregnated by the water. The same effect is produced if the vessel filled in the
same manner is caused to be flung by aid of a centrifugal machine. In either case:
the water will produce an increased pressure in one direction, which. takes place
momentaneously if concussion is applied and continually if centrifugal force is used,
and thereby expel the air from the fibrous material.
When knocking or concussive influences are used, the fibrous material is enclosed
with the liquor in a sufficiently strong vessel which receives movements and shocks.
or concussion in the manner of the head of a hammer. This purpose is accomplished
by substituting said vessel for the head of any suitable hammer inoved mechanically
or by hand. Or the vessel is freely suspended or otherwise movable and receives
the concussions from a hammer operated mechanically or by hand.
To protect the vessel from injury the shocks are rendered elastic by intermediate
layers of caoutchouc, wood, springs or equivalent substance or device.
Referring to the drawing filed with the Provisional Specification,
Fig. 1 illustrates a mode of attaining the end above referred to, by concussion, 1,
Fig. 2 shows a centrifugal device for the same purpose,
Fig. 3 a modification thereof.
The metal vessel a filled with fibrous material and liquor and closed by a lid e is
secured to the free extremity of an arm e suitably hinged or pivoted at d and
adapted to be raised by an eccentric f. This arm is caused to fall down with the
vessel either by its own weight and that of the filled vessel or it is assisted in its
descent by springs or other device. On the descent of the vessel its bottom falls on
a caoutchouc plate g provided on the frame.
By the concussions thus produced the air, contained in the fibrous material, is
expelled therefrom and driven upward so as to necessitate the addition, from time
to time of fresh liquor through cock h in order to keep the materials which may be
loaded with a cover immersed in the liquor.
After the impregnation is terminated, the liquor is let off through cock. i.
For the purpose of heating the liquor in vessel a, the cock or valve ; is brought
into communication with a steam pipe by means of screw arrangement.
1

page_text: To allow liquor and steam to be supplied to or let out of the vessel during the
work, the tubes at h and i may be elongated towards shaft d and revolubly
tightened with separate pipes.
The vessel a may be detachably secured to arme so as to allow the same to
a) remain in a state of rest to admit of a prolonged action of the liquor on
the material,
b) be suspended in a centrifugal device for thrusting out the liquor, or
c) be connected with a pipe conduit which supplies hot air for drying the
material to the vessel.
Instead of exchanging the vessel a a perforated intermediate vessel may be
introduced thereinto, which is in close contact with the sides of the main vessel
and contains the material; this auxiliary vessel can be exchanged and employed
in the manner above referred to.
When the impregnation is to take place by centrifugal pressure, the centrifugal
machine employed must be provided in its simplest form with a strong reservoir k
Fig. 2, having a cock and being closed on the rest of its surface except in the
centre where it has an aperture, through which the material m is introduced. If
the latter is heaped up near the side of the reservoir, either a sufficient quantity of
liquor is brought immediately into the reservoir, as shewn in Fig. 2, or the
centrifugal machine is set in motion and then the liquor is poured into the central
portion of the reservoir. In either case the liquor, while the centrifugal machine
is at work, will flow towards the side, rise up the same and fill out the spaces
intervening between the material.
When the fibrous material is completely covered and enclosed by liquor as
shown in Fig. 3 and the centrifugal machine has attained sufficient velocity, the
liquor will expel the air from the material in centripetal direction as indicated by
arrows and penetrate into the same.
After the centrifugal machine has been working sufficiently long for impregnation,
the liquor is thrust out through valve and received in the known manner by the
stationary mantle.
Subsequently the valve is closed and the impregnation can be repeated with
the same or another liquor, so that, during impregnation, the fibrous material can
be successively treated with liquors for cleansing, mordanting, dyeing, rinsing,
clearing and dressing.
The above described simplest construction of the centrifugal reservoir may be
modified in various manners.
For introducing the liquor into the reservoir, a funnel-shaped vessel provided in
the centre thereof may be employed, from which radial pipes lead to the circum-
ference of the reservoir. In this rotary funnel a tube may terminate which is in
direct communication with receptacles for the liquors.
