IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY AND APPA ATUS FOR LETTER PRINTING
Year: 1869

page_text: on the 15th June 1869.
I, FREDERICK COLLIER BAKEWELL, of No. 6, Haverstock Terrace,"
Hampstead, in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY AND APPA ATUS FOR LETTER
PRINTING," Communicated to me from abroad by William Haslet Williams
and John William Kellberg, both of Philadelphia, in the United States, North

page_text: supplied from a continuous roll or web, and cut into sheets either before
or after it is printed on both sides from double type cylinders, to which
cylinders stereotype plates may be suitably adapted. These several objects
comprise,-
.
First. A method or methods of damping the paper by jets of water
issuing from specially adapted orifices which cause it to fall in fine spray over
the paper as it is wound from one roller to another, in combination with friction
rollers on the shaft whereon the paper is wound, and with a lever and adjust-
able weights to prevent the paper from wrinkling.
Second. The more complete severance of each successive sheet before it is
delivered to the first impression cylinder by placing the axis of the male cutting
cylinder above the plane of the axes of the female cutting cylinder and of the
first impression cylinder.
Third. The separation of each successive sheet by the arrangement of
the cog gearing of the female cutting cylinder and of the first impression
cylinder, so that the latter may make two revolutions to one of the former,
though its diameter is more than one half as great, thereby accelerating
the speed of the sheets of paper and leaving space for the operation of the
fly. This object is also effected by placing the position of the cutter at a
distance a little greater than the length of the sheet from the point of contact
with the first impression cylinder, in passing from which with increased velocity
it is separated from the next succeeding sheet.
Fourth. The application of pressers or fingers on the male cutting
cylinder which are so constructed as to project at each revolution to hold
the paper against the female cutting cylinder until the grippers have
closed upon it.
Fifth. The application of a blast of air against the under side of the printed
sheet to hold it to the tapes of the fly until the sheet is laid by the fly knocker
on the pile at the end of the machine.
Sixth. The application of short fly rods to strike down the rear end of the
printed sheet and to lay the sheets successively in a regular pile.
Seventh. The application of two sets of cords or tapes to carry the paper to
dispense if desired with grippers.
Eighth. The arrangement of the inking apparatus so as to maintain
the inking rollers always in contact with the type and with the ink-
distributing cylinders to supply fresh ink to the face of the type
continuously.

page_text: Ninth. The application of endless fly belts with grippers operated by
stationary cams to seize the end of each sheet as it passes from the second
impression cylinder, and to release it at the moment when the rear end is
knocked down by the fly rods.
Tenth. The application of a rotating knocker to strike down the printed
sheets on the fly board either alone or in combination with blasts of air to
force the sheets against the fly tapes and on to the fly board.
Eleventh. An arrangement for supplying paper to the printing
cylinders without tapes, cords, or grippers, except on the cutting cylinder
and delivering apparatus, the paper being cut from the web after it has
been printed on both sides, the second impression cylinder acting as the female
cutting cylinder, with suitable adjustments for the separation of the sheets
when cut.
Twelfth. The production of fly space by
combined with a double fly to which the
alternately.
means of a cutting apparatus
printed sheets are delivered
Thirteenth. The application of blasts of air through openings in the
female cutting cylinder so as to force the rear end of each sheet when
cut away from the female cutting cylinder and to allow the grippers to
pass through apertures in its periphery and seize the forward end of the
web of paper without coming in contact with the rear end of the severed
sheet.
Fourteenth. The application of a circular serrated cutter for dividing the
sheets after they have been printed suspended in such manner that its edge
may project through the paper into a groove in the cylinder, the cutter being
caused to rotate by the movement of the paper alone.
SPECIFICATION filed in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters
Patent, and of an Order of the Lord Chancellor, by the said Robert
Simpson Bakewell in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 15th
January 1870.
,
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME I, ROBERT
SIMPSON BAKEWELL, of 6, Springfield Road, St. John's Road, in
in the
County of Middlesex, Executor of the late Frederick Collier Bakewell,
of No. 6, Haverstock Terrace, Hampstead, in the County of Middlesex,
send greeting.

