IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TREATMENT OR PREPARATION OF VARIOUS NATURAL SUBSTANCES SO AS TO RENDER THEM APPLICABLE FOR USE IN JOURNAL BOXES AND OTHER PARTS OF MACHINERY OR OTHER ARTICLES WHOSE SURFACES ARE INTENDED TO BE SUBJECTED TO FRICTION
Year: 1870

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Edward Newton, of the Office for Patents,
66, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer,
for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TREATMENT OR PREPARATION
OF VARIOUS NATURAL SUBSTANCES SO AS TO RENDER THEM APPLICABLE FOR
USE IN JOURNAL BOXES AND OTHER PARTS OF MACHINERY OR OTHER ARTICLES
WHOSE SURFACES ARE INTENDED TO BE SUBJECTED TO FRICTION." -A com-
munication from abroad by Stuart Gwynn, of the City and State of
New York, United States of America.
:
Sealed the 29th March 1870, and dated the 21st January 1870.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Edward Newton
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 21st January 1870.
I, WILLIAM EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery
Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TREATMENT OR
PREPARATION OF VARIOUS NATURAL SUBSTANCES SO AS TO RENDER THEM APPLICABLE
FOR.
USE IN JOURNAL BOXES AND OTHER PARTS OF MACHINERY OR
ARTICLES WHOSE SURFACES ARE INTENDED TO BE SUBJECTED TO FRICTION," to be
as follows:-
.
"
.
:
OTHER
This Invention consists in selecting, treating, compounding, and con-
substances by which are produced new compositions
1:1

page_text: of matter designed for the purpose of journal boxes and other parts of
machinery or other articles whose surfaces in use are subjected to
friction, which substances possess such properties and conditions that
in the practical use in machinery and elsewhere in the arts of such
articles made of it so little friction is actually caused and so little heat
thereby developed that all necessity for the application of oil or any
other lubricant is obviated.
The properties requisite in a substance to render it suitable for
journal boxes and other working parts of machinery, and that can
be used practically without a lubricant, may be stated to be the
following:-
1st. That degree of solidity or coherence necessary to prevent change
of form to any considerable degree of the article made of it by the
pressure to which it is to be subjected in use.
.
2nd. Such a degree of plasticity or facility of movement of the 1
atoms or particles over or upon each other that the expenditure of
force sufficient to cause so much of said movement as results from
such rubbing practically in machinery shall not develope heat more
rapidly than it can be conducted away in the atmosphere at ordinary
temperatures.
3rd. Just such a degree of non-plasticity or fixedness of the relative
position of its atoms or particles, and a repulsive. tendency and those
of the journal box or other opposing surface that adhesion between
its surface and that of the body rubbed upon it in practical use will
not take place to such an extent that the heat caused by overcoming 1
it will not be radiated away as rapidly as it is developed.
4th. Such an adjustment or balance of the three preceding conditions
that little or no abrasion or wear, i.e., change of quantity of the journal
box or shaft, shall take place.
:
To combine these conditions in one and the same body is the object
to be secured. To secure it I take some natural substance which if it
have sufficient solidity for the purpose will invariably be found to have
too much coherence, that is, it will have either too rigid and unyielding
atomic structure, so as to crumble and wear into powder by rubbing,
or it will be non-coherent to such a degree that it will exist as a sand
or powder, or it will be too adhesive so as to stick or cling to the body
being rubbed upon it to such a degree as to cause too much friction.
an