It is necessary in most cases to maintain the material, which-especially in dry
state is specifically lighter than the liquor, owing to the inherent air, in the range
of the latter while impregnating. This can be done by a perforated cylinder con-
sisting of single detachable parts or by means of bars and railing adjustably secured
to the bottom and top of the reservoir.
To allow the liquor, after impregnation, to be easily and completely flung out,
the reservoir is given a conic shape and its inner side is lined with trellis work or
with a double perforated bottom. One or more waste pipes provided with screw
plugs and located around the centrifugal machine conduct the liquor to the
cocks.
The cocks or valves, several of which may be provided around the reservoir, and
the outlet of which may be placed in opposition to the direction of the centrifugal
machine are made adapted either
a) to be opened and closed when the centrifugal machine is at rest, or
b) to be opened and closed when the centrifugal machine is in action, or

page_text: u.
The application of cocks and valves adapted to be governed, when the centrifugal
machine is at rest, through an aperture capable of closing provided in the mantle,
will probably only exceptionally be recommendable as conducive to loss of time
and power.
C.
The application of valves or cocks adapted to automatically open when the liquor
is being flung out and remaining closed during impregnation is founded on the
circumstance that for impregnation, that is to say for eliminating the air, the speed
of the centrifugal machine may be considerably less than is required for flinging
out the liquor. The valve must therefore be so constructed as to be kept closed by
a spring during the period of inferior speed of the machine while impregnation takes
place and be opened by the centrifugal pressure of its own body during the period
of higher speed, i.e. the flinging out of the liquor.
By altering the weight of the valve or adjusting the spring pressure the opening
and closing may be arranged for variable speeds.
For attaining a uniform impregnation the inertia of the liquor may be utilized in
addition to repeated treatment (impregnation and flinging out) of the material with
the same liquor.
When the centrifugal machine is full at work, the material and the liquor have
the same velocity, whereas on the centrifugal machine being retarded and braked,
the easily movable liquor will tend to move along within the rigidly lodged
material. The reverse will be the case when the centrifugal machine is set in
motion, the liquor keeping behind relatively to the speed of the material. Con-
sequently frequent arresting and starting of the centrifugal machine may be
recommendable where sufficient uniformity is not attained with repeated
impregnation.
In contradistinction to the hitherto employed methods which necessitate previous
cooking of the material, the improved method of impregnating allows with the
aid of centrifugal pressure as well as of concussion in most cases the raw material
to be employed uncooked and unmoistened i.e. the dyeing liquors may be made to
act direct on the dry raw material.
Fabrics in the piece can be rolled up cylindrically in full width outside the
centrifugal reservoir and introduced into the same either by correspondingly
compressing the aforementioned intermediate vessel or cylinder to allow it to pass
in through the top aperture or the lid may be adapted to be screwed off to admit
of the introduction of intermediate vessel and material.
Warp yarns in strains are also rolled up cylindrically but in such a manner that
the rolled-up strain is more or less twisted in order to give equal tension to all
threads.
The improved process can be applied to all textile as well as other materials in
all the various stages of their manufacture, care being taken to distribute the
pressure of the liquor as uniformly as possible on the material and to avoid the
pressures of the material on itself, produced by centrifugal action, by arranging
it circularly or spirally, whereby it receives the centrifugal pressure into itself.
Yarns in skeins are accordingly spread out ring-fashion and so placed into the
reservoir.
Cops and spools are placed radially within the reservoir.

page_text: The material may be brought into the reservoir in perforated sheet metal-or
wire-receptacles, or, in lieu of the reservoir, receptacles adapted to be closed
and containing the material and. the liquor.. may be. suspended in a. centrifugal
machine, and the material, after having been impregnated in such vessels, is
..flung.
The improved process differs from the processes hitherto known of..employing
the centrifugal device for impregnation, by the reservoir being so closed during
impregnation that no liquor can escape. therefrom, that the material is completely
covered with liquor in order to produce expulsion of the air in centripetal direction
through the pressure of the liquor, and that the flinging out of the liquor takes
place only, after impregnation is completed.
3.
