matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
AN IM- PROVED MANUFACTURE OF STUDS, BUTTONS, ORNAMENTAL PLATES, AND ANALOGOUS ARTICLES USED IN SADDLERY AND HARNESS, UPHOLSTERY, MILITARY EQUIPMENTS, CLOTHING, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES, MAKING THEM EITHER OF ROLLED, CAST, OR WROUGHT METAL, OR OF ANY HARD MATERIAL, SUCH AS HORN, IVORY, GUTTA PERCHA, WOOD OR HARDENED INDIA-RUBBER, AND WITH TWO OR SEVERAL SHANKS OR METAL FASTENING RINGS OR PRONGS
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Edward Gedge at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
10th September 1866.-A communication from abroad by Lorenzo
Salvy, of the Firm of Cesare Trippa, of Bologna, Italy.
I, WILLIAM EDWARD GEDGE, of the Firm of John Gedge and Son,
of No. 11, Wellington Street, Strand, in the County of Middlesex, Patent
Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IM-
PROVED MANUFACTURE OF STUDS, BUTTONS, ORNAMENTAL PLATES, AND ANALOGOUS
ARTICLES USED IN SADDLERY AND HARNESS, UPHOLSTERY, MILITARY EQUIPMENTS,
CLOTHING, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES, MAKING THEM EITHER OF ROLLED, CAST, OR
WROUGHT METAL, OR OF ANY HARD MATERIAL, SUCH AS HORN, IVORY, GUTTA
PERCHA, WOOD OR HARDENED INDIA-RUBBER, AND WITH TWO OR SEVERAL SHANKS
OR METAL FASTENING RINGS OR PRONGS," a communication to me from abroad
by Lorenzo Salvy, of the Firm of Cesare Trippa, of Bologna, Italy, to be as
follows:-
The lower metal plate of a stud made or constructed according to this
Invention is pierced with two holes to receive the prongs of a metal bent fork,
then the two pieces (the plate and the fork) are introduced and fitted into
the cap of the stud, and thus combined are submitted to a strong pressure
which attaches them together, at the same time giving to the cap any desired
impression, as well as the size and shape required. The fork may be of
round, angular, or flat wire, and even of bands more or less wide according to
requirement. To fix this stud on a piece of saddlery the two shanks or

page_text: prongs of the fork instead of spreading apart to their respective sides cross
each other and form (being afterwards flattened) a sort of knot, which will
resist any traction to which the stud may be submitted, and does not permit
the shanks to rise again, and consequently prevents the loss of the stud. The
same process is applicable to the manufacture of studs with double, quadruple,
sextuple, or more shanks, as well as in their adaptation to ornamental plates,
monograms, escutcheons, crowns, flowers, and to cockades, curbs, and other
articles of military equipment and general use. This method is also
applicable for the fittings of ring shanks or fastenings on to metal buttons or
buttons made of any hard material to be used on clothing, with this difference,
that the two ends of the fastening or ring are crossed and flattened between
the lower plate and the cap of the button.
Im- PROVEMENTS IN CRABS OR WINCHES
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Arthur Henry Robinson at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
21st February 1866.
I, ARTHUR HENRY ROBINSON, of 85, Haddington Road, County of Dublin,
in Ireland, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "Im-
PROVEMENTS IN CRABS OR WINCHES," to be as follows:-
In the construction of my improved winch or crab I'employ a frame of cast
or wrought iron to serve as a bed plate to support the side frames of the
machine: This frame may be slotted for that purpose, or the sides may be
attached thereto by bolts, screws, or otherwise. The afore-mentioned side
frames are secured by suitable cross stays at top and in other convenient
positions, and likewise carry suitable bearings for the drum or barrel, on which
is coiled the rope or chain. The crane is fitted at its lower end into a suitable
socket in the bed plate, so that it can be removed when required, and also
passes through a bearing in the top part, or in a top stay if found convenient,.
in such a manner that it can easily revolve for the purpose of depositing the
weight or load at any point within the circumference of its projecting end..
The large driving wheel to which the power is immediately applied is furnished.
with a friction rim or rims, for the purpose herein-after explained. The power.
is multiplied in the usual manner by the interposition of cog wheels.. The
gearing whereby the power is applied consists of two parts attached to each
other by a swivel attachment. One part consists of a handle to which the
power is applied, and is made to press against a friction rim or rims on the

