AN IMPROVEMENT IN ATMOSPHERIC FORGING HAMMERS
Year: 1865

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Edward Augustus Raymond, of Brooklyn, in the
State of New York, United States of America, Machinist, for the Inven-
tion of "AN IMPROVEMENT IN ATMOSPHERIC FORGING HAMMERS."
Sealed the 25th July 1865, and dated the 19th May 1865.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Edward Augustus Raymond
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
19th May 1865.
I, EDWARD AUGUSTUS RAYMOND, of Brooklyn, in the State of New York,
United States of America, Machinist, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "AN IMPROVEMENT IN ATMOSPHERIC FORGING HAMMERS," to
be as follows:
Before my Invention forging hammers had been made by the use of a
cylinder reciprocated in slides by a pitman or connecting rod to a revolving
crank pin, and in this cylinder a piston was fitted, the rod of which connected
to a hammer also fitted in slides, so that the air in the cylinder became .a
cushion to lift or force down the hammer as the cylinder was reciprocated.
My Invention relates to this character of a hammer, and consists in a peculiar
way of constructing the parts of the cylinder, piston rod, and packing as
hereafter mentioned, so as to cause the parts to work easily, but at the same.

page_text: time be air-tight. In order to obviate the difficulties heretofore experienced from
friction and leakage I pack the piston rod by means of a leather cup some-
what similar to the packing of a hydraulic ram, the said cup occupying a recess
in the cylinder head, and secured therein by a ring, which in its turn is held
down by the end of the cylinder, to which the head is attached. The piston
rod and piston are made in one piece, and provided with recesses in the sides
of a shape corresponding to the cup leathers that are employed, setting back
to back against the piston, and secured by the hole in the centre of the said
cup leathers, being forced over buttons or shoulders around the piston rod.
At one or both ends of the cylinder circular ribs are provided formed with or
attached to the inside of the heads, and of a shape to fit the insides of the cup
leathers; these expand and shape the cup leathers should they become leaky,
and also act as buffers to prevent the metallic parts coming in contact if the
piston and hammer acquire too much motion. The piston rod tapers at its
lower end, and is connected to the hammer by wedging into a similarly shaped
hole in the hammer.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Edward Augustus Raymond in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 18th Noveniber 1865.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, EDWARD
AUGUSTUS RAYMOND, of Brooklyn, in the State of New York, United States,
of America, Machinist, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Nineteenth day of May, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, in the twenty-eighth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Edward Augustus Raymond, Her special license that I, the said Edward
Augustus Raymond, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others
as I, the said Edward Augustus Raymond, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great.
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention
for "AN IMPROVEMENT IN ATMOSPHERIC FORGING HAMMERS," upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said Edward Augustus Raymond, by an instrument
in writing under my band and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain

page_text: the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be per-
formed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Edward Augustus Raymond, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, reference being had to the Drawing hereunto annexed,
and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say) :-
Fig. 1 is a perspective view of the forge hammer complete, and
وو
2 is a vertical section of the air cylinder employed in said forge
hammer. Atmospheric forge hammers have heretofore been constructed in
which an air cylinder is moved up and down in slides by means of a pitman to a
crank, said cylinder having a piston the rod of which is connected to the
forge hammer, as may be seen by reference to Letters Patent granted in the
United States, June 14th 1859, to B. Hotchkiss. In forge hammers of this
character heretofore constructed the piston rod has been packed with an
ordinary elastic packing, which produces so much friction that the air in the
cylinder becomes almost inoperative in giving an elastic movement to the
hammer, because the friction is sufficient, or nearly so, to lift the baminer,
and this character of packing quickly becomes leaky and useless in conse-
quence of the heat and particles of dust that adhere to the piston rod. The
piston itself has been formed with cup-shaped leathers, but the cup leathers,
if the movement is such that they touch either end of the cylinder, are forced
out of shape and the hammer rendered inoperative. The forge hammers of
the character referred to must be durable and not subject to derangement,
because they are generally in the bands of blacksmiths who would not under-
stand their repair in case of their becoming out of order. My Invention
obviates all the foregoing difficulties and consists in a cup-shaped packing for
the piston rod, secured in place by a movable ring that is kept in position by
the end of the cylinder, so that the simple act of placing the head upon the
cylinder secures the cup packing. At the ends of the cylinder I form annular
ribs that act as packing expanders for shaping the edge of the cup leathers to
the interior surface of the cylinder, and also as buffers for the piston to strike
against at the ends of the cylinder should any circumstance cause the cylinder
head and piston to come in contact. By these devices the hammer is rendered
permanent in its action and adapted to the circumstances under which it is
used. The hammer bas heretofore been connected to the piston rod by the
latter passing into a straight hole in the hammer, and the piston rod has been

