IMPROVE- MENTS IN TYPE-WRITING MACHINES
Year: 1881

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Philip Middleton Justice, of 14, Southampton Buildings,
in the County of Middlesex, Patent Agent, for an Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN TYPE-WRITING MACHINES." A communication from abroad by
Thomas Hall, of the City, County, and State of New York, one of the United
States of America, Gentleman.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Philip Middleton Justice at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 26th February 1881.
PHILIP MIDDLETON JUSTICE, of 14, Southampton Buildings, in the County of
Middlesex, Patent Agent. "IMPROVEMENTS IN TYPE-WRITING MACHINES."
A communication from abroad by Thomas Hall, of the City, County, and State
of New York, one of the United States of America, Gentleman.
My Invention relates to type-writers of that class in which the type are carried
on a plate made movable so as to bring any required letter into alignment with
any desired point upon the paper. The object of my Invention is to simplify the
structure and reduce the number of parts in type writing machines, to reduce the
size and cost, as well as to render the machine durable and serviceable. It consists.
primarily of a movable type form impelled by means of suitable mechanism over
an inking plate to bring any given letter opposite a hole in said plate, whereby
the type may be pressed through said opening and upon the paper beneath. It
consists further in the combination of a bed plate, bar, or roller for sustaining the
paper while printing, with an inking plate, or plate provided with an inking pad,
arranged directly over it, and provided with an opening for the admission of one
of the types, with a type form, in which the separate types are adapted to be
depressed independently, and with a plunger directly above the opening in the
inking plate, whereby any given letter of the type form is brought into position
and pressed upon the paper. It also consists in making the type form flexible,
whereby any type may be forced through the opening and printing effected
without complication of parts. It finally consists in important details of con-
struction for carrying into effect these leading features of my Invention, all of

page_text: which details are fully set forth hereinafter. The general plan of this machine
includes a base or platen on which the paper rests in order to be printed; this
may be a plate, bar, or roller. Over this the paper is fed, either in sheets or from
a roll, with a regulated intermittent motion to form the lines of writing. This
base or platen, and the feed rollers mentioned, are a part of the base of the machine.
The type form is movable, both for bringing any given letter into alignment with
the opening in the moving plate on which it is carried, and also in order to bring
the opening in said plate from the position of one letter to that of the next. The
motion required to bring any given letter into alignment with the opening in the
plate is directly imparted by movement of the hand grasping a small lever or arm,
and guiding the same by means of a pointer thereon fitting definitely arranged
holes, any one of which when the pointer is set there brings its approximate letter
over the opening through which it is pressed to print the letter. Further, the motion
of this directing arm is accompanied or directly followed by a depression of the
type form and its supporting frame and subsequent elevation, these movements
being necessary in the act of printing a letter. These movements are made to
,operate an escapement, whereby the perforated plate which carries the type form
is permitted to move one notch to the right, bringing the type to the space on the
paper appropriate for the next letter. The step by step movement of the type
carrying mechanism from left to right to form the necessary spacing is accomplished
by means of a spring or equivalent motor acting in connection with an escapement.
This escapement is of special construction, and consists of an elastic arm, which
engages with a rack bar, and is released by the movement necessary in printing,
but advances a limited distance in the direction of the movement of the carriage
before again engaging with said rack bar. After its advance and engagement the
carriage is moved up to it, as to a stop, the distance of its advance, and this distance
may be varied to vary the spacing. The base is rectangular in plan, and may be
about fourteen inches wide and seven inches from front to rear, though these
dimensions may be enlarged or reduced if found necessary for any special purpose.
On the front of this is hinged a frame, the sides of which are slightly raised in the
rear, and support a sliding rack rod, the ends of which are fixed in the said sides.
This rod is made round for purposes hereinafter explained, and is provided with
grooves running around it to correspond with the notches or teeth in an ordinary
rack-bar. Upon it is hinged the plate which carries the type form and other
parts auxiliary thereto. Across this frame and supported in the sides thereof
is placed the platen or bar on which the paper rests when impressed by
the type. The form may be greatly varied without departing materially from
the general plan of my machine. It may be made in the form of a roller,
the bearings of which may be in the sides to which the bar is fixed, or the paper
may be held on a flat table and the machine operate on it in the same manner that
it does when the paper is on the bar. In front of this bar is a roller having its
bearings in the sides, and over this the paper moves to the bar or platen. The
shaft of this roller is provided at the left hand end with a wheel and lever, the said
lever being adapted to give partial rotation to the roller for moving the paper from
line to line, in the same manner as is ordinarily done in machines of this class.