page_text: Its natural conditions in this respect must be changed or modified by
first destroying its natural coherencé, and then establishing an artificial
union among its particles. To this end the 'atoms are sundered from
each other by solution and precipitation, by heat, by abrasion, or by
trituration, or by some other suitable method.. I then intimately mix
or.combine with it another substance that has naturally comparatively
but little coherence, and which is susceptible of intimately commingling
with its particles, and surrounding or infiltrating or interposing itself
between them, so as to prevent by any means their consolidation into
their original, natural state. Then the compound thus prepared is to be
subjected to just that degree of pressure requisite to impart to it the
necessary solidity to prevent crumbling under friction, or to any con-
siderable extent changing form under pressure when put to use as a
journal box. This pressure may be applied in a suitable mould. to
give the body desired solidity, and most conveniently by an hydraulic
press.
Mi...
2
±
4. 2
1
1
The substances employed for the purpose of this Invention comprise
metallic substances, such as iron filings, lead, sulphide of copper, tin, zinc,
bronze, type metal, plumbers, solder, or metallic oxides, also vegetable,
animal, or mineral substances, such as hard wood. (lignum vitæ, for
instance), lampblack, ivory, bones, oxide of alumina, cannel coal,
anthracite coal. Either of the substances above named form the basis
of the composition which may be denominated metalline, and they must
be reduced to an impalpable powder, either by grinding, or in the case
of some of the metallic compounds by precipitation from solutions. To
from 75 to 95 per cent. of the mineral, animal, or vegetable substances
above mentioned or their equivalents is to be added in the case of the
pure metals, a sufficient quantity of oily or fatty matter to coat all the
particles, and thus preserve them from oxidation.. About one per cent.
of paraffine will be sufficient for the purpose. From one to 10 per cent.
of spermaceti, beeswax, tallow, caoutchouc, gutta percha, or gum ballata
may be combined with some of the ingredients. When the ingredients
are well mixed they are to be submitted to very great pressure in order
ETS
i
1
F

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said William Edward Newton in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 21st July 1870..
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office. for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane, in the
County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, send greeting.
.
?
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-first day of January, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy, in the thirty-third
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and
grant unto me, the said William Edward Newton, Her special licence
that I, the said William Edward Newton, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as I, the said William Edward Newton, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and
no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
TREATMENT OR PREPARATION OF VARIOUS NATURAL SUBSTANCES SO AS TO RENDER
THEM APPLICABLE FOR USE IN JOURNAL BOXES AND OTHER PARTS OF MACHINERY OR
OTHER ARTICLES WHOSE SURFACES ARE INTENDED TO BE SUBJECTED TO FRICTION,'
being a communication to me from abroad by Stuart Gwynn, of the
City and State of New York, United States of America, upon the con-
dition (amongst others) that I, the said William Edward Newton, my
éxecutors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or
their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and
áscertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said Letters Patent.
".
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William, Edward Newton, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement (that is to say):
This Invention of "Improvements in the Treatment or Preparation of
various Natural Substances so as to render them applicable for Use in
Journal Boxes and other Parts of Machinery or other Articles whose

page_text: Surfaces are intended to be Subjected to Friction" relates to a new and
useful process for treating certain natural substances by which they are
produced in such conditions that while they possess that degree of
solidity which is necessary to bear (without material change of form)
the pressure ordinarily applied to journal. boxes and other articles whose
surfaces are intended to be subjected to friction in machinery and elsc-
where in the arts, at the same time so little friction will be actually
caused and so little heat thereby developed in the practical use of such
articles made of them that all necessity for the application of oil or any
other lubricant to their surfaces will be entirely obviated.
:
The description will be more readily and clearly understood by first
stating certain familiar elementary facts and principles involved in the
phenomena of friction, and the developement of heat thereby. -
:
All matter is supposed to exist in its ultimate form as indivisible
atoms held together by a force called the attraction of cohesion, but
nowhere are these atoms actually in contact with each other, such
contact being prevented by an antagonizing force called repulsion,
leaving vacant spaces or interstices between them. In proportion as
these atoms in any aggregation of them are drawn more nearly in
contact does the mass become solidified, or, in other words, just in that
ratio is their tendency to maintain a fixed relative position, and is the,
difficulty increased of causing them to move around and upon each,
other. The more widely they are separated from each other the more.
plastic yielding or fluid does the mass become, and the less is the force.
required to cause movement among the atoms, or in other words, just in
proportion to the nearness of the atoms to each other is the energy with
which the two forces act, repulsion to resist a further approach, and
cohesion to prevent separation, the combined aetion of the two being to
hold the atoms fixedly at the point where these forces balance each
other. But whatever may be the atomic condition in the respects
named, however slightly or however rigidly the atoms may be held
together in a fixed relative position; so long as they remain within the
sphere of the action of the forces named some expenditure of a counter-
force is necessary to cause movement among them, the amount in
every case depending of course upon the energy with which cohesion
and repulsion are acting. In some kinds and conditions of matter
there is that peculiar action of cohesion and repulsion as in most
crystalline bodies which causes the atoms to have so strong a tendency.
•

