IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING AND APPLYING HEAT AND LIGHT
Year: 1852

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, WILLIAM
BOGGETT, of Saint Martin's Lanc, in the City of Westminster, Gentleman.
and GEORGE BROOKS PETTIT, of Lisle Street, in the City of Westminster, Gas
Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent, under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-first day of
October. One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two, in the sixteenth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
us, the said William Boggett and George Brooks Pettit, our exors, admors,
and assigns. Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that
we, the said William Boggett and George Brooks Pettit, our exors, admors,
and assigns, or such others as we, the said William Boggett and George
Brooks Pettit, our exors, admors, or assigns, should at any time agree with
and no others, from time to time and at all times during the term of years
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within England. Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and the
Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, and all Iler Majesty's
Colonies and Plantations abroad, our Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING
AND APPLYING HEAT AND LIGHT;" in which said Letters Patent is contained a
proviso that we, the said William Boggett and George Brooks Pettit, shall
cause a particular description of the nature of our said invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing
Price d

page_text: under our hand and seal, to be enrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of
Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of
the said Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto
had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, we, the said
William Boggett and George Brooks Pettit, hereby declare that the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, are
fully described and ascertained in and by the present Specification thereof.
reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed;-
Firstly, our Invention has reference to the warming of buildings by means
of gas. The principal features in our manner of accomplishing this object
consist of various stoves or apparatuses for using asbestos in combination with
gas, either carburetted or otherwise. the employment in connection therewith
of tubes or hollow chambers, with or without the addition of heat-absorbing
substances, to produce warm currents of air, and in constructing the said
stoves or apparatuses, and the flues belonging to them, in such a manner as
to effect the perfect removal of the heated vapours after having utilized them
to the utmost extent before their final escape into the chimney, &c.
Figure is one of a set of cast-iron bars or burners of a gas fireplace.
about seven inches in height. Figure 1 is a section, and Figure 1 a plan of
the bottom. Figure 1 a piece of small iron tubing, with some asbestos
tied round one end, the other being contracted to a fine hole to regulate the
supply of gas, as shown at a, Figure 1. Figure 1 is a side view partly in
section, shewing the top flue A, A, over the burner B. The manner of fitting
up these bars is as follows:-Figure 1 is cast with a core A from top to bottom
(the top being afterwards plugged up). At the bottom is a boss C (Figure 1)
which is drilled through to the core, and fits on to a perpendicular short tube
in a gas supply pipe. The holes D, D, D, are drilled from the front into the
core A (as shewn in Figure 1), for the admission of the small tubes with
asbestos (Figure 1), which are put in with white lead or pipe clay, and can
be withdrawn at any time to renew the asbestos.
Figure 2 is front view of several of these bars arranged perpendicularly side
by side, with a space of about a quarter of an inch between, and enclosed in
a frame to form the front of a gas fire. The frame is carefully closed except
in front, and the air, having no other access to the flues. rushes with great
velocity between the bars and in the direction of the arrows (Figure 1) so
soon as the gas is lighted, carrying with it all the products of combustion and
rendering the asbestos vividly incandescent. The ends of the small tubes
(Figure 1) are contracted to a fine hole by means of a pair of tools in a

page_text: screw press. A length of tube sufficient for two nipples has a piece of tem-
pered steel wire put through it.' and the 'length of tube being squeezed in the
middle, between the tools, the force is such that it readily breaks asunder,
leaving the hole compressed to the size of the wire. These nipples may also
be made of pipe clay for cheapness.
Figure 3 is a front view of an open stove for gas and asbestos, consisting
of several cast-iron hollow balls about one and a half inches in diameter. having
hollow projecting bosses below to fit on to short tubes in a gas supply pipe.
These balls are perforated on the under side with fine holes for the emission
of the gas; they soon become red hot, the spaces between them being filled
in with asbestos or other luminous absorbent of heat. For some purposes
these balls are drilled all over with holes. about one eighth of an inch dia-
meter, to allow of the gas burning within the balls. Figure 3 is a section of
one of these balls enlarged, and Figure 3b a section of the stove. To admit air
from below and prevent the asbestos or other substances from falling through
in stoves of this description, we make use of a sheet of wire gauze, perforated
metal, or other contrivance of a like nature, as indicated by the lines C, C.
Figure 3 shews another method (sectional view) of employing these balls.
A is a gas box, into which projecting bent tubes are screwed with the balls
upon them, one above another. The gas is supplied from the pipe B; square
or other shaped burners may be used for like purposes, and arranged in any
form of grate.
Figure 4 is another open stove for gas and asbestos, which, as well as
Figures 5, 6, and 7, are modifications of an analagous arrangement comprised
in a former Patent, granted to the aforesaid William Boggett and one George
Holworthy Palmer, in October (One thousand eight hundred and fifty-one),
consisting of a cast-iron frame, one end of which forms a gas box, wherein are
screwed a number of horizontal tubes perforated with fine countersunk holes
on the top, and covered lightly with asbestos. Various other methods of
using asbestos in conjunction with stoves of this description, where the jets
issue in an upward direction, may be adopted, such as tying it in tufts with
wire, and laying them in rows upon the burner, taking care the asbestos is
tied lightly to admit the gas flame and a due supply of air to pass through
and among the fibres. Tied in lengths, as shewn at Figure 13, it may be
twisted into any form, and suspended over or laid on the gas burners, so as
to produce a pleasing effect. We do not, however, restrict ourselves to any
particular method of tying it, but claim the use of asbestos in tufts, or other-
wise, when tied and suspended over or laid on gas burners for the purpose of
warming buildings. Another method of using it is, to cut parallel nicks or