page_text: large driving wheel above named. The other part consists of a frame jointed
as above mentioned to the handle, and projecting across the large driving
wheel to which it is applied. The lower end is weighted, and the whole of
this second portion of the gearing as described turns freely on the spindle of
the large driving wheel. Another axis might however be applied for it; but
I prefer the arrangement first described. In this manner when the power is
applied by hand in a downward direction to the handle as described, on the
completion of the necessary revolution of the wheel the weighted arm of the
lever adjusts itself for a repetition of the stroke, and raises the handle again,
which is depressed as before, so that the weight is gradually raised to its
required position. A small lever is employed to disengage the pall of the
ratchet and permit the drum to uncoil, while simultaneously its short arm is
brought to bear against a friction rim of the ratchet wheel for the purpose of
regulating the back motion.
IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Moore, Henry Moore, and
George Lund at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 5th January 1866.
WE, JOHN MOORE, HENRY MOORE, and GEORGE LUND, of Burnley, in
the County of Lancaster, Cotton Spinners and Manufacturers, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR
WEAVING," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object the dispensing or partial dispensing with
healds in looms for weaving, and consists in making the reed of the loom
act as a heald by lifting or depressing the threads which will pass through
holes in the dents. All the threads may be lifted and depressed in this
way by a double reed, or half may be done by the reed and the other half
by a heald or by a rod, which will in that case lift or depress all the threads,
leaving the reed to raise or depress those which pass through the holes in
its dents.
IMPROVEMENTS IN STREET GAS LAMPS
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Wilson at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with bis Petition, on the 5th September
1866.
I, JAMES WILSON, of Royal Exchange Buildings, in the City of London,
Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN STREET GAS LAMPS," to be as follows, that is to say :-
My Invention consists in an improved construction of street gas lamp.
The improvements consist in forming the lamps without side frame, the top
being supported and connected to the bottom by two small rods of iron secured
to the top part of the lamp post; the edges of the glass sides join each other,
being kept in their places by the rebates formed in the metal top and bottom
only of the lamp, thereby causing no shadow on the ground below, and
increasing the amount of available light from each burner. Two small hinged
doors are placed in the bottom of the lamp, which enable the gas to be lighted
from below, no ladder being required except for cleaning, and for this purpose
a double-hinged door is placed at the top of the lamp, which when opened
falls back on the lamp, and cannot therefore be swung about and broken by
the wind.
IMPROVED SHEETS, PLATES, OR APPARATUS TO FACILITATE IMPROVEMENT IN HANDWRITING
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Williams at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 18th January
1866.
I, JAMES WILLIAMS, of Great Saughall School, near the City of Chester,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVED SHEETS,
PLATES, OR APPARATUS TO FACILITATE IMPROVEMENT IN HANDWRITING," to be as
follows:-
My Invention consists of a number of head lines with perforated spaces
between them at regular intervals, through which the lines in a copy book or
on a slate or other article which are to be written upon are exposed. The
material of which they are constructed may be either cardboard, millboard, or
pasteboard, or other stiff material, and for slates a single leaf will suffice,
while for copy books and thin leaves a double sheet may be used. The writing
to be copied may be either printed directly on to the perforated sheets of
cardboard, millboard, or other material, or may be printed on paper, and
then affixed by some adhesive matter to the perforated sheets. To keep the
writing straight and uniform I have lines dotted down the page, which serve
to separate the words, and short guide lines opposite the spaces are arranged
opposite the lines on to which the writing is to be copied. The head lines in
the perforated copy of necessity cover alternate lines in the copy book or on

page_text: the slate or other article, but after every space has been written in and the
writing becomes dry, the perforated copy may be moved so as to cover the
written lines, and expose the blank lines which had been hid by the perforated
copy.
A NEW METHOD OF HOEING, RAKING, AND ROLLING GRAVEL WALKS, AND IN APPARATUS THEREFOR
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Webster at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 14th May 1866.
I, JOHN WEBSTER, of Gordon Castle Gardens, Fochabers, N.B., do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "A NEW METHOD OF HOEING,
RAKING, AND ROLLING GRAVEL WALKS, AND IN APPARATUS THEREFOR," to be as
follows:-
The machine is supported by an open framework consisting of a centre
beam to which a piston and front wheel is fixed. Two side frames are also
attached forming the handles, and tapering in an angle shape to the lower
neck of the beam, a cross bar two feet wide, the ends dipping 8 inches to fix
the hoe, and is bolted to the end of front beam and fastened to the inner side.
of frame or shafts. The hoe is 2 feet wide with sides to fix to dipping ends
of cross bar, the plate of hoe is 3 inches wide with a double mouth for raising
when the first is worn out. The rake or harrow is 2 feet wide and 10 inches
broad, and is fixed by two small chains hooked to the front frame, and a
guard chain behind. Two small wheels for supporting and raising the hoes
are fixed to the frame behind the rake, and to this is attached a spur for
fixing the roller; provision is made in those spurs with bolt holes for raising
or lowering the hoes. The whole is drawn forward simultaneously by a
pony or small horse.
AN IMPROVED PORTABLE SUN DIAL
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joseph Jewsbury at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, ou the 21st April
1866.
I, JOSEPH JEWSBURY, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Machinist,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED
PORTABLE SUN DIAL," to be as follows:-
The object of this Invention is by the means herein-after explained to
construct a portable sun dial which may be a pocket timekeeper. The dial
consists of a flat circular disc, by preference of metal, but which may be of
enamel, cardboard, or other like substance. Upon the face of the said dial
are shown the hours. of the day arranged in two segments of a circle, the
upper segment showing the "morning hours" (and their subdivisions), and
the lower segment the evening hours (and their subdivisions). There are
also shown upon the said dial the months of the year (and their subdivisions).
These are arranged in another segment of a circle. An oscillating arm of
metal works upon a pin, the said arm having at its free end suspended loosely
to it a pendant finger, which is thus free to hang downwards, and when the
dial is held in the position herein-after explained its point will indicate the
morning or evening hours. Opposite the pin upon which the said oscillating
arm works is placed a fixed stud or "gnomon," which is to catch the sun's
rays. The said oscillating arm has in a convenient position between its fixed
and its free end a curved point which travels over the segment of the circle
upon which the months of the year are inscribed. When it is desired to know

