IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL MARBLE OR STONE, WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE IN THE MANUFACTURE OF THE BEDS OF BILLIARD AND BAGATELLE TABLES
Year: 1869

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to. William Lincolne, of 77, John Street, Glasgow,
in the County of Lanark, and Edwin Chafer, of 115, Thistle Street,
in the said Glasgow, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL MARBLE OR STONE, WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE
ALSO APPLICABLE IN THE MANUFACTURE OF THE BEDS OF BILLIARD AND
BAGATELLE TABLES."
Sealed the 18th January 1870, and dated the 23rd July 1869.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Lincolne and
Edwin Chafer at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 23rd July 1869.
We, WILLIAM LINCOLNE, of 77, John Street, Glasgow, in the County.
of Lanark, and EDWIN CHAFEB, of 115, Thistle Street, in the said
Glasgow, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for " Iм-
STONE, WHICH
PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL MARBLE OR
IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
BILLIARD AND BAGATELLE TABLES," to be as follows:-
THE BEDS OF
The object of the Invention is to obtain a denser or closer surface,
and also in the case of colored marble or stone a greater depth to such

page_text: coloring. In the manufacture of this imitation marble or stone we
employ by preference what is well known as Keene's cement, or in
some cases plaster of Paris, and we obtain surface finish at once by the
use of a surface or mould of suitable material, glass or metal by
preference on account of the superior smooth polish which may be
obtained thereby. Supposing the imitation marble or stone to be com-
posed of several colors, we mix the material in the respective colors,
using any of the coloring matters usually employed in coloring cement
or plaster of Paris, and mixing with water to a thick pasty consistency;
we then take of one color and apply it to the thickness and in the
order desired upon the glass or other surface, taking care to press or work
it downwards so as to work out the air therefrom as much as possible,
and thereby prevent the formation of air bubbles and obtain greater
density and surface finish; we then in like manner manipulate with
the next color of cement, and so on with each color in succession until
all the colors desired have been manipulated with except the ground
or body, which we then lay over the whole, and in like manner press,
squeeze, or force in so as to form a compact mass of any desired
thickness; we then allow the whole to remain until thoroughly set and
hard when it may be removed from the glass or other surface, and such
surface will be found to have given a polished finish to the combined
If only white, black, or a single color is desired the mixture
will still be formed to a pasty consistency and squeezed or forced
downwards on to the polished surface employed. In some cases this
polished or surface finish may be increased by rubbing with polishing
paste, oil, or other matter. By these means the necessity for rubbing
or cutting down the surface to render the same smooth and of the
desired form is rendered unnecessary. The cement thus treated is
applicable in place of slate for the beds of billiard and bagattelle tables,
but in these cases we prefer to give strength to such surface by enclosing
in the cement bars or a framework of metal.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said William Lincolne and Edwin Chafer in the.
Great Seal Patent Office on the 21st January 1870.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, WILLIAM 3
LINCOLNE, of 77, John Street, Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, and

page_text: EDWIN CHAFER, of 115, Thistle Street, in the said Glasgow, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-third day of July, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, in the 33d
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and
grant unto us, the said William Lincolne and Edwin Chafer, Her special
license that we, the said William Lincolne and Edwin Chafer, our
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said
William Lincolne and Edwin Chafer, our executors, administrators, or
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE
OF ARTIFICIAL MARBLE OR STONE, WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF THE BEDS OF BILLIARD AND BAGATELLE TABLES," upon the
condition (amongst others) that we, the said William Lincolne and
Edwin Chafer, by an instrument in writing under our hand and
seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW. KNOW YE, that we, the said William Lincolne and Edwin
Chafer, do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement, that is to say :-
Our said Invention relates to certain improvements in the manufacture
of artificial marble and stone, and it has for its object,―
'
First. The obtainment or production of a denser or closer surface
such marble or stone than has hitherto been effected.
. Secondly. In the case of coloured marble or stone this Invention
enables the colouring to be carried to any required depth into the
artificial marble or stone, or through the entire mass of the said marble
or stone if desired.
The Invention is carried into practice by employing by preference

page_text: what is known as Keene's cement, and in some cases (where less
strength and hardness of the product will suffice) plaster of Paris as
the base or chief ingredient of the said artificial marble or stone. In
some cases a portion of sand and with or without a portion or portions
of other cement may be admixed or compounded with either of the
herein-before mentioned substances for the purpose of hardening and at
the same time cheapening the product, and in cases where still greater
strength is desired bars or plates or frames of metal or wood may be
imbedded or inserted into the cement when the cement is in the plastic.
state, and which are retained out of sight by the cement covering and
hardening over, them. The foregoing substance or substances in the
case of imitating coloured marble or stone are admixed with water and
colouring matter or matters, a mordant. being used by preference to
fix the colour, and when so prepared the differently coloured portions
are spread and firmly pressed on or into moulds or plates of glass, brass,
copper, or other smooth and practically incorrodible surface.
The manner of putting the Invention into practice may be explained
by the following example :-Supposing the marble or stone about to
be made to be composed of several colours, we admix the material in
the respective colours by using any of the colouring matters employed
in colouring cement or plaster of Paris, taking care that the colouring
matter is thoroughly incorporated with the water and fixed by any of
the mordants commonly used in dyeing, and when mixed to a thick
pasty consistency we take of one colour and apply it in a layer of the
necessary thickness and in the order desired upon the glass or other
surface, taking care to press it downwards on the glass or other smooth
surface, so as to expel the air therefrom as much as possible, thereby
preventing the formation of air bubbles or hollows in the surface and
obtaining greater density and surface finish; we then in like manner
manipulate with the next colour of cement, and so on with each colour
in succession side by side until all the colours desired have been
manipulated with; after which we press, squeeze, or force by manual,
hydraulic, or other power the various coloured portions together on the
smooth surface, so as to form a still more compact mass, and to produce
any desired thickness of artificial marble or stone we repeat the said
operations on each successive layer; we then allow the whole to remain
until thoroughly set and hard when it may be removed from the glass
or other surface, and such surface will be found to have given a polished

page_text: finish to the combined mass. If only white, black, or a single colour
is desired the mixture is also formed to a pasty consistency and squeezed
or forced downwards on to the polished surface employed, so that the
mass or body of the cement becomes thoroughly firm and compact; in
this case it will be found of great benefit to employ hydraulic pressure.
In some cases this polished or surface finish may be increased by rubbing
with polishing paste, oil, or other matter. By these means the necessity
for rubbing or cutting down or filling up the surface to render the same
smooth and of the desired form is unnecessary. The cement thus
treated is applicable in place of slate for the beds of billiard and
bagatelle tables.
Having now described the nature of our said Invention, and the
manner in or under which the same is or may be used or practically
carried into effect, we would observe in conclusion that what we consider
novel and original and therefore claim as the Invention secured to us
by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,-
First. The manufacture or production of artificial marble or stone,
so that a smooth or polished surface finish is imparted to the same by
moulding it on glass or other smooth or polished surface as herein-
before set forth.
Second. The employment of glass or other smooth or polished surfaces
as moulds for the manufacture of artificial marble or stone as herein-
before set forth.
Third. The manufacture or production of artificial marble or stone
having the colour or colours carried throughout the mass
of the same as herein-before set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Edwin Chafer, on behalf of the said
William Lincolne and myself, have hereunto set my hand and
seal, this Nineteenth day of January One thousand eight hundred
and seventy.
EDWIN CHAFER. (L.s.)