page_text: jags in a strip of tin plate (Figure 4), and then bend it round a gas-tube
or fish-tail burner. &c. (Figure 4°), the cut ends of the tin being spread out
to retain the asbestos in its place. In some cases we use plain pieces of tin
plate, folded double longitudinally (Fig. 4), the asbestos being held between
the folds of the tin with its fibrous ends projecting. Figure 4 and Figure 4
shew a method of fastening asbestos to a gas pipe a A strip of metal is
folded longitudinally about three parts round the gas pipe: it is then taken off,
and asbestos in fibres laid across it, so that the fibres project on both sides.
The gas pipe is then pressed into the metal strip and upon the asbestos, which
is thus held in its place, and the gas issues from perforations in the pipe
among the projecting fibres. Figure 4 is another asbestos stove, similar to
Figure 4; the bars, however, instead of being strait, are curved into segments
of a cone. These segments may be continued into circles when required, as
shewn at Figures 20 and 20.
Figure and Figure 6 are stoves for gas and asbestos, the one oval, the
other round, the outer (in each case) ring forming the supply pipe. The bars
may be horizontal or otherwise, at pleasure.
Figure is analagous to Figure 4, but with the bars in an inclined position.
In place of straight bars curved ones can be used, as shewn by the dotted lines.
Figure is another modification of Figure 4, the gas tubes radiating upwards
from the supply pipe at the bottom.
Figure 8 shews the interior arrangement of a gas stove intended to be
inclosed in an open work case. A is the burner. B a hollow earthenware
disc with a conical bottom. C, C, are other hollow discs (Figure 8), having
a nozzle at top and one at bottom, which latter is large enough to fit on to
the top one of that beneath it. Any required number of these discs may be
fitted together, as shewn in the Drawing. When the burner A is lighted, the
heated vapours pass up the cone into the bottom disc, from whence they travel
through those above in the direction of the arrows, escaping through the top
one into a flue connected with it. d, d, are knobs to keep the two sides of
the discs level.
Figure 9 is a sectional elevation of a case for open asbestos fires (such as
Figure 4, &c.) A is the fire. B, B, hollow chambers of sheet iron or clay
for the circulation of air, which enters at the bottom, and becoming heated in
the chambers, issues from the top, as shewn by the arrows.
Figure 10 is a vertical section of a similar stove to Figure 3, consisting of
iron balls, as therein shewn, the object in this case being to present a curved
surface.
Figure 1 is an end view, and Figure 11 an elevation of four gas tubes

page_text: perforated at top, exhibiting a means of retaining asbestos in its place over the
tubes by the use of strips of wire gauze (or sheet metal nicked or serrated at
the edges) secured round the bottom of the gas tube by wires. Porous clay
may be used mixed with or in place of asbestos. Figure 11b shews the appli-
cation of asbestos and gas to the fronts of common grates, to the bars of which
they are suspended by hooks. In these cases we find the combustion more
lively, and the removal of the gas vapours more complete, by using a sheet-
iron flue fitted into and filling the register of the stove, the back of the said
flue descending in rear of the bars to the bottom of the grate. This method
is applicable to the stoves shewn at Figures 11, 12, 13, 18, 19, &c.
Figure 12 represents a similar stove to Figure 3, suitable for suspending
to a stove grate, as just described. This stove may be enclosed on all sides
except the front, in the manner explained at Figure 2, and is useful for roast-
ing, &c., &c. Figure 12 is like the above, but with perforated sheet-iron
boxes in place of balls. It must be observed, however. in reference to open
gas fires, that nothing can prevent the rapid deterioration of the atmosphere
in rooms where they are in use, unless the products of combustion are wholly
removed. To effect this, and still possess the warmth and brightness of the
asbestos and gas, we employ blowers made of talc, placed in front of and
about three quarters of an inch from the flame. These blowers are readily
made by putting sheets of tale between two pieces coarse wirework or
perforated metal. They transmit the heat radiated from the burners, and
confine the gas vapours till they pass into the flues, the draft of which is much
improved by the addition of from four to five feet of iron pipe prolonged
up the chimney, into which no air should be allowed to enter but what
passes through the flues. We claim the use of these talc blowers or windows
in all cases when employed in combination with gas and asbestos, or porous
clay.
Figure 13 represents a method of tying asbestos in lengths, for the purpose
of using it with the stoves, &c., herein described. Two or more wires are
held in a vice, and twisted over separate portions of asbestos, in the manner
shewn in the Drawing. Flatted platinum wire, tied in a similar manner, may
be used in place of or combined with asbestos.
Figure 14 is a method of forming gas pipes into any ornamental devices
for the purpose of illuminating and warming, &c. The pipe is perforated
with holes in front, about half an inch apart, and asbestos tied to it by
wires. This arrangement has a pleasing effect when suspended (as shewn at
Figure 11) in fronts of stove grates. Figure 142 represents a length of iron
gas pipe. perforated with circles or rings of fine holes, about an inch apart.