page_text: WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Fifteenth day of June, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, in the thirty-
second year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Robert Simpson Bakewell, Her special
licence that I, the said Robert Simpson Bakewell, my executors, admi-
nistrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Robert Simpson
Bakewell, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY AND APPARATUS FOR LETTER PRINTING," being
a communication to the late Frederick Collier Bakewell aforesaid from
abroad by William Haslet Williams and John William Kellberg, both
of Philadelphia, in the United States of North America, upon the con-
dition (amongst others) that I, the said Robert Simpson Bakewell, my
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, од
their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within seven calendar months next and immediately after the
date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE that I, the said Robert Simpson Bakewell, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the follow-
ing statement, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings, and to the
letters marked thereon, that is to say:-
This Invention consists in certain improvements in machinery and apparatus
for letter printing, whereby the paper may be damped and supplied from a
continuous roll or web, and cut into sheets either before or after it is printed
on both sides from double type cylinders, to which cylinders stereotype plates
may be suitably adapted.
In more particularly describing this Invention I wish to refer to the
three Sheets of Drawings which accompany and form part of this Spe-
cification. The Drawings comprise nine Figures, marked Nos. 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, in each of which like letters of reference are employed to

page_text: denote similar parts of the machine in the different arrangements and sections
illustrated.
Fig. 1 represents a side elevation of the wetting or sprinkling
apparatus; Fig. 2 is a side elevation of the machine, with a part of
the frame and the end of the cutting cylinders removed to show the
operation of the knife, of the fingers or pressers, and of the grippers;
Fig. 3 represents a vertical section of the machine, dispensing entirely
with the use of grippers; Fig. 4 is a vertical section of the second.
impression cylinder used as the female cutter, and the fly or delivery
apparatus in connection with it; Fig. 5 is a vertical section of the second
impression cylinder used as a female cutter with a different fly appa-
ratus, wherein the printed sheets are sustained in their required position
by means of currents of air; Fig. 6 shows a vertical section of the second
impression cylinder with details of the belt fly apparatus; Fig. 7 is a
general view of one arrangement of the machine, more especially to
illustrate the adaptation of two fly apparatuses, each fly apparatus
taking a sheet alternately, thereby dispensing with the necessity of
accelerating the speed of the sheet to obtain fly space; Fig. 8 shows a
detail arrangement of the fingers or pressers, which are made to project
from the male cutting cylinder to hold the paper until it is secured by
the grippers on the female cutting cylinder; Fig. 9 is an enlarged
representation of the grippers on the belt fly apparatus, of which a general
view is shown in Fig. 6.
I will now proceed to describe more particularly by reference to the letters
and numerals in the accompanying Drawings, the respective details to which
they refer.
In Fig. 1, A is the frame of the machine having a corresponding
frame upon the other side, the two sides being parallel with each other
and supporting the several shafts and cylinders, which are placed hori-
zontally between them, and are made of iron or other suitable material;
d is a shaft with friction discs at each end, supporting the roll of
paper d¹ to be unwound and damped; W' is a weight at the end of the
lever resting on the edge of the friction disc f, and regulating the
tension by which the roll is unwound. A similar lever and weight may
be placed on the disc at the other end of the roll if required. 6º is the
roll of paper being wound up after wetting; p is a platform, over which
the paper travels while it is being sprinkled or sprayed upon in its
passage from the roll d'; f' is the cylinder on and against and by which

