Improved Electric Exchange Systems with Apparatus therefor, applicable also for Telegraphic and Electric Type-writing Purposes.
Year: 1893

page_text: Date of Application, 14th Nov., 1893
Complete Specification Left, 14th Aug., 1894-Accepted, 14th Feb., 1895
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improved Electric Exchange Systems with Apparatus therefor,
applicable also for Telegraphic and Electric Type-writing
Purposes.
I SAMUEL DICKINSON WILLIAMS of Moorlinch House Clytha Park Newport
in the County of Monmouth Engineer do hereby declare the nature of this
invention to be as follows:-
The object of this invention is, in the first place, to provide a new means of
communication between renters, subscribers, or others connected either singly or
through an exchange system & is therefore adapted in one of its main aspects to
existing plant & other conditions viz. ;-The lines & equipment of the Telephone
Exchange system as well as of separate local & trunk lines & thereby at the same
time to furnish an additional development of the telephone system itself. The
need has frequently been felt of means whereby one subscriber may so communicate
with another as to thereby produce a permanent record in ordinary type-written or
printed characters at the receiving end irrespective of the presence or absence of
the receiving subscriber thereat; & at the same time produce on his own instrument
a duplicate or copy of what he has so sent, & in this connection I claim the
employment of the telephone line for this purpose at the self-same time as such line
may be used for telephonic communication without one operation in any way
interfering with the other. The invention as herein provisionally described is also
in the second place intended to be applicable to a system of multiple news distribu-
tion by printed message, that is, from a given centre, termed the sending end, at as
many points of reception as there may be subscribers, termed the receiving end,
under somewhat similar conditions as obtain with telephone subscribers at present.
And in the third place it provides an improved method & apparatus for producing
at the receiving end or ends of an electric circuit a multiple record in such manner
also as to be capable of reproducing itself or its corresponding translation locally,
or at a distance; so that generally I claim the use or adaptation of the principle of
the Telephone Exchange system separately, or in combination with the employment
of its general equipment of lines & apparatus, for also operating electric typewriters
or other like printing machines whether for the private & particular purposes of
individual subscribers as between themselves or for the simultaneous distribution of
news, or other communications from a telephone exchange as from a centre & the
delivery of the same at multiple points of reception. The invention in other words
is intended to apply to the following classification;
1. A telephone exchange with the teletype combined for exchange subscribers.
2. A teletype system of news distribution as from a centre on telephone wires to
telephone subscribers.
3. A teletype system on the principles of the telephone exchange but without the
telephone for intercommunication between subscribers.
4. A teletype system of news distribution as from a centre uncombined however
with a telephone service.
I will now describe the adaptation of my invention to the systems according to
the foregoing classifications.
1. In order to adapt my teletype to telephone systems & exchanges as hereinbefore
indicated it will be obvious that there are several ways of making up the necessary

page_text: connections. One way is the following-The ordinary connections for ringing up
& speaking at both the exchange & the renters end, are, generally speaking, not
interfered with, the line as is known going to one terminal of the secondary of an
induction coil & the other terminal of such secondary going to earth or to a metallic
return. In between these two terminals on a loop 1 insert the portion of my
apparatus which I term a rectifier. This is the name I give to the sets of electro
magneto engaged in receiving the combinations of currents & concentrating &
redistributing the same in the form of making up the path of some one or other of
the separate printing circuits. This part of my apparatus bears the usual terminals
to which respectively as already said goes a connection from each terminal of the
secondary of the induction coil with the necessary battery power interposed at
some convenient point. This parallel loop on the line is provided with a switch
which on being turned so as to close the circuit cuts out the heavy resistance of the
secondary of the induction coil & allow the battery currents intended to work the
rectifier and through that the printing apparatus to freely circulate in the line.
On the switch being opened so as to remove the said short circuiting of the
secondary of the induction coil, then the induced telephone current can circulate in
the line & operate the telephone at the other end. Thus when a person is
using the line for printing & desires to speak with the other end it is only necessary
to open his switch as described & the switch may be the operating key itself & this
movement may be made to ring a bell at the receiving end as a warning that
conversation is about to begin. Should a person at one end desire to communicate
in printing with some one at the other end in the latter's absence it is only
necessary for connection at the exchange to remain " through "for the time
required, & the process of printing can proceed; the same message being produced
at the sending end as at the receiving end. A further plan is for the line to pass
to earth, through the rectifier with a branch through the telephone receiver also
going to earth, but with a resistance coil or a slab of material of high resistance
inserted in such branch between the receiver & the junction with the line, with this
latter arrangement the battery currents which work the rectifier, take the path of
the least resistance & finds earth through the rectifier whilst the high tension
current used for speaking splits up at the junction a sufficient portion passing
through the resistance coil to work the telephone receiver.
With this system of
connection printing & speaking can be carried on absolutely simultaneously. It is
obvious of course that in any case there are necessary switches & corresponding
subsidiary connections for calling up & putting through. So far I have described
the adaptation of my invention to the principles of existing telephone exchange
systems for enabling renters or subscribers thereto in any required combination to
communicate with each other in the form of a printed message.
2. To adapt my invention to the principle of a system for distributing com-
munications or news simultaneously from a centre to multiple circuits as to some or
all of the renters on a telephone exchange system using the renters' telephone
wires for the purpose the key-board transmitter at the central office is coupled up
by one universal switch to some or all-as may be desired-of the renters, & after
a ring-up has been given to intimate that.a printed .communication is going to
be made, the operator proceeds in his manipulation of the key-board, the same
connections remaining as already described in the case of communication between
individual subscribers and the exchange.
