IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR THE GENERATION AND APPLICATION OF ELECTRICITY FOR LIGHTING, PLATING, AND OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1878

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Herbert John Haddan, of the Firm of Herbert and
Company, Solicitors of Patents, of 67, Strand, in the City of Westminster,
Civil Engineer, for an Invention of IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR
THE GENERATION AND APPLICATION OF ELECTRICITY FOR LIGHTING, PLATING,
AND OTHER PURPOSES." A communication from abroad by Charles Brush, of
Clevoland Ohio United States of a marion
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Herbert John Haddan at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 18th May 1878.
i
HERBERT JOHN HADDAN of the Firm of Herbert and Company, Solicitors of
Patents of 67 Strand in the City of Westminster Civil Engineer IMPROVEMENTS
IN APPARATUS FOR THE GENERATION AND APPLICATION OF ELECTRICITY FOR
LIGIFTING, PLATING AND OTHER PURPOSES." A communication from abroad by
Charles Brush of Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.
The Invention consists in the construction and use of annular metal armatures
grooved on their peripheries or sides or both and insulated partly or entirely from
each other-Also in constructing commutators cylindrical with an insulating hub or
body to which are attached metallic sub-segments placed in electrical connection
with the general mechanism in which the commutator is employed, and metallic
wearing segments detachably attached to said sub-segments-Also in supplying
dynamo-electric machines with a wire or helix having a high resistance and keeping
same in closed circuit while the machine is running in combination with the magnet
wire or helix usually employed-Also in an electric lamp or regulator the com-
bination with the usual carbon holder and core of a clamp surrounding the holder
and of an adjustable stop said clamp being independent of the core but adapted to
be raised by a convenient lifter secured thereto-whereby the holder is firmly held
and permitted to accurately feed the carbon points as the same are consumed-and
by means of the stop said points are prevented from becoming too far separated-
The various parts may be constructed of the usual materials and of any convenient
shape and size according to the size of the apparatus required.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Herbert John Haddan in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 18th
November 1878.
HERBERT JOHN HADDAN of the Firm of Herbert and Company, Solicitors of
Patents of 67 Strand in the City of Westminster-Civil Engineer IMPROVEMENTS
IN APPARATUS FOR THE GENERATION AND APPLICATION OF ELECTRICITY FOR
LIGHTING, PLATING AND OTHER PURPOSES." A communication from abroad by
Charles Brush of Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.
My Invention relates to electric apparatus for the generating of electricity, and
for its application and use in electro-plating and in the production of electric light.
and for any other purpose to which electricity may be applied- In stating wherein
my Invention consists it may be separated into the following divisions: -
First, the general form of my dynamo-electric machine-Second, a peculiar form
and character of revolving armature-Third, a peculiar form of commutator,
Fourth, a peculiar manner of disposing and arranging the insulated wires and
current conductors of the machine. Fifth. In a regulator or lamp for generating
electric light from the current evolved in the dynamo machine, Sixth, in carbon
points, disks, or the like, covered or plated with copper or other conducting
material to be used in connection with lamp or regulator. I will now proceed
to describe and specify seriatim my Invention as set forth in the above
divisions, the figures and letters referred to in each being entirely inde-
pendent of each other.-The first division of my Invention relates to magneto-
electric machines or apparatus for the conversion of mechanical into electrical
energy and consists of improvements in the armature and in the arrangement of
commutators. In the Drawing Figure 1 represents a vertical section through its
axis of a convenient form of apparatus involving my said improvements. Figure 2
shows a vertical section across its axis of the same. Figure 3 represents the
armature with grooves or depressions at right angles to its axis. Figures 4 and 5
show four modifications of the same. Figure 6, shows a perspective veiw of the
commutator cylinder complete. Figure 7, shows the same when developed.
Figure 8, shows a developed commutator provided with double the number of
segments shown in Figure 7 used when each section of wire of the armature is
connected with two opposite segments, each section provided with its own pair of
segments. Figure 9, represents a commutator wherein the strips of metal are
arranged on the cylinder in a direction parallel with its axis. Figure 10, represents
a perspective view of the armature and commutator-cylinder E, both on the shaft,
with the sections of wire on the armature connected with the segments of metal on
said cylinder, the first or last ends of diametrically opposite sections joined together
and the remaining ends only attached to opposite segments. Figure 11 shows two
diametrically opposite sections and segments, both detached, wherein the first and
last ends of each section are connected with opposite segments, Figure 12.
represents a section and two segments, all detached, showing how the first and
last ends of a sertion are joined to opposite segments. Figure 13 represents a
number of sections on an armature and commutator-cylinder, the sections being
connected together in a continuous series and joined to the segments. Figure 14,
shows a side view of the magnetic pole pieces in segmental form.
represents an annular armature without grooves wound with a series of sections of
Figure 15
wire connected together in a continuous series, Figure 16, is a plan view
of the armature provided with sections of wire wound in grooves (shown in
Figure 3). Figure 17. shows a modified arrangement of commutator cylinder and
brushes or plates for collecting the electric current. Figure 18, shows still another
modified arrangement of commutator-cylinder and brushes or plates for collecting
the electric current. Figure 19. represents an armature without grooves, wherein
the diametrically-opposite sections with which said armature is wound have their

page_text: first or last ends connected together and their remaining ends attached to
diametrically opposite segments. Figure 20, represents modifications of grooved
armatures in which the grooves are placed obliquely instead of at right angles to
the circumferential length of the armature. Figure 21 represents a grooved
armature, in which the magnetic pole pieces are presented to the armature on
three sides of its magnetic axis-The best forms of magneto-electric apparatus at
present before the public are unnecessarily bulky heavy and expensive, and are
more or less wasteful of mechanical power- By means of the improved apparatus
described hereinafter a given result may be obtained with a less bulk and weight
and with smaller cost than with any other similar apparatus in use. The loss or
waste of mechanical force is also reduced to a minimum. These results are obtained
by means of a new and improved form of armature and a peculiar arrangement of
commutators or conductors for collecting the electric current generated in the
bobbins or sections of wire carried by the armature.-The armature A (shown_in
plan in Figure 16) is of iron or other magnetic substance. It is in the form of a
ring or endless band, and is attached to a hub B, of suitable material, provided with
any convenient number of spokes as shown. This hub is rigidly attached to the
shaft C, which, when driven by the pulley D, or by means of a crank, in case hand-
power is used, causes the armature to revolve in its own plane.
In the
The armature, instead of having a uniform cross-section throughout its circum-
ferential length as is customary with annular armatures, is provided with grooves or
depressions in a direction at right angles with its magnetic axis or length-These
grooves are wound full of insulated copper wire, in the manner shown. The sections
of wire thus formed may be of any suitable number, according to the use for which
the machine is designed, eight being shown in the Drawing. The advantage of winding
the wire on the armature in grooves or depressions in the latter is two fold:
first the projecting portion of the armature between the sections of wire may
be made to revolve very close to the poles N. N. and S. S. of the magnets from
which the magnetic force is derived thus utilizing the inductive force of the
latter to a much greater extent than is possible in the case of annular armatures
ordinarily used, which are entirely covered with wire, and, therefore, cannot be
brought very near the magnets, Second, owing to the exposure of a very
considerable portion of the armature to the atmosphere, the heat which is always
developed by the rapidly succeeding magnetizations and demagnetizations of
armatures in motion is rapidly dissipated by radiation and convection:
case of armatures entirely covered with wire the escape of heat is very slow,
so that they must be run at a comparatively low rate of speed, with corre-
sponding effect in order to prevent injurious heating-It is obvious that the
depressions or grooves in the armature in which the wire is wound may extend
entirely around its section, or inay be made only on the outer side parallel with
the axis of rotation--In this last case the poles of the magnet would be
presented to this part of the armature. It is equally obvious that the cross
section of the armature may be of other forms than the parallelogram shown. The
armature may be made of a uniform ring or band of iron wire or ribbon, or
series of parallel disks with the iron projections between the sections of copper wire,
fastened on by any suitable means, or it may be made of a single piece of soft cast
iron, which is the most practical method-In Figure 11 diametrically opposite
sections have their first (or can have their last) ends joined together, and their
remaining ends connected with two segments of metal of the commutator cylinder E.
which is carried by the shaft C, and is of insulating material-The two metal
segments are placed diametrically opposite each other on the cylinder and are each
of a length less than half the circumference of the latter thus exposing the insulating
cylinder in two places diametrically opposite each other and alternating with the
metal segments. The two segments sav. S³. and S7. corresponding to sections 3
and 7 of wire, hold a position on the cylinder in advance of those of the preceding
sections S. and S. to the same angular extent that the sections 3 and 7 in question
are in advance of sections 2 and 6-In this arrangement the number of segments is

page_text: equal to the number of sections, each segment being connected with but one section.
The first and last ends of each section, can, however be attached to two diametrically
opposite segments, the commutator cylinder in that case being constructed with
double the number of segments as in the former case, thus making the number of
segments double the number of sections as shown in Figures 8 and 12-Figure 7
shows the commutator developed, showing the arrangement of metal segments on
the same and the manner in which they are connected with the sections wire.
Each segment S, is insulated from its neighbors, and has a wire soldered to its
underside, and extending under but insulated from, any segments which may be
in front of it. Evidently the segments belonging to any one sertion of wire occupy
the same position on the cylinder circumferentially as those of the sections
diametrically opposite the given section, as shown in Figure 8. Hence cach pair of
segments, may be made common to two opposite sections of wire, thus making the
number of segments the same as the number of sections, instead of double as in
the former case. This simplified arrangement is shown in Figure 11. Thus the
wires 1. 2. 3. &c. represent the different segments, and appear at equal distances
round the cylinder. All the sections or bobbins of wire on the armature being
wound in the same direction, one section will have its first and last end connected
respectively with wires 2 and 6. while the opposite section will be similarly
connected with 6 and 2. Two metallic plates or brushes F. Figure 2 insulated from
each other press lightly upon cylinder E at opposite points, so selected that, while
each section of wire on the armature is passing from one neutral point to the other,
the corresponding segments on the cylinder will be in contact with them. These
plates or brushes collect the currents of electricity generated by the revolution of
the armature, one being positive and the other negative.-When the section of
wire is passing the neutral points on the armature, the plates F. are in contact with
the insulating material of the cylinder between the corresponding segments thus
cutting the sections, which is at the time useless, out of the circuit altogether-The
necessity of thus insulating each section from brushes or plates F, during the time it
is inactive becomes obvious when we consider that if this was not done the idle
section would afford a passage for the current generated in the active sections, and
divert it from its proper channel. During the time a section or bobbin is passing
from one neutral point of the armature to the next one, an electric impulse, constant
in direction, but varying in electro-motive force. is indured in it-This electro-
motive force, starting from nothing at the neutral point, quickly increases to nearly
its maximum and remains almost constant until the sertion is near the next neutral
point when it rapidly falls to zero as the neutral point is reached---The insulating
spaces are made of such a length that a section or bobbin is cut out of the circuit,
not only when it is at the neutral points. but also during the time when its electro-
motive force is rising and falling at the beginning and end of an impulse-- If the
insulating space is too short, so as to keep or bring a section in the circuit while its
electro-motive force is low, then the current from the other sections, being of
superior electro-motive force, will overcome this weak current and discharge a
portion of itself (an amount expressed by the difference of the electro-motive forces)
through this section. If the insulating spaces are a little longer than necessary no
material inconvenience results. A suitable length for practical purposes is easily
determined experimentally.-It is found in practice that the neutral points of the
armature in motion are considerably in advance of their theoretical position, this
circumstance being doubtless due to the fact that some time is required to saturate
any point of the armature, with magnetism so that it is really carried beyond the
point of greatest magnetic intensity of the field before receiving its maximum
charge It is necessary to adjust the commutator cylinder on the revolving shaft of
the machine with special reference to the neutral points of the armature when in
motion, in order that its insulating space may correspond with said neutral points-
This adjustment is made experimentally as follows: The commutator cylinder having
been placed approximately in the proper position the machine is started and the
presence or absence of sparks at the points of contact between the brushes or

page_text: Plates, and the commutator cylinder is noted-If sparks occur, the commutator
cylinder is turned slightly forward or backward on its axis, as experiment may
indicate, until the sparks nearly or quite disappear. The presence of sparks when
the commutator is even slightly out of its proper position is easily explained. If
a break between a pair of segments and the brushes F, occurs while the corre-
sponding section of wire on the armature is still active, a spark is produced by the
interruption of the current, while if the break occurs too late the section in question
will have become neutral, and then commenced to conduct the current from the
active sections, and the interruption of this passage causes a spark in this instance--
If the commutator is much removed from its proper position, in either direction,
the sparks are so great as to very rapidly destroy both the commutator and the
brushes, while the external current from the machine is correspondingly diminished-
It will be seen that with the arrangement above described, where the first and last
ends of each of two diametrically opposite sections are attached to two opposite
segments, the intensity of the induced electric current will be that due to the length
of wire in a single section only, while the quantity will be directly as the number of
sections. By doubling the size of each bobbin and diminishing their number one
half a current of double the intensity and one half the quantity of the former will
be obtained. This effect however can be secured in another manner by connecting
the first or last ends of the two opposite sections together, and joining the
remaining ends only to two opposite segments as illustrated in Figure 10-This
arrangement I find most convenient in practice. It is obvious when I employ an
armature either with or without grooves and wind that armature with the sections
of wire, the wires of each section or pair of sections combined with the commutator,
that these sections form in fact a series of separate and distinct bobbins that are
not connected into a single or continuous bobbin The arrangement of the cylinder
E, with segments S. may be replaced by another as follows. The last end of one
section and the first end of the succeeding one may be connected with a strip of
metal attached to the cylinder E parallel with its axis. These metallic strips or
conductors are equal in number to the sections of wire on the armature, and are
insulated from each other. The plates . press upon the cylinder in this case at
points corresponding to the neutral points of the armature, thus being at right
angles with their position in the first arrangement. This plan which is the one
commonly use with annular armatures. gives fair results, but is subject to a serious
disadvantage, from which the first is free. The difficulty is this: The sections of
wire, when at or near the neutral points of the armature, contribute little or no
useful effect, but the current from the other sections must pass through these in
order to reach the plates F, thus experiencing a considerable and entirely useless
resistance. and, owing to the opposite directions of the currents through the active
sections on opposite sides of the neutral points these currents by passing through
the idle sections tend strongly to produce
where the neutral points should be, thus interfering seriously with the theoretical
consequent points in the armature
distribution of the armature's magnetism. The first described arrangement of
commutators on the cylinder E, may be employed with marked advantage over the
other form, in combination with annular armatures of the ordinary kind, that is
those not provided with grooves or depressions for the reception of the sections
of wire. In Figure 17 the strips of the commutator-cylinder are arranged on the
same in a direction parallel with its axis, and the current is taken off by a series of
plates or brushes equal in number to the strips of metal, said plates or brushes
attached to two curved plates arranged diametrically opposite each other.
Figure 18 the segments of the commutator-cylinder are arranged in the same in
In
pairs, placed diametrically opposite each other, each pair occupying a different
position longitudinally but the same position circumferentially, and the current is
taken off by an arrangement of brushes or plates similar to that shown in Figure 17
cach pair of oppositely placed brushes or plates however, necessarily occupying a
different position longitudinally with regard to the cylinder. The two arrangements
thus described and illustrated in Figures 17 and 18 may be substituted for the
"