This wheel may be smooth, and the end of the lever which is pivoted in the collar
is placed so as to pinch upon the surface, or the wheel may be notched. The weight
of the lever or force of the spring will throw it out of contact, and the roller may
then be turned freely backward by means of a milled head. Obviously the paper
to be printed may be wound around this roll, or may be passed round it from
below, and extended above and over the bar. The upward movement of the before
referred to lever for a limited distance will give a regulated amount of movement
to the roller, and thus advance the paper over the bar. The movement of the
lever may be limited by any convenient stop made adjustable, so that the amount
of motion of the roller can be varied, and the width of the space between the lines
enlarged or diminished. On the front of the roller is a spring plate or clip of
substantially the same curve as the roller, and adapted to press against the surface.

page_text: On
This plate or clip is mounted on a shaft, the bearings of which are on the sides of
the machine, said shaft being provided with a spring. The spring holds the clip
tightly against the paper on the roller, and a second lever fixed upon the shaft
when depressed turns said shaft, and lifts the clip from the paper. This second
lever of course acts in opposition to the spring. The object of this clip is to hold
the paper firmly in place while it yields sufficiently to allow the paper to be fed
by the turning of the roller. The clip is lifted to permit the end of the paper,
sheet, or roll to be entered. The upper exposed surface of the clip is marked with
a graduated scale, and is so constructed and arranged that the edge serves as a
cutter to separate the paper by tearing it against the edge. A similar scale is on a
small bar at the back of the apparatus, with the marks opposite those on the clip.
These correspond to the spacing on a second rod herinafter more fully explained,
and serve to indicate the position of the printing mechanism upon the paper.
the front plate of the frame of the machine is a bar adjustable vertically, and held
by set screws. A hinged plate, and indirectly that carrying the printing mechanism,
rest upon this bar, and by said bar the position of the mechanism in relation to the
paper on the platen is accurately adjusted. On the rear of the machine behind and
a little above the second rod is the first bar heretofore referred to. It is preferably
square, but has cylindrical ends which rest in bearings in the sides, in which it
may turn.
At the right hand end it is provided with a bell hammer fixed
upon it, and adapted when properly moved to strike a bell on the inside
of the frame. On the first bar is a trigger adjustable, and held at any
desired point by a set screw. It is adapted to be struck by a stud on the
carriage, as will be explained, and when so struck is thrown backward and instantly
released. A spring on other end of first bar returns the bar by rotary motion,
and causes the hammer to strike the bell, serving thus to indicate when the printing
has approached near the end of the line. It will be observed that the construction
of the frame and base of the machine, as hereinafter described, gives ample space
for the paper.
If loose sheets be used they may be introduced either from the
front or rear, and may extend backward under the second rod as far as necessary.
Or a roll of paper may be placed in the rear of the platen, and be fed upward and
over said platen. The whole frame of the fixed part of the machine rests upon a
board or plate as a base, and is pivoted at the forward edge, as shown. By this it
may be set to any desired inclination. I proceed now to the description of the
movable part of my apparatus, and the mechanism more directly connected with
the printing. Upon the second rod is hinged a plate by means of two side pieces
to which it is attached. These side pieces are perforated, so that the second rod
passes directly through the rear ends. The plate rests at the forward edge upon
the bar on the front plate of the frame, as heretofore explained, in such a
manner that the lower surface of said plate shall come nearly in contact with the
upper surface of the platen. The plate has an opening, preferably rectangular,
near its centre, and directly over the platen. Above the plate is a second or upper
plate also hinged upon the second rod by means of sleeves arranged within the side
pieces, so that either the upper plate alone, or both plates together, may be turned
upward and backward to rest upon the first bar. Underneath the upper plate is
the printing form; this consists of a rubber plate having the type upon its lower
surface. It is preferably square in shape, and the type are arranged in parallel
lines in any convenient manner, having relation to the frequency of their use.
