IMPROVEMENTS IN GAS STOVES
Year: 1880

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Adams, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark,
North Britain, Doctor of Medicine, for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
GAS STOVES."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Adams at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 11th February 1880.
JAMES ADAMS, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain, Doctor of
Medicine. "IMPROVEMENTS IN GAS STOVES."
This Invention relates particularly to improvements in the construction and
arrangement or combination of the parts of gas stoves of the kind for which Letters
Patent were granted to the present applicant, and dated 19th March 1879, No.
1095; and also to the application and use of certain now or improved materials
or combination of materials in the construction of parts of special gas stoves; and
which improvements are also applicable to many other existing forms of gas stoves
for heating, for cooking, and for other analogous uses.
The present improvements are specially designed :-First. To prevent the
occurrence of accidents by explosions within gas stoves which occasionaly take
place on the incautious application of a light some little time after the gas has
been turned on, or has otherwise been escaping, and forming an explosive mixture
of gas and air within the stove.
Second. To make definite provision for regulating the admission of air to the
burners of gas stoves, to that smallest practicable excess of the quantity necessary
for perfect combustion of the gas, together with due ventilation of the stove.
Third. To reduce the loss of heat from radiation from the external surface of gas
cooking stoves and other gas stoves for analogous uses, and thereby more completely
to utilize the heat generated by combustion of gas within the stove.
March 19th
By one improvement specially applicable to gas stoves of the kind described in
the Specification of the petitioner's said former Patent (No. 1095, of 1879,
but also adaptable for other forms of gas stoves, the gas supply box, together
with the burner chamber immediately above it, and all the subsidiary fittings for
the admission and regulation of air are attached to a closely fitting, preferably
rectangular, drawer or tray in the base of the stove, made capable of sliding out
and in from the interior of the stove, or rails, or guides. The drawer with the
[D... 011

page_text: burner chamber can thus be withdrawn through a suitable opening in the side of
the stove, and the gas openly lighted in the unconfined air of the apartment. To
admit of this sliding movement of the drawer the gas supply pipe that is connected
may either be made of a double jointed metal tube or of flexible tubing. The
bottom plate of the stove immediately under the gas box and furnace chamber has
a longitudinal slot, which permits the gas pipe or its coupling to traverse freely and
to follow the motion of the sliding drawer. When the drawer is withdrawn from
the interior of the stove, as will always be necessary for lighting purposes, air will
at the same time be freely admitted within the stove as well by the longitudinal
slot, which is necessarily now laid open, as also by the large open doorway, and
the stove will then be efficiently and instantly ventilated. By this arrangement,
although a considerable interval may have clapsed between the turning on of the
When the sliding dinwer
gas at the ordinary tap or cock, no explosion can occur.
is replaced the doorway and the longitudinal slot are by the same action effectively
closed. These several arrangements are specially devised to ensure (1) that tho
stove is unavoidably and efficiently ventilated, and free from an explosive accu-
mulation of gas and air before a light can possibly be applied; (2) that the gas
can only be ignited in the unconfined air of the apartment openly, and therefore
safely; (3) that the entire "motor" is removable, and with the subsidiary regu-
lating mechanical arrangements and connections is freely exposed to observation
on every occasion that the stove is used, and therefore that any defective condition
of the gas fittings or other working parts of the stove can be instantly recognised,
and if uced bo remedied.
This improvement differs materially from any arrangement hitherto in use for
preventing explosions in gas stoves, and for detaching and remedying defective
portions of the apparatus, and it is applicable not only to my heating, cooking, or
other gas stoves as heretofore constructed, but also to other gas stoves constructed
with ordinary burners, Bunsen burners, argillaceous, or asbestos composition
burners, any of which may be fitted with gas and air chamber, as described, on the
sliding drawer or tray, with attachments, as described.
By a further improvement and development of the petitioner's former patented
improvements in gas stoves already referred to, the admission of tho requisite.
quantity of air to the burners, the furnace chamber, and the Blues of the stoves in
proportion to the gas consumed is definitely determined.
"
This is done by fitting an air chamber below or around the burners fed with air
inlet apertures, the combined area of which is sufficient to admit from ten to
twenty five volumns of air for every corresponding volumn of gas consumed. Coal
gas manufactured for public use varics in density and in illuminating property,
and these qualities are conversantly expressed by the terms "twelve candle power,"
or it may be "36 candle power." The greater the "candle power" the greater the
volume of air necessary for combustion. From seven to ten volumes of air, if
combined with the facilties only obtainable in a chemist's laboratory, will suffice
for the combustion of any quality of coal gas manufactured for public use; but in
the most perfect practical arrangements for the use of gas in a stove there is
required an excess of air beyond the scientific and theoretic requirement. Tho
provision I have made for the supply of ten to twenty five volumes of air is the
result of very numerous experiments made to determine as well the quantity
necessary for perfect combustion under the most efficient practical arrangements,
as also for ventilating the flues of the stove from injurious waste products, and this
provision suffices for the entire range of coal gases in public use; and assuming
that the gas employed is about "20 candle power," then the entire area of the air
inlets opening in the burner chamber should be in the ratio of about one inch
square for every ten cubic feet of gas per hour, more precision is not necessary, and
absolute precision is not practicable. The quantity of gas consumed is maintained
uniformly by the employment of an efficient gas volume regulator; and whero it
is desirable to ensure a greater or lesser admission of air for ventilating the Bues,
for carrying off excess of moisture generated by combustion or preceeding from

page_text: vapours arising from articles of food during a cooking process, the object is effected
by providing the general air inlet opening with valves or discs, self regulating
under the pressure of the in-flowing air capable of being adjusted to a desirablo
fixed area.
