IMPROVEMENTS IN SUPPLYING AND APPLYING HEAT AND POWER, AND APPARATUS THEREFOR
Year: 1879

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Frank Bagshawe Wheeler, of 60, Fenchurch Street, in the
City of London, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN SUPPLYING AND
APPLYING HEAT AND POWER, AND APPARATUS THEREFOR." A communication
from abroad by William E. Prall and Harry Olrick, both of the City of New
York. in the United States of America.
Sealed the 16th January 1880, and dated the 23rd July 1879.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Frank Bagshawe Wheeler at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 23rd July 1879.
FRANK BAGSHAWE WHEELER, of 60, Fenchurch Street, in the City of London.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN SUPPLYING AND APPLYING HEAT AND POWER, AND APPARATUS
THEREFOR. (A communication from abroad by William E. Prall and Harry
Olrick, both of the City of New York, in the United States of America.)
This Invention relates to a method of conveying heat for warming large districts
of buildings in cities and towns, utilizing and distributing the same from one
common source of supply, and means of delivering and controlling the heat in each
and every building and compartment therein, and of supplying motive power
which may be employed for various purposes, including the driving of stationary
engines and propelling street cars. The Invention is based on the use of hot water,
which is conveyed in mains at a high temperature and delivered into suitable
chambers or places so as thereupon to generate steam, which may be used for
heating or motive purposes. For these purposes various combinations and arrange-
ments of apparatus are employed, including a heater, a hot water street main con-
nected with the said heater, a pump, or other means for conveying the hot water
through the underground street main, branch pipes and meters for the purposes of
delivering and measuring the hot water used for heating purposes in buildings, and
radiators with connected cocks or valves for controlling the heat in the same. The
heater should be of sufficient capacity to furnish all the hot water that would be
required for supplying heat to the district reached by the circulating pipe or main,
the said pipe being connected thereto at or near the bottom, either directly or

page_text: _ indirectly via a preheater by suitable pipe connectious. The circulating pump is
connected with the main at some point-between-the-connections_of_the_two ends of
the same with the heater, the purpose of which is to cause the hot water to move
_through_the_main and be returned to the heater again, and it may be placed at
either end of the main, the power for running it may be derived from any source
whatever. Where a preheater is employed the pump may be placed in the pipe
-connecting the preheating tank with the main heater, and as it would take the
water from the preheater the hot water would be forced from the heater of greater
pressure through the circulating pipe into the preheater or heater of less pressure,
and thus circulation would be maintained in the pipe, which pipe may extend for
a considerable distance on a street, and return again to the heater. The Invention
embraces various arrangements for conveying the hot water to buildings, and
utilizing the same for heating purposes. In one arrangement a tank in the
building is connected with the hot water main by means of branch pipes arranged
to unite the said tank with the main at the same point, either very near together
or a greater distance apart, by attaching one to the outflowing end of the main
and the other to the inflowing end of the same. Within the tank just mentioned,
which I will call the outer tank, is another tank leaving a space between the two.
The two tanks are connected by a pipe with a pressure regulating valve. Another
pipe connects the inner tank with radiators in different parts of the house. A
condense water pipe extends from the bottom of the radiators to a discharge
valve, and thence to the main circulating pipe. A meter, which may be of any
kind, is connected with the discharge. A cock or valve may be used to increase or
diminish the passage through the main for the purpose of controlling the pressure
and the rapidity of the circulation in the said main. If the heater be filled with
water, and by means of fire in its furnace is heated to a high degree, for example,
say 332° Fah., which would give a pressure of about 100 lbs. to the square inch,
and be kept at that point, which would be 120° above the steam generating point,
and if the connections at both ends of the circulating water mains be opened, the
pressure upon them and the water therein will be the same as upon the water in
the heater (and in the preheater, where one is used), and if the force pump be put
in action it will cause the water to be forced through the main by taking it from
the heater, and discharging it again into the same through the return pipe (and
through the preheater). The result will be to soon establish a femperature of about
the same degree to the water throughout the main pipe as that in the heater.
If now the cocks in the branch pipes leading to the outer tank in the building
be opened the hot water under pressure will flow from the main into the outer
tank and surround the inner tank, and if the regulating valve be constructed to
establish a ratio of difference in pressure that may he desirable, the water from
between the outer and inner tanks will flow into the inner tank through the valve
and connecting pipe. But as soon as a small quantity has entered-the-inner tank_
the reduction of pressure established by the differential valve will cause the hot
water so admitted to be converted into steam, as it contains many degrees of heat
above the steam generating point, as before mentioned. As soon as the quantity of
water thus admitted, however, has been evaporated into steam the space in the
inner tank will be filled under pressure, which will act upon the differential valve
and close it, and prevent the further admission of hot water. The steam from the
inner tank will force its way through the pipe leading into the different radiators
and entering them will heat the same; but the cold air surrounding them conveys
away the heat, and the steam therein will be condensed, and thus the amount of
water admitted into the inner tank will be converted into steain and conducted
into the radiators. The condense water therefore will be conducted through the
condense water pipe and the temperature discharge valve to the meter, and thence
to the main again.
As soon as condensation has reduced the steam pressure sufficiently in the inner
tank and connecting pipes and radiators more hot water will be admitted through
the differential valve into the inner tank, and thus the supply will be kept constant.

