CERTAIN NEW AND USEFUL IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING SEAMLESS BAGS AND OTHER OPEN DOUBLE FABRICS OF A SIMILAR CHARACTER
Year: 1855

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Henry Walenn, of No. 46, Regent Street,
London, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, for the Invention of
"CERTAIN NEW AND USEFUL IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING SEAMLESS
BAGS AND OTHER OPEN DOUBLE FABRICS OF A SIMILAR CHARACTER."-A com-
munication from George Copeland, of Lewiston, in the United States of.
America.
Sealed the 22nd April 1856, and dated the 9th November 1855.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Henry Walenn
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
9th November 1855.
I, WILLIAM HENRY WALENN, of No. 46, Regent Street, London, in the
County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "CERTAIN NEW & USEFUL IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING
SEAMLESS BAGS & OTHER OPEN DOUBLE FABRICS OF A SIMILAR CHARACTER," being
a communication from George Copeland, of Lewiston, in the United States
of America, to be as follows:-
This Invention does not change the general character of the loom from that'
of the power looms now commonly employed for weaving plain or twilled
fabrics, but consists chiefly in certain modes of constructing, arranging, &
working some of the parts which require to be duplicated: A loom constructed
according to this Invention contains two complete sets of harness, either for
plain or twilled weaving, according as a plain or twilled bag is required, & all
the mechanism necessary to work the two sets of harness independently of each

page_text: other. It also contains two shuttle races placed one above the other in front of
the same reed, & employs two shuttles, which are both at all times in operation.
In weaving the bag, though only one "warp is used, two independent sheds
are opened continually, one above the other, that is, one above the line of
the warp & one below, & the two shuttles follow each other through the
upper & lower sheds, & thus produce a fabric composed of two parts united
at the edges; one half the warp, from which the upper sheds are formed, com-
posing one half or side of the bag, & the other half, from which the lower
sheds are formed, composing the other half or side of the bag; the two parts
of the said fabric only requiring to be united at certain intervals, corresponding
with the required depth of the bags, to form a continuous piece, which when
finished only requires to be cut across at proper intervals. to separate the bags.
The union of the two parts of the fabric is produced by a change in the
arrangement of the harness, which is effected without any stoppage of the
weaving, to cause the upper & lower parts so to blend that they will be
woven together, & when this has continued. long enough the harness resumes
its original position, in which it continues till a proper length is woven for
another bag. The changes of the harness are effected by mechanism which
works with the loom, so that the whole is self-acting.
In order to work the two sets of harness used in this loom, instead of placing
the harness cams as usual on a single shaft gearing into the crank or driving
shaft, they are placed on two shafts, each at the opposite end of a lever, which
lever consists of two beams, one to each end of the cam shafts; the axis of this
lever gears. into the crank shaft, & communicates rotary motion to each of
the cam shafts.
When arranged for weaving twilled bags, the harness in the loom is composed
of six leaves, in two sets of three leaves, arranged one before the other, each set
being like that commonly employed for weaving three-leaf twill; the front
set, which is to open the lower sheds, & weave the lower half of the bag, being
arranged to bring the twill on the upper surface; but the back set, which opens
the upper sheds. & weaves the upper half of the cloth, being arranged to bring
the twill on the under surface. The twilled sides of the fabric are arranged in
this manner because they thus come on the inside of the hollow,.& are wound
on the cloth or bag roll in this manner, but when the bags are cut off the twilled
sides come outwards. Instead of the single harness roll, as in the common loom,
each set of harness has its roll suspended by straps from a third or top roll,
which top roll stands in the place of the single harness roll in the common loom.
The use of suspending the two harness rolls from the top one is to provide
for weaving the bottom of the bags, by causing some of the lower warp to open