The manner of connecting the type form to the upper plate, so as to give all the
necessary movements thereon, and to permit the stud on the upper plate to press
any given letter of said form through the opening in the lower plate, and upon
the paper below, may be described as follows:-The type form is fixed to a frame
which serves to give it direct support. The frame is cut out from a plate, and is
pivoted to links. The movement of the type form to the front of the machine
is caused by drawing upon a small bar which will swing the link on the pivots to
the front, the type plate by reason of its pivotal connection keeping its sides
always parallel with the edge of the upper plate. The frame is pivoted to second

page_text: links, said links being pivoted directly to the upper plate. Lateral movement
therefore of the type form on its frame swings the first links, the frame, and the
second links, the former frame turning on pins, the first links on other pins, and
the frame on still other points, the form and the frame preserving the parallelism
of their sides. The printing stud is fixed in the upper plate and moves only
vertically with the plate; it passes through the curved slot in the frame,
which slot is made on a radius equal to the length of links. As the links
swing to the right or left they shift the frame laterally, and also move it
forward more or less depending on the amount of lateral defection, and
as the frame moves, the stud travels in the slot. A small collar on the stud
holds the frame, and in connection with the pivots secures the whole link
movement and the type form to the upper plate. It will be understood that
either forward and backward or right and left hand motion or any resultant of
these can be given to the type form by means of the mechanism above described,
in order to bring any given letter to register with the stud and the opening in the
lower plate. Movements necessary to bring any one of these letters thus to
register with the stud are made and determined by means of a plate and arm.
The arm is hinged upon the front end of a flat bar projecting a little in front of
the upper plate. The said arm may therefore be moved up and down on its hinge
in relation to the flat bar or by it, said bar and thereby the type form may be
drawn out to the front or pushed back to the rear or moved from side to side.
The plate is provided with holes having letters and figures corresponding in
number and position to the letters and figures upon the type form, these letters
and figures. being placed so as to be visible at the bottom of the holes each
in its proper place. A spur upon the end of the arm is adapted to fit into the
holes, the upper edges of the holes and the end of the spur being rounded so that
it will slip easily into place. The arm is accurately hinged upon the flat bar as
to be capable only of vertical motion thereon. It is adapted to be grasped
between the thumb and fingers, and the construction and arrangement of the parts
are such that when the spur is set in the hole marked by any given letter that
letter on the type form is brought directly under the stud and over the hole in the
lower plate. It will be understood that pressure may be applied by the hand
while grasping the arm so as to depress the upper plate, and with it the stud
which forces the type upon the paper. The upper plate is raised by devices else-
where referred to, consisting of a rod and arms, which arms are forced downwards
by the action of a spring upon a shaft. The flat bar slides freely between the rod
and a small bar, the latter being connected to the upper plate by short offsets; the
rod passes through these offsets and turns therein. At its ends are arms bent at
right angles to the rod and bearing upon the sides of the lower plate. A coiled
spring on the rod throws these arms downward, thus tending to separate the
forward ends of the upper and lower plates, but the springs yield readily to
pressure, and allow the upper plate when pressed to approach the lower plate, thus
pressing the stud upon the letter of the type form directly underneath it, and
causing said letter to project through said lower plate upon the paper which rests
upon the platen. The upper plate is connected to the lower by means of a spring
catch on the right hand side of the machine. A thumb piece is fixed upon the
upper plate on the edge of a hole through which the catch projects. By this thumb
piece the catch is easily detached and the upper plate lifted. Sufficient play is
allowed by the catch for the necessary vertical movement of the said plate. It
will be obvious from the description already given that all the movements, both
horizontal of the type form, and vertical of the upper plate to which the type form
is attached, are effected by means of the arm before referred to. The horizontal
motions of the arm as it is moved to any given hole in the plate, regulating the
position of the type, and the downward pressure of the same arm as it is thrust
into the hole pressing down the upper plate against the spring arins, and pressing
the stud against the type, as heretofore described. The lateral movement of the
whole structure by which the type are carried is effected by means of a coiled

page_text: spring within a barrel, and is regulated by an escapement attached to the right
hand side of the movable plates. The spring is attached to the upper plate by
means of a stud, which serves as a pivot for the barrel. The barrel has a cog gear
on its periphery, which engages with the teeth upon the second before referred to
rod, which is for the greater part of its length a cylindrical rack bar, and it permits
the rack to remain in engagement whatever may be the position of the upper
plate. The spring is so arranged, being connected at one end to the stud, and at
the other to the inner surface of the barrel, that when the upper and lower. plates
are pushed to the left on the second or rack rod the spring is wound up, and the
reaction tends to force the plates constantly from the left to the right. The
escapement referred to heretofore upon the right hand side of the machine gives
this motion imparted to the spring proper regulation. The spacing or escapement
mechanism consists of a lever which works on a pivot. The short end engages
with the underside of the rack upon the second rod, and forms part of the escape-
ment. A spring throws the long or forward end of the lever up, and the short or
rear end down out of the notch in the rack. The pivot is also the fulcrum of a
short or second lever, which is connected to the first by a screw in front of the
pivot, and on which is fixed a spring arm attached thereto at the forward end.
