IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OR PRODUCTION OF BRICKS, TILES, AND OTHER ARTICLES OF EARTHENWARE
Year: 1857

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Gabriel Arthur, of Linares, Spain, Civil Engineer,
for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OR PRODUCTION OF
BRICKS, TILES, AND OTHER ARTICLES OF EARTHENWARE,"
Sealed the 12th June 1857, and dated the 17th April 1857.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Gabriel Arthur at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his l'etition, on the
17th April 1857.
I, GABRIEL ARTHUR, of Linares, Spain, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OR
PRODUCTION OF BRICKS, TILES, AND OTHER ARTICLES OF EARTHENWARE," to be as
follows, that is to say :-
This Invention relates essentially to the manufacture or moulding of bricks
for ordinary structural purposes; but it is also available in the production of
tiles, mouldings, cornice pieces, and other forms which are capable of being
moulded in plastic matter. The clay to be moulded, according to this Inven-
tion, is taken from the earth directly to the machinery, and is at once used,
without any preliminary treatment or preparation. As taken from the pit the
clay is deposited in an inclined cylindrical sieve or perforated cylinder.
portion of this cylinder at the upper end is of solid metal, or impermeable, and
the shaft which carries this cylinder has fixed upon it at the part surrounded
by the solid end of the cylinder a series of disintegrating knives. The shaft
carrying these knives fixed upon it is driven separately from and at a higher
rate than the cylinder itself, the two being caused to revolve in opposite
A

page_text: directions. The clay or earthy matter is thrown into the end of the cylinder
where these knives work, and it is thus quickly disintegrated until it is fine
enough to fall through the permeable portion of the cylinder; here it is
received upon an endless feed cloth or strap, which is constantly traversing
beneath the cylinder, and it is thus conveyed away to a box at the lower end
of the cylinder; from this receiver it is taken up and carried to the actual
moulding apparatus by an elevator or endless chain of buckets. In this way
the pure good clay only is put to actual use, as the stones and foreign matters
are retained in the cylinder until finally discharged at the open lower end
thereof. The elevator already referred to delivers the disintegrated and
cleansed clay into the open top of a stationary hopper or clay holder,sustained
"by the framing of the moulding machine. The open lower end of this hoppor
or holder is set just clear of the upper length of an endless chain of brick
moulds, which chain of moulds is caused to travel continuously in one direction
over a pair of end-supporting pulleys, one of which is the driver. As the
moulds come under the clay holder their open mouths are filled with the clay
exuding from the holder, and as the filled moulds proceed onwards they come
in succession beneath a vertically acting stamper or presser, which compresses
the loose clay with great severity and completes the brick. Each mould
contains a moveable piston on which the loose clay is primarily received, and
on which at the proper time the clay is pressed by a suitable cam or other
movement. As the moulds, full of compressed clay, come round to the under
half or inverted portion of the mould chain, the moulded bricks are forced in
succession out of their moulds by a cam or other action, which forces out the
piston and discharges the brick; the emptied moulds then come round again
and are refilled as before. As the compressed bricks full out of their moulds
they are received upon an endless travelling band or cloth beneath, and con-
veyed away for burning or use. The chain of moulds is traversed by means
of a ratchet movement, so that time is allowed after each shift of a mould to
permit of the compression and the expulsion of the bricks. A small sand box
with a permeable bottom is also fitted up upon the machine, and periodically
shaken by the action of the mechanism, so as to deposit a small portion of
dry sand in each mould prior to the filling thereof with clay. Another sand
box of a similar kind drops dry sand. upon the top of the clay in the mould as
it leaves the hopper, and before it passes beneath the compressing piston.
This addition of dry sand preserves the parts from fouling with loose clay.
Bricks and other articles made in this way are excessively hard, and they may
even be used for structural purposes without burning.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Gabriel Arthur in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
17th October 1857.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, GABRIEL
ARTHUR, of Linares, Spain, Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Seventeenth day of April, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, in the twentieth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Gabriel Arthur, Her special license that I, the said Gabriel
Arthur, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said Gabriel Arthur, my executors, administrators, or assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times there-
after during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVE.
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OR PRODUCTION OF BRICKS, TILES. AND OTHER
ARTICLES OF EARTHENWARE," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the
said Gabriel Arthur, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same
to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Gabriel Arthur, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement in writing, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings,and
to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say :-
My said Invention relates essentially to the manufacture or moulding of
bricks for ordinary structural purpose; but it is also available in the pro-
duction of tiles, mouldings, cornice pieces, and other forms which are capable
of being moulded in plastic matter. The clay to be moulded, according to
this Invention, is taken from the earth directly to the machinery, and is at
once used, without any preliminary treatment or preparation. As taken from
the pit the clay is deposited in an inclined cylindrical sieve or perforated
cylinder. A portion of this cylinder at the upper end is of solid metal, or
impermeable, and the shaft which carries this cylinder has fixed upon it at the
part surrounded by the solid end of the cylinder a series of disintegrating

