IMPROVEMENTS IN PETROLEUM AND SIMILAR ENGINES
Year: 1886

page_text: Date of Application, 26th June, 1886.
Complete Left, 26th Apr., 1887.
Complete Accepted, 25th June, 1887.
I GEORGE WILLIAM WEATHERHOGG of Swinderby in the County of Lincoln
Engineer do hereby declare the nature of my said invention for IMPROVEMENTS IN
PETROLEUM AND SIMILAR ENGINES to be as follows:-
My Invention relates to that class of motive power engines operated by the
employment of petroleum, or other liquid or volatile fuel and atmospheric air, with or
without the admixture of water or steam. The Improvements which constitute my
Invention consist essentially in the direct employment of petroleum, or other
hydrocarbon oils, or fuel which are mixed with atmospheric air and admitted into the
engine in a raw state;
The mixture passing into a separate cylinder where it becomes carbureted and
afterwards compressed into a separate combustion chamber with a larger body of air,
and which after its combustion exerts a pressure on the power piston ;
This compression being vigorous to such a degree that complete combustion rapidly
ensues.
The object of my present Invention is to adapt this principle by Improved means
of preparing the working charges in this class of motor, for the development of a
higher power in a comparatively lighter engine and to secure greater economy in the
cost of working, cost of production, economy in space, and more efficient means of
firing the charges under nearly all conditions of use than heretofore attained.
In such provision, the combustible materials are introduced into the engine in
such volumes and proportions as to cause the charges, upon ignition, to beconie
more or less suddenly inflamed throughout, and to be consumed so as to leave little
or no residuum, or other carbonaceous matter in the cylinders, or combustion chambers,
more than what will readily escape therefrom upon opening of the exhaust into the
atmosphere.
The engines may be arranged to work with a compression of from three to five
atmospheres previous to combustion; provision being made for producing a quiet but
complete combustion of the combustible mixture in contradistinction to an explosion.

page_text: The mode of preparing the combustible material and the arrangement of the engine
may be variously modified in carrying out the Invention.
The power cylinders may be made either single or double-acting and worked with
or without the admixture of water or steam vapour, and arranged in single-acting
engines to fire the charges once every, or alternate revolution as desired. The
double-acting engine, i.e. those having two combustion chambers connected to one
cylinder, producing twice the number of ignitions in the same time. But to more
clearly explain the action of the machine, I will first describe the movements, and
effect of single-action without the water or vapory mixture.
Thus according to one arrangement -I employ a power cylinder and separate
mixing or carburetting cylinder or pump. The requisite quantity of oil or fuel for
forming a combustible charge is first drawn, along with a quantity of atmospheric
air into this mixing or carburetting pump, where it becomes intimately mixed
forming a highly inflammable hydrocarburet therein. This pump is provided with
suitable inlet and delivery valves; the air inlet being arranged whereby the
oils flow into an annular chamber having openings which are covered by the air
valve when the latter is on its seat. The oils are sucked into the pump in finely
divided streams or spray, along with the air. The plunger of the pump has an
intermittent, or a continuous reciprocating motion imparted to it by means of a cam,
or rotary motion, geared to the crank shaft, whereby the pump makes one in-and-out
stroke to two in-and-out strokes of the power piston; the latter being geared to the
crank direct by an ordinary connecting rod. The power piston drawing into the
chamber of the power cylinder a charge of atmospheric air only; and as no com-.
bustible material is thus, primarily, drawn into the cylinder, no premature ignition
can possibly occur therein. The power cylinder is provided with suitable induction
and eduction valves, which may be either lift or slide valves; If the latter, the slide
serves for delivering the charge from the mixing pump into the combustion chamber.
It may also be employed for firing the charges as hereafter explained-and is
operated by a cam, or rotary motion, having a relative speed to the mixing pump. It
will be observed that in all cases, the amount of compression given to the combustible
charge is regulated by the relative proportion, or volumes of the power and carburetting
cylinders.
In this arrangement the action of the combustible materials and the operation of the
machine is as follows:-Upon an outstroke of the power piston a charge of atmospheric
air is taken into the power cylinder during which stroke-and it may also be during
a portion of the return stroke-a charge of petroleum or other fuel is taken into the
mixing pump, when, upon the return strokes of the power and mixing pump pistons,
which are effected by the momentum of the fly wheel, or by means of a duplicate
expansive charge as desired-The air is driven from the power cylinder into the
combustion chamber and the inflammable or carburetted charge is by continuity of
pressure driven from the mixing pump into the same. The proportions or richness of
the mixture and time of delivery being so regulated whereby a powerful and highly
inflammable hydrocarburet, constituting the combustible charge, is found therein.