The spring arm when not compressed stands off a little distance from the second
lever, and when it is down engages with the teeth upon the second rod. On a
stud fixed to the second lever is a stop which limits the lateral movement of the
spring arm. The stop is pivoted in the stud, and one face is cut away more than
the other so that when turned with one side to the spring arm movement of the
spring over one notch is permitted, and when the other side is turned, movement of
two notches. It will be understood that the second lever does not engage with
the rack; and that the spring arm is brought into engagement with the rack on
the upper side the instant the first lever is disengaged below. It will thus be seen
that when the forward end of the first lever is depressed the spring arm is lifted
out of the notch and springs laterally to the right over one or two notches as
the case may be. When pressure is removed from said lever the spring throws
the rear end down, thus throwing the lever out of gear and the spring into gear.
The pressure of the spring acting on the second rod (which must always
be greater than the resistance offered by the small spring arm) moves the plate one
or two notches to the right according to the motion permitted to the spring arm.
Two thumb pieces (the former fixed to the first lever and the latter to the second)
afford means by which the escapement may be released from the second or rack rod,
and all this part of the apparatus moved to the left. This is effected by grasping
the thumb pieces between the thumb and the fingers and pressing them together
and then forcing the plates together. Other mechanism may be used to regulate
the distance of movement of the spring. Motion is imparted to the first lever
either directly by the application of the hand to finger pieces or by the depression
of the upper plate, a small stud upon which strikes the lever and depresses it with
the depression of the said plate. Upon the rear end of the right hand side pieces
of the upper plate is a beveled stud, which strikes the spur upon the first bar and
rings the bell as heretofore explained. The lower end of the spur is hinged to
permit the free movement of the stud in the opposite direction. On the left hand
side pieces of the lower plate is a pointer which serves to indicate upon the
graduated side of the first bar the position of the printing mechanism. It will thus
be understood that the spacing operation is automatically accomplished by the
movement of the arm which carries the pointer and which effects the printing, and.
thus the whole is done simultaneously. The printing may be at any time seen by
lifting the lower plate, and the inside mechanism may be at any time examined by
loosening the catch between the two plates and raising the upper one.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Philip Middleton Justice in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
22nd August 1881.
"
PHILIP MIDDLETON JUSTICE, of 14, Southampton Buildings, in the County of
Middlesex, Patent Agent. "IMPROVEMENTS IN TYPE WRITING MACHINES.'
A communication from abroad by Thomas Hall, of the City, County, and State
of New York, one of the United States of America, Gentleman.
This Invention relates to type writers of that class in which the type are carried
on a plate made movable so as to bring any required letter into alignment with
any desired point upon the paper. The object of my Invention is to simplify the
structure and reduce the number of parts in type writing machines and to reduce
the size and cost as well as to render the machine durable and serviceable.
It consists primarily of a movable type form impelled by means of suitable
mechanism over an inking plate to bring any given letter opposite a hole in said
plate whereby the type may be pressed through said opening and upon the paper
beneath.
It consists further in the combination of a bed plate, bar, or roller for sustaining
the paper while printing with an inking plate or plate provided with an inking
pad arranged directly over it and provided with an opening for the admission of
one of the types with a type form in which the separate types are adapted to be
depressed independently and with a plunger directly above the opening in the
inking plate whereby any given letter of the type form is brought into position and
pressed upon the paper.
It also consists in making the type form flexible, whereby any type may be forced
through the opening and printing effected without complication of parts.
It finally consists in important details of construction for carrying into effect_
these leading features of my Invention, all of which details are fully set forth
hereinafter and specifically pointed out in the claims.
The general plan of this machine includes a base or platen on which the paper
rests in order to be printed. This may be a plate, bar, or roller. Over this the
paper is fed either in sheets or from a roll with a well regulated intermittent
motion to form the lines of writing. This base or platen and the feed rollers
mentioned are a part of the base of the machine.
The type form is movable both for bringing any given letter into alignment
with the opening in the moving plate on which it is carried, and also in order
to bring the opening in said plate from the position of one letter to that of the
next.
The motion required to bring any given letter into alignment with the opening
in the plate is directly imparted by movement of the hand grasping a small lever
or arm and guiding the same by means of a pointer thereon fitting definitely
arranged holes, any one of which when the pointer is set there brings its approxi-
mate letter over the opening through which it is pressed to print the letter.