page_text: the hour of the day the curved point just described is placed exactly over the
proper month or subdivision of the month; the dial is then held towards the
sun in such manner that the gnomon may intercept the sun's rays, and so that
the top of the shadow caused thereby may fall along a "shadow line" (a
right line marked upon the disc). The point of the pendant finger (herein-
before described) will then give the correct time. The dial will also show the
time of the sun's rising and setting in manner following:-The dial being set
at the correct month or subdivision of the month, is held in such a position
that the pendant finger may cover one of the hour lines marked on the dial,
or lie parallel between any two of them. The hour marked upon the upper
segment will be the time of the sun's rising, and that marked upon the lower
segment that of its setting.
IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING
Year: 1866

page_text: - PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Sellers at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 16th November
1866.
I, JAMES SELLERS, of Rawtenstall, in the County of Lancaster, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR
WEAVING," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to the shedding motion of looms for opening the
warp
when the shuttle. has to pass across the slay, and closing it when the
weft has to be beaten up. Instead of two or four leaves of ordinary healds
with eyes for the whole of the warp threads to pass through, I employ one or
two leaves of healds for half of the warp, and a moveable rod extending
across the loom for the other half, the latter threads passing between the
healds and independent of them, the ordinary eyes of the healds being dispensed.
with by causing the tops of the lower shanks of the heald cords or wires to
act when required upon the threads. Instead of two leash rods I employ only
one fixed in a bracket at each end of the loom, and behind this rod I place a
sliding frame or bar extending across the loom, and pass half the threads over
the frame or bar and the other half under. The healds and moveable rod are.
moved down and up by the ordinary heald tappets and levers, or other well-
known means, and the sliding frame or bar at the back of the leash rod moves

page_text: up and down at the same time by the tension of the threads. When the
healds are depressed they bring down one half of the threads and form one
half of the shed, the other half of the threads are raised by the sliding frame
or bar and form the other half of the shed, the moveable rod being lifted at
the same time to enable the threads to rise.
IMPROVEMENTS IN COOLING WORTS AND OTHER LIQUIDS
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Martyn John Roberts at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 12th July
1866.
I, MARTYN JOHN ROBERTS, of Pendarren, near Chickhowell, in the County
of Brecon, Esquire, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN COOLING WORTS AND OTHER LIQUIDS," to be as follows:-
My Invention relates to cooling worts in biewing and distilling, and to
cooling liquids in other processes.
My improvements consist, first, in acting upon the worts or other liquid to
be cooled by means of a refrigerator of any usual construction, through which
cold water or other fluid passes in the ordinary manner as the cooling agent
and I cool this cooling agent after it has become heated in the refrigerator,
by blowing air upon or into it, or by any other convenient manner; I am thus
enabled to use the same cooling liquid over and over again, and thereby
effect a saving in the quantity employed.
My improvements consist, secondly, in cooling the worts or other liquids,
in some cases without the intervention of a cooling fluid by plunging a solid
and cool material, such as glass, earthenware, or other substance which will
not injuriously affect the liquid into the liquid to be cooled, and I again
cool this solid body either by plunging it into a cold liquid or by passing