page_text: to maintain a fixed relative position and to resist inter-atomic move-
ment, that less force is required to detach them completely from each
other than to effect a change of position among them. Such substances
are brittle and unyielding; they refuse to submit to a change of form
except by abrasion, or by being broken or crushed in pieces.
Cohesion and repulsion act only at insensible distances, but whenever
any two atoms of matter approach within a certain distance. they do
invariably act, and a counterforce must be employed to disturb the
atomic arrangement which they effect.
Adhesion is commonly understood to be that tendency which the
atoms or particles of one mass of solid or semi-solid matter have to stick
or adhere to those of another. It (in fact, however) only differs from
cohesion in the condition under which it takes place, adhesion acting
between the atoms of one mass, and those of another cohesion between
those of the same mass. Cohesion and adhesion are therefore really
the same force or property. The energy with which adhesion in
any case acts is (as is true of cohesion) in proportion to the nearness to
which the atoms of the one surface are made to approach those of any
other, and therefore it is only between masses that are (one or both) in
some degree plastic or yielding that it takes place. But between all
such substances it does manifest itself to a greater or less extent, and
therefore this property of matter plays a most important part in the
phenomena of friction, and the heat thereby developed, as will presently
appear: Heat is but a mode of motion, and all motion is caused by an
expenditure of force; hence it follows that there can be no expenditure
of force without the developement of heat, and an amount of heat that
is exactly the equivalent of the force expended. Heat in its mani-
festation among the atoms of matter acts to drive them asunder, thus
diminishing cohesion, and tending to facilitate change of relative
position among them, and determining their condition as to solidity and
fluidity of their masses. But as the articles (for which the compositions
made by the process are to be used are used generally at the ordinary
temperature of the atmosphere it is not necessary here to take into
consideration the molecular changes effected in matter by heat other
than those occurring from that degree of heat developed by friction in
the actual use of these articles; but with reference to such heating it is
important to bear in mind that most solid or semi-solid substances are
rendered more plastic by heat, and in proportion to the degree of heat

page_text: present is the tendency to adhesion between the surfaces of two heated
masses. In the light of these familiar principles it is not difficult to
apprehend the philosophy of friction and its resulting heat, It is
obvious from its atomic constitution that no mass of matter can be made
to present a surface that is an absolute plane; even if it were possible
to level down all asperities formed of aggregates of atoms there would
still be atomic prominencies and depressions. But practically it is
impossible to polish away entirely all inequalities other than those
resulting from atomic structure. Now when two surfaces that are not
absolute planes are rubbed together as nearly in contact as possible, or
rigidly held from receding from each other, whatever inequalities or
prominencies there are-must present obstacles to free movement. They
will clash together, impinge against each other, and when they thus
come into collision the motion of the surfaces must be arrested, or suffi-
cient force must be applied either to break off and detach the colliding
atomis or aggregate of atoms from the masses to which they cohere, or
to change their position and depress them so far that they can pass each
other. If they become detached they will still continue to be obstruc
tions to the free motion of the surfaces, cutting into and roughening
them, augmenting the difficulty of their movement, and calling for
increased expenditure of force, which results of course in an increased
developement of heat. If the mass is so far plastic or yielding that no
detachment or abrasion takes place, the atoms must be made to change
their relative position; then an undulatory motion, may occur, the
depression of those most prominent causing the elevation of others in
their vicinity, they to be in turn depressed, and so on continually while.
the rubbing of the surfaces together is continued. But this molecular
undulation demands the expenditure of force to produce it just in
proportion to the resistance which cohesion among the atoms opposes to
it, and of course the equivalent of this force will appear as heat. Still
another obstacle to the free movement of the surfaces upon each other
exists, namely, adhesion, which plays a most important part in friction.
If any surface is brought so nearly to a plane that a considerable
number of the atoms composing it are caused to approach so nearly in
contact with those of another (that is, being rubbed upon it) as to bring
them within the sphere of cohesive attraction, the two surfaces have a
tendency to adhere together. The expenditure of force is then required
to prevent them from doing so, and heat will of course result from such
expenditure of force.
i

