IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR TESTING THE STRENGTH OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES AND IN GAUGES, WEIGHING MACHINES, DYNAMOMETERS, AND PIPE JOINTS USED IN CONNECTION THERE WITH AND APPLICABLE TO OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES
Year: 1883

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Albert Hamilton Emery of New York in the State of
New York, United States of America for an Invention of IMPROVEMENTS IN
MACHINERY FOR TESTING THE STRENGTH OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES AND
IN GAUGES, WEIGHING MACHINES, DYNAMOMETERS, AND PIPE JOINTS USED IN
CONNECTION THERE WITH AND APPLICABLE TO OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Albert Hamilton Emery at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 5th June 1883.
ALBERT HAMILTON EMERY of New York, in the State of New York, United
States of America IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR TESTING THE STRENGTH
OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES AND IN GAUGES WEIGHING MACHINES DYNAMO-
METERS AND PIPE JOINTS USED IN CONNECTION THEREWITH AND APPLICABLE TO
OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES.
This invention is applicable to machines of large capacity for producing and
measuring strains of tension or compression or torsion, or transverse loads, in
various materials and structures.
The testing machine is constructed with coupled load beams adapted for use
respectively and interchangeably as the bed and platform of the scale, according
to whether a strain of tension or compression is to be produced. The load beams
are connected adjustably to one end of a pair of massive screws to which the
straining apparatus is applied. The load beams and also (if preferred) the load-
beam-end of the screws and their attachments are supported on a moveable bed
having a limited sliding motion on a stationary foundation and provided with
springs arranged in pairs in connection with a casing or bearings in such a manner
that both springs of each pair will be acted on by a movement of the bed in
either direction, by the recoil on the breaking of a specimen and will restore the
bed to its normal position. The cases or bearings of the springs are provided
with screws and followers adapted to put any required initial pressure on the
springs. The movement of the bed is also resisted by its friction on its foundation
this friction being regulated in extent by clamp-bolts and nuts, by which the bed
is held down. The coupled beams are secured against relative lateral motion by
flexible fixing plates attached together at their extremities and to the respective
beams at their centres. They are further secured against independent motion

page_text: laterally to the machine and are adjusted laterally by horizontal stay rods and
setting nuts. The said beams are secured against vertical motion by vertical
flexible rods or plates applied to their backs which preferably form the means of
their attachment to the moveable bed, the straining screws being independently
mounted on pillar blocks or standards rising from the said bed. To hold the
beams with their faces parallel and vertical and to prevent them tipping towards
each other on the supporting rods applied to their backs springs are employed
attached each at one end to the face of one of the beams and attached together
at their other ends, the force required in straining the ends of the said springs
together being determined by their size, form and distance asunder which may be
regulated as required by the insertion of washers between them and the faces of
'the beams to which they are attached. These springs serve also to secure the
beams against relative vertical motion and to press them together on the liquid
pressure supports which are interposed between them. The beams are connected
to the pillar blocks or standards by setting rods provided with screw nuts by which
either of the beams which is to constitute the scale bed may be brought home
against its rigid bearings on straining screws. Rubber washers or cushions are
interposed between the metallic washers of the setting rods and the pillar blocks
to prevent the breaking of the rods by the recoil movement incident to the
breaking of a specimen. A double acting hydraulic press is employed in
connection with suitable specimen holders for producing heavy strains of either
tension or compression at the will of the operator and also for applying transverse
strains by the use of accessory appliances hereinafter described. The piston rod
is screwed in the piston head and the joint is closed by packing covered by
annular plates bent at their edges and secured to the surfaces of the rod and
piston head.
The straining beam, carrying the hydraulic straining press is moved by gearing
and nuts to adjust the beam to the length of a specimen in which a strain of
tension or compression is to be produced by the hydraulic press or the said gearing
acting on the straining beam may be employed for applying lighter strains without
the use of the hydraulic press.
The screws connecting the straining beam or press and the coupled platform or
scale beams are sustained at proper intervals by struts or standards so arranged on
the bed of the machine and counterbalanced as to permit the carriage of the
straining beam or press to pass over them as it is moved for adjustment and to
cause the said supports to resume their upright position. In cases where the
weight of the screw is not sufficient to keep it from upward deflection and keep it
to its bearings on the top of the supporting strut, said strut is constructed with a
hinged cap to hold the screw while the machine is in operation and release it when
the strut is to be turned down.
The strut is braced to hold it against deflection under the action of the screw
when the machine is under recoil.
The
The specimen holders are operated by hydraulic pressure. They each consist of
three parallel beams the outer ones secured together by suitable tie rods on which
the intermediate beam is moveable to serve as a clamp jaw by the action of one or
more hydraulic rams placed between it and one of the outer beams of the holder
and connected by liquid pipes with an accumulator, pump or other means for
producing the pressure. One of the holders is attached to the straining beam or
press by a link and pins and is mounted on a truck running on rails or ways.
other holder is supported on vertical rods allowing free longitudinal movement and
is fixed against lateral movement by stay rods and when the machine is used for
strains of compression bears directly against the one of the coupled beams which
is to form the free platform of the scale and is firmly clamped to said beam.
When the machine is used for tension the said holder may be placed on the
opposite side of the coupled beams and connected thereto by the same clamp (the
specimen to be tested passing through apertures in the beams) or if the specimen
be short, the holder is located as when used for compression and connected with

page_text: the free load or platform beam by a link passing through the apertures in the
coupled beams and attached by a pin to a beam-block which is clamped to the
platform beam and supported by adjustable struts of peculiar construction.
The beam-block is made reversible so that it may be transferred from the rear
to the front of the coupled beams and clamped in place of the holder to receive the
thrust of a compression specimen which does not require to be gripped by a holder.
Two of the beams of the specimen holder are extended horizontally to form check.
pieces for its attachment to the beam, beam link or straining mechanism. The
holder jaws when released from pressure are opened by the weight of the moving.
jaw, assisted if necessary by springs. Their closure is limited by check blocks.
For the better holding of cylindrical specimens for tension or compression supple-
mental dies are applied within the bolders or the main dies thereof provided with,
splines or feathers and dowel pins to keep the parts in their proper relative
position and prevent one slipping on the other. The parts of these supplemental,
dies are connected by screws permitting the required play for gripping and
releasing the specimens and springs are employed to separate them when not.
pressed together.
The liquid pressure pipes are provided with two part couplings with a diaphragm.
or flexible sealing plate attached permanently to each so that the pipes inay
be uncoupled when necessary without releasing the pressure liquid which they
contain.
For applying transverse strains, a jointed truss is employed, connected at one
end to the straining bar of the press or beam, and expanded at its other end to
any necessary extent to bear near the ends of a specimen of any length. The free
ends of the straining truss are held at the required distance asunder by a chord
beam and clamp screws and are provided with jointed bearings adapted to follow
the curvature of the specimen under strain without slipping thereon. For straining.
shorter specimens a second truss chord is provided, constructed with a screw thread
on which the bearings are adjusted each by a pair of nuts. A beam link passing
through the coupled beams and connected with a pair of links passing around the
threaded truss-cord and the specimen being tested, and connected with a suitable
bearing to rest on the centre of the said specimen, enables such short specimen to
be tested at a point between the straining beam and coupled scale beams.
In large power machines the strain is transmitted and weighed through the
medium of pressure supports and if necessary through one or more pressure
reducers. The support or reducer is provided with an annular lining soldered to
the base and to the pressure chamber diaphragm, which diaphragm may be
corrugated to protect it from injurious tensional strain.
For
The diaphragms of the pressure chamber are bent at one or both edges and,
secured within a suitable groove or grooves by the application of solder.
sustaining heavy pressure it is preferred to construct the pressure supports with
an annular column having a reducing pressure column located concentrically
within it and moving in an opposite direction. The inner pressure column is
stayed against lateral motion by a boss recessed into it and rigidly connected to
the diaphragm.
In machines of the largest class the liquid pressure supports interposed between
the beams for receiving the load are constructed with compound liquid chambers of
different areas for transmitting reduced pressure and are provided on one or both
faces with a plurality of rubber cushions which adapt the bearing surfaces of the
supports to accommodate themselves to the expansion and contraction of the
surfaces of the beams with which they are in contact caused by the slight deflection
of said beams under heavy strains. The use of a plurality of these cushions
prevents the tipping of the support base. The pressure diaphragms of the supports
are bent at their edges and secured to their columns and to the case and base
respectively within dovetail grooves by means of metallic or other packing tamped
into said grooves. The fixing plates which stay the support columns against lateral
motion are similarly secured at one or both edges, or where the parts are required

page_text: to be separable the inner edge of the annular fixing plate may be permanently
secured to the column and the outer edge clamped to the casing.
Any necessary number of liquid pressure reducers may be employed between the
load beam supports and the weighing apparatus. The base or receiving head of
the reducer contains small removeable pressure receivers, one for each of the
pressure pipes coming from the load beam supports.
The
The said small pressure receivers are each constructed with a stem for the
reception of the liquid pressure pipe and with a small pressure column attached to
the head of the said stem through the medium of a pressure diaphragm and a lining
plate permanently connected at their edges, clamped to the reducer base by a
Bealing ring and containing the liquid pressure chamber between them.
delivering head of the reducer is removable, being connected by the pressure
diaphragm with a separable head forming part of the pressure column. The main
part of said column is stayed at top by a fixing plate separate from the pressure
diaphragm.
For applying torsional strains the piston or ram has a second rod projecting in
the opposite direction to the first and connected with a frame carrying double
chains connected by one end of each, to the respective ends of the frame and by
their other ends to lugs or to the respective ends of a saddle on a torsion arm or
wheel so as to apply forcible rotation thereto in either direction. The torsion arm
or wheel is also formed with worm teeth for the purpose of applying lighter strains
by means of a screw. The double chains are fixed each at one end to the lugs or
saddle on the straining arm or wheel and one of them is connected permanently to
the chain frame. The extremity of the other chain is connected to the chain
frame by bolts and nuts, which by straining the chain in one direction and the
chain frame in the other tighten both the chains at once. Stay rods brace the
bearings of the straining arm or wheel and of the straining beam or press relatively
to each other. The screw gearing is thrown in and out of connection by means of
a screw shaft rotated by a crank and serving to raise and lower a bed which carries
the driving screw.
From the straining arm or wheel torsion is communicated to the specimen
through a torsion bar constructed with a head by which it is connected to a
supporting beam, the latter being mounted to slide longitudinally on suitable guide
ways and adjusted vertically and transversely by setting screws.
The specimen
is supported and centered by an adjustable beam formed in two parts bolted together
and holding the specimen between them. To the head of the torsion bar is
connected a straining crank adjustable in length to suit specimen cranks of any
length of arm and formed at its extremity with a seat and cap to receive a crank
pin of any size, the size of the seat for the pin being varied by the introduction of
concentric dies.
The strain or torsion applied in either direction to one end of the specimen is
weighed by clamping it at or near its other end or at any suitable part of its length
in a stationary holder consisting of two beams bolted together with a hydraulic
gripping jaw between them, dies being interposed if necessary to suit the size and
shape of the specimen. The connected beams of the holder are each formed with
a projecting arm, which arms transmit the strain through thrust plates and flexible
connecting plates to scale beams acting on hydraulic pressure supports from
whence pressure is communicated through liquid pipes to suitable weighing
mechanism. Two sets of thrust plates are used, operating on separate load plat-
forms, supports and pressure pipes to transmit strain in opposite directions, the
thrust plates which are to be used being bolted to their load platforms and the
opposite ones disconnected from theirs. The disconnected and disused platforms are
held against their supports and in proper parallelism with the corresponding scale
beds by rods and springs.
The holders are stayed longitudinally with the machine by flexible plates. The
holders and the free end of the horizontal thrust plates are supported by standards
with thin plate connection.

