TERRAFENENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PULP FOR MAKING PAPER.”
Year: 1871

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Alexander Annandale the younger, of Dunbar,
in the County of Haddington, North Britain, for the Invention of
"TERRAFENENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PULP FOR MAKING PAPER.”
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Alexander Annandale
the younger at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
his Petition, on the 7th March 1871.
I, ALEXANDER ANNANDALE the younger, of Dunbar, in the County
of Haddington, North Britain, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PULP FOR MAKING
PAPER," to be as follows, that is to say:-
This Invention relates to the production of pulp from wood and
other fibrous substances to be used in the manufacture of paper, such
as straw, esparto grass, rhea fibre, or china grass. It consists in
thoroughly soaking, saturating, or impregnating the wood or fibrous
substance operated on with or in nitro-muriatic acid of sufficient
strength, or by using a solution composed of nitric acid with salt of

page_text: hydrochloric acid and soda, potash, ammonia, or lime, or of hydrochloric
acid with salts composed of nitric acid and soda, potash, ammonia, or
lime, or of a mixture of the above salts. The time of soaking varies
from about six to twelve hours according to the strength of the solution
used and the nature of the fibrous material to be operated on.
The solutions herein-before mentioned can be employed either hot or
cold, but the complete saturation of the substance operated on is
accelerated by heat. The wood or other fibrous material when strong
solutions have been used is then washed with water to remove the super-
fluous portion of the said solutions, and boiled with or without pressure
for from three to five hours in caustic alkali of sufficient strength, that
being from 10 to 25 lbs. to every cwt. of the fibrous substance operated
on. The result is a destruction of the cohesion of the fibre of the
substance or substances employed, thereby rendering it or them amenable
to the usual processes of washing and bleaching.
It is found in practice that wood saturated with a solution of one
part of nitric acid, three parts of hydrochloric acid, and three to four
parts of water, during twelve hours, and thereafter boiled with caustic
soda in the proportion of from 18 to 25 lbs. per cwt. of the wood for
five hours will produce the effect herein set forth.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Alexander Annandale the younger in the Great
Scal Patent Office on the 2nd September 1871.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ALEXANDER
ANNANDALE the younger, of Dunbar, in the County of Haddington, a
North Britain, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Seventh day of March, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, in the 35th
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and a
grant unto me, the said Alexander Annandale the younger, Her special
license that I, the said Alexander Annandale the younger, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Alexander
Annandale the younger, my executors, administrators, or assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and a

page_text: at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United King-
dom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of
Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PULP FOR
MAKING PAPER," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said
Alexander Annandale the younger, by an instrument in writing under
my hand and seal should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be per-
formed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Alexander Annandale the younger,
do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement, that is to say :—
My said Invention relates to the production of pulp from wood and
other fibrous substances, to be used in the manufacture of paper. It
consists in thoroughly soaking, saturating, or impregnating the wood or
fibrous substance operated on with or in nitro-muriatic acid of sufficient
strength, or by using a solution composed of nitric acid with salts of
hydrochloric acid and soda, potash, ammonia, or lime, or of hydrochloric
acid with salts composed of nitric acid and soda, potash, ammonia, or
lime, or of a mixture of the above salts. The time of soaking varies
from about twelve to twenty-four hours, according to the strength of the
solution used, and the nature of the fibrous material to be operated on.
The solutions herein-before mentioned can be employed either hot
or cold, but the complete saturation of the substance operated on is
accelerated by heat. The wood or other fibrous materials when strong
solutions have been used, is then washed with water to remove the
superfluous portion of the said solutions and boiled with or without
pressure for from three to five hours in caustic alkali of sufficient
strength, that being from 7 to 21 lbs. to every cwt. of the fibrous sub-
stance operated on. The result is a destruction of the cohesion of the
fibre of the substance or substances employed, thereby rendering it or
them amenable to the usual processes of washing and bleaching.
It is found in practice that wood saturated with a hot solution of one
part of nitric acid, three parts of hydrochloric acid, and three to four
parts of water, during twelve hours, and thereafter boiled with caustic

page_text: soda in the proportion of from 7 to 21 lbs. per cwt. of the wood for five
hours will produce the effect herein set forth. In this process I find
(that while other proportions will produco similar results),-
(1st.) That one part of nitric acid, 3 parts of hydrochloric acid,
and four parts of water constitute an efficient soaking or saturating
liquid.
(2nd.) That two parts of nitrate of soda, three parts of muriatic acid,
and four parts of water are also efficient.
And (3rd.) That one part of chloride of sodium, one part nitric acid,
10 parts of water will produce a good result. Other salts may also be
similarly employed by always using a nitrate with hydrochloric acid and
a chloride with nitric acid. In the same way I use a salt of nitric acid
with a salt of hydrochloric acid, I prefer however using the acids direct
as in (1) above, for fewer chemicals are then required in the subsequent
processes.
And in order that my said Invention may be properly understood,
I now proceed more particularly to set forth the system, mode, or mauner
in or under which the same is or may be used or practically carried into
effect, that is to say:―
I first cut the wood or other fibrous substance into small chips across
the grain of the wood, and place it in stone or other cisterns which will
withstand the action of the acid. To every 10 cwts. of wood I add
say about 30 cwts. of the soaking liquid which should cover the wood,
I then apply heat in any suitable manner, raising the temperature of
the liquid to about 120°, at which I allow it to remain for 12 hours.
The soaking liquid is then drawn off and the wood is well washed with
water, which may be either hot or cold, and as it is essential that all
trace of acid be removed, weak refuse leys or coolings after boiling, or
the water from waste lime used in rendering soda ash caustic may be
used either as a soaking liquid or to wash the wood with. If allowed
after a washing to lie for an hour in waste ley, which by preferenco
should be warm, the wood should be rendered neutral and ready to be
placed in the boiler. For every cwt. of white pine wood to be boiled I
use from 7 to 14 lbs. caustic soda of 60% the amount of soda depending
on the thoroughness of the soaking and the washing and neutralising
of the acid. I boil with or without pressure for from three to five hours
and the result is that the wood if thoroughly acted on will be in a soft
fibrous state ready for working and bleaching in the usual way. The

page_text: soaking liquid can be re-strengthened and used over again or can be
used to neutralise the waste soda leys with a view to being evaporated
into a nitro-muriate of soda.
Having now described the nature of my said Invention and the
system, mode, or manner in or under which the same is or may be
used or practically carried into effect, I would observe in conclusion
that what I consider novel and original and therefore claim as the
Invention secured to me by the hercin-before in part recited Letters
Patent is,
First. The producing of pulp by soaking wood and other fibrous
substances with nitric and hydrochloric acids, and boiling it with caustic
soda, as herein-before described.
Second. The producing of pulp by soaking wood and other fibrous
substances with nitric acid and salts of hydrochloric acid, as herein-
before described.
Third. The producing of pulp by soaking wood or other fibrous sub-
stances with hydrochloric acid and salts of nitric acid, as hercin-before
described.
Fourth. The producing of pulp by soaking wood or other fibrous
substances with salts of hydrochloric acid and salts of nitric acid as
herein-before described.
Fifth. The removal or neutralising of the soaking liquid before boiling,
as herein-before described.
Sixth. The utilisation of the waste acids and leys in the process as
herein-before described.
In witness whercof, I, the said Alexander Annandale the younger,
have hereunto set my hand and seal, this Seventh day of August
One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one.
ALEYR ANNANDALE T
ALEVE ANNANDALE, Jr. (L.S.)