matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
AN IMPROVED PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR COOLING BREWERS' WORTS, AND FOR OTHER LIKE PURPOSES
Year: 1876

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Alexander Cæsar Frederick Franklin
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 5th January 1876.
ALEXANDER CESAR FREDERICK FRANKLIN, of Brighton, in the County of
Sussex, Civil and Mechanical Engineer. "AN IMPROVED PROCESS AND APPARATUS
FOR COOLING BREWERS' WORTS, AND FOR OTHER LIKE PURPOSES."
This Invention relates to a process and apparatus wherein atmospheric air is
utilized for the cooling of brewers' worts and other fluids. The air is first made
damp or moist by means of a jet or jets of steam, or by other convenient means,
and is thereby caused to expand. It is then condensed by the action of cold water
or otherwise, and passed into a receiver, either under or free from pressure. By
this treatment the air is rendered capable of rapidly absorbing heat. This air from
the receiver is then allowed to expand around and in contact with the surfaces of
vessels or apparatus containing the fluid to be cooled. The heat of the latter will
expel the moisture from the air, which will absorb a proportionate quantity of this
heat. It is obvious that the more rapidly the heat is absorbed the more rapid will
be the radiation, and this action being maintained by a continuous and uniform
supply of moist air from the receiver, rapidly brings the wort or other fluid to the
required temperature.
The apparatus I prefer to use in practising my Invention is as follows:-The
said apparatus comprises a vessel provided with steam jet pipes, or partly filled
with hot water for moistening the air; a condenser partly filled with cold water,
or provided with means for injecting a spray or shower of cold water; a receiver
of any suitable construction capable of insuring a steady supply of air, and which
may be advantageously constructed like an ordinary gas holder; a fan or other
means for producing a current of air; and a refrigerator, wherein the wort or other
This refrigerator is
fluid is subjected to the action of a current of cold air.
preferably constructed with a cylindrical casing, enclosing either vertical or
horizontal tubes of thin metal, through which the wort or other fluid passes,
while the current of air passes or circulates around the said tubes within the
casing; the latter has an outlet tube, through which the air passes away. This
form of refrigerator will not expose the wort to any injurious action, while the
cooling surfaces therein are sufficient to effect the cooling very rapidly. The fan is
Din 971

page_text: properly arranged and connected by pipes with. the various parts of the apparatus
to cause the current of air to pass through the air damping and cooling vessels into
the receiver. The latter is provided with a cock or valve in the pipe leading to
the refrigerator, so that the supply of moist air to the latter may be regulated as
required.
5
IMPROVE- MENTS IN BALE TIES
Year: 1876

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Daniel Cole Lowber at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents on the 24th June 1876.
DANIEL COLE LOWBER, of Warrington, in the County of Lancaster. "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN BALE TIES."
The bale tie patented by me in 1868, No. 1346, while very succesful and in
large demand, has one defect, 1st, the twisting is found to weaken the wire con-
siderably, especially in the case of bright wire, which indeed is injured so much
as to be almost inapplicable for the purpose, though actually possessed of greater
tensile strength than annealed wire. Now my present Invention is designed to
obviate this evil. In carrying it out I use the same catch or hasp as formerly, but
instead of twisting the ends of the wires back upon themselves I simply bend them
into a loop, and let the end that has been bent back lie parallel to and touching
the other part of the wire. I then tie the two firmly together by twisting fine
wire round them near the termination of the bent back end. I then plunge the
whole end into molten metal, preferably zinc or solder, thus solder the whole firmly
together, thus making it impossible for any one to undo the joint without cutting it.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF CHIMNEY TOPS AND VENTILATORS
Year: 1876

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Robert Wagstaff at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 21st October 1876.
ROBERT WAGSTAFF, of Hyde, in the County of Chester, Engineer. " IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF CHIMNEY TOPS AND VENTILATORS."
My improved chimney top and ventilator consists of a cylindrical tube, the upper
part of which is made beli mouthed to increase the circumference; above the bell
mouth is fixed a double cone piece, and the products of combustion or the vitiated
air escape between the cone piece and the bell mouth; the whole is surrounded by
a cylindrical casing. The down draughts are prevented by the double cone, the
circumference of which is about the same as that of the bell mouth, the current of
air being conveyed between the circumference of the double cone and the inside of
the casing instead of passing down the chimney. These chimney tops or ventilators
may be square or of other suitable shape instead of being cylindrical, as above
described.
NEW OR IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR INDICATING THE AVERAGE PRESSURE AND ACTUAL HORSE-POWER OF STEAM OR OTHER ENGINES
Year: 1876