page_text: The invention also relates to improvements in gauges employed to indicate
liquid pressure in the straining press, holders accumulator or other part of the
testing machine and applicable also to pressure and vacuum gauges for other
purposes.
The gauge is constructed with a pressure chamber permanently attached to a
chamber base which is removable from the base of the gauge and from the pressure
column or a part thereof.
.
The column is preferably formed in two parts, the lower being attached to the
pressure chamber diaphragm. The removeable chamber is tightly clamped between
the casing and the base of the gauge by means of screws.
A removeable fulcrum
block secured to the base, by the same or other screws, forms an attachment for the
flexible fulcrum plates of one or more transmitting levers and for a standard
constituting the front bearing of the rotary indicator.
A secondary transmitting lever is fulcrumed to the case by compound flexible
plates connected by an intermediate clamping piece affording limited horizontal
play to the fulcrum. This lever is held against longitudinal motion by a flexible
fixing plate constituting a spring which serves also as the pressure resisting spring
and is attached adjustably to the fulcrum block.
The transmitting levers are made double constituting wide frames and are thus
adapted to receive transmitting plates which are made thin for flexibility and wide
for strength. The width of the lever frames and connecting plates also adapts
them to transmit their pressure in vertical plane without lateral or oblique strain.
A hair spring is provided to offer such slight resistance to the rotation of the
indicator as will serve to keep the parts taut. The final lever of the series is
preferably mounted on a fulcrum-block constructed with two arcs around which
its flexible fulcrum plate and the flexible plate which connects it to the interme-
diate lever are respectively drawn in order to keep the fulcrum points in the same
horizontal line. An adjustable stop limits the downward movement of this lever
when pressure is withdrawn. Stop screws are employed to limit the vertical
movement of one of the intermediate levers. From the final lever motion is
communicated to the rotary indicator by a coiled metallic band. The indicator
pivots run in jewelled bearings one of which is mounted in a supporting and
adjusting screw.
The invention further relates to improvements in dynamometers and weighing
machinery used in connection with the testing machine and applicable to other
useful purposes. The dynamometer in its preferred form constitutes a portable
weighing maching possessing great accuracy and capable of being made of large
capacity. It is adapted to be suspended for use and to serve the purpose of a
dynamometer for weighing and indicating vertical strains.
Under one modification it may also be used for indicating horizontal strains.
The dynamometer is suspended by a stem attached to a beam which is connected
by tie rods to a lower beam to which is screwed a column bearing upward, through
a flexible transmitting plate against the first of a series of weighing levers which
are connected to the case and to each other by flexible plates. The load is applied
to the case through the medium of a load steam and a pair of cross heads between
which a spring is interposed to counteract any sudden shock. Flexible plates are
also employed to stay the levers against horizontal movement. The second lever
of the series carries a sliding weight for use in connection with graduations on said
lever and is connected with a supplemental lever from the end of which a bar is
suspended for the reception of large poise weights for weighing heavy loads. The
suspension weight-rod works through an opening in the case and is formed with a
shoulder to limit its upward movement. An adjustable stud within the case serves
as a stop to limit the descent of the connected levers and by passing through the
fulcrum-piece of the third lever limits the horizontal motion thereof. The second
lever is fixed against longitudinal motion by a horizontal flexible plate which
perunits its free vertical play. The second lever also connects with an indicator rod
having much greater angular motion and carrying one or more sliding tare or

page_text: The
balancing weights. By means of a rod or rods sliding in packed guides or boxes
in the case, all the sliding weights are operated without opening the case.
case is constructed on one side with a pocket for the reception of the heavy poise
weights when not in use and on the opposite side with a corresponding pocket
within which the rod for the reception of said weights hangs from the supple-
mental weight lever. The entire gravity of the machine and its appendages which
is balanced by tare or counterbalance weights is thus unchanged by the application
of weights to the weight lever or their removal therefrom.
The testing machine is further provided with a hydraulic gauge for measuring
the strains on the specimens by determining the pressure of the liquid in the
straining press and with apparatus for making diagrams to show the elongation,
compression, torsion, deflection or other changes or effects produced in the specimens
by the strains to which they are subjected.
The diagram apparatus consists essentially of a gauge a pencil holder carried
by the plunger of the gauge, a cylinder carrying a paper on which the pencil is to
indicate the vertical movement of the plunger and consequently the amount of
strain, and connections between the specimen or specimen holder and the cylindrical
paper holder serving to rotate the said paper holder to a degree corresponding with
the elongation, compression torsion or deflection of the specimen so that the
horizontal movement of the paper relatively to the pencil will indicate the changes
in the specimen and the vertical movement of the pencil on the paper will indicate
the degree of pressure by which such changes are produced.
The invention further relates to mechanism for producing relative rotation
between the piston and cylinder of a hydraulic press or gauge in order to eliminate
the resistance to longitudinal movement caused by the friction of the piston or
piston rod in its packings, and further to a mode of transmitting pressure from a
rotating ram or piston of a hydraulic press or gauge through the medium of a
confined liquid whereby the longitudinal pressure or movement of such rotating
ram or piston is transmitted with reduced friction.
The invention further relates to a joint or coupling for pipes adapted to sustain
heavy internal pressure and hence particularly applicable to coupling pipes con-
taining liquid for transmitting pressure in testing machines, weighing machinery
and hydraulic pressure apparatus of various kinds.
This part of the invention is applicable to the coupling of pipes for any purposes
and especially pipes for conducting liquid under heavy pressure. It consists in the
provision of packings in the form of one or more rings of ductile metal placed
within a recess or recesses of corresponding form in the parallel abutting faces of
one or both members or sections of the pipe to be coupled. This annular packing
is compressed by forcing the two pipe sections together by any preferred form of
screw coupling or by other suitable means. The annular packing contained in the
recess or recesses in one member of the pipe bears against the perpendicular face or
sboulder of the other member or enters a corresponding recess therein; or an annular
tongue or tongues on one member or section of the pipe, corresponding in dimen-
sions with the recess or recesses in the other member in which the packing is
contained, enter the said recesses so as to compress the packing therein when the
pipe sections are forced together.
The principle of this part of the invention is to so confine the metallic packing
within its containing chambers or recesses that while under pressure applied in
forcing the pipes together such packing will flow around the recess or recesses so
as to equalize the pressure on all parts, and form a tight joint which will be main-
tained even should the pipe be deflected to a moderate extent. The packing metal
will be prevented from flowing out of its containing recess or recesses by the pressure
applied in forcing the pipe sections together

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Albert Hamilton Emery in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 4th December 1883.
ALBERT HAMILTON EMERY of New York in the State of New York United
States of America "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR TESTING THE STRENGTH
OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES AND IN GAUGES WEIGHING-MACHINES DYNAMO-
METERS AND PIPE JOINTS USED IN CONNECTION THEREWITH AND APPLICABLE TO
OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES
"
This invention is applicable to machines of large capacity for producing and
measuring strains of tension or compression or torsion, or transverse loads in
various materials and structures.
The testing machine is constructed with coupled load-beams adapted for use
respectively and interchangeably as the bed and platform of the scale according to
whether a strain of tension or compression is to be produced. The load beams are
connected adjustably to one end of a pair of massive screws to which the straining
apparatus is applied. The load beams and also (if preferred) the load beam end of
the screws and their attachments are supported on a movable bed having a limited
sliding motion on a stationary foundation and provided with springs arranged in
pairs in connection with a casing or bearings in such a manner that both springs of
each pair will be acted on by a movement of the bed in either direction, by the
recoil on the breaking of a specimen and will restore the bed to its normal position.
The cases or bearings of the springs are provided with screws and followers
adapted to put any required initial pressure on the springs. The movement of the
bed is also resisted by its friction on its foundation this friction being regulated in
extent by clamp bolts and nuts by which the bed is held down. The coupled
beams are secured against relative lateral motion by flexible fixing plates attached
together at their extremities and to the respective beams at their centres. They
are further secured against independent motion laterally to the machine and are
adjusted laterally by horizontal stay rods and setting nuts. The said beams are
secured against vertical motion by vertical flexible rods or plates applied to their
backs which preferably form the means of their attachment to the movable bed,
the straining screws being independently mounted on pillar blocks or standards
rising from the said bed. To hold the beams with their faces parallel and vertical
and to prevent them tipping towards each other on the supporting rods applied to
their backs springs are employed attached each at one end to the face of one of
the beams and attached together at their other ends, the force required in straining
the ends of the said springs together being determined by their size form and
distance asunder which may be regulated as required by the insertion of washers
between them and the faces of the beams to which they are attached. These
springs serve also to secure the beams against relative vertical motion and to press
them together on the liquid pressure supports which are interposed between them.
The beams are connected to the pillar blocks or standards by. setting rods provided
with screw nuts by which either of the, beams which is to constitute the scale-bed
may be brought home against its rigid bearings on the straining screws. Rubber
washers or cushions are interposed between the metallic washers of the setting rods
and the pillar blocks to prevent the breaking of the rods by the recoil movement
incident to the breaking of a specimen. A double acting hydraulic press is
employed in connection with suitable specimen-holders for producing heavy strains
of either tension or compression at the will of the operator and also for applying
transverse strains by the use of accessory appliances hereinafter described. The
piston rod is screwed in the piston head and the joint is closed by packing covered

page_text: by annular plates bent at their edges and secured to the surfaces of the rod and
piston head.
The straining beam carrying the hydraulic straining press is moved by gearing
and nuts to adjust the beam to the length of a specimen in which a strain of tension
or compression is to be produced by the hydraulic press or the said gearing acting
on the straining beam may be employed for appling lighter strains without the use
of the hydraulic press.
The screws connecting the straining beam or press and the coupled platform or
scale beams are sustained at proper intervals by struts or standards so arranged on
the bed of the machine and counterbalanced as to permit the carriage of the
straining beam or press to pass over them as it is moved for adjustment and to
cause the said supports to resume their upright position. In cases where the weight
of the screw is not sufficient to keep it from upward deflection and keep it to its
bearings on the top of the supporting strut, said strut is constructed with a hinged
cap to hold the screw while the machine is in operation and release it when the
strut is to be turned down. The strut is braced to hold it against deflection under
the action of the screw when the machine is under' recoil.
The specimen holders are operated by hydraulic pressure. They each consist of
three parallel beams the outer ones secured together by suitable tie-rods on which
the intermediate beam is movable to serve as a clamp-jaw by the action of one or
more hydraulic rams placed between it and one of the outer beams of the holder
and connected by liquid pipes with an accumulator pump or other means for
producing the pressure. One of the holders is attached to the straining beam or
press by a link and pins and is mounted on a truck running on rails or ways. The
other holder is supported on vertical rods allowing free longitudinal movement and
is fixed against lateral movement by stay rods and when the machine is used for
strains of compression bears directly against the one of the coupled beams which is
to form the free platform of the scale and is firmly clamped to said beam. When
the machine is used for tension the said holder may be placed on the opposite side
of the coupled beams and connected thereto by the same clamp (the specimen to
be tested passing through apertures in the beams) or, if the specimen be short, the
holder is located as when used for compression and connected with the free load
or platform beam by a link passing through the apertures in the coupled beams
and attached by a pin to a beam block which is clamped to the platform beam and
supported by adjustable struts of peculiar construction. The beam block is made
reversible so that it may be transferred from the rear to the front of the coupled
beams and clamped in place of the holder to receive the thrust of a compression
specimen which does not require to be gripped by a holder. Two of the beams of
the specimen-holder are extended horizontally to form cheek pieces for its attach-
ment to the beam, beam link or straining mechanism. The holder jaws when
released from pressure are opened by the weight of the moving jaw, assisted, if
necessary, by springs. Their closure is limited by check blocks. For the better
holding of cylindrical specimens for tension or compression supplemental dies are
applied within the holders of the main dies thereof provided with splines or feathers
and dowel pins to keep the parts in their proper relative position and prevent one
slipping on the other. The parts of these supplemental dies are connected by screws
permitting the required play for gripping and releasing the specimens and springs
are employed to separate them when not pressed together. The liquid pressure
pipes are provided with two-part couplings with a diaphragm or flexible sealing
plate attached permanently to each so that the pipes may be uncoupled when
necessary without releasing the pressure liquid which they contain.
For applying transverse strains a jointed truss is employed connected at one end
to the straining bar of the press or beam and expanded at its other end to any
necessary extent to bear near the ends of a specimen of any length. The free
ends of the straining truss are held at the required distance asunder by a chord-
beam and clamp screws and are provided with jointed bearings adapted to follow
the curvature of the specimen under strain without slipping thereon. For straining

page_text: shorter specimens a second truss-chord is provided constructed with a screw thread
on which the bearings are adjusted each by a pair of nuts. A beam link passing
through the coupled beams and connected with a pair of links passing around the
threaded truss-chord and the specimen being tested and connected with a suitable
bearing to rest on the centre of the said specimen, enables such short specimen to
be tested at a point between the straining-beam and coupled scale-beams.
In large power machines the strain is transmitted and weighed through the
medium of hydraulic pressure supports and if necessary through one or more
pressure reducers. The support or reducer is provided with an annular lining
soldered to the base and to the pressure-chamber-diaphragm which diaphragm may
be corrugated to protect it from injurious tensional strain. The diaphragms of the
pressure chamber are bent at one or both edges and secured within a suitable
groove or grooves by the application of solder. For sustaining heavy pressure it
is preferred to construct the pressure supports with an annular column having a
reducing pressure column located concentrically within it and moving in an opposite
direction. The inner pressure column is stayed against lateral motion by a boss
recessed into it and rigidly connected to the diaphragm.
In machines of the largest class the liquid pressure supports interposed between
the beams for receiving the load are constructed with compound liquid chambers
of different areas for transmitting reduced pressure and are provided on one or
both faces with a plurality of rubber cushions which adapt the bearing surfaces
of the supports to accommodate themselves to the expansion and contraction of the
surfaces of the beams with which they are in contact caused by the slight
deflection of said beams under heavy strains. The use of a plurality of these
cushions prevents the tipping of the support base. The pressure diaphragms of
the supports are bent at their edges and secured to their columns and to the case
and base respectively within dovetail grooves by means of metallic or other
packing tamped into said grooves. The fixing plates which stay the support
columns against lateral motion are similarly secured at one or both edges, or where
the parts are required to be separable the inner edge of the annular fixing plate
may be permanently secured to the column and the outer edge clamped to the
casing.
Any necessary number of liquid pressure reducers may be employed between
the load beam supports and the weighing apparatus. The base or receiving head
of the reducer contains small removable pressure receivers, one for each of the
pressure pipes coming from the load beain supports. The said snall pressure
receivers are each constructed with a stem for the reception of the liquid pressure
pipe and with a small pressure column attached to the head of the said stem
through the medium of a pressure diaphragm and a lining plate permanently
connected at their edges clamped to the reducer base by a sealing ring and
containing the liquid pressure chamber between them. The delivering head
of the reducer is removable being connected by the pressure diaphragm with
a separable head forming part of the pressure column. The main part of
said column is stayed at top by a fixing plate separate from the pressure
diaphragm.
For applying torsional strains the piston or ram has a second rod projecting
in the opposite direction to the first and connected with a frame carrying double
chains connected by one end of each to the respective ends of the frame and by
their other ends to lugs or to the respective ends of a saddle on a torsion arm or
wheel so as to apply forcible rotation thereto in either direction. The torsion arm
or wheel is also formed with worm teeth for the purpose of applying lighter
strains by means of a screw. The double chains are fixed each at one end to the
lugs or saddle on the straining arm or wheel and one of them is connected
permanently to the chain-frame. The extremity of the other chain is connected
to the chain-frame by bolts and nuts which by straining the chain in one direction
and the chain frame in the other tighten both the chains at once. Stay rods
brace the bearings of the straining arm or wheel and the straining beam or