By another improvement of this Invention a gas stove, for cooking and other
analogous uses, is constructed much in the form of an ordinary close cooking range
outside, but having the sides or walls formed of an inner and outer double cased
shell, practically air-tight, and with an inch or thereby of space between the inner
and outer wall. The stove is fitted with a gas supply box, a furnace chamber with
air inlets, as already described, and with a group of perforated forms or tubes of a
construction described in the petitioner's Patent already referred to. This removable
combination of gas supply, of burners, and of enclosing case or chamber is placed
centrally at or near the bottom of the stove, and fitted upon a sliding drawer or
movable tray, similar to that hereinbefore described in reference to the first modi-
fication. On cách side of the burner chamber there is a roasting or baking oven,
with suitable hinged doors in front fitted to occupy the space between the central
heating chamber and the sides of the stove. Onc oven is preferably larger than
the other. Directly over the burner chamber there is formed a large central,
round, or oval, or rectangular chamber or box or cooking receptacle in which
broiling, or other cooking operations may be carried on. This box or chamber
is fitted with a door opening in front, and an upper cover or lid permitting
the introduction and at times effecting the enclosure of cooking utensils. The
bottom of this box or chamber is fitted with a removable plate to admit of a grid-
iron or other cooking utensil being placed directly over the furnace chamber
situated underneath. The remaining portion of the stove above the ovens and
surrounding the central cooking chamber is formed into a large chamber for stewing
and other cooking purposes. The top of this upper chamber forms a hot plate, and
is preferably pierced for the insertion of pots and pans and other culinary utensils,
and the openings are fitted with the ordinary flat covering plates when not
in use.
The ovens are heated by radiation from the burner chamber, and aro fitted with
openings in the upper part for discharging the vapours arising from articles in
process of cooking. The hot waste products, together with the vapours proceding
from the ovens, are led along the upper space of the larger oven, and are discharged
from that oven through a contracted opening at one end in the top of the oven,
and admitting to the upper chamber of the stove. The hot waste products
circulate through this upper chamber, and are finally discharged through the fluo
pipe of the stove into the chimney. The hot waste products in their course through
the upper chamber are directed by vertical baffle plates, so arranged as to divido
the chamber into spaces of irrigular and varying size, and to contract the channels
or openings through which the hot waste products pass into these expanded spaces.
The alternate expansion and contraction of the channel formed by these spaces has
the effect of delaying the transit of the hot products, and the baffle plates ensure
that the current of hot products is made to deflect and impinge against the sides
of the cooking dishes inserted through the top plate, and thereby more effectively
to impart heat by actual contact of the particles composing the hot vapour.
combined effect of the alternately expanded contracted channel traversed by the
hot products, and of the baffle plates which obstruct their course, is to delay their
progress and to ensure that all the heat available or desired is imparted and
utilised before the waste vapours are ultimately carried off by the chimney.
The
By a further improvement, applicable to all forms of gas stoves for cooking or
for analogous uses, the external surfaces of the stoves and the internal surfaces of
the sides or shell of the oven or cooking chambers are made of cast or sheet iron,
coated with copper, or preferably with a combination of copper and of zinc, deposited
thereon by electro plating process, for the purpose of reducing considerably the loss
of heat by radiation which otherwise take place from a plain iron surface. The

page_text: deposited metal is incorporated at the line of junction and forms chemically an
inseperable part of the iron, and confers on the combination the peculiar properties
with regard to the transmission of heat which are characteristic of copper or of an
alloy of copper and zinc. Besides lossening very considerably the loss of heat
which occurs from radiation there is obtained by the novel use of this combination
metal a more uniform diffusion of heat throughout the metallic plates and a moro
speedy conduction, and more efficient imparting of heat to the cooking vessels or
food dishes resting upon the top hot plate. This combination metal casing is loss
expensive than tin plate, less liable to be injured by high temperatures, and in
several other respects is much better suited for the construction of the parts of gas
cooking stoves and of other gas stoves for analogous uses.
A further improvement for maintaining a high temperature within a gas cooking
stove, or gas stoves for analogous uses and for reducing the loss of heat from
radiation, consists in filling the jacketed air spaces of the sides and doors of the
ovens with wood ashes. This material has not previously been used for this
purpose, and experiments demonstrate that it is equally if not much better suited
for the object in view than any other non conducting substance hitherto used.