page_text: knives. The shaft carrying these knives fixed upon it is driven separately
from and at a higher rate than the cylinder itself, the two being caused to
revolve in opposite directions. The clay or earthy matter is thrown into the
end of the cylinder where these knives work, and it is thus quickly dis-
integrated, until it is fine enough to fall through the permeable portion of the
cylinder; here it is received upon an endless feed cloth or strap, which is
constantly traversing beneath the cylinder,and it is thus conveyed away to a
box at the lower end of the cylinder; from this receiver it is taken up and
carried to the actual moulding apparatus by an elevator or endless chain of
buckets. In this way the pure good clay only is put to actual use, as the
stones and foreign matters are retained in the cylinder until finally discharged
at the open lower end thereof. The elevator already referred to delivers the
disintegrated and cleansed clay into the open top of a stationary hopper or
clay holder, sustained by the framing of the moulding machine. The open
lower end of this hopper or holder is set just clear of the upper length of an
endless chain of brick moulds, which chain of moulds is caused to travel
continuously in one direction over a pair of end-supporting pulleys, one of
which is the driver. As the moulds come under the clay holder their open
mouths are filled with the clay exuding from the holder, and as the filled
moulds proceed onwards they come in succession beneath a vertically acting
stamper or presser, which compresses the loose clay with great severity and
completes the brick. Each mould contains a moveable piston on which the
loose clay is primarily received, and on which at the proper time the clay is
pressed by a suitable cam or other movement. As the moulds, full of com-
pressed clay, come round to the under half or inverted portion of the mould
chain, the moulded bricks are forced in succession out of their moulds by the
pressing cam or other action, which forces out the piston and discharges the
brick; the emptied moulds then come round again and are refilled as before.
As the compressed bricks fall out of their moulds they are received upon an
endless travelling band or cloth beneath, and conveyed away for burning or
use. The chain of moulds is traversed by means of a ratchet movement, so
that time is allowed after each shift of a mould to permit of the compression
and the expulsion of the bricks. A small sand box with a permeable bottom
is also fitted up upon the machine, and periodically shaken by the action of
the mechanism, so as to deposit a small portion of dry sand in each mould
prior to the filling thereof with clay. Another sand box of a similar kind
drops dry sand upon the top of the clay in the mould as it leaves the hopper,
and before it passes beneath the compressing piston. This addition of dry
sand preserves the parts from fouling with loose clay.
Bricks and other