page_text: press relatively to each other. The screw gearing is thrown in and out of
connection by means of a screw shaft rotated by a crank and serving to raise and
lower a bed which carries the driving screw.
From the straining arm or wheel torsion is communicated to the specimen
through a torsion-bar constructed with a head by which it is connected to a
supporting beam, the latter being mounted to slide longitudinally on suitable
guide ways and adjusted vertically and transversely by setting screws. The
specimen is supported and centered by an adjustable beam formed in two parts
bolted together and holding the specimen between them. To the head of the
torsion bar is connected a straining crank adjustable in length to suit specimen
cranks of any length of arm and formed at its extremity with a seat and cap
to receive a crank pin of any size, the size of the seat for the pin being varied
by the introduction of concentric dies.
The strain or torsion applied in either direction to one end of the specimen is
weighed by clamping it at or near its other end or at any suitable part of its
length in a stationary holder consisting of two beans bolted together with a
hydraulic gripping jaw between them, dies being interposed if necessary to suit
the size and shape of the specimen. The connected beams of the holder are each
formed with a projecting arm which arms transmit the strain through thrust
plates and flexible connecting plates to scale beams acting on hydraulic pressure
supports from whence pressure is communicated through liquid pipes to suitable
weighing mechanism. Two sets of thrust plates are used operating on separate
load platforms, supports and pressure pipes to transmit strain in opposite directions,
the thrust plates which are to be used being bolted to their load-platforms and the
opposite ones disconnected from theirs. The disconnected and disused platforms
are held against their supports and in proper parallelism with the corresponding
scale beds by rods and springs.
The holders are stayed longitudinally with the machine by flexible plates. The
holders and the free end of the horizontal thrust plates are supported by standards
with thin plate connection.
The invention also relates to improvements in gauges employed to indicate
liquid pressure in the straining press holders accumulator or other part of the
testing machine and applicable also to pressure and vacuum gauges for other
purposes.
The gauge is constructed with a pressure chamber permanently attached to a
chamber base which is removable from the base of the gauge and from the pressure
column or a part thereof. The column is preferably formed in two parts the
lower being attached to the pressure chamber diaphragm. The removable
chamber is tightly clamped between the casing and the base of the gauge by
means of screws. A removable fulcrum block secured to the base by the same or
other screws forms an attachment for the flexible fulcrum plates of one or more
transmitting levers and for a standard constituting the front bearing of the rotary
indicator. A secondary transmitting lever is fulcrumed to the case by compound
flexible plates connected by an intermediate clamping piece affording limited
horizontal play to the fulcrum. This lever is held against longitudinal motion by
a flexible fixing plate constituting a spring which serves also as the pressure
resisting spring and is attached adjustably to the fulcrum block. The transmitting
levers are made double constituting wide frames and are thus adapted to receive
transmitting plates which are made thin for flexibility and wide for strength.
The width of the lever frames and connecting plates also adapts them to transmit
their pressure in a vertical plane without lateral or oblique strain. A hair spring
is provided to offer such slight resistance to the rotation of the indicator as will
serve to keep the parts taut. The final lever of the series is preferably mounted
on a fulcrum block constructed with two arcs around which its flexible fulcrum
plate and the flexible plate which connects it to the intermediate lever are
respectively drawn in order to keep the fulcrum points in the same horizontal
line. An adjustable stop limits the downward movement of this lever when

page_text: pressure is withdrawn. Stop screws are employed to limit the vertical movement
of one of the intermediate levers. From the final lever motion is communicated to
the rotary indicator by a coiled metallic band. The indicator pivots run in
jewelled bearings one of which is mounted in a supporting and adjusting screw.
The invention further relates to improvements in dynamometers and weighing
machinery used in connection with the testing machine and applicable to other
useful purposes. The dynamometer in its preferred form constitutes a portable
weighing machine possessing great accuracy and capable of being made of large
capacity. It is adapted to be suspended for use and to serve the purpose of a
dynamometer for weighing and indicating vertical strains.
Under one modification it may also be used for indicating horizontal strains.
The dynamometer is suspended by a stem attached to a beam which is connected
by tie rods to a lower beau to which is screwed a column bearing upward through
a flexible transmitting plate, against the first of a series of weighing levers which
are connected to the case and to each other by flexible plates. The load is applied
to the case through the medium of a load stem and a pair of cross heads between
which a spring is interposed to counteract any sudden shock. Flexible plates aro
also employed to stay the levers against horizontal movement. The second lever
of the series carries a sliding weight for use in connection with graduations on
said lever and is connected with a supplemental lever from the end of which a bar
is suspended for the reception of large poise weights for weighing heavy loads.
The suspension weight rod works through an opening in the case and is formed
with a shoulder to limit its upward movement. An adjustable stud within the
case serves as a stop to limit the descent of the connected levers and by passing
through the fulcrum piece of the third lever limits the horizontal motion thereof.
The second lever is fixed against longitudinal motion by a horizontal flexible plate
which permits its free vertical play. The second lever also connects with an
indicator rod having much greater angular motion and carrying one or more
sliding tare or balancing weights. By means of a rod or rods sliding in packed
guides or boxes in the case, all the sliding weights are operated without opening
the case.
The case is constructed on one side with a pocket for the reception of the heavy
poise weights when not in use and on the opposite side with a corresponding
pocket within which the rod for the reception of said weights hangs from
the supplemental weight lever. The entire gravity of the machine and its
appendages which is balanced by tare or counterbalance weights is thus
unchanged by the application of weights to the weight-lever or their removal
therefrom.
The testing machine is further provided with a hydraulic gauge for measuring
the strains on the specimens by determining the pressure of the liquid in the
straining press and with apparatus for making diagrams to show the elongation
compression, torsion, deflection or other changes or effects produced in the specimens
by the strains to which they are subjected.
The diagrain apparatus consists essentially of a gauge a pencil-holder carried by
the plunger of the gauge, a cylinder carrying a paper on which the pencil is to
indicate the vertical movement of the plunger and consequently the amount of
strain and connections between the specimen or specimen holder and the
cylindrical paper holder serving to rotate the said paper holder to a degree
corresponding with the elongation compression torsion or deflection of the specimen
so that the horizontal movement of the paper relatively to the pencil will
indicate the changes in the specimen and the vertical movement of the pencil
on the paper will indicate the degree of pressure by which such changes are
produced.
The invention further relates to mechanism for producing relative rotation
between the piston and cylinder of a hydraulic press or gauge in order to
eliminate the resistance to longitudinal movement caused by the friction of the
piston or piston rod in its packings and further to a mode of transmitting

page_text: The accompanying drawings which illustrate the invention form part of a series
of consecutively numbered figures illustrating connected or allied inventions
some of which I have made the subject of other applications of even date
herewith.
Figures 119 to 125 inclusive illustrate the improvements in gauges under two
modifications.
Figure 119 is a front elevation of one form of modification of the said gauge.
Figure 120 is a horizontal section of the same.
Figure 121 is a vertical section of the base showing the pressure diaphragm and
its connections.
Figure 122 is a front elevation of another form or modification of gauge
embodying the improvements and shown in position on a smaller scale at 1708 in
Figure 244.
Figure 123 is a horizontal section of the same.
Figure 124 is a vertical section of the base showing the liquid pressure chamber
and its attachments.
Figure 125 is a detached elevation of the fulcrum and attachments of the last
transmitting lever.
Figures 129 to 136 inclusive illustrate the improvements in weighing dynamo-
mets under two modifications.
Figure 129 is a front elevation of a weighing dynamometer embodying some of
the improvements in which the load pressure is taken up by springs.
Figure 130 is a vertical section of the same.
Figure 131 is a view of the lower end thereof on a smaller scale.

page_text: Figure 132 is a front elevation of a weighing dynamometer of large capacity
nd of more complete and perfect form (shown in position on a sinaller scale
t 1003 in Figures 166 and 167) in which sliding and suspended weights are
mployed.
Figure 133 is a horizontal section of the said dynamometer on the line 133
Figure 132.
Figure 132 is a front elevation of a weighing dynamometer of large capacity
and of more complete and perfect form (shown in position on a smaller scale
at 1003 in Figures 166 and 167) in which sliding and suspended weights are
employed.
Figure 133 is a horizontal section of the said dynamometer on the line 133
Figure 132.
Figure 132a. is an elevation of a lever stay-bar and its attachments showing the
weight lever partly broken away.
Figure 133, is a plan of the weight lever and its stay-bar attachments.
Figure 134 is a plan or top view of the dynamometer.
Figure 135 is a vertical sectional elevation of the same on the line 135
Figure 132.
Figure 136 is a bottom view.
Testing machines embodying the invention and various details thereof are
illustrated in Figures 166 to 188 inclusive and in Figures 219 to 252 inclusive.
Figure 166 is a side elevation of a testing machine illustrating parts of the
invention.
Figure 167 is a plan of the same.
"
Figures 168 and 169 are elevations of a screw support and its accessories.
Figure 170 is a detached longitudinal section of the piston of the press.
Figure 171 is a rear elevation of the press end of the machine.
Figure 172 is a transverse section on the line 172 Figure 178.
-
Figure 173 is an elevation of the inner face of one of the coupled beams and its
attachments showing the liquid pressure supports.
Figure 174 is a sectional elevation of a buffer spring in connection with the
Ecrew and pillar block.
Figures 175 and 176 are elevations of a screw support.
Figure 177 is an elevation of the scale end of the machine and a longitudinal
section of the straining mechanism.
Figure 178 is a plan of the same.
Figure 179 is a plan of the top of a hydraulic support for the scale of a testing
machine.
Figure 180 is an underside view of the same.
Figure 181 is a vertical section on a larger scale of a portion of the support on
line 181 Figure 180.
Figure 182 is a vertical section of a hydraulic support showing a modification in
construction.
Figure 183 is a plan of the scale end of the machine in its application to testing
transverse strains.
Figure 184 is an elevation of a portion of the jointed transverse straining links.
Figure 185 is a plan of a jointed load support.
Figure 186 is an elevation of the same.
Figure 187 is an elevation showing the application of a transverse load to a
short specimen and a section of the scale beams and beam-block on the line 187
Figure 183.
Figure 188 is a plan of the same with the beams and beam block removed.
Figure 219 is a side elevation of the scale end of a machine of larger capacity
with its holder showing the foundation in section.
Figure 220 is a plan of the same.
Figure 221 is a vertical longitudinal section of the same and an elevation of the
straining holder.
Figure 221a. is a front or end view of the supplemental holding dies partly in
section and with a specimen in section.
Figure 222 is an elevation partly in section on a larger scale of a beam block
supporting rod and its bearings.

page_text: Figure 223 is a partial transverse section on the line 223 Figure 220 showing
the holder partly in elevation and partly in section.
Figure 224 is a rear elevation of the weigh beam end of the machine.
;
Figure 225 is an elevation partly in section on a larger scale of the recoil spring
of the movable bed and its attachments.
Figure 226 is an end view of the same.
Figure 227 is an axial section of a compound liquid pressure support.
Figures 228 and 229 are plans of the respective faces of the said support on a
smaller scale.
Figure 230 is a detached sectional view of a portion of a cap plate for a support
or reducer showing a duct for introducing liquid under pressure and a plug for
sealing said duct.
Figure 231 is a longitudinal section of a coupling device for transmitting liquid
pressure from one section of a pipo to another through the medium of diaphragms
secured permanently to each.
Figure 232 is an end view of said coupling.
Figure 233 is an elevation partly in section of a liquid pressure reducer.
Figure 234 is a sectional elevation on a larger scale of parts of the same.
Figure 235 is a plan of the reducer on a smaller scale with some parts removed.
Figure 236 is a plan of the torsion end of the machine with a shaft and crank in
position for testing.
Figure 237 is an elevation of the torsion end of the machine with the foundation
and torsion bar in section on line 237 Figure 236.
Figure 238 is an end elevation of the torsion weighing holder and its attachments
showing the foundation in section on line 238 Figure 236.
Figure 239 is a section on line 239 Figure 236
Figure 240 is a section of the specimen and foundation on line 240 Figure 236
and an elevation of the indicating apparatus the bearing beams for supporting the
specimen and the head of the torsion bar and its attachments.
Figure 241 is a central section of one of the bydraulic pressure supports for the
weighing holder.
Figure 242 is a diagram illustrating the relative arrangement of the hydraulic
pressure supports their pipes and reducer and the weigh case.
Figure 243 is a plan view of the machine as used for applying strains of tension
or compression.
Figure 244 is a side elevation of the same.
Figure 245 is an elevation of the straining end thereof.
Figure 246 is an elevation of the scale or weighing end thereof and of the
weighing apparatus
Figure 247 is an end elevation of the straining press and its attachments and of
mechanism for rotating its ram.
Figure 248 shows a side elevation of the straining press and its attachments
partly in section and a section of the mechanism for rotating the ram.
Figure 249 is a plan view of the same.
Figure 250 is a front elevation of a hydrostatic gauge and diagram apparatus
for indicating the force and effect of strains on specimens. Figure 251 is a plan
of the same.
Figure 252 is a sectional elevation thereof on a larger scale.
Figure 253 is a longitudinal section of a pipe joint illustrating one form of the
invention.
Figure 254 is a longitudinal section of a portion of a pipe joint illustrating.
another form of the invention
Figure 255 is a similar view illustrating still another modification.
In Figures 166, 167, 171, 172, 173, 177, 178 and 183; 1202, 1202 represent a
pair of horizontal screws passing through the coupled beams 1204, 1205, and
adapted to afford a rigid support to either at will as hereinafter described. The
screws 1202, 1202 are supported by pillar blocks 1236, 1236 on the frame 1201