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Troughton Birchall at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 17th July 1876.
JOHN TROUGHTON BIRCHALL, of Preston, in the County of Lancaster, Engineer.
"NEW OR IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR INDICATING THE AVERAGE PRESSURE AND
ACTUAL HORSE-POWER OF STEAM OR OTHER ENGINES."
The object of this Invention is the construction of a simple and efficient
instrument for indicating upon a dial or dials the average pressure throughout the
stroke of a steam or other engine, a modification of which may be arranged to
indicate the actual horse power of the engine.
In carrying out my Invention as applied to high-pressure or non-condensing
engines I arrange a series of chambers communicating with each other through a
small passage; one end of the series is in communication with a pressure gauge,
and the other end opens into a chamber which I prefer shall surround the entire
series; this outer vessel in turn communicates alternately through a two-way tap
worked from the engine with the pressure side of the cylinder. The effect of this
combination of chambers so connected and communicating with the cylinder as
described is that the average pressure throughout the stroke is indicated upon
the gauge.
For condensing engines, and when a vacuum is employed, I arrange a compound
gauge with two dials back to back. Upon one dial the amount of vacuum is
indicated either in the ordinary manner, or a series of the chambers herein-beforc
mentioned may be employed to ensure the average vacuum being indicated. The
arbour carrying the pointer of the vacuum dial also carries the dial of the pressure
side, which revolves therewith. The pointer of the pressure side indicates the
average pressure as herein-before described, but as the dial of the pressure side has
likewise been moved through a space corresponding with the amount of vacuum
the result is an indication of the average pressure upon the piston throughout the
stroke arising both from pressure and vacuum. Knowing the area of the piston,
and in the case of engines having a uniform piston speed, the pressure dial admits of
being graduated with a special series of gradations and figures for indicating the
actual horse-power of the engine to which the apparatus is applied.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF HAND AND MACHINE SEWING NEEDLES
Year: 1876

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Sidney Stamper Thomas at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 15th November 1876.
SIDNEY STAMPER THOMAS, of the Firm of Carlisle, Pittman, and Company, of Bow
Lane, in the City of London. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF HAND
AND MACHINE SEWING NEEDLES."
This Invention consists in certain improvements in the construction of hand and
machine sewing needles, whereby the difficulty of passing the thread endwise
through the eye of the needle is obviated.
The following is the manner of constructing needles for hand sewing according to
this Invention:-On one side of the eye of the needle and near the lower part
thereof I separate the metal, so as to form a lateral opening towards the said eye.
The upper or longer strip or tongue thus formed then elongated and turned
inwards, and the lower or shorter strip or tongue is also elongated in such a manner
as to overlap the upper strip aforesaid, and to leave a sufficient space between the
two for the free passage of the thread. The top of the lower strip or tongue is
smoothly bevelled from the outside, so as to allow the thread to enter easely into
the opening between it and the upper strip.
In order to thread a needle constructed as above it will be only necessary to
double the thread over the needle and slip it towards the eye until it falls between
the two strips above described, when with a slight upwards motion it will be made
to enter the eye and remain perfectly secure therein.
IMPROVEMENTS IN NEEDLES FOR HAND AND MACHINE SEWING
Year: 1876

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joseph Pignatelli de Aragon at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 30th October 1876. A com-
munication from abroad by José Maria de la Torre y Montalbo, of Biarritz,
France.
JOSEPH PIGNATELLI DE ARAGON, of Biarritz, France, and temporarily of York
Place, Portman Square, in the County of Middlesex. "IMPROVEMENTS IN NEEDLES
FOR HAND AND MACHINE SEWING."
This Invention consists of a slightly diagonal incision or opening in the upper
part of the eye of an ordinary needle for sewing by hand, of which incision the
inner side should be smaller than the thickness of the thread employed. The slit
of the eye should be made somewhat nearer to the side of the incision, thus giving
more strength to the other side which is uncut.
For the machine needle the cut should be made midway the length of the eye,
and should be smaller on the inner side than the thickness of the thread usually
employed. Both the incision and the eye of the needle must receive a high degree of
polish in order to avoid catching the material or cutting the thread. No change
in the usual size of needle is necessitated by this new system of threading.
IMPROVEMENTS IN CAPSTANS WORKED BY WATER OR OTHER FLUID PRESSURE"
Year: 1876

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Edward Bayzand Ellington, of Chester, in the County of
Chester, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN CAPSTANS WORKED BY WATER
OR OTHER FLUID PRESSURE"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Edward Bayzand Ellington
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 29th May 1876.
EDWARD BAYZAND ELLINGTON, of Chester, in the County of Chester. "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN CAPSTANS WORKED BY WATER OR OTHER FLUID PRESSURE."
My Invention relates to capstans which are worked by water or other fluid
pressure driving an engine attached to and forming part of or geared to the capstan,
and has for its object an arrangement such as shall give convenient access to the
said engine for cleansing, repairs, or other purposes without the necessity for break-
ing any of the joints of the pipes that are subject to the pressure of the working
fluid.
For this purpose I make the platform or bed plate on which the capstan is
mounted to slide vertically upwards to a sufficient height above the ground for
giving access to the engine, which is usually fixed under the said bed plate. I
effect this by means of one or more rams worked, when desired, by the water or
other fluid pressure, or by means of one or more screws, which can be worked from
above the bed plate.
The pipe which supplies the engine with working fluid when the said engine is
attached to the bed plate I make with a telescopically sliding joint made tight by
a stuffing box or cup leather, so that when the engine is raised as above described
the said pipe can be elongated without breaking any joint. The discharge pipe
may be fitted in the same manner, but as it is not subjected to great pressure a
flexible pipe may be used instead.
In cases where the engine is connected to the capstan by gearing this construction
of the pipes is unnecessary, as the engine may remain in its place when the capstan
is raised to give access to the engine.
A like arrangement is applicable to capstans or windlass heads projecting
horizontally from a wall or pier, the capstan in such case being moved forward
horizontally instead of vertically to give access to the works behind.