page_text: the paper is wound on to the spool; e is an arm with a bearing on its
end to receive the spindle which supports the spool of paper. W is a
weight suspended from the arm
regulating the pressure of the roll of
paper against the cylinder f'; x is a pipe, into which are inserted
cocks c regulating the flow of water used for damping the paper. The
orifices of these cocks are so constructed as to distribute a fine spray
over the surface of the paper on its passage along the platform p. In
using this wetting or damping apparatus, in the first place, the shaft d is
inserted through the roll of paper d¹, the discs placed on each end, and
the whole then put in position, the discs fitting into semicircular grooves
made to receive them. The arm is then laid on the edge of the disc f,
and the weight W₁ properly adjusted, another arm and weight being
used on the other disc if required. The end of the paper is then carried
over the platform p, and attached to the centre of the spool bearing in
the ends of the upright arms c. The machine is then started by means
of a belt at one end of the shaft which carries the cylinder f¹.
This
cylinder as it revolves in the direction of the arrow draws the paper over
the platform p, and by reason of its friction against the roll 6º causes the
latter to revolve and take up the paper. At the same time the cocks c
are opened so far as to throw a fine spray of water over the paper. The
paper continuously passing under the spray becomes evenly damped over
its entire surface. The flow of water can be readily regulated by the
cocks c, and the tightness with which the paper is re-wound adjusted by
the position of the weights W, W¹, on the arms 1 and 1'.
placed
Referring to Fig. 2, A is the frame of the machine seen from one
side. It is made of iron or other suitable material, and has parallel
sides supporting the several shafts and cylinders, which are
horizontally between them. C is the second impression cylinder placed
near the centre of the machine, to which is applied the driving power,
and from which all the other parts of the machine derive their motion;
its diameter is a multiple of that of the first impression cylinder B, of
that of the type cylinders D, D¹, and of that of the ink distributors G, G';
E is the female cutting cylinder, and its diameter is equal to two dia-
meters of the male cutting cylinder F; R, P, is the delivery apparatus
which receives the printed sheets and places them in a pile; 6° is the
roll of paper wetted and prepared for being cut into sheets and printed;
f, Fig. 8. is a cam, which causes the pressers 4 to vibrate at each
revolution of the male cutting cylinder F. Arm 2 is fastened rigidly to

page_text: the shaft 1, and at the end of it is a joint 3, allowing for the action of
the fingers or pressers 4; 6 is a crank rigidly attached to one end of the
shaft carrying a friction roller 5, which plays in the groove 7 of the
fixed cam f. This part of the detail is more fully shown in Fig. 8.
d is a shaft running across the machine, on which the arms e are rigidly
fixed, supporting the spool or roll of paper 60; 03 is a series of tapes
running over the top of the sheet as it comes from the second impression
cylinder; O is a small fan driven by the cord 03 embracing the second
impression cylinder C; O' is a box, into which the air from the fan O
is forced; is an opening in the air box for the passage of air; r
represents the fly rods or knockers attached to the shaft d; z is a
connecting rod, which is moved by the cam L attached to the ink
distributor G, and which puts in motion the fly rods or knockers r.
The action of the machine is as follows:-After the paper has been
damped, as aforesaid, the roll 60 is placed in the bearings at the ends of
the curved levers e resting against the female cutting cylinder E. The
bearings of the shaft are so situated in relation to the female cutting
cylinder E that when the roll of paper is full or large a greater pro-
portion of its weight rests upon the arms e, and as the roll diminishes
in size the proportion of the weight of the roll resting upon the
cylinder E increases, so that the actual weight resting against the female
cutting cylinder is kept nearly uniform. The machine being set in
motion the roll of paper is unwound in rolling contact with the female
cutting cylinder E, and the end of the paper passing between this
cylinder and the male cutting cylinder F a sheet is cut off at each
revolution of the last-named cylinder equal in length to half the cir-
cumference of the female cutting cylinder E. As soon as the sheet is
severed from the roll the grippers (of which there are two sets opposite
each other) are made to close on the forward end of the paper. The
forward end is then carried round to the first impression cylinder B, the
grippers in which seize the end of the sheet as it is let go by the
grippers on the cylinder E and convey it to the second impression
cylinder C, from which it is carried to the delivery apparatus. The
grippers on this machine are worked in the ordinary manner by cams.
It will be observed as the paper is held firmly under the operation of
cutting the sheet cannot be transferred to the first impression cylinder B
until the cylinder E has moved in the direction of the arrow far enough
to release the rear end of the paper. To accomplish this object the