page_text: and are held longitudinally by collars 1209a. and 1237 forged on the shanks 12026.
of the screws and bearing against the pillar blocks 1236, 1236 with springs 1235
interposed to take up the recoil in the event of the breaking of a specimen. The
shanks 1202b, may be forged each in one piece with its screw 1202 or if preferred
for convenience of construction the collars 1237 being forged on the extremities of
the connecting shanks 12026. may be threaded internally and the screws 1202 may
be screwed therein.
The mode of constructing and applying the buffer springs is shown in detail in
Figure 174 in which 1235 shows one of the springs and 1290 a! collar fitted to
slide on the screw shank and fixed to the pillar block by screws 1291 compressing
the spring 1235 to its normal position so that it will exert no force to move the
screw shank 12026. until it is further compressed by the collar 1209a. under the
recoil resulting from breaking a specimen. The resislience of the springs will then
restore the screws to their normal position the motion of the collars 1290 being
arrested by the screws 1291.
The beams are set in either direction to bring either against its bearings by
means of setting nuts 1204a. 1205a. bearing against lugs on the respective beans
and working on setting rods 1286 which pass loosely through the lugs on the
beams 1204, 1205 so as to avoid friction and are fixed by nuts 1286a. to lugs
1287. on the collars 1209a. of the main screws. In Figures 166, 167, 177 and 178
the rear beam 1204 is shown resting against nuts 1210a. on the screws so as to
serve as the stationary bed of the scale while the beam 1205 constitutes the free
platform. In Figures 166 and 167 the specimen 12296. is shown undergoing a
strain of compression. When the machine is to be used for producing a strain of
tension on the specimen the nuts 1204a. are turned back leaving the beam 1204
free and the nuts 1205a. are then turned up to force and hold the beam 1205
immovably against the bearing collars 1209a. on the screws 1202b. 1202.
In this machine a strain of compression is transmitted to the specimen 1229b.
from the straining bar 1243 by the compression platform 1243a. fastened thereto
by the pin 12436. and from the specimen to the beam 1205 by the compression
platforin 1282a. and the beam block 1282 to which it is fastened by the
pin 1282b.
The beams 1204, 1205, are supported by flexible or jointed standards 1238 which
permit their free horizontal play as required for weighing the strain and they are
stayed against lateral motion by braces 1288. The said beams are connected by
metal springs 1239 adapted to press them together so as to prevent back lash and
fix them against relative lateral motion. In large machines it is preferred by
means of the springs 1239 to apply an initial pressure of a few thousand pounds
in order to bring the parts to their bearings. This initial pressure is balanced on
the scale before applying the strain to the specimen. The above details are more
fully shown in Figures 172, 173, 177 and 178. The springs 1239 are connected
together at 1240 as represented and at their ends 1241 are bolted to the respective
beams 1204, 1205
The straining beam 1226 in machines of large capacity consists of a double
acting hydraulic press 1242 as shown in Figures 166, 167, 177 and 178.
1243 represents the piston rod for attachment to the straining rod or specimen
connection and 1244 a piston screwed upon the said rod 1243 with a packing of
any suitable kind on its periphery. The joint between the piston and its rod is
protected as shown in detail in Figure 170. 1245 is a packing of soft metal or
other suitable material applied around the joint of the front face and 1246 an
annular metallic plate bent at its edges and either soldered or keyed by the
packing 1245 in grooves formed in the surfaces of the piston rod and piston as
shown. On the rear face, 1247 represents a metallic plate which may constitute
either a ring or a disc. In the latter case it would extend completely over the
end of the piston rod. In the present illustration it is shown in annular form
connected by its bent edges to grooves in the faces of the rod 1243 and piston 1244
by packing similar to that shown at 1245.

page_text: For setting the straining beam in proper position to receive a specimen of any
length it is moved back or forth on its wheels 1248 (Figures 171, 177 and 178)
running on the track 1249 by the action of nuts 1250 on which are keyed cog-
wheels 1250a. gearing with cogged idlers 1251 which receive rotation from
pinions 1252 carried by a bracket 1253 and fitted to slide on a splined shaft 1254
which is rotated by a pulley 1255 or other means.
The strain of either tension or compression is transmitted by pressure between
the beams 1204, 1205 through the medium of hydraulic pressure supports 1256
interposed between the said beams as shown in Figures 177 and 178 and in
Figure 173 the latter being a face view of one of the beams with the supports
applied. 1257 are liquid pipes for transmitting the pressure to suitable weighing
apparatus.
The preferred form of liquid pressure supports interposed between the beams of
machines of large capacity is illustrated in Figures 179, 180, 181, Figure 179 is a
view of one face of this [support and Figure 180 of the other face. The circular
outlines in Figure 180 indicate rubber springs 1258 which are represented in
section in Figure 181. The said springs are recessed into the base as shown and
constituting one bearing face of the support, permit the relative motion between
the surfaces of the support and beam due to the extension and compression of such
surfaces under a load. 1259 is the base of the support secured by screws 1260 to
the casing 1261 to which the main annular column 1262 is connected by a flexible
fixing plate 1263. It will be observed that Figure 181 shows a section of a little
more than one half of the structure taken through the axis. The main pressure
chamber is formed between the base 1259 and the pressure column 1262, 1267, the
liquid being inclosed by a corrugated diaphragm 1264 which is secured at its
periphery to an annular lining 1265 which being soldered at its inner edge within
an annular groove in the base 1259 and at its outer edge to the periphery of the
diaphragm 1264 forms in connection therewith a perfectly tight joint. The
corrugation of the diaphragm 1264 enables it to adapt itself to changes in
temperature without any injurious strain upon its connections. The centre of the
diaphragm 1264 is soldered to a boss 1266 which is recessed in the smaller end of
the secondary pressure column 1267. If the diaphragm be continuous and without
perforation the boss 1266 may be fixed to its centre by sweat soldering, but it is
preferred to make an aperture in the centre of the diaphragm as shown, for con-
venience in soldering. The larger end of this column 1267 is connected by an
annular diaphragm 1268 with a plate 1269 connected with the annular
column 1262 and constituting the base of the small pressure chamber 1270 of
the column 1267. The liquid pressure pipe 1267 communicates with the small
pressure chamber 1270. It will now appear that any pressure bearing on one side
on the united parts 1269, 1262 and on the other side on the springs 1258 applied
to the base 1259 will produce compression in the chamber 1271. This pressure
acting on the smaller area of the frusto-conical column 1267 will be transmitted to
the liquid in the chamber 1270 and thence through the pipe 1257 in a degree
reduced as much as the area of the larger face of the column 1267 is larger than
that of the smaller face. For machines of smaller capacity where it is not
necessary to employ a pressure reducer within the support a simple liquid pressure
support may be employed such as is shown in section in Figure 182, 1259 being
the base connected by screws 1200 to the casing 1261 and 1262a. being the
pressure column which as before is connected by a corrugated diaphragm 1264
with the casing and is stayed against lateral motion by annular fixing plate 1263.
In this case the pressure is transmitted from the chamber 1271 through the liquid
pressure pipe 1257. In Figures 173 and 183 four of the liquid pressure pipes 1257
are shown conducting to a weigh case 1212a.
In order to sustain the weight of a specimen which is undergoing compression
in a horizontal position so that the strain applied may be equivalent to a strain
of compression sustained by the specimen in the vertical position in which it is to
be used any necessary number of dynamometers are employed as shown at 1003

page_text: in Figures 166 and 167. These dynamometers are suspended from hangers over-
head in any suitable manner which will permit them to be raised or lowered as
required while in use. The construction of the dynamometer is represented in
detail in Figures 129 to 136 inclusive.
Referring to Figures 129, 130 and 131-901 represents a suspension stem
secured by lock nuts 906 to a suspension beam 902 rigidly connected by rods 905
with a load beam 907 so that the said parts 901, 902, 905, 907, constitute a rigid
suspension yoke on which the case of the instrument and the load attachment
connected therewith are suspended through the medium of the weighing
mechanism. The base 979 of the pressure columb is fixed to the load beam 907
by a screw 920 and is flanged to constitute a stop plate to limit by contact
with the casing ring 910 the upward movement of the case relatively to the
suspension yoke when relieved of a load.
The suspending beam 902 is fixed against lateral motion by the flexible annular
plate 904. The load beam 907 is fixed to the case 903 and ring 910 and secured
against lateral motion by the flexible annular plate 909. These fixing plates 904
and 909 may be secured at their edges as shown in Figure 130 by solder or other
soft metal poured or tamped in. The load stem 984 is preferably swivelled
within a moving cross-head 980 being supported thereon by a nut 916 and
washer 917 locked together by a pin 918. The moving cross head 980 rests on a
spring 981 of rubber or other material bearing on the load-cross-head 983 which
is connected by nuts 985 and fixing studs 982 to the case 903. Instead of the
compression spring 981 a tension spring of any suitable material may be placed
below the cross head 983 and in this case the moving cross head 980 may be
dispensed with. The load which is thus applied to the case 903 is transmitted to
the pressure column 928, 979 and load beam 907 through the medium of the
fulcrum bracket 930 flexible fulcrum plate 934 and the fulcrum block of a double
or skeleton lever 933 constituting the primary load lever and connected by the
flexible thrust plate 932 and clamp 931 to the upper part 928 of the pressure
column. The double or skeleton lever 933 consists of two parallel bars connected
at their extremities and may be made in one piece as here shown. It is connected
by the flexible plate 934 and clamp plate and screw 935 to the fulcrum bracket 930,
the latter being secured by screws 929 to the case 903. From the primary load-
lever 933 pressure is transmitted through flexible plate 936, (held by clamps 937,
938) to a second double or skeleton-lever 942 fulcrumed by a compound flexible
joint constituted of thin plates 939, 939 and clamps 940.
A clamp 941 fixes the plate 939 to the transmitting lever 942 and a clamp 941*
fixes the plate 939° to the case, or to a suitable bracket attached thereto.
One or
more flexible plates 943 fastened by an adjustable clamp or clamps 944 to the
fulcrum-bracket 930 and by a clamp or clamps 945 to the lever 942 constitute
springs to resist the deflection of the levers under pressure of a load and also
stay the lever 942 against horizontal movement. 946 represents a temperature
spring fastened to the back part of the lever 942 by a clamp plate 947 and to the
case by a temperature and adjusting rod 948 which is formed wholly or in part
of metal more or less expansible than that of the case in order to counteract
automatically the effect of changes in temperature as may be necessary.
The
rod 948 is secured within the case as shown in dotted lines in figure 129, so that
it may be set up or down to vary the pressure of the spring on the lever and to set
the rotary indicator. A flexible transmitting plate 949 is fastened by a clamp 950
to the free end of the transmitting-lever 942 and by a clamp 952 to the fulcrum-
block 951 of the transmitting-lever 953, which is fixed to the said fulcrum-block
by screws 954. The fulcrum-block 951 is suspended by a flexible plate 955 to a
bracket 956 attached to a lug 9S6 on the case 903 and forming also the attach-
ment for the flexible fixing-plate or plates 959, by which the said fulcrum block
is secured against horizontal motion. The fulcrum-plate 955 is clamped to the
fulcrum-block 951 by screws 954, 954 and to the bracket 956 by clamp 957.
The horizontal fixing plate or plates 959 are attached to the fulcrum block 951 by