page_text: arrangement shown in the Drawing. The commutator-cylinder may be turned
ninety degrees on its axis, while the armature remains stationary so that the
"sections
would stand at right angles with regard to the segments. The position
of the brushes would have to be changed accordingly in that case. The electro-
magnets are excited by the whole or a portion of the electric current derived from
the revolving armature as is usual in apparatus of this kind, the novel feature of
this part of the machine consisting of the manner in which the magnetic poles are
presented to the armature. This arrangement is such that a very large portion
of the entire surface of the armature is constantly presented to the poles of the
maguets, thus securing uniformity of magnetization, as well as maximum amount.
The iron segments N. S. (shown in Figure 14) constitute the poles of the magnets
H. and are arranged on both sides of the armature, as shown in Figure 1 thus
securing the advantages enumerated above, Obviously the pieces N. N. or S. S.
may be connected together at their outer edges, thus forming one piece and
enclosing the armature still more. This arrangement is in fact adopted by the
Inventor for small machines inasmuch as one electro-magnet may thus be used
instead of two, the effert being the same, only less in degree, while the construction
of the machine is simplified-Of course permanent steel magnets may be employed
in these machines, instead of electro-magnets, and this substitution is advisable in
small hand machines. The arrangement of magnetic poles above described may
also be applied to annular armatures having no depressions or grooves, but consisting
of a plain uniform ring of iron or bundle of iron wire, with its greatest length of
cross section parallel with its plane of rotation. This form of apparatus gives
excellent results as compared with old forms.-The second division of my Invention
refers to split or grooved armatures, and it consists First, in so splitting or
dividing the armature, and insulating its parts from each other, as to practically or
entirely prevent the induction of currents in the same when it is revolved in a
magnetic field, thus eliminating the principal source of heat and waste of power in
such armatures: Second (when the armature is of such pattern to make it
desirable) in perforating portions of the same both for the purpose of removing
superfluous stock of metal and to increase the heat radiating surface and thus favor
the dissipation of the heat which is always generated in armatures when in service,
and due to the rapidly changing magnetism. In the drawings Figure 1 represents
in perspective one form of annular armature constructed according to my Invention
and Figure 2 represents a cross section of the same-In both of the above Figures
the armature is shewn naked of its wire, and disconnected from the other parts of
the machine. I prefer to construct the armature from cast iron although in this
respect I do not limit myself in any degree, as any suitable metal may be used.
The armature is constructed substantially as shown in the Drawing and consists
primarily of two parts A. A. firmly secured together. with any suitable insulating
material E. interposed between them. 13 represents an annular groove formed upon
one or both sides of the armature, and, for reasons which will appear, there may be
more of these grooves than are shown if desirable. C. C are depressions in the
armature, which, in the completed machine, are wound full of insulated wire. D. D.
are holes piercing the armature from its periphery to the annular grooves B and
are provided for the purpose already specified. When this armature is revolved (in
its own plane) in a suitable magnetic field, electric currents will be induced in a
direction at right angles to its circumferential length and will traverse the wire
wound in the depressions. C,- It will now be obvious that if such an armature is
made of one solid piece of metal the induced currents will also circulate in the
armature itself thereby wasting a large portion of the inductive effect of the mag-
netic field and rapidly heating the armature. The insulating material E prevents
the passage of these currents around the entire cross-section of the armature and
confines them in greatly diminished force to each half of the cross section. These
diminished currents are again checked by the grooves B (which may properly be
regarded as insulating air spaces) on the principle that if an electric circuit is broken
in one point, the entire current is stopped. The passage of the current is thus

page_text: confined to each quarter of the armature's cross-section, and thus becomes so reduced
us to be insignificant- It will now be obvious that the insulating material E may
be replaced by a deep groove G (as shown in Figure 3 of the Drawing), thus leaving
the metal of the armature in a single piece and still accomplishing the desired end.
Another modification would be to construct the body of the armature from separate
concentric rings, insulated from each other, placed one within another and thus
secured The third division of my Invention relates to my peculiar commutator.
which consists in the following construction. This commutator is another form of
the device already specified in Division One of this Specification, and, in some points,
is an improvement thereon in point of mechanical construction, simplicity, durability
and facility of repair, and inasmuch as the essential characteristics and principle
of operation of this form of commutator and that specified in the above-named
division One are the same, I shall refer for a full understanding of my present
division to said division One, instead of again entering into a more specific
description than is required to point out the mechanical differences between it and
the form shown in Division One In the drawings. Figure 1, is a developed view of
my present commutator, Figure 2 is a copy for purpose of convenient comparison
with my present commutator of Figure 7 of the Drawings shown in Division One,
which shows a developed view of my said former commutator. Figure 3 is a view
in cross section of the device developed in Figure 1-Figure 4 shows a detached
portion of my present device as developed, and in end elevation. S. S. represent
the conducting plates or segments of the commutator that connect with the different
bobbins on the armature in the same planes. as set forth in my said Division One.
T, T, are insulating segments intervening between the ends of the conducting
segments S. S.-R. represents separate metallic plates or sub-segments to which are
attached the wearing segments S. T. P. is a hub or cylinder of wood or any suitable
non conducting material which serves as a carrier and as means of attachment to
the entire commutator, and is made of suitable length style and dimensions to suit
this object. O. 0. are the bobbin wires that connect between the armature and
rommutator segments in the same manner as shown in my said former Division One.
It will first be noticed that I have dispensed with one half of my original number
of insulating segments T (corresponding to the "insulated spaces "in said division
One) for the sufficient reason that I have found them to be practically unnecessary
as it is obvious than when the "brush or plate F" is insulated from a pair of
segments S, by a segment T, the electric circuit through the corresponding bobbin or
bobbins on the armature is just as effectually interrupted as if the other
brush F"
was also insulated from the segments S. In my present device the insulating
segments T are composed of the same metal (preferably copper on account of its
durability and good conducting quality) as the segments S, but being insulated from
the pair of segments between whose ends it is located, a segment T. performs the
function of an insulating material as far as its particular pair of segments is concerned.
I prefer to make the insulating segments T of the same material as the segments S.
both for the sake of facility of construction, and to insure a uniformity of wear over
the entire face of the commutator It will next be observed (in Figure 4) that any
insulating segment T may, if desired, he united to the side, and form a part of an
adjoining segment S. Such a union will obviously not interfere with the function
of a segment T as an insulator so far as concerns the pair of segments S. between
whose ends it is placed. Such a construction I prefer simply for the purpose of
securing the segments S. T. more firmly in proper position. Beneath the segments
S. T. are the bases or sub segments It, corresponding in fashion and location to the
segments S. T. above them. The segments R. are secured to the hub P. by suitable
screws, or the like, substantially as shown in Figure 3 of the Drawings: and to
said segments R, are attached the bobbin wires, O. in any suitable manner to
insure good electrical connection, as shown in Figure 4. The segments S. are
secured to the sub-segments R by peculiarly-shaped screws K, as shown in Figure 3.
I will be seen that the bearing portions of the heads of the screws is near the
lower side of the segments S, while the heads above their bearing portion are

page_text: cylindrically elongated until they reach the outer surface of the commutator, with
whose face they are evenly dressed and finished. By this peculiar construction of
screws K. the segments S. T. may be worn nearly through and still be firmly held
in position, while an even surface in the location of said screws will be presented.
By providing the sub-segments 12 and detachably affixing there to the segments S. T,
it will readily appear that when worn or damaged, the said segments S. T. may be
easily renewed without any disturbance of the sub-segments and their wire con-
nections with the armature of the machine-I desire it to be understood that the
insulators T need not of necessity be metallic. They may be of any other suitable
non-conducting substance, or, if desirable, be mere spaces, exposing the hub 1' in case
the segments S, are thin-It will be apparent that the space separating the ends of the
segments S, opposite to the insulator T, is merely for the purpose of insulating the
segments S, from each other, and not from the bush or plate F. and are therefore
not intended in any manner to perform the function of the insulator T- Division
Four of my Invention has for its object the maintainance in Dynamo Electric Machines
of a "Magnetic Field" while the machine is running whether the external circuit is
closed or opened in dynamo electric machines as ordinarily constructed- In dynamo
electric machines as ordinarily constructed, no magnetic field is maintained when the
external circuit is opened, except that due to residual magnetism; hence the electro-
motive force developed by the machine in this condition is very feeble-It is only
when the external circuit is closed through a resistance not too large that powerful
currents are developed owing to the strong magnetic field produced by the circulation
of the Currents themselves around the field magnets Such machines are not well
adapted to certain kinds of work notably that of electroplating For this purpose
a machine arranged to do a large quantity of work at one operation may fail entirely
to do a small quantity because of the comparatively high external resistance
involved in the latter case and the low electro-motive force of the machine at the
start Again it is well known that during the process of electroplating a very con-
siderable electro-motive force is developed in the plating bath in a direction opposed
to the current from the dynamo electric Machine. If now the current is momentarily
weakened by accident or otherwise its magnetic field and consequently its electro-
motive force are correspondingly reduced. If the latter falls below the electro-
motive force of the bath it will be overcome by it and the Machine will have the
direction of its current reversed This accident often happens with plating
Machines and is a source of much annoyance It will now be obvious that if even
a moderately strong magnetic field be constantly maintained within the Machine
both of the above described difficulties will be eliminated- Other useful applications
of a "permanent field" Machine will readily suggest themselves I attain my
object by diverting from external work a portion of the current of the Machine and
using it either alone or in connection with the rest of the current for working the
field magnets. I prefer the latter plan of the two just above mentioned especially
for electroplating Machines. If now the external Circuit be broken entirely the
Magnetic field will, in the former plan just mentioned remain unimpaired; and in
the latter plan will remain sufficiently strong to effect the desired end--In applying
my Invention to dynamo-electric Machines, I wind the cores of the field magnets
with a suitable quantity of a comparatively fine Wire having a high resistance in
comparison with that of the external Circuit and the rest of the Wire in the
Machine The ends of this Wire are so connected with other parts of the Machine
that when the latter is running a current of electricity constantly circulates in said
Wire whether the external Circuit be closed or not --The high resistance of this wire
prevents the passage through it of more than a small proportion of the whole current
capable of being evolved by the Machine therefore the available external current is
not materially lessened When this device which I have called a teaser, is used
in connection with field magnets also wound with Coarse wire (as shown in Figure 1
of the Drawings) for the purpose of still further increasing the magnetic field by
employing the main current for this purpose in the usual manner then the "teaser
may be so arranged that the current which passes through it will also circulate in
"

page_text: the coarse wire; thus increasing the efficiency of the device-This arrangement
illustrating one of the most prominent applications of my Invention is shewn in
Figure 1 of the Drawings-Instead of the teaser and helix F being constructed
from Wire of different gauges, the size of the Wire may be alike in both or the teaser
wire may be coarser than the principal Magnet Wire; but in these cases the waste
of Current through the teaser would be excessive leaving comparatively little for
use in the external circuit -Instead of the magnet being surrounded with both
teaser and ordinary helix F the latter may be omitted and the teaser increased in
gauge and length (thus still maintaining its high resistance) until it will of itself
maintain sufficient magnetic field--This modified form of Machine is shown in
Figure 5 of the Drawings- I will now proceed to describe the construction of one
or more forms of device embodying my Invention In the Drawings Figure 1
represents in plan view a portion of a dynamo electric Machine, showing one of its
Magnetic helices partially wound and so arranged as to exhibit the "teaser" and
helix F also to shew one form of arranging the currents of the teaser and Main wire
Figure 2 is the same showing however a modified arrangement of the currents of
teaser and Main wire-Figure 3 shows a modified method of applying the teaser by
wrapping it upon the outside of the Main helix instead of within it as shown in
Figure Figure 4 shows another modified form of teaser where it may be wrapped
around the magnet alongside and independent of the Main helix-Figure 5 shows
another modified form of my device in which the main helix F. is omitted and the
magnet clothed only with the teaser. A. A. represent the base and standards of a
dynamo-electric machine-A A' are bearings in which revolves the shaft that
carries the armature and commutator cylinder 13 is one arm of a field magnet of
which said magnets there are two in such a machine as here shown; one upon either
side of the revolving armature--C. Care metallic brushes for collecting the current
from the Commutator-Cylinder and conducting the same down through their
supports to suitable connections where it is disposed of according to the
arrangements of the Circuits-D 1)' are binding posts representing the positive and
negative poles of the machine from which proceed the Wires or other Conductor for
conveying said Current to its place of application-E represents the "teaser," already
sufficiently described so far as the principles of its application and operation are
concerned It therefore only remains to explain a few of various modifications in
the manner of applying said teaser and the arrangement of the currents-As
shewn in the Drawings the teaser E is first wrapped, say, in two courses around
the Core of the Magnet B and the Main helix-Wire is wound outside and
independent of the teaser-One end of the teaser wire is connected with the
binding post D and brush C and the other with the post D--The Main helix
wire F passes from the Post D' to which it is connected to the Magnet Core, around
which it forms a helix and finally connects with the brush C. Thus arranged the
Current will be as follows while the external Circuit is closed--Tracing it from
brush C it divides itself between the external circuit and the teaser inversely as
their respective resistances and again uniting into an undivided current at the
Post D', it passes on through the helix F to the brush (If now the external
Circuit be opened the reduced current consequently evolved by the Machine will
take the following course by which it will be clearly perceived how in such case
a permanent magnetic field is maintained (The same Conditions would obtain if
the Machine were to be originally started on an open external Circuit)-Tracing
now the Current from the brush it passes through the teaser E around its helical
portion down to binding post D' where it meets the wire F of the Main helix
through which it passes again around the Magnet and finally to the brush C¹-
This Arrangement of Circuits as shown in Figure 1 while for many purposes
preferable on Account of the increased Amount of Current Convolutions passed
around the magnets is not the only one that will prove effective in carrying out
and embodying my said Invention-Such an arrangement of Current as shown
in Figure 2 will serve an operative purpose In this form the teaser E instead of
connecting with the Wire F at the binding post D' as herein-before specified takes

page_text: the following course. Commencing say at its connection with the brush C and
post D it proceeds to describe a helix around the magnet and then terminates
in its connection with the brush C-It is not at all essential that the teaser bo
wrapped around the magnet underneath the Wire F-A variety of methods would
be equally as operative as the above the essential object being that the teaser wire
shall form a helix around the field magnet; and this may be accomplished in many
ways among which may be mentioned that illustrated in Figure 3 of the Drawings
where the teaser is wrapped outside of the helix F; also that shown in Fig. 4
where the teaser is wrapped alongside the helix F forming a separate and inde-
pendent section or helix Figure 5 of the Drawing is designed to show the
arrangement of the Current when the Wire F is omitted as herein-before described
in which case the magnets are wound only with the teaser The fifth division vi
my Invention relates to regulators or electric light mechanism and it consists in
the following specified device or its equivalent whereby the Carbon sticks usually
employed are automatically adapted and kept in such a position and relation to each
other that a continuous and effective light shall be had without the necessity of
any manual interference-In the Drawings Figure 1 is a view in longitudinal
section of a device embodying my Invention---Figure 2 is a detached view showing
my ring clamp and lifter as it appears while not in operation.--Figure 3 the same
as it appears while in operation-Figure 4 is a detached view showing my
improved Carbon holder-Figure Comprehends a few of various modifications of
which my Invention is susceptible without a departure from the spirit and
Principles thereof-Figure 6 represents a form in which my Invention may be
applied to a lamp that moves both of its Carbons-I will now describe the device
shown in Figure 1-A is a helix of insulated Wire said helix being in the form of a
tube or hollow Cylinder resting upon an insulated Plate A' upheld by the metallic
Post or Standard E Within the Cavity of the helix A is contained the iron core C
and the rod B which passes loosely through the Core C The Core is also made
to move very freely within the Cavity of the helix A, and it is partially supported
within the Cavity of said helix by means of the springs whose tension is
regulated by the set screw C These springs push upward against ears attached
to the core C. D is a ring of metal (preferably such as will not be attracted by the
magnet), surrounding the rod B just below the Core C- One edge of the ring D is
over a lifting tongue ( or its equivalent which is attached to the core while
the opposite edge of said ring is a short distance below the crown of an adjustable
set screw D. This arrangement is susceptible of various modifications and suitable
means of any description may be employed whereby one point of the ring D may
be lifted in such a way as to clamp the rod B while a limit is placed to its upward
movement or to the upward movement of the Core C-The standard or support E
(which may also act as a Conductor) is fastened to a suitable base H in which base
is also attached the mechanism for holding the Carbon F This mechanism consists
of a support G terminating in a part similar in construction to the part 13 The
lower part of this support is bent at a right angle and rests upon the base E and is
fastened to said base by the thumb or set screw or any equivalent device--It is
necessary that the Carbons F F should present in accurate opposition to each
other and to accomplish this the set screw G₁ is made to pass through a hole in the
support G considerably larger than the Shaft of said set-screw It will thus readily
appear that when the Set Screw is loosened the support G may be moved about
until its Carbon F¹ shall properly present toward the Carbon F when it may be
secured in proper position by tightening the Set Screw G-Now if one Pole of a
battery or other suitable source of electricity being attached to the support__G¹
while the other pole is connected to the support E the electric current passes from
the latter through the helix A rod Band Carbons F F' down to the support G
thus completing the circuit-The Core C by force of the Axial magnetism thus
created is drawn up within the Cavity of the helix and by means of the finger ("
it lifts one edge of the ring D until, by its angular impingement against the rod B
it clamps said rod and also lifts it up to a distance limited by the adjustable