page_text: fluid pressure, arranging the capstan and the engine which works it on a moveable
platform or plate, and providing telescopic or flexible jointing for the pipes, con-
nected to the said engine so that the platform or plate can be moved upwards or
forwards to give access to the engine without breaking the pipe joints, substantially
as herein described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Edward Bayzand Ellington, have hereunto set
my hand and scal, this Sixteenth day of November, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and seventy-six.
TTTTTAMAN
13
EDWARD BAYZAND ELLINGTON. (L.S.) E
IMPROVEMENTS IN OR APPLICABLE TO CHAFF CUTTING MACHINES
Year: 1876

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edward Foster Sandon at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 11th January 1876.
EDWARD FOSTER SANDON, of the Firm of William Foster & Co., of the City and
County of Lincoln. "IMPROVEMENTS IN OR APPLICABLE TO CHAFF CUTTING
MACHINES."
This relates to chaff cutting machines or combinations of such machines, and
has for object the production of a blast or current of air within a case enclosing
the knife wheel, in order to collect and deliver the cut "meat" or chaff from a
mouth, opening, or spout in said enclosing case. To the knife wheel are attached a
number of fans or wings, which fans or wings extend from the arms to the periphery,
or are attached to the spindle of the knife wheel, which latter is enclosed in a case
provided with a mouth, opening, or spout, said delivery spout being arranged at any
required height, the blast produced by the fan on or in connection with the knife
wheel serving to raise the cut "meat" or chaff to the required height for delivery
in any desired direction.
The fans or wings are arranged radially or at an angle to the radius on the
knife wheel or spindle, or to effect a central delivery they are arranged in a spiral
direction.
or chaff
When desired the case enclosing the knife wheel or the delivery spout is
perforated, said perforations acting as a sieve for freeing the cut "meat"
from dust or other light impurities, or said case or delivery spout may be partially
formed of wire net for this purpose.
IMPROVEMENTS IN VEINING, HEM-STITCHING, AND EMBROIDERING MACHINERY."
Year: 1876

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Benson at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 27th June 1876.
GEORGE BENSON, of 19, Salisbury Street, Strand, London, England, and Belfast,
Ireland. "IMPROVEMENTS IN VEINING, HEM-STITCHING, AND EMBROIDERING
MACHINERY."
These Improvements consist chiefly in the mechanism and method adopted to
obtain certain movements for producing the French veining or hem-stitch, em-
broidery stitch, and other varieties of these stitches. For this purpose I employ
an ordinary sewing machine, say, for example, one of the "Thomas" principle,
and add thereto the following mechanism or mechanical apparatus, viz. :-On the
side of the body, framework, or casting, I attach a fork lever, with a shuttle box
attached to the lower fork, and the needle slide and guides attached to the upper
fork, each fork is bent inwards so as to form a right angle, and at each of those
points or angles they work on a pivot with a sliding motion. That portion of
the lever which constitutes the base of the fork receives its movement from or by
means of a cam having a double action. The cam is so constructed as to give
two motions to the lever, one from its edge and one from the face; these two
motions are commenced simultaneously. When the cam has made one-third of
its revolution the edge motion ceases, when it revolves two-thirds the faco motion
ceases, leaving thereby one-third of the revolution without its action upon the
lever. The result of these various motions is to give to the forks of the lever a
simultaneous series of movements, viz., a forward and backward motion, and an
inward and outward motion; these motions are worked separately or collectively
as the occasion requires. The length of stitch required is adjusted by the usual
arrangement of screws.
All that is intended to be claimed as new is the introduction of the fork arrango-
ment, for obtaining a perfectly identical and simultaneous motion of the needle
above the cloth and the shuttle or thread carrier below the cloth, and the sliding
pivot arrangement at the angle of each branch of the fork for giving an extended
series of motions, according as the base of the fork common to both branches
is actuated by a cam or cams, or any mechanically equivalent means for trans-
ferring motion, regularly or irregularly, as occasion requires, and the cam as
described, together with the combined actions as also described.
AN IMPROVED TELESCOPE
Year: 1876