page_text: centre of the cylinder F is raised above the plane of the centres of the
cylinders E and B, thereby making the distance onl the periphery of
the cylinder E from the point of contact of the two cutting cylinders
where the paper is severed to the point of contact of the cylinders E
and B, where the paper is seized by the grippers in the cylinder B,
greater than the length of the cut sheet and more than half the circum-
ference of the female cutting cylinder E. This excess on the length of
the sheet allows for the movement of the paper on the cylinder E
sufficient to clear its rear end from the cylinder F by the time the
forward end reaches the grippers on the cylinder B. The more effec-
tually to separate the sheets of paper from each other the first impres-
sion cylinder B is constructed of more than half the diameter of the
female cutting cylinder E, and revolves twice to one revolution of the
latter the surface speed is consequently greater, and the motion of
the sheets of paper becomes accelerated as soon as the grippers in the
first impression cylinder lay hold of them. The special object of this
accelerated speed is to give a space between the rear end of one sheet.
and the forward end of the next following one sufficient to allow for the
action of the grippers on the cylinders, and the movement of the fly rods
or knockers r on the delivery apparatus. After the paper has been cut
a difficulty might arise from the grippers h going under instead of over
the forward end of the sheet as it is being moved clear of the cutter.
To obviate this the fingers or pressers 4, acted upon by the cam f, are
made to project from the male cutting cylinder F just as the sheet is
severed, and to hold the forward end of the paper close against the
female cutting cylinder E until the grippers h on the female cutter have
closed upon it; the cam 2 then withdraws the fingers to be ready for
the next operation. The forward end of the paper is then carried on in
the direction of the arrow to the first impression cylinder B, where it is
printed on one side between the said cylinder B and the type cylinder D.
The sheet is then taken by the grippers on the second impression
cylinder C (the grippers on the cylinder B having at the same time
released it) and is carried on between the cylinder C and the second
type cylinder D¹, and printed on the other side. The sheet is then
carried round in the direction of the arrows to the delivery apparatus
herein-after described. Around the second impression cylinder C and
the pulleys or cylinder 65 and P is a series of tapes or cords q These
pulleys lead the sheet off the cylinder C between the said tapes or

page_text: cords q and cylinder or pulleys band under the series of tapes O³ sur-
rounding the pulleys R and P; at the same time a continuous blast
of air issues from the air box O' through the slit or opening V, which
is of the same width as the sheet, blowing and holding the sheet evenly
against the tapes or cords 03. When the rear end of the sheet reaches
a point just beyond the air slit or opening V the fly rods r are made to
strike down the rear end of the sheet and arrest its progress; the fly
rods immediately return to their position, making way for the following
sheet, when the same operation is repeated. The cords or tapes 03
around the pulleys R and P are made to run at a faster speed than the
cords surrounding the second impression cylinder C, so that as the paper
is blown up against the cords or tapes O³ the sheet will be straightened
and prevented from buckling or doubling up.
arrangement
for entirely
cylinders and
This arrange-
As grippers and their necessary appliances are sometimes liable to
get out of order in presses driven at a high speed, an
is shown in the skeleton Drawing of a press Fig. 3,
dispensing with the use of grippers, whilst all the main
features of the press designated in Fig. 2 are preserved.
ment may be described as follows: The roll of paper having been
wetted, as before mentioned, is placed together, with the shaft sup-
porting it, between the arms e in the bearings prepared to receive it,
so that the paper rests in rolling contact with the female cutter E.
The male and female cutters in this arrangement have equal diameters,
and each of their peripheries is equal to the length of the sheet to
be cut; motion is communicated to these cutting cylinders from the
impression cylinder B by means of the intermediate wheels or idlers
B2, B3, B³, and whilst the diameter of the impression cylinder B is
greater than that of the cutting cylinders the gearing is so arranged
that the last-named cylinders make only one revolution for every revo-
lution of the cylinder B, giving consequently to the periphery of the
cylinder B a greater speed than that imparted to the peripheries of the
cutting cylinders. The point of contact of the two cutting cylinders is
in the same plane or nearly so as that of the top of the impression
cylinder B, between which and the cutting cylinders is constructed a
grating, on which the paper slides towards the impression cylinder;
projecting up from this grating is a series of pulleys C¹, C¹, carrying
tapes made to run at a faster speed than the paper by means of a cord C
embracing the cylinder E and smaller pulley, as shown. Surrounding