page_text: clamp 960 and to the bracket 956 by clamp 961. The use of the bracket is
beneficial in enabling the attachment of the flexible plates to the said bracket
and to the fulcrum-block before inserting the whole in the case, after which the
setting and securing of the bracket is readily effected. The fixing spring 959
may be attached directly to a lug on the case 903 if preferred.
To the free end of the lever 953 is secured adjustably by a clamp 963 one end
of a metallic band 962 the other extremity of which is coiled on a drum 964 on
the shaft 965 of the indicator 966. To the shaft is also fixed one end of a hair-
spring 969 coiled in the opposite direction from the band 962 and attached at its
other end to a pin 969a fixed in the load-lever 942. The hair spring works in
opposition to the band 962 so as to restore the indicator to zero and keep the parts
taut.
The double or skeleton levers enable the use of transmitting plates made wide
for strength and thin for flexibility. By applying the strains centrally within said
skeleton-levers, lateral or oblique strains are avoided and the accuracy and
durability of the instrument are greatly enhanced. This instrument constitutes
an efficient weighing machine for general purposes or a dynamometer for use in
either vertical or horizontal position. Some of the novel features in the said
instrument are embraced in another application of mine of even date herewith.
Figures 132 to 136 inclusive show a weighing dynamometer for use in vertical.
position, adapted for heavy loads and to give very accurate and delicate
indications.
1001 is a suspension stem attached to a suspension-beam 1002 which is stayed
horizontally within the upper part of the case 1003 by flexible plates 1004
permanently connected to each, and allowing free vertical movement of the case
relatively to the beam. The beam 1002 is connected by shouldered tie-rods 1005
with a load beam 1006 at the bottom of the case which is clamped against the
shoulders of the tie-rods by nuts 1083 and is stayed horizontally by flexible
fixing-plates 1007 secured to it and to the casing-ring 1082 permitting free
vertical play between the said case and beam. The parts 1001, 1002, 1005 and
1006 thus constitute a rigid yoke in and around which the case and its attachments
move up and down in weighing. The tie-rods pass loosely through the case, the
annular space between them and the case being closed by rubber or other elastic
rings 1084 placed in recesses in the casing-ring 1082.
To the load-beam 1006 is attached by a screw 1008 a pressure column 1009
which is connected with a load-lever 1010 by a flexible transmitting plate 1011
clamped to the column by a block and screws 1012 shown in dotted lines in
figure 132, and to the load-lever 1010 by a block 1013 fixed thereto by screws
1014, 1015. The horizontal screws 1014 also attach a clamp-plate 1016 which
holds a flexible fulcrum-plate 1017 which is clamped at its upper edge by a plate
and screw 1017° to a stationary block or bracket 1018 fastened to the case by
shouldered bolts 1019 which also fix the casing ring 1082 to the case.
block 1018 is made of annular form at its lower part so to allow the columa 1009
to work freely up and down within it.
The
The primary load lever 1010 is connected at its free end to the fulcrum-
block 1020 of a second lever 1020 by a flexible transmitting-plate 1021 clamped
to the end of the lever 1010 by clamp plate and screw 1022. The screws
attaching the fulcrum-block 1020 hold also a clamp plate 1023 securing the
lower end of a thin flexible plate 1024 which fulcrums the lever 1020 to a
bracket 1025 within the case, being clamped to said bracket by clamp-plates and
screws 1026.
The load-levers 1010 and 1020 are made in double form each consisting of a
quadrangular frame or of two parallel bars permanently connected at their ends by
transverse bars, to which the fulcrum and transmitting-plates of the respective
levers are attached. The front bar of the lever 1020 is graduated as shown in
figure 132 with a scale for use in connection with a sliding weight 1027 which is
stopped at zero by a stud 1027 on said bar. The rear bar of the said lever

page_text: may carry one or more tare or balancing weights if desired. The thin plate
connections which receive strains of compression are made the entire width of the
double levers.
The free end of the lever 1020 connects by thin flexible plates 1028 with an
upwardly projecting fulcrum-block 1029 bolted to a second weight-lever 1030 and
fulcrumed by a thin flexible plate 1031 attached by clamp plates and screws 1032
to a lug on the case.
1033 is an attaching block shown in dotted lines in Figures 132, 133, 132 and
in full lines in Figure 133 secured to the lever 1020 by two screws 1034. To this
block the connecting plates 1028 are clamped by a plate 1035, shown in dotted
lines, fixed by two screws 1036. The lever 1030 is branched at each end as
shown in figure 133 and is attached to its fulcrum-block 1029 by screws 1088
which serve also to clamp the lower ends of the connecting plates 1028. The
fulcrum plates 1031 are attached to the fulcrum block 1029 by a clamp plate and
screws 1089.
An adjustable stud 1037 projecting upward within the case within an aperture
in the fulcrum-block 1029 forms a stop to limit the descent of the connected
levers 1020, 1030, by the contact of the former with the upper end of said stud
and also limits the horizontal movement of the lever 1030 so as to prevent injury
to its flexible plate connections.
From the free end of the lever 1030 a weight-rod 1038 is suspended by a
flexible plate 1040 clamped to the lever and weight-rod respectively by plates and
screws 1041, 1042. The suspended weight rod 1038 passes loosely through an
opening in the case in which, in the present illustration, is a hollow screw 1043.
The contact of the shoulder 1039 of the weight rod with the bottom of this screw
limits the upward movement of the connected levers. The lower end of the rod
hangs freely in a socket 1044 which restricts it against swinging motion.
A platform 1045 on the suspension-rod 1038 supports weights 1046 which are
applied thereto to balance heavy loads. Similar weights are shown at 1047 set
away as when not in use.
The weight-rod 1038 is graduated as shown in figure 132 so that the value of
the weights upon it at any time may be read directly over the top of the said
weights. The weight-rod 1038 hangs within a box or pocket 1048 closed by a
hinged door 1049. A corresponding box or pocket 1050 on the opposite side of
the case receives such of the weights as are not in use. The pocket 1050 is closed
by a door 1051. The weights not in use are kept in the case as shown so that the
entire gravity of the machine and its appendages, which must be balanced before
the application of a load may not vary in the operation of weighing. The
weight-rod 1038 may hang directly on the end of the lever 1020 if preferred.
The lever 1020 is connected at its free end by a thin flexible plate 1052 with
the fulcrum-block 1053 of an indicator-rod 1054. The said fulcrum-block is
suspended within the case by thin flexible fulcrum-plates 1055. The connecting
plate 1052 is attached at its respective ends to the end of the lever 1020 and to
the fulcrum-block 1053 by clamp-plates 1056 each fixed by two screws 1057.
1058 and 1059 represent clamps for attaching the suspension plate 1055 to the
indicator-fulcrum-block 1053 and to the attaching block 1060 which is fastened by
a screw to a lug in the case.
The indicator-fulcrum-block 1053 is fixed against longitudinal motion by one
or more thin flexible plates 1090 secured at one end to the fulcrum-block by a
clamp-plate and screws 1091 and at the other end to an attaching block 1092 by
clamp plate and screws 1093. The attaching-block 1092 is fastened to a lug in
the case by screws 1094.
The connecting and fulcrum plates 1028, 1031, 1040, 1052, 1055 and 1090 are
preferably applied in pairs each consisting of two narrow spring-plates.
The transmitting and fulcrum plates 1011, 1017, 1021, 1024, are preferably
made each in one piece, the full width of the double levers.
The indicator rod 1054 at its free end plays without contact within a slotted

page_text: guide and stop-plate 1061 and in front of a graduated indicator plate 1062. The
guide plate is attached to the indicator-plate by a screw 1100 and the indicator-
plate is attached by screws 1063 to the lever 1020 near its fulcrum end. The rod 1054
may be connected by a band with a rotary indicator as shown in figure 129.
The indicator rod carries any desirable number of tare or balancing weights
1064, 1065.
One of these 1065, (for example) is preferably made of aluminium or
other light material for delicate balancing. The sliding weight or weights 1027 on
the lever 1020 and the sliding balancing weights 1064, 1065, are all operated by
means of a sliding tappet-rod 1066 so as to avoid the necessity of opening the case.
The rod works within stuffing boxes or packed guides 1069, 1070, and carries two
sets of tappets or fingers 1067, 1068, working on either side of the guide 1070. It
is furnished at its outer end with a knob 1071 for prehension. The weight 1027
is preferably provided with an upwardly projecting pair of studs 1072 either of
which may be engaged by the respective fingers 1067, 1068 on the sliding rod so
that the weight may readily be moved the entire length of the beam, when
required, by two holds, though the stroke of the rod 1066 is limited to one half its
length by the inner guide 1070.
The weight-lever 1020 is secured against longitudinal motion by a bar 1073
figures 132, 133 shown in dotted lines in figure 132 attached to the said lever
near the fulcrum end thereof through the medium of a thin flexible plate 1074 and
to the fulcrum-bracket or other stationary part of the case through the medium of a
thin flexible plate 1075. The flexible plates 1074 and 1075 are fixed to the
respective ends of the bar 1073 by clamp plates 1095 and screws 1096. The
flexible plate 1074 is fixed to the lever 1020 by clamp-plates and screws 1097.
The flexible plate 1075 is fixed to the fulcrum-block by clamp-plates 1098 and
Screws 1099. The bar 1073 being of considerable length and being attached to the
lever where its motion is but small, the resistance offered to the free vertical play of
the levers is exceedingly slight.
The load to be weighed is applied to the load stem 1076 suspended by a nut 1077
to a cross head 1078 which rests through the medium of a buffer-spring 1079 on a
second cross-head 1080 fastened to the case by the nuts 1081 and bolts 1019.
The case is closed in front by a glazed door 1085 secured by hinges 1086 and
lock 1087. The load received by the case is communicated through fulcrum-
blocks 1018 and fulcrum-plate 1017 to the load lever 1010 and thence to the
coluinn 1009 attached to the load beaa 1006 and through the connecting rods 1005
to the suspension-beam 1002 with a pressure which is balanced and indicated by
the weights.
Before the strain is applied the dynamometers are so adjusted as to sustain the
weight of the intermediate portion of the specimen to which they are applied to
prevent its deflection by its own gravity. The strain being then applied the
attendant watches the indications of the dynamometers and so adjusts them by
means of the suspension devices as to keep the indications the same as before
the strain was applied so that the lateral force resulting from gravity of the
inaterial may not be used either to augment or reduce the proper deflecting effect
in either direction of the strain of endwise compression to which the specimen is
subjected under test. If the indicator of the dynamometer shows that the
downward pressure of the part of the specimen to which it is applied increases
under the strain of compression, the hanger of the dynamometer must be lengthened
until the initial indication is restored so that the dynamometer will not resist the
proper deflection of the specimen under strain. If, on the other hand, the
indication of the dynamometer shows a reduction in vertical strain indicating an
inclination of the specimen to bend upward under the strain of compression the
dynamometer must be raised until the initial indication is restored so that the
weight of material in the specimen may not be used to resist its proper deflection
under the strain of compression.
Figures 183 to 188 inclusive illustrate the application of the machinery to
applying transverse straius. To the straining bar 1243 which may constitute the

page_text: piston-rod of the bydraulic press or may be attached thereto, are connected
links 1272 of a jointed truss which is adapted to be extended to any necessary
length and lateral reach so as to take in specimens of the required length. 1273
represents a specimen beam or girder which may be supported from above at any
necessary number of points throughout its length by suspension devices not here
shown and, when strained, presses at its centre against a bearing 1274 attached
by the pin 1282b to the beam block 1282 which is applied to the beam 1204. The
load is applied near the extremities of the specimen or at other desired points
through the medium of load-blocks 1275 in which are placed suitable
bearings 1275* to press against the specimen. The load blocks 1275 are
fixed adjustably to the chord-beam 1278 by screws 1277 which also connect to
the said load-blocks the links 1272. To enable the specimen to bend without
the slipping thereon of the load-bearings 1275ª the load-blocks 1275 are constructed
with knuckle joints 1276 as illustrated in figures 185 and 186 and the two
parts 1276 and 1276b are connected by the pin 1276°.
A short specimen 1273° may be tested as illustrated in figure 187 in the space
between the straining-bar 1243 and the beams 1204, 1205, by the employment of
the first set of links 1272 of the truss carrying bearings 1275b which are held at
the requisite distance asunder by a threaded truss-chord 1279 and two pairs of
setting nuts 1280 the central bearing block 1274* being connected by links 1281,
beam-link 1289 and pin 1282b to the beam-block 1282 on the beam 1204. These
devices enable one and the same machine to be used for straining specimens of
different lengths in the different positions shown. For straining very small short
specimens, the load-blocks 1275 are constructed with secondary bearings 1275° at
their inner sides as shown in figure 183, the dotted lines in said figure showing the
load-blocks 1275 adjusted in close proximity. The bearings 1275° admit of the
application of a specimen of the shortest length, the main bearings 1275ª being
removed if necessary.
1283 (figures 166, 171, 177,) are struts which are arranged at proper intervals
to sustain the horizontal screws 1202, against deflection by their weight while they
are under a strain of compression, which they sustain in applying a strain of tension.
to the specimen. The construction of these struts is shown in detail in figures 175
and 176. They are hinged as shown at 1284 to suitable bearings and are con-
structed with counterbalance weights 1285 which cause them to assume an upright
position after being deflected.
In cases where the weight of the screw is not sufficient to hold it to its
bearings on the top of the strut, said strut is constructed, as shown on a
reduced scale at 1283 in figures 168 and 169, with a cap 1292 hinged
on a pin 1293 in such position that it will permit the free turning of the cap
on and off the screw. 1294 is a bolt which fixes the swinging cap in either
position to lock the strut to the screw or to leave it free to be tipped down.
1295 is a brace rod attached by the bolt 1294 to the strut 1283a and swinging on
a pin 1300 fixed in a bearing plate 1297, the latter being firmly bolted to the
masonry bed of the 'machine. 1296 represents an adjusting-nut to regulate the
length of the two part brace 1295. The counter-balance weight 1298 may be cast
in one piece with the strut or made separately and fastened thereto by screws as
shown in figures 16S and 169. The struts are adapted to yield in either direction
as the straining press carriage passes over them in moving it in either direction
and to resume their normal vertical position as soon as released.
Figures 219 to 252 inclusive show details of a testing machine of much larger
capacity. 1431 represents a foundation of any suitable construction. To the bed-
plate 1432 is secured a movable bed 1434 by means of bolts 1435 secured
permanently to the stationary bed or foundation 1431 and provided with the clamp-
nuts 1436 by which the movable bed 1434 is forced against its bed-plate with any
necessary friction. The holding-bolts 1435 extend down through clearance openings
in the masonry or concrete bed and are anchored to metal plates at bottom, as
shown in figure 244. The clearance openings allow free recoil to the bed without