page_text: cold air over it I prefer glass as the cooling body as it is cleanly, and
rapidly absorbs heat, and I sometimes roughen it in order that a portion
of the liquid mto which it is plunged may adhere to its surface when it is
drawn out of the liquid, so that a uniform wet surface may be presented
to the cold an, which I afterwards pass over the glass as before mentioned.
I avoid the use of metal or other substance as the cooling body which would
injuriously affect the worts or other liquid.
My Invention, lastly, consists in blowing cold air through refugerators
instead of cold water as the cooling agent; and I prefer to lead this air and
that employed for cooling the glass as above mentioned by pipes from the
cellars of the building or from other cold source
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF HATS AND OTHER COVERINGS FOR THE HEAD
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Montague Montagu at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 1st January
1866.
I, MONTAGUE MONTAGU, of 26, Brondesbury Villas, Kilburn, in the County
of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF HATS AND OTHER COVERINGS FOR THE
HEAD," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in the manufacture of hats
and other coverings for the head, and consists in fixing within the hat or other
covering for the head a mirror, it may be either of silvered glass, polished
obsidian, a magnifying mirror, or other reflecting surface. It is convenient to
mount the glass or mirror in a light metal or other frame, and it can be secured
within the hat or other covering for the head by metal clips, or fastenings, or
otherwise.
AN IMPROVED METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR PREVENTING INCRUSTATION IN STEAM BOILERS
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edward Primrose Howard Vaughan
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
24th July 1866. A communication from abroad by Robert Breckenridge
Baker, and Charles James Adolphus Dick, both residing at Paris, in
the Empire of France.
I, EDWARD PRIMROSE HOWARD VAUGHAN, of 54, Chancery Lane, in the
County of Middlesex, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "AN IMPROVED METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR PREVENTING
INCRUSTATION IN STEAM BOILERS," being a communication to me from abroad
by Robert Breckenridge Baker and Charles James Adolphus Dick, both
residing at Paris, in the Empire of France, to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in certain combinations and arrangements of appa-
ratus by the application whereof incrustation or deterioration resulting from
saline or calcareous or other earthy or mineral substances or other impurities
contained in the water used in steam boilers is prevented. This object is
effected by attracting and conducting the electricity generated in the interior
of the boiler by whatever means such electricity may be produced or evolved,
or whatever may be its character to the shell of the boiler. For this purpose
metallic wires or points are placed in any convenient portions of the steam
space of the boiler above the surface of the water, or in any other positions in
which the electricity generated or evolved can be conveniently collected, such
wires or points being attached to or connected with suitable metallic conductors,
the latter being so arranged as to be in electrical communication with the
shell of the boiler. The wries or points may be constructed of iron or steel,

page_text: or of any other metallic substance or substances possessing the requisite
conducting power, but wires or points formed of magnetised steel are found
in practice to be best adapted for the purposes of this Invention. The
electricity obtained by the friction of steam passing through apertures provided
for that purpose in the manner adopted in hydroelectric batteries, as well
known, may also be collected and communicated to the shell of the boiler by
arrangements similiar or analogous to those before mentioned for the purpose
of obtaining the same results. In come cases, and especially when the quantity
of electricity generated or evolved in the interior of the boiler is but small or
of very low intensity, it may be found desirable to impart an additional charge
of electricity to the exterior of the boiler, and which electricity may be obtained
from any convenient and suitable external source or apparatus. The result
of the arrangements above described is that incrustation and deterioration of
the boiler, arising from the presence in the water employed therein of saline,
calcareous, or other earthy or mineral substances or other impurities is prevented,
and in cases in which scale has been already formed, or incrustation taken
place, the same may be removed by the application of this Invention.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING DISHES, PLATES, AND OTHER SIMILAR ARTICLES FROM PULVERIZED CLAY OR DUST, OR OTHER SUITABLE MATERIALS
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Boulton and Joseph
Worthington at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 6th February 1866.
We, WILLIAM BOULTON and JOSEPH WORTHINGTON, of Burslem, in the
County of Stafford, Engineers, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING DISHES,
PLATES, AND OTHER SIMILAR ARTICLES FROM PULVERIZED CLAY OR DUST, OR OTHER
SUITABLE MATERIALS," to be as follows:-
Our Invention is designed principally for the manufacture of dishes,
plates, saucers, and such other articles of earthenware as are of a similar
shallow form, being convex upon one side and concave upon the other,
and of about an equal thickness throughout. We first provide an outer
metal mould or casing, the inner surface of which is of the exact form and
dimensions of the outer edge or circumference of the article required to
be made, the said outer mould to be bolted or otherwise secured to the
bed or bottom of a press. Inside this we fit an inner mould formed in
two or more parts, which may be moved (either separately or together)
by outer and inner stalks and levers, or by any other suitable contrivance,
which may be varied according to the articles required to be made. This
inner mould when left at liberty so that its two parts coincide forms the
convex side of the article when pressed. We also provide an upper die,
which is secured to the screw-or top part of the press, the lower side of