page_text: We have now before us what is believed to be the true philosophy of
friction and heat resulting from the rubbing of one mass of matter upon
another, and it discloses a most important fact, a fact which is the key
to the new process. It is this, that always and everywhere friction is
the resistance which the cohesion and repulsion, one or both, of the
atoms of the bodies whose surfaces are being rubbed together (which for
convenience I will call elemental force) offers in some way to the force
expended to cause the movement of the surfaces (which for like
convenience I will term. mechanical force), and the heat developed by the
friction is the equivalent in another form of the mechanical force thus
expended..
It is not of course difficult to find conditions in nature or to produce
them by art in which these forces, one or both, act with little energy,
and where there is consequently little friction. Most of the fluids
present them, but these are not the only conditions demanded in sub-
stances that are to be used for journal boxes and other similar articles.
There is demanded a certain degree of solidity (required to prevent
change of form under the pressure to which these articles are to be
subjected), and it is difficult to find or produce a substance having the
last-named property which is at the same time of such a nature that so
little friction is caused by rubbing its surface that when employing it
for the purpose of journal boxes in machinery the use of a lubricant can
be dispensed with. In fact nature so far as is known has not given us
such a substance, and it has not heretofore been thought possible to
produce it by art. I have discovered it is however possible to do so,
and by the improved process such a substance or rather a series of
substances is produced as by experiment and trial has been now
abundantly demonstrated. To the substances so produced-is given the
general name of "metaline."
In describing the mode of treating a great range of materials so as to
produce the important result stated above I shall assume that this
description is given to those who are acquainted with the natural
properties belonging to the elements and substances treated, whether
simple or compound, and with what our present science teaches of their
possible changes and modifications under the action of chemical laws
and mechanical forces.
The properties requisite in a substance to render it suitable for
journal boxes and other working parts of machinery.and which can be

page_text: used practically without a lubricant may be stated to be the
following:-
First. That degree of solidity or coherence necessary to prevent change
of form to any considerable degree of the article made of it by the
pressure to which it is to be subjected in usc.
Second. Such a degree of plasticity or facility of movement of the
atoms or particles over and upon each other that the expenditure of
force sufficient to cause so much of the movement as results from such
rubbing practically in machinery shall not develope heat more rapidly
than it can be conducted away in the atmosphere at ordinary tempe-
ratures.
Third. Just such a degree of non-plasticity or fixedness of the relative
position of its atoms or particles and a repulsive tendency between its
atoms and those of the journal box or other opposing surface that
adhesion between its surface and that of the body rubbed upon it in
practical use will not take place to such an extent that the heat
caused by overcoming it will not be radiated away as rapidly as it is
developed.
1
Fourth. Such an adjustment or balance of the three preceding con-.
ditions that little or no abrasion or wear, i.e., change of quantity of the
journal box or shaft, shall take place.
7
To combine these conditions in one and the same body is the object
to be secured. To secure it I take some natural substance, which if
it have sufficient solidity for the purpose will invariably be found.
to have too much coherence, that is, it will have either too rigid and
unyielding an atomic structure so as to crumble and wear into powder
by rubbing, or it will be non-coherent to such a degree that it will
exist as a sand or powder, or it will be too adhesive so as to stick or
cling to the body being rubbed upon it to such a degree as to cause
too much friction. Its natural conditions in this respect must be
changed or modified by first destroying its natural coherence (if it,
exists in masses) which cannot be controlled) and then establishing.
an artificial union among its particles which can be controlled.
To this end the atoms are sundered as far as possible from each
other by solution and precipitation by heat, by abrasion, or by
trituration, or by some other suitable method if the material used'
requires this treatment. The nature of the substance in hand will'
determine the particular method employed, the object being to break

page_text: **
up and destroy its natural coherence. If the substance is not one
whose too great original coherence was due to the presence of some
element the removal of which merely will effect the desired modification,
or one whose molecular structure it is only necessary to change by
heat, electricity, pressure, or some other temporarily acting modifying
agent, I then proceed to intimately mix or combine with it another
substance, one that has naturally comparatively but little coherence
and which is susceptible of intimately commingling with its particles
and surrounding or infiltrating or interposing itself between them so
as to prevent by any means their consolidation into their original
natural state. Then the compound thus prepared is to be subjected to
just that degree of pressure requisite to impart to it the necessary
solidity to prevent crumbling under friction or to any considerable
extent changing form under pressure when put to use as a journal box.
Pressure at this stage is important also because it tends to produce a
more intimate commingling, a more equal distribution, and a finer
inter-adjustment of the particles of the several elements of the com-
pound. This pressure may be applied in a suitable mould to give the
body the desired solidity, and most conveniently by an hydraulic press.
If the substance in hand is embraced in the class of compounds
included in the exception first above named a knowledge of the nature
of its elements will readily disclose that one to which is due its too great
adhesiveness. This adhesive element is then to be removed in whole
or in part or modified as may be necessary by means properly adapted
to do so, which the expert will know how to select and apply, and
just how much of the element must be removed to secure the conditions
required as above set forth will of course depend upon circumstances,
but knowing the nature of the substance under treatment and the
precise object aimed at as herein-before defined the expert here will
have no more difficulty in successfully performing this needed mani-
pulation of the substance than does the expert in machinery in
calculating and adapting the different parts of a machine to secure a
given result. When the substance has undergone the change indicated
it is then to be subjected to pressure as before described.
If the substance belongs to the class included in the second of the
above-named exceptions then the same knowledge of its nature above.
supposed to be possessed by the expert will enable him to apply the
requisite modifying agent successfully to effect the object aimed at.