page_text: bending the holding bolts. 1433 (figure 221) represent horizontal stay-rods which
may or may not be connected at their centre, and are fixed at their ends by clamp-
nuts 1437 to the movable bed 1434. The said rod or rods pass longitudinally
through a case or bearing 1438, shown on a larger scale, partly in section, in
figure 225 and in end elevation in figure 226 which is permanently attached to
the bed-plate 1432 by screw-bolts 1439 and is constructed with a central
abutment 1440 for the followers 1441 which receive pressure from the ends of
springs 1442. The other ends of the said springs bear against followers 1443
which are formed with stems as shown passing through the ends of the case 1438
and are adjustable therein by means of set-screws 1444 threaded in the ends of the
case 1438 and locked in any position to which they may be set by jam-nuts 1445.
The rods 1433 pass freely through the followers 1443 and 1441 and are
coupled at their inner ends within the centre of the case 1438 by a nut 1446
which is adapted to slide within the abutment 1440 and bears against the
followers 1441 on either side. The rods 1433 bear on the extremities of the
necks of the collars 1443 by nuts 1447 locked by jam nuts 1448. It will now
appear that any movement of the bed 1434 acting through the clamp-nuts 1437,
rods 1433 and followers 1441, 1443 will compress both of the springs 1442 so that
the resilience of both will be exerted to restore the bed to its central or normal
position. To the bed 1434 are fixed standards 1449, 1449 constituting pillar-
blocks for the straining-screws 1450 which are secured to the said pillar-blocks by
collars 1451, 1452, and nuts 1453, 1454. 1455, 1456 are a pair of coupled beams
constituting alternately and interchangeably the bed and platform of the scale,
hydraulic supports being interposed between the said beams to receive and transmit
the load as hereinafter described. These beams are adjustable longitudinally on
the straining screws 1450 so that either which is to constitute the bed of the scale
for the time being may be brought firmly home against the nuts 1453 or collars 1452,
as the case may be, while the other beam is left free to serve as the platform of the
scale. This adjustment of the beams is effected by setting rods 1457, 1458, secured
separately to the respective beams 1455, 1456, and adjustable in the pillar
blocks 1449, 1449 by nuts 1459 between which nuts and the respective pillar-
blocks are interposed metallic washers and beneath these, gum elastic washers 1460
for the purpose of allowing a slight resilience to prevent the snapping of the said
rods, by the concussion incident to the breaking of a specimen.
The setting rods require to have clearance in the pillar blocks. When one pair
are to be tightened to bring the beam to which it is attached against its bearings
on the straining-screws the other pair of setting-rods are first relaxed to free the
beam to which they are attached. The weight of the beams is sustained by flexible
rods 1461 secured by bolts 1462 to the rear faces of the respective beams and
fixed below by nuts 1463 in lugs 1464 on the movable bed 1434. 1465 represents
spring plates which are bolted and secured by the nuts 1466 to the inner faces of
the beams and are strained together at their lower ends and connected by bolts
and nuts 1467 so as to exert a strong pressure in forcing the beams together and
keeping them firmly on the interposed bearings or pressure supports of the scale.
The plates at the same time serve to hold the faces of the beams parallel by
preventing their tipping on the struts 1461 and they serve the further purpose of
securing the beams against relative vertical motion. To stay the beams against
horizontal motion, transversely to the machine, they are held by flexible fixing
plates 1468 figures 219, 220, 221, 224 secured at 1469 to the respective beams and
to the pillar blocks or bed by nuts 1470 by which the beams are adjusted
transversely to the machine as required. To firmly secure the beams against
relative horizontal motion laterally to the machine, fixing plates or springs 1471
figures 220 and 221 are employed, fixed at their centres to the respective beams by
bolts and nuts 1472 and bolted together at their extremities as shown at 1473.
These springs serve in conjunction with the springs 1465 to press the beams
together on the interposed pressure supporta. The degree of pressure of the
springs 1471 is regulated by the interposition of washers 1474 of any thickness

page_text: required between the springs and beams the effect of said washers being to reduce
the amount of deflection which is applied to the springs in bringing their
extremities together. Similar washers are applied between the springs 1465
and the faces of the beams when required. The pillar-blocks 1449, 1449° may
be made separately from the bed and attached thereto or they may be constructed
permanently with the bed. In practice it is preferred to construct one pair 1449,
as permanent parts of the bed and for convenience of erection and adjustment to
construct the other pair 1449* separately and bolt them to the bed as shown. The
coupled beams and the specimen-holder hereinafter described at the scale end of
the machine may either or all be supported from the movable bed as shown in the
present illustration or upon masonry or other permanent foundation as preferred.
The specimen holders consist each of three beams 1475, 1476, 1477. The outer
beams 1475 and 1476 are secured together by bolts and nuts 1478, 1479. The
interposed beam 1477 is moveable on the connecting bolts 1478 constituting one
jaw of a clamp of which the beam 1475 constitutes the other jaw. The movable
jaw 1477 is forced up to grip the specimen by the action of one or more hydraulic
presses 1480 figures 221, 223, suitable dies 1484 being interposed between the
beams or jaws 1477, 1475, with faces formed to suit the specimen to be tested.
1481 represents the pressure pipe for operating the hydraulic press 1480. The
closing of the jaws 1477, 1475 is limited by boxes 1482 figure 223 containing
springs 1483 by which the jaws are forced apart when released by the hydraulic
presses. The two beams 1475 and 1477 of the specimen holder are formed with
projecting cheek pieces 1475 1477 for the attachment of the specimen holder to
the load-beam of the scale or to the straining bar as the case may be. For the
application of strains of compression (for which purpose the beam 1456 constitutes
the load-platform) the load beam specimen holder is attached to the said beam
by bolting to flanges 1484 formed on the specimen holder and beam, clamps 1485
such as are shown in figures 219, 220, 221 and 224 fastened to similar flanges
on the beam 1455 and the beam-block 1486 by bolts 1487. In the illustration
given the parts are shown in position for the application of a strain of tension.
For this purpose the cheek-pieces 1475, 1477 of the load beam specimen-
holder are connected to a beam-link 1490 by pins 1491. 1492. The link 1490
extends through central apertures as shown in the coupled beams 1456, 1455 and
is connected by a pin 1493 with the beam block 1486 which latter is fixed to the
load-beam 1455 by the clamps 1485 and bolts 1487. 1494 represents a specimen
undergoing a strain of tension. In this illustration the beam 1456 constitutes the
bed of the scale being drawn firmly against the bearing collars 1452 by the setting-
rods 1458 while the setting rods 1457 are released from strain by backing their
nuts 1459 so as to leave the beam 1455 free. Clearance is accordingly seen between
the beam 1455 and the bearing nuts 1453 and also between the specimen-holder
cheek pieces 1475 1477 and the fixed beam 1456. When a strain of compression
is to be applied the relations are reversed, the specimen holder being in that case
released from the beam 1455 and fixed to the beam 1456 by the clamps 1485 and
bolts 1487, the said beam 1456 being released from the bearings 1452 so as to
serve as the load platform and the beam 1455 being drawn firmly against the
bearings 1453 by the 'action of the setting-rods 1457 so as to serve as the bed of
the scale. When strains of compression are to be applied to columns or other
specimens without the use of the holders, the beam-block 1486 is reversed in position
being clamped to beam 1456 by plates 1485 and bolts 1487, a suitable platform to
receive the thrust of the specimen being attached to said beam-block by pin 1493.
The load-beam specimen-holder is supported on rods 1495 figures 219, 221, 223
erected on the movable bed 1434 or on the stationary bed or foundation.
The lower ends of these rods are screw threaded as shown in figures 219
and 221, and they are formed with angular collars 1495° for the reception
of a wrench for screwing the rods up or down for the vertical adjustment
of the holders. By reason of their length the rods possess sufficient flexibility to
permit the slight movement which the specimen-holder receives in transmitting

page_text: to the load-beam the strain to be weighed. The load-beam specimen-holder 1475
figure 220 is stayed against lateral motion by struts 1496, 1497, bearing against
the cheek-pieces of the said specimen-holder and fixed by set-screws 1498, 1499,
screwed into lugs 1500, 1501, on pillar-blocks 1449. The set-screws 1498, 1499,
are formed with conical or convex ends fitting corresponding cavities in the ends
of the struts 1496, 1497. The set-screw 1498 is first screwed in to set the
specimen-holder in proper position laterally and is then locked by a nut 1502.
The other set screw 1499 is then screwed in against the end of the strut 1497 to
fix the specimen-holder. The beam-block 1486 is supported on a rod 1503,
figures 221 and 224. This rod with its bearings is shown on a larger scale in
figure 222. It is formed with convex ends resting below within a cavity in the
top of a standard 1504 screwed into the bed 1434 and adjustable by the
application of a wrench to its square or angular head. The upper end of the rod
is received within a cavity in the block 1486 and rests against the convex end
of a button or bearing-piece 1506, set in said cavity for the purpose. Buttons
similar to 1506 are applied within cavities in the cheek-piece 1475° of the
specimen-holder to receive the rods 1495 and struts 1496 and 1497, the construction
of these parts being similar to that illustrated in figure 222 in reference to the
rod 1503 and its bearings; but the greater length of the rods 1495 obviates
the necessity of jointing them at their lower ends as shown in figure 222.
The specimen holder of the straining-mechanism is constructed in similar
manner to that already described, and is connected to the straining power herein-
after described by its cheek pieces 1475 1477 and pins 1488, 1489. This
specimen holder is preferably mounted on a truck 1507 running on the rails or
ways 1505.
To determine the pressure given to the specimen by the hydraulic holders so
that the amount of pressure known to be necessary to fix and hold the specimen
may be applied without injury thereto the liquid pressure pipes connected with
the accumulator and employed to operate the holder presses are connected with
pressure gauges. Suitable gauges for this purpose are shown in detail on a larger
scale in figures 119 to 125 inclusive.
Some of the novel features in this improved gauge I have claimed under
separate Letters Patent number 2776 of the year 1883. The improvements are
applicable to gauges for general purposes whether for indicating pressure or
vacuum.
Figures 119 to 121 inclusive show an instrument adapted to operate either as a
vacuum or pressure-gauge. Figures 122 to 125 inclusive show it under some
modifications arranged as a pressure gauge.
In Figures 119, 120 and 121; 781 represents a cylindrical casing provided with
a dial 782 with a glazed front 783 attached in any preferred manner.
784 is a
screw-plug for coupling the gauge to any object in which is the vacuum or
pressure to be measured. The plug 784 screws against a sealing-plug 785 clamping
at its periphery an annular diagram 787 which is clamped at its centre to a
column 788 by means of a screw 789 and clamping plate 790. The joint between
the screw plug 784 and the sealing plug 785 is of such form as to cause the former
to bear at or near the centre of the latter in order to produce a substantially
uniform pressure of its annular face on all parts of the margin of the diaphragm 787.
The diaphragm will be seen to form a flexible air-tight division between the
chamber 786 beneath it and the chamber 791 above, the latter being exposed to
atmospheric pressure while the chamber 786 is in communication with the vacuum,
where the instrument is used as a vacuum gauge, and with the pressure to be
measured if it be a pressure gauge. In the case of a vacuum gauge the atmosphere
presses down the column 788. In the case of a pressure-gauge the pressure in the
chamber 786 acting in opposition to the atmosphere forces up the column the
pointer hereinafter described being adapted to move in either direction to indicate
the degree of either pressure or vacuum as the case may be. The column 788
communicates by a thin flexible plate 790° secured thereto by a screw clamp 189ª

page_text: This
with a lever 791° fulcrumed by a thin flexible plate 792 to the fulcrum-bracket 793.
This bracket may be formed permanently within the casing or attached thereto by
screws 794. The clamp-plates and screws for holding the thin flexible plate 792
by its respective edges are shown at 795 the same number being used to indicate
similar clamp-plates and screws applied to other flexible plates hereinafter referred
to. The free end of the lever 791° communicates through a thin flexible plate, 796
with a secondary lever 797 fulcrumed by a thin plate 798 and bracket 798 to the
case 781 and connected by a long flexible plate 799 with an upwardly projecting
fulcrum-bracket 800. The bracket 800 is screwed to the heel of a lever-frame 802
or may be made in one therewith and is suspended by a flexible plate 801 clamped
to an attaching bracket 801" which is screwed to the case 781. The bracket 800
is so constructed that the free parts of the fulcrum-plates 799 or the parts exposed
to flexure reach above the lower flexible parts of the fulcrum-plates 801.
construction gives an increasing fulcrum distance between the fulcrum-plates 799
and 801 as the lever 802 rises, so as to exert increasing force in the rotation of
the needle or indicator which is retarded by other increasing resistances. The
lever-frame 802 carries a sensitive weight 803 which has a vertical adjustment on
its standard 804 while the latter has horizontal adjustment on the lever 802. By
means of the horizontal adjustment, the weight 803 may be made to balance the
weight of the levers and by means of the vertical adjustment it is made to exert a
greater or less accelerating effect on the action of the needle or indicator, as the
higher it is placed the more rapidly it approaches the suspending fulcrum-plates 801
as the lever 802 rises and thus accelerates the movement of the indicator. These
two adjustments permit the making of gauges having substantially uniform
graduations. This is assisted by the form of the heel piece 800 as mentioned and
still farther by varying the width, length and thickness of part or all of the
fulcrum-plates. To the extremity of the lever frame 802 is clamped adjustably a
flexible metallic strap 805 which is coiled at its other end around a drum 806 on
the shaft 806° of the indicator 806b so as to rotate the said indicator when the
column is moved in either direction. The draft of the strap 805 is resisted
by a hair-spring 807 connected at one end to the shaft of the indicator and at
the other end to a pin 808 on one of the brackets 808 in which the indicator
has its bearings. The brackets 808 and 808b are mounted on the lever 791ª.
The pressure is further resisted in either direction by a spring 809 shown by
dotted lines in figure 119, attached adjustably at one extremity to the free
end of the lever 797 by clamp 811 and at the other end to a rod 810 which is
made of metal of different expansibility from the material of the case and is
supported adjustably in the neck 781 of the said case by a screw 810ª so as to be
moved up or down to set the indicater as required. The dial may be provided
with two sets of graduations reading in each direction for indicating either pressure
or vacuum. In practice it is preferred to set the diaphragm 787 with its concave
side toward the predominant pressure according as the gauge is to be used for
purposes of pressure or vacuum. The last lever 802 and its attached weight are
inade sufficiently heavy to counterbalance the weight of levers 791* and 797. The
upwardly projecting weight will be seen to offer an increasing or decreasing
resistance to the motion according as the lever to which it is attached is moved up
or down and the extent or ratio of this resistance may be regulated as required by
the horizontal or vertical adjustment of the standard and weight.
In Figures 122 and 123; 821 represents the cylindrical casing, 822 the dial,
823 the glass front and 848 the frame thereof. A packing 849 of leather or other
suitable material is interposed between the glass and its frame. 824 represents a
base-piece connected with the casing by screw-bolts S25 and serving also to connect
an annular fulcrum block 826 by which the primary lever hereinafter described is
attached to the case.
The fulcrum-block 826 may if preferred be attached to the neck of the case by
separate screws. The base 824 is formed with an annular flange as shown in
figure 124 projecting upward within the neck of the case in contact with a

