IMPROVEMENTS IN BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONS FORMING PARTS OF OR CONNECTED TO THE SAME WITH REFERENCE TO VENTILATION, HEATING, SMOKE CURE, LIGHTING, ORNAMEN- TATION, WEATHERPROOFING, AND FIREPROOFING, AND IN THE MATERIALS, MODES, METHODS, PROCESSES, APPARATUS, AND MACHINERY FOR CARRYING THE SAME INTO EFFECT, PARTLY APPLICABLE TO MOVABLE OR LOCOMOTIVE STRUCTURES
Year: 1875

page_text: ETTERS PATENT to Thaddeus Hyatt, of No. 66, Gloucester Gardens,
Hyde Park, London, in the County of Middlesex, Manufacturer of
Patent Lights, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN BUILDINGS
AND CONSTRUCTIONS FORMING PARTS OF OR CONNECTED TO THE SAME WITH
REFERENCE TO VENTILATION, HEATING, SMOKE CURE, LIGHTING, ORNAMEN-
TATION, WEATHERPROOFING, AND FIREPROOFING, AND IN THE MATERIALS,
MODES, METHODS, PROCESSES, APPARATUS, AND MACHINERY FOR CARRYING
THE SAME INTO EFFECT, PARTLY APPLICABLE TO MOVABLE OR LOCOMOTIVE
STRUCTURES."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thaddeus Hyatt at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 2nd June 1875.
I, THADDEUS HYATT, of No. 66, Gloucester Gardens, Hyde Park,
London, in the County of Middlesex, Manufacturer of Patent Lights,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONS FORMING PARTS OF OR CONNECTED TO THE

page_text: SAME WITH REFERENCE TO VENTILATION, HEATING, SMOKE CURE, LIGHTING,
ORNAMENTATION, WEATHERPROOFING, AND FIREPROOFING, AND IN THE MATERIALS,
MODES, METHODS, PROCESSES, Apparatus, and MACHINERY FOR CARRYING THE
SAME INTO EFFECT, PARTLY APPLICABLE TO MOVABLE OR LOCOMOTIVE STructures,"
to be as follows:-

page_text: hydraulic lime, lime mortars, concrete, and equivalent materials, upon
the general principles adopted with regard to baked encaustics, tiles,
and tesserae, as to moulding and pressing the same; a part of the Inven-
tion relating to the character of the pigments used to color the same,
that is to say, chemically harmonious with the lime or other material,
and to certain new modes of ornamenting the same as to materials by
inlaying, that is to say, setting them with colored glasses or other
encaustics, or other material, and methods therefor, that is to say,
preparing the encaustics and tiles by recesses to receive or be set after-
wards with ornaments, the mode of ornamenting and plan of setting
being also applicable to ordinary encaustics & tiles.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists
in processes and apparatus for making encaustics and tiles of irregular
and curved forms to overlay rounded, sunken, and other shapes
demanded by architecture for building purposes, and in methods of
applying the same, that is to say, in using double dies to make the
encaustics and tiles, and applying the same by overlapping joints; a
part of the improvement consisting of a new method of forming inlaid
encaustics and tiles, as above mentioned; a part of the improvement
also consisting in methods of construction and attachment, both as to
the encaustics, the tiles, and the surfaces to which the same are applied,
that is to say, made with channelled surfaces or recesses; a part of the
improvement also consisting in the manufacture of cluster encaustics,
tiles, and tesserae, in sheets or plates made with breakable or dividing
lines; a part of the improvement also relating to illuminating gratings
and perforated plates set or overlaid with encaustics, tiles, or tesserae, as
to forming the glasses, the metals, and the ornamenting materials with
channelled surfaces or recesses to prevent the overlayer from cracking
off or becoming easily jarred or knocked off, and to cheapen the method
of construction.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists
in ornamenting Mansard and other roofs and weather surfaces by
covering them with tiles moulded, stamped, or otherwise made with
ornamental bas relief work, a part of the improvement consisting in
forming the weather surfaces with indents in lines, or otherwise, to
receive inlays of ornamenting materials.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists
in making and applying to building and architectural purposes tiles,

page_text: or otherwise, another part of this Invention consisting in some cases in
strengthening such tiles with cows' hair, asbestos fibre, vegetable fibre,
or equivalent binding material, and a further part of the Invention
consisting in making and applying asphaltic roofing and weather
boarding tiles as substitutes in some cases for the above described
hydraulic tiles

