Improvements in the Method of Jointing Drain and Sewer Pipes.
Year: 1894

page_text: Date of Application, 22nd Feb., 1894
Complete Specification Left, 12th Nov., 1894-Accepted, 22nd Dec., 1894
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Method of Jointing Drain and Sewer Pipes.
We RICHARD AMES of 2 Clifton Crescent, Colliery Road Nottingham,
Architect, and LORENZO WILLIAM CROSTA of 6 Park Avenue West Bridgford
Nottingham, Mechanical Engineer do hereby declare the nature of this invention
to be as follows
The object of our invention is an improved method of jointing pipes for drains,
sewers and the like, whereby a sound and safe joint that will stand a pressure, or
smoke test may be obtained at a very small cost, and also to make provision for
securing and maintaining a selfadjusting and true alignment of the invert at
the joints.
To do this we form a annular recess at the bottom or seat of the socket and
carried a short distance up the socket, a taper face being formed leading to the
recess, this recess is so formed that when filled with plastic cement, well tempered
clay, or other suitable material, the spigot end when inserted in the socket displaces
a portion of the plastic cement or other suitable material used, and forces it into
a annular groove or channel which we form on the spigot of the pipe near
the end.
Provision for plastic cement or other suitable material is also made at the
entrance of the socket, by slightly grooving or bevilling the invert of the socket,
and forming a groove or channel in the spigot of the pipe in a line or thereabouts,
with the face of the socket when the pipes are laid. We also form a annular
groove or channel midway or thereabouts in the socket and a corresponding annular
groove or channel in the spigot end of the pipe to receive molten cement. In
order to ensure the molten cement forming a perfect and sound joint, free from air
or other defects, we form a taper running hole in the socket leading into the
annular groove or channel and arranged at an angle which will ensure the molten
cement flowing in one direction and filling up all the remaining cavities in the
socket. A small rising hole is formed a short distance from the running hole to
indicate when the socket is full of cement and the joint perfectly made.
To ensure
entire absence of air in the joint, we form a small vent hole at an angle between
the running and rising hole at the point of contact between the rising and running
cement. To obtain a selfadjusting and true alignment of the invert at the joints
we form studs or fillets arranged in a suitable position in the lower half of the
socket when fixed, so that the spigot when in its proper position in the socket,
shall rest upon them and thus be true and concentric with the socket.
We may adapt our special formation of socket to suit varying conditions,
preferably as follows. A, as described above, for making a perfectly sound and
reliable joint under all ordinary conditions. B, we form our joint mainly as before
described, but with the addition of a collar on the spigot arranged in such a
position as to form a joint with the face of the socket. This collar we recess in a
similar manner to the seat of the socket to receive plastic cement or other suitable
material as before described, this joint is specially suitable for water logged ground
or other extremely unfavourable conditions.
C. we use our special formation of socket at the seat, together with the groove
or channel on the spigot, and the studs or fillets to ensure true alignment, but we
dispense with the special arrangement for using molten cement, and in place thereof

page_text: we fill up the remaining part of the socket with plastic cement or other suitable
material, this forms a sound and reliable joint under conditions where a cheaper
form of joint is applicable.
Dated this 22nd day of February 1894.
Improvements in the Method of Jointing Drain and Sewer Pipes.
We, RICHARD AMES, of 2 Clifton Crescent, Colliery Road, Nottingham,
Architect, and LORENZO WILLIAM CROSTA, of 6, Park Avenue, West Bridgford,
Nottingham, Mechanical Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement, reference being had to the
accompanying drawings and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is
to say :-
Our invention relates to improvements in the method of jointing drain and sewer
pipes whereby we are enabled to obtain, at a very small cost, a sound and safe
spigot and socket joint that will stand a water pressure, or a smoke test, and
whereby also we provide for securing and maintaining a self adjustment and true
alignment of the invert at the joints.
To this end, we form in the seat of the socket an annular recess or chamber
of suitable size and having a taper or inclined face leading into and forming part
of such recess or chamber. This recess is so formed that when it is filled with
_ plastic cement, well tempered clay, or other suitable material, and the spigot
inserted therein, the end of the said spigot will displace a portion of the plastic
cement, or other material used, and force it into annular grooves or channels which
we provide on the end of the spigot.
Provision is made for the application of plastic cement, or other suitable
material, at the entrance of the socket, by slightly grooving or bevelling the invert
of said socket, and forming an annular groove or channel in the spigot of the
pipe, in a line, or thereabouts, with the face of the socket, when the pipes
are laid..
Midway, or thereabouts, in the socket, we also form an annular groove or
channel, a corresponding annular groove or channel being provided on the spigot
end of the pipe to receive liquid or molten cement.
In order to ensure such liquid or molten cement forming a perfect and sound
joint free, from air and other defects we provide the socket with a taper running-in
hole leading into the annular groove or channel, in such a position as will ensure
the liquid or molten cement flowing in one direction and filling up all the remaining
cavities in the socket. At a short distance from the running-in hole, we provide a
small rising hole to indicate when the socket is full of cement and the joint
properly made.
We also form a small inclined vent between the running in and
rising holes to ensure entire absence of air in the joint, where the rising cement
melts the running-in cement.
To obtain a self adjusting and true alignment of the invert at the joints we
provide, in the lower half of the socket, or on the spigot, studs or fillets so arranged
that when the spigot is in its proper position in the socket it shall rest upon them
and thus be true and concentric with the socket.
In junctions, bends, and all other special connecting pipes, we prefer to form
additional studs or fillets in the socket, or on the spigot, in suitable positions, in
order that in whatever position the pipes may be fixed there will always be some of