When upon commencement of the next outstroke the charge is fired, producing
almost instantaneous combustion, and a powerful expansion, propelling the piston to
the termination of the stroke. When the products, which at that time are in a
considerable state of tension, rapidly escape through the exhaust valve into the
atmosphere, 1 sometimes prefer to make an additional exhaust outlet near the outer
end of the cylinder which is uncovered by the power piston itself shortly before the
termination of the stroke, whereby the whole of the products may escape into the
atmosphere. The time before the closure of the outlets being sufficient to cause a
considerable quantity of fresh air to flow into the cylinder. But when so arranged
and the engine is in full work, the exhaust valve merely acts as a relief valve, through
which the greater portion of air last admitted to the cylinder, escapes into the
atmosphere on the next instroke, when the operations are repeated. The, secondary,
exhaust having a further tendency to prevent the cylinder from fouling.

page_text: According to the present arrangements in order to regulate the working speed of
the engine this exhaust relief valve is preferably controlled by the governor in such a
manner whereby, when the engine exceeds its normal speed, the air charge last
admitted into the power cylinder (or after the residual products are exhausted
therefrom) is wholly or partially retained therein and compressed into the combustion
chamber, the governors simultaneously checking, or cutting off, the flow of oils or
fuel into the mixing pump until the engine regains its normal speed. Or the mixing
pump may be prevented from delivering the inflammable charge into the combustion
chamber in a manner similar to the arrangement described by me in Patent
No. 6565/85. By the above arrangements, the air temporarily retained in the
combustion chamber extracts a portion of heat from the walls of the cylinder, said air
on the next outstroke expanding down to atmospheric pressure after which the
cylinder is recharged with such quantity of fresh air as may be required for the next
working charge. It being then of the normal temperature whereby the next working
stroke is of a similar composition to that of the working stroke previous to the
interruption of the charges. By thus heating up the air retained in the combustion
chamber economy is secured in the expenditure of oil or fuel required when working
the engine at less than full power.
According to the present arrangement the movement of the carburetting or mixing
pump is preferably so regulated whereby the petroleum or other fuel is gradually
drawn into it during the whole of the air-charging outstroke, and a considerable
portion of the next instroke of the power piston. By this means, the mixture takes
up considerable heat from the engine and becomes more highly carbureted owing to
this increased heat and the time allowed for the fuels to mix with the air in the pump.
The time thus occupied may be varied however by regulating the pump crank, or
cam, so as to deliver its charge, earlier or later, in proportion to the richness of the
oils employed.
In such provision, the greater portion of the mixture from the carbureting pump is
directed in a body towards the centre of the air charge in the combustion chamber.
The speed however at which this mixture is driven therein will cause it to become
more or less fully dispersed amongst the surrounding air whereby complete combustion
will rapidly ensue. Thus imparting one propulsion every alternate revolution of the
engine.
The working charges may be fired by a flat slide containing an igniting flame-as
before referred to or by a heated tube, Electricity, or any known means. I prefer
however to adopt the following device, consisting of a small lift or piston valve one
end of which is held upon a seating, formed in the casing of the valve, against the
pressure of a spring. This casing has water circulating through it for keeping the
valve cool, a portion of which is also preferably made to flow through the valve
itself. The valve contains an igniting cell to which is connected a small needle
valve, shielded if necessary by wire gauze to protect it from the flame. A minute
portion of the inflammable mixture finds its way, by suitable passages, through the
needle valve opening into the igniting cell, where it becomes ignited by a master
flame through small ports, cut through the valve and valve casing, one of which
opens into a chamber containing a spirit lamp or other flame-as will be presently
explained. The other opens into the atmosphere, so as to cause the flame to split or
divide itself, and thus more fully prevent its prematurely leaving the igniting cell.
The flaine continues to burn in this igniting cell with increased intensity, during
which time the valve would have been moved from its seat by a cam, or rotary
movement, from the second driving shaft, arranged so that when the charge is ready
for firing the valve quickly drops on its seating, and closing the air and Hame ports,
brings the flame of the igniting cell opposite a passage leading into the combustion
chamber, which instantly fires the charge therein.
In preference to the employment of a spirit lamp, which at times is inconvenient, I
sometimes provide a gas bag or other vessel, into which a portion of the inflammable
mixture is driven from the mixing pump, arranged whereby the mixture cannot flow

page_text: back to the pump but passes through a suitable burner so as to form a Bunsen flame
for lighting the igniting flame of the firing valve.
In one modification of this arrangement the mixing cylinder or carburetting pump
may be geared so as to travel the same speed as the power piston, but arranged to be
thrown out of gear upon increased speed, by which means one working stroke per
revolution would be obtained, and no back pressure would arise when the engine is
running empty, the parts being arranged accordingly.