page_text: If the substance employed be a brittle or friable one, and is already
in a powdered or disintegrated state, then is to be united with it
another capable of becoming intimately disseminated among the
particles of the powder and in some measure adherent to them, and
having sufficient coherency among its own atoms to be susceptible
of becoming aggregated with such particles into a mass by pressure,
which while it has sufficient solidity to answer for a journal box or
journal box lining at the same time has just that degree of facility
of movement among its atoms and particles hercin-before stated as
requisite. The aggregating substance may be one which alone has too
much coherence and plasticity to itself make a journal box that can be
used without a lubricant, but which in its combination with the powdered.
material will have its coherence reduced and its plasticity modified so as
to produce the required conditions.
Now having stated the principles and method to proceed upon in the
process I will give a number of illustrations of its use.
Example No. 1. In this example take of iron fifty parts in sucli
a state of division that it will pass through a sieve with at least ten
thousand holes to the inch. It is well to protect the surface of the
particles of the powdered iron from oxidation before it is compounded'
with the tin by covering them with any oily substance. Half of one per
cent. of paraffine intimately mixed with the iron dust in a heated mill
will prevent oxidation of the particles for months. Then take of tin fifty,
parts, which it is preferred to have as finely divided as the iron, but its
high pulverization is not so necessary as that of the iron for obvious
These metals are then intimately mixed by grinding or other
wise, and the mixture subjected (in steel or other suitable moulds). to
pressure to give it the required solidity, say about sixty tons per
superficial inch. The required consolidation will be determined by the
use to which the resultant "metaline" is to be applied. The proportions
given will be found those which will be found most generally serviceable,
but they may be varied to meet the various conditions under which the
metaline is to be used:
reasons.
Example No. 2. Take of lead eighty parts, abrade or precipitate it'
from solution, and with this mix twenty parts of cannel coal, which'
should be ground very fine, the finer the better; the lead if abraded:
should be made fine enough to consolidate with the coal. The two
should. then be intimately mixed by rubbing or grinding dry in a

page_text: suitable mill or otherwise. A cast-iron "Edge mill" may be used for
the purpose. When. the compound is to appearance homogeneous it is.
to be pressed in steel or other suitable moulds to consolidate it. Hardened
steel is decidedly preferable for moulds.. The pressure and the pro-
portions of the metal and carbonaceous matter will depend on the use
to which the resultant "metaline" will be applied. Fifty tons on the
superficial inch will consolidate it.
Example No. 3. In this example take of fresh bones, from which
neither oil or gelatine has been extracted, ninety-two parts and grind
them fine, if to an extent that the powder will pass a sieve of ten
thousand holes to thic inch all the better; then take of beeswax eight
parts and mix it with the bone dust as follows:-First mix with the
wax ten parts of the bone dust by grinding the two together in a hot
mill, and then add the remainder of the bone dust from time to time;
the grinding or stirring being continued. If bones from which the oil
and gelatine have been extracted are used more wax or other modifying
substance will be required. The proportion of the ingredients and the
pressure to be applied will of course be varied to meet the conditions
required in the use of the resultant "metaline;" about seventy tons per
superficial inch will be found sufficient for ordinary purposes.
Example No. 4.-In this example ninety parts of the prepared oxide
of aluminum is used. This is naturally an impalpable powder, as most
of the precipitated oxides are in this state of minute division, and it is
preferred to use them in this natural condition, although a powder can
be made from the solid form. With this is combined ten parts of
spermacetti. They are to be intimately mixed, first using about twenty
per cent. of the oxide with the spermacetti in a heated mill, adding the
remainder of the oxide from time to time while the grinding or mixing
is going on. This mixture is then to be pressed as in the former
examples. The proportion of the ingredients and the pressure will be
varied to suit the use to which the resultant "metaline" is to be
applied; about sixty tons per superficial inch will usually be sufficient.
Example No. 5.-Take of the native gray sulphide of copper ninety-
five parts, to be selected as free from quartz as possible, coarsely grind
or stamp it, removing from it foreign matter by washing, then dry and a
grind it into a fine powder; then take fused caoutchouc five parts and
mix the two together. First put together about equal parts and grind
in a hot mill or mixer, and add the remainder of the sulphide from time