page_text: the said die being shaped so as to form the concave side of the article,
and its outer edge or circumference being of such form and dimensions as
to fit exactly into the outer mould or casing above named. The object
of forming the mould as above described is to allow of the pulverized
clay or dust being struck level off the top of the same with a straight
"striker," and at the same time to prevent the possibility of there being
an undue amount or thickness of pulverized clay or dust in the central
part of the mould. In using this mould we proceed as follows:-We
first raise the central part of the inner mould by means of a lever or
treadle acting upon the central stalk, and we then fill in the pulverized
clay or dust, and strike the top off level with a straight "striker." We
next allow the central part of the inner mould to fall or sink till it is level
with the other part of the same (the central portion of the clay or dust
sinking with it), and we then bring down the upper die by means of the
screw or other mechanical means of pressure employed.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR RAISING AERIFORM AND OTHER FLUIDS
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Campbell at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 2nd August
1866. A communication from abroad by Jeremiah William Foard,
residing at San Francisco, in California,
.I, GEORGE CAMPBELL, of No. 26, Leadenhall Street, in the City of London,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
APPARATUS FOR RAISING AERIFORM AND OTHER FLUIDS," to be as follows:―
This Invention has for its object improvements in apparatus for raising
aeriform and other fluids. For these purposes when constructing apparatus-
for raising aeriform fluids for ventilating or withdrawing air from rooms,
buildings, vessels, carriages, chimney and other shafts, an instrument is used
which at one end is cylindrical and the other end is eonieal, the smaller end
of the conical part of the instrument corresponding in diameter with and
being fixed to the cylindrical part. Through one side of the larger or conical
end of this instrument is fixed a tube corresponding in diameter with the
upper end of the outlet shaft or pipe; this tube is bent forward or formed
with an elbow bend which enters the cylindrical part of the instrument above
explained and occupies part of its lower capacity. This apparatus is mounted
on the upper end of the outlet pipe or shaft in such manner that it may turn
freely, and in order that the larger conical end of the instrument may be
constantly turned to the wind a vane or arrow is applied to the instrument;
the effect of this arrangement is that the wind entering the cone in passing
forward through the cylinder produces an exhaustion or up draft in the

page_text: outlet pipe or shaft, the wind passing in at the large conical end of the instru-
ment being prevented passing into the outlet pipe or shaft by the elbow bend,
the back of which is presented to the wind..
When constructing apparatus for raising water and other fluids a suction
pipe is used which is closed at its upper end, whilst at its lower end it is
formed of a conical shape, the larger end of the cone being downwards; across
this cone and near the bottom thereof is a horizontal partition having an
opening through it with a valve opening inwards. Near the top of this pipe,
which should be less than thirty feet long, is an outlet pipe which inclines
downwards, and a blast, pipe smaller than the outlet is introduced, air and
fluid tight, through the suction pipe, and its outer end rests within the outlet
pipe near where it joins the suction pipe. Air or steam passed through the
blast pipe causes exhaustion in the suction pipe, and the water or other fluid
rises therein and flows off by the outlet pipe.
IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING CERTAIN CHEMICAL MATTERS AND COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING GLAZED SURFACES
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Greaves at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 31st January
1866.
I, GEORGE GREAVES, of Blackburn, in the County of Lancaster,
Manufacturing Chemist, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING CERTAIN CHEMICAL MATTERS AND COMPOUNDS
FOR PRODUCING GLAZED SURFACES," to be as follows:-
I take lime, caustic or carbonate, or both, according to the nature
of the article required, and having added the requisite quantity of
water I pass the substance through any ordinary mill, edgestones, rollers,
or other suitable apparatus that will effectually grind the substance to an
impalpable pulp, and when so prepared I place the pulp in a pug or mixing
apparatus and agitate it in combination with alum, sulphate of alumina, or
any other aluminous substance that will afford the required proportion
of alumina, and when so mixed I again pass the resulting compound
through the grinding apparatus, when it is ready for use. By this means
I obtain a much finer and better working material, and I effect also a
great saving in labor, time, and expense, consequent on washing, sieving,
decanting, and pressing as hitherto pursued.
The proportions generally used for making this article as hitherto
adopted are about seventy-five per cent. of water, twenty per cent. of
sulphate of lime, and five per cent. of alumina, which proportions I intend
to adopt, although they may be varied to produce an inferior article.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR WINDING YARN AND THREAD
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Robert Hall and Samuel Standring
Hall at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition,
on the 21st December 1866.
We, ROBERT HALL and SAMUEL STANDRING HALL, both of the Hope Foundry,
Bury, in the County of Lancaster, Machine Makers, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR WINDING
YARN AND THREAD," to be as follows:-
The first part of our Invention consists in a self-acting break for stopping
the spindles of the machines known as "pirn winders" when the yarn or
thread breaks. This apparatus consists of a wedge connected to a break.
So long as the yarn or thread continues to be supplied the wedge is down
and the break is free from the wharve, but when the yarn or thread breaks
a lever drops and brings a catch in contact with a hook connected to the
lifter, which in rising draws up the wedge and applies the break to the wharve.
When the break is applied a second catch falls into a notch at the back of the
wedge, and holds it until released by the operator. By this means each
spindle is stopped separately while piecing up.
The second part of our Invention is also applicable to "pirn winders," and
it consists in giving the requisite up-and-down motion to the lifters by means
of a worm on the tin drum shaft gearing into a wheel on a horizontal shaft