Being a waste product the cost of the material is little more than nominal.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said James Adams in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 11th
August 1880.
JAMES ADAMS, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain, Doctor of
; Medicine. "IMPROVEMENTS IN GAS STOVES."
My said Invention relates to special improvements in the construction of gas
stoves for heating, for cooking, and for other purposes; or in the arrangement and
combination of the parts of such stoves, particularly of the kind for which Letters
Patent were granted to me, dated 19th March 1879, No. 1095, and to the application
of certain materials in the construction of parts of gas stoves from which outward
radiation of heat is not desirable.
The objects and advantages for which the improvements of this Invention were
designed are as follows:-First, to prevent accidents by explosions within gas
stoves, and to facilitate the inspection or repair of the burners or working parts of
these; second, to regulate the admission of air to the burners and flues of gas stoves
to the smallest practicable excess of the quantity necessary for perfect combustion
of the gas, together with due ventilation thereof; third, to reduce the loss of heat
from gas cooking stoves and other stoves for analogous or special uses, and in a
corresponding ratio to utilise the heat so economised.
And in order that the nature, novelty, and node and means of performing my
said Invention may be properly understood, I shall now describe the several Figures
on the Sheet of Drawings hereunto appended, the same reference letters being used
as far as possible to indicate the same or like parts whero shown in the several
Figures on the accompanying Drawings, and also to agree with those of the said
former Specification.
Figures 1 and 2 are a front elevation and a corresponding longitudinal section,
and Figure 3 is a horizontal section corresponding to and taken near the line or
plano 22 in Figure 2, all of a gas cooking stove or close range constructed in
accordance with and illustrative of one arrangement or combination of the parts
and improvements of this my said Invention; Figure 4 is a plan, and Figure 5 is a
transverse vertical section, taken on the line 1--1 in Figure 4, of my new or
improved gas burner or burners a, b, with the supply gas chamber A and enclosing
case B, which formed one improvement of my said former patented Invention,
No. 1095, and dated 19th March 1879, and specially described and designated as the
"burner" in the second claim thereof, and throughout this Specification, but drawn
to a large scale to show the details, and the improved mode of fitting the same with
its gas and air supply tubes and ducts to a sliding plate A' in accordance with my
present Invention, all more clearly than can be seen in the general arrangement of
the stoves shown in Figures 1 to 3, and 6 to 8; Figures 6 and 7 are a longitudinal,
vertical, and a horizontal section respectively, the latter taken near the line 3--3
in Figure 6, shewing a modification or somewhat different arrangement and
combination of the parts of a smaller gas cooking stove or close range from that
shown in Figures 1 to 3; Figure 8 is a vertical section of a modification of an air
heating stove, somewhat analogous to those illustrated in Figures 3 and 4 of my
said former patented Invention, No. 1095,
but here shown as fitted
with the safety sliding out and lighting arrangement of the “burner and
chamber A, A, B, and with the portable cooking chamber M at one side for
temporary cooking purposes when the "burner" is drawn out (as shown in dotted
lines in the Drawings), and also as constructed for giving an extra high
temperature to the current of air from this stove, all in accordance with and
illustrative of another arrangement, or combination of the parts and improvements
of this Invention.
March 19
1879,
"
Referring to theso Figures 1 to S, and especially to the enlarged views, Figures 4

page_text: "
"
and 5, the improvements under the first head of the Invention consist essentially in
the arrangement of the "burner" or combination of burners a, b, together with the
gas supply box A, the enclosing chamber B, and the other or subsidiary fittings b',
b, bg, g, and a, a, for carrying the burners, for supplying the gas, and also
for admitting and regulating the air thereto. These are attached to a closely fitting
drawer or tray A', made capable of sliding out and in froin the interior of the stove
on grooves or guides over a close chamber or channel d, d', in the bottom plate D
of the stove. The drawer A¹, with the "burner" or combustion chamber so fitted,
can thus be withdrawn through a suitable opening in the front or side of the stove,
and the gas openly lighted in the unconfined air of the apartment. To admit of
this sliding movement of the drawer the gas supply pipe g, gl, may be connected
by a flexible tube, or by a jointed metal branch at g attached by a screw coupling
or branch g², which, when unscrewed or disconnected, permits the entire "burner
or motor and its fittings being removed from the stove. This sliding plate A¹
is formed with a door A on its front end, which, when pushed in, closes up the
opening in the front plate or side of the stove, through which the slide plate A¹
with the gas and burner chambers A, B, on it are withdrawn when pulled
out; and when desired a small glass, mica, or other transparent window k, k¹³,
as shown in Figure 8, might be fitted in the front of the door A", and also
of the burner chamber B for observing and regulating the heat and state of
combustion within the chamber without drawing it out. The bottom plate D
of the stove, or of the channel d, d, immediately under the gas box A, has
a longitudinal slot g³, which permits the gas branch g² to traverse freely, and
to follow the motion of tho sliding drawer. When the drawer A¹, A¹¹, is
withdrawn from the interior of the stove, as will always be necessary for
lighting purposes, air will at the same time be freely admitted within the stove
as well by the longitudinal slot g³ which is now laid open, as also by the large
open doorway, and the stove will then be efficiently ventilated. When the drawer
is replaced the doorway and the longitudinal slot are by the same movement
effectively closed. These improvements ensure the following advantages:-
(1) That the stove is free from an explosive accumulation of gas and air before a
light can be applied; (2) that the gas can only be ignited in the unconfined air of
tho apartmont openly, and therefore safely; (3) that the entire "burner" is
removable, and with the subsidiary regulating mechanical arrangements and
connections is freely exposed to observation on every occasion that the stove is
used, and therefore that any defective condition of the gas fittings or other working
parts of the stove can be instantly recognised, and if need be remedied. These
improvements are also applicable to other gas stoves constructed with ordinary gas
jets forming the "burner," or with Bunsen or argillaceous or asbestos composition
burners, any of which may be fitted with gas and air chamber B on the sliding
drawer or tray A¹, A", with attachments as described, and thus give many of the
advantages of these improvements to ordinary gas stoves as fitted with them;
and it is to be understood that the gas supply pipe g may be fitted to the
combustion chamber through an opening in the back or side of the stove, instead
of through a slot or opening in the bottom plate, but the arrangement as I have
described is preferable.