page_text: the cylinder F and pulleys and pulleys C¹, C¹, are respectively series
of tapes or cords C2, C3, between which the paper is carried to the im-
pression cylinder B, the space between the point of severance and the
cylinder B being greater than the length of the sheet. The pulleys a¹,
, a, b, and cylinders C and B carry a set of endless tapes or cords a
which pass on the outside of the paper over the cylinder B, and on the
inside of the paper over the cylinder C, leading the sheet off the
impression cylinder C to the delivery apparatus over the set of pulleys 65.
The pulleys b¹, b², b, b, b, and cylinders C and B carry another set of
endless tapes or cords b, travelling in the direction of the arrows under
the paper on cylinder B and over it on the second impression cylinder C.
Each sheet of paper is thus, after being cut, carried from the grating p
between the two series of tapes a and b, the latter running at the same
speed as the periphery of the cylinder B, but faster than the cutting
cylinders E and F, and cords C2 separate it from the next following sheet
a sufficient space to allow for the operation of the fly apparatus. The
paper is then carried on between the first impression cylinder B and
the first type cylinder D around the second impression cylinder C to the
second type cylinder D, and from thence to the delivery apparatus,
which is similar to that shown in Fig. 2, and herein-after described.
Another arrangement in which grippers are dispensed with, and at the
same time which would render a separate female cutting cylinder unneces-
sary is shown in Fig. 4. In this arrangement the sheet is cut after having
been printed, and the second impression cylinder C is used as the female
cutter taking the place of the cylinder marked E, in Figs. 2, 3, and 7.
Its diameter is a multiple of the male cutter F, and its circumference of
the sheet to be cut. Around the cylinder C and series of pulleys W2 is
a set of endless tapes or cords C5 which lead the forward end of the
paper, after having been printed on both sides off the cylinder C on to
the male cutter F, and from it to a grating på between the set of cords
or tapes aforesaid, and another set C on the under side projecting
up through the grating p3, between which two sets of tapes the sheet
is carried to the delivery apparatus which will be fully described in
reference to Fig. 6. The distance from the point of severance of the
paper to the delivery apparatus being greater than the length of the cut
sheet, and the grippers on the fly belt g being made to run at a faster
speed than the periphery of cylinder C as soon as the sheet is seized
by the grippers h² on the fly belt g, it is drawn along the grating p² and

page_text: separated from the next succeeding sheet, leaving room for the operation
of the fly. The wheel 1 is an idler communicating motion from the
male cutter F to the wheel B2 which gives motion to the fly appa-
ratus R³, P2
Another method of "flying" or disposing of the printed sheet is
represented in Fig. 5 in which the sheet is cut after having been printed
on both sides in a similar way to that shown in Fig. 4.
In this arrange-
ment there is a series of endless tapes or cords q surrounding the second
impression and female cutting cylinder C and set of pulleys P3 which
lead the forward end of the paper from the cylinder C to the male
cutter F over the air box O', and under a series of endless tapes or
cords O surrounding the set of pulleys R", P3, which latter are made to
run at a faster speed than the periphery of the cylinder C for the purpose
of keeping the paper taut under the tapes. kare arms or fly knockers
attached to the revolving shaft which are made of such a length as to
describe a circle whose circumference is longer than the cut sheet,
and as these arms k make one revolution for each sheet cut their
extremities travel at a greater speed than the paper, and are arranged
to strike down the rear end of the sheet just as it has passed beyond
the edge of the air box O¹. By means of their greater speed the
arms or fly knockers slide over the paper pressing down its rear end,
and at the same time a downward blast of air from the opening VI
helps to spread the paper evenly on the pile below. A second current
of air issues from the horizontal opening V to hold the sheet up
against the tapes 03 until the fly knockers are brought into action.
In Figs. 3 and 7 is shown the arrangement for supplying ink to the
type cylinders D, D'; K, K¹, are ink fountains in which the cylinders
L, L, revolve respectively; N, N¹, are drop rollers which lift the
ink by a reciprocating action from the cylinders L, L', to the ink
distributors G, G¹. Between the cylinders D and G, and D' and G¹,
are placed respectively the form rollers J, J, and J, J', so adjusted in
rolling contact as to cause them continuously to revolve, and in doing
so to transfer the ink uniformly from the ink distributors to the type.
This method of supplying ink to the type cylinders excels all other plans
that have been devised.
The operation of the belt fly ог delivery apparatus herein-before
referred to is fully delineated in Fig. 6. In this Figure, and also in
Fig. 9 to a larger scale, g is the fly belt; n is a spindle to which the
grippers is attached, and at the end of which is fitted a spring to hold