The fundamental idea of the improved process may indeed also be realised with
a centrifugal device, whose reservoir is not completely closed, so that the liquor
can escape therefrom during the impregnation. If, for instance the reservoir is
fitted with a few small apertures on the periphery and the liquor flowing out through
the same is replaced by supplying to the reservoir equal quantities of liquor, the
amaterial can be kept constantly covered with liquor during impregnation whereby
the expulsion of air can be effected. The flinging out of the liquor would ensue as
soon as the supply of liquor would be suspended.
"
With regard to the loss of power ensuing and the larger quantity of liquor
required; the aforesaid modification does not prove rational; the question however
arises whether this modification was employed in the processes heretofore known.
It is to be considered that the modification referred to can be successful only if
the supply of liquor is in proportion to the discharge or if the quantity of liquor
escaping through the perforations of the reservoir can be replaced by the contrivance
provided for supplying the liquor, in order that the material may be kept covered
with liquor.
As, with a but moderate speed of the centrifugal machine, the speed of the
escaping liquor must be far higher than that of the entering liquor, the pipe
supplying the liquor to the reservoir must have at least the same cross section as
the perforations of the reservoir, unless the liquor enters under special pressure.
In the centrifugal machine by Fischer German Patent No. 31755 the cross
-section of the perforations is at least a hundred times larger; in that by Seifert
and Vollert, German Patent 17700 the mantle is left out altogether and in the
centrifugal devices by Schultze, German Patent 24433 and Chavanne German
Patent 27006 covering over of the liquor is impossible as the reservoir is insuffi-
ciently, closed at the top. At only moderate speed of the centrifugal machine' the
liquor would be flung over the upper rim of the reservoir leaving a more or less
large portion of the material uncovered.
A few of the processes hitherto applied were based on circulation-that is to
say the liquor is forced by centrifugal force outwardly through the material. The
greater the speed of the centrifugal machine the more rapidly the liquor will move
in centrifugal direction and this will be the more unfavorable for the expulsion
of the air in centripetal direction.
In the centrifugal machine by Fischer, above referred to, moreover a uniform
distribution is sought to be attained in addition to said circulation. If in this
process the material would be kept covered with liquor the necessity of such a
uniform distribution would not arise; but the insufficient closing of the centrifugal
machine at the top and the large cross sections of the perforations of the reservoir
show that a complete. filling in and covering over of the material with liquor is not
.intended.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of this inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is :-
1) A method of washing, cleansing, rinsing, mordanting, dyeing, bleaching-and
dressing fibrous materials and the like: by driving out the air contained within

page_text: the material by means of the pressure exerted by the working liquor, said
pressure being artificially increased in one direction, for the purpose as described.
2) A method of washing, cleansing, rinsing, mordanting, dyeing, bleaching and
dressing fibrous materials and the like, by driving out the air contained within the
material by means of the pressure exerted by the working liquor, said pressure
being artificially increased in one direction by exposing a closed vessel containing
the liquor and material to shocks or concussions, for the purpose as described.
3) A method of washing, cleansing, rinsing, mordanting, dyeing, bleaching and
dressing fibrous materials and the like, by driving out the air contained within the
material by means of the pressure exerted by the working liquor, said pressure
being artificially increased in one direction by quickly rotating the material and
liquor by means of a centrifugal machine in such a manner, that the material is
perfectly covered by said liquor, the latter driving the air out of the material in
centripetal direction, for the purpose as described.
4) A method of washing, cleansing, rinsing, mordanting, dyeing, bleaching, and
dressing fibrous materials and the like, by driving out the air contained within the
material by means of the pressure exerted by the working liquor, said pressure
being artificially increased in one direction by placing liquor and material into a
closed vessel, arranged like the head of a hammer and by lifting and dropping said
vessel, substantially as described.
5) A method of washing, cleansing, rinsing, mordanting, dyeing, bleaching and
dressing fibrous materials and the like, by driving out the air contained within the
material by means of the pressure exerted by the working liquor, said pressure
being artificially increased in one direction by placing liquor and material into the
drum of a centrifugal machine, said drum having a broad rim within and around
its upper edge, for reducing the upper opening, substantially as described.
Dudhin 10th 1on of Lune 1901
OSWALD HOFFMANN.
Per Huelser & Co.,
Temple Chambers, London, his Agents.