page_text: stop D While the ring retains this Angular relation with and impingement
against the rod 13 said rod will be firmly retained and prevented from moving
through said ring. The adjustable Stop D is fixed so that it shall arrest the lifting
of the rod B when the Carbons F F are sufficiently separated from each other-
While the electric Current is not passing the rod B can slide readily through the
loose ring D and the Core C and it will be readily seen that in this Condition the
simplest force of gravity will cause the Carbon F to rest down upon the Carbon F¹
thus bringing the various parts of the device into the position of "Closed ('ircuit
Now if a current of electricity is passed through the Apparatus it will instantly
operate as just explained to lift the rod B and thus separate the Carbons F F
and produce the electric light-The tension of the springs is so adjusted by means
of the screws c¹ or equivalent that they together with magnetic attraction of the
helix shall be just sufficient to support the Core C rod B, and Carbon F in the
position described for producing light-As the Carbons burn away thus increasing
the length of the voltaic Are the electric Current diminishes in strength owing to
the increased resistance. This weakens the magnetism of the helix and accordingly
the Core rod and Carbon F move downward by the force of gravity until the
consequent shortening of the voltaic Are increases the strength of the Current and
stops this downward movement-After a time however the Clutch ring D will
reach its floor or support D and its downward movement will be arrested-Now
any downward movement of the Core C however slight will at once affect the
rod B allowing it to slide through the ring D until it is arrested by the upward
movement of the Core C due to the increased magnetism In continued operation
the normal position of the ring 1) is in contact with its lower support; the office
of the Core C being to regulate the sliding of the rod B through it-If however
the rod accidentally slides too far it will be instantly and automatically raised
again as at first and the Carbon Points thus continued in proper relation to
each other-The rod 13 may be of such length that the longest Carbon sticks
may be employed and with the device thus described I experience no difficulty
whatever in consuming a Carbon stick of any length and obtaining a continuous
and very effective light without the least manual interference-The carbon
holder here shown which I consider to be novel consists essentially of a split
Cylinder having a square or angular Cavity. One of the pieces is attached
to the rod 1 (or Standard G) while the other part is loose and is constructed to
rest upon a stirrup B. A screw passing through the stirrup ] serves to clamp
and bind the Carbon between the two parts just specified-I do not limit myself
narrowly to the ring 1) as other devices might be employed which would accomplish
the same result Any device may be used which while the current of electricity
is not passing through the helix A will permit the rod B to move freely up and
down but which when a current of electricity is passed through the helix will
by the raising of the Core (' operate both to clamp and to raise the rod B and
thereby separate the Carbon Points F. F and retain them in proper relation to
cach other Various devices may be used whereby the base H may be shifted or
dispensed with, for instance it may be attached in such a manner as that it may
be fastened to a Wall or Post; or it may be placed above the light in such a manner
as that mechanism shall be suspended from it: or as shown in Figure 5 the base H
may be placed above the light and suspended from two hooks so as to be readily
removable if desired; and these two suspending hooks may form the positive and
negative poles of the Apparatus and the hooks or eyelets to which they are swung
or attached may be positive and negative poles of the electric Apparatus; thus the
mere suspension of the lamps will put it within the electric circuit ready for
operation These Variations are desirable when the device is to be useil for
illuminating purposes in such positions that the base H would cast an objectionable
shadow When the light is desired to be used in lighthouses or for projecting
images &c. through lenses it is necessary that the point of illumination be kept
in one position--In such cases any appropriate means may be employed such as,
for instance, a device for raising and lowering the entire lamp-If the ring D is

page_text: employed it's opening may be provided either with sharp or angular edges; or the
cavity may be bevelled or rounded as shown in Figure 5. It is entirely immaterial
how this ring is constructed so long as it will act to clamp and lift and release the
rod as heretofore specified-I have thus far referred my Invention as applicable
to a lamp wherein but one of the Carbons are moved. But as it is equally applicable
to lamps that move both Carbons I will now proceed to demonstrate the same by
reference to the modified device shown in Figure (i-Here A is again the helix,
C the core of iron, D the clamping ring grasping a rod directly connected to and
controlling the movements of the rod B holding the carbon F-C" is a spring
lifting one edge of the ring D similarly to the finger (" in Figure 1; and the
adjustable stop is identical with the one heretofore specified In this modifi-
ration the motion of the ('ore (is transmitted to the rod B substantially as
heretofore described and the exact motion of the rod B' through suitable link and
lever connections is communicated in reverse to the rod 131 carrying
the_Carbon F'—The operation of this device is similar to that of the device shown
at Figure 1, A current of electricity being passed through the helix A the Corde C
is by force of the axial magnetism thus created drawn up within the Cavity of said
helix The spring S or its equivalent acts as gravity does in the rod B shown in
Figure 1 to keep the Carbons together, and the force of the magnetism through
the Core resists this tendency of the Spring S to draw the carbon into actual
contact The rod B in this instance also passes through the ring D which is held
in its Angular Clamping position by the Spring C which is the equivalent of the
finger of Figure 1-The adjustable Stop D is in all respects identical with the
same element herein before specified-The ring 1 in this instance acts in a similar
manner as heretofore described in governing and controlling the rod B- The main
point of difference between the devices shown in Figures 1 and 6 is this:- -in the
former one carbon is stationary and the other moves in the latter one Carbon
holder is moved substantially in the same manner as in the former but it is made
to impart a similar reverse motion to the holder of the other Carbon by suitable
link and lever connections-I have practically and thoroughly tested the two
forms of my Invention as shown in the devices just specified and in point of their
Capacity to consume long Carbon Sticks and produce a continuous and effective
light without the necessity of manual interference I find them perfectly operative--
It may be proper to specify more clearly the link and lever connection between
the rods 13 and B. Each rod is pivoted to a common frame at The rod B
extends from the Carbon F to a point beyond the ring D having a joint where
it is made to turn beyond the helix A It is journaled at or near the end of a
swinging lever said lever hinged to the common frame at b. The rod 13 extends
from the carbon F to the point where it journals with a link b which connects
it with the lever at or very near the point of connection of the rod B It will
now readily be seen that a Motion given to either rod B or B will be imparted in
reverse to the other Among the numerous advantages secured by my Invention
as above specified may be enumerated the following: First by the use of Copper
Coated Carbons it is entirely feasible to employ a lamp that moves only its positive
Carbon The Waste of the negative Carbon is so very slow that the point of
illumination is kept practically at one point for a considerable length of time say one
or two hours or more. Second, carbon Sticks of any length may be entirely consumed
and an effective light produced without manual interference, - Third, Whenever
the light is put out the Carbon Points will certainly be brought into actual Contact
and in this condition the lamp will automatically produce the electric light upon
the establishment of the electric current -- This feature of always being in condition
to automatically set and continue itself in effective operation I consider to be an
effect never before practically attained although many efforts have been made in
that direction that have been partially successful- The Sixth division of my
Invention relates to Improvements in Carbon or Illuminating Points of electrical
lighting Apparatus and consist broadly in coating encasing electro-Plating or in
any manner covering said Carbon with Copper nickel or any suitable metallic or

page_text: electro-conducting material-The Drawings show a few of various methods of
providing metallic covering to said Carbons, I have found by repeated experiment
with a powerful dynamo-electric apparatus that it is impracticable to employ
sufficiently thin Carbon sticks to produce the best illuminating effects on account
of their high resistance and rapid consumption due to the action of the air on the
highly heated Carbon-A great amount of heat is generated in small carbons in
consequence of the resistance aside from the heat produced at the ends of the
Voltaic Arc As it is always desirable to employ carbon points as small or thin as
possible I have sought to provide a means whereby such may be practically used
in connection with a powerful electric current and I have fully accomplished my
purpose by covering the Carbon Stick (or disk or plate as is occasionally used) with
Copper nickel or any good protecting and electro-conducting material-The main
objects of this covering are to decrease the resistance of the Carbon and protect it
from the action of the Air excepting at the extreme illuminating end-I do
not in any degree limit myself to any manner or method of applying the
said Covering to the Carbons I prefer to electro-Plate the Carbons with Copper
nickel or other suitable Matter but instead of this sheet Copper or other
Metal may be formed into a tube which shall enclose the Carbon, or a ribbon
of suitable material may be wrapped spirally around the Carbon Stick so as to
cover it; or instead of originally taking carbon in the "sticks" form pulverized or
suitably prepared Carbon or any desirable compound of Carbon and other matter
may be rammed packed or suitably put into a metallic tube of proper dimensions--
Providing the Covering to the Carbons as above specified results, first, in pre-
venting consumption of the Carbons excepting at and very near
their points;
Second in the practicability of using smaller or thinner Carbon Sticks; third in the
ability to employ much longer sticks; fourth in affording a free and ready Con-
ductor to the electric current thus sufficiently decreasing the resistance to said
Current that has heretofore rendered the employment of small Carbons impracticable;
fifth in increasing the strength and toughness of the Carbon sticks; sixth in
insuring a good electric connection between the carbon stick and its post; seventh,
in making practicable the employment of foreign matter mixed with the Carbon-
In operation the intense heat generated by the electric light melts and dispenses
the Covering of the carbon sticks at their reposing point and for a proper distance
beyond but no farther-The balance of the Carbons are entirely preserved whilo as
fast as the carbons are burned just so fast will their covering be removed leaving
the Carbons properly exposed.--I do not confine myself to the covering of Carbon
sticks or rods, or to pure Carbon only- Plates or discs of Carbon may be used or a
mixture of Carbon with foreign material-thus the Carbon may be mixed with any
other suitable substance for increasing the illuminating power of the incandescent
points, such as, for instance, magnesia, lime &c.--Compounds of this character have
heretofore been impracticable owing to the greatly increased resistance produced.
Having thus described my Invention what I claim as new and desire to secure
by Letters Patent is :-
1- An annular armature constructed from a single solid piece of metal, and
grooved upon its periphery or sides, or both, substantially as shown in division
number two.
2-An annular armature consisting of two or more plates formed with grooved
sides or peripheries or both and insulated either partly or entirely from each other
substantially as shown in division Number two.
3-A commutator Cylinder consisting of an insulating hub or body to which are
attached sub-segments placed in proper electrical Connection with the general
mechanism in which the Commutator is employed, and wearing segments detachably
attached to said sub-segments substantially as shown in division three.
The combination of sub-segments R wearing segments S or T and screws K
substantially as and for the purposes shewn in division three.
5 The commutator having metallic insulating segments T, substantially as shown
in division three.

page_text: 6A commutator having metallic insulating segments T attached to and forming
part of the adjoining conducting segments, S, substantially as shown in division
three.
7 A Commutator having two conducting segments S two opposing ends of
which said segments are separated by an intervening insulator T, the other ends of
said segments while insulated from each other, being closely associated and not
provided with an insular T substantially as shown in division three.
SA dynamo-electric machine wherein a portion of the Current produced or
capable of being produced thereby is diverted for the purpose of maintaining a
permanent magnetic field substantially as shown in division four.
9 In a dynamo-electric Machine the wire or helix E, having a comparatively
high resistance and kept in closed Circuit while the Machine is running in com-
bination with the magnet wire or helix F as commonly employed substantially
as shown in division four.
10-In an electric lamp the Combination with the Carbon holder and core of a
clamp surrounding the Carbon holder said Clamp being independent of the core,
but adapted to be raised by a lifter secured thereto; substantially as shown in
division five.
11 In an electric lamp the clamp D or its equivalent by means of which the
Carbon holder 13 is firmly held and permitted to accurately feed the Carbon point
as the same is consumed, substantially as shewn in division five.
12-In an electric lamp or regulator, the combination of the clamp D and
adjustable stop D' or their equivalent, by means of which the Carbon points are
prevented from becoming so far separated as to break the electric current and
extinguish the light; substantially as shown in division five.
13 In an electric lamp the combination of Core or Armature C and the clamp D
by means of which the carbon points are separated from each other as soon as the
electric Current is established and held asunder during the continuance of the
Current and then permitted to come together as soon as the current ceases
substantially as shewn in division five.
14 In an electric lamp or regulator the combination of the Core or Armature (',
the Clamp D and adjustable Stop D or their equivalent whereby the points of the
Carbons are separated from each other when an electrical (urrent is established, and
prevented from separating so far as to break the current and gradually feed together
as the carbons are consumed: substantially as shewn in division five.
15 In combination with the Core C, one or more sustaining springs ₺ or their
equivalent substantially as shown in division five.
16 The protected carbons substantially as described.
In wilness whereof T the said Herbert John Haddan have hereunto set my
hand and seal this Sixteenth day of November A.D. 1878.
H. J. HADDAN. (L.S.)

page_text: A communication from road by Onaries Drush, of Cleveland, Unio,
United States of America.
MEMORANDUM OF ALTERATION AND DISCLAIMER entered by the
Anglo American Brush Electric Light Corporation, Limited, of 74, Hatton
Garden, in the City of London, the assignees of the said Letters Patent,
pursuant to the Statutes in that case made and provided.
WHEREAS Letters Patent bearing date the Eighteenth day of May, One
thousand eight hundred and seventy eight, and Nod. 2003, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR THE GENERATION AND APPLICATION OF
ELECTRICITY FOR LIGHTING, PLATING, AND OTHER PURPOSES," a communication
from abroad by Charles Brush, of Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, were
granted to Herbert John Haddan, his executors, administrators, and assigns, for
the term of fourteen years next ensuing, and to which Letters Patent a Specifi-
cation was duly filed: And whereas by an indenture bearing date the Twelfth day
of December, One thousand eight hundred and seventy nine, and duly filed in the
Great Seal Patent Office, the said Herbert John Haddan assigned to the Anglo
American Electric Light Company, Limited, the aforesaid Letters Patent: Anl
whereas by an indenture dated the Twenty seventh day of January, One thousand
eight hundred and eighty one, and duly filed in the Great Seal Patent Office, the

page_text: Light
said Anglo American Electric Light Company, Limited, assigned the said Letters
Patent to the Anglo American Brush Electric Light Corporation, Limited: And
whereas since the date of the said Letters Patent and of the filing of the
Specification thereto, it has been discovered that certain parts of the said
Specification are of doubtful novelty, and the Anglo American Brush Electric
Light Corporation, Limited, the assignees of the said Letters Patent are desirous
of entering a Disclaimer and Memorandum of Alteration of the Specification which
was duly filed to such Letters Patent as aforesaid. Now know all men that the
said Anglo American Brush Electric Corporation, Limited, therefore disclaim
from the said Specification, reference being had to the Queen's Printers' printed
copy thereof, third edition, in line 30, page 14, the words "16. The protected
'carbon, substantially as described," and all those words on page 2, line 17,
commencing and being "sixth, In carbon" down to and inclusive of the words
"with lamp or regulator," which appear in line 19, on page 2, also all those words on
page 12, line 54, commencing and being "the sixth division," down to and inclusive
of the words "increased resistance produced," which appear in line 41 on page 13,
and the said Specification when so amended by Disclaimer and Memorandum of
Alteration will read as follows:-
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, HERBERT
JOHN HADDAN, of the Firm of Herbert and Company, Solicitors of Patents, of
67, Strand, in the City of Westminster, Civil Engineer, send greeting. WHEREAS
Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters Patent, bearing date
the Eighteenth day of May, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred
and seventy eight, in the forty first year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs
and successor, give and grant unto me, the said Herbert John Haddan, Her
special license, that I, the said Herbert John Haddan, my executors, admini-
strators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Herbert John Haddan, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of
Man, an "Invention for IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR THE GENERATION AND
APPLICATION OF ELECTRICITY FOR LIGHTING, PLATING, AND OTHER PURPOSES,"
a communication to me from abroad by Charles Brush, of Cleveland, Ohio, United
States of America, upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Herbert
John Haddan, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under
my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was
to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent. NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Herbert John Haddan, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to bo
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement :-
My Invention relates to electric apparatus for the generating of electricity, and
for its application and use in electro-plating and in the production of electric light,
and for any other purpose to which electricity may be applied. In stating wherein
my Invention consists, it may be separated into the following divisions:-First,
the general form of my dynamo-electric machine; second, a peculiar form and
character of revolving armature; third, a peculiar form of commutator; fourth, a
peculiar manner of disposing and arranging the insulated wires and current
conductors of the machine; fifth, in a regulator or lamp for generating electric
light from the current evolved in the dynamo machine. I will now proceed to
describe and specify seriatim my Inventions as set forth in the above divisions,
the figures and letters referred to in each being entirely independent of oach
other. The first division of my Invention relates to magneto electric machines or