page_text: the gripper to the belt; m is a crank rigidly attached to one end of the
spindle n; m² is a roller at the end of the crank m free to move against
the stationary cams f³, f. L² is a
cam which moves the fly rods r¹;
f, f, are stationary cams causing the grippers to seize and release the
paper. The sheet of paper may by any suitable device be delivered on
the fly belt g¹. In the Drawing a cylinder B2 with a set of grippers is
shown to be used which takes the sheet front the impression cylinder C
and delivers it to the fly belt g¹, proper cams f, f, being employed to
open and close the grippers. When the grippers on the fly belt have
carried on the forward end of the sheet until its rear end is within reach
of the knockers or arms r, the fly belt grippers h² are made to release
their hold, and the fly rods or arms r¹ are arranged by a suitable cam L²,
crank, and rod z to strike down with a momentary action against the
paper, arresting the sheet, and then returning to their places in readiness
for the next sheet. Two, three, or more of these fly belts may be used
in each machine, and india-rubber is considered the best substance of
which they can be made. To insure the utmost regularity in their action
cleets or lugs are secured to the under side of the belt at regular
intervals to catch into notches on the pulleys R2, P2, made to receive
them as represented in the Drawing.
Fig. 7 represents a machine to which two fly apparatuses are fitted,
on each of which a sheet is alternately delivered, dispensing in this way
with the necessity for a space between the sheets to allow for the action
of the fly. The female cutting cylinder E as in Fig. 2 is constructed
of twice the diameter of the male cutter F, and has two sets of grippers
with slots to admit the knife on the male cutter; it is fitted also with
air passages and withdrawing pads placed directly opposite each other.
In connection with this cylinder are two delivery apparatuses R, P,
and R', P', and the air pump 0', the operation of all of which may be
described as follows: The lower set of grippers as shown on the Drawing
on the cylinder E have hold of the forward end of the sheet, and are
just ready to release it at the fly apparatus R', P¹, the grippers on which.
fly are in readiness to seize it. At the same time the upper set of
grippers are ready to take hold of the forward end of the next sheet.
The fly apparatus R¹, P, is made to travel faster than the cylinder E,
and the other fly apparatus R, P, so that when the upper set of grippers
on cylinder E grasping the forward end of the next sheet reaches the
grippers on the fly apparatus R, P, the tail end of the preceding sheet