page_text: articles made in this way are excessively hard, and they may even be used for
structural purposes without burning.
And in order that my said Invention may be properly understood 1 shall
now proceed to describe the several illustrative Figures on the three ex-
planatory Sheets of Drawings, which I have hereunto appended for the purpose
of showing certain modifications under which any improvements may be
judiciously carried out in practice.
Figure 1, on Sheet 1 of the three Sheets of Drawings hereunto annexed, is
a partially sectional longitudinal elevation or side view, and Figure 2 is a plan,
of the apparatus or machinery which I employ for screening or sifting the clay
prior to its being moulded in the brick-making machine; Figure 1, on Sheet 2,
is a sectional elevation of a brick-making machine or mechanical press for
moulding bricks as constructed according to my Invention; Figure 2 on the
same Sheet is an end view of the machine; Figure 3, on Sheet 3, is an
elevation, showing one side of the machine; and Figure 4 is a view of the
side opposite to Figure 3. Referring to Figures 1 and 2 ou Sheet 1 of my
Drawings, which represent one modification of a mechanical arrangement for
disintegrating and sifting the clay just as it is dug from the pit and prior to
passing it into the brick-inoulding machine. The framing A of this machine
may be made of iron or wood; it serves principally to support the slightly
inclined shaft B of the cylinder in which the crude clay or moulding material
is divided and sifted. The cylinder consists of a series of cast-iron rings C,
having spokes or arius, by which they are attached to the central bosses 1),
which are fitted with brasses, and from the bearings of the cylinder on the
central shaft B. The rings C which form the ribs or framework of the
cylinder are covered at one end with plates of metal or other imperineable
material, forming a kind of annular chamber E, into which the clay is first
thrown. The other rings of the cylinder are covered with a wire network,
forming a cylindrical sieve F', through which the finer particles of clay pass as
the cylinder rotates. The cylinder is carried upon the main shaft B, which is
arranged in an inclined position, so as to have a fall of about three quarters of
an inch per foot horizontal. The shaft B is supported at one end in a
bearing G, pendant from the framing A, and at the other by bearings H,
pendant from the standards I, fitted upon the transverse stays of the framing A.
Inside the clay chamber E are fitted a number of knives, the points of which
project upwards towards the centre of the chamber. Upon the part of the
shaft B which is within the chamber E is fitted a drum J, the periphery of
which is armed with a series of knives K, which are arranged so as to pass in
their revolution between those fixed, iu the interior of the chamber E. The

page_text: end of the chamber E is open, through which opening the crude clay is
thrown. The chamber E and the drum J being caused to rotate in opposite
directions, as will be presently described, the clay is effectually divided into
small particles by the action of the knives against each other. The lower end
of the cylindrical sieve F terminates with a spur wheel L, by means of which
the cylinder is put in motion, and through the eye of this wheel the coarse
particles of clay pass off from the interior of the sieve. The moving parts of
this preparing apparatus derive their motion from the overhead pulley M,
the shaft of which is carried in bearings upon the upper part of an open
rectangular framework N, which supports an entablature upon which the
pedestal bearings are fitted. Upon the shaft of the fast and loose pulley Mis
a belt pulley O, which gives motion to the pulley P on the horizontal shaft Q,
which drives the spur wheels R, one of which is fast to the shaft B. Upon the
end of the shaft B is a pinion S, which gives motiou to an intermediate wheel
T, which drives the pinion U ou the shaft V. A corresponding pinion W upon
the other end of the shaft V gears with the wheel L on the end of the dis-
integrating cylinder, and thus gives motion to it, but in a direction contrary to
that of the shaft B. Moreover, these wheels are so arranged with regard to
their relative diameters, that the shaft B and drum J have a much greater
velocity than the external cylinder. The horizontal shaft Qalso gives motion
by means of a belt pulley arrangement to the endless belt X, on to which the
sifted particles of clay fall as they pass through the meshes of the wirework F.
The fine particles of clay are prevented from being dispersed by the centrifugal
action of the cylinder by a wooden casing, which is made to enclose the sides
of the cylinder. As the particles of clay rapidly pass through the meshes of
the wirework they fall down the sides of the casing and on to the belt X., by
means of which they are carried forward and fall into the trough Y. The
coarser particles of clay, stones, and other foreign matters descend to the lower
part of the cylindrical sieve F, and fall over the arms of the wheel L, passing
off through an opening or eye round the shaft B. The waste matters fall into
a shoot, by which they are carried outside the framing of the machine. The
finely divided particles of clay are lifted from the trough Y by means of an
endless chain of lifting buckets Z, which pass round two pulleys or lantern
wheels a and b. The lower pulley a is fitted in the trough Y, the upper one b
is fast to the shaft c, which is carried in pedestal bearings on the entablature
of the framing N. Motion is communicated to the chain of buckets Z by
means of an endless belt, which is passed round the pulley don the shaft c,
and round a pulley c on the shaft Q, which receives its motion from the main
driving pulley O. When the machine is put in motion the brackets Z suc-