3. It is evident of course that my invention & the connections described with
corresponding modifications is applicable to a system of intercommunications by
printed message between subscribers through the medium of a central switch office,
precisely like a telephone exchange but without the addition of telephones in which
latter case the telephone transmitter & receiver with their induction coils would be
omitted; the instruments in the circuits being a magneto or battery-current call
bell & the teletype transmitter & receiver & battery according to my present
invention.
4. The simultaneous distribution of communications froin, a centre to multiple

page_text: circuits but omitting the telephone would require the same general connections
as already described in the case of simultaneous multiple distribution in telephone
circuits from a centre with, however, of course the telephone apparatus & connections
omitted I have described my invention applicable to the production of a record.
capable of reproducing itself or its translation locally or at a distance. I
accomplish this by arranging the armatures of the magnets in the rectifier in
their continually changing combination of motion to make contacts in other
circuits so as to operate punches or dies after the manner of a Wheatstone
perforator & so produce a perforated slip, the perforations in which would be
constant for any given set of motions in the armatures in the rectifier & 'thus
an alphabet would be produced in cypher which on being passed through suitably
arranged contact points would in turn operate the magnets of a machine printing
in Roman characters as herein described & thus as it were translate itself from
a perforated cypher into common printed matter or would send into a line sets
of currents similar to those by which such perforated cypher had been first
produced.
For the purpose of my invention I employ a column type-printer or typewriter
& to enable the parts generally described therein to be operated telegraphically
by a single wire or one simple metallic circuit, I provide at the receiving end
a number of electro-magnets, preferably in sets of two, each set is provided
with a lever possessing either a simple or oscillating motion on pivots like the
beam of a scale, such lever bearing at its end a polarised armature so that when
the current is sent in one direction it is attracted, & when sent in the other
direction it is not attracted. Each armature as the result of its motion completes
a section of the path of a local circuit in which is inserted an electro magnet
operating a lever key on the typewriter key-board or otherwise controlling the
printing of an individual letter. I employ as many short local circuits as there
are letters or other signs to be printed & the principle of this portion of my
invention in regard to the disposition of the sections of the paths of these local
circuits & in relation to the occurrence of the contact making armatures com-
pleting them is to form, by their combinations into a preconcerted system of
designs, a description of electro-magnetic lock capable of instantaneous translation
at the receiving end for the purposes as described.
The terminals from the first set of electro-magnets are carried one to the line &
the other to an insulated contact in one end of the armature lever which contact
corresponds to a bottom contact stud going to earth such contact stud however
being on the end of a self-detaching lever & spring arrangement linked with the
said end of the armature lever in such a way that at the normal position painely
when no current is passing the circuit is as above described viz.;-from the line
through the set of electro-magnets to earth. On a current passing the motion of
the armature in one or other of the set according as the current is of that character
to actuate one or the other breaks this earth connection & makes contact with two
insulated top studs, one establishing a path for the line current with one terminal
of the next set of electro-magnets the other terminal going to earth in like manner
to the first set & the other setting up a part of the path of the local circuit
referred to.
The other or armature end of the lever simultaneously makes contact with a
bottom stud connecting by a branch or shunt, with the line so that the electro-
magnet is thereby cut out of the path of the line & also detached from its
corresponding earth connection as the link lever arrangement has such an action
that this is the case with both electro magnets of each set whichever armature
may be the one to respond to the line current. As the polarised armatures only
move when actuated by that line current which produces corresponding, that is to
say, attractive polarity in the electro magnets, it will be seen that the said
armatures in each set whichever one of the set may be actuated remains for the
time by the force of magnetic attraction set up between the polarity in the
armature & the iron core of the magnet, in the position as produced by the passage

page_text: of the current. The normal position of the polarised armatures is one of contact
by magnetic attraction with the cores of a second series of electro-magnets included
in the local circuit referred to each placed in opposition as it were over each of the
first sets with of course the armature between. The function of this second set of
electro magnets is to restore to their normal position such of the polarised armatures
as may have been actuated every time the path of any one of the local circuits is
completed. The particular arrangement of the local circuit contact studs is of
importance inasmuch as the principle of my invention as already stated is in regard
to the occurrence of these contacts to form by their combinations into a pre-
concerted system of designs a description of electro magnetic lock capable of
instantaneous translation into as many wards as there are letters or other signs to
be printed, such lock finding its key in sets of currents which are sent in such
combination & order of positive & negative as correspond to the wards to be
operated upon. Assuming the signs requiring to be printed are say 26 letters of
the alphabet, 9 numerals & 5 other characters say 40 in all the permutations of 5
as the number of terms are 120 which of course are three times more than the
number required, but any less number than 5 say 4 would only give 24 permutations
which would not be sufficient for the purpose.