page_text: In each of the spaces between these, circles we tie a tuft of asbestos, the top
ends of one tuft, overlapping the tie of the one above it, all the holes being
.covered. The gas when burning is surrounded by asbestos, and produces a
very good effect, whatever position the tube may be placed in.
Figure 15 is a side section of a stove for burning air and gas, consisting
of hollow square tubes open at bottom, and covered at top with wire gauze.
Figure, 16 is a top section, partly in perspective, of the same. These tubes
fit on to a corresponding number of sockets cast in a bottom frame A, the
gas being admitted into each tube from cross pipes B. passing through the
tubes, and drilled with fine holes of equal size to insure a moderate and
uniform supply of gas to each tube. The air entering at the bottom of the
tubes mixes, with the gas, and issuing through the gause at top is there
ignited, the combustion being greatly assisted by the supply of air from
between the tubes. Caps of perforated soap, stone, or cast iron, (see
Figures 15 and 15%), are used to protect the gause from oxidation, and a
layer of asbestos or perforated clay, &c., strewn on the top of them.
Figure 17 represents an elevation of an apparatus for burning air and gas.
A is the air and gas passage. B. B, B, the cast-iron bars covered with wire
gause or perforated metal. C, the air passage. D, the gas supply. and E, E,
the outline of an ornamental stand. The air and gas mixes at A, passing
by a tube at the back, as shewn in section (Figure 18), to supply the three
bars B, B, B, and issues through perforations in them, as shewn in Figure 18",
in which are also shewn the tufts of asbestos.
Figure 18 is a vertical section and 18" an elevation of a similar method to
the preceding, of burning air and gas. The air enters at A, as before de-
scribed, and mixing with the gas at c, passes into a square iron box, perforated
all over with fine holes, through which it burns, some tufts of asbestos, such
as shewn in Figure 13, being suspended in front of it.
The
Figure 19 is a gas stove composed of a box A, having a series of small
pipes (or batswing burners) screwed into it, and covered with asbestos.
bottom holes of the pipes should be contracted in the manner described at
Figure 2.
Figure 20 is a section of a gas stove, with an outer case B, reaching down-
wards to C (at which point it is supported by feet). A is a lump of fire clay,
having holes through it from top to bottom, and D is an air tube or chamber
open at bottom, which as well as the lump A is supported by flanges in B.
E is the gas burner, composed of tubular rings, rising one above another in a
conical form, as in Figure 45, with asbestos on the top. This description of
stove, which may b be of any convenient form, combines the cheerful appearance

page_text: of an asbestos fire, whilst, in addition to the radiation from the burner and
the case B, heat is imparted to the clay lump, and a current of warm air is
circulated with great rapidity through the clay lump into the room, all the
products of combustion being carried off by the flue F. Figure 20 is another
stove (in section) like Figure 20. but having an inverted conical air chamber
in place of the clay lump. The supply of air may be brought from the external
atmosphere into the conical chamber where practicable.
Figure 21 shews a method of warming the air of rooms by means of a
lump of perforated clay placed over a gas fire in a common fireplace. A is
the fire. B, the clay lump (shewn in Figure 21). C, the air passage; and D,
the upright flues in the clay, through which the products of combustion pass
into the chimney.
Figure 22 is a square stove with the gas fire at A. (a clay lump Figure 22°)
being enclosed within. which produces a circulation of warm air through the
openings at top, the heated vapors passing through the apertures in the clay d
into the flue C. Tubular bricks may be advantageously employed for the above
and similar purposes in the manner shewn in (Figure 22b), the arrows indi-
cating the course of the heated products, the open ends of the bricks commu-
nicating with the air of the room.
The various methods just described are but a few examples of that part of
our Invention for bringing the gas heat in its passage to the chimnies in
contact with metal or earthenware air chambers or tubes, with a view to
create a warm current of air through them, and thereby utilize the heat to a
greater extent. The examples given will sufficiently explain the nature of
this part of our Invention, which obviously admits of great diversity in the
modes of applying it. We make no claim to the exclusive use of the afore-
said air chambers or tubes in gas stoves generally, but only in those cases
where gas is employed in combination with asbestos or other luminous
absorbents of heat for warming buildings.
Figure 23 shews a method of making horizontal clay flues, in which the
gas vapours pass along the flue, the perpendicular holes serving to warm the
surrounding air. When made in halves, they may be used in conservatories,
&c., to enclose hot-water pipes, and render them more efficient.
Figure 24 is an asbestos stove, with two or more sides. (upon the same
principle as Figure 4) inclosed in a metal frame A, the windows at B being
filled in with sheets of talc.
Figure 25 is an urn-shaped stove (formerly described in the Patent granted
to the aforesaid William Boggett and to William Smith. dated Third October.
One thousand eight hundred and fifty, and at that time intended to be used