According to another arrangement a suitable cylinder is provided with differential
pistons and a separate fuel mixing and carburetting pump, the mechanical movements
being arranged in a manner somewhat similar to those described by me in Patent
No. 6565 of 1885 for Improvements in Coal Gas Motor Engines. This fuel mixing
pump is also provided with a combined air and oil or fuel spray valve, which admits
the mixture therein in finely divided streams, which may be further broken up by
passing the mixtures through fine gauze wire suitably arranged near the inlet opening
of the pump. The cylinder in which the larger piston works constitutes the charging
cylinder which is so proportioned as to give the greatest amount of compression in the
least possible space, with one working stroke per revolution, or alternate revolution as
desired, the parts being arranged accordingly. Or the oil or fuels may be drawn into
the compressing cylinder direct without passing through a separate mixing pump. In
such provision the spray valve is placed in connection with the main air inlet, but a
portion of air is mixed with the oils as they pass into the cylinder. The spray valve is
arranged whereby the mixture is admitted so gently as to be enveloped by and flow
with the charging air into the cylinder, so as not to form eddies therin; and as the
two volumes cannot materially mix until compression commences, although not
absolutely necessary, a portion of the charging air may if desired be blown through
the exhaust, in order to render the absence of premature ignitions more certain.
According to the latter arrangement the valve is arranged in such a manner that
the oils flow into a channel surrounding the principal air inlet, so as to intimately
mix with the earlier portion of charging air. The flow of oil being checked, or cut
off, at any portion of the stroke by means of a separate valve; through which the oils
first pass into the channel, the latter valve being operated by a cam or tappet
motion, regulated by the governor, whereby when the engine exceeds. its normal
speed the supply of oil is checked or cut off, for one more working stroke as
required.
The power pistons are provided with adjustable packing rings. A groove or
channel is formed around the head of the piston having one or more small holes
opening into its interior through which any leakages pass into the atmosphere, giving
visible indication when the packings require adjusting.
As the cylinder of the engine is open at one end, the packing of the piston can be
adjusted from without by an arrangement similar to the one described in Patent
No. 6565/85. The pistons may be operated either by lift or slide valves and with or
without the additional exhaust outlet and the ignitions may be effected either by a
flat slide, or by the arrangements before referred to.
In starting the engine by hand the work of compressing the charge is heavy, par-
ticularly in the larger sizes, and in order to lighten this operation I provide a release
cock or valve, whereby a portion of the charging air, or it may be of the combustible
mixture, is allowed to escape, this cock, or valve, may be operated either by hand, or
by any moving part of the engine as desired. Or otherwise a strong storage reservoir
may be employed therefor. When this arrangement is applied I arrange in a com-
munication with this reservoir, and the working cylinder, or compressing cylinder, of
the engine, a valve that can be opened by suitable gear, so as to charge the reservoir
with compressed air, or fluid products of combustion, whilst the engine is in work,
until it becomes charged to a pressure sufficient for starting the engine to work, but
when so arranged a separate release cock, or valve, is employed to prevent compression
until the engine has attained sufficient speed to work with the combustible mixtures.
. Or the exhaust cam may be provided with a second cam, and made to slide on its

page_text: shaft for holding open the exhaust valve through which a portion of the charge can
escape.
In all cases the speed of the engine may be regulated by the governor-which may
be of any known type-preventing one or more working charges from passing into
the engine upon increased speed. But when it is desired to graduate the force of the
charges, in proportion to the power developed; I arrange a combined air charging
and oil or fuel spray valve, so as to be operated upon by the governor whereby the
composition of the charges are constant, whether working with full or graduated
supplies.
In order to utilize the waste heat in this class of motor-the cylinders being water
jacketted-I may employ means similar to those described by me in Patent No. 6565/85
for coal gas or vapour engines.
According to a further modification of the first described arrangement, the engine
may be made double-acting, by providing two combustion chambers, and the
requisite valve gear; the charges being compressed into the combustion chambers, and
acting alternately on each side of the power pistons, the mixing pumps may be
arranged either in duplicate or double-acting as desired. When so arranged the front
end of the cylinder is closed by a water cover, through which a hollow piston rod
works, which is coupled to guides, and connecting rods, in the usual manner. The
pistons are adjusted externally by means of a rod passing through the hollow rod, and
connected to the cross head whereby the rings may be adjusted, and leakages pass
into the atmosphere, as before described. The engine may be arranged in a vertical,
horizontal, or inclined position, and two or more such engines may be connected to
one crank shaft.
An engine suitable for a portable engine, tricycle, or road car, tram car, pleasure
yacht, or other similar use, is constructed on the same principle as the engine berein-
before described, but the arrangement of some of the parts are modified to suit the
different application, necessitating alteration in the details, as will be well understood.