page_text: the studs at the lower part, in order to ensure true alignment without the trouble
and annoyance of ordering special pipes to suit particular angles or positions. The
studs or fillets coming in the upper or top half of the joint may be readily chipped
out if, by reason of any irregularity of the pipes, it is found necessary to remove
them.
Joints made as above described are perfectly sound, and are reliable under all
ordinary conditions.
For water-logged ground and other unfavourable conditions, we form our joint
mainly as before described, but with the addition of a collar on the spigot arranged
in such a position as to form a joint with the face of the socket. In this collar we
form a recess or chamber with a taper or inclined face in a similar manner to the
seat of the socket, to receive plastic cement, or other suitable material, as before
described.
Where a cheap form of joint is desired, and where the conditions are not trying,
we employ our special formation of recess or chamber at the seat of the socket,
together with the groove or channel on the spigot, and the studs or fillets to ensure
true alignment, but we modify the construction of the socket so as to dispense with
the use of the liquid or molten cement, and this we do by making the socket of a
suitable depth to receive clay or other ordinary jointing material.
And in order that our invention may be readily understood we will describe the
same fully with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Figures 1 and 2 are longitudinal sections taken respectively on the lines x, x,
and y, y, of Fig. 8, and shewing the form of joint first mentioned.
a and b are respectively the socket and spigot portions of the joint. c is the
annular recess or sealing chamber which we fill with suitable jointing material, to
the level of the dotted line d, or thereabouts, prior to forming the joint. This
recess or sealing chamber may be of any desired shape and size, but by preference
we form it with an inclined or taper face e, commencing near the invert at the seat
of the socket and leading into and forming part of the recess. By this construction,
we cause the jointing material displaced from the recess or sealing chamber c, by
the insertion of the spigot, to be forced into the grooves or channels formed on
the spigot. We thus obtain a perfect seal at the seat of the socket and also
prevent the jointing material from being forced into the pipes, as is the case in the
ordinary formation of socket seat.
9 g' are annular grooves or channels in the socket and spigot respectively for the
reception of liquid or molten cement. These grooves or channels may be of any
desired shape and size suitable to form a key or fastening for the cement, or other
jointing material used.
The dotted lines extending from the groove g, to the outer face of the socket
indicate the position of the running-in and rising holes, more clearly shown in
Figs. 7 and 8, and which are respectively a part plan and an end view of a joint
constructed according to our invention. In these figures his the running-in hole,
and the rising hole, j being the inclined air vent formed between them. The
boleh being situated to one side of the centre line of the pipe, causes the liquid or
molten cement to flow round the joint in the direction of the arrows, and the hole i
serves to show the workman when the joint is full. The air vent permits the escape
of any air that might otherwise be caught between the rising and inflowing cement.
k, k, are the studs or fillets which are intended to provide a rest and guide for
keeping the spigot true and concentric with the socket, and thus securing
an equal
sealing space around the joint, and a true alignment of the joint at the invert.
These studs, fillets, or rest pieces are so constructed as to project into the joint for
the depth of the jointing space, or thereabouts, so that when the spigot is pushed
home into the socket it will adjust itself true and concentric therewith; in other
respects the studs, or the like, may be of any desired shape, or size, and may be
fixed in any suitable position either in the socket, or on the spigot, so long as they
do not project into or impair, in any way, the efficiency of the recess or sealing
chamber c.