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Robert Lake at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents on the 22nd December 1876. A communication
from abroad by Carl Fritsch and Joseph Forster, both of Vienna, Austria.
WILLIAM ROBERT LAKE, of the Firm of Haseltine, Lake, & Co., Patent Agents,
Southampton Buildings, London. "AN IMPROVED TELESCOPE." A communication.
This Invention has for its object a simple and portable construction of telescopes
which I term "Brachy" telescopes. The term Brachy, derived from the Greek,
for short, has been selected to distinguish it from the ordinary longer construction of
telescopes.
A telescope constructed according to this Invention is composed of a telescopic
tube with lens sliding in another tube, and arranged in combination with two
mirrors fixed outside of the said tube; of these two mirrors one is a large concave
mirror arranged outside and on the tube, and the other is a small mirror arranged
at the end of a rod in a line with and facing a telescopic tube and lens. The
normal line of the centre of the large mirror forms an angle with the normal line of
the centre of the small mirror, and the latter line forms an angle with the axis of
the telescope, so that the image of a distant object is reflected at an angle from the
large concave mirror to the small mirror, and this small mirror reflects it at an
angle into the telescopic tube where the image can be viewed by a lens.
It will be seen that this arrangement differs essentially froin the known con-
structions of the telescopes of Herschel, Newton, Gregory and Cassegrain, in which
construction both mirrors have to be arranged within the tube carrying the saine.
It is also evident that as by this construction, unlike the ordinary Newton telescope,
the small mirror is arranged outside the normal line of the centre of the large
concave mirror, the most effective portion of the latter can come into use. The
same advantage is derived from the fact that the large mirror is not pierced in the
centre as in the Gregorian telescope.
The surfaces of the said mirrors may be either parabolic or spherical. The small
mirror may be a convex, concave, or plane mirror.

page_text: For the purpose of conveniently transporting the telescope the large concave
mirror may be arranged on a hinge so that it can be folded down on the telescopic
tube, and the rod on whose end the small mirror is attached may be so arranged
that it can be separated from the telescopic tube and laid next to the tube in a
case.
IMPROVEMENTS IN ROLLER SKATES
Year: 1876

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Stanislaus Nowakowski and John
Joseph Baranowski at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the
24th June 1876.
STANISLAUS NOWAKOWSKI and JOHN JOSEPH BARANOWSKI, both of 32, Sloane
Street, Chelsea, Middlesex. "IMPROVEMENTS IN ROLLER SKATES."
This Invention (of improvements in roller skates) consists, firstly, in the means
by which the axles of the rollers are made to swivel to give the skate a curvilinear
direction. Secondly, in an arrangement which permits of adjusting the distance
between the two pairs of rollers so that fewer sizes of skates are required to suit
the various sizes of the feet of skaters.
The skate is composed of the usual axles and rollers turning round a centro pin,
the centre pin being fixed to a metal or other frame, the two frames each carrying
an axle and pair of rollers are connected by a metal adjustment plate, which is con-
nected by a rod to the foot board of the skate. The foot board is fitted underneath
with eyes through which the said rod passes, and thus the foot board is connected
with the adjustinent plate and the axles of the rollers longitudinally, but free to
rock by the pressure of the foot to the right or left. Attached to the frame carrying
the centre pin are side levers working on a pin attached to the frame, so that when
the foot board rocks the levers press against the axles of the rollers and cause
them to diverge from their rectangular position in relation to the foot board, and
so give to the skate a curved direction. The rocking of the foot board acting on
both axles at the same time uniformity of action is secured in the curved direction
given to each pair of wheels, and the action not being dependent on springs of
metal or elastic material is certain and safe.
The second improvement consists in perforating the metal adjustment plate with
a series of holes so that the axles of the skates can be set closer to or further from
each other and thus adjust the distance according to the size of the foot of the
skater.
To enable the wheels always to recover their normal position they are acted upon
by suitable springs of metal or india-rubber. This action is preferably accomplished
by a small bar attached at right angles to the axles and consequently in the line of
the foot board. The springs acting on either side of the bar always tending to
bring the axles of the rollers into position for giving the skate a straight course.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PREPARATION OF FERROCYANIDES FROM SPENT OXIDE OF IRON
Year: 1876

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Samuel Henry Johnson at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 22nd January 1876.
SAMUEL HENRY JOHNSON, F.C.S., of Lea Bank Works, Stratford, in the County
of Essex. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PREPARATION OF FERROCYANIDES FROM SPENT
OXIDE OF IRON."
In the treatment of spent oxide of iron (whether before or after the separation of
the sulphur, I prefer after) with alkalino carths, which dissolves out the ferro-
cyanogen as a soluable salt of the base employed, it is usual to acidify the
resulting solution with hydrochloric acid, and then precipitate the Prussian blue by
any of the well known methods, but the product produced in this way is largely
contaminated with free sulphur produced by the decomposition of the sulphide of
the alkaline earth, formed by the action of the alkaline earth on the free sulphur
existing in the spent oxide. In order to avoid this 1 proceed as follows:-The
solution resulting from the treatment with the alkaline carth (lime for example) is
submitted to the action of a current of carbonic acid gas, which may be produced
and passed through the solution by any of the methods usually employed, but I
prefer to burn coke with air in a closed vessel, pumping the air into such vessel, so
as that a pipe from the vessel may conduct the products of combustion into the
alkaline liquid, or the air pump may be connected with a flue from any adjoining
furnace, and the flue gases after having been passed through water will answer the
purpose, provided that the fuel employed is of a comparatively smokeless character.
This treatment decomposes the sulphide of calcium, forming carbonate of lime, which
precipitates along with the sulphur.
When the point of neutralization has been carefully attained the liquid is
allowed to reinain at rest for some time, and then the clear solution of ferrocyanide
of calcium free from the sulphide is drawn off into the precipitating vat for the
precipitation of the blue in the usual manner.
AN IMPROVED DUPLEX MACHINE FOR ham, in the County of Warwick. PUNCHING AND PRESSING
Year: 1876