page_text: in the upper shed & some of the upper warp to open in the lower shed, as
will be seen when the action of the lever beam, whose axis gears into the crank
shaft, is explained.
Each cam shaft carries all the cams necessary for its own set of barness;
the front cam shaft works the front set of harness, & the back cam shaft the
back set of harness, each shaft by means of its own set of treadles arranged
side by side as ordinarily; the set for the back harness is, however, in the rear
of the other set, owing to the position of the harness & cams. In this loom
the lever beam axis, besides being supported by the exterior frame of the
loom, is supported by an "additional rail," not found in ordinary looms, running
parallel with the warp of the fabric, & nearer to the side than the harness
treadles & cams.
The lever beams supporting the cam shafts are free to turn upon the lever
axis thro' an arc, whose angle is limited at one side by a stud fixed on the
"additional rail" behind the bearing of the lever beam shaft; & at the other
side by the shape of the cam on the lever beam axis, which by means of a
treadle & two springs fixed to the crank shaft produces (when required) the
necessary vibration of the cam shafts.
In weaving the hollow part of the bag, the lever beam is fixed, & the
centro lines of the cam shafts are in the same horizontal plano; in this position
the harness treadles & thence the harness is only acted upon by the motion
of the cams on their respective shafts, thence the warp is opened in two distinct
sheds, & two distinct fabrics produced united parallel to the warp by the
arrangement of the shuttles & shuttle boxes, presently to be pointed out.
The lever beam is fixed for weaving the hollow part of the bag by means of
a hook, kept in contact with the projecting end of the front cam shaft by means
of a spring attached to the stud on the "additional rail," already mentioned.
This hook is free to move on a centre attached to the "additional rail," & has
a tail piece projecting downwards. A bracket fixed on the under side of the
"additional rail" carries a disc with an excentric stud projecting from its face,
to which suitable rotary motion is communicated from the bag roll; when the
stud on the disc by its motion presses against the tail pieco of the hook, the
force of the spring acting upon the hook is overcome, & the rocking motion
of the two cam shafts commences, & continues as long as the stud of the diso
obliges the hook to keep clear of the projecting end of the cam shaft.
It is in weaving the bottom of the bag that the vibrating motion of the lever
beam shaft takes place; for at each vibration, the cam shafts by means of the
cams act upon the harness treadles, & oblige the whole position of the harness
rolls & warp to be so altered that the shuttles no longer throw the weft in two

page_text: distinct sheds, but the upper & lower parts of the warp so blend together that
one thick fabric is produced, although the shuttles still travel in the same
manner as when weaving the hollow part of the bag. It is evident that
the length of the hook's tail piece, & the proportion of the diameter of the
circle the disc stud travels into the diameter of the bag roll, determines the
length of closed fabric woven, & the distance between the bottoms of the bags,
(i.e., the depth of the bags.) The lay is supported & driven in the usual way
from the crank shaft, but the reed, which is of the usual construction, must be
of twice the depth that is necessary for a common loom.
The shuttle boxes are pivoted or hinged at their outer extremities to the end
of the lay, so as to leave their inner ends free to move up & down opposite
either of the two race ways. The shuttles being presumed to move from right
to left along the bottom shuttle race & from left to right along the top shuttle
race, the right-hand shuttle box is connected in such a manner that it will
stand horizontally opposite to the lower race way, & form a flush continuation
thereof, & the left-hand shuttle box so as to stand horizontally opposite to
the upper race way, & form a flush continuation thereof. By the motion of
the shuttle boxes on the before-mentioned hinges, either shuttle is in an
inclined position as it enters the shuttle box & is horizontal when it leaves
the shuttle box.
The working the shuttle boxes, so that both may move simultaneously to &
from the positions for throwing & catching the shuttles, is accomplished as fol-
lows: The shuttle boxes are connected near their inward extremities by short
rods to a lever, whose center of motion is under the centre of the lay, at equal
distances from the centre; suitable motion is given to this lever & thence to the
shuttle boxes by a double cam & treadle, attached to the lever by means of a
rod acting vertically. The above-mentioned cam is on the lever beam shaft, &
is made exactly like a tilt-hammer cam. It is adjusted so that the shuttle box
for the incoming shuttle is instantaneously transferred from the position in
which it parted with the other shuttle, & during the adjustment of the warp
by the harness the position of the shuttle box is gradually changed, so that
the weft thus forms the edges of the bag.
In this loom both pickers act at once. The picker staves throw the shuttles
by means of rods connected with rocking shafts near to the bottom of the loom
& parallel to its sides, to which the proper motion is given by means of arts
on the lever beam shaft striking suddenly against toes projecting from the
rocking shaft. The staves are returned by means of a spring stretching parallel
to the front of the loom frame attached to arms on the rocking shafts; this
way of driving the shuttle is well known.