page_text: with gas only); by the addition of asbestos however, applied as shewn in
Figure 14, on other methods herein described, the beauty of its appearance is
much enhanced. In place of using the entire urn. with its centre descending
flue, a portion only may be employed, say, about two thirds, having a flat back,
with flue therefrom into the chimney.
(
Figure 25 is a lump of pipe clay or other plastic and incombustible
material, which is perforated prior to being baked, with holes through it
in all directions (in some cases with portions of asbestos or platinum pro-
jecting from the clay). These lumps and the holes through them are
made of any convenient size or shape. We employ them in various ways,
in connection with gas, for heating particularly, in combination with burners
for stewing, and in the flues of stoves as absorbents and reservoirs of
heat. Pipe clay rolled into a thin sheet, then perforated and cut into
strips, which are afterwards twisted into a spiral form and baked, are use-
ful for similar purposes, as also are the stems of tobacco pipes. Various
other substances may be employed with the same object, such as common
clinkers, and the refuse metal remaining in iron-foundry pots after the charge
has been run out. There is a peculiar kind of asbestos found in lumps, some
of which, when cut with a knife, is rather spongey, and resembles soft smooth-
grained wood in texture. These lumps we first cut into thin slices, and these
again into pieces of any required shape, and suspend them on wires in front
of or over the gas flame. The use of this particular description of solid
asbestos, in combination with gas for heating purposes, we claim as part of
our Invention. In some cases we use pumice stone and asbestos, the latter
being inserted in holes made in the pumice stone with the ends projecting. A
method has recently been discovered of mixing vegetable matters, such as hay,
&c. with pipe clay. By calcination the vegetable matters are destroyed, and
the clay left in a porous state. This material speedily becomes red by expo-
sure to the flame of gas, and is a very useful absorbent of heat. We, how-
ever, make no claim to its exclusive use, except when used as exemplified in
Figure 37, in combination with a mixture of air and gas, which we have
found to possess in such cases much greater advantages than gas only.
Figure 25 represents a method of checking the too rapid passage of heat
through the flues of gas stoves. A is an iron rod having horizontal pieces of
sheet iron a, a, rivetted to it in such a manner as to deflect the heated pro-
ducts from side to side, giving them a serpentine course (as shewn by the
arrow) in their ascent.
Secondly, our Invention embraces several improvements in the application
of gas to culinary purposes. One of the chief features in these improve-

page_text: ments (which we claim as our Invention) is the process of roasting on the
exterior of a gas apparatus by heat radiated from it in a horizontal direction,
so as to preserve the meat from all contact with the gas vapours.
Figure 26 represents one of our arrangements for this purpose. A is a gas
and asbestos fire (described at Figure 2). the heat from which is quite suffi-
cient for roasting. The products pass in the direction of the arrows, under
and over the oven B, keeping it at the necessary temperature, and also making
the top plate hot enough for stewing. A hot closet C. for plates and dishes,
is on the left hand, on the top of which are shewn separate burners for boiling,
steaming, &c. The gas fire should recede about two inches from the front,
and have one or two sheets of wire gauze before it to protect the asbestos from
injury. A good burner for roasting is shewn at Figure 12.
Figure 27 is a gas cooking apparatus. The burner a (such as described,
Figure 12), is placed in a perpendicular position at the back of the roasting
chamber B. upon the door of which C is a concave reflector (shewn in section
at Figure 27) attached to the inside. The heat from the burner being
reflected from the door expedites the process of roasting. The heat which
ascends from the burner is used for boiling, &c., and a hot closet D is placed
over the roasting chamber."
Figure 28 is a cylindrical tin roaster, having a door B in the side, opening
downwards, with a dripping pan C beneath it. The end of the roaster at D is
made concave to reflect the heat, as described in Figure 27").
Figure 29 is an inexpensive roasting apparatus. The burners A, A, are
forined by turning up and rivetting a portion of the sheet iron composing the
body of the roaster B (the door of which is not shown in the Drawing). The
portion thus turned up forms a gas burner on each side of B. and is perfo-
rated with fine holes, from which the gas burns with a blue flame communi-
cating a high degree of heat to the case B. the radiation from which is very
effectual in roasting. Air is admitted to this chamber by holes at bottom; 'and'
an aperture is left for its exit at top.
Figure 30 'is a sectional elevation of another cooking apparatus.
It is made
of sheet iron, the upper part, of a conical shape. open at top. The burner
is similar to that in Figure 29, extending all round, except at the door.
The whole is supported on feet, and has separate burners for boiling, &c.,
as slicwn.
Figure 31 is an oblong cooking stove (partly in perspective), in which the
meat is roasted by the downward heat of the burner above it (as described in
former Patent. of October the Twenty-second. One thousand eight hundred
and fifty-one). This stove is about eighteen inches long and about twelve.