page_text: to time during the grinding or mixing; then press in suitable moulds
to give solidity. For some purposes it improves this particular metaline
and others of like nature break up. and carefully regrind the pressed
matters of metaline and subject. the ground compound to a second
pressing. In some cases three or more grindings and pressings have
been resorted to. The proportions of the ingredients and the pressure
will be governed by the uses to which the resultant "metaline". is to
be applied; about fifty tons per superficial inch will ordinarily be
sufficient.
Example No. 6.- In this example take of lead eighty-six parts
prepared as indicated in Example No. 2; then take of lampblack
twelve parts in the condition of an impalpable powder as it is found in
commerce; with the carbon is to be'intimately mixed two parts of beeswax
in a hot mill or stirrer, and then add the metal from time to time during
the mixing. The compound is now to be pressed in a suitable mould
to give it solidity. The proportion of ingredients and the pressure
will be varied to meet the use to which the resultant metaline is
applied.
Example No. 7.-To make this composition of matter take of lignum
vitæ wood eighty parts by weight and reduce it to a fine powder by first
rasping or sawing it, and then grinding it in a. buhrstone or other
suitable mill; then take of spermacetti twenty parts, and first mix with
it about an equal part of the wood powder by grinding them together
in a suitable mill or mixer until completely mixed; then add the rest
of the powder a little at a time while the grinding or stirring is
continued.. The mass is then to be subjected to severe pressure in a
mould to give it the required degree of solidity, say about eighty. tons
to the superficial inch.
Example No. 8.-In this example take ivory dust eighty parts by
weight, and of spermacetti twenty parts: The ivory may be obtained
in the form of scraps, sawdust turnings, &c., and reduced to powder by
grinding in a buhrmill or otherwise. The spermacetti is to be intimately
mixed with the ivory, dust, which will be best accomplished by grinding
them together in a suitable mill for some time, .say two or three; hours!
The mass is then to be subjected to severe pressure, as specified in the
foregoing examples.
Example No. 9.-In, this example take of tin, ninety-nine parts, and
of the residuum from petroleum stills one part by weight. The tin.

page_text: :
:
is to be reduced to fine powder or particles by rasping or any other con-
venient process. The " petroleum" residuum is an article of commerce.
It is to be intimately mixed with the divided tin, which may be done by
stirring the two together while warm. The mass is then to be subjected
to pressure, as in former examples.
Example No. 10.-In this example take of zinc ninety-five parts by
weight and of fused caoutchouc five parts. The zinc is reduced to a
fine powder by abrasion, precipitation from a solution, or by grinding
when near its melting point, which latter is the best mode and is usually
employed: The two are then to be intimately mixed together. First
put together about equal parts and grind them in a suitable mill or
stirrer until thoroughly incorporated, then add the rest of the zinc a
little at a time until the whole is completely mixed. The mass is then
to be subjected to pressure as in the former examples.
6 Example No. 11.-In this example take of plastic bronze (the com-
position of which may be varied and still the bronze may remain plastic),
that made of copper, ninety-three parts, tin six parts, and lead or zinc
one part, or aluminum bronze may be used. The bronze is to be reduced
to a powder by abrasion or grinding hot; of this bronze take ninety-
eight parts, and with it incorporate two parts by weight of fused
caoutchouc by grinding them together in a suitable mill while warm.
The composition is now to be subjected to pressure as in the former
examples.
:
Example No. 12.-In this example take of type metal as found
in commerce ninety-six parts and reduce it to a fine powder by
grinding it when near the point of fusion. With this intimetely
incorporate four parts by weight of fused caoutchouc by mixing them
together in a suitable mill while hot. The mass is then subjected to
pressure as in the former examples.
Example No. 13.-In this example take of anthracite coal ninety.
parts ground into an impalpable powder, and with this incorporate ten
parts of tallow from which the oil has. been extracted. The two can
be conveniently incorporated by grinding in a hot mill. The mass is
then subjected to pressure as in the former' examples.
Example No. 14. In this example take of the oxide of tin, as found a
in commerce, ninety-five parts. This is a fine powder suitable for the
purpose; with it incorporate five parts by weight of beeswax by grinding