The 40 local circuits in each of which is inserted the actuating magnet of each
type lever are carried throughout the sets of local circuit contact studs & are of
course altogether separate & distinct from the incoming main line currents whose
function it is to simply actuate the electro magnets one at a time the path of the
line current being by the armature contacts already described automatically trans-
ferred from one to the other in a regular order of succession. The general principle
& operation of the devices comprised in this invention are somewhat difficult to
clearly describe without going into a considerable amount of detailed matter but I
will endeavour by giving an illustration of one letter to give a general idea of the
process. I will for this purpose number my 5 sets of electro magnets 1, 2, 3, 4, & 5
on one side & 6, 7, 8, 9, & 10 on the other side & the local circuit contact studs
respectively corresponding thereto at the ends of the armature levers corresponding
to this order I will number 1", 2", 3, 4*, & 5*, on one side & 6, 7, 8, 9*, & 10, on
the other side. The letter to be printed shall be Q. I arrange for the ward for
this that the local circuit for the electro magnet actuating the type lever of the
letter or other device for controlling printing or recording mechanism for
producing the letter Q shall enter the local circuit contact stud 6, is thence
continued through to 2* thence to 8" thence to 4" & thence to 10". That is to say,
the 5 sets of electro magnets with their armatures in their normal position may be
represented graphically by two parallel rows of circles like the letter O, being in
each row but when actuated by incoming line currents sent in the order required to
so operate them which in this case is positive & negative in regular alteration as
to give the above combination they would give this diagram: in which the upper
row would have the second & fourth circles shaded & the lower row would have
the first, third & fifth circles shaded, the shaded circles representing the polarised
armature in each case having been so moved & remaining in such position as to
produce & make up the contacts necessary for completing the path requisite for
the local circuit for that particular magnet which actuates the printing lever of
the letter Q. For this one combination of paths no other local circuit whatever is
completed & in like mauner coaversely the circuit for the letter is never
completed unless the particular combination of currents necessary to complete that
circuit is sent on the line & I have already shewn that 5 elements or terms will
give a number of permutations very considerably in excess of my present require
ments as regards number of letters to be printed by any one given machine.
any one local printing circuit being completed a local current is automatically sent
back through all the second series of electro magnets to restore the armatures to
their normal condition. The sending operation requires a contact lever or sending.
key being so constructed for each letter or sign with a combination of contacts so
arranged that the entire number of line currents shall be sent in their proper order
On

page_text: of
of succession on the mere depression of any one sending key. The keys by a
simple series of contacts separately arranged also at the same time operate the
printing at the sending end. My invention of the principle of what I term an
electro magnetic lock composed of local circuits with a preconcerted combination
or order. or alternation or succession of line currents as the key can be carried into
effect by a variety of mechanical methods & is susceptible of extension & adaptation
to telegraphic purposes to a much larger extent than I have here described. I also
apply it to produce at the receiving end perforations in a moving strip or ribbon
paper which perforations on being passed through contact mechanism equivalent
to that herein described will actuate a type printing or other description of
recording instrument, or as many of such as may be arranged in the same actuating
circuit or circuits. In the second place, instead of the magnet operated type
levers I employ the type wheels which have both a rotary & lateral motion on one
common shaft sliding thereon by means of a feather taking into a keyway parallel
to the axis of the shaft but having at the same time a rotary motion on the same
axis. The two type wheels B 1 & B 2 are constructed preferably with a continuous
band of type for which nietal rubber or other suitable surface may be used & are
arranged to be in a sliding mechanical contact with respectively two nuts C1 & C2
on a screw shaft which is parallel to the type wheel shaft & is screwed with a right
hand & a left hand thread, nut C1 working on the left hand thread & nut C2
working on the right hand thread or vice versa. The screw shaft also bears at its
end a pair of opposing bevel wheels which alternately engage with a segment of
teeth on a bevel wheel rigid with a ratchet wheel actuated by an electro magnetic
escape movement. The type shaft is actuated by electro magnetic levers taking
into a ridge on a cylinder extending diagonally round the circumference thereof.
I employ duplicate sets of separate type levers for each letter or I substitute a pair
of type wheels or discs as above described & these being mounted so as to rotate
upon & yet slide along a shaft take the place & perform the functions of the
systems of type levers referred to. I also provide a paper frame or holder which
is actuated by a rocking lever dependent for its motion upon a suitable connection
with the general mechanism so that when the type disc which is printing has
arrived at the letter required the stopping of the disc for the purpose of printing
also brings the paper frame. into printing contact therewith & instantaneously
releases same. Inking rollers are of course arranged in contact with the type
wheels. The spacing between lines is effected automatically by the general
mechanism & devices already mentioned. For actuating the type discs & for
controlling the shifting & spacing mechanisin generally I employ any of the well
known devices usual in type printing telegraphs such as clockwork mechanism
controlled by electro magnetic escapement or such as a ratchet wheel on the type
shaft actuated by a pawl attached to an armature or such as mounting on the type
shaft an electro motor the armature of which revolves between the poles of two or
more electro magnets.
Another modification of my invention has for its object an increased speed of
working & provides for a polarised electro magnetic anchor escapement or
mechanical equivalent on each side of a toothed wheel & gearing alternately
therein producing in the type shaft motions alternate or continuous in either
direction or variable compounds of the two the object being to enable the type
wheels to turn the shortest way round to whichever letter or character may be
next required. For the sending arrangement 1 provide a dial or keyboard with
the letters &c. on a circle with a handle or pointer at the centre the said handle is
geared with a magneto apparatus or machine for generating currents according to
the well-known principle of dynamo electric machinery such gearing being in the
ratio that for every space on the dial passed over by the pointer representing the
distance between one letter & another a current is so generated as to operate the type
wheels a corresponding space the direction in which the pointer may be moved
determining the description of the current & this in turn controlling the direction
of motion of the type wheels. In some instances I arrange the type discs &

page_text: spacing mechanism as herein described so as to serve for type printing or type-
writing purposes generally as it is obvious that the printing instruments described
in this Specification can be so adapted. In such cases as also in those for
telegraphic or telephonic use I combine with it a simple keyboard with a system
of levers taking into a diagonal slot or ridge or raised edge in a cam fitting upon &
actuating the type shaft & the printing & spacing mechanism. One great advantage
of my improvements in this respect over existing methods & apparatus is that the
work of typing can go on without the interruption loss of time & additional labour
on the part of the operator occasioned after every line by the paper carriage
having to be brought back by hand. My improved mechanism as herein described
by its automatic action lends itself admirably as a means of which I claim to be the
first & true inventor of using electric contacts & circuits each controlling the
printing of its own letter in such a manner that the passing over the terminals of
such circuits so as to make effective or actuating contact approximates from the
resultant character or figure or tracing so made to the writing of a system of short-
hand or these tracings can be so disposed & otherwise arranged in the regard to
the grouping of allied consonantal forms as to enable the true phonographic
outlines of Pitman's system to be employed for this purpose. In connection with
the type wheels I of course provide that when wheel B1 commences a line of
printing wheel B2 is masked & although indicating the same letter it does not
print & similarly I provide that when the middle of a line of printing is reached
the printing function is transferred from B1 to B2 wheel B1 becoming masked in
turn & prevented from printing until again unmasked all these movements being
automatically dependent upon the segmental bevel ratchet wheel referred to.