page_text: enlarged to give additional strength; the concussion causes the rod to bind so
firmly in the hammer that they are separated with great difficulty if it becomes
necessary for repairs. I obviate this trouble by making the end of the piston
rod tapering, and the hole in the hammer of the same form, and find that
the friction is sufficient to hold the parts together, but they may easily be
separated if required.
In the perspective view, Fig. 1, I have represented the anvil G, hammer H,..
cylinder A; these operating jointly as in the hammers heretofore constructed,
do not require further description, my improvement relating to the. con-
struction of the air cylinder A, and the attachment of the piston rod to the
hammer.
:
In Fig. 2, a is the piston rod to the hammer passing through the head b
which head is formed as a basin to receive the cup leather c, which is
shaped as represented, and forms the packing to the piston rod at this point.
The cup leather c is held in place by the ring d, that sets into a recess in the
head b, and is a little larger in diameter than the interior of the cylinder A,
hence is secured in place by the end of the cylinder, when the head is
attached to the latter. The piston is formed with the rod a, as are also
the buttons or collars 1 and 2 above and below the piston. The surfaces of
the piston are adapted to the reception of the cup leathers f and g, which
are pressed up out of a flat piece of leather into the shape shown, and are
forced over the collars 1 and 2, and the leather contracts into the recesses or
shoulders between the collars and piston, so that said cup leathers become
permanently connected to the piston. Around the cavities formed in the
heads at each end of the cylinder are annular ribs i, i, of a shape correspond-
ing to the inside surfaces of the cup leathers, so that the said cup leathers if
brought in contact with said aunular ribs are expanded and pressed up to
their proper shape, and the leather composing such cup leathers intervenes
between the metal parts to prevent injury in case the piston comes with a
concussion against the head. By this device, if the piston accidentally takes
the end of the cylinder no injury ensues to the packing; on the contrary, it is
benefited, and when the packing becomes leaky all that is necessary is to
cause the piston to take the ends of the cylinder by any convenient mode,
such as blocking the hammer either up or down. The lower end of the
piston rod is tapering as seen in Fig. 2, and enters, a similarly shaped hole in
the hammer. The friction between the surfaces causes the hammer to remain
connected to the piston rod while in work, because the concussion tends to
drive the rod more firmly into the hole, but the taper allows the parts to be
easily separated if required..

page_text: I have shown in Fig. 3 a modification in the shape of the piston and
its leather cups or packings. With this construction of piston the packing
leathers are almost flat, with a hole in the centre, said leathers being forced
over the tapering collars at 1 & 2 as before, or the collars 1 & 2 might
be made with a screw thread, and the packing leathers screwed over the
same until they reach the necks or recesses adjoining the piston, into which
the said leathers set and cannot work off by the motion of the piston. The
shaft and crank that reciprocate the cylinder by means of a pitman instead
of being driven by the wheel K, when the belt is tightened by the movable
pulley H, might be connected to the power by a friction or other clutch,
which in some cases is preferable, as the hammer can be stopped and
held up more easily than when the momentum of the wheel K has also to be
arrested.
What I claim and desire to secure by Letters Patent is,―
First, a cup leather packing for the piston rod of atmospheric forge hammers,
applied as and for the purposes specified.
Second, I claim securing the cup leather within the basin in the cylinder
head by the movable ring, as and for the purposes specified.
Third, I claim the annular packing expanders applied at one or both
ends of the cylinder for pressing the cup leathers of the piston to shape as
set forth.
Fourth, I claim connecting the hammer to the piston rod by a tapering end
on said rod, entering a similarly formed hole in the hammer for the purposes
and as specified.
In witness whereof, I, the said Edward Augustus Raymond, have bere-
unto set my hand and seal, this Second day of August, A.D. One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-five.
Witnesses,
EDW. W. MERRILL,
Grand St..
N. York.
LEMUEL W. SERRELL,
121, Nassau St.,
New York.
EDW. A. RAYMOND. (L.S.)