page_text: plate 827 forming the base of a removable pressure-chamber. The pressure-
diaphragm 828 is secured at its outer edge to the chamber-base-plate 827 and
when made in annular form as in the present illustration is secured at its inner
edge to the lower part of a pressure-column 830. The outer edge of the diaphragm
is clamped by a casing ring 829 interposed between the chamber-base 827 and a
shoulder within the case. The pressure-chamber base 827 has a central pressure
duct 850 and is tapped as shown with a screw-thread to receive a screw-plug for
attaching the liquid-pressure-pipe. The diaphragm of the pressure-chamber may
be either made annular as shown and attached to the base of the pressure-chamber
or it may consist of a continuous disc with the pressure column resting upon it
either with or without a separate casing-ring 829 interposed between the case 821
and the base 827 of the pressure-chamber. This construction adapts the entire
pressure-chamber consisting of the chamber-base 827 and diaphragm 828 casing 829
and the base 830 of the pressure-column to be removed from the case when the
latter is taken off its base 824. The pressure-column 831 carries a clamping-
plate 832 securing thereto the lower edge of the flexible transmitting-plate 833, the
upper edge of which is clamped by the block 857 and screws 858 to a lever 834
fulcrumed by a flexible plate 835 to the standard 851 of the fulcrum-block 826.
The
The fulcrum plate 835 is attached to the lever 834 by a clamp-plate 860 and
screws 858 and to the fulcrum block 851 by clamp-plate-861 and screws 862. The
block 857 is fastened to the lever 834 by screws 858 and 859. The fulcrum block
826 is of annular form encircling the pressure column and is constructed with a
slight hub or shoulder resting within a recess in the neck of the casing 821 as
shown in figures 122 and 124, to secure the said fulcrum block or bracket against
lateral motion while it is held down to the neck of the casing by bolts 825. The
free end of the lever 834 is connected by a thin flexible plate 836 and clamps 864
with a secondary double lever 837 fulcrumed to the case through the medium of
clamps 865, 866, and two thin flexible plates 838, 863 which are connected by a
rigid clamping piece 839. This attachment permits the horizontal motion of the
fulcrum 838 due to the vertical movement of the lever. The free end of the lever
837 connects by a flexible plate 840 and clamps 867 with the upper part of the
fulcrum-block 841 carrying an arm 842 secured thereto by clamping screws 868
which serve also to clamp thereto the lower end of the suspending plate 843.
upper end of the plate 843 is clamped to the case by plates and screws 844. To
the extremity of the lever 842 a flexible transmitting band 845 is clamped adjust-
ably by a plate and screw 869. The said transmitting band is coiled around a
small drum 852 on the shaft 853 of the indicator 846. A bair-spring 847 connected
at one end to the shaft or drum of the indicator and at the other end to the
lever 837 by a slotted pin 854 resists the rotation imparted to the indicator by an
upward movement of the levers above described and serves to keep the connections
at a proper tension. The main resistance to the pressure is by a spring 855 which
is clamped at one end adjustably to the top of the standard 851 by the slotted
plates 870 and screws 871 and at the other end to the free end of the lever 837
by clamp 856. The spring plate 855 serves also to fix the lever 837
against horizontal motion. For automatic adjustment to counteract the effect of
changes in temperature a rod 872 is provided of metal either more or less expan-
sible than the material of the case, said rod being fixed adjustably in the case as
shown and connected by clamps 873 to a plate spring 874 which is clamped to the
lever 837 near its fulcrum end by plates 875 and screws 876. By the vertical
adjustment of the rod it may be made to increase or decrease the strain upon the
spring and to exert a strain either upward or downward as required to bring the
indicator to zero. If found necessary to compensate for changes in temperature,
the rod may be applied under the lever 837 instead of above it as here shown.
877 is a stationary rod rising from the standard 851 and provided with a nut 878
which constitutes an adjustable stop to limit the descent of the lever 842. The
action of this stop is to limit the downward movement of the lever 842 at such
time that the band 845 shall not be loosed on its barrel by the farther movement

page_text: The
of the lever after the rotation of the indicator is stopped, by its having reached
the limit of its permitted movement. In practice it is best to so adjust the said
stop-nut 878 that the lever 842 will strike it just before the needle completes its
movement so that the living force of the needle or indicator is partially consumed
by the elastic action of the lever 842, band 845, arbor 853 and needle 846.
result is that the needle strikes very gently at the limit of its motion. It is
preferred to thread the rod 877 to its upper end and employ a second nut above
the lever to limit its upward play.
The fulcrum of the said lever 842 is preferably
constructed as shown at 880 in figure 125, the flexible plates or metallic straps
840, 843, being secured to the said fulcrum by screws 881 and clamp-plates 879
and stretched around ares as represented so that the fulcrum distance will remain
unchanged under a deflection of the lever. The shaft 853 of the rotary indicator
runs in jewelled bearings 882, 883, which are set in standards 884, 884° fixed to
the annular fulcrum-block 826 by screws 884b. The vertical motion of the
lever 837 is limited by stop-screws 885, 886, coming in contact with lugs 888, 887.,
projecting inward from the case 821 the lug 888 constituting the boss for the
attachment of the clamp 844.
The construction of the liquid pressure supports interposed between the coupled
beams 1455, 1456, for transmitting the load to the weighing apparatus is illustrated
in figures 227 to 230 inclusive.
The support is constructed with a base 1508 and a shell or casing 1509 fastened
together by screws 1510 and with two pressure-columns placed concentrically one
within the other, each formed in two parts 1511, 1511ª, 1512, 1512ª. The
part 1511 of the outer or annular column is secured permanently to the casing 1509
by a flexible annular fixing-plate 1513 bent at each edge so as to enter dove-
tailed grooves in the column and casing respectively as shown in Figure 227, and
secured within said grooves by packing 1514 which preferably consists of malleable
or ductile metal such as lead or solder tamped into the said grooves in a cold state.
The other part 1511a of the said annular column is secured to the base 1508 of
the casing by an annular diaphragm 1515 which is bent at its edges and secured
within dovetailed grooves to the respective parts by metallic or other packing 1514
as before described. The inner margin of the part 1511a of the annular column
is similarly secured by an annular diaphragm 1516 to the part 1512a of the central
column. The other part 1512 of the central column is secured by an annular
diaphragm 1517 to a chamber-plate 1518 which is fastened by screws 1519 to the
annular column 1511. 1520 represents the liquid-pressure-pipe conducting from
the pressure-chamber 1521 to a reducer or to weighing apparatus of any suitable
construction. Weighing apparatus suitable for this purpose is described in the
Specification of separate Letters Patent. 1522 represents the large liquid chamber
between the base 1508 on one side and columns 1511a, 1512a and diaphragms 1515,
1516 on the other. 1523 are rubber cushions confined within corresponding cavities
in a plate 1524 and resting against the base or top of the pressure-support for the
purpose of permitting the slight relative motion of the opposing surfaces of the
coupled beams incident to the extension and compression of said surfaces under
heavy strains. The same action in kind will be obtained by boring recesses in the
base or column of the support and placing therein rubber springs to receive the
pressure. Great care should be taken that uniform quantities of rubber be placed
in holes of corresponding size so that the action of the different pieces of rubber or
other yielding material will be uniform. The recesses must be symetrically
arranged and equal quantities of rubber placed in the opposite recesses of each pair
so as to prevent the tipping of the support by unequal yielding of the rubber. By
constructing these cushions in several parts as shown in Figures 180, 181, 227
and 229, instead of in one as described elsewhere they are adapted to perform their
proper functions without permitting the tipping of the support-base. It will now
appear that a load transmitted to the support from the beams will develop a
pressure on the liquid in the large liquid chamber 1522. The pressure being
received on the smaller end 1512a of the central column will be transmitted to the

page_text: larger end 1512 of said column, which acting on a larger area of liquid will develop
a reduced liquid-pressure within the chamber 1521. This reduced pressure will be
communicated through the pressure pipe 1520 to the weighing apparatus or to a
secondary reducer if necessary. For filling the close chamber 1522 a lateral
duct 1525 is employed with a screw-socket 1526 as illustrated in Figure 230 for
the reception of the nozzle of the feeding-pipe. The liquid is forced in with the
necessary pressure and the duct is then closed by a screw-plug 1527.
For the purpose of coupling the connecting pipes 1520 between different parts
of the apparatus and permitting their disconnection without releasing the liquid
which is confined under pressure in said pipes and the chambers with which they
connect, the device shown in Figures 231, 232, is employed. It consists of a pair
of chambered heads 1528, 1529, fastened together by clamp-screws 1530. The
chambers in the opposing faces of these heads are each covered by a diaphragm 1531
permanently attached each to its own lead. If made of different metal from the
heads or chamber-pieces the diaphragms are corrugated to permit independent
expansion and contraction. The two parts of the pipe 1520 are secured to the
respective heads 1528, 1529, by plugs 1532 to which they are soldered. It will
now be seen that any pressure in either part of the pipe 1520 will be communicated
through the coupled chambers and the diaphragms 1531 to the other part of said
pipe and that for disconnecting the apparatus the pipe-joint is readily uncoupled
by taking out the screws 1530 without releasing the liquid which is confined by
the permanent connection of the diaphragms to the respective coupling heads.
A reducer suitable for use in connection with this apparatus and forming a part
thereof is shown in Figures 233, 234 and 235. 1533 and 1534 represent the two
ends of the reducer which for convenience of designation will be termed the base
and cap respectively. 1535 is the shell or casing thereof. 1536 and 1537 represent
bolts and nuts by which these parts are permanently connected. The cap 1534 is
recessed as shown on its inner face to form a liquid-chamber. The base 1533
contains a number of tubular stems 1539a inserted from above and flanged to rest
on shoulders 1538. Pins 1538a hold the stems against rotation. Said stems
receive at their lower ends screw-plugs 1539 permanently secured to the liquid-
pressure-pipes 1520. To the upper ends of the stems 1539a are secured annular
lining plates 1540 (Figure 234) fixed at their outer peripheries to the base 1533
and to the annular diaphragms 1541 which latter are fixed at their inner margins
to the small pressure-columns 1542. 1543 represents a casing ring surrounding
all the small columns 1542 and bearing on individual casing rings 1544 one of
which rests on each of the diaphragms 1541 forming the outer walls of the small
pressure-chambers 1550. The main pressure-column 1545, 1545b, rests on all the
small pressure columns 1542 and has permanently attached to each of its ends a
flexible fixing plate 1546, 1547. The lower fixing plate 1546 is clamped at its
outer periphery between the case 1535 and casing-ring 1543 by the bolts and
nuts 1536, 1537. The upper plate 1547 is clamped between the case 1535 and a
casing ring 1548 which also clamps an annular pressure-diaphragm 1549 per-
manently secured at its inner edge to the head 1545a of the main pressure-column
and at its outer edge to the cap 1534. The casing-rings 1543 and 1548 are both
held firmly between the case 1535 and the base and cap respectively by the pressure
of the bolts 1536 and nuts 1537. The construction of the column in three parts
1545, 1545a, 1545b, admits of readily separating the parts when the nuts 1537
are removed.
The liquid-pressure transmitted through the pipes 1520 is received in the small
pressure-chamber 1550 one for each pipe. The aggregate of this pressure is
transmitted through the small pressure-columns 1542 to the main pressure
column 1545b, 1545, 1545a, and thence to the liquid in the large pressure
chamber 1551 whence it is transmitted through the duct 1552, plug 1553 and
pipe 1554 reduced by as much as the acting area of the main chamber 1551
exceeds the sum of the acting areas of the small chambers 1550. 1533a is a gauge
and adjusting screw one or more of which are used to fix the column in position