page_text: apparatus for the conversion of mechanical into electric energy, and consists of
improvements in the armature and in the arrangement of commutators. In the
Drawing, Figure 1 represents a vertical section through its axis of a convenient
form of apparatus involving my said improvements; Figure 2 shews a vertical
section across its axis of the same; Figure 3 represents the armature with grooves
or depressions at right angles to its axis; Figures 4 and 5 show four modifications
of the same; Figure 6 shows a perspective view of the commutator cylinder
complete; Figure 7 shows the same when developed; Figure 8 shows a developed
commutator provided with double the number of segments, shown in Figure 7,
used when each section of wire of the armature is connected with two opposite
segments, each section provided with its own pair of segments; Figure 9 represents
a commutator wherein the strips of metal are arranged on the cylinder in a direct-
tion parallel with its axis; Figure 10 represents a perspective view of the armature
and commutator cylinder E, both on the shaft, with the sections of wire on the
armature connected with the segments of metal on said cylinder, the first or last
ends of diametrically opposite sections joined together, and the remaining ends
only attached to opposite segments; Figure 11 shows two diametrically opposite
sections and segments both detached, wherein the first and last ends of each section
are connected with opposite segments; Figure 12 represents a section and two
segments all detached, showing how the first and last onds of a section are joined
to opposite segmonts; Figure 13 represents a number of sections on an armature
and commutator cylinder, the sections being connected together in a continuous
series and joined to the segments; Figure 14 shows a side view of the magnetic
pole pieces in segmental form; Figure 15 represents an annular armature without
grooves, wound with a series of sections of wire connected together in a continuous
series; Figure 16 is a plan view of the armature provided with sections of wire
wound in grooves (shown in Figure 3); Figure 17 shows a modified arrangement
of commutator cylinder and brushes or plates for collecting the electric current;
Figure 18 shows still another modified arrangement of commutator cylinder
and brushes or plates for collecting the electric current; Figure 19 represents
an armature without grooves wherein the diametrically opposite sections
with which said armature is wound have their first or last ends connected
together, and their remaining ends attached to diametrically opposite segments;
Figure 20 represents modifications of grooved armatures, in which the grooves are
placed obliquely instead of at right angles to the circumferential length of the
armature; Figure 21 represents a grooved armature in which the magnetic pole
pieces are presented to the armature on three sides of its magnetic axis. The best
forms of magneto electric apparatus at present before the public are unnecessarily
bulky, heavy, and expensive, and are more or less wasteful of mechanical power.
By means of the improved apparatus described hereafter, a given result may be
obtained with a less bulk and weight, and with a smaller cost than any other
similar apparatus in use. The loss or waste of mechanical force is also reduced
to a minimum. These results are obtained by means of a new and improved form of
armature, and a peculiar arrangement of commutators or conductors for collecting the
electric current generated in the bobbins or sections of wire carried by the armature.
The armature A (shown in plan in Figure 16) is of iron or other magnetic
substance; it is in the form of a ring or endless band, and is attached to a hub B
of suitable material provided with any convenient number of spokes, as shewn.
This hub is rigidly attached to the shaft C, which when driven by the pulley D
or by means of a crank, in case hand power is used, causes the armature to revolve
in its own plane. The armature, instead of having a uniformn cross section
throughout its circumferential length as is customary with annular armatures, is
provided with grooves or depressions in a direction at right angles with its
magnetic axis or length. These grooves are wound full of any insulated copper wire
in the manner shown. The sections of wire thus formed may be of any suitable
number according to the use for which the machine is designed, eight being shown
with
A

page_text: in the Drawing. The advantage of winding the wire on the armature in grooves
or depressions in the latter is two fold:-First. The projecting portion of the
armature between the sections of wire may be made to revolve very close to the
poles N, N, and S, S, of the magnets from which the magnetic force is derived,
thus utilising the inductive force of the latter to a much greater extent than is
possible in the case of annular armatures ordinarily used, which are entirely
covered with wire, and therefore cannot be brought very near the magnets.
Second. Owing to the exposure of a very considerable portion of the armature to
the atmosphere, the heat which is always developed by the rapidly succeeding
magnetizations and demagnetizations of armatures in motion is rapidly dissipated
by radiation and convection. In the case of urinatures entirely covered with
wire the escape of heat is very slow, so that they must be run at a comparatively
low rate of speed with corresponding effect in order to prevent injurious heating.
It is obvious that the depression or grooves in the armature in which the wire is
wound may extend entirely around its section, or may be made only on the outer
side parallel with the axis of rotation. In this last case the poles of the magnet
would be presented to this part of the armature. It is equally obvious that the
cross section of the armature may be of other forms than the parallelogram
shown. The armature may be made of a uniform ring or band of iron, or a
bundle of iron wire, ribbon, or series of parallel discs with the iron projecting
between the sections of copper wire fastened on by any suitable means, or it
may be made of a single piece of soft cast iron, which is the most practical
method. In Figure 11 diametrically opposite sections have their first (or can
have their last) ends joined together, and their remaining ends connected with two
segments of metal of the commutator cylinder E which is carried by the shaft C
and is of insulating material. The two metal segments are placed diametrically
opposite each other on the cylinder, and are each of a length less than half the
circumference of the latter, thus exposing the insulating cylinder in two places
diametrically opposite each other and alternating with the inetal segments. The two
segments, say, S and S', corresponding to sections 3 and 7 of wire, hold a position
ou the cylinder in advance of those of the preceding sections S* and S to the
same angular extent that the sectious 3 and 7 in question are in advance of
sections 2 and 6. In this arrangement the number of segments is equal to the
number of sections, each segment being connected with but one section. The first
and last ends of each section can, however, be attached to two diametrically
opposite segments, the commutator cylinder in that case being constructed with
double the number of segments, as in the former case, thus making the number
of segments double the number of sections, as shown in Figures 8 and 12.
Figure 7 shows the commutator developed, showing the arrangement of metal
segments on the same and the manner in which they are connected with the
section's wire. Each segment S is insulated from its neighbors and has a wire
soldered to its under side and extending under but insulated from any segments
which may be in front of it. Evidently the segments belonging to any one section
of wire occupy the same position on the cylinder circumferentially as those of the
sections diametrically opposite the given section, as shewn in Figure 8. Hence
each pair of seguients may be made common to two opposite sections of wires,
thus making the number of segments the same as the number of sections, instead
of double, as in the former case. This simplified arrangement is shown in
Figure 11. Thus, the wires 1, 2, 3, &c., represents the different segments and
appear at equal distances around the cylinder. All the sections or bobbius of wire
on the armature being wound in the sano direction, one section will have its first
and last end connected respectively with wires 2 and 6, while the opposite section
will be similarly connected with 6 and 2. Two metallic plates or brushes F,
Figure 2, insulated from each other, pass lightly upon cylinder E at opposite points
so selected that while each section of wire on the armature is passing from one
neutral point to the other, the corresponding segments on the cylinder will be in
contact with them. These plates or brushes collect the currents of electricity

page_text: generated by the revolution of the armature, one being positive and the other
negative. When the section of wire is passing the neutral points on the armature
the plates F are in contact with the insulating material of the cylinder between
the corresponding segments, thus cutting the section, which is at the time useless,
out of the circuit altogether. The necessity of thus insulating each section from
brushes or plates F during the time it is inactive becomes obvious when we consider
that if this was not done the idle section would afford a passage for the current
generated in the active sections and divert it from its proper channel. During the
time a section or bobbin is passing from one neutral point of the armature to the
next onc, an electric impulse, constant in direction but varying in electro-motive
force, is induced in it. This electro-motivo force, starting from nothing at the
neutral point, quickly increases to nearly its maximum and remains almost constant
until the section is near the next neutral point, when it rapidly falls to zero as the
neutral point is reached. The insulating spaces are made of such a length that a
section or bobbin is cut out of the circuit, not only when it is at the neutral points,
but also during the time when its electro motive force is rising and falling at the
beginning and end of an impulse. If the insulating space is too short, so as to
keep or bring a section in the circuit while its electro motive force is low, then the
current from the other sections being of superior electro motive force will overcome
this weak current and discharge a portion of itself (an amount expressed by the
difference of the electro-motive force) through this section. If the insulating spaces
are a little longer than necessary no material inconvenience results. A suitable
length for practical purposes is easily determined experimentally. It is found in
practice that the neutral points of the armature in notion are considerably in advance
of their theoretical position, this circumstance being doubtless due to the fact that some
time is required to saturate any point of the armature with magnetisin, so that it is
really carried beyond the point of greatest magnetic intensity of the field before
receiving its maximum charge. It is necessary to adjust the commutator cylinder
on the revolving shaft of the machine with special reference to the neutral points
of the armature when in motion, in order that its insulating space may correspond
with said neutral points. This adjustment is made experimentally as follows:-
The commutator cylinder having been placed approximately in its proper position,
the machine is started, and the presence or absence of sparks at the points of
contact between the brushes or plates F and commutator cylinder is noted. If
sparks occur, the commutator cylinder is turned slightly forward or backward on
its axis as experiment may indicate, until the sparks nearly or quite disappear.
The presence of sparks when the commutator is even slightly out of its proper
position is easily explained. If a break between a pair of segments and the
brushes F occurs while the corresponding section of wire on the armature is still
active, a spark is produced by the interruption of the current, while if the break
occurs too late the section in question will have become neutral, and then
commenced to conduct the current from the active sections, and the interruption
of this passage causes a spark in this instance. If the commutator is much
removed from its proper position in either direction, the sparks are so great as to
very rapidly destroy both the commutator and the brushes, while the external
current from the machine is correspondingly diminished. It will be seen that with
the arrangement above described where the first and last ends of each of two
diametrically opposite sections are attached to two opposite segments the intensity
of the induced electric current will be that due to the length of wire in a single
section only, while the quantity will be directly as the number of sections. By
doubling the size of each bobbin and diminishing their number one half, a current
of double the intensity and one half the quantity of the former will be obtained.
This effect however can be secured in another manner by connecting the first and
last ends of the two opposite sections together and joining the remaining ends only
to two opposite segments, as illustrated in Figure 10. This arrangement I find
most convenient in practice. It is obvious when I employ an armature either with
or without grooves, and wind that armature with the sections of wire, the wires

page_text: "
is
of each section or pair of sections combined with the commutator, that these sections
form, in fact, a series of separate and distinct bobbins that are not connected into
a single or continuous bobbin. The arrangement of the cylinder E with segments S
may be replaced by another as follows:-The last end of one section and the first
end of the succeeding one may be connected with a strip of metal attached to the
cylinder E parallel with its axis. These metallic strips or conductors are equal in
number to the sections of wire on the armature, and are insulated from each other.
The plates F press upon the cylinder in this case at points corresponding to the
neutral points of the armature, thus being at right angles with their position in the
first arrangement. This plan, which is the one commonly used with annular
armatures gives fair results, but is subject to a serious disadvantage from which the
first is free. The difficulty in this; the sections of wire when at or near the neutral
points of the armature contribute little or no useful effect, but the current from
the other sections must pass through these in order to reach the plate F, thus
experiencing a considerable and entirely useless resistance, and owing to the opposite
directions of the currents through the entire sections on opposite sides of the neutral
points, these currents, by passing through the idle sections tend strongly to produce
consequent" points in the armature where the neutral points should be, thus
interfering seriously with the theoretical distribution of the armature's magnetism.
The first described arrangement of commutators on the cylinder E may be employed
with marked advantage over the other form in combination with annular armatures
of the ordinary kind, that is, those not provided with grooves or depressions for the
reception of the "sections" of wire. In Figure 17 the strips of the commutator
cylinder are arranged on the same in a direction parallel with its axis, and the current
is taken off by a series of plates or brushes equal in number to the strips of metal,
said plates or brushes attached to two curved plates arranged diametrically opposite
each other. In Figure 18 the segments of the commutator cylinder are arranged
in the same in pairs placed diametrically opposite each other, each pair occupying
a different position longitudinally, but the same position circumferentially, and the
current is taken off by an arrangement of brushes or plates similar to that shown
in Figure 17, each pair of oppositely placed brushes or plates however necessarily
occupying a different position longitudinally with regard to the cylinder. The two
arrangements thus described and illustrated in Figures 17 and 18 may be substi-
tuted for the arrangement shown in the Drawing. The commutator cylinder may
be turned ninety degrees on its axis, while the armature remains stationary, so
that the "sections" would stand at right angles with regard to the segments. The
position of the brushes would have to be changed accordingly in that case. The
electro-magnets H are excited by the whole or a portion of the electric current
derived from the revolving armature, as is usual in apparatus of this kind, the
novel feature of this part of the machine consisting of the manner in which the
magnetic poles are presented to the armature; this arrangement is such that a very
large proportion of the entire surface of the armature is constantly presented to the
poles of the magnets, thus securing uniformity of magnetization as well as maximum
amount. The iron segments N, S, (shown in Figure 14) constitute the poles of the
magnets H, and are arranged on both sides of the armature, as shewn in Figure 1,
thus securing the advantages enumerated above. Obviously the pieces N, N, or
S, S, may be connected together at their outer edges, thus forming one piece, and
enclosing the armature still more. This arrangement is in fact adopted by the
inventor for small machines, inasmuch as one electro magnet may thus be used
instead of two, the effect being the same only less in degree, while the construction
of the machine is simplified. Of course permanent steel magnets may be employed
in these machines instead of electro magnets, and this substitution is advisable in
small hand machines. The arrangement of magnetic poles above described may
also be applied to annular .armatures having no depressions or grooves, but con-
sisting of a plain uniform ring of iron or bundle of iron wire, with its greatest length
of cross section parallel with its plane of rotation; this form of apparatus gives

page_text: excellent results as compared with old forms. The second division of my Invention
refers to split or grooved armatures, and it consists, first, in so splitting or dividing
the armature and insulating its parts from each other as to practically or entirely
prevent the induction of current in the same when it is revolved in the magnetic
field, thus eliminating the principal source of heat and waste of power in such
armatures; second (when the armature is of such pattern to make it desirable), in
perforating portions of the same, both for the purpose of removing superfluous stock
of metal and to increase the heat radiating surface, and thus favor the dissipation
of the heat which is always generated in armatures when in service, and due to the
rapidly changing magnetism. In the Drawings, Figure 1 reprosents in perspective
one form of annular armature constructed according to my Invention, and Figure 2
represents a cross section of the same. In both the above Figures the armature is
shewn naked of its wire, and disconnected from the other parts of the machine. I
prefer to construct the armature from cast iron, although in this respect I do not
limit myself in any degree, as any suitable metal may be used. The armature is
constructed substantially as shown in the Drawing, and consists primarily of two
posts A, A, firmly secured togother with any suitable insulating material E intor-
posed between them. B represents an annular groove formed upon one or both
sides of the armature, and, for reasons which will appear, there may be more
of these grooves than are shown, if desirable. C, C, are depressions in the
armature, which in the completed machine are wound full of insulated wire.
D, D, are holes piercing the armature from its periphery to the annular grooves B,
and are provided for the purpose already specified. When this armature is revolved
(in its own plane) in a suitable magnetic field, electric currents will be induced in
a direction at right angles to its circumferential length, and will traverse the wire
wound in the depressions C. It will now be obvious that if such armature is made
of one solid piece of metal the induced currents will also circulate in the armature
itself, thereby wasting a large portion of the inductive effect of the magnetic field,
and rapidly heating the armature. The insulating material E prevents the passage
of these currents around the entire cross section of the armature, and confines them
in greatly diminished force to each half of the cross section; these diminished
currents are again checked by the grooves B (which may properly be regarded as
insulating air spaces) on the principle that if an electric circuit is broken in one
point the entire current is stopped. The passage of the current is thus confined to
each quarter of the armature's cross section, and thus becomes so reduced as to be
insignificant. It will now be obvious that the insulating material E may be
replaced by a deep groove G (as shown by Figure 3 of the Drawing), thus leaving
the metal of the armature in a single piece, and still accomplishing the desired and.
Another modification would be to construct the body of the armature from separate
concentric rings insulated from each other, placed one within another, and thus
secured. The third division of my Invention relates to my peculiar commutator,
which consists in the following construction:-This commutator is another form of
the device already specified in division one of this Specification, and in some
points is an improvement thereon in point of mechanical construction, simplicity,
durability, and facility of repair; and inasmuch as the essential characteristics and
principal of operation of this form of commutator and that specified in the above
named division one are the same, I shall refer for a full understanding of my
present division to said division one instead of again entering into a more specific
description than is required to point out the mechanical differences between it and
the form shown in division one. In the Drawings Figure 1 is a developed view
of my present commutator; Figure 2 is a copy for purpose of convenient com-
parison with my present commutator of Figure 7 of the Drawings shewn in
division 1, which shews a developed view of my said former commutator; Figure 3
is a view in cross section of the device developed in Figure 1; Figure 4 shows a
detached portion of my present device as developed, and in end elevation. S, S,