page_text: For enabling the two shuttles to traverse the two sheds each in turn properly,
the top shuttle race is formed of a number of thin metal guides, which are
attached to the lay cap, & which form a sort of cage. By reason of their
thinness the guides do not interfere with the warp. The guides constitute a
flat track, & form a guard to prevent the shuttle flying off; their distance
apart may be one-third of the length of the shuttle.
In order to provide that the thread which is leaving the upper race shall
draw directly from the filling point at the edge of the warp, the fronts of the
guides nearest to the side of the loom from which the shuttle enters the upper
shed have slots flush with the shuttle race bottom; these slots are of increasing
depths, commencing with those guides near the center of the loom, the outside
guide having the deepest slot. In order to weave plain bags, the usual
change has to be made in the machinery, two leaves only being required for
each set of harness. When the loom is used for weaving a tubular fabric
without closed parts, the disc driven from the bag roll is thrown out of gear.
The chief points in this Invention are six in number, & are as follows:→
1st, the arrangement of the harness cams, & the mounting them upon two
shafts carried by the opposite arms of two levers.
2nd, the method of securing the levers above mentioned to maintain the
proper position of the cam shaft for working the hollow portion of the bag, &
the method of changing their position for working the closed portion of the bag,
by means of springs acting upon a hook, in order to secure & fix the lever
beam, & a disc carrying a stud, in order to liberate the hook periodically, &
allow the lever beam to vibrate.
3rd, the continual rocking movement which is imparted to the cam shafts by
means of the levers, which enables the levers to be caught by a hook worked
by a stud in a disc.
4th, in this Invention the shuttle boxes are pivoted to the ends of the lay, so
that by a vertically vibrating motion they move at the proper time opposite to
the upper or lower shuttle race.
5th, the manner of working the two shuttle boxes so that both may move
simultaneously to & from the positions for throwing & catching the shuttles,
by connecting both with a lever working under the lay, & receiving its motion
by means of a treadle & cam, or other analogous means.
6th, the slots in the guides or bars of the upper shuttle race, for the purposo
of enabling the weft thread which is being carried thro' the warp to draw in
as nearly a direct manner as possible from the filling point of the fabric.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said William Henry Walenn in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 9th May 1856.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
HENRY WALENN, of No. 46, Regent Street, London, in the County of Mid-
dlesex, Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by IIer Letters
Patent, bearing date the Ninth day of November, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-five, in the nineteenth year of Her
reign, did, for Ierself, Ier heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said William Henry Walenn, IIer special licence that I, the said
William Henry Walenn, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such
others as I, the said William Henry Walenn, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time
and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an
Invention for "CERTAIN NEW AND USEFUL IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING
SEAMLESS BAGS AND OTHER OPEN DOUBLE FABRICS OF A SIMILAR CHARACTER," a
communication from George Copeland, of Lewiston, in the United States of
America, upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said William Henry
Walenn, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under
my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was
to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Henry Walenn, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, reference being had to the accompanying Drawing
forming part of this Specification; in which Fig. 1 is a vertical section,
parallel with tho warp, of a loom for weaving twilled bags, constructed
according to my Invention; Fig. 2 is a front elevation of the same, with
the breast beam and cloth roll removed, and front of the framing broken away
to show the parts behind more distinctly; Fig. 3 is a top view of the same,
with the harness removed; Fig. 4 is a vertical section of the principal
working parts, showing them in different positions to Fig. 1; Fig. 5 is a