Further, the motion of this directing arm is accompanied or directly followed by a
depression of the type form and its supporting frame and subsequent elevation,
these movements being necessary in the act of printing a letter.
These movements are made to operate an escapement whereby the perforated
plate which carries the type form is permitted to move one notch to the right
bringing the type to the space on the paper appropriate for the next letter.
The step by step movement of the type carrying mechanism from left to right to
form the necessary spacing is accomplished by means of a spring or equivalent
motor acting in connection with an escapement.

page_text: This escapement is of special construction, and consists of an elastic arm which
engages with a rack bar, and is released by the movement necessary in printing,
but advances a limited distance in the direction of the movement of the carriage
before again engaging with said rack bar. After its advance and engagement the
carriage is moved up to it as to a stop the distance of its advance, and this distance
may be varied to vary the spacing.
In the following more specific description the accompanying Drawings are referred
to, in which
Figure 1 is a perspective view of my type writer shewing the top in position for
work; Figure 2 is a plan view of the same; Figures 3 and 4 are sections on
line x, x, of Figure 2, the latter Figure 4 showing the type in the act of printing;
Figure 5 is a side elevation, and Figure 6 is a plan view of the escapement or
spacing mechanism; Figure 7 is a view of the underside of the plate carrying the
type plate, and shews the link mechanism; Figure 8 is a detached view of the type
form; Figure 9 represents the inking plate and attachments.
In these Drawings the base of the machine is represented at 1. It is rectangular
in plan, and may be about fourteen inches wide and seven inches from front to
rear, though these dimensions may be enlarged or reduced if found necessary for
any special purpose. On the front of this is hinged a frame, the sides 2, 2, of which
are slightly raised in the rear, as shewn at 3, 3, and support a sliding rack rod R,
the ends of which are fixed in the said sides. This rod is made round for purposes
hereinafter explained, and is provided with grooves running around it to corre-
spond with the notches or teeth in an ordinary rack bar. Upon it is hinged
the plate A, which carries the type form F and other parts auxiliary thereto.
Across this frame and supported in the sides thereof is placed the platen or bar g
on which the paper rests when impressed by the type. The form of this is shewn
in Figure 1 and in section in Figure 4. It may be greatly varied without departing
materially from the general plan of my machine. It may be made in the form of
a roller, the bearings of which may be in the sides to which the bar is fixed, or the
paper may be held on a flat table and the machine operate on it in the same manner
that it does when the paper is on the bar g. In front of this bar is a roller a
having its bearings in the sides, and over this the paper moves to the 'bar or
platen g. The shaft of this roller is provided at the left hand end with a wheel 5
and lever d (Figure 2), the said lever being adapted to give partial rotation to the
roller for moving the paper from line to line, in the same manner as is ordinarily
done in machines of this class. This wheel 5 may be smooth, and the end of the
lever which is pivoted in the collar is placed so as to pinch upon the surface, or the
wheel may be notched. The weight of the lever or force of the spring 8 will throw
it out of contact, and the roller may then be turned freely backwards by means of
the milled head 49. Obviously the paper to be printed may be wound around this
roll or may be passed round it from below and extended above and over the bar g.
I have shewn the latter and preferred form.
The upward movement of the lever d for a limited distance will give a regulated
amount of movement to the roller a, and thus advance the paper over the bar g.
The movement of the lever d may be limited by any convenient stop made
adjustable, so that the amount of motion of the roller can be varied, and the width
of the space between the lines enlarged or diminished.
On the roller a at the front thereof is a spring plate or clip 6 of substantially
the same curve as the roller, and adapted to press against the surface. This plate
or clip is mounted on a shaft 4, the bearings of which are in the sides of the
machine, said shaft being provided with spring 15.
The spring holds the clip tightly against the paper on the roller a, and the
lever 16 fixed upon the shaft 4 when depressed turns said shaft and lifts the clip
from the paper. The lever of course acts in opposition to the spring. The object.
of this clip is to hold the paper firmly in place while it yields sufficiently to allow
the paper to be fed by the turning of the roller.
The clip is lifted to permit the end of the paper sheet or roll to be entered. As

page_text: shewn in Fig. 1, the upper exposed surface of the clip is marked with a graduated
scale, and is so constructed and arranged that the edge serves as a cutter to separate
the paper by tearing it against the edge. A similar scale is on the bar r, with the
marks opposite those on the clip. These correspond to the spacing on the rod R,
hereinafter more fully explained, and serve to indicate the position of the printing
mechanism upon the paper.