page_text: AS
or
represent the conducting plates or segments of the commutator that connect with
the different bobbins on the armature on the same planes as set forth in my said
division 1. T, T, are insulating segments intervening between the ends of the
conducting segments S, S. R represents separate metallic plates of sub-segments
to which are attached the wearing segments S, T. P is a hub or cylinder of wood
or any suitable non-conducting material, which serves as a carrier and as means of
attachment to the entire commutator, and is made of suitable length, style, and
dimensions to suit this object. O, O, are the bobbin wires that connect between
the armature and commutator segments, in the same manner as shown in my said
former division 1. It will be first noticed that I have dispensed with one balf of
my original number of insulating segments T (corresponding to the "insulated
spaces" in said division 1), for the sufficient reason that I have found them to be
practically unnecessary, as it is obvious that when the "brush or plate F" is
insulated from a pair of segments $ by a segment T the electric circuit through
the corresponding bobbin or bobbins on the armature is just as effectually inter-
rupted as if the other" brush F" was also insulated from the segments S. In
my present device the insulating segments T are composed of the same metal,
preferably copper, on account of its durability and good conducting quality, as
the segments S, but being insulated from the pair of segments between whose
ends it is located, a segment T performs the function of an insulating material
so far as its particular pair of segments is concerned. I prefer to make the
insulating segments T of the saine material as the segments S, both for the sake of
facility of construction, and to insure a uniformity of wear over the entire face of
the commutator. It will next be observed (in Figure 4) that any insulating
segment T may, if desired, be united to the side, and form part of an adjoining
segment S; such a union will obviously not interfere with the function of a
segment T as an insulator, so far as concerns the pair of segments S, between
whose ends it is placed; such a construction I prefer simply for the purpose of
securing the segments S, T, more firmly in proper position. Beneath the
segments S, T, are the bases or sub-segments R corresponding in fashion and
location to the segments S, T, above them. The segments R are secured to the
hub P by suitable screws or the like, substantially as shewn in Figure 3 of the
Drawings, and to said segments R are attached the bobbin wires O in any suitable
manner to insure good electrical connection, as shewn in Figure 4. The segments S
are secured to the sub-segments R by peculiarly shaped screws K, as shewn in
Figure 3. It will be seen that the bearing portions of the heads of the screws is
near the lower side of the segments S, while the heads above their bearing portion
are cylindrically elongated until they reach the outer surface of the commutator,
with whose face they are evenly dressed and finished. By this pecular construction
of screws K, the segn.ents S, T, may be worn nearly through and still be firmly
held in position while an even surface in the location of said screws will be
presented. By providing the sub-segments R and detachably affixing thereto the
segments S, T, it will readily appear that when worn or damaged the said
segments S, T, may be easily renewed without any disturbance of the sub-segments
and their wire connections with the armature of the machine. I desire it to be
understood that the insulators T need not of necessity be metallic; they may be of
any other suitable non-conducting substance, or, if desirable, be mere spaces
exposing the hub P in case the segments S are thin. It will be apparent that the
space separating the ends of the segments S opposite to the insulator T is merely
for the purpose of insulating the segments S from each other, and not from the
brush or plate F, and are therefore not intended in any manner to perform the
functions of in insulator T. Division 4 of my Invention has for its object the
maintenance in dynamo electric machines of a "magnetic field" while the machine
is running, whether the external circuit is closed or open in dynamo electric
the

page_text: "
machines as ordinarily constructed. In dynamo electric machines as ordinarily
constructed, no magnetic field is maintained when the external circuit is opened,
except that due to residual magnetism, hence the electro motive force developed by
the machine in this condition is very feeble. It is only when the external circuit
is closed through a resistance not too large that powerful currents are developed,
owing to the strong magnetic field produced by the circulation of the currents
themselves around the field magnets. Such machines are not well adapted to
certain kinds of work, notably that of electro plating. For this purpose a machine
arranged to do a large quantity of work at one operation may fail entirely to do a
small quantity, because of the comparatively high external resistance involved in
the latter case and the low electro motive force of the machine at the start. Again
it is well known that during the process of electro plating, a very considerable
electro motive force is developed in the plating bath in a direction opposite to the
current from the dynamo-electric machine. If now the current is momentarily
weakened by accident or otherwise its magnetic field, and consequently its
electro motive force are correspondingly reduced. If the latter falls below
the electro motive force of the bath it will be overcome by it, and the
machine will have the direction of its current reversed. This accident often
happens with plating machines, and is a source of much annoyance. It will
now be obvious that if even a moderately strong magnetic field be constantly
maintained within the machine, both of the above described difficulties will be
eliminated. Other useful applications of a permanent field" machine will
readily suggest themselves. I attain my object by diverting from external
work a portion of the current of the machine, and using it either alone or in
connection with the rest of the current for working the field magnets. I prefer
the latter plan of the two just above mentioned, especially for electro plating
machines. If now the external circuit be broken entirely the magnetic field will in
the former plan just mentioned remain unimpaired, and in the latter plan will
remain sufficiently strong to effect the desired end. In applying my Invention to
dynamo electric machines I wind the cores of the field magnets with a suitable
quantity of a comparatively fine wire, having a high resistance in comparison with
that of the external circuit and the rest of the wire in the machine. The ends of
this wire are so connected with other parts of the machine that when the latter
is running a current of electricity constantly circulates in said wire whether the
external circuit be closed or not. The high resistance of this wire prevents the
passage through it of more than a small proportion of the whole current capable of
being evolved by the machino, therefore the available external current is not
materially lessened. When this device, which I have called a "teaser," is used in
connection with field magnets, also wound with coarse wire (as shown in Figure 1
of the Drawings) for the purpose of still further increasing the magnetic field by
employing the main current for this purpose in the usual manner; then the
"teaser" may be so arranged that the current which passes through it will also
circulate in the coarse wire, thus increasing the efficiency of the device. This
arrangement, illustrating one of the most prominent applications of my Invention,
is shewn in Figure 1 of the Drawings. Instead of the teaser and helix F being
constructed from wire of different gauges the size of the wire may be alike in both
or the teaser wire may be coarser than the principal magnet wire; but in these
cases the waste of current through the teaser would be excessive, leaving com-
paratively little for use in the external circuit. Instead of the magnet being
surrounded with both teaser and ordinary helix F, the latter may be omitted and
the teaser increased in guage and length (thus still maintaining its resistance)
until it will of itself maintain sufficient magnetic field. This modified form form
of machine is shown in Figure 5 of the Drawings. I will now proceed to describe
the construction of one or more forms of device embodying my Invention. In the
Drawings Figure 1 represents in plan view a portion of a dynamo electric machine,
AD

page_text: showing one of its magnetic helices partially wound, and so arranged as to exhibit
the "teaser" and belix F, also to show one form of arranging the currents of the
teaser and main wire. Figure 2 is the same, showing however a modified arrange-
ment of the currents of teaser and main wire; Figure 3 shows a modified method
of applying the teaser by wrapping it upon the outside of the main helix instead
of within it, as shown in Figure 1; Figure 4 shows another modified form of
teaser where it may be wrapped around the magnet alongside and independent
of the main belix; Figure 5 shows shows another modified form of my device in
which the main helix is omitted, and the magnet clothed only with the teaser;
A, A, represent the base and standards of a dynamo electric machine; A¹, A¹, are
bearings in which revolves the shaft that carries the armature and commutator
cylinder; B is one arm of a field magnet, of which said magnets there are two in
such a machine as here shown, one upon either side of the revolving armature;
C, C, are metallic brushes for collecting the current from the commutator cylinder
and conducting the same down through their supports C to suitable connections,
where it is disposed of according to the arrangement of the circuits; D, D¹, are
binding posts representing the positive and negative poles of the machine from
which proceed the wires or other conductor for conveying said current to its place
of application; E represent the "teaser," already sufficiently described, as far as
the principles of its application and operation are concerned. It therefore
only remains to explain a few of various modifications in the manner of
applying said teaser and the arrangement of the currents. As shown in the
Drawings the teaser E is first wrapped, say, in two courses around the core of the
magnet B, and the main helix or wire F is wound outside and independent of the
teaser. One end of the teaser wire is connected with the binding post D and
brush C, and the other with the post D¹. The main helix wire F passes from the
post D' to which it is connected to the magnet core, around which it forms a helix,
and finally connects with the brush C; thus arranged the current will be as
follows, while the external circuit is closed. Tracing it from brush C it divides
itself between the external circuit and the teaser inversely as their respective
resistances, and again uniting into an undivided current at the post D¹ it passes on
through the helix F to the brush C'. If now the external circuit be opened the
reduced current consequently evolved by the machine will take the following
course, by which it will be clearly perceived how in such case a permanent
magnetic field is maintained. (The same conditions would obtain if the machine
were to be originally started on an open external circuit.) Tracing now the
current from the brush C it passes through the tear E around its helical portion
down to binding post D¹, where it meets the wire F of the main helix, through
which it passes around the magnet, and finally to the brush C¹. This arrangement
of circuits, as shown in Figure 1, while for many purposes preferable on account
of the increased amount of current convolutions passed around the magnets is not
the only one that will prove effective in carrying out and embodying my said
Invention, such an arrangement of current as shown in Figure 2 will serve an
operative purpose. In this form the teaser E instead of connecting with the
wire F at the binding D', as herein before specified, takes the following course
commencing commencing, say, at its connection with the brush C and post D it
proceeds to describe a helix around the magnet, and then terminates in its
connection with brush C¹. It is not at all essential that the teaser be wrapped
around the magnet underneath the wire F, a variety of methods would be equally
as operative as the above, the essential object being that the tearser wire shall 5
form a helix around the field magnet, and this may be accomplished in many ways,
among which may be mentioned that illustrated in Figure 3 of the Drawings,
where the teaser is wrapped outside the helix F, also that shown in Figure 4,
where the teaser is wrapped alongside the helix F, forming a separate and
independent section or helix. Figure 5 of the Drawing is designed to show the 5
arrangement of the current when the wire F is omitted, as herein before described,

page_text: the
A
in which case the magnets are wound only with the teaser. The fifth division
of my Invention relates to regulators or electric light mechanism, and it consists
in the following specified device or its equivalent, whereby the carbon sticks
usually employed are automatically adapted and kept in such position and relation
to each other that a continuous and effective light shall be had without the
necessity of any manual interference. In the Drawings Figure 1 is a view in
longitudinal section of a device embodying my Invention; Figure 2 is a detached
view shewing my ring clamp and lifter as it appears while not in operation;
Figure 3, the same as it appears while in operation; Figure 4 is a detachod view
showing my improved carbon holder; Figure 5 comprehends a few of various
modifications of which my Invention is susceptible, without a departure from the
spirit and principles thereof; Figure 6 represents a form in which my Invention
may be applied to a lamp that moves both of its carbons. I will now describe the
device shown in Figure 1; A is a helix of insulated wire, said helix being in the form
of a tube or hollow cylinder resting upon an insulated plate A¹ upheld by the metallic
post or standard E. Within the cavity of the helix A is contained the iron core C
and the rod B, which passes loosely through the core C. The core C is also made
to move very freely within the cavity of the helix A, and it is partially supported
within the cavity of said helix by means of the springs c, whose tension is regulated
by the set screw C. These springs push upward against ears attached to the core C;
D is a ring of metal (preferably such as will not be attracted by the magnet) sur-
rounding the rod B just below the core C. One edge of the ring D is over a lifting
tongue C or its equivalent which is attached to the core C, while opposite edge
of the said ring is a short distance below the crown of an adjustable set screw D¹.
This arrangement is susceptible of various modifications, and suitable means of any
description may be employed whereby one point of the ring D may be lifted in
such a way as to clamp the rod B, while a limit is placed to its upward movement
or to the upward movement of the core C. The standard or support E (which may
also act as a conductor) is fastened to a suitable base H, to which base is also
attached the mechanism for holding the carbon F¹. This mechanism consists of a
support G terininating in a part similar in construction to the part B¹. The lower
part of this support is bent at a right angle and rests upon the base H, and is
fastened to said base by the thumb or set screw or any equivalent device. It is
necessary that the carbons F, F2, should in accurate opposition to each other, and
to accomplish this the set screw G₁ is made to pass through a hole in the support G
considerably larger than the shaft of the said screw; it will thus readily appear
that when the set screw G¹ is loosened the support G may moved about until its
carbon F shall properly present towards the carbon F, when it may be secured in
proper position by tightening the screw G¹. Now if one pole of a battery or other
suitable source of electricity being attached to the support G' while the other pole is
connected to the support E, the electric current passes from the latter through the
helix A, rod B, and carbons F, F1, down to the support G, thus completing the
circuit. The core C by force of the axial magnetism thus created is drawn up
within the cavity of the helix, and by means of the finger O¹ it lifts one edge of
5 the ring D, until by its angular infringement against the rod B it clamps said rod
and also lifts it up to a distance limited by the adjustable stop Di while the
ring retains this angular relation with the infringement against the rod B said rod
will be firmly retained and prevented from moving through the said ring. The
adjustable stop D¹ is fixed so that it shall arrest the lifting of the rod D when
O the carbons F, F¹, are sufficiently separated from each other. While the electric
current is not passing the rod B can slide readily through the loose ring D and the
core C, and it will be readily seen that in this condition the smplest force of
gravity will cause the carbon F to rest down upon the carbon F', thus bringing
the various parts of the device into the position of "closed circuit." Now if a
present
A
bo
A
simplest

page_text: прод
current of electricity is passed through the apparatus it will instantly operate, as
just explained, to lift the rod B and thus separate the carbons F, F', and produce
the electric light. The tension of the springs c is so adjusted by means of the
screws c¹ or equivalent that they together with magnetic attraction of the helix
shall be just sufficient to support the core C, rod B, and carbon F, in the position
described for producing light. As the carbons burn away, thus increasing the length
of the voltaic arc, the electric current diminishes in strength owing to the increased
resistance; this weakens the magnetism of the helix, and accordingly the core rod
and carbon F moved downward by the force of gravity until the consequent
shortening of the voltaic arc increases the strength of the current and stops this
downward movement. After a time however the clutch ring D will reach its floor
or support D³, and its downward movement will be arrested; now any downward
movement of the core C however slight will at once affect the rod B, allowing it
to slide through the ring D until it is arrested by the downward movement of the
core C due to the increased magnetism. In continued operation the normal
position of the ring D is in contact with its lower support, the office of the
core C being to regulate the sliding of the rod B through it. If however the rod
accidently slides too far it will be instantly and automatically raised again as at
first, and the carbon points thus continued in proper relation to each other; the
rod B may be of such length that the longest carbon sticks may be employed, and
with the device thus described I experience no difficulty whatever in consuming a
carbon stick of any length and obtaining a continuous and very effective light
without the least manual interference. The carbon holder here shown, which I
consider to be novel, consists essentially of a split cylinder having a squaro or
angular cavity. One of the pieces is attached to the rod B (or standard G), while
the other part is loosed and is constructed to rest on a stirrup B2; a screw passing
through the stirrup B serves to clamp and bind the carbon between the two
parts just specified. I do not limit myself narrowly to the ring D as other devices
might be employed which would accomplish the saine result. Any device may be
used which while current of electricity is not passing through the helix A will
permit the rod B to move freely up and down, but which when a current of
electricity is passed through the helix will by raising the core C operate_both
to clamp and to raise the rod B, and thereby separate the carbon points F, F,
and retain them in proper relation to each other. Various devices may be used
whereby the base H may be shifted or dispensed with; for instance, it may be
attached in such a manner as that it may be fastened to a wall or post, or it may
be placed above the light in such a manner as that mechanism shall be suspended froin
it; or as shown in Figure 5 the base H may be placed above the light and suspended
from two hooks so as to be readily movable if desired, and these two suspending
hooks may form the positive and negative poles of the apparatus, and the hooks or
eyelets to which they are swung or attached may be positive and negative poles
of the electric apparatus; thus the inere suspension of the lamps will put it within
the electric circuit ready for operation. These variations are desirable when the
device is to be used for illuminating purposes in such positions that the base H
would cast an objectionable shadow. When the light is desired to be used in
lighthouses or for projecting images, &c., through lenses it is necessary that the
point of illumination be kept in one position. In such cases any approximate
means may be employed, such as, for instance, a device for raising and lowering
the entire lamp. If the ring D is employed its opening may be provided either
with sharp or angular edges, or the cavity may be bevelled or rounded, as shown
in Figure 5. It is entirely immaterial how this ring is constructed so long as it
will act to clamp, and lift, and release the rod as heretofore specified. I have
thus se far referred my Invention as applicable to a lamp wherein but one of the
carbons are moved, but as it is equally applicable to lamps that move both carbons
is
the
A
the
A
of
A