page_text: The hot water admitted into the inner tank will not all be converted into steam by
means of its own specific heat, and hence the purpose of surrounding the converting
chamber with the hot water in the outer tank, the heat of which will cause all the
water admitted into the inner tank to be evaporated. The purpose of the con-
necting pipes is to unite the outer tank with the main, and thus produce circula-
tion, for it will be seen that as the water in the said tank transmits its heat into
the water which is admitted into the inner tank, its temperature thereby will be
proportionally lowered and hence heavier, and circulation will thus be established
between the hot water main and the outer tank through the connecting pipes,
and by means of this circulation a temperature will be maintained in the said tank
nearly the same as in the main. If the cock in the main were partially closed, and
the circulating pump kept in operation with sufficient rapidity to remove the
water from the end of the main faster than it was permitted to flow through the
contracted opening in the main at the cock, the result would be to make
the pressure less in the return end of the main, and thus increase the rapidity of
circulation through the connecting pipes as well as from the condense water pipe;
or if the circulating pump were placed at the outflowing end of the main the effect
would be to increase the pressure in that end above that of the inflowing end which
would have the same effect to increase the circulation through the branch pipes
connected thereto. The utilizing to advantage the heat in the coal in preheating
the water before it is admitted into the main heater is accomplished by placing the
preheater above the main heater in such a manner that the heat will pass through
the preheater after passing through the main-heater; in this manner all the water
from the return pipe which is of a lower temperature than that in the heater will
be caused to pass through the preheater.
The Invention may be so carried out as to circulate hot water around several
blocks of buildings, means being provided for controlling the flow in each and
every section; and also a system of return pipes may be connected with the main
hot water pipes by the connecting pipes from the radiators, and by connections at
the junction of the streets. In connection with such an arrangement sometimes a
double cylindered pump is employed, one used for circulating the hot water, and
the other for taking the return water from the pipes and forcing it into the heater
or preheater. It is evident that very little water would be wasted from the pipes,
except that drawn off for domestic purposes, as all the condensed water would be
returned for reheating; and to supply the amount so drawn from the pipes, the
pump will supply from any convenient source.
The Invention comprises several other modes of arranging the pipes and con-
nections for conveying the hot water from the mains to the radiators, and for
returning the same after the heat has been extracted and utilized in warming
buildings and propelling stationary engines, etcætera; and also an arrangement for
drawing the water from the box containing the pipes, and means for preventing
the radiation of heat from the pipes; also expansion and contraction joints to the
same. In connection with a heater a circulating pump or equivalent, a hot water
main, a return water main, and a drain pipe, the following arrangements or some
of them may be employed, that is to say:-(1). An arrangement wherein water is
admitted from the main through a pipe into a regulating valve, the steam thrown
off by the reduction of pressure by means of this valve is conveyed to the radiators
connected thereto by means of pipes, the water admitted to the evaporator through
the regulating valve which is not converted into steam is conveyed through the
hot water coil connected therewith, and thence through a discharge valve or trap
into the return main, which may be one continuous circulating main, or it may be
a separate pipe connected with the supply main only by means of branch pipes, these
branch pipes being also connected with the radiators, and the return water may be
taken therefrom by the suction pump and forced into the preheater and thence into
the main heater. The meter will register the amount of water forced through the
pipe leading from the main to the regulating valve, and as the discharge valve or trap
is made to prevent the discharge of the condense water only after it has had its

page_text: temperature reduced to a certain degree it becomes an easy matter of calculation to
determine the amount of heat-consumed. (2). In another arrangement the
apparatus is the same, except that the air conveyed into the rooms is admitted to
the cabinet containing the coil, and after-being heated is delivered through flues
-extending therefrom into the various apartments. (3). According to a third plan
the pipes and radiators are arranged in a manner to utilize the hot water under
-full-pressure. This plan has some advantages over that of steam for heating
purposes, in that it can be controlled by means of cocks-or valves in such a
manner as to keep the temperature of the radiators at any desired degree, while
with steam it must be either at its full heat or entirely cut off. Those who have
used steam have been inconvenienced by this lack of control of the heat; then-
again the noise occasioned by the condensation of steam is entirely avoided when
hot water is used directly in radiators. An engine may be employed which can be
run for power directly with hot water, and by exhausting into the return pipe
would be quite as economical and operative as when run by steam, as all the
condensed water would be conveyed back to the heater. There is no difficulty in
working water at a high temperature in an engine properly constructed and
arranged to exhaust in this manner, provided the cut off is arranged to work very
expansively and at a low pressure, and finely wire drawn or dissipated. The
meter will determine the amount of water consumed, as in any other operation.
The meter may be placed in position to measure the condensed water from the
radiators. This plan however is not considered desirable as a means of determining
with any degree of accuracy the amount of heat consumed, as the many accidental
leaks, to say nothing of those purposely left in that condition, would easily allow of
a very great discrepancy, as one cubic foot of condensed water would represent
nearly a thousand cubic feet of steam. Hence great opportunity would be afforded
to practice imposition by means of the many cocks, valves, and joints in and about
the house. Where steam is used in a building it will be desirable to arrange the
'meters so that the water will be measured before it has entered any of the pipes
and radiators connected therewith. One form of pressure regulating valve which
may be employed in carrying out this Invention is constructed by fitting a moveable
plug into a cylinder or bond, the plug having a recess turned or cut in it about the
centre which communicates by means of openings with a tank or converting
chamber to which a case is fastened; the plug has a stem extending outwards
through the cap of the cylinder which carries a weight. In the practical operation
of this valve the pressure pipe being opened the hot water is admitted from the
main pipe through the branch pipe and meter connected therewith. The com-
munication being opened the hot water will pass freely into the tank or converting
chamber, but upon entering the said tank the pressure will be immediately
relieved and steam will be generated, the pressure of which will act upon the plug,
and as soon as the pressure has exceeded that of the weight the plug will be
thrown up, and the inlet port from the pressure pipe will be cut off, and the
further admission of hot water will be prevented; but as condensation is constantly
going on in the radiators which connect with the tank or converting chamber, the
pressure will soon be so far reduced therein that the weight will be greater than
the sustaining force of the steam on the face of the plug, and it will begin to
descend again, this movement will expose the inlet port, and a further admission of
hot water will be permitted, which will again be converted into steam; and in this
manner a constant and nearly equal pressure will be maintained in the tank or
converting chamber and radiators connected therewith, irrespective of the pressure
in the main or hot water pipe.
An apparatus to be used in converting the hot water into steam for running
engines, and which is designed for use at such times and places where steam only
is required for power, consists of a converting tank, into which the hot water is
admitted directly from the main pipe through a meter and reducing valve. The
said converting tank is constructed with partitions extending perpendicularly, or
otherwise in such a manner as to cause the water to pass through a considerable