page_text: inches wide near the bottom, which is semi-cylindrical, diminishing in width
towards the top to about seven inches. A burner, composed either of a per-
forated sheet-iron box or tubes, fills the space below the bars A, A, whercon
saucepans, &c. can be placed. The body of the vessel B is made of tin plate,
and the end frames of cast iron, the one in front
bottom, the other end being closed with tin plate.
B fit into grooves in the cast-iron frames, two bolts
at bottom serving to bind the whole together. A hole is made in the bottoni
of B, through which the dripping fails into a pan.
having a door hinged at
The ends of the tin body
and nuts at top and two
Figure 32 shows a novel mode of applying gas heat to culinary articles.
The small pipe A is let into the back part of the kettle (or other vessel), and
continued down the side, and along the bottom. on the inside to the centre at
B, where a suitable burner is attached to it, a flexible tube being used to
convey the gas to A.
Figure 33 is an elevation in perspective of an apparatus for heating water,
&c., which, in addition to culinary and other uses, baths, &c., may be econo-
mically employed for warming all kinds of buildings. Figure 33" is a vertical
section, and Figure 33 a horizontal section on the line A, B. The apparatus
consists of a series of square tubes (in this case one inch square) c, c, kept
apart at top and bottom by lengths of wire placed at right angles, and care-
fully solder'd to the ends of the tubes, so as to form water-tight compartments
of the narrow spaces E, E, which communicate with the outer space or jacket
C', C. In forming the apparatus, we begin by laying a row of square tubes
side by side, and insert perpendicular wires between them at each end (of the
size of the water spaces). Similar wires are laid on the bottom row of tubes
horizontally, upon which another row of tubes are laid, and so on till the
square is completed. By leaving square openings in two sides of the jacket.
c, c, at right angles to each other, ready access is obtained to the water spaces,
for the purpose of cleaning them, after which the side plates can be again
soldered over the openings. The apparatus here described is intended for
heating a bath. In this case the burner is beneath the apparatus, the heat
passing up through the square tubes c, c, and operating on so large a surface
rapidly, heats the water, causing it to circulate in and through the apparatus
and bath, by means of the inflow pipe D and outflow pipe F, the products of
combustion ascending by the flue H. When, however, the apparatus is used
for warming buildings. no cover is required; but the tubes being open at top
and bottom, and heat applied below the inflow pipe D. (which in such cases is
connected with .F.) the water in the apparatus is maintained at high tempe-
rature; and keeps up a constant circulation of warm air through the square

page_text: tubes. In constructing Figure 33 we insert a stop plate 1 to prevent the cold
water in D from passing directly upwards, compelling it to traverse the lower
part of the spaces E, E, before it can ascend to F. When the apparatus is
made with a funnel at top, and a tap at bottom, so that it can be filled at any
time with hot water. it is highly useful for warming rooms, railway carriages,
&c. In some cases it may be advisable to have the square tubes placed at
right angles to each other, so that the air may circulate through it both in a
vertical and horizontal direction, in which case the tubes can be so arranged
with perfect facility. In heating baths a proper supply of gas cannot always
be obtained. In these cases we place a quantity of firewood on the burner,
which greatly aids the operation. The patent firewood, which has been partially
immersed in turpentine, is very effective.
Figure 34 is an arrangement for obtaining a large heating surface by means
of a spiral or such like flue A, A. in which the products of combustion from a
gas burner, travel along the flue in the direction of the arrow; or the current
may be reversed, the products entering the flue at the outside, and going out
at the centre. This apparatus, of which Figure 34° is a sectional elevation,
may be made of cast iron, with a recess or seating on the under side to receive
the bottom, which is screwed on. The kind of burner best adapted to this
purpose is described at Figure 37. A spiral partition between a top and
bottom plate will in many cases be found a ready and effective substitute for
the preceding arrangement.
Figure 35 is a range for cooking by a series of air and gas burners
(described at Figure 37) placed side by side. A is the door of the roaster.
B. the burner, and C. the flue (shewn in section). which latter has either
divisional plates or portions of heat absorbing materials in it to check the too
rapid escape of heat. The meat in A is roasted by the heat radiated down-
wards from the horizontal flue above, the top of which is hot enough for boil-
ing, &c. &c. By the aid of a tin meat screen, roasting may be carried on in
front of the plate E.
Figure 36 is one bar of a gas gridiron. a. a. the gas tube with holes at
top b. b. iron plates to prevent the fat from falling on and filling up the jet
holes and C. angular pieces of iron forming the top of the gridiron. Several
bars being arranged together make a gridiron of great utility. Figure 36"
is another method of making a gas gridiron. Into the tops of a series of gas
tubes A. A. communicating with a gas supply, are screwed rows of projecting
nipples, with a fine hole in each, from which the gas burns in vertical jets.
Over these, and at right angles to the gas tubes. is laid a framework of curved