In a portable engine, I preferably arrange the cylinders in a horizontal position,
bolted to a wrought, or cast iron tank bed plate, and mounted upon a pair of travelling
wheels. The engine is arranged whereby when in travelling order the bed plate is
nearly in a horizontal position, suitably detachable drawgear consisting of tubular or
other shafts being connected to the crank shaft end of the bed plate; but when the
engine is set for work, the cylinder and bed plate are placed on an incline towards the
ground, resting on a detached framing, or block, connected to the front of the driving
wheels by chocks and screw bolts, whereby the engine will work without detrimental
oscillation. This arrangement allows of the bed plate being utilised as a water tank
for cooling the cylinder, the weight of water being sufficient to flow into the water
jacket of the engine. A return overflow pipe is connected to the water jacket, and
the crank end of the bed plate, whereby circulation is promoted in the ordinary
manner. The tank may be filled by an ordinary hand pump, or by hand, as desired.
For engines of large powers however the engine may be mounted upon a three or four
wheel carriage, arranged to tip the engine on an incline-as before described.
Or it may be made rigid to the carriage, and work in either a horizontal, or vertical
5 position as desired. In some cases the working parts of the engines are housed in a
metal or other casing which may, or may not, cover the whole engine, except the fly
wheels and driving pulleys, suitable doors being provided for access to the interior, by
which means the working parts are protected from dust and wind, which otherwise
has a tendency to put out the igniting flames, and stop the engine from working.
In order to keep the cylinders and other working parts of this class of engine cool-
in the absence of water-I cause refrigeration to be set up within the outer casing and
the walls of the cylinders, and other parts requiring cooling, by means of compressed
air, effected either by the working pistons of the engine, or by means of a separate air
pump, as desired.
It being well known that hitherto the cost of oil required for lubrication in both
gas and oil motors is a considerable item in the working expenses; By adapting the

page_text: engine as I will now describe, a considerable portion of oil employed may be used
over again. I connect a short elbow or pipe, to the exhaust outlet, and a separate
tank containing water. This pipe is connected to a perforated pipe, or drum, within
the tank and projecting nearly to the bottom of same, and into the water, which is
kept at a fixed level. The exhaust products, after leaving the cylinder first strike the
water with some considerable force, which causes it to rebound, and envelope any
residuary oil ejected from the cylinder, a considerable portion of which, in ordinary
working, passes away through the exhaust.
The perforated drum allows any pressure to pass into the outer casing, and thence into
the atmosphere, excepting what may pass through the water into the outer casing. The
perforated drum also has a tendency to split up the exhaust products, and by expanding
them in the outer casing amongst the water, which at that moment is in a state
of agitation, considerably deadens the sound of the escaping products before entering
the atmosphere. In place of using a perforated drum, chains, trays, or other obstructors,
may be placed in the tank, for the products to strike against, and by means of the
vapour due to the heat of the exhaust-arising from the water, will deposit the oily
matter upon the water, which is drawn off and the tank refilled as required. Or the oil
may be trapped in the pipe by an arrangement similar to an ordinary steam trap.
To enable the engine to be reversed, a rocking lever worked from a weight shaft is
provided with a lever geared to a clutch arrangement, which reverses the action of the
gearing and cams employed to drive the working parts, and in cases where the
ignition valve is geared apart from the driving shaft; the valve rod may be geared
to an ordinary rocking link and lever for changing its action.
Although the arrangements described are specially adapted to work the engines
with petroleum oils, or other like fuel. Yet in some cases with a slight modification
of the parts they may be worked either with, or in conjunction with, coal gas, or
vapour generated in a separate machine.
And it will be obvious that some of the improvements herein 'described may be
applied to other existing oil motors, or to engines operated by coal gas or vapour
other than those herein described and referred to.
Dated this 26th day of June 1886.

page_text: GEORGE WILLIAM WEATHERHOGG, of Swinderby, in the County of Lincoln,
Engineer do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement:-
My invention relates to motor engines operated by the combustion of petroleum or
other liquid or volatile fuel and atmospheric air, with or without the admixture of
water or steam, and has special reference to means for mixing the petroleum or other
liquid with atmospheric air so as to form the combustible charge whereby it may be
employed direct in the engine without the use of separate carburetting or vaporizing
tanks. The invention further relates to improved means of firing the charges and
starting such engines to work, parts of which are applicable to coal gas or other
vapour engines. The object of my present invention is to develop a higher power
in a comparatively lighter engine and to secure greater economy in the cost of
working, cost of production and economy in space than heretofore attained. The
petroleum or other fuel, which for example we will assume to be benzoline, is mixed
with a volume of air and compressed with another volume of air in a combustion
chamber connected with the power cylinder, the compression being vigorous to such
a degree that upon ignition a quiet but complete combustion rapidly ensues.