page_text: to which is fixed a grooved cam which gives a longitudinal to-and-fro motion
to the side bar; this bar has slots taking into studs on levers fixed to the
shafts of the lifters; by this means the machine is considerably simplified,
and the usual heart motions are dispensed with.
The third part of our Invention is applicable to the machines known as
"drum winders," and it consists in giving motion to the traverse guides by a
worm on the drum shaft gearing-into-a-wheel-on-a-diagonal-stud-; to this
wheel is fixed a grooved cam giving motion to a slide bar, on which are fixed
two racks, which give motion to two quadrants. A stud on the slide bar takes
into a segmental slot in a lever projecting from each quadrant; these segmental
slots act on bowls connected to the traverse rods, and give the requisite
motion to the traverse guides for distributing the yarn or thread on the
bobbins.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN MILLS FOR GRINDING CORN. AND OTHER GRAIN
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Jackson and Samuel Jackson
at the Office of the Commissioners. of Patents, with their Petition, on
the 5th January 1866.
WE, JOHN JACKSON, of Sudden Brow, near Rochdale, in the County of
Lancaster, and SAMUEL JACKSON, of Heywood, in the same County, Corn.
Millers, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN MILLS FOR GRINDING CORN. AND OTHER GRAIN," to be as follows:-
The object of our Invention is to facilitate the escape of the ground
grain or flour from between the grindstones and the escape of the flour
from the casing surrounding the stones.
In order to accomplish these objects we attach to the upper or revolving
grindstone one or more scrapers or wings which project beyond and below
its circumference. These scrapers or wings in revolving form a clear
annular space into which the flour can escape from between the grind-
stones, and they carry the flour to the discharging spout or spouts, by
which it is delivered to the creeper or worm in the ordinary manner. By
this means the stones will work longer without dressing, the production is
increased, and the flour is prevented from heating, and therefore in a fit
condition to be taken direct from the grindstones to the dressing machine.
AN IMPROVED RATCHET BRACE, THE IMPROVEMENTS CONTAINED THEREIN BEING APPLICABLE ALSO TO LIFTING JACKS
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Dicks at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on. the 20th March
1866.
I, WILLIAM DICKS, of Floore, in the County of Northampton, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED RATCHET BRACE,
THE IMPROVEMENTS CONTAINED THEREIN BEING APPLICABLE ALSO TO LIFTING JACKS,"
to be as follows:-
My Invention is designed with special reference to use in situations of
difficulty, or where there is no room for the horizontal movement of the handle
in the ordinary ratchet brace. The main centre spindle is screwed in the usual
manner into a corresponding socket, the lower end of which carries the boring
bit. To this socket is secured a circular ratchet wheel, and upon it is a loose
collar with a lug formed on one side thereof. To this lug is attached a jointed.
lever, to the end of which is attached the handle or arm where the power is
applied. The attachment of the arm or handle to the lever consists of two
octagon or other shaped holes, in which a correspondingly shaped pin is inserted.
When it is desired to place the handle in any particular position the pin is
withdrawn, and the handle elevated or depressed till the sides of the hole
correspond; the pin is then replaced, and the handle is retained in its
position. To the jointed lever before mentioned is attached a pall (or two
may be used), which work in the teeth of the ratchet wheel, and so cause
the stock and bit to revolve.