page_text: the
The
-
I will now proceed to demonstrate the same by reference to the modified device
shown in Figure 6. Here A is again the helix; C, the core of iron; D, the
clumping ring grasping a rod directly connected to and controlling the movements
of the rod B holding the carbon F; C is a spring lifting one edge of the ring D
similarly to the finger C¹ in Figure 1, and the adjustable stop D¹ is identical with
the one heretofore specified. In this modification the motion of the core C
transmitted to rod B substantially as heretofore described, and the exact
motion of the rod B₁ through suitable link and lever connections b¹, b², b³, b',
is communicated in reverse to the rod B₁ carrying the carbon Fl.
The
operation of this device is similar to that of the device shown at Figure 1.
A current of electricity being passed through the helix A the cord C is
by force of the axial magnetism thus created drawn up within the cavity of
said helix. The spring S or its equivalent acts as gravity does in the rod B,
shewn in Figure 1, to keep the carbons together, and the forco of the inag-
netism through the core C resists this tendency of the spring S to draw the
carbon into actual contact. The rod B in this instance also passes through the
ring D, which is held in its angular clamping position by the spring C', which is the
equivalent of the finger C¹, Figure 1. adjustable stop D¹ is in all respects
identical with the same element herein before specified. The ring D in this instance
acts in a similar manner as heretofore described in governing and controlling the
rod B. The main point of difference between the devices shown in Figures 1 and 6
is this: in the former one carbon is stationary and the other moves, in the latter
one carbon holder is moved substantially in the same manner as in the former, but
it is made to impart a similar reverse motion to the holder of the other carbon by
suitable link and lever connections. I have practically and thoroughly tested the
two forms of my Invention, as shown in the devices just specified, and in point of
their capacity to consume long carbon sticks and produce a continuous and effective
light without the necessity of manual interference I find them perfectly operative.
It may be proper to specify more clearly the link and lever connection between the
rods B and B. Each rod is pivotted to a common frame at b. The rod B extends
from the carbon F' to a point beyond the ring D, having a joint x, where it is
made to turn beyond the helix A. It is journaled at or near the end of a swinging
lever b; said lever hinged to the common frame at b. The rod B extends from
the carbon F to the point 68, where it journals with a link 3, which connects it
with the lever 6' at or near the point of connection of the rod B. It will now
readily be seen that a motion given to either rod B or B¹ will be imparted in
reverse to the other. Among the numerous advantages secured by my Invention
as above specified may be enumerated the following:-First. By the use of copper
coated carbons it is entirely feasible to employ a lamp that moves only its positive
carbon; a waste of the negative carbon is so very slow that, the point of illumination
is kept practically at one point for a considerable length of time, say, one or two
hours, or more. Second. Carbon sticks of any length may be entirely consumed
and an effective light produced without manual interference. Third. Whenever
the light is put out the carbon poiuts will certainly be brought into actual contact,
and in this condition the lamp will automatically produce the electric light upon the
establishment of the electric current. This feature of always being in condition to
automatically set and continue itself in effective operation I consider to be an effect
never before practically attained, although many efforts have been made in that
direction that have been partially successful. Having thus described my Invention,
what I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent is:-1. An annular
armature constructed from a single solid piece of metal, and grooved upon its
periphery of sides of both, substantially as shown in division number two. 2. An
annular armature consisting of two or more plates formed with grooved sides or
peripheries, or both, and insulated either partially or entirely from each other,
10

page_text: substantially as shown in division number two. 3. A commutator cylinder con-
sisting of an insulating hub or body, to which are attached sub segments placed in
proper electrical connection with the general mechanism in which the commutator
is employed, and wearing segment detachably attached to said sub segments,
substantially as shown in division three. 4. The combination of subsegments R,
wearing segments S or T, and screws K, substantially as and for the purposes
shown in division three. 5. The commutator having metallic insulating segments T,
substantially as shown in division three. 6. A commutator having metalling insu-
lating segments T attached to and forming part of the adjoining conducting
segments S, substantially as shown in division three. 7. A commutator having
two conducting segments S, two opposing ends of which said segments are separated
by an intervening insulator T, the other ends of said segments, while insulated
from each other, being closely associated and not provided with an insulator T,
substantially as shown in division three. 8. A dynamo-electric machine wherein a
portion of the current produced or capable of being produced thereby is diverted
for the purpose of maintaining a permanent magnetic field, substantially as shown
in division four. 9. In a dynamo-electric machine the wire or helix E, having a
comparatively high resistance, and kept in close circuit while the machine is
running, in combination with the magnetic wire or helix F as commonly employed,
substantially as shown in division four. 10. In an electric lamp the combination
with the carbon holder and core of a clamp surrounding the carbon holder, said
clamp being independent of the core, but adapted to be raised by a lifter secured
thereto, substantially as shown in division five. 11. In an electric lamp the
clamp D or its equivalent, by means of which the carbon holder B is firmly held, and
permitted to accurately feed the carbon point as the same is consumed, substantially
as shewn in division five. 12. In an electric lamp or regulator the combination of
the clamp D and adjustable stop D¹, or their equivalent, by means of which the
carbon points are prevented from becoming so far separated as to break the electric
current and extinguish the light, substantially as shown in division five. 13. In
an electric lamp the combination of core or armature C and the clamp D, by means
of which the carbon points are separated from each other as soon as the electric
current is established, and held asunder during the continuance of the current, and
then permitted to come together as soon as the current ceases, substantially as
shewn in division five. 14. In an electric lamp or regulator the combination of the
core or armature C, the clamp D, an adjustable stop D', or their equivalent, whereby
the points of the carbons are separated from each other when an electrical current
is established, and prevented from separating so far as to break the current, and
gradually feed together as the carbons are consumed, substantially as shewn in
division five. 15. In combination with the core C one or more sustaining springs o
or their equivalent, substantially as shown in division five.
In witness whereof, I, the said Herbert John Haddan, havo hereunto sot
my hand and seal, this Sixteenth day of November, A.D. 1878.
21
TT

page_text: I hereby grant my fiat, giving leave to the above named Anglo American Brush
Electric Light Corporation, Limited, as Assignees of the said Letters Patent, to file
in the Office of the Commissioners of Patents for Inventions, with the Specification
5 to which the same relates, the above written Disclaimer and Memorandum of
Alteration.

page_text: We, The Anglo-American Brush Electric Light Corporation, Limited, carrying
on business at 112 Belvedere Road, Lambeth, in the County of Surrey seek leave
to amend the Specification of Letters Patent N° 2003* of 1878, as shown in red
ink in the Copy of the original Specification hereunto annexed:-
Our reasons for making this amendment are as follows:-
1. That there are doubts whether the claims sought to be struck out have not
been anticipated by previous publication in England.
2. That there are doubts whether the second Claim in its present form is not too
wide and whether the Claim so far as it relates to armatures in which the parts
are only partially insulated from one another has not been anticipated by previous
publication in England.
3. That there are clerical errors in the Specification as previously amended, which
we are desirous of correcting.
4. That the title should be amended in accordance with the proposed amendment
in the Specification.
5. The said Letters Patent were assigned to the above named Anglo-American
Brush Electric Light Corporation Limited by Indenture bearing date the 27th day
of January 1881 duly registered in the Patent Office.
nd thin Lith day of February 1885

page_text: In the Matter of an Application by The Anglo-American Brush Electric Light
Corporation, Limited, for leave to further amend the Specification No. 2003
of 1878:

page_text: MEMORANDUM OF ALTERATION AND DISCLAIMER entored by the
Anglo American Brush Electric Light Corporation Limited, of 74, Hatton
Garden, in the City of London, the assignees of the said Letters Patent,
pursuant to the Statutes in that case made and provided.
WHEREAS Letters Patent bearing date the Eighteenth day of May One
thousand eight hundred and seventy eight and Nod 2003, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR THE GENERATION AND APPLICATION OF
ELECTRICITY FOR LIGHTING PLATING AND OTHER PURPOSES," a communication
from abroad by Charles Brush, of Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, were
granted to Herbert John Haddan his executors administrators and assigns for
the term of fourteen years next ensuing and to which Letters Patent a Specifi-
cation was duly filed And whereas by an indenture bearing date the Twelfth day
of December One thousand eight hundred and seventy nine and duly filed in the
Great Seal Patent Office the said Herbert John Haddan assigned to the Anglo
American Electric Light Company Limited the aforesaid Letters Patent
whereas by an indenture dated the Twenty seventh day of January One thousand
eight hundred and eighty one and duly filed in the Great Seal Patent Office the
And

page_text: sand Anglo American Electric Light Company Limited assigned the said Letters
Patent to the Anglo American Brush Electric Light Corporation Limited And
whereas since the date of the said Letters Patent and of the filing of the
Specification thereto it has been discovered that certain parts of the said
Specification are of doubtful novelty and the Anglo American Brush Electric
Light Corporation Limited the assignees of the said Leiters Patent are desirous
of entering a Disclaimer and Memorandum of Alteration of the Specification which
was duly filed to such Letters Patent as aforesaid. Now know all men that the
Light
A
said Anglo American Brush Electric Corporation Limited therefore disclaim
from the said Specification reference being had to the Queen's. Printers' printed
copy thereof third edition in line 30 11 the words "16. The protected
"carbon substantially as described " and all those words on page 2 line 17
commencing and being "sixth In carbon" down to and inclusive of the words
"with lamp or regulator" which appear in line 19 on page 2. also all those words on
page 12. line 54. commencing and being "the sixth division" down to and inclusive
of the words "increased resistance produced" which appear in line il on page 13
And the said Specification when so amended by Disclaimer and Memorandum of
Alteration will read as follows
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME I HERBERT
JOHN HADDAN of the Firm of Herbert and Company Solicitors of Patents, of
67, Strand in the City of Westminster, Civil Engineer, sond greeting. WHEREAS
Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria by Her Letters Patent bearing date
the Eighteenth day of May in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred
and seventy eight in the forty first year of Her reign did for Herself Her heirs
and successors give and grant unto me the said Herbert John Haddan Her
special license that I the said Herbert John Haddan my executors admini-
strators and assigns or such others as I the said Herbert John Haddan my
executors administrators and assigns should at any time agree with and no
others from time to time and at all times thereafter during the torm therein
expressed should and lawfully might make use exercise and vend within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland the Channel Islands and Isle of
Man, an "Invention for IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR THE GENERATION AND
APPLICATION OF ELECTRICITY FOR LIGHTING PLATING AND OTHER PURPOSES
a communication to me from abroad by Charles Brush of Cleveland Ohio United
States of America, upon the condition (amongst others) that I the sail Herbert
John Haddan my executors or administrators by an instrument in writing under
my or their or one of their hands and seals should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention and in what manner the same was
to be performed and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent. NOW KNOW YE that I the said Herbert John Haddan do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention and in what manner the same is to be
performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement.
33
My Invention relates to electric apparatus for the generating of electricity and
for its application and use in electro-plating and in the production of electric light,
and for any other purpose to which electricity may be applied. In stating wherein
my Invention consists it may be separated into the following divisions-First,
the general form of my dynamo-electric machine Second. A peculiar form and
character of revolving armature-Third. A peculiar form of commutator Fourth. A
peculiar manner of disposing and arranging the insulated wires and current
conductors of the machine Fifth. In a regulator or lamp for generating electric
light from the current evolved in the dynamo-machine. I will now proceed to
describe and specify seriatim my Inventions as set forth in the above divisions,
the figures and letters referred to in each being entirely independent of each
oth. The first division of my Invention relates to magneto electric machines or

page_text: apparatus for the conversion of mechanical into electric energy and consists of
improvements in the armature and in the arrangement of cominutators. In the
Drawing, Figure 1 represents a vertical section, through its axis of a convenient
form of apparatus involving my said improvements-Figure 2 shows a vertical
section across its axis of the ame-Figure represents the armature with grooves
or depressions at right angles to its axis-Figures 4 and 5 show four modifications
of the same. Figure 6. shows a perspective view of the commutator cylinder
complete Figure 7. shows the same when developed-Figure 8 shows a developed
commutator provided with double the number of segments shown in Figure 7.
used when each section of wire of the armature is connected with two opposite
segments each section provided with its own pair of segments-Figure 9 represents
a commutator wherein the strips of metal are arranged on the cylinder in a direc
tion parallel with its axis-Figure 10 represents a perspective view of the armature
and commutator cylinder E, both on the shaft, with the sections of wire on the
armature connected with the segments of metal on said cylinder, the first or last
ends of diametrically opposite sections joinal together and the remaining ends
only attached to opposito segments-Figure 11 shows two diametrically opposito
sections and segments, both detached, wherein the first and last ends of each section
are connected with opposite segments-Figure 12 represents a section and two
segments all detached showing how the first and last ends of a section are joined
to opposite segments-Figure 13 represents a number of sections on an armature
and commutator cylinder the sections being connected together in a continuous
series and joined to the segments-Figure 14 shows a side view of the magnetic
pole pieces in segmental form-Figure 15 represents an annular armature without
grooves wound with a series of sections of wire connected together in a continuous
series Figure 16 is a plan view of the armature provided with sections of wire
wound in grooves (shown in Figure 3)-Figure 17 shows a modified arrangement
of commutator cylinder and brushes or plates for collecting the electric current-
Figure 18 shows still another modified arrangement of commutator cylinder
and brushes or plates for collecting the electric current-Figure 19 represents
11) armature without grooves wherein
the diametrically opposite sections
with which said armature is wound have their first or last ends connected
together and their remaining ends attached to diametrically opposite segments-
Figure 20 represents modifications of grooved armatures in which the grooves are
placed obliquely instead of at right angles to the circumferential length of the
armature-figure 21 ropresents a grooved armature in which the magnetic pole
pieces are presented to the armature on three sides of its magnetic axis-The best
forms of magneto electric apparatus at present before the public are unnecessarily
bulky heavy and expensive and are more or less wasteful of mechanical power-
By means of the improved apparatus described hereafter a given result may be
obtained with a less bulk and weight and with a smaller cost than
any other
similar apparatus in use. The loss or waste of mechanical force is also reduced
to a minimum. These results are obtained by means of a new and improved form of
armature and a peculiar arrangement of commutators or conductors for collecting the
electric current generated in the bobbins or sections of wire carried by the armature.
The armature A (shown in plan in Figure 16) is of iron or other magnetic
substance; it is in the form of a ring or endless ban 1, and is attached to a hub B
of suitable material, provided with any convenient number of spokes as shewn.
This hub is rigidly attached to the shaft which when driven by the pulley D
or by means of a crank, in case hand power is used, causes the armature to revolve
111 its own plane. The armature instead of having a uniform cross section
throughout its circumferential length as is customary with annular armatures, is
provided with grooves or depressions in a direction at right angles with its
magnetic axis or length. These grooves are wound full of insulated copper wire
in the manner shown-The sections of wire thus formed may be of any suitable
number, according to the use for which the machine is designed, eight being shown
With

page_text: in the Drawing. The advantage of winding the wire on the armature in grooves
or depressions in the latter is two fold-First. The projecting portion of the
armature between the sections of wire may be made to revolve very close to the
poles NN and S S of the magnets from which the magnetic force is derived,
thus utilising the inductive force of the latter to a much greater extent than is
possible in the case of annular armatures ordinarily used which are entirely
covered with wire, and therefore cannot be brought very near the magnets.
Second Owing to the exposure of a very considerable portion of the armature to
the atmosphere, the heat, which is always developed by the rapidly succeeding
magnetizations and demagnetizations of armatures in motion, is rapidly dissipated
by radiation and convection. In the ys of aranat entirely covered with
wire the escape of heat is very slow, so that they must be run at a comparatively
low rate of speed, with corresponding effect in order to prevent injurious heating.
It is obvions that the depression or grooves in the armaturo in which the wire is
wound may extend entirely around its section, or may be made only on the outer
side parallel with the axis of rotation. In this last case the poles of the magnet
would be presented to this part of the armature. It is equally obvious that the
cross section of the armature may be of other forms than the parallelogram
shown. The armature may be made of a uniform ring or band of iron or a
bundle of iron wire, ribbon, or series of parallel discs with the iron projecting
between the sections of copper wire, fastened on by any suitable means or it
may be made of a single piece of soft cast iron which is the most practical
method In Figure 11 diametrically opposite sections have their first (or can
have their last) ends joined together and their remaining ends conected with two
segments of metal of the commutator cylinder E which is carried by the shaft U
and is of insulating material. The two metal segments are placed diametrically
opposite each other on the cylinder and are each of a length less than half the
circumference of the latter thus exposing the insulating cylinder in two placos
diametrically opposite each other and alternating with the metal segments. The two
segments say and S7 corresponding to sections 3 and 7 of wire hold a position
on the cylinder in advance of those of the preceding sections S and S to the
same angular extent that the sections 3 and 7 in question are in advance of
sections 2 and 6. In this arrangement the number of segments is equal to the
number of sections, each segment being connected with but one section. The first
and last ends of each section can, however be attached to two diametrically
opposite segments, the commutator cylinder in that case being constructed with
double the number of segments as in the former case thus making the number
of segments double the number of sections as shown in Figures 8 and 12.
Figure 7 shows the commutator developed showing the arrangement of metal
segments on the same, and the manner in which they are connected with the
section's wire. Each segment S. is insulated from its neighbors and has a wire
soldered to its under side and extending under but insulated from any segments
which may be in front of it. Evidently the segments belonging to any one section
of wire occupy the same position on the cylinder circumferentially as those of the
sections diametrically opposite the given section, as shewn in Figure 8. Henco
each pair of segments may be made common to two opposite sections of wires,
thus making the number of segments the same as the number of sections instead
of double as in the former case. This simplified arrangement is shown in
Figure 11. Thus, the wires 1. 2. 3, &c. represents the different segments and
appear at equal distances around the cylinder. All the sections or bobbins of wire
on the armatura being wound in the same direction, one section will have its first
and last end connected respectively with wires 2. and . while the opposite section
will be similarly connected with 6 and 2. Two metallic plates or brushes F,
Figure 2. insulated from each other, pass press lightly upon cylinder at opposite
points, so selected that while each section of wire on the armature is passing from
one neutral point to the other, the corresponding segments on the cylinder will be
in contact with them. These plates or brushes coliect the currents of electricity