I also provide in connection with my general mechanism a registering device or
counter with index so that every time a space between words is produced the same
shall be actuated so as to indicate or record automatically the number of words
printed or signalled by the operator. A further improvement included in my
present invention refers to a modification of the apparatus herein described to
enable the instrument to produce with but the one operation on the part of the
machinist duplicate or multiple copies of the printing. The present method of
producing a copy by means of a carbon sheet is attended with much inconvenience
& the result is not always satisfactory. Where a simple copy or duplicate of the
printed matter is required I construct my machine with two shafts each bearing
the pair of type wheels as already referred to these parts of the mechanism being
identical with each other in all essential respects & both actuated by the same
motor at the same time. The paper frame is also constructed to take two sheets of
paper & as it will be seen the action of the machine at the essential points is
identical the same letter or character is printed at two points & the result is the
printing of two fac-similes of equal clearness & practical value. Should more than
two copies be required the type shafts with their respective type wheels are
increased in number accordingly being placed parallel to each other or in a line or
in any other position convenient for being manipulated as regards the necessary
provision for holding the paper required by the paper frame. Instead of two or
more. type shafts I retain but the one type shaft with its two type wheels as
previously described said type wheels however instead of carrying but one alphabet
each are furnished with two cr as many more alphabets as it may be required to
print copies such alphabet being continuous & forming a larger circle on a disc or
wheel or the metal or rubber band of types may be used over two rollers like a chain
band on pulleys, in which case the paper frame is of the modified construction
necessary to hold the requisite number of sheets & bring each into contact at the
several printing points thus set up. In carrying out my invention I of course
provide the necessary connections controlled by suitable switches where required.
Dated this 11th day of November 1893.

page_text: Improved Electric Exchange Systems with Apparatus therefor,
applicable also for Telegraphic and Electric Type-writing
Purposes.
I SAMUEL DICKINSON WILLIAMS of Moorlinch House Clytha Park Newport
in the County of Monmouth Engineer do hereby declare the nature of this invention.
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement :-
My invention in the first place generally has for its object to provide a means
whereby electric typewriters or improved column printing telegraph instruments
may be operated through a single wire in such a way as to allow it to be used when
required for other suitable purposes such as telephony or code telegraphy & in the
second place generally it has for its object the adaptation of the principle &
equipment of the Telephone Exchange system to the production of communication
by printed message either without association with the telephone or simultaneously
with the ordinary traffic passing over a telephone exchange system. I provide at
the sending end a keyboard following the usual alphabetical order as in ordinary
typewriters. The keys act as so many points of contacts & on same being
depressed pass over a number of exposed circuit terminals so arranged as in each
case to send into the line a set of say five currents following each other in rapid
sequence the number remaining in each case the same but the order as to the
combination of Zn & Cu being varied each time & no two combinations being
alike.
'
Sheet 1 Fig. 1 shews one method of operating the contacts corresponding to any
given letter. M is the rod or beam of the key lever on the fulcrum M I & N is.
the key. Jointed to the other end of the lever M is a switch block R running in
guides or grooves A 1 & A 2 by means of the sliding studs H. The ridge B bears
at one end a spring clip C, the arm E has attached to it a spring F the function of
which is to keep the said arm over to one side say the right. The ridge piece B.
carries at the points marked G the repeated terminal of that section of the circuit
in which a battery or other current generator is included & the moveable arm E.
carries at the point J the terminal of the line. The action is as follows, when the
lever M is moved by the depression of the key N the arm E moves up on the right
hand side of the ridge B in the direction shewn by the arrow. This means as far
as making contact is concerned a non-effective journey.
By the time the switch block R reaches the top the finger of the operator
disengages the key N & on its being released the spring P' pulls the switch block R
back again but this time the spring clip C shunts the arm E over to the other or
say left side of the ridge B as shewn at Fig. 2 & the spring P of the switch
block R pulling the latter down the line terminal contact J will successively pass.
over the repeated battery terminals G & as in the case illustrated there are five of
these latter it follows that the circuit will be made & broken five times in rapid
succession. The illustration in Fig. 1 shews the Zn of the battery repeated five
times but such currents would alternate in sign according as the exposed terminals
are connected up with the Cu & or Zn of the battery in a prearranged order. Of
course it is obvious that the reverse of this general arrangement could be
employed viz. -the up-travel of the switch block R could be made to be the
effective or contact making journey & the down-travel the non-effective journey..