page_text: metal bars B. B. as shewn in the Drawing, which effectually shields the holes
from being stopped ap by the fat:
Figure 36 is an elevation in perspective, and 36 a vertical section of an
apparatus: whereby the threefold operations of boiling, baking, and roasting
are accomplished with perfect success by means of a single burner A. (the
same in principle and form as hereafter described at Figure 41). the flue of
which is continued upwards to the top of the 'apparatus. and there divides the
heat in order to boil one or more saucepans at B. The space above the
shelf C forms an oven for baking, and roasting is performed in the chamber D.
By increasing the size or number of the burners and apparatus this method
of cooking, which is exceedingly economical, can be carried to any extent.
Figure 36 is a section, partly in perspective. of a square roasting appa-
ratus, with a gas chamber A. which divides the apparatus into two parts.
This gas chamber is perforated with fine holes, as shewn in Figure 29, and
will roast the meat in both chambers. The products pass off by the flue B.
apertures for the escape of heated air being shewn at c.
Thirdly, our Invention comprises several miscellaneous contrivances for the
better application of gas to various heating purposes.
Figure 37 is a sectional elevation of an apparatus for the purpose of burn-
ing air and gas. The gas enters the chamber A by the pipe B; C is the air
chamber open at bottom; D. a conical top (having perforations, as shewn in
the Drawing) and E. a sheet of fine wire gauze covered with a piece of soap
stone, or cast iron, &c., perforated with holes about one eighth of an inch in
diameter to protect it from oxidation. When the gas is lighted, the upward
current of air in C effectually prevents its escape downwards, and the further
supply. which enters at D. adds further strength to the draught. and assists
the combustion of the gas, which is further aided by filling the conical top D.
with portions of incombustible materials, such as porous clay, &c., asbestos,
&c. Our only claim in respect of this apparatus is the conical air chamber A,
and perforated soap stone.
Figure 38 is a modification of the preceding. A is a ball or chamber into
which the gas enters by the pipe B, and passes down through A (in which it
become heated) to the pipe b, and thence into C, where, mixing with the air,
it is ignited, and burns at E, combustion being improved by the previous heat-
ing of the gas. The ball A is the only part of this apparatus we claim as new:
Figure 39 is similar to Figure 37.. except that the air tube C is larger in
proportion, the object being to allow any fluid that might boil over to fall
through without extinguishing the gas.. A covering of wire gauze is placed
on the top of the air tube at e, in addition to the gauze and soap stone at E.

page_text: "
Figure 40 is an arrangement for admitting air to the conical top D, through
a tube F. instead of by aperture in the side.
Figure 41 is a stove enclosing a burner like Figure 37, with the addition
of an inverted funnel and flue over it. If several flues are employed the
heating power will be augmented. The case A is intended in some cases to
be enclosed by an ornamental open-work outer case, not shewn in the Draw
ing. The inner case A is perforated at b. b. to allow the egress of heated air;
and at b. b. are similar perforations for the ingress of cold air, as indicated
by the arrows. There is a small door in the conical top or funnel for the
purpose of lighting. the gas.
. Figure 42 represents concentric rings of soap stone, or fire clay. which.
when placed over a burner. (such as Figure 37. &c.) makes an excellent hot
plate for stewing, &c. Soap-stone bars in a square frame, as shown in
Figure 42" are equally useful, as they become red hot without emitting any
smell, or splitting. even if water is thrown on them while in that state. By
scolloping the edges of those bars, they absorb and transmit heat more readily.
Figure 43 is a top view, and Figure 43 a cross section of a heating appa-
ratus for general purposes, upon the principle of the Argand burner. a, a, are
gas tubes perforated on. the top; b, b. plates of sheet iron about two and a half
inches high, inserted between every pair of tubes. to confine the air in the
manner of a glass chimney; c, c, c. (Figure 43) are horizontal flat bars fixed by
their ends above the tubes. These bars perform the same office as the button
in some of the Argand burners, the upward current of air being deflected by
them on to the gas jets, the combustion of which is thereby improved. Any
number of these tubes may be combined together, as shewn in the Drawing.
Figure 44 is a top view of several cast-iron balls (see Figure 3) combined
together as a burner for general heating purposes. These balls are fitted on
to short projecting tubes from horizontal gas pipes. and arranged in any
required shape. In some cases they are cast with a knob on the top.
(Figure 44) to receive a conical vandycked cast-iron cap. (Figure 44') as a
protection against liquids boiling over on to them or an annular ring project-
ing from the balls. Figure 44. will answer the same purpose. If these balls
are perforated on the top (in place of the bottom), and the burner is inverted,
a powerful heat is obtained in a downward direction. Figure 44d is another
method of making the cast-iron balls. In this case the cap a is screwed to a
projecting pin on the top of the ball, the semi-globular cover b. of cast iron or
fire clay, being previously placed over the ball. from which it is kept about
three eighths of an inch by means of small knobs on the inner side of the
cover, the flame passing between it and the ball.