page_text: generated by the revolution of the armature, one being positive and the other
negative-When the section of wire is passing the neutral points on the armature
the plates F. are in contact with the insulating material of the cylinder between
the corresponding segments, thus cutting the section which is at the time useless,
out of the circuit altogether. The necessity of thus insulating each section from
brushes or plates F. during the time it is inactive becomes obvious when we consider
that if this was not done the idle section would afford a passage for the current
generated in the active sections and divert it from its proper channel. During the
time a section or bobbin is passing from one neutral point of the armature to the
next one, an electric impulse, constant in direction, but varving in electro-motive
force, is induced in it. This electro-motive force, starting from nothing at the
neutral point quickly increases to nearly its maximum, and remains almost constant
until the section is near the next neutral point, when it rapidly falls to zero as the
neutral point is reached. The insulating spaces are made of such a length that a
section or bobbin is cut out of the circuit, not only when it is at the nentral points,
but also during the time when its electro motive force is rising and falling at the
beginning and end of an impulse. If the insulating space is too short, so as to
keep or bring a section in the circuit while its electro motive forco is low, then the
curront from the other sections, being of superior electro motive force, will overcome
this weak current, and discharge a portion of itself (an amount expressed by the
If the insulating spaces
difference of the electro-motive force) through this section
A suital le
are a little longer than necessary no material inconvenience results.
length for practical purposes is ensily determined experimentally. It is found in
practice that the neutral points of the armature in motion are considerably in a ivance
of their theoretical position, this circumstance being doubtless due to the fact that some
time is required to saturate any point of the armature with magnetism, so that it is
really carried beyond the point of greatest magnetic intensity of the field before
receiving its maximum charge. It is neros-ary to aljust the commutator cylin ler
on the revolving shaft of the machine with special referenc: to the neutral points
of the armature when in motion in order that its insulating space may correspond
with said neutral points. This adjustment is made experimentally as follows:-
The commutator cylinder having been placed approximately in its proper position
the machine is started, and the presence or absence of sparks at the points of
contact between the brushes or plates F. and commutator cylinder is noted. If
sparks occur the commutator cylinder is turned slightly forward or backward on
its axis as experiment may indicate until the sparks nearly or quite disappear.
The presence of sparks when the commutator is oven slightly out of its proper
position is easily explained. If a break between a pair of segments and the
brushes F occurs while the corresponding section of wire on the armature is still
active, a spark is produced by the interruption of the current, while if the break
occurs too late the section in question will have become neutral and then
commenced to conduct the current from the active sections, and the interruption
of this passage causes a spark in this instance. If the commutator is much
removed from its proper position in either direction the sparks are so great as to
very rapidly destroy both the commutator and the brushes while the external
current from the machine is correspondingly diminished. It will be seen that with
the arrangement above described, where the first and last ends of each of two
diametrically opposite sections are attached to two opposite segments, the intensity
of the induced electric current will be that due to the length of wire in a single
section only, while the quantity will be directly as the number of sections. By
doubling the size of each bobbin and diminishing their number one half a current
of double the intensity and one half the quantity of the former will be obtained.
This effect however can be secured in another manner by connecting the first and
last ends of the two opposite sections together, and joining the remaining ends only
to two opposite segments, as illustrated in Figure 10. This arrangement I find
most convenient in practice. It is obvious when I employ an armature, either with
or without grooves, and wind that armature with the sections of wire, the wires

page_text: is
of each section or pair of sections combined with the commutator, that these sections
form in fact a series of separate and distinct bobbins that are not connected into
a single or continuous bobbin. The arrangement of the cylinder E. with segments S.
may be replaced by another as follows: The last end of one section and the first
end of the succeeding one may be connected with a strip of metal attached to the
cylinder E. parallel with its axis. These metallic strips or conductors are equal in
number to the sections of wire on the armature, and are insulated from each other.
The plates F press upon the cylinder in this case at points corresponding to the
neutral points of the armature, thus being at right angles with their position in the
first arrangement-This plan which is the one commonly used with annular
armatures gives fair results, hat is -nhjeet to a serious disadvantage from which the
first is free. The difficulty in this :- -The sections of wire when at or near the neutral
points of the armature contribute little or no useful effect, but the current from
the other sections must pass through these in order to reach the plate F, thus
experiencing a considerable and entirely useless resistance and owing to the opposite
directions of the currents through the entire sections on opposite sides of the neutral
points, these currents by passing through the idle sections tend strongly to produce
consequent" points in the armature where the neutral points should be, thus
interfering seriously with the theoretical distribution of the armature's magnetism.
The first described arrangement of commutators on the cylinder E may be employed
with marked advantage over the other form in combination with annular armatures
of the ordinary kind, that is those not provided with grooves or depressions for the
reception of the "sections" of wire. In Figure 17 the strips of the commutator
cylinder are arranged on the same in a direction parallel with its axis, and the current
is taken off by a series of plates or brushes equal in number to the strips of metal :
said plates or brushes attached to two curved plates arranged diametrically opposite
each other. In Figure 18 the segments of the commutator cylinder are arranged
in the same in pairs, placed diametrically opposite each other, each pair occupying
a different position longitudinally but the same position circumferentially and the
current is taken off by an arrangement of brushes or plates similar to that shown
in Figure 17, each pair of oppositely placed brushes or plates however necessarily
occupying a different position longitudinally with regard to the cylinder. The two
arrangements thus described and illustrated in Figures 17 and 18 may be substi-
tuted for the arrangement shown in the Drawing. The commutator cylinder may
be turned ninety degrees on its axis, while the armature remains stationary, so
that the "sections" would stand at right angles with regard to the segments. The
position of the brushes would have to be changed accordingly in that case. The
electro-magnets H are excited by the whole or a portion of the electric curront
derived from the revolving armature as is usual in apparatus of this kind, the
novel feature of this part of the machine consisting of the manner in which the
magnetic poles are presented to the armature; this arrangement is such that a very
large proportion of the entire surface of the armature is constantly presented to the
poles of the magnets thus securing uniformity of magnetization as well as maximum
amount. The iron segments N. S. (shown in Figure 14) constitute the poles of the
magnets H and are arranged on both sides of the armature, as shewn in Figure 1
thus securing the advantages enumerated above. Obviously the pieces N. N. or
S. S. may be connected together at their outer edges, thus formning one piece and
enclosing the armature still more-This arrangement is, in fact adopted by the
inventor for small machines, inasmuch as one electro magnet may thus be used
instead of two, the effect being the same only less in degree while the construction
of the machine is simplified. Of course permanent steel magnets may be employed
in these machines, instead of electro magnets, and this substitution is advisable in
small hand machines. The arrangement of magnetic poles above described may
also be applied to annular armatures having no depressions or grooves, but con-
sisting of a plain uniformn ring of iron or bundle of iron wire, with its greatest length
of cross section parallel with its plane of rotation; this form of apparatus gives

page_text: excellent results as compared with old forms. The second division of my Invention
refers to split or grooved armatures and it consists-First. In so splitting or dividing
the armature, and insulating its parts from each other as to practically or entirely
prevent the induction of current in the same when it is revolved in the magnetic
field, thus eliminating the principal source of heat and waste of power in such
armatures-Second (When the armature is of such pattern to make it desirable), in
perforating portions of the same both for the purpose of removing superfluous stock
of metal and to increase the heat radiating surface and thus favor the dissipation
of the heat, which is always generated in armatures when in service, and due to the
rapidly changing magnetism. In the Drawings Figure 1 represents in perspective
one form of annular armature constructed according to my Invention; and Figuro 2
represents a cross section of the same. In both the above Figures the armature is
shewn naked of its wire, and disconnected from the other parts of the machine. I
prefer to construct the armature from cast iron, although in this respect I do not
limit myself in any degree, as any suitable metal may be used. The armature is
constructed substantially as shown in the Drawing, and consists primarily of two
posts parts A, A¹. firmly secured together with any suitable insulating material E
interposed between them. B represents an annular "groove formed upon one or
both sides of the arinature, and for reasons which will appear,
there may be more
of these grooves than are shown, if desirable; C. C, are depressions in the
armature, which in the completed machine are wound full of insulated wire;
D, D, are holes piercing the armature from its periphery to the annular grooves B.
and are provided for the purpose already specified. When this armature is revolved
(in its own plane) in a suitable magnetic field, electric currents will be induced in
a direction at right angles to its circumferential length, and will traverse the wire
wound in the depressions C. It will now be obvious that if such armaturo is mado
of one solid piece of metal the induced currents will also circulate in the armature
itself, thereby wasting a large portion of the inductive effect of the magnetic field,
and rapidly heating the armature. The insulating material E. prevents the passage
of these currents around the entire cross section of the armature, and confines them
in greatly diminished force to each half of the cross section; these diminished
currents are again checked by the grooves B (which may properly be regarded as
insulating air spaces) on the principle that if an electric circuit is broken in one
point the entire current is stopped. The passage of the current is thus confined to
each quarter of the armature's cross section, and thus becomes so reduced as to be
insignificant. It will now be obvions that the insulating material E may be
replaced by a deep groove G (as shown by Figure 3 of the Drawing) thus leaving
the metal of the armature in a single piece and still accomplishing the desired end.
Another modification would be to construct the body of the armature from separate
concentric rings insulated from each other, placed one within another and thus
secured. The third division of my Invention relates to my peculiar commutator,
which consists in the following construction:-This commutator is another form of
the device already specified in division one of this Specification, and in some
points is an improvement thereon in point of mechanical construction, simplicity,
durability, and facility of repair, and inasmuch as the essential characteristics and
principal of operation of this form of commutator and that specified in the above
named division one are the same, I shall refer for a full understanding of my
present division to said division one instead of again entering into a more specific
description than is required to point out the mechanical differences between it and
the form shown in division one. In the Drawings Figure 1 is a developed view
of my present commutator. Figure 2 is a copy for purpose of convenient com-
parison with my present commutator of Figure 7. of the Drawings shewn in
division 1 which shews a developed view of my said former commutator. Figure 3
is a view in cross section of the device developed in Figure 1. Figure 4. shows a
detached portion of my present device as developed, and in end elevation. S, S,
le

page_text: 19
or
represent the conducting plates or segments of the commutator that connect with
the different bobbins on the armature on the same planes as set forth in my said
division 1. T, T, are insulating segments intervening between the ends of the
conducting segments S, S; R represents separate metallic plates of sub-segments
to which are attached the wearing segments S, T ; P is a hub or cylinder of wood
or any suitable non-conducting material which serves as a carrier and as means of
attachment to the entire commutator and is made of suitable length style and
dimensions to suit this object; 0, 0, are the hobbin wires that connect between
the armature and commutator segments in the same manner as shown in my said
former division 1. It will be first noticed that I have dispensed with one half of
my original number of insulating segments T (corresponding to the "insulateding
spaces "in said division 1) for the sufficient reason that I have found them to be
practically unnecessary, as it is obvious that when the "brush or plate F" is
insulated from a pair of segments S. by a segment T. the electric circuit through
the corresponding bobbin or bobbins on the armature is just as effectually inter-
rupted as if the other "brush F" was also insulated from the seguents S. In
my present device the insulating segments T. are composed of the same metal,
preferably copper, on account of its durability and good conducting quality as
the segments S, but being insulated from the pair of segments between whose
ends it is located, a segment T performs the function of an insulating material
so far as its particular pair of segments is concerned. I prefer to make the
insulating segments T of the same material as the segments S, both for the sake of
facility of construction and to insure a uniformity of wear over the entire face of
the commutator. It will next be observed (in Figure 4) that any insulating
segment T. may if desired be united to the side and form part of an adjoining
segment S. Such a union will obviously not interfere with the function of a
segment T. as an insulator so far as concerns the pair of segments S. between
whose ends it is placed. Such a construction I prefer simply for the purpose of
securing the segments S, T, more firmly in proper position. Beneath the
segments S, T, are the bases or sub-segments R. corresponding in fashion and
location to the segments S. T. above them. The segments R. are secured to the
hab, P, by suitable scrows, or the like, substantially as shewn in Figure 3 of the
Drawings and to said segments It are attached the bobbin wires O in any suitable
manner to insure good electrical connection as shewn in Figure 4. The segments S
are secured to the sub-segments R by peculiarly shaped screws K, as shown in
Figure 3. It will be seen that the bearing portions of the heads of the screws is are
near the lower side of the segments, S, while the heads above their bearing portion
are cylindrically elongated until they reach the outer surface of the commutator,
with whose face they are evenly dressed and finished. By this peculiar construction
of screws K. the segments S, T, may be worn nearly through and still be firmly
held in position, while an even surface in the location of said screws will be
presented. By providing the sub-segments, R, and detachably affixing thereto the
segments S, T, it will readily appear that when worn or damaged the said
segments S, T, may be easily renewed without any disturbance of the sub-segments
and their wire connections with the armature of the machine. I desire it to be
understood that the insulators, T, need not of necessity be metallic; they may be of
any other suitable non-conducting substance, or if desirable, be mere spaces,
exposing the hub P, in case the segments S, are thin. It will be apparent that the
space separating the ends of the segments, S, opposite to the insulator, T, is merely
for the purpose of insulating the segments S, from each other and not from the
brush or plate F, and are therefore not intended in any manner to perform the
functions of in insulators T. Division, 4, of my Invention has for its object the
maintenance in dynamo electric machines of a "magnetic field" while the machine
is running, whether the external circuit is closed or open in dynamo electric
the

page_text: "
machines as ordinarily constructed. In dynamo electric machines as ordinarily
constructed no magnetic field is maintained when the external circuit is opened
except that due to residual magnetism hence the electro motive force developed by
the machine in this condition is very feeble. It is only when the external circuit
is closed through a resistance not too large that powerful currents are developed,
owing to the strong magnetic field produced by the circulation of the currents
themselves around the field magnets. Such machines are not well adapted to
certain kinds of work, notably that of electro plating. For this purpose a machine
arranged to do a large quantity of work at one operation may fail entirely to do a
small quantity, because of the comparatively high external resistance involved in
the latter case, and the low electro motive force of the machine at the start. Again
it is well known that during the process of electro plating a very considerable
electro motive force is developed in the plating bath in a direction opposed to the
current from the dynamo-electric machine. If now the current is momentarily
weakened, by accident or otherwise, its magnetic field, and consequently its
electro motive force are correspondingly reduced. If the latter falls below
the electro motive force of the bath it will be overcome by it and the
machine will have the direction of its current reversed. This accident often
happens with plating machines, and is a sourco of much annoyance.
It will
now be obvious that if even a moderately strong magnetic field be constantly
maintained within the machine both of the above described difficulties will be
eliminated. Other useful applications of a permanent field " machine will
readily suggest themselves. I attain my object by diverting from external
work a portion of the current of the machine, and using it either alone or in
connection with the rest of the current for working the field magnets. I prefer
the latter plan of the two just above mentioned especially for electro plating
machines. If now the external circuit be broken entirely the magnetic field will, in
the former plan just mentioned, remain unimpaired; and in the latter plan will
remain sufficiently strong to effect the desired end. In applying my Invention to
dynamo electric machines, 1 wind the cores of the field magnets with a suitable
quantity of a comparatively fine wire, having a high resistance in comparison with
that of the external circuit, and the rest of the wire in the machine. The ends of
this wire are so connected with other parts of the machine that when the latter
is running a current of electricity constantly circulates in said wire, whether the
external circuit be closed or not. The high resistance of this wire prevents the
passage through it of more than a small proportion of the whole current capable of
being evolved by the machine; therefore the available external current is not
materially lessoned. When this device, which I have called ** tensor " is used in
connection with field magnets, also wound with coarse wire (as shown in Figure 1
of the Drawings) for the purpose of still further increasing the magnetic field by
employing the main current for this purpose in the usual manner then the
may he so arranged that the current which passes through it will also
circulite in the coarse wire thus increasing the efficiency of the device. This
arrangement illustrating one of the most prominent applications of my Invention
is shewn in Figure 1 of the Drawings. Instead of the teaser and helix F being
constructed from wire of different gauges the size of the wire may be alike in both
or the teaser wire may be coarser than the principal magnet wire but in these
cases the waste of current through the teaser would be excessive leaving com-
paratively little for use in the external circuit. Instead of the magnet being
surrounded with both teaser and ordinary helix F the latter may be omitted and
the teaser increased in guage and length (thus still maintaining its resistance)
until it will of itself maintain sufficient magnetic field. This modified form form
of machine is shown in Figure 5 of the Drawings. I will now proceed to describe
the construction of one or more forms of device embodying my Invention. In the
Drawings Figure 1 represents in plan view a portion of a dynamo electric machine
teaser
яц