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Hezekiah Hewitt and Samuel Toy
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 29th April 1876.
HEZEKIAH HEWITT, Manufacturer, and SAMUEL Toy, Engineer, both of Birming-
"AN IMPROVED DUPLEX MACHINE FOR
ham, in the County of Warwick.
PUNCHING AND PRESSING."
Our Invention has for its object improvements in machines for punching and
pressing articles, such as cartridges, pencil cases, pen-holders, pens, coins, checks,
labels, buttons, fancy nails, lamp and sasb chains, or any articles requiring punching,
pressing, or cutting pressure, such as bolt and spike heading machines. The body
part of our duplex machine will generally be made of one casting, that is the base
and the bearing carriers which are a distance apart in one piece, but they may when
desired be in parts; this casting is somewhat of an shape, and the ends of the
carry a main horizontal shaft which overhangs the at each end, the shaft being
supplied at each end with eccentrics and rods and slides to fix the punches, dics,
or other tools to. At or near the middle of this main shaft is mounted a worm
wheel, into which a worm works; this worm being mounted or cut upon a cross
shaft which carries the fly wheel, driving pullies, disengaging friction or other
clutch. By the side of the worm wheel and upon the main shaft I fix a toothed or
spur wheel, or it may be a part of one casting with the worm wheel which works
into a similar wheel carried by a secondary horizontal shaft running parallel with
the main shaft. A vertical shaft is worked from the secondary horizontal shaft by
bovel or mitre wheels fixed to its upper end, and this vertical shaft also carries
a mitro or bevel wheel at its lower end, and which works into another bevel or
mitre wheel and gives motion to a horizontal shaft running across the foot of the
machine parallel with the main shaft, this foot shaft actuates the tables as follows,
viz.:-Under each eccentric is mounted a table, the face of which may be recessed, or
other suitable provision made for carrying and regulating the article to be formed
or worked upon; these tables are mounted upon centres or vertical or horizontal
bearings, and underneath each table is fixed either to the table or to the centro
which carries the table, or cast or formed in one piece with the table, a set of teeth
or pins, which are acted upon by a screw or helical grooves cut or fixed at each end
of the horizontal foot 'shaft, these screws are formed helical only a part of the way
round the circumference of the shaft; the other part or parts of the screw or grooves
1

page_text: being truly square with the length of the shaft, so that the tables are made to
revolve or stand still at any part or parts of their travel, while the punching or
pressing is performed by the eccentrics; by theso' screws the tables are kept to a
dead position and they will always stop at the saine place, thus enabling the work
to be taken off and put on with great precision at any required speed.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN ROLLER OR WHEEL SKATES
Year: 1876

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Frederick Young at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 25th May 1876.
FREDERICK YOUNG, formerly of Southampton, in the County of Hants, but now
of No. 2, Rendlesham Road, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman. "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN ROLLER OR WHEEL SKATES."
My improvements consist in attaching to the body of a four-wheeled skate two or
inore springs.
I do not confine myself to the exact conformation of these springs, but prefer to
make them somewhat as follows, that is, with a straight upper portion by which
they are secured by any convenient means to the body of the skate; they then
curve to a form approaching a portion of a circle or ellipse, and at their ends carry
the boss for the axles of the rollers or wheels. Secured also to the body of the
skate are four guide pieces; these guides are so cast, formed, or recessed as to have
within them slots or guides, which slots or guides may be elliptical, angular, or
straight. Into these guides the axles of the wheels enter.
By this arrangement when the weight of the skater is fairly upon the skates
the springs by their yielding will allow the axles of the wheels to come to their
fixed bearings in the guide pieces.
It will be obvious that when in use the springs will give great freedom of
motion to the skater, whilst at the same time the elasticity and the grip of an ice
skate are fully attained.
I attain the turning motion by decreasing the revolutions of the wheels upon one
side of the skate, which can be effected by the application of pressure, or a break,
or in any other manner I may deem expedient and convenient.
I sometimes form upon the guide pieces or other suitable place recesses for con-
taining oil or other lubricating matter.
I sometimes use ordinary wooden wheels with bevelled edges, and I sometimes
se metal wheels, and in some cases rubber tyres. .
I usually construct the skate with four wheels, but I may construct it with two,
three, or more wheels.
OR IMPROVED CASTOR
Year: 1876