The mere use of a pilot light within gas stoves, or the connecting of this or of a
gas tube with naked burners to a hinged door, to be turned out for the ignition of
such lights or burners outside, is not new for the purpose of preventing explosions
in gas stoves; such lights or burners are unprotected, namely, they are exposed to
the free and uncontrolled passage of air around or amongst them; but what I
consider novel and original under this first head of my improvements is, the fitting
of the cluster of improved burners a, b, or other ordinary burners, within a
combustion chamber B together with the gas supply and air inlet fittings, all on or
connected on a slide or portable plate A', so that the whole are withdrawn therewith,
for the safe ventilation of the stove, for the lighting of the jets outside, as also for
the more easy and regular inspection, and renewal or repair of these essential

page_text: "
working parts of the stove when such is required, all as herein described and shown
in the Drawings.
10th
16th
By a further improvement (under the second heading) the admission of the
requisite quantity of air to the "burner," and to the flues of the stove, in proportion
to the gas consumed, and to the needful ventilation of the flues, is definitely
determined. This is done by fitting the enclosing or combustion chamber B of the
burner" with air inlet apertures a² through the plate A', or at a", in the lower
part of the chamber B below and around the perforated forms b, the combined area
of these air inlets being sufficient to admit from ten to twenty five volumes of air
for every corresponding volume of gas consumed. Coal gas manufactured for
public use varies in density and in illuminating property, and these qualities which
usually go together are conveniently described by the terms "12 candle," or it may
be "36 candle" power, or any other candle power throughout the conventional
range. The greater the candle power, the greater the volume of air necessary for
combustion, and for carrying off the waste products through the flues and stove.
Assuming that the gas employed is about "26 candle power," then the combined
area of the air inlets should be in the ratio of about one inch square for every
ten cubic feet of gas per hour. Small holes should preferably be employed, especially
whero gas of great density is used, because requiring a better admixture of gas and
air. These holes should be well distributed round the lower part of the chainber B.
The greater the density or candle power of the gas, the greater the need of a
thorough admixture of gas and air, and the better the admixture of gas and air, the
more perfect the combustion. When the air inlets a² or all are of quadrangular
shape, soth to 15th of a square inch will constituto a good working range, or
when of circular shape from ³/h to an inch diameter will be very suitable; thus
16 circular holes of 5/h in diameter, or 45 circular holes of 3/1ch inch diameter will
be nearly equivalent in their combined area to 15 or 30 quadrangular holes of 1/16th
orch of a square inch, and the combined area in each example cited satisfies the
requirements of the general rule I have given, but wire gauze of a definite size in
the mesh giving a corresponding free area may be substituted for the larger holes,
which I preferably employ. More precision is not necessary and absolute precision
is not practicable. The quantity of gas consumed is maintained uniformly by the
employment of an efficient gas regulator, and by the usual opening and shutting
of a tap g of the servico pipe g; and where a greater or lesser admission of air
is desirable, either for ventilating the flues, or to serve a diminished supply of gas,
the object is effected by providing a ring sleeve (as D*) on the outside of the air
openings all
or a² of the enclosing chamber B capable of being shifted to partially
cover, or to uncover these holes (as described in the Specification of my said former
Patent), or it might be by a slide cover across the air inlet holes all or a² leading
to the inner air chamber a¹ of Figures 1 to 7 of the present improved combination,
and also by providing the general air inlet pipe or duct with valves or discs which
may be made self regulating under the pressure of the inflowing air, or capable of
being adjusted to a desirable fixed area by hand. The essential novelty and
improvement under this head or part of the Invention consists in the mode and
means of supplying and regulating the air by small holes a², a round the
otherwise closed in bottom or wall of the combustion "burner" chamber B, all as
herein described in reference to and shown in the Drawings. The advantages
gained by these improvements in regulating the quantity of air admitted to the
lower part of the enclosing chamber of the "burner" is a much greater production
of heat with a far more perfect utilization of the heat generated than has been the
case in other gas stoves as heretofore constructed; and these improvements are.
also applicable to arrangements of ordinary burner jets when grouped in close
Eurrounding chambers B in accordance with my said improvements under the first
head of this Invention.