page_text: distance before it is finally discharged into a trap and into the return pipe, said
partitions being of unequal height and left open at their tops for the escape of
steam; the object being to retain the water for a sufficient length of time to
enable the steam which is evaporated by the specific heat of the water to be thrown
off before the condense water is discharged into the return pipe; and in that manner
to enable a near approximation of the amount of heat or steam consumed to be
made. For it will be understood that if a given amount of water is admitted into
the apparatus at a given temperature, and discharged only after it has been reduced
to a very much lower temperature, nearly all the steam thrown off and used could
be determined. In this apparatus the hot water induction port would be controlled
by the governor of the engine, and in that way the power would be regulated. A
trap, such as hereinafter described, would be suitable for use with this apparatus,
as it would carry away all the water as fast as it was allowed to pass through the
converting tank, but would not permit the escape of any steam; whereas an
expansion or temperature trap could hardly be regulated so satisfactorily in such
cases as where the water would be required to be discharged above the steam
generating point as required for power purposes.
One form of temperature steam trap consists of a long copper (or other soft
metal) tube, which is arranged to convey the water of condensation from the
radiators; there are two bars or rods extending the full length of the said tube
which are attached to the same base; these rods carry on their opposite ends a
fixed valve which communicates with a valve seat constructed on the end of the
expansion tube, a discharge pipe is attached to the expansion tube to convey away
the water which passes through the fixed valve. In the operation of this trap the
water of condensation will pass into the long tube and will by its heat expand the
same and cause it to close the opening or valve; but as soon as it has become
sufficiently cooled the contraction of the pipe or tube will permit the water to pass
out; as soon as the water begins to run hot through the tube it will again expand
and close the valve. By this means the water of condensation can be discharged
at almost any temperature from the radiators, and thus the entire heat of the water
admitted may be utilized in warming the building. The pipes underground may
be protected from radiation by covering them by some well known non-conductor,
and enclosing them in a wooden box arranged with a space to carry off the water
that otherwise might come in contact with the pipes and covering.
One form of trap for discharging the water from the radiators and which may
be connected with the branch pipe leading to the street return pipe is constructed
by placing a movable diaphragm between two concave cases and then bolting thein
together, thus holding the diaphragm firmly in its position. To this diaphragm is
fastened a stem carrying a valve which opens and closes a port constructed in a
barrel which is attached to the lower side of the lower concave case; the branch
pipe which extends to the return main is connected below the valve. A barrel is
also connected by means of a pipe with the bottom of the radiator or drip pipe,
this latter connection being made with the barrel above the discharge valve.
pipe extends from this drip pipe to the upper side of the diaphragm case; there is
also a pipe extending from the lower side of the diaphragm case, and connected
to the upper end of the radiator or to a pipe extending upwards from the drip
pipe.
A
In the operation of this trap it should be placed at the position where the water
of condensation will.flow into it, and the pipe extending from the drip pipe to the
upper side of the diaphragm, as also the pipe extending from the lower side of the
diaphragm case, and connected to the upper end of the radiator arranged to extend
above and below the diaphragm; and when full of water the said pipes will regulate
the movements of the same, and thereby control the discharge valve. If the water
should be drawn off from the radiators or from the connecting pipe, and the column
of water in the pipe extending from the lower side of the diaphragm case were
retained, by reason of the connections with the lower side of the case, the pressure
of the column upon the increased area of the diaphragm would cause it to move in

page_text: Fleading
an upward direction and carry with it the valve, and thus close further discharge
of water from-the-pipe-connecting the barrel with the bottom of the radiator or
drip pipe; so soon, however, as the accumulation of water-in-that-pipe-and-the-
connecting-or-drip-pipe has brought about an equilibrium of pressure in the pipes
respectively-from-the-under_.and upper sides of the diaphragm, the latter
will-drop-by the weight-connected thereto and the valve below will again be opened
and the water permitted to flow out, and thus the operation will continue alter-
nately. One construction of valve-for-regulating the pressure is arranged with its
stem in a recess or socket, and a spring for closing the valve against its seat.
In this system for conveying heat and power the pipes are to be provided with
cocks or valves, so that any section may be closed for repairs without interfering in
any way with the constant supply, which can be furnished through other pipes
connected thereto at the junctions of the streets. This system will not only furnish
power for running all kinds of engines, elevators, and heat for warming buildings,
but it may also be employed, through the agency of a steam or hot water stove, for
all kinds of cooking and other culinary purposes; and thus a convenient, healthful,*
and economical supply of heat and power may be delivered and utilized, at a great
distance from the generator, without any appreciable loss from condensation or
waste of water. The return water may be admitted to the heater by means of
automatic gravity traps or feed water apparatus, in place of pumps, if desired.
A modification of the plan herein before described for generating steam by trans-
mitted heat from a chamber adapted to circulate water of a higher temperature than
that in the adjacent chamber where evaporation takes place, is as follows:-
The modification consists in the construction of the pipes or chambers con-
tinuously the entire distance from the generator or heater, and it may be accom-
plished by placing the hot water circulating pipe within the steam pipe, and the
steam pipe may receive water for evaporation from the hot water pipe or from any
other source; or this plan may be adapted to re-evaporate the condensed water
formed in the steam pipe when such pipe is used to convey steam from the boiler,
and thus the temperature and pressure would be maintained for a great distance,
and thereby all trouble from the collection of condense water therein would be
avoided.
When this system is employed either steam may be taken from the steam pipe or
hot water from the circulating pipe, as desired. Should the condensation form water
faster than could be re-evaporated by transmitted heat from the hot water circu-
lating pipe, the water may be drawn off from the steam pipe by branch pipes con-
neeted therewith at all the lower points, and conveyed to a return pipe which.
extends to the boiler, and in this manner all the condense water in the steam pipe
will be returned to the heating tank, and the steam pipe would be relieved and left
free for the passage of steam.
It is evident-that-many-modifications of the various features and parts of the
Invention hereinabove set forth may be employed without departure from its
essential characteristics.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent and of
an Order of the Lord Chancellor filed by the said Frank Bagshawe Wheeler in
the Great Seal Patent Office on the 20th February 1880.
FRANK BAGSHAWE WHEELER, of 60, Fenchurch Street, in the City of London.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN SUPPLYING AND APPLYING HEAT AND POWER, AND APPARATUS
THEREFOR." (A communication from abroad by William E. Prall and Harry
Olrick, both of the City of New York, in the United States of America.)
This Invention relates to a novel method of conveying heat for the purpose of
warming large districts of buildings in cities and towns, and to the manner of
utilizing and distributing the same from one common source of supply, and embodies
a safe, economical, convenient, and healthful system of delivering and controlling
the heat in each and every building and compartment therein; and, furthermore, it
embraces the means of supplying motive power for propelling street-cars and
stationary engines.
Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4 illustrate in part sectional views various modes of heating
buildings in accordance with the general principles of this system; Fig. 5, a detached
sectional view of a differential valve; Fig. 6, a detached view of generators and
circulating pipes.
In Fig. 1, A represents a hot-water tank or heater, and should be of sufficient
capacity to furnish all the hot water that would be required for supplying heat to
the district reached by the circulating pipe or main C, C¹, and C³, said pipes being
connected thereto at or near the bottom, certainly below the water line.
The heater is provided with a constant supply of water by means of the pumping
engine A² in such quantities as is needed to keep up the waste from the main pipe,
which may be drawn from it for any purpose whatever. The power for driving the
pumping engine may be taken from the steam generated in the water-heater, or it
may be taken from any other boiler erected for that purpose. It is evident that
there may be. several of the water heaters employed for the purpose of supplying
water for circulation, and they may all be connected, or they may be separated, by
means of cocks placed in the connecting pipes, so that one or more of them may be
used independent of the others.
In the practical operation of this Invention the water heaters should be located
in a suitable building convenient to the district to be supplied with heat, and the
circulating pipe C connected with the force-pump B, said pump being also connected
with C, which is in fact the same from its connection with the heater A, extending
through the force or circulating pump B, and from thence through one street and
returning through another, as represented in C and C³, and terminating again in
the heater; the purpose of the force-pump B being only that of circulating the hot
water, taking it from the heater under pressure and returning it again for the pur-
pose of reheating, and the pump will be kept operating with sufficient rapidity to
cause the flow of water to be rapid enough to convey heat without much reduction
of temperature along the entire length of the pipe.
Other means may be employed to circulate the water through the pipes, as, for
instance, the two ends may be connected with different heaters having a different
pressure, and thus the hot water may be forced from the one having the greater
pressure through the pipe connecting it with the heater of lesser pressure.
It is evident that various means may be employed for circulating water, hence I
do not confine myself to any particular manner, and in some places, where the
amount drawn from the pipe was sufficiently great, the flow might be enough to
keep the temperature high at the farthest end without the necessity of returning it
to the heater, and in that case no return pipe or force-pump would be required, but
the evident advantage of circulating the water is so apparent as to make the adoption
of a single pipe only a possibility.