The contacts could also be arranged on a circular plan consisting of a disc or wheel
pushed round a space at a time by the finger key engaging a tooth at a time i.e. ou
every depression thereof & a detent ensuring its forward movement in a continuous..
direction, the finger key being restored by a suitable spring.

page_text: The combinations of currents sent as described are received by what for sake of
distinction I term a rectifier whose function it is to respond to the said current
combinations in such a manner as to actuate or build up.by successive contacts as
many separate & independent local circuits as there are sets of combinations
received. This rectifier I construct preferably as shewn in plan on Sheet 2 of five
double sets of electro magnets. arranged in relation to five double sets of polarised
armatures on ten rocking levers.
In Sheet 3 I shew 6 of these 10 levers.
Fig. 1 represents the normal position, Fig. 2 represents the position when a line
current say positive in direction is received (by the corresponding contact being
made at the sending end,) & Fig. 3 represents the position when a line current say
negative in direction is received in like manner.
M is, in each case, the magnet. P the armature, polarised as shewn, mounted
on the end of a lever N pivoted at N 1. L is the main line circuit passing through
the magnets M to the insulated contact piece P 1 resting on the contact stud P 2 &
thence to earth at E. Immediately on the passing of a line current in whichever
direction as to positive or negative the contact lever P 2 is by means of the extension
cross piece, as will be seen lifted out of contact with the stud P 2 into contact at the
insulated contact piece P 4 with the stud P 5 thus cutting the magnets M out of the
line circuit & shunting the main circuit to E1 which thus becomes the line to
the next set of magnets M & so on till the last set of the 5 sets of magnets have
been made to respond. As above mentioned only these three sets are shewn in
Sheet 3 as that fully illustrates all the movements of any one set of five sets
comprised in the rectifier. This sheet also shews fully the main line or actuating
circuit, which I call for distinction circuit A A, & this is also shewn in Sheet 2
which gives the set of 5 in plan.
Sheet 4 illustrates the manner in which the effects of the various combinations
of line circuits are utilised in building up the local printing circuit at the receiving
end, which I call for distinction circuit B B 1 B B2 etc. At A & B are pairs of
contact studs corresponding in each case to an insulated contact strip in the
armature lever N (omitted for clearness in Sheets 3 & 5). To these contact
studs are carried in a prearranged order connections making up as many different
printing circuits BB1B B2 etc. as may be required. The whole of the figure
Sheet 4 shews the result produced by the receipt of a combination of 5 currents
sent in alternating sign or direction, say negative positive negative, positive &
negative, completing the printing circuit B BI at the point Q & actuating the
printing electro magnet P 2 Sheet 11. A different combination of the five currents,
say a reversal of the foregoing would complete the printing circuit B B2 at the
point Q1 & so on for any given combinations. The method I employ for restoring
the rectifier magnets to their normal position after the passage of every combina-
tion or set of line currents consists in planting over each of the armatures P one
limb of an electro magnet K Sheet 5 where are shewn the first & the last of each
such magnets K the others intermediate not being shewn in the figure for the sake
of clearness but each nevertheless being included in the restoring circuit C C. The
contact lever P3 in the last set of magnets M at Q3 Sheet 5 has an extension J
bearing a contact strip corresponding to a terminal stud J' so that when the last
line current of any particular combination is received, simultaneously with the making
of the last contact for the printing circuit B B 1 B B 2 etc., the circuit C C is closed
& the restoring magnets K attract all the armatures P into one common or normal
position, in which being polarised they remain until a new line current in magnets M
disturbs or actuates them as already described.
I employ the foregoing described printing circuits B B 1 B B 2 etc., to operate
typewriters or type printing instruments constructed firstly on the principle of a
type-wheel machine & secondly on the principle of a type-bar machine.
The former principle illustrate in Sheets Nos. 6 7 8 & 9 & the latter in
Sheets Nos. 10 11 & 12.
Dealing with the type-wheel principle first, Sheet 6 gives a general view of the

page_text: arrangement Fig. 1 being a front elevation or longitudinal section (omitting the
paper frame) & Fig. 2 a plan (omitting the motor magnets, & in both figures
omitting the printing shields & inking rollers illustrated in Sheet 7). In Sheet 6
A are the typewheels which by means of a feather or key taking into a groove or
keyway in the shaft B have a sliding motion thereon & at the same time of course
a rotary motion. The sliding motion used for spacing purposes is derived from
the arms C1 of nuts D on screw shafting C through the mutilated gear E & F &
the ratchet L actuated by the armature & magnet El the rotary motion for
turning the type-wheels round to the required letter is derived through the bevel
gear J & J 1 from the motor drum K actuated by the armature levers K 1 taking
into the diagonal ridge K 2 the motor magnets P1 etc. being included each in a
printing circuit BB1B B2 etc. as already described. C2 are supports for mounting
the inking rollers shewn at J Fig. 3 Sheet 7, Sheet 6 Fig. 2 shews the rocking
paper frame at P with centre roller K 1; at K is shewn the lever connection with
the stud at G 2 on the toothed wheel F which ensures that for every revolution of
the said wheel (which means the termination of a line of printing or spacing) the other
rollers move the paper forward a line space. This action is illustrated at Fig. 4
Sheet 7. The printing (or letter spacing) motion is derived from the action of
the magnet E1 & armature through the connecting rod G & its jointed extension G 4
& stud G 3 passing under the arm G 5 every time a current circulates in magnet E 1
& thus tilting the paper frame backward out of printing contact with the type-
wheels, on the cessation of the current the antagonistic spring S tilts the paper
frame in the opposite direction & thus brings it into momentary contact with the
typewheel when printing is to be done. The printing circuits P1 etc. all run
through the magnet E 1 & the order of the various motions enumerated is as follows.