On the front plate of the frame of the machine is a bar N, adjustable vertically
and held by set screws 9, 9. The hinged plate B, and indirectly that carrying the
printing mechanism, rest upon this bar, and by said bar the position of the
mechanism in relation to the paper on the bar g is accurately adjusted.
On the rear of the machine behind and a little above the rod R is the barr
heretofore referred to. It is preferably square, but has cylindrical, ends, which
rest in bearings in the sides in which it may turn. At the right hand end it is
provided with a bell hammer 10 fixed upon it, and adapted when properly moved
to strike a bell 11 on the inside of the frame. On bar is a trigger h¹ (Figure 3),
adjustable and held at any desired point by a set screw. It is adapted to be struck
by a stud 12 on the carriage, as will be explained, and when so struck is thrown
backward and instantly released. A spring f on the other end of r returns the
bar by rotary motion and causes the hammer to strike the bell, serving thus to
indicate when the printing has approached near the end of the line.
It will be observed that the construction of the frame and base of the machine
as hereinafter described gives ample space for the paper. If loose sheets be used
they may be introduced either from the front or rear, and may extend backward
under the rod R as far as necessary. Or a roll of paper may be placed in the rear
of the bar g, and be fed upward and over said bar. The whole frame of the fixed
part of the machine rests upon a board or plate 1 as a base, and is pivoted at the
forward edge, as shewn at 14 (Figure 1). By this it may be set to any desired
inclination.
I proceed now to the description of the movable part of my apparatus, and the
mechanism more directly connected with the printing.
Upon the rod R is hinged a plate B by means of two side pieces B¹, B¹, to which
it is attached. These side pieces are perforated, so that the rod R passes directly
through the rear ends. The plate B rests at the forward edge upon the bar N, as
heretofore explained, in such a manner that the lever surface of the plate B shall
come nearly in contact with the upper surface of the bar or plate g. The plate B
has an opening, preferably rectangular, near its centre and directly over the bar g.
Above the plate B is the plate A also hinged upon the rod by means of sleeves
25, 25 (Figure 7), arranged within the side pieces B', B', so that either the upper
plate A alone or both A and B together may be turned upward and backward to
rest upon the bar r.
Underneath the plate A is the printing form F (Figures 3, 4, and 8). This consists
of a rubber plate having the type upon its lower surface. It is preferably square
in shape, and the type are arranged in parallel lines in any convenient manner
having relation to the frequency of their use. The manner of connecting the type
form to the plate A, so as to give all the necessary movements thereon and to
permit the stud or plate A to press any given letter of said form through the
opening in plate B and upon the paper below, may be described in connection with
Figures 7 and 8, though further illustration is given in Figures 3 and 4. Referring
more particularly to Figure 8, the type form F will be seen fixed to a frame K, which
serves to give it direct support. The frame is cut out from a plate; its form is
shewn on the outside in full, on the inside in dotted lines. The rubber type form
is fully exposed in the dotted part. The frame K is pivoted on the links M, M,
at m, m, the other ends of these links being pivoted to frame K at 17, 17. Direct
movement of the type form to the front of the machine is caused by drawing upon
the bar p, which will swing the link on pivots 17, 17, to the front, the type plate,
by reason of its pivotal connection at m, m, keeping its sides always parallel with
the edge of the plate A. The frame K is pivoted to the links H, H, at h, h, said

page_text: links H, H, being pivoted directly to the plate A at 76, 76. Lateral movement,
therefore, of the type form on its frame K swings the links M, M, the frame K,
and the links H, H, the former frame K turning on pins m, m, the links M, M, on
pins 17, 17, and the frame K on h, h, the form and the frame preserving the
parallelism of their sides. The printing stud J is fixed in the plate A and moves
only vertically with the plate, passes through the curved slot in the frame K, which
slot is made on a radius equal to the length of links H. As the links H swing to
the right or left they shift the frame K laterally and also move it forward more or
less depending on the amount of lateral deflection and as the frame moves the
stud J travels in the slot.
The small collar on the stud, shown in Figures 3, 4, and 7, holds the frame, and
in connection with the pivots 76, 76, secures the whole link movement and the
type form to the plate A. It will be understood that either forward and backward
or right and left hand motion, or any resultant of these, can be given to the type
form by means of the mechanism above described in order to bring any given letter
to register with the stud J and the opening E in the plate B.
Movements necessary to bring any one of these letters thus to register with the
stud J are made and determined by means of a plate I and arm P. The arm P is
hinged upon the front end of the flat bar p projecting a little in front of the plate A.