page_text: In this Figure is shewn one method of transferring the heat from the street-main
into a building, and the manner of utilizing the same for heating the different apart-
ments therein, and it is evident that many buildings may, in-the-same-inanner,-be
supplied with heat from the same-main-pipe.
In this illustration D represents a strong tank surrounded by some non-conducting
material, and connected with the hot-water street-main by means of pipes D¹ and
D². E is another tank similarly constructed, but smaller, which is placed within
-the tank D, leaving-a-space-between-the-two.; E1 and E³ are pipes connected with
the differential valve E, and also with the outer tank D and the inner tank E; E
is a pipe connected with the tank E, and extended to the radiators F, F³, and F*,
placed in the different parts of the building to be heated; F is a-condense water.
pipe extending from the bottom of the radiators to the water tank F2; G represents
a pump connected with tank F2 by pipe G², and provided with discharge pipe G³
and with the valves G and Go; G' represents a registering apparatus which records
the number of revolutions of the pump-handle, the purpose of which will herein-
after be described.
The street main is to be covered with some non-conducting substance, to prevent
as much as possible the radiation of the heat therefrom, and is also provided with
expansion and contraction joints to allow for the movement of the main-pipe
longitudinally. If the heater A be now filled with water, or partially so, and by
means of the fire in the furnace be heated to a high degree, for example, say 332°
Fahrenheit, which would give a pressure of about one hundred pounds to the square
inch, and be kept at that point, which would be one hundred and twenty degrees
above the steam generating point, and if the connections at both ends of the
circulating water main be opened, the pressure upon then and the water therein
will be the same as upon the water in the heater, and if the force pump be put in
motion, it will cause the water to be forced through the pipe by taking it hot from
the heater and discharging it again into the same through the return pipe. The
result will be to give a temperature of about the same degree to the water in the
main pipe its entire length as that in the heater. If now the cocks in pipes D¹
and D2 be opened the hot water under pressure will flow from the main pipe C³
into the outside tank D and surround the inner tank E; and if the differential valve
E be constructed so as to establish a ratio of difference as 10: 100, the water from
between the tanks D and E will flow into E through the valve and pipe E' and E²;
but as soon as a small quantity has entered tank E the great reduction of the
pressure established by the differential valve will cause the hot water so admitted
to be converted into steam, as it contains many degrees of heat above the boiling
point, as before mentioned. So soon as the small quantity of hot water thus
admitted, however, has been evaporated into steam the space in the tank E will be
filled with steam under pressure, which will act upon the differential valve E² and
-close-it, preventing the further admission_of hot water. The steam from tank E
will force its way through pipe E into the different radiators connected thereto
and heat the same, but the cool air surrounding them conveys away the heat, and the
steam therein will be condensed; and thus the amount of water first admitted into tank
E will all be converted into steam and conducted into the radiators. The condense
water therefrom will be conducted by its own gravity through the pipe F¹ into the
receiving tank F placed on the lower floor of the building. As soon as condensation
has reduced the steam pressure below ten pounds per square inch in the tank E
and connecting pipes and radiators, more liot water will be admitted through the
differential valve E2 into tank E, and thus the supply will be kept constant.
water admitted into tank E will not all be converted into steam by its own specific
heat, and hence the purpose of surrounding the converting chamber E with the hot
water in tank D, the heat of which will cause all the water admitted into tank E to
evaporate.
The.
The purpose of the connecting pipes D' and D² is to unite tank D at both top
and bottom with the main pipe C2 and thus produce circulation, for it will be seen
that as the water in said tank transmits its heat into the water which is admitted

page_text: into the interior tank E, its temperature will thereby be proportionately lowered,
and hence heavier, and the circulation will thus be established between the hot
water pipe C and the tank D through pipes D1 and D2, and by means of this
circulation, a temperature will be maintained in said tank nearly the same as in
pipe C².
The manifold advantages of thus conveying heat great distances will be easily
comprehended. Because the weight or body of a cubic foot of water (or any given
quantity) is, at the boiling or steam generating point, seventeen hundred (1,700)
times as great as the steam thrown off at that temperature, it follows that it
contains a far greater number of units of heat.
Thus it will be seen that a much larger amount of heat may be delivered through
a pipe a great distance without loss from condensation than could be effected by
means of steam; and the hot water may by this process be converted into steam, or
otherwise used for the purpose of heating buildings, at the point where required,
and overcome the great difficulty which has heretofore prevented the heating of
buildings located at a distance from the generator, at the same time affording a
much more convenient and economical means of heating then by separate fires and
generators located in each building, and also avoiding much risk from danger by
fire.
For the purpose of determining the exact amount of heat consumed by each
customer, one means is the employment of the registering pump G, which is to
connect with the condense water tank F by means of pipe G². The valves Go and
G5 are to be of the ordinary kind (check valve) and placed in the suction and
discharge pipes G³ and G². The pump-barrel and piston are also of the usual
kind employed in pumps. The rod connecting the moveable piston is attached to
a crank, which is turned by a handle, and by gearing is connected to a registering
apparatus in such a manner as to cause the same to act upon the fingers of a dial,
and thereby record cach revolution that is given to the handle of the pump; and as
the amount of water discharged at each turn of the handle is accurately determined,
it follows that the exact quantity of condense-water thus removed from the tank F²
will be registered. As the condense water thus discharged will always bear the
same unvarying relation to the amount of steam it produced in tank E under a
given pressure, it will be an easy matter to calculate thereby the number of cubic
feet of steam or units of heat consumed.
As a substitute for the force-pump B different hot water tanks or boilers may be
used placed conveniently near to each other, and connected by means of pipes and
cocks or valves, which inay be opened and closed either by hand, or by some
automatic arrangement, whereby the water may be forced from one tank to the
other through the connecting pipe or hot water main C and C2, as shewn in
Fig. 6.
It is evident that if the pressure in one tank were permitted to become greater
than in the other, or if an additional pressure were admitted from an independent
generator, the water would be forced from such high-pressure tank through the
connecting pipe C1 and C2 into the tank of lesser pressure connected therewith, and
thus alternately the water could be forced from one to the other; but it is very
questionable whether it would be found as practicable as the employment of a
forcing pump for the purpose.
In Figs. 2, 3, 4, I have shewn several other means of controlling the heat
and utilizing the same in the heating of buildings, which I will describe in
succession.
In Fig. 2, A2 represents a tubular hot-water tank (or it may be a coil of pipe)
placed within an enclosure B1, which is erected in the basement of the building to
be heated. Pipes C12 and D¹³ are made to connect the hot water main C with the
top and bottom of the coil or radiator A³.
E represents a water-meter of any approved plan, which may be placed in either
pipe D or D. Hand H² are cocks or plugs made to control the opening and closing of