page_text: Fourthy, our invention comprises certam improvements in eating hards
by gas.
Figure 45 is a perspective view of a boiler for warming beer, &c.; and
Figure 45 a plan of the bottom. Figure 45 is a vertical section of the
stove in which the boiler is placed. A is the front of the boiler; B, B. the
flues and C. the taps from which the warm beer, &c. is drawn. An asbestos
gas fire is placed below the boiler at D, which keeps the water in A at a
proper temperature.
Figure 46 is a vertical, and Figure 46 a horizontal, section on the line
c, d, of a boiler to warm the air of buildings. A is the boiler: B. the
gas burner C. C. an iron cylinder attached to the bottom of the boiler, to
confine the heated vapours. a. a. are one or more rows of air tubes; and
b. b. the boiler tubes through which the products of combustion travel to the
flue D. and heat the water in A. The tubes a, a, being surrounded by the
hot water, warms the air in its passage through them into the shaft E, from
whence it can be conveyed to the rooms above.
Figure 47 is a plan of an apparatus to produce a circulation of hot water
in conservatories and other buildings. A. A, A. are square tubes, connected
at their ends by cast-metal bends, with sockets to which the tubes are fitted,
and then soldered. C is the inflow, and D the outflow pipe. A gas burner.
being placed beneath the tubes. will cause the water to circulate through
them and the entire apparatus. To utilize the heat still further. two or more
sets of tubes can be comprised in the arrangement, one above another.
Figure 47 is a longitudinal section, and Figure 47 a vertical section, on
the line a, b, of a gas bath, the main peculiarity of which consists in a fluc
passing entirely round and surrounded by the water in it. A is the furnace;
B, B. the flue terminating in a smoke pipe C. The great advantage of this
arrangement is the ease with which the gas can be applied, as it is only
necessary to insert a gas pipe of sufficient size, say three quarter-inch diameter.
with a curved "T-piece" to direct the flame to both sides at once. By the
aid of a gas bracket 47° the T-piece can be withdrawn in order to light it.
In some cases the flame may be made to travel in one direction only round
the bath, issuing from a smoke pipe over the furnace. An aperture for the
admission of air to support combustion is left in the bottom of the furnace.
and a mixture of air and gas may be used in place of gas only by means of
the apparatus shewn at Figure 37.
Fifthly, our Invention embraces several arrangements for heating bakers'
ovens by gas, or gas and other combustibles.
Figure 48 is a vertical section of a baker's oven. A is the interior of the

page_text: oven; B, the usual coal furnace; C, a gas pipe; D, a tube for the supply of
air, with a valve to regulate the quantity: E. a pile of wood. the pieces
composing it being arranged crosswise; F. an iron pan. in which the
wood is held; and H, a slide to close the furnace mouth, and exclude air.
Figure 18 shows the end of the air pipe turned down; Figure 48 a
section of the air tube; and Figure 48 shews the manner and direction in
which the united streams of air and gas are projected against the pile of
wood E. To put the apparatus in action. the pan F. with the wood in it, is
placed just within the oven's mouth, at the end of the furnace. The two
pipes C and D. being tied together, are pushed into the furnace as far as E,
and the gas being then lighted (by a jet kept burning for that purpose). the
wood is instantly kindled, the flames, combined with that from the gas, diffusing
itself over the oven. When it is sufficiently heated, the pan F. containing
the wood ashes. together with the pipes C and D. are withdrawn, and the
furnace closed. Any description of wood will answer the purpose, and it may
be wholly or partially dipped into turpentine, naptha, or other highly inflam-
mable matters. Turf. asbestos. or porous clay may in some cases be saturated
with the like materials, and substituted for the wood.
Figure 49 shows a method of heating bakers' ovens with a mixture of air
and gas. either by itself or in combination with wood or other combustibles,
as before explained. The apparatus is identical in form and principle with
that described at Figure 41, except that the top A is curved to enter the
furnace, and it has a small door at B by which the gas is ignited. A plate
should be inserted at the furnace mouth (the openings between the bars being
previously closed), to admit the flue A. and exclude all air except what passes
through the apparatus. If the furnace bars are removed, and the apparatus
so placed that the upper part of it just fills the mouth of the oven, it will be
still more effective.
Figure 50 is an apparatus suitable to the last-described arrangement. In
some instances blowers may be used to increase the supply of air.
Figure 51 is another arrangement for heating ovens. A is a gas box or
burner with an opening at the side E, the interior of which forms a con-
tinuation of the air pipe B. The gas (supplied by the pipe B) burns at the
opening C (Figure 51), and is fed with air by the pipe B. The apparatus
is placed at the mouth of the oven when in use, and afterwards withdrawn.
Figure 52 is a burner for a like purpose. A, A, are flat curved gas tubes,
with air passages between them. These tubes are supplied with gas by the
pipe D, which burns in jets at C, and is fed with air by means of the aforesaid
air passages. The apparatus should fill the oven's mouth, as before described,