page_text: side view, intended to illustrate the manner of effecting the changes of
position of the harness cam shafts; Fig. 6 is a longitudinal section of the lay,
reed, and shuttle boxes, and front view of reed; Fig. 7 is a side view of the
cam and treadle, which give motion to the shuttle boxes; Figs. 8 and 9 are
two of the light metal guides forming the upper shuttle race. Similar letters:
of reference indicate corresponding parts of the several Figures.
This Invention does not change the general character of the loom from that
of the power looms now commonly employed for weaving plain or twilled,
fabrics, but consists chiefly in certain modes of constructing, arranging, and:
operating some of the parts which require to be duplicated. A loom con-
structed according to this Invention contains two complete sets of harness
either for plain or twilled weaving, according as a plain or twilled bag is.
required, and all the mechanism necessary to operate the two sets of harness
independently of each other. It also contains two shuttle races, placed one
above the other in front of the same reed, and employs two shuttles, which are
both at all times in operation. In weaving the bag, though only one warp is
used, two independent sheds are opened continually, one above the other, and
the two shuttles follow each other through the upper and lower sheds, and thus
produce a fabric composed of two parts united at the edges; one half the warp,
from which tho upper sheds are formed, composing one half or side of the bag,
and the other half, from which tho lower sheds are formed, composing the other
half or side of the bag; the two parts of the said fabric only requiring to bo
united at certain intervals corresponding with the required depth of the bags
to form a continuous piece, which when finished only requires to be cut across
at proper intervals to separate the bags. The union of the two parts of tho
fabric is produced by a change in the arrangement of the harness, which is
effected without any stoppage of the weaving, to cause the upper and lower
parts so to blend that they will be woven together, and when this has con-
tinued long enough the harness resumes its original position, in which it.
continues till a proper length is woven for another bag. The changes of tho
harness are effected by mechanism which operates with the loom, so that the
whole is self-acting.
To enable those skilled in the art to make and use my Invention, I will
proceed to describe its construction and operation.
A is the frame of the loom, which only differs from the framing of a common.
loom in having an additional rail B, which serves to attach some of the ad.li-
tional working parts. C is the crank shaft, occupying the usual position, and
gearing in the usual manner with a shaft D, which corresponds with the cam
shaft of the most common form of power loom, and only differs therefrom in not

page_text: carrying the cams which operate the harness treadles, but in giving motion by
gearing E, E, E², to two sets of harness cams G, G, G, and G', G', G', проц
two other shafts arranged parallel with it.
The harness in the loom represented is composed of six leaves, arranged in
two sets a, a, a, and b, b', 6', of three leaves, arranged one before the other,
each set being like that commonly employed for weaving three-leaf twill, the
front set a, a', a², which is to open the lower sheds and weave the lower half
of the bag, being arranged to bring the twill on the upper surface, but the back
set b, b', 63, which opens the upper sheds and weaves the upper half of the
cloth, being arranged to bring the twill on the under surface. Each set of
the two sets of harness is suspended from one of two rolls or rock shafts
H, H', in the usual manner, and the two rolls or rock shafts II, II', being
suspended by straps 8, s, from a third roll or rock shaft I, which occupies
the position occupied by the single harness roll in the common loom. The
leaves a, a, a, of the front harness are connected with treadles J, J, J, and
the three leaves b, b', b, of the back harness, with treadles J', J', J', all
arranged side by side, but the latter being some distance in rear of the
others, owing to the position of the harness, and of the cams which operate
upon them.
The cam shafts F, F', are secured at opposite ends of two lever beams K, K,
which are hung loosely at their centres on the shaft D, the shaft F carrying
the cams G, G, G, for operating the front harness being at the front end,
and the shaft F¹ carrying the cams G, G', G¹, for operating the back harness
at the back end of the beams. The shafts are firmly secured in the beams at
their respective cams, and wheels E, E', by which the said cams are driven, aro
all secured together to rotate freely upon them. In order to weave the open
part of the bag, the lever beams K, K, and shafts F, F, are held stationary in
the position shown in Fig. 1 by the action of springs c, c, which connect the
shaft F to the crank shaft, and draw a stud d, which is formed by the pro-
trusion of its right-hand end d through the beam against a hook e, which is
pivoted by a pivot f to the rail B of the framing, as shown in Fig. 1, and is
held secure by a spring g, connecting it with the said rail above the pivot.
While the beams and cam shafts are in the above position, the two sets a, a', a²,
and b, b', 62, of harness operate independently of each other, the front set
a, a', a³, opening a shed below, and the back set b, b', 6, opening another shed
above the line of the warp, and continuing this operation without the two
sheds interfering with each other in any way whatever, the two shafts or rolls
H, H', occupying in the mean time fixed positions relatively to the shaft I. In
order to weave the bottom of the bag, the hook e requires to be set free of the