page_text: the pipes in which they are placed. A represents the hot-water tank to which the
pipe C is connected.
In the operation_of_this.apparatus_if_the_cock_H_be_opened and communication
thereby established with the hot-water_main C and the heater or radiator A², the
water under pressure-will-be-forced through pipe C₁2 into the heater until it is
filled. If the air passages-F-and G in-the-hot air-chamber B14 are opened, and the
cold air thus permitted to enter through-opening F, it will come in contact with the
pipes containing the hot-water and will thereby become heated, and in that
condition made lighter, and will consequently pass upward through the opening or
flue G into the various rooms connected therewith. The effect of this will be to
cool the water in heat radiator A³, and if the exhaust cock D2 in pipe D's be opened
a very little the water which has become cooled, and hence heaviest, will be forced
out from the bottom of the radiator A, and in its passage through the meter E the
quantity of water permitted to enter the radiator, or permitted to escape, will
determine the amount of hot water used, and from that may be computed the
quantity of heat consumed. As the water cools, other things being equal, just in
proportion to the time consumed in its passage through the radiator, it is evident
that the heat thus radiated and conveyed by the air into the apartments may be
registered and controlled to a nicety, and may be easily adjusted to suit the varying
conditions of the weather.
If cock D² be closed, and cock H² be opened, the water would be returned to the
main pipe C. The recording meter Eº may be placed in either the pipe C¹² or D¹³,
and the result would be the same.
In Fig. 3, A represents a radiator and steam evaporator in one, and it may be
constructed similarly to the one first described, as it consists of a tubular tank or
a coil of pipe surrounded by an air-heating room, as appears in the Drawing. It
differs however very materially in some respects. The hot-water is admitted into
it from the main pipe C through a differential or reducing valve E³, which is
intended to reduce the pressure to such an extent as to cause the water so introduced
into the tank A to be evaporated in a like manner as described in connection
with Fig. 1.
It differs however from that one in that it is not provided with a surrounding
water jacket, and the water which is not evaporated by its own specific heat is
drawn off into the condense water tank and there collected for measurement, which
may be done by the registering-pump before described. In Fig. 4 I have shewn a
plan in which no water is taken from the hot-water pipe C, except for the purpose
of evaporating water taken from some other source, which is admitted into the
evaporating tank B. The cocks in pipes A* and A³ being opened an immediate
circulation of hot water will begin, and as it is much above the steam generating
point, and is brought in close proximity to the cold water in the exterior tank B¹
which communicates also with the interior of the flues or tubes that pass through
the interior tank Asteam will-be-immediately-generated which will enter the-
pipe B3, and thus be conducted to the radiators; and the condense water may be
returned to the evaporator through branch pipe A³ and re-evaporated, or be deposited
in tank B through pipe B5, from which it may be removed, as before described, by
recording pump B', and the amount of heat consumed from the main pipe C may
be easily approximated by means of the water thus evaporated, or by the
meter A¹
The differential valve (shewn in detached view) is one form that may be used,
but it is evident that any kind of reducing-valve could be employed for the purpose
with like results.
This system of conveying heat and power may be used for the purpose of
propelling street cars by charging receiving-tanks on the same with hot water at
intervals along the road by means of flexible hose to convey the same from the
main pipe to such tanks. The water first admitted into a tank may be forced out
to make room for a new charge by means of a movable piston operating from one
'

page_text: end of the tank to the other, cocks being opened for the discharge of the water in
front of the moving pistons. I do not, however, make any claim to this arrange-
ment in connection herewith.
Fig. 7 is a part sectional view of a heating tank or boiler and preheater, or water
heater, also of a hot water-circulating main, and a building fitted up with radiators
connected with an apparatus for converting the hot water when taken from the
main pipe into steam, and traps for returning the water of condensation to the
circulating main.
Fig. 8 shows a plan view of the heaters and circulating pumps, together with a
view of the pipes conveying hot water through different streets, and pipes for
returning the water of condensation, and a pump for forcing the same into a pre-
heater, and thence directly into the heater from which it was previously taken;
Fig. 9 shews three modifications of the apparatus for taking the hot water from the
main and utilizing the same for heating buildings, as well as arrangements for
metering the same; Figs. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, & 15 are detail Drawings of a pressure
regulating valve, temperature and balance valve, for controlling the exhaust water
from the radiators, and means for draining the circulating pipes, and an apparatus
for measuring steam.
In Fig. 7 A represents a hot water tank or heater which should be of sufficient
capacity to furnish all the hot water that would be required for supplying heat to
the district reached by the circulating pipe or main C, said pipe being connected
thereto at or near the bottom, either directly or indirectly, vid the preheater A¹, as
shewn by the pipe connections and the arrows. B represents a circulating pump
which is connected with the pipe C at some point between the connections of the
two ends of the same with the heater A, the purpose of which is to cause the hot
water to move through the said pipe and be returned to the heater again, and it.
may be placed at either end of the circulating pipe; the power for running it may
be derived from any source whatever.
The pump B may be placed in the pipe connecting the preheating tank with the
main heater, and as it would take the water from the preheater the hot water.
would be forced from the heater of greater pressure through the circulating pipes
into the preheater, or heater of less pressure, and thus circulation would be main-
tained in the pipe, which pipe may extend for a considerable distance on a street,
and return again to the heater.
I have shewn in this Figure one manner of conveying the hot water to a building
and utilizing the same for heating purposes. In the illustration D represents a
tank connected with the hot-water pipe C by means of branch pipes D1 and D2, said
pipes being arranged to unite the tank D with the circulating pipe C at the same.
point, either very near together, as shewn by pipes D' and Ds, or a greater distance
apart, by attaching one to the outflowing end of the pipe C, and the other to the
inflowing end of the same, as shewn by pipes D¹ and D².
X represents another tank placed within the tank D, leaving a space between
the two. F' is the pressure regulating valve in the pipe connecting the tanks D
and X. E is a pipe connecting with the interior tank X, and extends to the
radiators F in the differents parts of the house; F2 is the condensed water pipe
extending from the bottom of the radiators to the discharge valve E, and thence
to the circulating pipe C; E³ represents a meter of any kind connected with the
discharge F; C' represents a cock or valve which may be used to increase or
diminish the size of the pipe C for the purpose of controlling the pressure and the
rapidity of the circulation in said pipe.
If the heater a be now filled with water, and by means of the fire in the furnace
is heated to a high degree, for example, say 332° Fahrenheit, which would give a
pressure of about one hundred pounds to the square inch, and be kept at that point,
which would be 120° above the steam generating point, and if the connections at
both ends of the circulating water mains be opened the pressure upon them and the
water therein will be the saine as upon the water in the heater and preheater, and if
the force pump be put in motion it will cause the water to be forced through the pipe