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Barr at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 18th November 1876. A communication from
abroad by Lewis Peter Lawrence, of Port Morris, in the State of New Jersey,
in the United States of America.
"A NEW
JOHN BARR, of Greenock, in the County of Renfrew, North Britain.
OR IMPROVED CASTOR." A communication from abroad by Lewis Peter Lawrence,
of Port Morris, in the State of New Jersey, in the United States of America.
This Invention, which relates to a new or improved castor for being attached to
the legs of furniture, such as tables, chairs, sofas, bedsteads, chests of drawers, and to
other articles, such as safes, sewing machines, and portable stoves, has for its object
to enable the castor wheels to be fixed or to run freely at pleasure so that, the
articles to which the new or improved castor is attached may when the wheels are
free be easily moved about on the floor or other surface on which they stand, and
when the castor wheels are locked or fixed such articles become practically stationary
in any required position.
In the new or improved castor the boss of the wheel is formed with any desired
number of slots, or holes, or projections, into, upon, or against which a stop or brake
is applied or withdrawn at pleasure. The stop or brake consists of a sliding bar
or bolt, or its equivalent, acted upon by a spring, which spring when the bar or bolt
is free forces it into, upon, or against a slot hole or projection on the boss of the
castor wheel, whereby the wheel is firmly held; and on the other hand by drawing
up the bar or bolt, either directly by the hand or by means of an intervening cord,
chain, or wire attached to it, the bar or bolt is caught in a recess, or it may be held
up by a screw or other catch, which keeping it out of contact with the slots, holes,
or projections on the boss of the wheel leaves it free to rotate.
IN ROLLER SKATES
Year: 1876

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Walter Bright at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 9th May 1876.
WALTER BRIGHT, of Leamington, Warwickshire, Goldsmith.
IN ROLLER SKATES."
This Invention relates to improvements in roller skates.
"IMPROVEMENTS
According to my Invention I attach to the under side of the foot stock two pairs
of rollers, one pair near the heel and the other near the toe thereof. The axle of
.cach pair of rollers has extending at right angles from its centra another short axle,
and this is mounted in bearings causing it to take a direction inclined relative to
the stock, the inclination of the two short axles being reversed, so that by depressing
one side of the stock and so causing the two axles of the rollers to turn in their
inclined bearings the two rollers on the side depressed will approach one another,
the axles assuming the positions of radii of a circle and enabling the skate to be run
in a curve. To help the inclination of the axles of the rollers the castings forming
the bearings for the short inclined axles are formed each with a wing at each side,
the inner side of each of which wings is inclined at right angles to the short
inclined axle. The axle of each pair of rollers bears against the two inclined surfaces
thus formed, and so is steadied and helped in taking the inclined direction required.
The axles of the rollers are brought back to their normal position at right angles to
the length of the stock and parallel to one another when the foot is raised from the
ground by a blade spring attached to the stock midway between the two axles and
thence rising at each side by a curve to the axles of tho rollers, against the upper or
under side of which it presses, the ends of the spring being forked that it may press
equally on both sides of the centre. The strength of the spring is regulated at
pleasure by a nut working on to a screw passing through the spring near each
extremity, the nut pressing on to the spring and so compressing or relasing it as
desired.
The two rollers of each pair may be brought together in the middle of the axle
so as to form practically one roller divided for facility of turning.
IMPROVEMENTS IN LIFE AND OTHER BOATS
Year: 1876

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by François Marcellus Dolatre at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 2nd May 1876.
FRANÇOIS MARCELLUS DELATRE, of 67, Strand, in the City of Westminster.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN LIFE AND OTHER BOATS."
The improvements have for their object the rendering life and other boats self-
righting, no matter how launched, and consists in forming the same with a flat
bottomed ballasted hull or platform, with a vertical stem and stern, and two or
moro air chambers, and on said hull or platform mounting seats or conveniences for
passengers, more or less opened, together with open bulwarks, so that all the water
that comes on deck may be speedily got rid of.
The improvements may be performed by making the various parts of metal, or
wood, or both combined, and the air chambers may have double cases to them, so
that if the outer should give the inner may serve.
The ballast or load will be
below the water line, and will be permanent. In some cases the passengers will be
tied to their seats, as they and the boat may be wholly immersed when launched
for a few moments.
AN IMPROVED CHIMNEY POT
Year: 1876

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Paul de Sa, of Ryde, Isle of Wight, in the County of
Southampton, Photographer, for the Invention of "AN IMPROVED CHIMNEY
POT."
Sealed the 22nd February 1876, and dated the 3rd January 1876.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said Paul de Sa at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, on the 3rd January 1876.
PAUL DE SA, of Ryde, Isle of Wight, in the County of Southampton, Photo-
grapher. "AN IMPROVED CHIMNEY POT."
This Invention relates to the construction of an improved chimney pot whereby
the escape of smoke and the products arising from the combustion of fuel there-
from is greatly facilitated, whilst a downward draught through the chimney is
entirely or to a great extent prevented.
The chimney pot is constructed of metal, such as zinc, sheet iron, galvanized iron,
or any other suitable metal or combination of metals, or other material or materials.
The lower part of the pot is cylindrical or in the form of a truncated cone, the
bottom thereof being provided with a flange, by means of which it can be securely
fixed by any of the well known methods at the top of the chimney. To the upper
part of the said cylinder or truncated cone is attached a plate which is curved or
convoluted in the manner of a helix around an assumed vertical axial line, the
convolutions gradually increasing upwards in diameter. A sufficient space is left
between each convolution of the plate to allow a free current of the external
atmospheric air to pass through the same. The helical convolutions of the metallic
plate are continued to such an extent as may be considered desirable to meet the
exigencies of each particular case, and the upper end of the plate is attached to a
cylinder which forms the top of the chimney pot, and which may be perforated or
slotted for the passage of the atmospheric air as may be considered most conducive
to the objects of the Invention.
I will now proceed to refer to the annexed Drawings from which the nature of
my said Invention will be more clearly understood.
Figure 1 is an elevation of the chimney pot; Figure 2, a vertical section; and
Figure 3, a plan view of the same.
Having thus declared and ascertained the nature of my said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, I would observe in conclusion that what
[Price 4d.1