The arm P may therefore be moved up and down on its hinge in relation to the
bar p, or by it the bar p, and thereby the type form, may be drawn out to the front
or pushed back to the rear, or moved from side to side. The plate I is provided
with holes having letters and Figures corresponding in number and position to the
letters and Figures upon the type form, these letters and Figures being placed so as
to be visible at the bottom of the holes each in its proper place. A spur i upon
the end of P is adapted to fit into the holes, the upper edges of the holes and the
end of the spur being rounded so that it will slip easily into place. The arm P is
accurately hinged upon p so as to be capable only of vertical motion thereon. It is
adapted to be grasped between the thumb and fingers, and the construction and
arrangement of the parts are such that when the spur i is set in the hole marked
by any given letter that letter on the type form is brought directly under the
stud J and over the hole in the plate B. It will be understood that pressure may
be applied by the hand while grasping the arm P so as to depress the plate A and
with it the stud which forces the type upon the paper. The plate A is raised by
devices elsewhere referred to, consisting of the rod Q and arms 19 (Figures 3
and 4), which arms are forced downward by the spring 20 upon the shaft.
The flat bar p slides freely between the rod Q and a bar n (Figure 1), the latter
being connected to the plate A by short offsets 18. The rod Q passes through these
offsets and turns therein. At its ends are the arms 19, bent at right angles to the
rod and bearing upon the sides B of the lower plate. A coiled spring 20 on the
rod Q throws these arms downward, thus tending to separate the forward ends of
plates A and B, but the springs yield readily to pressure and allow the plate A when
pressed to approach the plate B, thus pressing the stud J upon the letter of the type
from directly underneath it and causing said letter to project through the plate B
upon the paper which rests upon the bar g below, as shewn in Figure 4. The upper
plate A is connected to the lower B by means of a spring catch a¹ on the right
hand side of the machine. A thumb piece a² is fixed upon the plate A on the edge
of the hole a³ through which the catch a projects.
By this thumb piece the catch is easily detached and the plate A lifted; sufficient
play is allowed by the catch for the necessary vertical movement of the plate A.
It will be obvious from the description already given that all the movements,
both horizontal of the type form and vertical of the plate A to which the type
form is attached, are effected by means of the arm P, the horizontal motions of the
arm as it is moved to any given hole in the plate I regulating the position of the
type, and the downward pressure of the same arm as it is thrust into the hole
pressing down the plate A against the spring arms 19 and pressing the stud J

page_text: against the type, as heretofore described. The lateral movement of the whole
structure by which the type are carried is effected by means of the coiled spring S
within the barrel S', and is regulated by the escapement attached to the right hand
side of the movable plates. The spring S is attached to the plate A by means of
a stud which serves as a pivot for the barrel S¹. The barrel has a cog-gear on its
periphery which engages with the teeth upon the rod R, which is for the greater
part of its length a cylindrical rack bar, and it permits the rack to remain in
engagement whatever may; be the position of the plate A. The spring is so
arranged, being connected at one end to the stud and at the other to the inner
surface of the barrel, that when the plates A and B are pushed to the left on the
rod R, the spring is wound up and the reaction tends to force the plates constantly
from the left to the right.
The escapement referred to heretofore upon the 'right hand side of the machine
gives this motion imparted to the spring proper regulation. The spacing or escape-
ment mechanism consists of a lever L represented in Figures 1, 5, 6, and 9 which
works on a pivot at l. The short end engages with the underside of the rack upon
the rod R, and forms part of the escapement. A spring throws the long or
forward end of the lever L up and the short or rear end down out of the notch in
the rack. The pivot is also the fulcrum of a short lever y, which is connected
to L by a screw in front of the pivot and on which is fixed a spring arm x attached
thereto at the forward end. The spring arm x when not compressed stands off a
little distance from the lever y (Figure 6), and when it is down engages with the
teeth upon the rod R.
.
On a stud fixed to the lever y is a stop w which limits the lateral movement of
the spring x.
The stop is pivoted in the stud and one face is cut away more than the other, so
that when turned with one side to the spring a, movement of the spring over one
notch is permitted, and when the other side is turned, movement of two notches.
It will be understood that the lever y does not engage with the rack, and that
the spring is brought into engagement with the rack on the upper side the
instant the lever L is disengaged below. It will thus be seen that when the
forward end of the lever L is depressed the spring x is lifted out of the notch and
springs laterally to the right over one or two notches, as the case may be. When
pressure is removed from the lever L, the spring throws the rear end down, thus
throwing the lever L out of gear and the spring into gear.