page_text: will have advanced far enough to leave a clear space for the action of
the grippers on the latter fly apparatus R, P, which now seize the forward
end of the next following sheet. In this way the sheets are delivered
alternately to the fly at R, P. and to the fly at R¹, P. As the tail end
of each sheet might be in the way of the grippers on the female cutter
provision is made by means of an air pump 0+, or other suitable device
for forcing a blast of air through the pipe S to the centre of the female
cutting cylinder E, and thence through a series of holes at s', s¹, issuing
just under the tail end of the cut sheet, by which means at the proper
moment it is blown from the surface of the cylinder E, thus allowing
its grippers to pass up through openings made for the purpose in its
periphery and to seize the forward end of the next sheet without coming
in contact with the tail end of the preceding sheet. Of the other parts
of the machine shown in Fig. 7 the method of transferring the paper
by means of tapes is similar in principle to that delineated in Fig. 3,
except that the paper is taken directly from the roll to the impression
and type cylinders and printed before being cut into sheets. These
tapes may be dispensed with by first putting the paper through the
machine as far as the cutter, the paper will then pass through the
machine without further assistance. Should it be desired to divide
the paper longitudinally after it has been printed, a circular serrated
knife free to revolve on a fixed axis is placed so as to project into a
groove made in any one of the cylinders over which the paper travels.
The mere friction of the paper in travelling under the knife causes it
to rotate, and the projection of the knife into the groove of the cylinder
causes the paper to be cut as it proceeds. Such a circular serrated
cutter as described is shown at U in Fig. 7 applied to the female
cutting cylinder E.
Having thus described these improvements in printing machines and
the mode of carrying the same into effect, the parts of the Invention"
which I desire to secure are,-
First. A method or methods of damping the paper by jets of water
through specially adapted cocks while the paper is wound from one
roller to another, the paper being prevented from wrinkling by means of
discs or rollers to create friction in combination with suitable levers
and weights.
Second. The more complete severance of each successive sheet before
it is delivered to the first impression cylinder by placing the axis of the

page_text: male cutting cylinder above the plane of the axes of the female cutting
and first impression cylinders.
first
Third. The separation of each successive sheet by causing the
impression cylinder to make two revolutions to one of the female cutting
cylinder at the same time the diameter of the former is more than half 5
that of the latter, thereby accelerating the speed of the
leaving space for the operation of the grippers and the fly.
paper and
Fourth. The application of pressers or fingers on the male cutting
cylinder so arranged as to project at each revolution, and hold the paper
against the female cutting cylinder until the grippers thereon have !
closed upon it.
Fifth. The application of a blast of air against the under side of the
printed sheet to hold it to the tapes of the fly until the sheet is laid
by the fly knockers on the pile at the end of the machine.
Sixth. The application of short fly rods to strike down the rear end 1
of each printed sheet, and to lay the sheets successively in a regular
pile.
Seventh. The application of two sets of cords or tapes to carry the
paper as arranged and shown in Fig. 3 to dispense if desired with
grippers.
Eighth. The arrangement of the inking apparatus so as to maintain
the inking rollers always in contact with the type and with the ink
distributing cylinders, thereby continuously supplying fresh ink to the
face of the type.
2
Ninth. The application of endless fly belts with grippers operated by 2
stationary cams to seize the end of each sheet as it passes from the
second impression cylinder, and to release it at the moment when the
rear end is knocked down by the fly rods.
Tenth. The application of a rotating knocker to strike down the printed
sheets on the fly board either alone or in combination with blasts of
air to force the sheets against the tapes and on to the fly board.
Eleventh. An arrangement for supplying paper to the printing
cylinders without tapes, cords, or grippers, except on the cutting cylinder
and delivery apparatus, the paper being cut from the web after it has
been printed on both sides.

page_text: Twelfth. The production of fly space by means of a cutting apparatus
combined with a double fly to which the sheets are delivered alternately.
Thirteenth. The application of blasts of air through openings in the
female cutting cylinder, so as to force the rear end of each sheet when
cut off the face of the female cutting cylinder to allow the grippers
uninterrupted action in seizing the forward end of the web of paper.
Fourteenth. The application of the second impression cylinder as the
female cutter with suitable adjustments for the separation of the sheets
when cut.
Fifteenth. The application of
application of a circular
circular serrated cutter for dividing
the sheets after they have been printed, so placed that its edge may
project through a groove in the cylinder, the cutter being
cutter being caused to
rotate by the movement of the paper alone.
I would observe in conclusion that I do not confine or restrict myself
to the precise details or arrangements which I have described or referred
to, as variations may be made therefrom without deviating from the
principles or main features of this Invention; but what I consider to
be novel and original and therefore claim as the Invention secured to
me by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is, the con-
struction of machinery and apparatus for letter printing substantially
as herein described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Robert Simpson Bakewell, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Fourteenth day of January,
in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy.
R. S. BAKEWELL. (L.S.)