page_text: materials, a part of the Invention consisting in so shaping the materials
when for walking surfaces as to produce illuminating flat arches.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists
in shaping and applying "illuminating bricks," so as to form flat arches
of them for walking surfaces, a part of the Invention consisting under
some circumstances in forming a wearing surface upon the bricks of
asphalt or other material, and in combining the same with iron joists,
and a further part of the Invention consisting in the use and application
of supporting arched gratings or bars, placed underneath the brick
arches as a part of the construction.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists
in imbedding the glasses of illuminating gratings in india-rubber of
sufficient mass to enable them to withstand concussion, and so com-
bining them with the metal grating as to secure the glasses against
injury, even when exposed to the passage of horses and carriages over
them.
FIREPROOFING, LIGHTING, AND ORNAMENTING.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists
in fireproofing buildings by means of an improved fibrous plaster,
cement, or mortar, having peculiar qualities or properties superior to
cows' hair for adhering to the lathing, and other surfaces of buildings
exposed to fire, the improvement consisting in the use and application
of cut Manilla or other vegetable fibre previously made rot proof, and in
some cases fireproof by suitable chemical means, such as burnetizing, or
steeped in a solution of tungstate of soda, or saturated with asphalt or its
equivalent, a part of the Invention consisting in putting up such cut and
prepared materials in commercial form convenient for handling use and
carriage or transportation.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists
in constructing the roofs and floors of buildings and walking surfaces
by combining concrete, artificial stone, brick, or equivalent fire resisting
materials, with iron tie rods upon a principle and in a form which
converts the brick or stony material into a strut, the bent or curved tie
or ties being protected against fire by being enclosed within the mass,
the upper part of which under a load receives the crushing strain,
a part of the Invention consisting in a mechanical means or attachment
for readily bringing the tie or ties into tensile strain.

page_text: According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists
in constructing the floors and roofs of buildings wholly or partially of
iron frames strengthened by cross ties, the main tie rods being within the
interior of the frame, and of a curved or bent form to act against the
mass which takes the crushing strain, which is in the form of a filling
of brick, concrete, or otherwise.
According to another part of my Invention I construct floors and
roofs of buildings of metal in skeleton form, by riveting or bolting the
principal members or parts together after the manner of bridge building,
a part of the Invention consisting in a method of filling in and fire-
proofing the same by means of bricks specially shaped, prepared, and
combined with the metal skeleton, a part of the Invention consisting in
protecting the bottom flanges of iron beams and joists by means of the
lower sections of bricks made and put together in the form of an arch
or of equivalent materials, and which rest upon the beams above the
flanges.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Thaddeus Hyatt in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 2nd December 1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, THADDEUS
HYATT, of No. 66, Gloucester Gardens, Hyde Park, London, in the
County of Middlesex, Manufacturer of Patent Lights, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Second day of June, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, in the 38th
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors give
and grant unto me, the said Thaddeus Hyatt, Her special license,
that I, the said Thaddeus Hyatt, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said Thaddeus Hyatt, my executors,
administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time, and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and

page_text: vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
.IN BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONS FORMING PARTS OF OR CONNECTED TO THE SAME
WITH REFERENCE TO VENTILATION, HEATING, SMOKE CURE, LIGHTING, ORNAMEN-
TATION, WEATHERPROOFING, AND FIREPROOFING, AND IN THE MATERIALS, MODES,
METHODS, PROCESSES, APPARATUS, AND MACHINERY FOR CARRYING THE SAME INTO
EFFECT, PARTLY APPLICABLE TO MOVEABLE OR LOCOMOTIVE STRUCTURES," upon the
condition (amongst others) that I, the said Thaddeus Hyatt, my exe-
cutors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my hand
and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
.said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within
six calender months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Thaddeus Hyatt, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement, reference being had to the accompanying
Drawings and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to
Bay :-
The first part of my Invention consists in doing away with the
"chimney tops" of buildings (the great disfigurement of cities), and
preventing the down draught in chimneys by substituting for chimney
tops a mechanical blower, which may be placed at any part of the flue,
or in the chimney breast, or in the metal stove set in the fire-place, the
blower being no less useful to prevent the smell of the chimney from
polluting the house when no fires are kept up than helping the draught
when fires are used. The blower may be actuated by clockwork or
worked like a smoke jack or otherwise.
'
Figure 1 of the annexed Sheet of Drawings is a front view of a fire-
place with my improvements applied thereto; and Figure 2 is a trans-
verse section of the same. A is the chimney breast; B the stove, in
the face plate of which an opening is made for the introduction of the
spout or nozzle a of the mechanical blower C. The blower is repre-
sented as situated immediately beneath the mantel board, but it may
be placed in any other suitable position. D is a train of gearing actuated
by a spring drum c for imparting motion to the fan b.