page_text: In applying the principle of this my Invention to lifting jacks I make the
ratchet wheel with teeth both on its upper and under edges; two palls will
then become necessary, one of which comes into use when raising a weight,
and the other when lowering, and also when removing the jack at the end of
the operation.
IMPROVE. MENTS IN STEAM TURBINES
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Carl Wenner at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 27th March 1866.
I, CARL WENNER, of Horwick, near Bolton-le-Moor, Lancashire, Civil
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE.
MENTS IN STEAM TURBINES," to be as follows:-
progress
It is a well-known fact that the travelling speed with which a fluid body
emanates from a vessel depends on the pressure which is brought to bear upon
it; steam, therefore, travels with a speed proportionate to its pressure in the
boiler. It is also well known that a body in motion exercises a power on
another body which may happen to oppose its progress, and that this power
increases in a certain proportion as the motion of such body increases in
speed. If steam, therefore, at its point of emanation is opposed in its
by a moveable object, that same object will be forced out of its place with a
power proportionate to the travelling speed of the steam; and if buckets on
the circumference of a revolving wheel constitute the object thus opposed,the
motion of the steam will be transferred to the said wheel and a continuous
rotary motion produced capable of being transmitted to other machinery.
Taking advantage of these facts I have constructed a machine where the laws
regulating these facts have been brought to bear. Two wheels are placed
concentrically, the one immediately above the other, each provided with
buckets to form the steam passages. These said wheels are placed inside a
cylindrical casing in such a mauner that the upper one is fixed to this said
casing whilst the lower one is left free to revolve ou its axis, which is made

page_text: to protrude to the outside of the said casing to allow wheels,straps, or friction
rollers for transmitting its motion. A suitable packing is provided between
the revolving wheel and the casing to prevent the steam from escaping. The
steam when let into the machine passes first into the upper one of the said
two wheels, where it receives its direction, and from thence on to the lower
wheel, to which it transfers its motion in acting by means of its impetus on
buckets of the said wheel, and then passes off either into the open air or into
an exhauster as may be deemed proper.
IMPROVEMENTS IN OVENS FOR BAKING
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Pimm at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 6th September
1866.
I, GEORGE PIMM, of the Upper Mills, South Street, Wandsworth, in the
County of Surrey, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN OVENS FOR BAKING," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object the more effectually heating baking ovens
by means of gas. For this purpose I form the oven of an iron casing lined
with fire-bricks or tiles, and below the bottom of this oven I place horizontal
rows of gas tubing, in which are numerous small perforations at which tho
gas is burnt. The oven is enclosed within another larger chamber, by
preference of brick, in such manner as to leave a hollow space all around the
oven except at one of its ends, where the oven is provided with a door; the
space around the oven I divide into flues or passages arranged in such
manner as to cause the heated air from the burners to pass all around the
oven by passing successively through these passages. This I, by preference,
do in the following manner:-The plates forming the top and bottom of the
oven are prolonged so as to separate the spaces above and below the oven
from the spaces around the sides and end. The space below the oven is
divided by a partition into two longitudinal chambers or flues, and these flues
contain the tubing of which the gas burners are composed, the air heated in

page_text: these spaces passes through suitablo passages into the chambers or passages
around the sides of the oven. The space above the oven is divided into four
chambers or flues by three longitudinal partitions, and at one end of the oven
passages are formed for the heated air to pass from the side flues into the
two outer of the four flues above the top of the oven. The heated air passes
along these passages, and at the opposite end of the oven it passes through
suitable passages into the two inner flues, and passes back along these passages
into a chimney by which it passes away; dampers are placed both in the
chimney and in the openings, which admit air to the gas burners so as to
regulate the draft.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF STABLES FOR HORSES
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Haworth at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 12th April 1866.
I, JOHN HAWORTH, of Mode Wheel House, Eccles, in the County of
Lancaster, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF STABLES FOR HORSES," to be as
follows:-
In constructing stables it has heretofore been customary to make the floors
of the stables of paving stones, and a considerable quantity of straw or other
bedding is required to absorb the urine and to prevent the irregularities of the
floor injuring the horse when lying down.
Now my Invention consists in making the floors of the stalls of perforated
planks or of narrow planks with a space between them to allow the urine to
run off into a broad gutter below the planks, which gutter is in communi-
cation with the sewer or drain. By this improved mode of constructing
stables the quantity of straw or other bedding required is greatly reduced, and
the horses have a level bed to lie on with less loss of animal heat owing to
the provision made for getting rid of the moisture. I prefer to subject the
timber of the floor to the kreosoting or other water-repelling process, in order
to render it more durable and to prevent it retaining the moisture.
IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM BOLLER AND OTHER FURNACES
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Hauworth at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with bis Petition, on the 17th December 1866.
I, JOHN HAUWORTH, of Todmorden, in the County of Lancaster, Manager
to Messieurs Fielden Bro"., Cotton Spinners and Manufacturers, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM BOLLER
AND OTHER FURNACES," to be as follows:-
The object of my Invention is to consume smoke and economise fuel.
In performing my Invention I build a furnace or fire-grate projecting in
front of the boiler, and somewhat higher than the top of the flue, the grate
bars extending both inside and outside the front of the boiler; the top of the
furnace or fire-place outside the boiler is left open for the purpose of supplying
fuel, and the front of the furnace is provided with an aperture or apertures
extending across its front for the purpose of admitting air and pushing forward
the fuel and removing clinkers, etc. from the grate bars; air is also admitted to
the fire between the grate bars, but none is allowed to enter through the open
top of the furnace, coal or other fuel being heaped on to prevent it. The top of
the furnace may be provided with a hopper, so that a good supply of fuel can
be kept up, and the air excluded from entering the furnace except between the
grate bars and through the aperture or apertures. At the back of the furnace
I arrange a number of fire-bricks, either extending from the grate bars to the
top of the flue or otherwise, between which the products of combustion pass,
and which when heated help to consume the. smoke. The bridge is placed
near the back end of the boiler.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN VOLTAIC PILES
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Lionel Léclanché at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 16th
June 1866.
I, GEORGE LIONEL LÉCLANCHÉ, of No. 18, Rue Gaillon, Paris, in the Empire
of France, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN VOLTAIC PILES," to be as follows:-
This Invention has reference to improvements in the construction of the
ordinary piles for generating electricity by means of peroxide of manganese
moistened with a salt in solution which has no chemical action on peroxide of
manganese, but capable by its electrical decomposition of rendering soluble
the sub-oxides of manganese which result from the reduction effected by
bydrogen. The salt which appears to fulfil in the best manner these conditions
is the hydrochlorate of ammonia.
For my improved pile I make use of a jar with a wide mouth, into which
I insert a diaphragm of a porous nature, and in this latter I place a piece of
graphite as is usually obtained from the lining of gas retorts, and to which I
attach a wire of metal, such as iron or copper, coated with gutta percha, and
before inserting these parts I unite them by first making a hole in the said
graphite at about three-eighths of an inch from its edge, and by running a
readily fusible metal, such as lead, in the said hole, the extremity of the wire