page_text: by taking it from the heater, and by discharging it again into the same through
the-return-pipe-and-through-the-preheater. The result will be to soon establish a
temperature of about the same degree to the water in the main-pipe its entire
length-as-that in the-heater.-
If now the cocks in-the-pipes D' and-D2-be-opened the hot water under pressure
will flow from the main-pipe C into the outside tank D, and surround the inner
tank ✗; and if the regulating valve F¹ be constructed to establish a ratio of difference
in pressure that may be desirable the water from-between-the-tanks D-and-X will
flow into X through the valve and connecting pipe F¹. But as soon as a small
quantity has entered the tank X the reduction of pressure established by the
differential valve will cause the hot water so admitted to be converted into steam,
as it contains many degrees of heat above the steam generating point as before men-
tioned. As soon as the quantity of water thus admitted, however, has been
evaporated into steam, the space in the tank X will be filled under pressure which
will act upon the differential valve F' and close it, and prevent the further
admission of hot water. The steam from tank X will force its way through pipe E
into the different radiators connected thereto and heat the same, but the cold air
surrounding them conveys away the heat, and the steam therein will be condensed,
and thus the amount of water admitted into tank X will be converted into steam
and conducted to the radiators. The condensed water, therefore, will be conducted
through the pipe F2 and the temperature discharge valve E2 to the meter Es and
thence to the pipe C again.
As soon as condensation has reduced the steam pressure sufficiently in tank X
and connecting pipes and radiators, more hot water will be admitted through the
differential valve F¹ into tank X and thus the supply will be kept constant.
The
hot water admitted into tank X will not be converted into steam by means of its
own specific heat, and hence the purpose of surrounding the converting chamber X
with the hot water in tank D, the heat of which will cause all the water admitted
into tank X to be evaporated. The purpose of the connecting pipes D' and D³ is
to unite tank D with the main pipe C and thus produce circulation, for it will be
seen that as the water in said tank transmits its heat into the water which is
admitted into the interior tank X, its temperature thereby will be proportionately
lowered and hence heavier, and circulation will thus be established between the hot
water pipe C and the tank D through pipes D' and D2, and by means of this
circulation a temperature will be maintained in said tank nearly the same as in
the pipe C. If the cock in the circulating pipe C be partially closed and the pump
Bis kept in operation with sufficient rapidity to remove the water from the end
of pipe C faster than it is permitted to flow through the contracted opening in the
pipe at the cock C', the result would be to make the pressure less in the return end
of the circulating pipe C, and thus increase the rapidity of circulation through the
pipes Dand-Das well-as-from-the-condense-water pipe, or if the circulating.pump.
is placed at the outflowing end of the circulating pipe C the effect would be to
increase the pressure in that end above that of the inflowing end which would
have the same effect to increase the circulation through the branch pipes connected
thereto.
The manner of utilizing to the best possible advantage all the heat in the coal in
preheating the water before it is admitted into the main heater, is accomplished, as
shewn in Fig. 7, by placing the preheater above the main heater in such a manner
that the heat will pass through the preheater after passing through the main heater ;
in this manner all the water from the return pipe which is of a lower temperature
than that in the heater A will be caused to pass through the preheater.
In Fig. 8 I have shewn a plan for circulating hot water around several blocks of
buildings, and means for controlling the flow in each and every section; and also a
system of return pipes connected with the main hot water pipes by the connecting
pipes from the radiators, and by connections K' at the junction of the streets.
have also shewn in this Figure a doubled cylindered pump, one used for circulating
the hot water, and the other for taking the return water-from the pipes and

page_text: forcing it into the heater or preheater. It is evident that very little water would be
wasted from the pipes except that drawn off for domestic purposes, as all the
condensed water would be returned for reheating, and to supply the amount so
drawn from the pipes the pump H' will supply from any convenient source.
In Fig. 9 I have shewn several other modes of arranging the pipes and
connections for conveying the hot water from the mains to the radiators, and for
returning the same after the heat has been extracted and utilized in warming
buildings, and propelling stationary engines, etcetera, and also an arrangement for
drawing the water from the box containing the pipes, and means for preventing
the radiation of heat from the pipes.
In this Figure A represents the heating tank; B, the circulating pump, and O, N,
the hot water main and return water main; P, the drain pipe. In this building, the
first (1st.) building, water is admitted from the main through the pipe 01 into the
regulating valve 03. The steam thrown off by the reduction of pressure by means
of this valve is conveyed to the radiators connected thereto by means of pipes, the
water admitted to the evaporator through the regulating valve which is not
converted into steam is conveyed through the hot water coil connected therewith,
and thence through the discharge valve or trap 04 into the return pipe N, which
may be one continuous circulating main, as shewn in Fig. 7, or it may be a separato
pipe connected with the supply main only by means of the branch pipes, as shewn
in Fig. 8; these branch pipes being also connected with the radiators, and the
return water may be taken therefrom by the suction pump and forced into the
preheater, and thence into the main heater as shewn in Fig. 8. The meter O² will.
register the amount of water forced through the pipe O¹, and as the trap O* is made
to prevent the discharge of the condensed water only after it has had its temperature
reduced to a certain degree, it becomes an easy matter of calculation to determine
the amount of heat consumed. In the second building of this Figure the apparatus
is the same except the air conveyed into the rooms is admitted to the cabinet con-
taining the coil, and after being heated is delivered through the flues extending
therefrom into the various apartments.
In the third building of this Figure is shewn an arrangement of the pipes and
radiators in a manner to utilize the hot water under full pressure. This plan has.
some advantages over that of steam for heating purposes, in that it can be controlled
by means of cocks or valves in such a manner as to keep the temperature of the
radiators at any desired degree; while with steam it must be either at its full heat
or entirely cut off. All who have used steam, have been inconvenienced by this
lack of control of the heat; then again, the noise occassioned by the condensation of
steam is entirely avoided when hot water is used directly in radiators. I have also
shewn in the Figure an engine which can be run for power directly with hot water,
and by exhausting into the return pipe be quite as economical and operative as
when run by steam, as all the condensed water will be conveyed back to the heater.
There is no difficulty in working water at a high temperature in an engine properly
constructed and arranged to exhaust in this manner, provided the cut off is arranged
to work very expansively and at a low pressure, and finely wire drawn or
dissipated.
The meter will determine the amount of water consumed as in any other
operation.
In some of the illustrations I have shewn the meter in position to measure the
condensed water from the radiators; this plan, however, is not considered very
practical as a means of determining with any degree of accuracy the amount of heat
consumed, as the many accidental leaks, to say nothing of those purposely left in
that condition, would easily allow of a very great discrepancy, as one cubic foot of
condensed water would represent nearly a thousand cubic feet of steam. Hence
great opportunity would be afforded to practice imposition by means of the many
cocks, valves, and joints, in and about the house; the only way when steam is used
in a building is to meter the water first, before it has entered any of the pipes and
radiators connected therewith.