page_text: showing one of its magnetic helices partially wound and so arranged as to exhibit
the "teaser" and helix F also to show one form of arranging the currents of the
teaser and main wire. Figure 2 is the same showing however a modified arrange-
ment of the currents of teaser and main wire. Figure 3 shows a modified method
of applying the teaser by wrapping it upon the outside of the main helix instead
of within it as shown in Figure 1. Figure 4 shows another modified form of
teaser where it may be wrapped around the magnet alongside and independent
of the main helix. Figure 5 shows shows another modified form of my device in
which the main belix F is omitted and the magnet clothe only with the teaser.
A. A. represent the hase and standards of a dynamo electric machine, A' A' are
bearings in which revolves the shaft that carries the armature and commutator
cylinder B is one arm of a field magnet of which said magnets there are two in
such a machine as here shown one upon either side of the revolving armature;
.. are metallic brushes for collecting the current from the commutator cylinder
and conducting the sume down through their supports to suitable connections
where it is disposed of according to the arrangement of the circuits; D D₁ aro
binding posts representing the positive and negative poles of the machine from
which proceed the wires or other conductor for conveying said current to its place
of application; E represents the "tenser." already sufficiently described as far as
the principles of its application and operation are concerne i. It therefore
only remains to explain a few of various modifications in the manner of
applying said teaser and the arrangement of the currents. As shown in the
Drawings the teaser E is first wrapped say in two courses around the core of the
magnet B and the main helix or wire F is wound outside and independent of the
teaser. One end of the teaser wire is connected with the binding post D and
brush C and the other with the post. D¹. The main helix wire F passes from the
post D¹ to which it is connected to the magnet core around which it forms a helix
and finally connects with the brush C; thus arranged the current will be as
follows, while the external circuit is closed. Tracing it from brush it divides
itself between the external circuit and the teaser inversely as their respective
resistances and again uniting into an undivided current at the post. D¹ it passes on
through the helix F to the brush C. If now the external circuit be opened tho
reduced current consequently evolved by the machine will take the following
course by which it will be clearly perceived how in such case a permanent
magnetic field is maintained. (The same conditions would obtain if the machine
were to be originally started on an open external circuit.) Tracing now the current
from the brush it passes through the tear teaser E around its helical portion
down to binding post D1 where it meets the wire F of the main helix through
which it passes around the magnet and finally to the brush C. This arrangement
of circuits as shown in Figure 1, while for many purposes preferable on account
of the increased amount of current convolutions passed around the magnets is not
the only one that will prove effective in carrying out and embodying my said
Invention. Such an arrangement of current as shewn in Figure 2 will serve an
operative purpose. In this form the teaser instead of connecting with the
wire F at the binding Das hereinbefore specified takes the following course,
commencing commencing say at its connection with the brush C and post D it
proceeds to describe a helix around the magnet and then terminates in its
connection with brush C. It is not at all essential that the teaser be wrapped
around the magnet underneath the wire F. A variety of methods would be equally
as operative as the above, the essential object being that the tearser wire shall
form a helix around the field magnet, and this may be accomplished in many ways,
among which may be mentioned that illustrated in Figure 3 of the Drawings,
where the teaser is wrapped outside the helix F, also that shown in Figure 4
where the teaser is wrapped alongside the helix F, forming a separate and
independent section or helix. Figure 5 of the Drawing is designed to show the
arrangement of the current when the wire F is omitted as herein before described,

page_text: in which case the magnets are wound only with the teaser
the
The fifth division
of my Invention relates to regulators or electric light mechanism, and it consists
in the following specified device or its equivalent, whereby-the-carbon sticks
Henally employed are automatically adapted and kept in such position and relation
to each other that a continuous and effective light shall be had without the
necessity of any manual interference. In the Drawings Figure 1 is n view in
longitudinal section of a device-embodying my Invention. Figure is a detneked
view shewing my ring clamp and lifter as it appears while not in operation;
Figure 3 the same as it appears while in operation: Figure 4 is a detached view
showing my improved carbon holder + Figure 5-comprehends-a few of various
modifientions of which my Invention is susceptible without a departure-from-the
spirit and principles thereof; Figure--represents a form in which my Invention may
be applied to a lamp that moves both of its carbons. I will now describe the device
shown in Figure 1. A is a helix of insulated wire said helix being in the form of
a tube or hollow-eylinder resting upon-an-insulated plate A'-upheld by the metallie
post or standard E. Within the cavity of the helix A is contained the iron-core C
and the red B-which-passes loosely through the core C. The core ( is also made
to move very freely within the envity of the helix A and it is partially-supported
within the cavity of said helix by means of the springs whose tension is regulated
by-the-set-screws (". These springs push-upward agniust enrenttnched to the core t
D is a ring of metal (preferably such as will not be attracted by the magnet)-SHP-
rounding the red B-just below the core C. One edge of the ring ) is over a lifting
tongue-C or its equivalent which is attached to the core C while-,-opposite-edge
of the said ring is a short distance below the crown of an adjustable set screw-D¹-
This arrangement is susceptible of various modifications and suitable means of any
description may be employed whereby one point of the ring D may be lifted in
such a way as to clamp the red-B while a limit is placed to its upward movement
or to the upward movement of the core C. The standard-or-support E (which may
also net-as-a-conductor) is fastened to a suitable buse H to which base is also
attached the mechanism for holding the carbon E. This mechanism consists of n
support- terminating in a part similar in construction-to-the-part B' The lower
part of this support is bent at a right an de and rests upon the base H, and is
fastened to snid base by the thumb or set cerew or any equivalent device. It is
necessary that the carbons F FI should, in necurate opposition to each other, and to
nocomplish this the set screw Q' is made-to-inss-through a hole in the support (1
considerably larger than the shaft of the said surew. It will thus readily appear
that when the set screw (i' is loosened the support (may moved about until its
carbon '-shall properly present towards the carbon-1, when it may be- ccured in
proper position by lightening the screw (i). Now if one pole of a battery or other
suitable source of electricity being attached to the support (I' while the other pole
is connected to the support E-the-electric current passes from the latter through
the helix A red B and carbon: FF down to the support (thus completing the
circuit. The core (by force of the axial magnetism thus created is drawn-up
within the cavity of the helix, and by means of the finger (it lifts one edge of
the ring until by its angular infringement against the red B it clamps said rod
and also lifts it up to a distance limited by the adjustable-stop D' while the ring
retaine this angular relation with the infringement against the rod B suid rod
will be firmly retained and prevented from moving through the said ring. The
adjustable-stop-D' is fixed so that it shall arrest the lifting of the rod when
the carbons FF' are sufficiently separated from each other. While the electric
current is not passing the red B can slide readily through the loose ring 9 and the
core C, and it will be readily seen that in this condition the simplest force of
gravit; will eause the carbon 5 to rest down upon the carbon ', thus bringing
the various parts of the device into the position of "closed eirenit." Now if a
-04-

page_text: current of electricity is passed through the apparatus it will instantly operate-as
just explained, to lift the rod B and thus separate the-carbons FF and produce
the electric light. The tension of the springs-c-is so adjusted by means of the
serews-c-or equivalent, that ther together with magnetic attraction of the helix
shull he just-sufficient to support the core ( rod B and carbon Fin-the position
described for producing light. As the carbons burn away, thus increasing the length
of the voltaic are, the electric enrrent diminishes in-strength owing to the increased
resistance. This weakens the magnetism of the helix-and-nccordingly the core
Fod and carbon moved downward by the force of gravity until the-consequent
shortening of the voltaic are increases-the-strength of the current and stops this
downward movement. After time however the clutch ring 1) will rench-its-floor
or support and its downward movement will be arrestel. Now any downward
movement of the core (however slight will at once affect the red B-allowing it
to slide through the ring I until it is arrested by the downward movement of the
core due to the increased magnetism. In continued operation the normal
position of the ring 1) is in contact with its lower support, the-office-of-the
core being to regulate the sliding of the rod B-through it. If however the rod
necidentally slides too far it will be instantly and untomatically raised again-ns ut
first and the carbon points thus-continued in proper relation to each other. The
rod B may be of such length that the longest carbon sticks may be employed, and
with the device thus described I experience no-difficulty whatever in consuming
a-carbon stick of any length and obtaining a continuous and very effective-light
without the least manual interference. The carbon holder here shown-which-I
consider-to-be-novel consists essentially of a split cylinder having a square or
angular envity. One of the pieces is attached to the rod B (or standard ) while
the other part is loosed and is constructed to rest on a stirrup B². A screw pussing
through the stirrup B' serves to clamp and bind the carbon between-the-two
parts just specified. I do not limit myself narrowly to the ring Dus-other-devices
might be employed whie's would accomplish the same result. Any device may be
used which while, current-of-electricity is not passing through the helix A will
permit the rod B to more freely up and down but which when a current of
electricity is passed through the helix will by, rising the core C-operate both
to clump and to raise the red-B and thereby separate the carbon points F F
and retain them in proper relation to each other. Various deviers may be used
whereby the base I may be shifted or dispensed with; for instance it may be
attached in such a manner as that it may be fastened to a wall or post, or it may be
placed above-the-light in such a manner as that mechanism shall be suspended from
-or-ne chown in Figure 5 the base H-may be placed above the light and sus-
pended from the hooks, so as to be readily movable if desired, and these two sHS-
pending hooks may form the positive and negative poles of the apparatus and the
hooks or eyelets to which they are swing or attached may be positive-und-negative
Holes of the electric-apparatus, thue the mere suspension of the lamps will put it
within the electric circuit ready for operation. These variations-are-desirable-when
the device is to be used for illuminating purposes in such positions that the base H
would east an objectionable shadow. When the light is desired-to-be-used in
lighthouses or for projecting images &e, through lenses it is necessary that the
point of illumination be kept in one position. In such eases any approximate
means may be employed such as for instance a device for raising and lowering
the entire lamp. If the ring D is employed its opening may be provided either
with sharp or angular edges, or the envity may be bevelled or rounded-ne-shown
in Figure 5. It is entirely immaterial how this ring is constructed so long us it
will act-to-clamp and lift and release the rod us beretofore--specified. I have
thus so far referred my Invention as applicable to a lamp wherein but one of the
carbons are moved, but as it is equally applicable to lamps that move-both carbons
+-
the-
the-
uf

page_text: I will now proceed to demonstrate the same by reference to the modified device
shown in Figure 6. Here A is again the helix; C the core of iron D the
clamping ring grasping a red directly connected to and controlling the-movements
of the rod B holding the curben F; (is-a-ring lifting one edge of the ring D
similarly to the finger (in Figure 1. and the adjustable stop D' is identicnl with
the one heretofore specified. In this modification the motion of the core (
transmitted to rod B-substantially as heretofore described, and the exnet
motion of the rod B' through suitable link and lever connections 11-12-63–7;^
The
is communiented in reverse to the rod B₁ carrying the carbon
operation of this device is similar to that of the device shown at Figure 1.
A current of electricity being passed through the helix A, the cord C is
by force of the axial magnetism thus created drawn up within the cavity of
said helix. The spring S or its equivalent-nets us gravity does in the red-B
shewn in Figure 1 to keep the carbons together, and the force of the mag
netism through the core C resists this tendency of the spring S to draw the
carbon-into-netual contact. The red B in this instance also passes through the
ring D-which-is held in its angular clamping position by the spring C' which is
the equivalent of the finger (Figure 1. adjustable stop D' is in all respects
identical with the-same-element-hereinbefore specified. The ring D in this instance
nets in a similar manner-us heretofore described in governing and controlling the
red B. The main point of difference between the devices shown in Figures + and
is this: in the former one carbon is stationary and the other moves, in the latter
one enrbon holder is moved substantially in the same manner as in the former, but
it is made to impart a similar reverse motion to the holder of the other ourbon by
suitable link and lever-connections. I have practically and thoroughly tested the
two forms of my Invention, us-shown in the devices just specified and in point of
their capacity to consume long carbon sticks and produce a continuons and effective
light without the necessity of manual interference I find them perfect! operative
It may be proper to specify more clearly the link and-lever-connection between the
rods B and B Ench rod is pivotted to a common frame at /. The rod B extends
from the carbon to a point beyond the ring D-having a joint-r, where it is
made to turn beyond the helix A. It is journaled at or near the end of a swinging
lever said lever hinged to the common frame at 6'. The red B-extends from
the carbon to the point 7, where it journals with a link 63, which connects it
with the lever 72 at or near the point of connection of the rod B. It will now
readily be seen that a motion given to either red B or B' will be imported in
reverse to the other. Among the numerous advantages secured by my Invention
as above specified may be enumerated the following: First. By the use of copper
conted carbons it is entirely fensible to employ a lump that moves only its positive
earbon. A waste of the negative carbon is so very slow that the point of illumina-
tion is kept practically at one point for a considerable length of time say one or two
hours, or more; second, carbon sticks of any length may be entirely consumed and
an effective light produced without manual interference; third, whenever the light
is put out the carbon points will certainly be brought into actual contact and in this
condition the lamp will automatically produce the electric light upon the establish-
ment of the electriz-current. This feature of always being in condition to auto-
matically set and continue itself in effective operation 1 consider to be an effect
never-before practically attained although many efforts have been made in that
direction that have been partially successful. Having thus described my Invention,
what I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent is: 1, An annular
armature-constructed from a single solid piece of metal and grooved upon its
periphery of sides of both, substantially as shown in division number two 2, 1, An
annular armature consisting of two or more plates formed with grooved sides or
peripheries or both and insulated either partially or entirely from each other,

page_text: substantially as shown in division number two. 3, 2, A commutator cylinder con-
sisting of an insulating hub or body to which are attached sub-segments placed in
proper electrical connection with the general mechanism in which the commutator
is employed and wearing segments detachably attached to said sub-segments,
substantially as shown in division three. +, 3, The combination of subsegments R
wearing segments S or T and screws K substantially as and for the purposes shown
in division three. ; 4 The commutator having metallic insulating segments T,
substantially as shown in division three. 6, 5, A commutator having metallic iusu-
lating segments T attached to and forming part of the adjoining conducting
segments S, substantially as shown in division three. A commutator having
two conducting segments S, two opposing ends of which said seguents are separated
by an intervening insulator T, the other ends of said segments, while insulated
from each other being closely associated and not provided with an insulator T,
substantially as shown in division three. S, A dynamo-electric machine wherein-a
portion of the current produced or capable of being produced thereby-is-diverted
for the purpose of maintaining a permanent magnetic field, substantially as shown
in division four. A, 7 In a dynamo-electric machine the wire or helix having a
comparatively high resistance and kept in close circuit while the machino is
running, in combination with the magnetic wire or helix F as commonly employed,
substantially as shown in division four. 10, In an electric lump the combination
with the curbon holder and core of a clamp surrounding the carbon holder said
clamp being independent of the core but adapted to be raised by a lifter seenred
thereto, substantially as shown in division five. 11, In an electric lamp the clamp D
or its equivalent by means of which the carbon holder B is firmly held und per
mitted to accurately feed the carbon point us the same is consumed, substantially
as shewn in division-five. 12, In an electric lamp or regulator the combination of
the clump D and adjustable stop D' or their equivalent by means of which the
carbon points are prevented from becoming so for separated as to break the electric
current and extinguish the light, substantially as shown in division five. 13, In-An
electric lamp the combination of core or armature C and the clamp D by means
of which the enarbon-points-are-separated from each other as soon as the electric
current is established and held nsunder during the continuance of the current and
then permitted to come together as soon us the current ceases, substantially as
shewn in division five. 11, in un electric lamp or regulater the combination of the
core-or-armature C, the clamp D, an adjustable stop 1) or their equivalent,
whereby the points of the carbons are separated from each other, when an elee-
trient-ourrent is established and prevented from reparating so far as to break the
current and gradually feed together-us-the-carbons are consumed, substantially
He shewn in-division-five 15. In combination with the core C one or more
sustaining springs-c-or their equivalent substantially as shown in division five.
In witness whereof the said Herbert John Haddan have hereunto set
my hand and seal this Sixteenth day of November, A.D. 1878.
1 TT T TAY
THE ANGLO AMERICAN BRUSH ELECTRIC LIGHT CORPORATION,
LIMITED.

page_text: I hereby grant my fiat giving leave to the above named Anglo American Brush
Electric Light Corporation Limited, as Assignees of the said Letters Patent, to file
in the Office of the Commissioners of Patents for Inventions, with the Specification
to which the same relates the above written Disclaimer and Memorandum of
Alteration.