In order that my said invention may be fully understood I have represented in the
accompanying drawings a motor engine in both vertical and horizontal form adapted
for working with petroleum or other volatile fuel and atmospheric air, with or without
the admixture of water or steam, embodying my improvements, reference being had
to the figures marked thereon, similar figures of reference referring to similar or
corresponding parts throughout the drawings.
Figures 1 and 2 shew a side and front view of the vertical form of motor.
Figure 3 represents a sectional plan view on the line A B of figure 2 and
figures 4, 5, 6, 9 and 10 are details of the same.
In the arrangement shewn in figures 1 and 2 the engine is shewn with differential
cylinders 1, 2, which by preference are water jacketed to prevent overheating, the
broken shaded lines representing the parts containing the cooling water. The
cylinders have each separate pistons similar to those hereinafter described with
reference to figures 7 and 8 containing metallic rings and are coupled to the driving
shaft by an ordinary connecting rod. The piston rings are expanded externally and
constructed as described in the Specification of Letters Patent granted to me dated
30th May 1885, No. 6565, for coal gas motors. 3, is an oil or petroleum mixing and
carburetting pump bolted to the standard or outer casing of the engine and worked
by an eccentric and rod 4, from the main driving shaft. This pump is provided with
a combined petroleum and air, or fuel spray valve 5, more clearly shewn in modified
form in figure 9. The said valve is held upon a seating by the spring 6, and arranged
whereby the liquid flows into an annular chamber 7, having very small openings

page_text: leading towards and covered by the valve 5, when the latter is on its seat. This valve
is shewn operated by a tappet lever S, connected to a rocking shaft 9, or it may if
preferred be operated from the main driving shaft by means of a cam and lever or
other equivalent device. The oils are kept in a tank 10 and connected to the pump 3,
by piping, 11 being a regulating cock for same. The tank 10, is refilled either by
hand or a force pump as desired. The oils flow or may be sucked into the mixing
pump, when the valve 5, is open, in finely divided streams or spray along with the
atmospheric air, admitted therein through a cock or opening 12, the flow of each
being checked or cut off at any predetermined portion of the stroke by means of a
rising and falling rod 13, connected to a governor lever not shewn. The lower end
of rod 13, contains a notched piece 15, working in a guide fixed to the spindle of the
valve 5, and arranged whereby the charges are graduated or cut off as desired and in
proportion to the power required. The mixture at this stage becomes partly car-
buretted and is on the return stroke of the pump partly forced under the hollow
valve head 16, through a number of small holes 17, 17ª, where it is met by a counter
charge of atmospheric air blown from the charging cylinder 2, and for a time partially
retained in the hollow of the valve 16. It then becomes further mixed with the
incoming air in the passage 18, which leads to the combustion chamber 19. 20, is the
exhaust valve operated by a rod and bowl 21, operated by a cam fixed to the main
driving shaft. 22, is the slide valve geared to the crank shaft by an eccentric and
rod 23, and connected to levers 24, 24", which are fixed upon the rocking shaft 9.
The slide valve is held to and works upon a loose facing plate 25, secured by counter-
sunk screws to the fixing 26, and by the covering plate 27, the whole being held rigid
by the usual hand springs and lock nuts 28, 28, as shewn.
The operation of the machine is as follows:-
Upon an 'outstroke of the power and air charging pistons, a charge of atmospheric
air is sucked through an air box 29, containing layers of felt or flannel placed between
sheets of wire gauze held by distance pieces to the casing in the manner shewn and
which serve to filter the air from any impurities before entering the cylinders.