page_text: Fig. 10 represents a pressure regulating valve. It is constructed by fitting a
moveable plug R into the cylinder or barrel R, the plug having a recess turned or
cut in it about the centre which communicates by means of openings with the
tank R to which the case R is fastened, the plug has a stem extending outwards
_ through the cap of the cylinder R' which carries a weight R'. In the practical
_ operation of this valve, the pressure pipe R³ being opened, the hot water is
admitted from the main pipe through the branch pipe and meter connected
--therewith,-as-shewn-in-the first-and-second-buildings of Fig. 9, the communication
being opened the hot water will pass freely into the tank or converting chamber R
but upon entering the said tank the pressure will be immediately relieved and steam
will be generated, the pressure of which will act upon the plug R, and as soon as the
pressure has exceeded that of the weight R¹, the plug will be thrown up and the
inlet port from the pipe R³ will be cut off and the further admission of hot water
will be prevented; but as condensation is constantly going on in the radiators
which connect with the converting chamber R2 the pressure will soon be so far
reduced therein that the weight R¹ will be greater than the sustaining force of
the steam on the face of the plug R and it will begin to descend again; this
movement will expose the inlet port and a further admission of hot water will be
permitted which will again be converted into steam, and in this manner a constant
and nearly equal pressure will be maintained in the tank or converting chamber R² and
radiators connected therewith, irrespective of the pressure in the main or hot water pipe.
In Fig. 15 I have shewn a detached view of an apparatus to be used in converting
the hot water into steam for running engines, which is designed for use at such
times and places where steam only is required for power. V represents a converting
tank, into which the hot water is admitted directly from the main pipe V' through
the meter V2 and reducing valve V³; said converting tank is constructed with
partitions V extending perpendicularly or otherwise in such a manner as to cause
the water to pass through a considerable distance before it is finally discharged into
the trap U and into the return pipe U¹, said partitions being of unequal height
and left open at their tops for the escape of steam, as shewn in the Drawing, the
object being to retain the water for a sufficient length of time to enable the steam
which is evaporated by the specific heat of the water to be thrown off before the
condensed water is discharged into the return pipe, and in that manner to enable a
near approximation of the amount of heat or steam consumed to be made; for it
will be seen that if a given amount of water is admitted into the apparatus at a
given temperature, and discharged only after it has been reduced to a very much
lower temperature, nearly all the steam thrown off and used could be determined.
In this apparatus the hot water induction port would be controlled by the governor
of the engine, and in that way the power would be regulated. The trap shown in
Fig. 13 would be the proper kind of thing to use with this apparatus, as it would
_carry_away_all_the_water_as fast as it was allowed to pass through the converting.
tank, but would not permit the escape of any steam, whereas an expansion or tempe-
rature trap could hardly be regulated so satisfactorily in such cases as where the
water would be required to be discharged above the steam generating point, as
required for power purposes.
In Fig. 11 is shewn one form of a temperature steam trap. It consists of a long
copper (or other soft metal) tube S¹, which is arranged to convey the water of con-
densation from the radiators; there are two bars or rods S2 extending the full
length of the tube S', which are attached to the same base. These rods carry on
their opposite ends a fixed valve T, which communicates with the valve seat.
Constructed on the end of the expansion tube S¹ a discharge pipe T' is attached to
the expansion tube to convey away the water which passes through the valve T.
In the operation of this trap the water of condensation will pass into the tube S¹,
and will by its heat expand the same and cause it to close the opening or valve T,
but as soon as it has become sufficiently cooled the contraction of the pipe or tube
will permit the water to pass out. As soon as the water begins to run hot through
the tube it will again expand and close the valve. By this means the water of con-

page_text: densation can be discharged at almost any temperature from the radiators, and thus
the entire heat of the water admitted may be utilized in warming the building.
In Fig. 12 I have shewn one manner of protecting the pipes under ground from
radiation by covering them by some well-known non-conductor, and enclosing them
in a wooden box arranged with a space to carry off the water that otherwise might
come in contact with the pipes and covering.
In Fig. 13 I have shewn a trap for discharging the water from the radiators; it is
connected with the branch pipe B leading to the street return pipe. It is constructed
by placing a moveable diaphragm B2 between 2 concave cases B³, and then bolted
together, thus holding the diaphragm firmly in its position. To this diaphragm is
fastened a stem B carrying a valve B5 which opens and closes a port constructed
in the barrel B, said barrel being rigidly attached to the lower side of the case B³.
The pipe B which extends to the return main is connected below the valve, as
shewn. The barrel B° is also connected by means of a pipe B³ with the bottom of
the radiator or drip-pipe B, this latter connection being made with the barrel
above the discharge valve. A pipe B1 extends from this drip-pipe to the upper
side of the diaphragm cases. There is also a pipe B" extending from the lower side
of the diaphragm case, and connected to the upper end of the radiator or to a pipe
extending upwards from the drip-pipe.
In the operation of this trap it should be placed at the position where the water
of condensation will flow into it, and the pipes B and B arranged, as shewn, to
extend above and below the diaphragm, and when full of water said pipes will
regulate the movements of the same and thereby control the discharge valve. It is
evident that if the water should be drawn off from the radiators or from the con-
necting pipe B, and the column of water in B10 were retained by reason of the
connections with the lower side of the case B³ that the pressure of the column upon
the increased area of the diaphragm would cause it to move in an upward direction
and carry with it the valve B5, and thus close further discharge of water from the
pipe B³. So soon however as the accumulation of water in the pipe Bs and con-
necting pipe B has brought about an equilibrium of pressure in the pipes B¹ and
B the diaphragm will drop by the weight connected thereto, and the valve B5 will
again be opened and the water permitted to flow out, and thus the operation will
continue alternately.
In Fig. 14 I have shewn one construction of a valve for regulating the pressure.
In this system for conveying heat and power the pipes are to be provided with
cocks or valves, as shewn in Fig. 8, so that any section may be closed for repairs
without interfering in any way with the constant supply which can be furnished
through other pipes connected thereto at the junctions of the streets.
This system
will not only furnish power for running all kinds of engines, elevators, and heat
for warming buildings, but it may also be employed through the agency of a steam
or hot water stove for all kinds of cooking and other culinary purposes, and thus a
convenient, healthful, and economical supply of heat and power may be delivered
and utilized at a great distance from the generator without any appreciable loss
from condensation or waste of water. The return water may be admitted to the
heater by means of automatic gravity traps or feed water apparatus in place of
pumps if desired.
In Fig. 16 I have shewn a modification of the plan shewn in Fig. 7 for generating
steam by transmitted heat from a chamber adapted to circulate water of a higher
temperature than that in the adjacent chamber where evaporation takes place.
The modification consists in the construction of the pipes or chambers continu-
ously the entire distance from the generator or heater A, and it may be accomplished
by placing the hot water circulating pipe B within the steam pipe C, and the steam
pipe may receive water for evaporation from the hot water pipe, or from any other
source; or this plan may be adapted to re-evaporate the condensed water formed in
the steam pipe, when such pipe is used to convey steam from the boiler; and thus
the temperature and pressure would be maintained for a great distance, and thereby
all trouble from the collection of condensed water therein would be avoided.