By a further improvement, indicated under third heading, and applicable to
all gas stoves (or it might be coal or other fuel stoves) for cooking, or for analogous
or special uses where it is desirable to avoid loss of heat by radiation, the external"

page_text: casings C, C, of gas stoves are made of cast or sheet iron coated with copper, or
preferably with a combination metal or alloy of copper and of zinc deposited on
the surface of the iron by electro-plating process. The deposited metal is electro-
chemically incorporated with the iron at the surface or line of junction, thus
forming an inseparable part of the iron, and conferring on this combination of
metais very much of the peculiar properties with regard to the absorption and
transmission of heat, which are characteristic of copper or of the combination metal
which is formed by an alloy of copper and zinc. "One of these properties is a very
low power of radiating heat. Besides lessening very considerably the escape of
hent which occurs through radiation from a plain iron surface, there is obtained, by
this improvement, a more uniform diffusion of heat throughout the gas stove, the
result of the more rapid conducting property of the electro-deposited metal. The
process of electro-plating need not be described, and the special electro-deposit
now referred to is well known and in familiar and efficient practice by electro-
motallurgists and those working in the trade process of electro-plating. It is
however needful to state that the process referred to is not to be confounded with
ordinary plating, or a mere facing or thin sheet covering of copper or its alloys, or
with electro-gilding, or bronze varnishing, or galvanizing, from all which it differs
essentially in process, and in the results as applicable under my said improvements
of this Invention. I do not consider that it is new, or desire to claim the surrounding
of a gas stove with non-conducting material for the conservation of heat, nor of the
discovery of any new natural property in the combination metal formed by the
electro deposition of copper or of copper and zinc on the surface of iron.
But what I consider new in the improvements under this third head is, the
application and adaptation of the said electro-plated iron to the construction of the
outer casings of gas or other stoves instead of copper, or brass, or iron, or iron coated by
other methods as before stated, and as may have been heretofore used. New, useful,
and economical advantages result from the low radiating and high conducting
properties of the combination metal referred to, which, besides being a most suitable
material for conserving and distributing heat in these stoves, is also an economical
material, because that it is less costly than pure copper or brass, which possess the
same useful properties.
"
Referring to Figures 1 to 3 of the Drawings, showing a new or improved modi-
fication or combination of the parts of a gas cooking stove or close range embodying
the three improvements hereinbefore described, and otherwise constructed in
accordance with this my said Invention, this consists generally as follows, of an
under and upper tier of compartments. The sides or walls consist of an inuer and
outer casing C and C, about one inch apart, forming a double shell to the stove
round the sides and back, and practically secured air-tight to the strong basement
plate D and a top plate D¹. Both top and bottom are closed in with a thin plate
lining D, forming a similar air-tight casing above and below, and having a strong
front plate D² with the doors to the compartments made with an inner lining to
form close air-tight spaces. The outer casings are constructed of iron, and their
surfaces are coated with copper or with an alloy of copper and zinc, deposited
thereon by electro-process, as already described. The combined" "burner and its
case B is placed at or near the bottom of the stove and mounted upon the
sliding drawer A¹ already described. The "burner is supplied with air from a
chamber or channel d' underneath, cominunicating and supplied with air from the
outside af the stove by the ducts G* and D, through the aperture a", a², so that
it is not affected with the vapours of the ovens, and the general interiors of the
stove are not exposed to the cooling influence of unnecessary currents of air. On
one side of the "burner" B is the roasting oven C, and on the other, a boiler e.
Directly over the "burner" there is a central recess I for such cooking processes as
boiling or broiling. This recess is fitted with a vertical door or flap I made to fold
out horizontally in front with a cover lid I" at top, and a removable plate at bottom
I, which, when in position, prevents the ascent of gas fumes from the burner, but
which, when removed, permits the ascent of the hot products of combustion to
"

page_text: surround and impart heat' to a kettle, or frying pan, or other culiniary utensil placed
over the opening I, or wholly or partially enclosed within the recess, as indicated
at i in Figure 2. The cover lid 1" of the recess is in a line with the cover plate
of the boiler e, and aids in forming a flat horizontal surface that serves as a hot
plate.
The roasting oven C, the "burner" B, with superimposed cooking recess I, and
the boiler e with its heating flues are covered in by a strong plate C', and these
form the lower division of the cooking range.