The air passes into the charging cylinder 2, through a passage 30, which is then in
communication with the passage 31 and port 32, of the slide valve during which time
the mixing pump 3, takes in its charge, when upon, or nearly at the commencement
of the return stroke, a portion of the air is driven from the charging cylinder 2,
through the passages 18, 31, and port 33, into the combustion chamber and power
cylinder at about atmospheric pressure. The exhaust valve being then held open a
portion of the charging air escapes, which, assuming it to be after an expansive
charge, condenses any sparks or other residual products which might remain there-
from, and upon the closure of the exhaust, the mixing pump delivers its charge into
the passage 18, aided by the air charge, which partly passes into the hollow part of
the valve through passage 17, sweeping out the combustible mixture therefrom by
way of the perforated passage 17, into the combustion chamber where it mixes with
the charging air admitted therein, and by continuity of pressure a powerful hydro-
carburet constituting the combustible charge is formed therein during which operation
the slide valve it travelling to the right-would then be about in the position shewn
in figure 3, when upon or nearly at the commencement of the next working outstroke
the charge is fired producing a powerful but silent expansion which propels the piston
to the termination of the stroke, when the exhaust valve opens and the products
rapidly escape into the atmosphere. The impact given to the fly wheel in the absence
of a duplicate expansion chamber propels the piston until the next impulse, by which
arrangement one working stroke per revolution when in full work and one uniform
speed of the motor are obtained. To ignite the charge the valve slide 22 has a
small igniting cell 34 formed therein which has a port opening on each side. When
the slide is moving from left to right some of the combustible mixture is blown
through the channel 35, from the passage 31, into the opening 36, of the valve facing,
thence to a needle valve 37, which closes a passage 38 more or less accordingly as the
needle is adjusted. A very small portion of the combustible mixture passes the needle
and traversing through the passage 38 and opening 39, enters the igniting cell 34, by

page_text: way of the small hole 40, and igniting through the opening 41, at a burner 42, in the
covering plate. The gas continues to burn in the igniting cell with increased
intensity until the slide cuts, off communication with the passages 36, 39, 41, and
brings the inner port of the igniting cell into communication with the port 33 of
the combustion chamber thereupon firing the charge. Just before this takes place
however, although not absolutely necessary, I sometimes prefer to open a com-
munication either with the combustible charge of the power cylinder, or the
chamber 31, of the slide by means of a small hole 43, communicating with
the port 33, and al recess 44, of the shape shewn in figure 6, in
the covering plate through which a further portion of the combustible mixture also
finds its way to the igniting cell which helps to further maintain the flame therein and
render ignition more certain. If the latter plan be adopted then a small channel
(not shewn) is cut in the covering plate so as to communicate with the recess 44 and
the passage 31, which is full of the combustible mixture at a time when this passage
is cut off from the combustible charge in the port 33 in which case the small hole 43
is dispensed with; or the channel 35 may be so proportioned as to admit sufficient of
the mixture through the needle valve 37, to fire the charge without employing either
the hole 43 or the recess 44 therefor. In order to prevent the slide valve and facings
from over-heating, the covering plate and part of the slide are made hollow having
elongated openings 45 which are in consiant communication with each other.
stream of cold water is admitted into the covering plate by a pipe 46 which after
circulating through the slide, passes out by the drain pipe 47. The fixing 26, also has
water spaces formed therein communicating with the water jacket of the cylinders 1
and 2, through which a supply circulates for cooling.
A
To fire the combustible charges, I provide a gas bag or other vessel, as shewn in
figure 10, which is connected by piping to the mixing pumps, and the petroleum or
other inflammable mixture is preferably filled thereby say equal to 2 inches water
pressure, a check valve (not shown in the drawings) being arranged in the piping
whereby the liquid cannot flow back up the supply pipe, but the bag or vessel may be
filled direct from the oil supply piping.
A burner 42 provided with a deflector 85 is connected to the liquid vessel by a
small pipe through which the liquid flows to the burner, the quantity being regulated
by an adjusting screw 86 so as to form a Bunsen or other equivalent flame therefor
(see also figures 2, 11, 13, 14, 19, 22, 24, 25). 22", and 26ª, are oil grooves formed
in the faces of the slide valve 22 and valve facing 25.
In starting the engine it is usual to turn the fly wheel round a few times by hand
before it commences to work. The work of compressing the charges in this manner
however is somewhat heavy particularly in the larger sizes of engines and in order to
lighten this operation I provide an air storage reservoir which may be charged either
with pure compressed air from the charging cylinder 2; or with the products of
combustion from the power cylinder 1, whilst the engine is at work. As shown in
figures 1 and 2, this storage reservoir 51, is made to form the base of the engine.
A water jacketed casing 52, is bolted to the standard of the engine in which is
fitted a double ported plug valve 53, and a small check valve 54, both of which are
held up to a seating against the pressure of a spring. The plug 53, is supposed to
be shewn in position for charging the reservoir with compressed products of combustion
which is effected by levers 55 and 56, keyed on a rocking shaft 57 and worked either
by hand or a cam, on the crank shaft in such a manner that a portion of the expanding
charges pass into the reservoir through the passages 58, 59 and valve 54. A pressure
gange not shown may be connected to the reservoir to shew when sufficient pressure
has been obtained. A set screw and lock nut 60, when set up gives more com-
pression to the valve spring and valve 54 and can be used for jamming the valve on
its seat to prevent leakage whilst the mixtures are stored in the reservoir.
In order to start the engine the fly wheel is partly turned ready for an up stroke
and by raising the lever 56, a spring pin 54, opens the valve 54, permitting a
compressed charge to pass through the plug valve 53 and passage 58, into the
combustion chamber which propels the pistons upwards, this air partly passing through
13

page_text: the exhaust valve at the end of the stroke into the atmosphere, and after its closure on
the return stroke the remaining air also passes by way of passage 61, pipe 62 and
passage 63 of the plug valve direct into the atmosphere, so that no compression arises
during the operation this action being repeated until the engine has gained considerable
speed, when the plug valve is turned off and the oil or fuels are admitted into the engine
until it commences to work therewith.