page_text: :
stud d, when a rocking motion of the lever beams takes place, and they are
alternately drawn to the positions shown in Fig. 4 by the action of the springs
o, c, and back again to the position shown in Fig. 1 by a cam L on the
shaft D acting upon a treadle M, which is arranged by the side of the harness
treadles, and connects by a rod h with the left-hand end i of the shaft F.
The movement which is given by the spring c, c, is limited by a stop pieco j;
which is attached to the rail B (see Fig. 1) to receive the end of the shaft F¹.
The rocking operation of the lever beams and cam shafts is further illustrated
in Fig. 5, where the position corresponding with Fig. 4 is shown in black, and
that corresponding with Fig. 1 in red outline. The lever beams are thrown
regularly to the former position at the time of one flight of the shuttle, and
to the latter position at the time of the next flight. This alternate elevation
and depression of the shafts F and Facts upon the whole of the treadles
at once in such a way as to change the position of the whole harness, as will
be seen by comparing Figs. 1 and 4, causing the shafts or rolls H and H
to change their position relatively to the shaft or roll I. When the harness,
treadles, and cams are in the position shown in Fig. 4, the two separate sheds are
no longer maintained; but by the depression of the whole of the back harness
6, 6, 6, and elevation of the front harness a, a', a³, they are woven into each
other, as shown by the crossing of the warp thread in that Fig. The reason.
why the rocking of the lever beams is kept up in weaving the bottom, and the
harness is not allowed to remain in the position shown in Fig. 4, is, that when
enough of the fabric has been woven together, the hook e may catch the stud d,
which it could not do when the lever beams were in the position of Fig. 4.
The throwing the hook e on and off is effected by a stud k on one side of a
disc N, which is fitted to rotate on an axle g¹ attached to the rail B of the frame.
This pulley is driven by a band from the cloth beam or bag roll O, and
its diameter bears such a relation to that of the beam or roll O as is necessary
to make it perform oue revolution while one bag of the desired length is
woven. The length of the bag is therefore regulated by the size of this disc N,
which requires to be changed for one of different diameter for bags of different-
length. The stud k acts upon the front side of a tail m, which is extended
from the hook below the pivot f, and thus forces back the hook and holds it
clear of the stud d until it passes to the tail, when the hook is thrown into
action by the spring g. The time the hook remains thrown off, and the length.
of the fabric which is woven to close the bag bottom, depends upon the length
of the tail m, or the distance of the stud k from the axle of the disc. Pis
the lay, supported and driven in the usual way from the crank shaft; Q is the
reed, which is of the usual construction, but must be of twice the depth that is

page_text: necessary for a common loom, in order that it may receive the two open sheds
of warp, and allow the two shuttles to pass one above another, when one travels
upon the race way n, which corresponds with the race way of the common
loom, and the other upon a race way made of a number of light metal guides
p, p, which are attached to the lay cap R, and which form a sort of cage
through which the upper shuttle may pass, and by reason of their thinness
do not interfere with the warp, whose threads pass them without difficulty.
The guides p, p, are of such form that they constitute a flat track for the sole
of the shuttle, and a guard to prevent its flying off, and their distance apart
may be about a third of the length of the shuttle. S, S', are the shuttle boxes,
which are connected at their outer ends with the ends of the lay in such a
manner as to leave their inner ends free to move up and down opposite either
of the two race ways; the box S being connected in such manner that it will
stand horizontally opposite the lower race way n, and form a continuation
thereof; and the box S¹, as to stand horizontally opposite the race way p, p, and
form a continuation thereof, and either shuttle being in an inclined position
when opposite the other race way. The object of thus attaching the shuttle
boxes to the lay is, that the two shuttles may be made to follow one another in
the direction of the arrows, shown in Fig. 6, both leaving the boxes together,
and one moving to the left along the lower race way, while the other moves to
the right along the upper one, passing one another in the centre of the two
sheds, and each entering the opposite box, which during its flight will have
had its position changed to receive it. In order to effect this, the boxes must
stand in line with the race ways, as shown in black in Fig. 6, at the time the
sheds are open, and the action of the pickers takes place to throw the shuttles,
and immediately after the shuttles have left them their positions must be
changed with sufficient rapidity to bring each opposite the other race way, as
represented in red outline in the same Fig., to be in readiness to receive tho
shuttle thrown from the other, after which, and before the completion of the
next opening of the shed, and beforo the next operation of the pickers to throw
the shuttles, they must resume the position shown in black. The movements
of the shuttle boxes are given by connecting them to rods q, q, at equal distances
from the centre of a lover T, which hangs on a pivot v under the centre of
the lay, and is connected at one end by a rod S with a treadle U, which is
operated upon by a double cam V on the shaft D, and a spring t which
attaches it to the lower part of the framing. The changes of position from
that shown in red to that shown in black outline in Fig. 6 is effected by tho
cam raising the treadle, but the sudden and instantaneous chango from
the black to the red position is effected by one of the steps u, u, of the cam