page_text: them together in a hot mill; then subject the mass to pressure as in
the former examples."
1. .
Example No. 15. In this example the breaking to a certain degree
of the natural cohesion of a metal is effected by heat alone, and while
the metal is held in a state of molecular disintegration by a continued
application of the proper degree of heat another, substance having
slight cohesion among its own particles is introduced among the atoms
of the metal,, which interposes a barrier to the restoration of the natural
cohesion of tlie metal when the heat is withdrawn. To this end take a
metal which between its solid and melted state is susceptible of a semi-
fluid condition, in which it is found to be plastic, easily "moulded,
somewhat granular, and only feebly coherent. Such a metal is the common
plumbers' solder. When this metal is heated and just before it reaches
the melting point mould or stir into it a small quantity of carbon
graphite (blacklead) or some equivalent substance; three to twenty parts
of the carbon graphite with eighty to ninety-seven parts of the solder will
be found to be a serviceable. proportion. The two should be intimately
incorporated together, the heat of the metal being meantime maintained
at the proper point, and before it is so far, cooled as to become solidified
the mass should be subjected to pressure in moulds to give it such shape:
as 'may be required: for use. When: a metal or alloy has thus been
incorporated with the graphite or any equivalent substance for the
purpose here intended it should not be thereafter, melted, as the two will:
immediately separate on being completely fused. When a change of
form is desired raise the temperature to near the point of fusion, and
then press the mass in moulds of the required shape. There are many
substances that will be found to be the equivalents of the carbon,
graphites for the purposes just described, those which are susceptible
of being reduced to fine and impalpable powders, for examples,, many,
others of the graphites,, the precipitated metallic, oxides,. &c... The
graphites are sometimes used for convenience when not reduced to a
very fine powder and are valuable adjuncts in making metaline.
may
1.
133 0.
1 I
I mention in a general summary among the articles that will be
found serviceable in preventing the restoration of the natural cohesion
of metals or alloys after such cohesion has been broken up as described.
the graphites, paraffin, beeswax, spermacetti, and caoutchouc. Gutta
percha, gum ballatta, oleaginous substances may be used, as they
operate to coat and envelope the particles of the metals, thus preventing

page_text: f
cohesion between such particles, and also between the journal box made
of metaline and the journal. Gum resins, such as shellac copal, are often
found useful in imparting additional cohesiveness where the cohesion
is too feeble. Nearly five thousand varieties of metaline have been
made, and it is obvious that drawing our resources from the vegetable,
the animal, and the mineral kingdoms the entire realm of nature (and
examples of each have been given) many millions of varieties of
metalline may be produced.
In each of the examples now specified there is a large class of
substances that may be substituted for the principal elements named,
and which when substituted for them respectively will be found to be
équivalents. Of course all equivalents of the several substances named
in the several compositions respectively are claimed.
What I claim and desire to secure by Letters Patent is,-
First. The process herein set forth of selecting, treating, compounding,
and consolidating certain substances, by which are produced new com-
positions of matter (denominated by the Inventor "metaline") designed
for the purpose of journal boxes and other parts of machinery and
other articles whose surfaces in use are subjected to friction, and which
substances possess such properties and conditions that in the practical
use in machinery and elsewhere in the arts of such articles made of it
so little friction is actually caused and so little heat thereby developed
that all necessity for the application of oil or any other lubricant is
entirely obviated, as herein set forth.
-
Second. I claim each of the several compositions of matter herein-
before described when respectively composed of the substances specified
or their respective equivalents, and compounded' and consolidated in the
manner described or any other manner by which an equivalent effect is
obtained for the purposes named.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Edward Newton, have 3
hereunto set my hand and seal, the Twenty-first day of July,
in the year of our Lord' One thousand eight hundred and
seventy.