C
The upper division of the stove above the plate C consists of a baking oven C²,
fitted immediately over the roasting oven C, and of a hot plate and hot closet I",
fitted immediately over the central cooking recess I and top of the boiler e. The
radiant heat given off from the incandescent "burner" at B, B', heats at the same
moment the roasting oven C, the central cooking recess I, and the boiler e, and in
each case sufficiently for the object desired. The large remaining proportion of
licat generated and contained in the hot vapours of combustion is applied, as may
be desired, to the further heating of the boiler or of the central cooking recess, or
of both ovens, and in each case the full effect of the hot vapours, in addition to the
radiant heat, is obtained by their being guided and concentrated under suitablo
arrangements in the required direction. Their natural course is directly upwards,
but when the opening 11 into the cooking recess I is closed, they are deflected
and take the next rendiest course, namely, along the bottom and sides of the
boiler c. The space around the sides of the boiler is about one inch or thereby in
width, and is divided by horizontal partitions into two or more superimposed
chambers e, e, communicating by contracted openings c', and forming a zig-zag
flue leading into the general flue or chimney J at j of the stove. Tho zig-zag flue
is controlled by a " damper" or valve of connected with a guide rod terminating in
a handle c³ outside the stove.
When the boilor zig-zag flue is closed, and when the opening in the bottom of
the central recess is also closed, the hot vapours then ascend into the upper part
of the roasting oven, and pass by an opening c in the roof of that oven into a space
about one inch or thereby in width which surrounds the baking oven C³ on three
sides. This space is divided into two or more superimposed horizontal chambers
c", e, communicating by contracted openings c², and forming a zig-zag flue, tho
channel of which is controlled by a closing valve c'. The vapours pass along one
side and around the back of the other at c to a corresponding point on the opposite
side, from whence they again ascend through one of the contracted openings c* into
the horizontal chamber or fiue el immediately above, and in a reversed current
again traverse the sides and back of the oven and discharge into the general flue J
of the stove at j¹, as indicated by the darts in Figures 2 and 3. The horizontal
fluos referred to are fitted with baffle plates c*, ex, projecting upwards, downwards,
or laterally from the sides of these flues, and placed in preference at or near the
contracted communicating openings. These contracted openings cause alternate
contractions and expansions of the flue channel with the result of delaying the
transit of the hot products, and the baffle plates invert, reverse, and agitate the
gascous current so as to direct the gaseous particles against the walls of the oven
and flue, to which they thus more effectively impart their contained heat. The hot
gaseous current is therefore made to traverse the flues with a retarded velocity at a
mean temperature, and with the general effect of imparting all the heat availablo
or desirable, and so to utilize the same within the stove.
The hot closet 13 (the floor I of which forms a hot plate) above the central
cooking recess I is fitted in front with a sliding shutter 1³, and this space may be
fitted with removable shelves . By the arrangement of the sliding door or
shutter I³ the closet may be more or less inclosed so as to conserve the general heat
of the stove at the upper part, or to prevent the odour of cooked meats or of waste
gas from escaping into the apartment. A sliding or other valve " permits the
escape of such vapours into the chimney J at the top of the closet I
When the central cooking recess I is used for broiling the opening 1" in the

page_text: bottom is closed by a plate, as aforesaid, made of iron or of refractory fire-clay
material. This plate, which is thin, speedily becomes incandescent, and the food
placed over it is cooked by pure radiant heat, and without exposure to the fumes
of inflamed gas.
Meat in the roasting oven C is also cooked by pure radiant heat in a manner
identical with the processs of roasting before an open fire, for the vapours of the
cooked meat pass off with a sharp draught along with the products of combustion
by the opening c, c', in the roof C¹ of the oven, which is thus effectively ventilated.
A sliding window at C is fitted on the door C³ of the roasting oven to allow
observation of the interior, and to permit the introduction and use of a basting
spoon without opening the door. The outlet flue or chimney J of the stove springs
from the back of the central cooking recess I and ascends vertically within the hot
closet 12. The stove is carried as usual on short feet f to raise it a few inches off
the ground to admit of the motion of the gas supply pipe g underneath.
The novelty of this modification or arrangement of gas stove, described in
reference to and shown in Figures 1 to 3, consists in the improved combination of
the parts or general construction of the whole in association with the improved
"burner," and its enclosing case B and gas and air supply, its sliding and removablo
fittings all placed at or near the base of the stove close under the cooking recess or
chamber I, with the roasting oven C on one side and the water boiler and its heating
chamber c or flues on the other, in the lower division of the stove all exposed to and
effectively heated by pure radiant heat; and having the upper division with a
baking oven C warmed by heating flues and by its position over the roasting oven C
with a hot plate and chamber at 12 warmed by its position over the hot cooking
recess I and the hot boiler, all enclosed round the three outsides or two ends and
back by the electro-plated double cases C₁, 0111, all substantially for the resultant
advantages as heroinbefore stated.