page_text: The second part of my Invention consists in making a substitute for
the ordinary baked encaustic tiles and tesseræ by means of coloured
cements, hydraulic limes, lime mortars, concretes, and equivalent
materials, the materials being treated and worked upon the general
principle or method of working " beton coignet," and then moulding or
moulding and pressing and drying the same. In some cases it may be
desirable to incorporate a fibrous material, such as cut Manilla or
asbestos.
The third part of my Invention consists in making indented encaustic
and other tiles and also bricks to receive inlays of colored material. As
ordinarily made the inlay and the tile are parts of each other in the first
manufacture. By my method the tiles are prepared with indents to
receive inlays, which may be cemented to them at any time.
Figures 3 and 4 of the Drawings represent in section and plan respec-
tively a tile with an indent E formed therein for the reception of different
coloured tiles or other material F, as shewn at Figure 5..
The fourth part of my Invention consists in ornamenting the roofs
and weather faces of buildings by indenting and interlaying the same
with glazed or other tiles or ornamenting materials, the indents being
either made by moulding in surfaces formed of plastic materials or in
bricks or tiles. Figure 6 illustrates a portion of a wall or roof made of
inlaid tiles or bricks according to this part of my Invention. Where
the inlays are designed to shew figures of larger size than any single tile
or brick each brick or tile is formed with a portion only of the whole
figure, as seen in Figure 6.
The fifth part of my Invention consists in making tile roofs with
water-tight joints by abutting the tiles and covering the joints with
cement or inlays set in cement. A part of the Invention, consisting in
the make of the tiles for this purpose, which may be formed either of
metal, baked clay, or other suitable material, and set or not with glass
for illuminating or other purposes. Figures 7 and 8 represent respec-
tively in section and plan three such tiles as joined. G, G, are the tiles,
a being the cement, and H being the inlay which fills up the channel
made by the peculiar shape of the tiles when abutted as shewn.
The sixth part of my Invention consists in making the roofs and
floors of buildings of metal joists and beams bolted or rivetted.together,

page_text: and made fireproof upon a method which puts the protection where it is
most needed, videlicit, at the bottom flanges of the metal joists and
beams.
Figures 9 and 10 illustrate this method of construction. I, I, are the
girders, and K, K, the cross joists, two of which are shewn in Figure 9.
The method of forming the brick arches between the joists K, K, is
shewn in Figure 9, the skewback bricks L having underlaps 6 to protect
the bottom flanges of the joists K, the space C between the underlaps
underneath the joists being formed thereby to be filled with plaster of
Paris or any other good non-conductor of heat. The bricks are pre-
ferably perforated, and are shaped and laid as shewn in Figure 9 at d, d,
so as to form a retaining surface for the plaster e, e, of the ceiling.
Those bricks that abut against the beams I, I, are shaped to underlap
the bottom flanges of the beams, as shewn at f, f, Figure 10. The
principle of this construction is that of a load-bearing ceiling, and is the
reverse of ordinary fireproof floors. The space or bay between the beams
above the ceiling may be filled by concrete or other arches, or a wood
flooring may be laid upon wood supports placed in the bays, in which
case I protect the webs of the beams by plaster or other fire-resisting
material.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my
said Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used
or carried into effect, I would observe in conclusion that what I
consider to be novel and original and therefore claim as the In-
vention secured to me by the herein-before in part recited Letters
Patent is,―
First. The prevention of down draughts in chimneys by the applica-
tion of a mechanical blowing apparatus to the chimney, as herein-before
described.
'
Second. The manufacture or production of tiles and tesseræ from
colored cements, hydraulic limes, mortars, and concrete materials, by
moulding or by moulding and pressure, and without burning or firing
the same, as herein-before described.
Third. The manufacture or production of ornamental tiles and bricks,
such tiles being previously formed with indentations, and the inden-
tations being afterwards inlaid with colored materials, as herein-before
described.

page_text: Fourth. The mode of ornamenting the weather faces of buildings by
indenting the same, and afterwards filling up the indentations with
glazed tiles or other ornamental weatherproof material, as herein-before
described.
Fifth. The construction of tile roofs with tiles, the edges of which
abut on or against each other, the joints of such edges forming channels
filled with cement or other waterproofing material, or in which tiles are
set in cement, and the construction of the tiles for that purpose, as
herein-before described and illustrated by my Drawings.
Sixth. The construction of fireproof buildings by means of load
bearing ceilings, as herein-before described and illustrated in my
Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thaddeus Hyatt, have to this my
Specification set my hand and seal, this Second day of December,
One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five.