To charge the reservoir with pure air only, the plug valve 53 is turned so that the
port 59 is brought opposite to the passage of the pipe 62, communication is then
cut off with the passage 58 and on the down stroke of the pistons and closure of the
exhaust the charging air is driven from the power and charging cylinders through the
passage 61, pipes 62 and valve 54, into the reservoir 51, up to a pressure slightly
below that of the combustible charges prior to an explosion, the oil supply being
intermittently cut off by hand until the requisite pressure is obtained when the valve
is reset and the charge kept until required for again starting the engine. It will be
understood that in the latter arrangement the gaseous charges would be driven into
the reservoir if the oil taps were neglected to be shut whilst charging, but I purpose
using compressed air only. In some cases it may be found necessary to compress
the charging air in the reservoir to a greater pressure than can be done by the means
last described in which case the passage 18, is provided with a stop valve not shewn,
which when closed intercepts the passage of charging air through the said passage
and the whole of the charging air from the pumping cylinder 2, is driven into the
reservoir by which means the pressure obtainable therein is practically unlimited.
This reservoir may be placed apart from the engine. The apparatus is equally
applicable to the horizontal engine hereinafter referred to or to other forms of oil or
vapour motors than those herein described.
Figures 7 and 8 shew side and part sectional plan. views of a horizontal engine
embodying part of my present improvements.
In this arrangement the petroleum or other fuel is sucked direct into the charging
cylinder 2. The petroleum valve is arranged whereby the oils intimately mix with the
earlier portion of the charging air; when the oil supply is cut off pure air only is
taken into the cylinder during the remainder of the stroke. As the two volumes do
not materially mix until compression commences this arrangement permits of the
engine working as before described. The oil spray valve 5 may be constructed so
that the mixture flows into a channel 29" surrounding the principal air inlet 29, as
shewn in figure 9, a valve 29b, being used to govern its admission to the slide valve 22,
and cylinder 2, but in some cases it is preferable to place the valve 5, as shewn in
figure 7, somewhat above the air inlet. A small perforated pipe 5*, filled with wire
gauze or its equivalent, sprays the liquid amongst the air so as to intimately mix
therewith upon its entry into the charging cylinder. The slide valve 22, is placed
alongside the cylinder. A short shaft 65, is connected to the crank shaft by a pair of
spur wheels 66. The shaft 65, carries a revolving disc 67, and a crank pin which is
connected to and drives the slide valve by a rod 68. A revolving, stepped or grooved
cam 69, operates the oil valve 5 by means of a rod and bowl 70. The cam is capable
of being slid along its shaft by a governor, any suitable form of which may be used,
and preferably geared direct to the main driving shaft by a pair of bevil wheels 71,
carried in a bracket 72. The cam is connected to a clutch lever upon the weigh
shaft 73. When the engine exceeds its normal speed the cam is slid, whereby the
bowl 70 engages with one of the steps or grooves in the cam 69 and so closes the
oil valve earlier than when working at full speed, or it may be so slid as to prevent
one or more charges from passing into the engine until the normal speed is regained. The
revolving shaft besides working the slide and oil valve also controls the opening and
closure of the exhaust valve 20 by means of rocking levers 74, and rod 75, from the
revolving disc on the shaft 65 as desired. A small rocking shaft 76, carrying the
levers 74 and 77, operates the ordinary disc valve 20. In order to utilize some of
the waste heat and increase the power of the engine I employ a small force pump and
force some of the cooling water into the power cylinder so as to mix with the
expanding gases. The pump is placed so that the water does not mix with the

page_text: gaseous charge previous to ignition. It is operated by a tappet or cam, the plunger
being drawn out by the expanding of a spring, and arranged so that the governor
prevents a charge or a number of charges from passing into the engine when the
engine exceeds its normal speed in a manner similar to that for cutting off the oil
supplies. This pump being similar to an ordinary force pump I have not considered
it necessary to illustrate it.
Instead of firing the charges by means of an igniting cell in the flat slide I
sometimes fire them by means of a separate igniter, consisting of a small lift or piston
valve as shewn in figures 11 and 12, working in a cylindrical casing, preferably
water jacketed. The two figures although somewhat different in detail are alike in
principle and may be operated by a tappet or cam from any moving part of the
engine.
The valve contains an igniting cell 75, with which is connected a needle valve 76º,
which may be placed either in the head of the valve so as to move therewith or in the
casing thereof as shewn. The head of the valve has a small collar and groove 77º,
turned thereon and is held upon a seating against the pressure of a spring, not shown.