When the pressure of
the spring S, which must always be greater than the resistance offered by the
spring x, moves the plate one or two notches to the right according to the motion
permitted to the spring x, thumb pieces 3, y¹, the former fixed to the lever L and
the latter to the lever y afford means by which the escapement may be released
from the rod R, and all this part of the apparatus moved to the left; this is effected
by grasping the pieces 2, y, between the thumb and the fingers and pressing them
together and then forcing the plates together.
Other mechanism may be used to regulate the distance of movement of the
spring. Motion is imparted to the lever L either directly by the application of the
hand to the finger pieces 21, or by the depression of the upper plate A a small stud
22, upon which strikes the lever, and depresses it with the depression of the said
plate.
Upon the rear end of the right hand side pieces of the plate A is a beveled stud
12, which strikes the spur upon the bar and rings the bell, as heretofore explained.
The lower end of the spur h¹ is hinged as shewn at 24 (Figure 4) to permit the free
movement of the stud in the opposite direction.
On the left hand side of the plate B (Figure 1) is a pointer 35, which serves to
indicate upon the graduated side of the bar r the position of the printing
mechanism.
It will thus be seen that the spacing operation is automatically accomplished by

page_text: the movement of the arm which carries the pointer and which effects the printing,
and thus the whole is done simultaneously.
The printing may be at any time seen by lifting the plate B, and the inside.
mechanism may be at any time examined by loosening the catch between A and
and raising the plate A.
Having thus described the Invention as communicated to me by my foreign
correspondent, what I claim as my Invention is,―
1. In a type writing machine, a plate A adapted to move intermittently, a type
form attached thereto and movable to bring any given letter into alignment,
and mechanism, substantially as described for moving said plate and type form.
2. In a type writing machine, an elastic type form in combination with a plate
having an opening therein, said form being moved to bring any given letter into
alignment with the opening, and permitting any given letter to be pressed by a
suitable plunger upon the paper through the opening, substantially as described.
3. The combination of the movable type form, the plate having an opening
therein, the ink cushion, and mechanism for pressing the type upon the ink cushion
and paper, substantially as described.
4. The combination of the elastic type form, the plate having an opening therein,
and the stud J.
5. The combination of a type form movable upon the under side of the plate A,
and made with independently movable letters, mechanism for moving the type
form by means of the hand, and an index plate upon the plate A, substantially as
described.
6. The hinged plate A, having a movable type form carried upon its under surface
and an index plate upon its upper, in combination with an arm P connected to said
type form, and adapted in connection with the index plate to bring any given letter
into alignment, and also adapted to depress said plate A and force the type upon
the paper, substantially as described.
7. In combination with the type form and with the plate A, the link
mechanism H, H, and M, M, and the intermediate frame K, substantially as
described.
8. The combination of the plates A and B with the rod R, said plates carrying
the printing mechanism and moving on said rod, substantially as described.
9. The combination of plates A and B, the upper carrying the movable type
form, and having a spring between said plates, substantially as described.
10. The combination of the independently hinged plates A and B, rod R, and
spacing mechanism, operated by the movement of the upper plates substantially as
described.
11. In combination with the hinged plate A, and toothed rod R, the barrel S',
having teeth upon its periphery meshing directly into the teeth of the rod R, said
barrel being pivoted upon the hinged plate and enclosing a spring, being also
adapted to retain its connection with the rod when the plate A is lifted, substantially
as described.
12. The combination of the adjustable bar N, of the plate B, and the bar g,
substantially as described.
13. The combination of the levers L and y, and the spring x, with its adjustable
stop, substantially as described.
14. The combination of the bar g, the roller a, and the spring clip b, substantially
as described.
15. In a type writer, an elastic type plate in combination with a platen, and with
means for bringing the letters on said plate into alignment, and means for pressing
said letters upon the paper, substantially as described.
16. An elastic type form in combination with a rigid frame, fixed to the edge of
said type form and adapted to be used in connection with the moving mechanism
and a perforated inking plate of the type writer, substantially as described.
17. The combination of a feed roller a, and spring clip 6, adapted to be lifted to

page_text: admit the paper, said roller and clip being in the described relation to the printing
mechanism as set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Philip Middleton Justice, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Twentieth day of August, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and eight one.
Signed and sealed in
the presence of
H. B. HATCHWELL,
14, Southampton Buildings,
W.C.
PHILIP M. JUSTICE. (L.S.)