Referring to the arrangement or combination of the parts of my improved gas
cooking stove or close range, shown in Figures 6 and 7, the lower division is formed
or fitted with the "burner" and its case B and fittings below the hot cooking
chamber I, and having the roasting oven C and water boiler e on opposite sides of
these, and all surrounded on the ends and back by the outer electro-plated double
case C₁, CH, forming an air tight jacket O*, substantially similar to that described
in reference to Figures 1 to 3. This combination is designed for stoves of smaller
size, lesser price, and limited cooking facilities. It has the hot plate and chamber
at I over the cooking recess I and the boiler c, and the separate baking oven C™ is
dispensed with. The hot vapours may be directed so as to ascend into the cooking
recess I or to surround the boiler e, or to traverse and heat the roof C₁ of and the
oven C. In the latter case they ascend through an opening c in the roof of the oven
into a horizontal flue chainber C by the opening c controlled by a damper or
valve c, and pass into the outlet flue J at j¹. The top of the fluc chamber forms a
hot plate D¹. The hot plato has an opening C° fitted with a removable cover lid,
and within the opening may be inserted pots i or other cooking utensils for boiling
or stewing or other cooking operations. The fluc chamber C is fitted with one or
more baffle plates c* which prevent the too ready escape of the hot gases, and which
also cause these gases to impinge upon and to effectively surround and impart heat
to the stewing pot i or other cooking utensil ȧ referred to. The novelty in this
modification (Figures 6 and 7) is the general combination of cooking and heating
chambers, and the parts as described and shown, including the threo special novelties
of this Invention, viz., of my improved "burner" with enclosing chamber B mounted
on slide A¹ for easy removal, together with the gas and special air regulating supply
fittings and outer surrounding electro-plated double casing C", C, with air tight
space between them, for the purposes and giving the advantages stated in referenco
to Figures 1 to 3.
Although in these two modifications, described in reference to Figures 1 to 3 and 5
6, 7, respectively, a water boiler c with its heating chamber and superimposed Ques

page_text: have been shown and described at one side, it is nevertheless to be understood that
this boiler and its heating fittings might be dispensed with in either of these
combinations of the parts of my new or improved cooking gas stoves.
March 19
1879,
Referring to Figure 8 this shows an improved modification or combination of the
parts of my air heating gas stove (described under several forms in the Specification
of my said former Patent, No. 1095,
specially designed to prevent
accidents in lighting, to impart a much higher temperature to the air than is
possible by my previously described heating stoves, and to be also capable of being
used for temporary cooking purposes. This stove has the "burner" and its
enclosing case B as shown in Figures 4 and 5, but which may be arranged in
other outlines mounted on the sliding plate A¹, with door A", for being drawn out
for safe lighting, all as shown in this position in the Figure, and described in
reference to the other Figures under the first part or head of my improvements, the
door A¹ closing up the opening in front of the basement air inlet chamber D, when
the burner chamber B and its slide A are pushed in. A stationary continuation B'
of the chamber B of the "burner" is formed for conducting the hot gaseous
products of combustion up into the interior heating chamber C made annular by
the internal casing H with close deflecting bottom B", and fitted with its super-
imposed divisions C' with their alternating contracted openings con opposite sides
of the expanding flues C conducting the gases to the outlet pipe Jnt the top
leading to the chimney, and surrounded on the outside with the double or angular
casing D, D, secured in the upper part of the basement air chamber D, all sub-
stantially as described in referenco to Figures 3 and 4 of the Drawings of the
Specification of my said former Patent, No. 1095, March 19 but in this com-
bination, Figure 8, the outer casing D² is secured to the outer flange of a plain
circular top D', and the inner one D to the flange of an annular disc D¹¹¹,
which forms the closing top of the heating chamber C of the escaping products of
combustion, some distance below the top D¹. This top plate D¹ by an inner open
flange carries the inner or central suspended tube or duct H. open at its lower end
from the chamber h of the case II, and at its upper end ', where it passes through
the centre of the top plate D", it opens to the outer air. The pure heated air is
discharged from the stove through ornamental interstices round the edge or
perimeter of a deflecting top or hood H" fitted over the central escaping duct h³,
into the chamber or apartment where the stove is placed; or it might be into
another chamber through a conducting pipo fitted on the top end of the tube H¹, h¹,
instead of the hood H₁ In this stove the air to support combustion enters from
the basement chamber D through the small holes c ranged round the lower closo
edge of the "burner" chamber B (close above the slide plate A¹), and of the
aggregate area to admit from 10 to 25 volumes of air to that of the gas used, and
the number and size of the nibs, and perforated forms or burners a, b, forming the
cluster or combined "burner" within the combustion chamber B, all as herein-
before specified in reference to Figures 1 to 5 of the Drawings.