First is the selective motion for bringing round the type-wheel to the letter
desired. This requires a printing circuit to be completed which according to the
particular letter includes one or other of the magnets P1 P4 etc., E1 simultaneously
attracts its armature & the ratchet L moves the wheel F forward one tooth the
dētent G 1 locking the same each time the pivoted lever arm G 4 carries the stud G3
on to the arm G 5 & the paper frame is held away from the type-wheels; on the
cessation of the current in the printing circuit the reverse of these several motions
takes place. Magnet E 1 is also included in a printing circuit from the rectifier in
a separate manner so as to be capable of being actuated by its given combination
for the purpose of spacing without the type-wheels being operated. In Sheet 7
Fig. 3 shews a section of the type-& screw shafts & the paper frame & the
arrangement of the inking roller J Fig. 4 shews the arrangement for moving the
paper or line spacing. The stud G 2 in its motion once every revolution depresses
the arm of the bell crank lever Q which works the pawl Q1 & the ratchet wheel
on roller K & the latter being geared with the other rollers all three revolve &
move the paper out the distance corresponding to the space of a tooth which is
equivalent to one line space. Fig. 5 shews the motor drum & the gearing for
revolving the type-wheel shaft. Fig. 1 is an elevation & Fig. is a plan shewing
the arrangement for preventing the type-wheels, first one then the other, from
printing during the return journey of each. A A is a thin metallic mask with an
aperture at B & B 1. On the nuts D approaching each other at the centre of the
screw shaft where the printing function is required to be transferred from type-
wheel A 1 to typewheel A 2 the ends E 1 & E of the lever L jointed to mask A
come into operation with the projections respectively at F 1 & F 2 & the masks slide
on the pius at the slots C 1 with the result that aperture B slides into position over
the type-wheel & aperture B 1 slides out of position, contact with the projections
at F 3 & F4 reversing the action. Sheet 8 gives at Fig. 1 a section & at Fig. 2 a
plan of the arrangements of the printing circuit magnets Pi P 4 etc. & the armature
levers taking into the motor drum K.
Instead of operating a type-wheel machine by separate printing circuits worked
by combination of currents as described I omit the printing circuits & their
B

page_text: magnets & the armature levers & the motor drum & substitute therefor on the type
shaft a double ratchet escapement attached to a single polarised armature which
works between the poles of two opposed electro magnets actuated, direct by the
main line current the action being that for every current of say positive sign the
armature is attracted by the one set of magnets & repelled by the other set over
towards the right & the escapement wheel moves one tooth in a direction to the
left whilst for every current of say negative sign the armature is repelled by the
one set of magnets & attracted by the other set over towards the le't & the escape-
ment wheel moves one tooth in a direction to the right. These magnets are wound
with fine wire for a current of small quantity & high electro motive force. The
magnet E1 Sheet 6- which controls the impression or printing & spacing movements
is wound with thick wire suitable for a battery current of large quantity & low
electro motive force so that the currents sent into the line to actuate the type
wheel magnets will not actuate the magnet E1 & vice versa.
The general
mechanical action of the machine is otherwise the same as already described. For
the above modification of motor 1 employ at the sending end a current transmitting
apparatus as illustrated in Sheet 9 a description of which is as follows. Fig. 1 is
an elevation & Fig. 2 plan of a magneto generator, M is the permanent magnet,
A is the revolving armature geared with the axis of which at B is the boss B1
with the double diagonal ridge R into which the key levers K engage, the electrical
connections of the magneto generator in itself & with the line are the same as in
the case of the magneto generator working a telephone call bell. The key levers
are arranged in a circle as shewn & the mechanical movement is the same as that
already described in relation to a similar device when used as the motor drum K
in the printing instrument at the receiving end & as actuated by the armature
levers in printing circuits A A BB etc.; with this difference, however, that in the
present case the key levers are struck by the fingers & the gearing is such between
toothed wheels B & B 2 riz. :-in about the ratio as shewn that for any given
letter required to be printed the space travelled by wheel B 2 produces in the
armature through the other geared wheel B sufficient number of revolutions to
produce the exact number of currents in the line to operate the magnets & the
motor escapement working the type shaft & turn the type-wheel round to the point
required. It will be seen that the arrangement & device of the diagonal ridge in
the motor boss B 1 ensures the type-wheel moving round the nearest way to the
next letter required whatever that may be. At the end of the depression of any
key lever a contact stud is reached which completes a battery circuit shewn at B2
Sheets 14 & 15 & send a current to work the magnet E 1.
In my Provisional Specification I refer to the employment of duplicate sets of
type-levers or bars for each letter & 1 carry this principle into effect in a machine
constructed according to the second principle herein referred to viz. :—a type bar
machine in the following manner omit the duplicate type-wheels & substitute
platforms A A Fig. 1 & Fig. 2 Sheet 10 sliding on nuts D on the screw shaft C
at A 2 Fig. 1 Sheet 12 on one side & on a plain sliding bar A1 on the other side.
(If desired a modification may be made by introducing instead of the bar Ala
second parallel screw shaft in gear with the first one.)
On platforms A AI mount electro magnets or solenoids P1, P2 as shewn the
armature of which connects with the short end of the type lever L. This latter is
a compound lever working in a slot at G Sheet 11 & pivoted at the points shewn.