page_text: cessively lift a portion of the clay out of the trough Y and elevate it to the top
of the framing N, and as the buckets pass round the upper upper-pulley-b
the clay falls into the hopper of the brick-moulding machine, hereafter
described. The arrangement of the disintegrating chamber E and cylindrical
sieve F is admirably adapted for clays of a light friable nature, such as are
found in different districts, or for disintegrating and sifting fireclay for makiug
bricks, for which my moulding machinery is particularly suitable; but where
the clay is of a stiff and tenacious character, I prefer preparing such clay in a
dry pugging mill, arranged either vertically or horizontally, the stream of
dry pugged clay being fed into the trough Y so as to supply the moulding
machine with just a sufficient quantity for its consumption and no more.
This is accomplished by simply adjusting the egress aperture of the drypugging
mill to the quantity required by the moulding machine, which is thereby
rendered nearly independent of human or manual attention. The brick-
moulding machine, in which the clay is pressed or moulded into the form of
bricks or other articles, is shown in the four views forming Sheets 2 and 3 of
my illustrative Drawings.
In Figure 1 on Sheet 2, which is a sectional elevation, the upper part of
the chain of buckets Z, before referred to, is shown delivering the clay.through
a shoot and into the hopper of the moulding machine. The framing A of the
machine is by preference of cast iron, and consists of a pair of open
rectangular side standards, connected by transverse stays, the whole being set
upon carrying wheels for the convenience of transport. The whole of the
movements of the machine are in this modification of my improvements
derived from the belt pulley on the shaft of the fast and loose pulley M
Figures 1 and 2, Sheet 1. An endless belt passes round the pulley B on the
shaft C of the moulding machine. The shaft C carries at its other end a fly
wheel D, and next. the pulley B a spur pinion E, which is in gear with the
spur wheel F. The shaft G of the wheel F carries the cams, by means of
which the pressing or moulding and expressing operations are effected, and
also the lifting of the presser and discharging pistons out of the moulds. The
principal cams H in the centre of the shaft G are by preference forged with
the shaft. These cams press the clay into the mould with great force, and
simultaneouslytherewith force out a moulded brick from a mould immediately
below the one receiving the pressure. The cams H work in the opening of
the link I, to the lower end of which the rod of the presser J is connected by
a nut. The upper end of the link I is rounded, and passes through a guide
in the top of the framing. The cams H in their rotation act upon au anti-
friction roller carried by the cross head K, which passes through the side

page_text: plates of the link I. This cross head K carries the pair of rods L, the lower
ends of which work in guides M projecting from the inside of the lower part
of the framing A. To each of these rods L a link N is jointed, which
connects them to the levers O; these levers are attached at one of their ends
to the pendant brackets P, and at their other ends by a cross head to the
presser Q, which serves to express the moulded bricks from the moulds. The
upper end of the presser rod is rounded, and is guided in an aperture made
in the box or frame R below the mould, which is under the presser J. The
frame R extends from side to side of the framing A. and is made very strong,
so as to withstand the severe pressure of the mould when the clay is com-
pressed by the presser J. The weight of the parts connected with the
pressers J and Q is balanced by the weighted lever S, so as to reduce the
power required to lift the pressers out of the moulds. The lever S is
supported by a transverse rod, bolted to a projecting part of the framing A,
and connected at its inner end to the link I. The lifting of the cams is
effected by means of the cams T, which are fitted on the shaft G and parallel
to the central cams H. These cams are so arranged as to come into uction
the instant after the operating cam H has effected the pressure of the clay in
the mould, and after raising the pressers clear of the moulds they serve to
keep them up until the cam H has again come round to press another brick.
The cams T rotate in the links U, and act against an antifriction roller, fitted
on a stud in the upper part of the opening of the links. The upper ends of
the links travel in guides on the framing in manner similar to the liuk I;
the lower ends of the links U are attached to the rods L. During a portion
of the rotation of the shaft G the cams T exert a lifting force against the
antifriction rollers of the links U; this upward pressure causes them to rise
and lift the rods L, which, being connected to the pressers J and Q by the
cross head K and the levers N, raises them also. The side plates of the links
Land U are slotted to allow of this reciprocatory movement on the shaft G.
The brick moulds V consist of a series of iron boxes, open at the top and
bottom; these moulds are jointed together by means of pins passed through
snugs projecting from the lower part of each mould box. Each of the moulds
Vare fitted internally with a plunger or piston V₁, forming a moveable bottom
thereto, which is prevented from being forced through the moulds by the
action of the pressers by means of a pin passed through each side of the
moulds. These pins partially support the pistons V₁ when the cam H is
exerting its pressure upon the clay; and when the mould is inverted, in order
to press out the moulded brick, the bottom part of the pistons V' come in
contact with the pins, and thereby prevent the pistons V₁ from being forced