page_text: Figure 53 is another arrangement. A is an iron cradle, or basket filled
with porous clay. loosely packed, having a gas-supply pipe B at bottom.
from which the gas issues, burning amongst the clay lumps, and making
them red, hot. Air to support combustion is supplied by the pipe C....
Figure 54 is a gas burner. suspended just below the top of an oven. the gas
being supplied by the pipe A to the burner B, which is composed of a circle
of iron pipe, perforated as shewn in Figure 54°. The gas pipe A is inserted
in a larger tube, through which a supply of air is furnished to the burner, as
in Figure 53.
Figure 55 is a gas tube, with angular saw cuts for the emission of the gas;
and Figure 55 a similar tube, with cross saw cuts for the same purpose. Tubes
of this description will heat an oven, but not so cconomically or speedily as
the methods previously described. As a means of lessening the expence of
heating ovens, we make use of uncarbonized gas when it can be procured.
Sixthly, our attention has been directed to the value of gas for the purpose
of heating caloric engines," as not only can a more uniform temperature be
maintained by it, but the expence of stoking, as well as the smoke and other
annoyances inseparable from the use of coal, are avoided. We do not confine
ourselves, however, to any particular arrangement or apparatus for using it
(although that described at Figure 37 will be found generally applicable to
such purposes) but our claim is for the use of gas or mixed gas and air for
heating caloric engines.
Our improvements in lighting consists in the substitution of lava for the
perforated iron rings generally used in Argand burners. For this purpose we
make use of a smooth close-grained description of lava that will work in a
lathe, and is commonly of a greyish blue colour. This we turn into rings
about one quarter of an inch thick, and insert them in the burners, in the
customary manner. They are then drilled, and are ready for use.
And having now described the nature of our said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, we declare that we claim,-
First, the several arrangements for warming buildings by gas, represented
in Figures I, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4b, 4, 4d, 4°, 4, 48, 5, 6, 7, 7,
8, 8, 9, 10, 11, 11, 11, 12, 12, 13, 14, 14, 15, 15, 15, 16, 17, 18, 18,
18, 18, 19, 20, 20, 21, 21, 22, 22, 22, 23, 24, 25, 25, and 25b, and
before described.
Secondly, we claim the employment of hot-air chambers or tubes in appa-
ratuses, heated by gas and asbestos or other luminous absorbents of heat,
exemplified in Figures 20, 20, 21, 21, 22, 22ª, 22b, and 23, and before
described.

page_text: Thirdly, we claim the method of enclosing gas fires on all sides except the
front, so that no air can reach the flues without first passing through the
burner, as exemplified in Figure 2. and before described.
Fourthly, we claim the use of wire gauze or perforated metal for keeping
asbestos or other incombustible materials in its place on the burners of such
sloves as those exemplified in Figures 3, 3°. 4. 5. 6. 7. 7 and 24, and
before described.
Fifthly, we claim the use of tale for cooking or other stoves, in which gas is
burned in combination with asbestos, porous clay, or other absorbent of heat,
for the prevention of accidents or the escape of gas vapours, as exemplified in
Figure 24, and before described.
Sixthly, we claim the use of sliced asbestos in combination with gas, and the
tying of asbestos in tufts or between wires, and suspending them over or
laying them upon the burners of gas stoves, and also the several modes of ap-
plying it. exemplified in Figures 1, 4. 4. 4. 4. 11. 11*, and 13, and
before described.
Seventhly. we claim the formation of gas pipe and asbestos into ornamental
devices for warming or illuminating, exemplified in Figures 14, 14*.
Eighthly, we claim the clay lumps, and the other heat-absorbing substances.
when combined with gas for heating purposes. exemplified in Figure 25,
especially the use of air and gas in combination with porous clay, as before
described.
Ninthly, we claim the arrangement of deflecting plates in the flues of gas
and asbestos stoves. represented in Figure 25%, and before described.
Tenthly. we claim the several apparatuses for the application of gas to
culinary purposes, represented in Figures 26, 27, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33,
33. 33, 34, 34, 35, 36, 36. 36, 36. & 36, and before described.
Eleventhly, we claim the use of gas stoves from which heat is radiated
externally, for roasting, exemplified in Figure 26. and before described.
Twelfthly, we claim the use of a mixture of air and gas for roasting or
baking, exemplified in Figures 36 and 36, and before described.
Thirteenthly. we claim the arrangement for heating baths by a combination
of gas and wood, as before described.
Fourteenthly, we claim the several apparatuses for heating, represented in
Figures 41, 42, 43, 43, 44, 44, 44, 44, and 44d. and before described.
Fifteenthly, we claim the use of perforated soap stone or other fit materials
to protect the wire gauze in air and gas burners from oxidation by heat,
represented in Figures 15, 156, 37, and 41, and before described.
Sixteenthly, we claim the several arrangements for heating fluids, repre-