page_text: I consider novel and original is, the construction of an improved chimney pot,
substantially as and for the purposes herein-before described and set forth, or any
mere modifications thereof.
In witness whereof, I, the said Paul de Sa, have hereunto set my hand and seal
this Twenty-eight day of December, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and seventy-five.
PAUL DE SA. (La)
AN IMPROVED MODE OF AND APPARATUS FOR CLEARING BEDS OF RIVERS AND WATER COURSES AND RENDERING THE SAME NAVIGABLE
Year: 1876

page_text: .
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Arthur Charles Henderson at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 8th September 1876 A com-
munication from abroad by Louis Guiraud, residing in the City of Paris, in the
Republic of France.
ARTHUR CHARLES HENDERSON, of 6, Southampton Buildings, Holborn, in the
County of Middlesex, Patent Agent. "AN IMPROVED MODE OF AND APPARATUS
FOR CLEARING BEDS OF RIVERS AND WATER COURSES AND RENDERING THE
SAME NAVIGABLE' A communication from abroad by Louis Guiraud, residing in
the City of Paris, in the Republic of France.
"
The object of this Invention is to conduct the operations necessary for rendering
rivers and water courses navigable by a dry method with economy and perfection.
With this view two pontoons are employed to damn the water course, the length of
water being determined as required Those pontoons form as it wore barriers
which are used in succession along the stream.
The down stream pontoon is of iron with a flat bottom raised on either side to
press the bottom of the water. It is formed of two symmetrical parts united by
bolting with angle iron. These two parts can contain one or more air-tight cases
to increase the length of the pontoon and bring it in contact with the river to be
dammed. These two parts are traversed by one or more conduits which continue
down stream by flexible tubes. Sluices open and close the conduits, and other
sluices open to let water into the compartments when required to sink them to the
bottom of the river. The pontoons are also provided with valves for emptying
them.
The up stream pontoon is similar to the preceeding one except that between the
parts or compartments an open space is left at the bottom to communicate with the
river between the two pontoons. In this space hollow to the lower level of the
works to be effected all the water is drawn which exists between the two pontoons
A turbine worked by water from a tube conducting the water up stream actuates
a cup chain which empties the water from the space in the up stream pontoon and
discharges it in a conduit.
The conduits connecting the two pontoons communicate one with the other by
other connecting pipes, and it is by them that the river flows.

page_text: Before opening the up and down stream sluices the pontoons are moored to piles
fixed at each side of the river, they are then filled with water by opening the other
sluices, and thoy sink to the bottom of the river, and a conduit carries off at a
distance the water imprisoned between the two pontoons. This space is made dry
and the works can be commenced.
AN IMPROVED PAIL OR BUCKET
Year: 1876

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Eugène Domercq at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 19th February 1876.
EUGENE DOMERCQ, of No. 10, Rue de la Fidélité, Paris, in the Republic of
France, Merchant. "AN IMPROVED PAIL OR BUCKET."
My improvements consist in making pails or buckets in three parts. The upper
part consists of a metal hoop to which is fixed the handle by which the pail is
carried;
the metal hoop is double, and between the two thicknesses is compressed,
sewn, or otherwise fixed the middle part of the pail, which is of cloth, leather, or
other suitable flexible material; the lower part of the pail is similar to the upper part.
To the upper edge of the lower hoop is connected the lower edge of the cloth, leather,
or other flexible material, forming the middle part of the pail; the bottom of the pail
being fixed to the lower edge of the hoop.