T is the type on the type bar T1; the type in the normal position is resting
against the inking pad H which is suspended from the pillar J at the hinge K 1 on
one side & supported at the other side by the end of lever L, the action being that
when the armature is attracted there is simultaneous motion on the type bar
downwards through the angle shewn by the dotted lines & in the end K of the
lever L taking with it the inking pad & so disengaging it from the type. An
opposing spring or reverse current the local circuit of which is completed at every
impression or action of type bar restores the type lever to the normal & with it the

page_text: inking pad into contact with the type. The magnets P1 P2 are included in
separate local printing circuits as illustrated in Sheet 6; & these are energised
through the rectifier by combinations of line currents as already described.
The following is a description of the mechanical parts & their functions for letter
& line spacing:
The shaft B1 bears the horizontal bevel wheel E which operates the vertical
bevel wheel E 2 mounted on the screw shalt A 2. The shaft B 1 also bears the
toothed wheel which carries the cam F1. This toothed wheel B is operated by
the ratchet click B 3 & armature S1 of the magnet El which is included in each
of the circuits working the magnets P1 & P 2 &c. So that whenever a printing
current is sent into one or other of the last mentioned circuits magnet El is
engaged & the click B 3 performs a waste journey by slipping over a tooth against
the tension of the spring S: but on the cessation of the current, (which means that
the letter indicated has been printed) the click B3 pulled back by the action
of the spring performs an effective journey by pushing forward the toothed wheel B
the space of a tooth which means that the mutilated gear E & E2 has turned
the screw shaft A 2 & the type lever platforms thereon one letter space. On the
wheel B making an entire revolution which means that a line of printing or spacing
has been accomplished, the nose F of the cain F1 allows the spring S2 to push
out the rod S3 & the projections S4 thereon simultaneously turn round the toothed
wheels on the ends of the two outside rollers R thus moving the paper which is
between them one line space. The paper used for printing may be in a continuous
length like that in a web printing machine, & may, previous to being inserted in
the machine be divided at regular intervals by transverse perforations & the top
or bottom of each division lettered or numbered so that on the printed matter being
produced by the machine the same may be readily & neatly separated & formed up
into consecutive pages..
Lis the link lever arrangement connecting the action of the rod S3 with the
cam F1 through a bearing or slot in the standard F 2.
F 3 Sheet 12 represents plan & section of an automatic commutator or switch
the function of which is to shunt the currents circulating in printing circuits B B 1,
BB2 etc. from the magnets at A Fig. 1 Sheet 10 to those at A Fig. 2 same
sheet. B4 is a disc mounted on shaft B1 with a raised contact segment B5
which alternately for every revolution slides in contact with the studs B6 & B7,
that is to say for every half revolution the contact segment slides against B6 &
for the other half it slides against B 7. The electrical connections are as shewn
in the sectional view. The magnet or solenoid P1 corresponds to one or other of
those on the side A, Fig. 1 Sheet 10, one terminal going to the contact stud B7
and through the raised segment-when the latter is in sliding contact or engage-
ment therewith-to one pole of the battery B 8, the other terminal of magnet P 1
going to the rectifier R & thence to the other pole of the battery as shewn. The
magnet or solenoid P similarly corresponds to those on side A Fig. 2 Sheet 10.
When the raised segment is in engaging or sliding contact with the stud B 7 that
means that the printing magnets or solenoids P1 on side A Fig. 1 Sheet 10 are
printing & those on side A Fig. 2 same sheet not printing as it will be seen that
when the raised segment is sliding against B 7 no circuit exists for the magnets
or solenoids on side A 2 and thus it is vice versa. The raised segment is of course
co-terminous with the segmental bevel on the toothed wheel A 2 & as this latter
produces the alternate motion of the smaller bevel wheels E2 and they in turn
the travel of the platforms A A Figs. 1 & 2 Sheet 10 as already described viz. to
print the first half of a line when approaching each other & the second half when
receding from each other, it follows that the printing function is by the electrical
arrangement shewn transferred at the exact moment from the one set of printing
magnets to the other.
In Sheet 13 I illustrate diagramatically the method by which I adapt to a
telephone circuit my electrically operated typewriter whether constructed on the
i

page_text: principle of a typewheel or a type bår so long as each type is indicated & workėd
by a separate printing circuit built up or actuated by a system of combinations of
main line currents. L is the line going to the switch board at the telephone
exchange indicated by the dotted continuation line & in the normal position passing
through the rectifier R as per the path illustrated in Sheets 2 & 3, M 1 being simply
the terminals of the rectifier, through the finger key N the bell B the contact
stud R the switch arm R 4 & thence to earth. T is the receiver M the microphone
transmitter J the induction coil K is a switch mechanically connected to the key N
open in the normal position thus allowing the speaking currents to circulate in the
secondary of the induction coil & thence on the line but closed at the commencement
of every depression of the key N thus forming a bridge on to the contact piece K 1
& cutting out the high resistance of the secondary of the induction coil & allowing
the battery currents at C to circulate which for the instancé shewn give a coupling
up corresponding to the local printing circuit in the rectifier at Fig. 2, and this in
turn corresponds to the connections of the printing circuit B B 1 Sheet 4 having
been formed on the printer at both ends. It will be noted by tracing the path of
these currents on the line that they reach earth at the receiving end in whichever
position the switch arm R 4 is whether at the position shewn at Fig. 2 or at Fig. 1
i.e. whether any person is attending at the receiving end or not. The operation of
typing & speaking can go on simultaneously no switching being required other
than that provided by the instantaneous automatic action of the key itself.