page_text: out of the moulds. The internal capacity of the moulds must be regulated
according to the size of tlie bricks to be manufactured, that is to say, the
mould must contain enough, loose clay to make a brick of the required.
thickness. A number of these moulds are connected together so as to form
an endless chain, which is supported upon iron rollersW, which extend across
the machine and are supported by the framing. Motion is given to these
moulds V by means of one of two wheels X, the peripheries of which are made
octagonal, so that the moulds in passing round with them rest upon a flat
surface. To each of the faces of the wheels X a metal disc Y is secured by
bolts, so as to allow of the discs being fixed close to or at some distance from
the wheels. The object of this arrangement is to admit of moulds of different
widths being fitted between the discs Y. The motion communicated to the
series of moulds must be intermittent, in order to give the presser J time to
compress the clay in the mould, and the presser Q to expel the moulded brick.
This is effected by means of the cam Z, Figure 4, which is fitted on the shaft
G, which also carries the lever a. The cam Z acts against a roller b fitted
upon a stud at the upper end of the lever a, which has a slot made in it where
it is fitted on the shaft G, in order to allow of its reciprocatory movement
thereon. At the instant that the pressers have cleared the moulds, the cam Z
raises the lever a in an angular direction, and this motion causes its lower end,
which is hooked, and forins a pawl, to draw round the ratchet wheel c. The
distance the wheel c is turned corresponds to the width of a mould box, and
this is regulated by the cam Z, so that a mould is brought exactly under the
pressers J and Q at each semi-rotation of the cam Z. Upon the opposite side
of the machine is an arrangement for holding the series of moulds stationary
whilst the pressing and expelling operations are effected. Two of the arms of
the wheel F have a stud & fitted in each; these studs carry an antifriction
roller. At each semi-revolution of the wheel F one of the rollers comes into
contact with the upper end of the rod e, and thereby depresses it. The lower
end to the rod e is attached to the lever f, which oscillates upon a stud pro-
jecting from the framing. This lever f has a pin fitted in a slot near its free
end, and this pin falls into the teeth of the ratchet wheel g, which is fitted on
the shaft of the wheel c, and remains there whilst the clay is being pressed in
the mould. As the pressers J and Q are being raised, one of the rollers on
the wheel F depresses the rod e, which lifts the pin of the lever f clear off the
teeth of the wheel g. Upon the roller passing the upper end of the rod e, the
catch pin of the lever f falls upon the next tooth of the wheel g, and simul-
taneously with this action the wheel c is moved partially round by the cam Z
and rod a; the pin of the lever f, as it comes in contact with the next tooth of