78 is a passage leading into the combustion chamber. When the valve is in the
position shewn it is held by the spring which may be placed either in the casing so as
to press upon the head or placed upon the outer part of the valve spindle 79. A
minute portion of the combustible mixture finds its way by passages 80, through the
needle valve 76", into the igniting cell, thence through passages 81, into the atmosphere
when it becomes ignited by the igniting flame and burns in the igniting cell with
increased intensity until such times as the power cylinder has become charged ready
for firing when by the movement of the tappet or cam the ports 81 of the igniting
cell are quickly closed and the pressure of the charge acting on the head of the valve,
aided by the tappet or cam, brings a port 82, in communication with the passage 78
and fires the charge at which time a collar 83, rests upon an outer seating and is held
tightly thereto by the pressure of the expanding gases, which has a tendency to prevent
the igniting flame from being blown out and when the spring is released the valve
moves outwards and the action is repeated. The valve may be placed in any position
and worked in conjunction with a flat slide for operating the motor or lift valves may
be employed therefor. It will be obvious that the apparatus is equally applicable to
other forms of oil or vapour motors than those herein described.
In order to deaden the sound of the escaping gases into the atmosphere, to the
exhaust pipe of the engine a perforated drum is placed within an outer casing to
which is placed an exhaust pipe, the products in passing through the perforated drum
loose their force and passing into the outer casing expand gradually into the atmosphere.
The engine may be made in duplicate by placing two cylinders alongside each other
with the cranks set opposite, the exhaust valves being placed underneath the jacket;
or two cylinders may be connected to one crank shaft in which case the charging
pistons are placed opposite each other and connected together by tie bolts. The crank
shaft is placed between the charging pistons and both driven by a single connecting
rod, the working parts being duplicated where necessary, by which arrangements two
working strokes per revolution are obtained.
The invention admits of the engine being made portable and mounted on wheels for
agricultural or other purposes and are applicable for tricycles, road and tram cars or
for other similar uses.
It should nevertheless be understood that part of my improvements are applicable
to hydrocarburetted-air-engines constructed with the charging cylinder placed along-
side the power cylinder and driven by separate connecting rods, whereby the crank
receives an impulse at each révolution. I am aware that motor engines have been
constructed to work with liquid hydrocarbons in which a pump was employed to
inject the liquid, such an arrangement having been described in the Specification of
Letters Patent granted to G. Haseltine dated 25th June 1874 No. 2209 and that such
engines were worked by compressed air admitted therein in a carburetted state and
taken from storage or vaporizing tanks and I therefore do not claim such
arrangements.

page_text: Having thus described and ascertained the nature of my said invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I claim is:-
1. The use in petroleum or other liquid hydrocarbon engines of separate power
and charging cylinders fitted with concentric pistons which are coupled to the main
driving shaft by a single connecting rod substantially as and for the purpose herein
described and illustrated in figures 1, 2, 7 and S of the accompanying drawings.
2. In a petroleum or other liquid hydrocarbon engine, the combination with separate
power and charging cylinders, of a fuel mixing pump the said cylinders and their
accessories being constructed arranged and operated substantially as herein described
and illustrated in figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 9 of the accompanying drawings.
3. In a double acting liquid hydrocarbon engine, placing the crank shaft between
two power cylinders and, charging cylinders and driving the same by a single
crank whereby two working strokes per revolution are obtained substantially as
herein before described.
4. La petroleum or other liquid hydrocarbon engine the herein described
arrangement whereby the inflammable liquid is mixed with atmospheric air, the
liquids first passing into a channel formed in the seating of a valve controlling
the admission of the air and liquid and which mixture of air and liquid is after-
wards either sucked into a mixing pump and then forced by the pump into another
body of atmospheric air direct into the combustion chamber or sucked direct into
the air charging pump and driven from thence into the combustion chamber
substantially as herein described and shewn in figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 of
the accompanying drawings.
5. The improved separate igniting valve arranged and operating substantially
as hereinbefore described and shewn in figures 11 and 12 of the accompanying
drawings.
6. The construction and mode of working the starting apparatus with compressed
air substantially as and for the purpose herein described and shewn in figures 1, 2
and 3 of the accompanying drawings.
7. In a liquid hydrocarbon engine, the construction of perforated exhaust drum
and mode of exhausting the products substantially as hereinbefore described.
8. In a liquid hydrocarbon engine the employment of a water pump so arranged
that the water and oil supply are simultaneously cut off substantially as herein
described.
9. The general arrangement and combination of the parts of the slide valve,
substantially as herein described and shewn in figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of
the accompanying drawings.
10. The arrangement and combination with an engine of the herein described
construction of the petroleum igniter for lighting the igniting flame, with a
separate petroleum vessel substantially as and for the purpose herein described
and shewn in figure 10 of the accompanying drawings.
11. The improved liquid hydrocarbon engines substantially as herein described
and illustrated in the various figures of the accompanying drawings.
1 1 21
JA: 1007
G. F. REDFERN,
4, South Street, Finsbury, London,
Agent for the Applicant.