Sheets 14 & 15 illustrate the connections when I employ a type wheel machine
operated by electro magneto escapement worked by currents transmitted by the
magneto generator described & illustrated in Sheet 9 which only vary in the
substitution of the magneto generator MI for the battery connections as at C
Fig. 1 Sheet 13. Here also as in the former case it will be seen that the general
action in relation to the telephone is the same as before described & which may be
now recapitulated as follows. Sheet 14 shews the normal position viz. :—the
receiver switch arms R4 depressed (the receivers T being supposed to be hanging
on them). The attention of the central exchange is called by ringing the bell Bas
41sual, & assuming that the subscriber wanted does not reply the caller at Fig. 1
says to exchange "All right leave me through till ring off" & goes on typing,
the line currents going through E R4 BL contact ring C on armature M 1 contact
stud S, key N & through magnets to L through switch: board at exchange then L
at Fig. 2 through the corresponding paths & stud R1 to earth. The key N at the
end of the depression parts company with the stud S thus allowing the battery current
to work the magnet E 1 for printing & spacing. Should the operator at Fig. 1 take
his receiver off the switch to listen if the other end is speaking he can do so without
interfering with the operation of typing as the line current then finds earth
through the receiver as shewn at R 2. R3 being the connection for the primary of
the induction coil with the transmitter & battery included therein.
The following points are to be noted;-with regard to the motor drum K & the
armature levers K 1 Fig. 1 Sheet 6 In practice the, angles of the upper half of
the diagonal ridge must not exactly coincide with the angles of the lower half but
must be set off somewhat as in Fig. 3 so that the levers on the upward motion may
bring the drum round to a position removed one letter space from the position to
which the drum would be brought by the downward. motion of the same lever
& vice versa; or the same effect may be produced by doubling the number of
armature levers & using a single diagonal ridge at Fig. 4 Sheet 6 instead of a
double one as shewn at K Fig. 1. In the case, of the current combination-
transmitter the printing instruments at the sending end & receiving end are always
at zero that is to say any letter or character or space as desired can always be
produced on the corresponding key at the sending end being depressed. In the
case of the magneto transmitter the boss B always bears a fixed relationship to the
position of the typewheels this relationship must always be preserved by leaving
the printing instruments so as to start from a zero point say the letter A for which
Jr

page_text: purpose a pointer indicating that position may be affixed to the boss B1.
Sheets 13 14 & 15 illustrate the adaptation of my invention in connection with the
use of telephones singly or on an exchange system the drawings shew two stations
only as of course it is obvious that this is sufficient for both the above purposes;
that is to say the circuit I in the case of a single telephone line between station A
& station B (that is to say Fig. 1 & Fig. 2) would be completed direct as indicated
by the dotted lines Sheet 15 whilst in the case of an exchange the circuit LL
would in each instance go to the switch board thereat. It is also equally obvious
that the telephones may be omitted & the printing instruments used by themselves
or with a call bell coupled up on a single line or on an exchange system or on
grouped circuits as radiating from one centre from which communications could be
sent simultaneously to the members of the group or to which the members of the
group may communicate in turn, the telephone being combined with this last
system or not as circumstances may require.
Having now particularly described & ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion & in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is :-
1. A telephone in combination with a typewriter or printer operated electrically
substantially as described.
2. A telephone exchange system in combination with typewriters or printers
operated electrically substantially as described.
3. A typewriter or printer operated electrically on telephone wires on the
principle of communications telegraphed between a centre and subscribers sub-
stantially as described.
4. A typewriter or printer operated electrically on the principle of a telephone
exchange system substantially as described.
5. A sending apparatus comprising keys adapted to transmit to the line electrical
currents in pre-arranged order in combination with a rectifier consisting of electro
magnets & armatures & corresponding contacts & connections for receiving said
currents in such a manner as to enable them to build up local circuits for operating
typewriters or printers substantially as described.
6. The method of utilising combinations of line currents by means of electro
magnets with their armatures & corresponding contacts making connection in local
circuits and automatically restoring said armatures to their normal position
substantially as described.
7. A type wheel machine comprising on one shaft duplicate type wheels
connected with right and left hand screw shaft & mutilated bevel gear for letter
spacing, lever ratchet connection with geared paper rollers for line spacing & spring
tilted paper frame for printing. Electro magnets with armature levers taking into
diagonal ridge on motor boss for the selective motion in typewheels & the shifting
mask with device for transferring printing function from one type wheel to the
other substantially as described.
8. A type wheel machine with the selective motion of the type wheels produced
by an opposing pair of electro magnets with polarised armature escapement
imparting a step by step motion in one direction with line currents of one sign & a
similar motion in the other direction with line currents of the opposite sign; & a
magneto generator for transmitting with finger keys taking into a diagonal ridge on
a boss geared with a revolving armature substantially as described.
9. A type bar machine comprising duplicate sets of type bar levers & magnets
or solenoids with direct self inking pads mounted on corresponding duplicate
platforins geared on right & left hand screw shaft as in the type wheel machine
with a similar means for spacing, the type wheel magnets or solenoids each being
included in a separate local circuit worked by a combination of currents on the
line substantially as described.

page_text: 10. The principle of connecting the key at the sending end as a switch at each
depression for opening the line to the operating typewriter currents & closing it to.
the telephone & vice versa substantially as described..
11. The method of connecting up telephone apparatus with type printing
instruments substantially as described.
Dated this 13th day of August 1894.
SAMUEL D. WILLIAMS.