page_text: uncoated being first placed within it, and as an extra precaution I compress the
lead when solidified so as to thoroughly incorporate these substances together;
I then fill the porous diaphragm with pulverized peroxide of manganese,
moistened as aforesaid; I.then fill the jar about half full with sand, sawdust,
papier mâché reduced to powder, or any other pulverized substance of the
same nature, and on this latter substance I lay a piece of zinc forming the
negative pole, to which I solder a conducting metallic wire coated with an insu-
lating material, such as gutta percha, as in the case of the positive pole, and then
fill the jar up to the neck with the above-mentioned powdered substance, and
pour in a concentrated solution of bydrochlorate of ammonia sufficient to
damp its contents. I now cork the jar hermetically with a bung, taking care
to pass the two conducting wires through the cork; and in order to facilitate
the escape of gases from the jar I also insert in the cork a small tube of glass
or other appropriate material, and subsequently secure the former by a coating
of sealing wax or other appropriate substance; I then break off the protruding
glass tube level with the wax, and cover the same with a disc of india-rubber
slit down the centre with a clean cut,
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF RAILWAY WHEELS AND IN ATTACHING THEM TO THEIR AXLES, PART OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS. ARE APPLICABLE TO OTHER WHEELS
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Clifford Etches Winby and Frederick
Charles Winby at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 20th February 1866..
We, CLIFFORD ETCHES WINBY and FREDERICK CHARLES WINBY, both of
Cardiff, in the County of Glamorgan, Engineers, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF RAILWAY
WHEELS AND IN ATTACHING THEM TO THEIR AXLES, PART OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS.
ARE APPLICABLE TO OTHER WHEELS," to be as follows:-
-
Our Invention of improvements in the construction of railway and other
wheels consists, first, in forming the parts represented by the spokes of discs.
of metal the peripheries of which are rivetted one on each side of an inner
rib or flange formed on the internal tyre, or it may be the tyre itself, while
the centre parts are rivetted on each side of a cylindrical body or flange
projected from the nave or boss. This cylindrical body or flange, which is of
considerable thickness, instead of being formed on a nave or boss fixed to the
axle, we sometimes forge on the axle itself, and this forms one part of our
Invention. In order to strengthen and stiffen the discs we dish them so that:
the central parts are further apart than their peripheries, and we further form
a series of cup-like indentations arranged round the centre; the convex sides
of these indentations come together, and we rivet the discs together at those
points. A rim may be thrown outwards on the discs and slightly bevilled,
so that the tyre being undercut a little and shrunk on the discs they will have
additional lateral security besides that of the bolts or rivets. Instead of
rivets as before-mentioned bolts may be used.

page_text: Instead of using discs as a substitute for the spokes for railway wheels we
sometimes employ spokes of flat or other form, and rivet, bolt, or otherwise
fix them on each side of the thick flange or boss forged on the axle and to
the inner rib on the tyre, as before described with reference to the discs;
further, we may weld the spokes or discs to the aforesaid boss or flange forged
on the axle, and with the tyre shrunk on and bolted or rivetted as before
described the wheels and axles will be as if of one solid piece.