page_text: To provide for completely surrounding the studs, fillets, or rest pieces with cement,
we leave a sealing space between these studs, or the like, k, k, and the entrance of
the socket, and a space for molten cement between the studs, or in any other place.
where necessary. By this arrangement it is quite possible for the workman to work
the cement completely round the studs, or the like, and so make the joint perfectly
gas and water tight in every part.
We are aware that rest pieces in themselves are not new, as many attempts have
been made to use various kinds, but they have invariably failed owing to their
having produced a defective place in the joint. By forming them in the way we
do, and by using them in combination with our special formation of socket and
spigot, we obtain a good result, as we entirely overcome the difficulties which have
hitherto existed, and we are able to ensure a perfectly sealed joint throughout, and
also to secure a firm rest for the spigot, and a true alignment of the joint at the
invert.
Figs. 3 and 4 are sections corresponding to Figs. 1 and 2, and shewing the joint
we employ for water logged ground. This joint is formed mainly as before
described with reference to the above figures, but with the addition of a specially
formed collar k¹ on the spigot, arranged in a suitable position for making a joint
with the face of the socket. In this collar we form an annular recess or sealing
chamber as shewn, from the points connected by the dotted line m.
This recess
or sealing chamber may be of any desired size and shape, but we preferably form
it with an inclined or taper face n, leading into and forming part of it, after the
manner of the sealing chamber c at the seat of the socket, so that when the sealing
chambers c and are filled with suitable jointing material, and the spigot pushed
home to its place in the socket, the displaced jointing material is forced into the
joint of the pipe and forms a perfect seal at each end of the joint. The cavity left
may then be grouted up with molten cement in the usual way. This joint may be
made under the most unfavourable conditions, as the jointing material in the sealing
chambers c and I cannot get washed away.
Figs. 5 and 6 are longitudinal sections shewing the cheaper form of joint herein-
before mentioned. In this instance we form the joint with the recess or sealing
chamber c at the seat of the socket, and the grooves or channels fon the spigot ;
studs or rest pieces k, k, being also employed, but we dispense with the provision
for using molten cement, as described with reference to the joints shewn in Figures 1
and 2 and 3 and 4, and in place thereof we find it advantageous to make our socket
a suitable depth for filling up the joint with ordinary cement, or other suitable
material, in the usual manner in which joints are made in ordinary pipes. We thus
obtain a sound gas and water-tight joint under all ordinary conditions, and also
ensure a true alignment at the invert, and a firm rest for the spigot, and these
advantages are secured at very little cost beyond that of an ordinary pipe.
Joints such as above described, are likewise suitable for pipes through which
electric cables have to pass.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our
invention and in what manner the same may be performed we declare that we
claim is :
1. In pipes for drains, sewers, and the like, an annular recess or sealing chamber,
at the seat of the socket, having an inclined or taper face leading into and forming
part of such recess or chamber, substantially as and for the purposes described.
2. In pipes for drains, sewers, and the like, the combination with the annular
recess or sealing chamber having the inclined or taper face of the annular
grooves or channels in the spigot and in the socket, and the running-in and rising
holes and i, substantially as described and as shewn with reference to the drawings.
3. In pipes for drains, sewers, and the like, the combination with the recess or
sealing chamber c, the annular grooves or channels f, g and g¹, and the running-in
and rising holes and i, of the studs, fillets or rest pieces k in the socket (or on the
spigot) substantially as described and shewn, and for the purposes set forth.

page_text: 4. In pipes for drains, sewers, and-the-like,-the-combination with the recess
or sealing chamber c in the seat of the socket, of a corresponding recess or
sealing chamber (such as 7) formed in a collar on the spigot, substantially as
described and as shewn with reference to Figs. 3 and 4 of the drawings.
5. In pipes for drains, sewers, and the like, the combination with the recess or
sealing chamber c, the grooves or channels, the running in and rising holes h.
and i, and the studs, fillets, or rest pieces k, of the collar k, on the spigot, having a
recess or sealing chamber constructed with an inclined or taper face n, substan-
tially as described and shewn with reference to Figs. 3 and 4 of the drawings, and
for the purposes set forth.
6. In pipes for drains, sewers, and the like, the combination with the recess or
sealing chamber c, of the grooves or channels f, g and g', and the studs fillets or
rest pieces k, k, substantially as described and shewn, and for the purposes set forth.
7. Our improved constructions of spigot and socket joints for drains, sewer, and
like pipes, whereby a cheap, safe and sound joint is provided, as well as true align-
ment and self-adjustment of the invert, substantially as hereinbefore described and
shewn with reference to the accompanying drawings.
18
.T
1004
ERNEST DE PASS,
Chartered Patent Agent,
78, Fleet Street, London, and 6, Victoria Street, Nottingham,
Agent for the Applicants.