1879;
The entire supply of pure air to bo heated enters the basement air chamber D,
by the duct G*, and traverses the entire range of heating surfaces within
the stove; that is, as indicated by the arrows in the Figure, the air to
be heated passes up the annular spaces d between the outer casings D", D²,
and across the horizontal space & between the annular top plates D¹, D
down the annular channel between the casing H and tube H', and up
and out through the central tube H', h', at the top D¹ of the stove, as stated,
thus differing materially from the course traversed by the air in the air heating
stoves of my said former Patent. The effect is a prolonged exposure of the
air to the heating surfaces, so that it acquires a very high temperature
sufficient for the use of a laundry drying press or chamber, a disinfecting closet, a
Turkish bath, or for any other purpose in which air of a very elevated temperature
may be required. This heating stove is furnished or fitted with a supplemental
appendage, consisting of a hooded cooking screen or case M of sheet tin or other

page_text: equivalent; this screen may be 24 inches high and 10 inches diameter or thereby
closed at top and on three sides, that is, open in front, as shown in dotted lines in
the Figure, all suitable to be set in front or at the side of the stove over the
"burner" and combustion chamber B when this is drawn out and lighted for the
purpose. About 10 inches from the bottom or so there are one or more ledges m
projecting from the inner side of the screen on which rest a set of shifting bars m'
capable of supporting, at a few inches or suitable distance above the "burner " B,
a kettle or gridiron or other cooking utensil. A fluo tube m¹¹ of three inches
diameter or thereby projects from near the top of the hood M, and is of sufficient
length to reach the chimney of the apartment or the flue J of the stove. When
the sliding drawer A', A", is withdrawn from the stove, and the cooking screen is
placed over the "burner," the ordinary processes of a simple cookery may then be
carried on, and the vapours of cooked food and the fumes of inflamed gas will be
conveyed into the chimney by the fluo m", and will not pollute the apartment.
The simple appendage M makes this gas stove useful for many simple cooking
purposes in addition to various and special heating purposes for which it is most
suitable, as described.
Although the gas cooking stoves, Figures 1 to 3 and 6, 7, have been shown and
described as rectangular with rounded back corners, and with a flat front with all
the doors to the ovens and compartments in it, and with the entrance gas and air
fittings at the side, it is to be understood that they might bo of other shapes or
outlines in horizontal section, and have the doors at the ends or other side when
preferred, as in some of the ordinary forms of American cooking stoves, and that
the entrance gas and air fittings might be led in at the back or other side; and
although the heating stove shown in Figure 8 has been described as cylindrical, it
is to be understood that it might be made of a square or other polygonal shape in
plan, but all otherwise substantially as shown in sectional elevation, and although
stoves are described as having their outer casings electro-plated, as specified, they
may be constructed of iron, or of copper, or of brass.
Having thus particularly described the nature of my said Invention, and the
manner by which it is to be performed, I would have it understood that I
claim,―
1879,
"
First. The combination in a gas stove of a « burner (or group of burners)
constructed in conformity with the second claim of the Specification of my said
former Letters Patent, No. 1095, March 19 and as further described and defined,
with air inlets (all, a²) for the admission and regulation of the air to the
close bottom a' of the combustion chamber B surrounding the "burner;" or it may
be a group of ordinary burners on a sliding drawer or tray with the gas supply and
other subsidiary fittings, all substantially as and for the purposes herein before
described under the first and second heads or improvements of this Invention.
Second. The construction and combination in gas cooking or other internal
heating stoves (where it is desirable to avoid loss of heat by outward radiation)
of outer casing C", C, formed of iron coated with an electro-deposit of copper, or
with an alloy of copper and zinc, said coating being electro-chemically incorporated
with the iron at the surface of junction, and forming an inseparable part of the
combination metal, as and for the purposes herein before described under the third
head or improvement of the Invention.
Third. The combination of the parts of gas cooking stoves with the improved
"burner" (or group of ordinary burners), and an enclosing combustion chamber B,
and gas and air supply fittings on sliding and removable drawer or tray A³ placed
at or near the bottom of the stove directly or close under the general hot cooking
recess or chamber I with roasting oven Con one side, and either with or without
water boiler c and its heating flues on the other side in the lower division, and
either with or without baking oven Cover the roasting oven C, and warm plate
and chamber at 11, 12, over the cooking recess I and boiler c, when that is used,
on the other side in the upper division, and enclosed or surrounded by outer
casings C¹¹, C¹¹¹, of iron electro-plated with copper, or alloy of copper and zinc, all

page_text: substantially as and for the purposes hereinbefore described and distinguished in
reference to Figures 1 to 5 and 6 and 7 respectively of the accompanying Drawings,
or any mere modification thereof.
"
Fourth. The combination of the parts of gas air heating stoves with the improved
"burner" (or group of ordinary burners), and an enclosing combustion chamber B,
and gas and air supply fittings on sliding and removable drawer or tray A' placed
at or near the bottora of the stove, either with or without the appended cooking
screen M, shown in dotted lines, all substantially as and for the purposes described
in reference to and shown in Figure 8 of the accompanying Drawings, or any mere
modification thereof.
In witness whereof, I, the said James Adams, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Tenth day of August, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and eightv.
Witness,
W. R. M. THOMSON,
Patent Agent,
Glasgow.
JAMES ADAMS, M.D. (LS.)