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Eugène Domercq at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 19th February 1876.
EUGENE DOMERCQ, of No. 10, Rue de la Fidélité, Paris, in the Republic of
France, Merchant. "AN IMPROVED PAIL OR BUCKET."
My improvements consist in making pails or buckets in three parts. The upper
part consists of a metal hoop to which is fixed the handle by which the pail is
carried; the metal hoop is double, and between the two thicknesses is compressed,
sewn, or otherwise fixed the middle part of the pail, which is of cloth, leather, or
other suitable flexible material; the lower part of the pail is similar to the upper part.
To the upper edge of the lower hoop is connected the lower edge of the cloth, leather,
or other flexible material, forming the middle part of the pail; the bottom of the pail
being fixed to the lower edge of the hoop.
IMPROVEMENTS IN KNIFE-CLEANING MACHINES
Year: 1876

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Kent, of High Holborn, in the County of
Middlesex, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN KNIFE-CLEANING
MACHINES."
Sealed the 9th March 1877, and dated the 14th December. 1876.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Kent at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 14th December 1876.
GEORGE KENT, of High Holborn, in the County of Middlesex.
IN KNIFE-CLEANING MACHINES."
"IMPROVEMENTS
This Invention has for its object improvements in knife-cleaning machines.
At the present time the discs which are used in knife-cleaning machines are
usually provided with rubbers of buff leather which are supported at the back (in
order to cause them to bear with sufficient pressure on the blades of the knives) by
means of vulcanized india-rubber arranged in a tubular or other form. Now, it is
found in practice that the leather is liable to become cut, and besides this there is
constantly increasing difficulty in obtaining buff leather cuttings.
According to my present Invention I avoid these difficulties by substituting for
the buff leather rubbers rubbers made from the material usually known as
"linoleum," or such like material, consisting of a composition containing ground
cork and oxidised oil or the like, and which composition is spread whilst in a plastic
state on a backing of canvas. I find that rubbers of this material will hold the
polishing materials employed in the machine and produce a high polish on the
knives submitted to them.

page_text: At the present time the discs which are used in knife-cleaning machines are
usually provided with rubbers of buff leather, which are supported at the back (in
order to cause them to bear with sufficient pressure on the blades of the knives) by
means of vulcanized india-rubber arranged in a tubular or other form. Now, it is
found in practice that the leather is liable to become cut, and besides this there is
a constantly increasing difficulty in obtaining buff leather cuttings.
According to my present Invention I avoid these difficulties by substituting for
the buff leather rubbers rubbers made from the material usually known as
"linoleum," or such like material, consisting of a composition containing ground
cork and oxidized oil or the like, and which composition is spread whilst in a plastic
state on a backing of canvas. I find that rubbers of this material will hold the
polishing materials employed in the machine and produce a high polish on the knives
submitted to them.
In witness whereof, I, the said George Kent, have hereunto set my hand and
seal, this Thirteenth day of June, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight
hundred and seventy-seven.
IMPROVEMENTS IN BRICKS, TILES, AND SLABS FOR WALLING, ROOFING, FLOORING, OR PAVING, AND SUCH LIKĘ PURPOSES
Year: 1876

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Caldwell Bloomfield, of Castle Caldwell, County of
Fermanagh, Ireland, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN BRICKS, TILES,
AND SLABS FOR WALLING, ROOFING, FLOORING, OR PAVING, AND SUCH LIKĘ
PURPOSES"
led the 21st October 1876, and dated the 1st September 1876.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Caldwell Bloomfield at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 1st September 1876
JOHN CALDWELL BLOOMFIELD, of Castle Caldwell, County of Ferunanagh, Ireland.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN BRICKS, TILES, AND SLABS FOR WALLING, ROOFING, FLOORING,
OR PAVING, AND SUCH LIKE PURPOSES."
My Invention consists in making bricks, tiles, and slabs for walling, roofing,
paving, or flooring, and such like purposes, out of the selenitic cement prepared as
described in the Specification to Scott's Patent, No. 3346, of 1870, or out of other
suitable calcareous cement. For this purpose I run the cement or mortar into
moulds of the desired form, and when it is dry I boil the formed brick, tile, or slab
in tar until it has become thoroughly impregnated therewith By this means the
brick, tile, or slab which before was brittle and porous is rendered tough and im-
pervious to moisture, and well suited for building purposes.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said John Caldwell Bloomfield in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 28th
February 1877.
JOHN CALDWELL BLOOMFIELD, of Castle Caldwell, County of Fermanagh, Ireland,
"IMPROVEMENTS IN BRICKS, TILES, AND SLABS, FOR WALLING, ROOFING, FLOORING,
OR PAVING, AND SUCH LIKE PURPOSES."
My Invention consists in making bricks, tiles, and slabs for walling, roofing,
paving, or flooring, and such like purposes out of the selenitic cement prepared as
described in the Specification to Scott's Patent, No 3340, of 1870, or out of other
calcareous cement, such as Portland cement, by impregnating the same with tar.
Price Rd.1

page_text: In carrying out my Invention I place the cement or mortar into moulds of the
desired form, and when it is dry or set by pressure I boil the formed brick, tile, or
slab in tar until it has become thoroughly impregnated therewith. By this means
the brick, tile, or slab which before was brittle and porous is rendered tough and
impervious to moisture, and well suited for building purposes. I may also
procure
the impregnation of the said bricks, tiles, or slabs by submitting them to the action
of heated tar in a vacuum chamber, such as is used in the creosoting process.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, I claim, the before described improved manufacture of
bricks, tiles, or slabs, wherein they are made of selenitic or other calcareous cement,
and are then impregnated with heated tar.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Caldwell Bloomfield, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this 26th day of February, in the year of our Loid
One thousand eight hundred and seventy-seven.