page_text: When this system is employed either steam may be taken from the steam pipe
or hot-water-from-the-circulating pipe as desired. Should the condensation form
water faster than could be re-evaporated by transmitted-heat-from-the-hot-water_
circulating pipe-1-contemplate drawing-it-off from the steam pipe by branch-pipes
D-connected therewith-at-all-the. lower points and convey it to a return pipe E.
which extends to the-boiler,- and in this manner all the condensed water in the
steam pipe, and be returned to the heating tank, and the steam pipe would be
returned and left free for the passage of steam.__
It is evident that many more equivalent modifications of the various features and
parts of this Invention may be employed which it is not deemed necessary here to
enumerate.
Having now described the nature of the said Invention, and explained the
manner of carrying it into practical effect, as communicated to me as aforesaid, I
hereby declare that what I consider to be novel and original and therefore claim as
secured to me under the Letters Patent hereinbefore first in part recited is,-
1. In an apparatus for heating buildings, the heating-tank A, the hot water
street main C, C¹, and C2, connected therewith, the circulating pump B, and a heat
radiator F, and a meter, substantially as shewn and described.
2. In an apparatus for heating buildings a hot-water tank, a bot-water street-
main, a circulating pump, a differential or pressure regulating valve, and a heat
radiator of a building, as set forth.
3. In an apparatus for heating buildings, one or more hot-water reservoirs, and
one or more hot-water pipes connected therewith, having branch pipes connected
with a pressure reducing valve, and with an evaporating chamber, and with heat
radiators, and with a meter, substantially as shewn and described.
4. In an apparatus for heating buildings, the hot-water generating tank and a
street-main connected thereto at a point below the water line, branch pipes
connecting said main pipe with a circulating-chamber arranged in connection with
a steam generating chamber, as specified, and in such manner as to transmit the
heat from the circulating-water chamber to the evaporating chamber, substantially
as set forth.
5. In an apparatus for heating buildings, the heating tanks, and the pipe or pipes
for conveying hot water connected therewith, branch pipes for conveying hot water
to a radiator, an exhaust opening to convey the water from the radiator, and a
meter for measuring the water passed through the radiator, constructed and
operating substantially as shewn and described.
6. In an apparatus for heating buildings, the heating tanks and the pipes
connected thereto, as specified, in such manner as to convey the water therefrom,
a force-pump or its equivalent for circulating the water therein, and a radiator
connected thereto, in combination with an air-heating chamber provided with inlet
and outlet openings for receiving-and-delivering the air, and with a meter,
substantially as set forth.
7. In an apparatus for heating buildings, the heating tanks and the hot-water
street-main connected thereto, provided with expansion and contraction joints,
and with a covering of non-conducting material, a branch pipe for conveying the
hot water to a building, a pressure regulating valve for reducing the pressure, an
evaporating tank for converting the water into steam, and a heat radiator of a
building provided with a condense water receiver and with a registering pump for
removing the water, constructed and operating substantially as shewn and
described.
8. In an apparatus for heating buildings, the heating-tank and the hot-water
street main pipe connected therewith, a circulating pump for forcing the water
through the pipe and branch pipes, and the meter for connecting the main street
pipe with a circulating heater arranged to transmit heat to a steam generating
tank or hot-water tank, substantially as described, said tank being constructed to
be supplied with a liquid, and provided with return pipes for conveying the

page_text: condensation to the generating-tank for reheating, substantially as shewn and
described.
9. In an apparatus for heating buildings, a water-evaporating chamber adjacent
to a chamber adapted to circulate water of a higher temperature, the radiator
arranged to receive steam from the evaporating chamber, and the whole provided
with cocks and valves, substantially as shewn and described.
10. The within-described method of conveying by means of a pump or its
equivalent hot water through underground street-mains provided with branch
pipes, and with meters for the purpose of delivering and measuring said hot water
used for heating purposes in buildings having radiators with connected cocks or
valves for controlling the heat in the same, substantially as set forth; and with
reference to Sheets 2, 3, and 4 of the Drawings I claim,-
11. The combination of the steam main and the hot water circulating pipe placed
therein, said pipes being provided with branch pipes connected therewith, for
drawing off steam and hot water, and with a meter for measuring the same,
substantially as shewn and described.
12. The combination of the steain pipe and the hot water circulating pipe with
the return water drain pipe connecting the steam pipe with the boiler, substantially
as shewn and described.
13. In combination with the hot water circulating pipe H5 and the heating tank
H, the preheating tauk H' supplied with the return water by means of a pump H
connected with the return pipes K, substantially as shewn and described.
14. In combination with the hot water street main and the heating tanks, and
with a heat radiator, a discharge water trap and connecting pipe for conveying the
water of condensation into the return pipe, substantially as shewn and described.
15. The steam evaporating tank V in combination with the trap U, constructed
and operating substantially as shewn and described.
16. The discharge water trap operating to control the flow of condense water
from the radiators by means of the differential pressure of a water column on the
opposite sides of a diaphragm connected therewith, constructed and operating
together substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
17. In combination with each other, and with a hot water supply pipe, and with
a return condense water pipe of the engine Y%, meter Y, and heating tank A,
operating substantially as shewn and described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Frank Bagshawe Wheeler, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Nineteenth day of February, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and eighty.
FRANK B. WHEELER. (L.S.)