page_text: passing the treadle at the right time, and the treadle being suddenly pulled
down by the spring t.
In employing an upper race way composed of a number of guides p, p, as
Jescribed, it is necessary to make some provision for the thread which is
leaving the shuttle while the latter is in the upper race way to draw directly or
nearly so from the filling point at the edge of the warp, which would be pro-
vented if the fronts of the guides were without opening, as shown in Fig. 8,
which represents the form employed for the greater number. The provision
which I make for this purpose consists merely in forming a few of those
guides which are nearest to the side of the loom from which the shuttle enters
the upper shed with a slot r, as shown in Fig. 9, to admit the thread, so that
it may draw in the direction shown by the blue line w representing it in the
plan Fig. 3.
It will be evident that if all the guides were constructed without these slots,
as shown in Fig. 8, a portion of the weft thread leading from the filling point
to the first guide would be left slack at every filling. In order not to make
the guides stand out further than is necessary, the length of the slots may be
progressive, commencing near the centre of the loom very short and increasing
to the outermost guide, which will require to have the longest one. This will
be understood by referring to Figs. 1 and 3, particularly the latter Fig.
The shuttle motion in this loom may be the same as that employed in
common looms, the main point of difference being the operation of both
pickers at once, as above described, instead of one at a time alternately. Tho
picker staves X, X', are represented as being operated to throw the shuttles by
means of rods x, x¹, connected with the upper arms of the levers W, W¹,
which are secured to rock shafts y, y¹, arranged parallel with the sides of and
near the bottom of the loom; the said shafts y, y', having the necessary
motion given to them at the proper time by means of arms Y, Y¹, on the
shaft D, carrying rollers Z, Z', which are brought by the revolution of the
shaft into contact with toes 10, 10, on the rock shafts, and made to depress
the said toes suddenly, and thus to give the picker staves the necessary motion.
The picker staves are returned after having thrown the shuttles by a spring 11,
connecting the lower arms of the two levers W, WI. This way of driving the
shuttle is well known.
The operation of weaving the bags in this loom is commenced and proceeds
in the following manner:-The warp composed of a proper number of threads
is inserted in the loom, and the harness being properly adjusted, the loom may
be started in the usual manner. The disc N may be adjusted for its stud k to
throw off the hook c immediately from the stud d, and cause the operation of

page_text: weaving the upper and lower sheds together to be commenced as shown in
Fig. 4, where, as well as in Fig. 1, the warp threads are shown in the blue
outline to weave the bottom of a bag, but as soon as the stud k passes the tail
of the hook, and the hook catches the stud d, and brings the lever beams
K, K, and cam shafts F, F, to the position shown in Fig. 1, the warp is con-
tinually opened in two entirely independent sheds, one above the other, (as
shown in blue outline in Fig. 1,) and the two shuttles in following each other
through the upper and lower sheds in regular succession weave a double open
fabric. This operation continues until the proper length for one bag has been
woven, by which time the stud k will have arrived in contact with the tail of
the hook e and set free the lever beams K, K, which will then commence their
rocking, and at every second opening of the sheds will bring some of the
threads which form portions of the lower shed in Fig. 1 into the upper shed,
and some of the threads which form the upper shed in Fig. 1 into the lower
shed;
the shuttles still following one another, as before, through an upper
and lower shed, put in the filling in such way as to make a closed fabric.
This latter operation only requires to be continued for a short time, say, till
a length of from half an inch to an inch has been woven, when the stud k
will pass the hook e and set it free to catch the stud d, and the open weaving
will be again proceeded with.
When the whole piece is woven, it is composed of a number of long open
parts 12, 12, and a number of short closed parts 13, 13, as shown by the blue
outlines in Fig. 4, where the fabric is represented from the filling point to the
cloth beam or bag roll O, and when the piece is removed from the loom it is
cut at one end of every closed part 13 to form the bags. When the bags are
cut off, each is turned inside out to bring the closed pieco forming the bottom
inside, and give it a neat appearance. The turning the bag inside out brings
the face of the twill outside on both sides of tho bag, it having been with a
view to this turning inside out that the twill was brought on the upper face of
the lower part and the under face of the upper part.
In order to weave plain bags, the reduction of the number of leaves of the
harness and of the cams and treadles for operating them will be necessary,
four leaves only being required to operate in two pairs, each pair being hung
on one of the shafts or rolls H, H', which would still be suspended from the
top shaft or roll I in the manner represented. The gearing of the cam shafts
will also require to be changed, those represented making only half the
revolutions of the shaft D, while the cam shafts of the plain harness would
require to make as many revolutions as the shaft D, or half as many as the
crank shaft. In weaving the open part of the plain bag, each pair of harness