page_text: the wheel g, prevents the train of moulds moving beyond the predetermined
distance. After the bricks have been expelled by the action of the presser:Q;
and the moulds move onwards to be again filled with clay, it is necessary to:
press the pistons V₁ of the moulds to the bottom of the boxes, in order to leave
the upper part of them open to receive the clay. This is effected by means of
a plunger working at one end of the machiue. The plunger is actuated by
the motion of the rods L; a pair of bell-crank levers h, which are attached to
brackets projecting from the framing of the machine, are connected at one of
their ends to the links h¹. These links are connected to the levers O, which
are attached by the links i to the ends of a cross-head Q, which is connected
with the rod of the plunger Q. The upper ends of the bell-crank levers h are
attached to the rods k, the other ends of which are connected to the cross
head 7, to the centre of which the rod of the plunger m is fixed. When the
moulds V are stationary the plunger m is opposite or in a line with the end
mould, which is at that movement in a horizontal position, with its piston at
the upper part of the mould. Upon the descent of the rods L the bell-crank
levers h are depressed, which draws the rods k inwards towards the centre of
the machine. The motion of the rods & causes the plunger m to enter the
mould opposite to it and force its piston to the bottom of the box. The ascent
of the rods L. causes tho rods k to be thrust outwards, and the plunger m is
thereby withdrawn from the mould, leaving it ready to receive a fresh charge
of clay. Prior, however, to this being done, the moulds are dusted internally
'with dry sand to prevent the clay adhering thereto; the surface of the clay in
the filled box is also dusted in like manner to prevent the clay from adhering
to the face of the presser J. The sand is supplied from two boxes 71, the
bottomsof which are made of wire gauze; these boxes are each attached byan
arm to the vertical spindle o, with which they oscillate. A partially rotatory
movement is given to the spindle O by means of a short lever P at its lower
end; this lever is slightly curved at its free end, which falls in between the
'moulds Vas they pass by. A spring g is attached to the side of the hopper r;
this spring presses the arm of one of the boxes n outwards, and tends to force
the lever piuwards, which causes it to fall in between the moulds with a shock,
and thereby give the sand boxes a sudden shake each time a box
passes. The
clay is fed into the hopper 7 from the chain of buckets Z, and where stiff
tenacious clay is used this hopper should be fitted with an agitator to carry it
downwards into the moulds. The filled moulds pass on beneath the presser J,
and after being compressed and carried round the end wheel X until they
come into an inverted position under the presser Q; here the moulded brick is
expelled, which is deposited on to an endless belt 8, which carries the moulded

page_text: bricks away from the end of the machine. The belt s. passes round the
pulleys t, and is kept from deflecting by the weight of the bricks by the
rollers 26, which are supported in vertical bearings carried by the projecting
part of the framing.A. The belt s derives its motion from an endless belt.V,
driven by a pulley W on the shaft of the mould box wheel X, which is driven
by the motion of the wheel c; the bolts consequently moves at the same
rate as the mould boxes V. In making bricks from light friable clay the
presser J may be solid, but in using stiff tenacious clay it is apt to adhere to
the face of a solid presser. This may, hoivever, he effectually avoided by
making the presser hollow, and heating it by a jet of steam, which may be
conveyed thereto by means of a pipe connected with the presser by means of
a flexible connection, another pipe being attached to the presser to carry
away the water of condensation. Although I have in the foregoing description
mentioned steam as the motive power for actuating the brick-moulding
machine it is by no means essential, since the machine requires but little
power to work it, and it may be readily actuated by manual labour, horse or
water power.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried
into effect, I may observe, in conclusion, that I do not confine or restrict myself
to the precise details or arrangements which I have had occasion to describe
or refer to, as many variations may be made therefrom without deviating from
the principles or main features of my Invention; but what I consider to
be novel and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by
the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent, is,—
First, the general arrangement and construction of machinery or apparatus
for disintegrating and preparing clay and moulding bricks or other articles, as
herein-before described.
Second, the system or mode of dividing, sifting, and supplying clay to
moulding machinery, as herein-before described.
Third, the system or mode of moulding bricks or other articles by com-
pressing them in suitable moulds by imechanical means, as herein-before
described.
Fourth, the use and application of a series of moulds arranged in the form
of an endless chain, which said moulds are filled with clay, which is compressed,
and the moulded article expelled by means of self-acting mechanism,as herein-
before described.
Fifth, the system or mode of manufacturing or producing bricks, tiles, and
other articles of earthenware by cam or eccentric compression of the loose clay

page_text: in a chain or series of moulds, and the ejection of the moulded.bricks there
from by pistons or loose internal mould pieces.
Sixth, the system or mode of heating the pressers used in brick-moulding
imachinery in order to prevent the clay from adhering thereto, as herein-
before described..
In witness whereof, I, the said Gabriel Arthur, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Sixteenth day of October, One thousand eight
hundred and fifty-seven.
GABRIEL ARTHUR. (LS.)