page_text: will operate like the harness of a loom for plain fabrics; but in weaving the
end or bottom, the sheds will be blended substantially as in weaving the
twilled bag.
The loom represented may be used for weaving wind sails for ships or any
other tubular fabric by simply throwing off the band l, and stopping the action
of the pulley N and its stud k, and thereby leaving the lever beams K; K,
and the cam shafts F, F, in the position shown in Fig. 1, when the open
weaving will continue throughout the whole piece. A loom constructed:
specially for the above-named purpose might have the shafts F, F, secured in
or working in bearings, in, the position represented in Fig. 1, and the lever.
beams K, K, the cam L, treadle M, rod h, springs c, c, hook e, and disc N
may all be dispensed with, thus making it more simple than the loom:
represented.
'
The manner herein shown of arranging the shuttle boxes is that which I:
consider to be the best, though my Invention is by no means limited to that:
arrangement, as they may rise and fall parallel with the race ways instead of
vibrating from the end, as shown, and probably may be arranged to work in
other ways.
Having thus described the nature and particulars of the said Invention, I.
desire it to be distinctly understood that I do not confine myself to the precise
details herein described, likewise I do not confine myself to the strict figure or
form of any portion of the machine herein described, as such may be varied
or modified without departing from the principle of action thereof; but what
I claim, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is,-
1st. I claim placing the cams G, G, G, and G, G, G³, which operate the
two sets of harness upon two shafts F and F¹, carried by opposito arms of
lever beams K, K, which are capable of rocking upon a fixed shaft D, with
which the cam shafts F, F', are geared, and from which they receive the
motion, substantially as herein described, relatively to each other, to change
the operation of the harness.
2nd. I claim the method herein described of securing the lever beams K, K,
to maintain the proper position of the cam shafts for one mode of operating
the harnesses, and changing their position for the other mode of operating, by
means of a spring or springs c, c, or equivalents, or hook e and a disc N, or
equivalent, carrying a stud k, all operating and acted upon substantially as
herein set forth.
3rd. In weaving the closed part of the fabric or bottom of the bag, I claim
giving the lever beams a continual rocking movement on the shaft D, for the
purpose of enabling them to be caught by the hook e, and secured in position

page_text: for weaving the open part of the fabric as soon as a sufficient length of closed
part or bottom has been woven, and the hook escapes from the stud k, which
holds it during the latter weaving operation.
4th. Though I do not claim the employment of two race ways in the same
loom with two shuttles which move simultaneously, one leaving its thread in
the upper and the other in the lower of two sheds opened one above the
other, I claim for the purpose of throwing and catching the two shuttles
simultaneously, pivoting the shuttle boxes to the ends of the lay, substantially
as described, so that they may by a vibrating or swinging motion move
opposite to the upper or lower race way as required.
5th. I claim the manner herein described of operating the two shuttle boxes,
so that both may move simultaneously to and from the positions for throwing
and catching the shuttles, by connecting both with a lever T, which is arranged
to work under the lay, and receives the required motion from a treadlo and
cam or other analogous means.
6th. I claim the slots in the bars p, p, which form the upper race way,
for the purpose of enabling the weft thread which is being carried through
the warp to draw directly or nearly so from the filling point of the cloth or
fabric.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Henry Walenn, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Seventh day of May, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six.
W. 11. WALENN. (L.S.)