page_text: when required, for filling the upper liquid chamber or for transportation. The
said screw is so proportioned that when screwed in until its head is in contact
with the base 1533 its end forms a gauge against which the bottom of the column
may rest, leaving the diaphragms in normal position. The liquid chamber at top
is then filled under pressure.
When the apparatus is set up for use the screw is retracted sufficiently to leave
the column free. Figure 235 is a plan of the lower part of the reducer showing
part of the casing ring 1543 removed and illustrating the use of four of the small
pressure-columns 1542. Figure 235 shows the base 1533 of the reducer part of
the casing ring 1543 and clamping screws 1543a with three of the small pressure-
chambers and their columns 1542 in position, one of them consisting of the parts
1537, 1540, 1541, 1542, and fixing and casing-ring 1544 being removed.
The main liquid-chamber 1551 is tilled under any suitable pressure through a
nozzle applied to the screw-socket 1555 and the chamber is then sealed by the
plug 1555a.
In operation the liquid-pressure is transmitted through the duct 1552,
nozzle 1553 and pipe 1554 to the weighing apparatus to indicate the pressure on
the liquid and thereby show the strain on the specimen.
The small pressure-columns and their chambers, instead of acting through a
main pressure-column on a large liquid-chamber may with their chain ber-bases and
cases be made as shown in Figure 21a, in the Specification of my Patent
number 2777 of the year 1883 and act, either directly or through pressure-columns
against levers having flexible plate fulcrums and transmitting the pressure from
these columns in a reduced proportion through a single column to the weigh-beam
of the scales or any suitable weighing mechanism.
For the purpose of giving strains of tension, compression, transverse loads and
torsion a hydraulic press or straining-beam 1569, Figures 236, 237, 239, 243, 244,
248, is employed. Suitable presses and beams with their driving-gear and other
accessories I have described in the Specification of separate Letters Patent.
The live head 1589 for driving the shaft 1590 at variable speed as required for
operating the straining-beam or press 1569 is shown in elevation in Figures 237,
244 and 245, in plan in Figures 236, 243 and in section in Figure 239. The
shaft 1590 (Figures 221, 237, 239, 243, 244, 248, 249) is supported at suitable
intervals by the swinging standards 1591 rotating on their supporting pins 1592
which are fastened to the masonry bed by the plate 1593 (Figure 221). These
swinging standards are tipped down out of the way by the contact of the holder
truck or press and fastened down by notched springs 1595, the latter being fixed
to plates 1596 which are bolted to cross pieces on the track 1505. When released
from these springs the counter-weights 1594 restore the standards to their upright
position.
The straining rod 1563 is connected to the straining-holder by pins 1488
and 1489, Figure 221, and at its other end constitutes the piston-rod of the
hydraulic press 1569 Figures 237, 236, and 239, 243, 244, 248, 249, from the piston
or piston-rod of which a second straining-rod or bar 1562 extends in the opposite
direction for connection by means of the key 1564 (Figures 236, 237, 239) with
the torsional mechanism now to be described. The double piston-rod may be made
in one piece or in two as preferred. The straining-screws 1450 pass through wings
on the sides of the hydraulic press and when the machine is used for strains of
torsion are rigidly connected by nuts 1558 with a stationary beam 1559 to which
the torsional straining apparatus is connected by rods 1556 and nuts 1567
and 1568. The dotted lines at 1557 represent reduced portions of the straining-
screws 1450 for the reception of the connecting beam 1559. The said beam is
supported by vertical rods 1560 and adjusted in height by nuts 1561 on said rods.
The connecting rods 1556 may be secured as shown to the caps 1572 of pillar-
blocks 1573 in which the torsion bar 1574 has its bearings or they may be secured
directly to the bed or pillar block 1573. The torsion-bar 1574 is adjustable
longitudinally within the pillar-blocks 1573 and within a worm wheel 1575 or a
.

page_text: straining arm in lieu thereof which is adapted to rotate the torsion-bar by splines
and grooves and is confined longitudinally by the pillar-block caps. If preferred
the worm-wheel may be constructed with a hub extending into the pillar-blocks
and constituting the torsion-bar or shaft by receiving the specimen to be tested,
the specimen being attached to the end of such shaft or hub, or fastened within it
according to its own form or proportions.
On the straining-arm or worm-wheel 1575 is mounted a chain saddle 1576
secured thereto by pins or tapered bolts 1577 and employed for the connection
of a chain-frame 1578 and 1579 of which the cross-head 1565 forms a part.
1580 represents bolts secured adjustably to the cross-head 1565 by nuts 1581 and
employed for the attachment to the chain-frame of the chains 1582 the other
extremities of which are connected to the lugs 1583 bolted to the chain-saddle 1576.
1584 represents a central chain connected to the cross-head 1578 of the chain-
frame at one end, and at the other end to a lug 1585 bolted to the chain-
saddle 1576. The chains are thus arranged for one to wind on the chain saddle or
wheel or arm as the other unwinds so as to rotate the torsion-bar in either direction
by the action of the press or straining-beam 1569. They are operated either by
the double-acting hydraulic ram contained in the straining-beam 1569 or by the
nuts 1602, Figures 236, 237 and 239, which set and move the said press or
straining-beam on the screws 1450 these nuts being driven and operated at
variable speeds by the live head 1589 through intermediate gears and connections
as described in the Specification of another Patent of mine of even date herewith.
The screw gearing is employed for applying comparatively light strains and may
be stopped at any period of the operation and a gradually increasing strain applied
by the hydraulic press actuated by liquid supplied under pressure from an
accumulator. For conducting the pressure-liquid from the accumulator, pipes 1603
are employed, having flexible joints 1604 bolted to the beam 1604a which is stayed
in position by struts and braces 1604b, 1604c, 1604d. The accumulator and pipes
are both of peculiar construction and specially adapted for use with testing
machines. They are both specially described in the Specification of separate
Letters Patent.
At the top of the press cylinder 1669 are air-vents 1605 through which any air
is allowed to escape from the cylinder on the introduction of liquid from the
accumulator, after which said vents are closed.
The straining-rod 1562 is connected with the chain-frame 1565 by a key 1564
when the torsion specimen is to be strained by said straining-beam or press. When
the specimen is to be strained by the driving-gear 1570 hereinafter described the
press is run back to the beam 1559 and the piston is run back in the same
direction to its limit in the press cylinder. The part of the chain-frame not
supported on the circular bearings on the chain saddle will then rest on the
wheels 1606 carried on posts 1607. The key 1564 may now be removed and the
press or straining-beam 1569 may be used for tension or compression or transverse
loads without disturbing the torsion apparatus.
When the chain frame is run back to its extreme limit as illustrated in
Figure 239, it may be attached by bolts to suitable seats on the bed and
disconnected from the worm-wheel 1575 by removing the bolts 1577 either with or
without disconnecting it from the straining-bar 1562.
As a substitute for the chains and chain saddle, suitable racks may be used
either with a cog-wheel or a cogged saddle in connection with other parts of the
Invention.
When the worm wheel is disconnected from the chain-frame or its equivalent
it is free to be operated by the direct application of screw gearing constructed as
follows:
The screw 1566 is keyed to its shaft 1569 or is made solid in one piece there with.
Bearings for the shaft and screw are cast or placed on the bed 1571. To prevent
back lash of the screw, one of these bearings (1609) is preferably made adjustable
on its bed. 1586 is a crank to drive a screw 1587 passing through a stationary

page_text: bearing 1600 bolted to the bed-plate 1573 and through the moveable bed-
plate 1571 and working at its lower end in a threaded sleeve 1601 on which one
end of the bed 1571 rests so as to be moved up or down to bring the screw 1566
into or out of gear with the worm-wheel 1575. The other end of this bed rests on
a plate 1610 bolted to it and to the masonry.
The screw 1587 carries lock-
nuts 1599 so adjusted that when the bed 1571 is brought firmly against them by
turning the screw 1587 the screw 1566 will be properly in mesh with the worm
wheel 1575. This screw and its shaft 1569 are now operated to turn the torsion-
bar in either direction at variable speeds and power by the driving gear 1570
which is similar to the gear 1589 already referred to and more particularly
described in the Specification of separate Letters Patent granted to me.
The bed 1571 is firmly fixed against longitudinal motion by the wedge 1597
and adjustable plate 1588 bolted to the anchor-plate 1598. The screw 1566 is
disconnected from the worm-wheel 1575 by lowering the bed 1571 by the
screw 1587 when the chain-saddle and straining bar 1502 are to be used to turn
the torsion bar. If preferred the driving gear 1570 of the screw shaft 1569 may
be mounted in stationary bearings instead of on the moveable setting bed 1571
which carries said shaft and may be connected to the screw-shaft by a clutch or a
universal joint.
The torsion bar 1574 has keyed to it a head 1611 adapted to carry hydraulic
specimen holders described in the Specification of separate Letters Patent granted
to me. It is here shown carrying a crank-arm 1612 clamped adjustably thereto
by plates 1613 and bolts and nuts 1614. The head 1611 with one end of the
torsion bar 1574 is supported and fixed against vertical and lateral movement by
the beam 1615 which is moved to bring the head in any desired position by the
screws 1616 fastened thereto by nuts 1617. The torsion bar and these screws are
supported intermediately by a beam 1618 which is adjusted by screws 1620
clamped thereto by nuts 1619. The screws 1616 and 1620 are operated by worm-
nuts 1621 held between boxes 1622 on the bed 1573 which constitute the bearing
of the screws and hold the nuts against longitudinal motion. The screws 1616
have double the pitch of the screws 1620 by which means the beam 1618 is kept
midway between the beam 1615 and the bed 1573. The nuts 1621 are driven by
a shaft 1623 (Figures 236, 237) carried in pillar-blocks 1624 and driven by a
band-wheel. The beam 1615 is carried on ways 1626 fixed adjustably against
vertical and lateral movement by plates 1627, 1628, fixed thereto by bolts
1630, 1631 and adjusted by setting screws 1629 and 1632 respectively. The
said beam is bored to receive the hub of the head 1611 to which it is clamped by a
plate 1633 secured by bolts 1634 in such a way as to permit rotation of the head
and cause it to move longitudinally with the beam. 1635, 1635a, 16356, represent
a specimen in position for testing. The said specimen carries on its shaft 1635
eccentrics 1636 and indicators 1637 and rests at one end in a fixing and supporting
box in the beam 1638 and 1639. 1635a is the crank-arm of the specimen
and 16356 the crank-pin thereof, the latter being fixed in a suitable seat in the
extremity of the straining crank arm 1612 by the cap 1640 bolted thereto. By
the use of concentric dies the said seat and cap are adapted to receive and hold
different sized pins. It is preferred to employ for large and small specimens
respectively two straining crank-arms of different sizes adjustable in radial length
by the clamp-plates 1613 and bolts and nuts 1614 before described. The torsion
head 1611 and clamp-plate 1613 may, if preferred, be made in one piece and a screw
provided to adjust the length of the straining-arm 1612 by sliding it in its seat.
The two parts of the beam 1638, 1639, are fastened together by screw bolts 1641
and by the use of adjusting concentric dies support in the axis of the machine the
shaft 1635 of the specimen. The beam 1638, 1639, is supported by and fixed
adjustably to the ways 1626 by plates 1642, 1643, fastened thereto by bolts 1644,
1645, the adjustment of the beam being effected by setting screws 1646, 1647, by
which the specimen is fixed with its axis coincident with that of the machine.
Two or more indicators 1637 are applied at different points on the specimen in

page_text: connection with graduated arcs 1648 thus showing the amount of torsion at
different parts of the specimen. Figure 240 shows one of the indicators with its
attaching ring and a graduated arc 1648 and fixing bearing 1649 which are
attached to the rail 1649a and the ways 1626. These indicators and arcs and the
use thereof are more fully described in the Specification of separate Letters Patent
granted to me.
The straining and weighing holders may be allowed to approach each other with
the shortening of the specimen under torsion or they may be held so as to apply
tension and torsion both as the character of the specimen and the purpose for
which it is to be used may render most expedient.
The weighing holder may be provided with connections to indicate longitudinal
strains or made movable to prevent such strains, or the weighing, holder being
stationary the straining holder may be arranged to be drawn towards it. The
stationary holder and its connections shown in Figures 236 and 238 for retaining
the fixed end of the specimen and transmitting torsional strains to the weighing or
indicating apparatus are constructed with two beams 1650, 1651, firmly connected
together by bolts 1652 and containing between them a gripping follower 1653
which in the present illustration is shown as operated by a hydraulic press. Each
beam 1650, 1651, is constructed with a projecting arm 1650a, 1651a, respectively
by which torsional strains are transmitted in either direction through the respective
thrust-plates or columns 1655, 1656, which are connected by flexible transmitting
plates 1657 and are flanged to bear on the scale platforms 1665, 1666.
The thrust plates or columns which are to receive the load are connected by
bolts 1664 as shown in the case of the plates 1655 in Figure 238 to their plat-
forms 1665 which transmit the load through the medium of hydraulic pressure-
supports 1667 and pipes 1669 to a set of small chambers in the reducer 1671
Figure 242 and from the reducer to suitable weighing mechanism in the weigh-
case 1673. The thrust plates 1656 are here shown disconnected from their scale
platforms 1666 but when the torsion specimen is to be strained in the opposite
direction, the thrust plates 1655 are disconnected by the removal of the bolts 1664
which are then used to attach the thrust-plates 1656 to the platforms 1666. The
load is then transmitted through the supports 1668 and pipes 1670 to a separate
set of chambers in the reducer 1671 and from the reducer through the pipes 1672
to the weighing apparatus in the weigh-beam case 1673. The reducer may be
located outside or within the weigh-beam case or may be dispensed with entirely,
in which latter case the small. pressure-columns of the respective chambers with
which the pipes 1669 and 1670 connect will act directly on the pressure-column of
the weigh-beam instead of on the reducer column. By disconnecting one set of the
thrust plates 1655 from their platforms 1665 and connecting the other set 1656
with their platforms 1666 the set of pressure supports 1667 are freed from the
effect of any load on the specimen. The scale is then balanced and will show the
precise pressure communicated to the set of supports 1608 by the torsion holder.
The arrangement of the two sets of pressure-supports 1667, 1868, with their
respective pipes 1669, 1670, in relation to each other and to the reducer 1671 or
the weigh-beam column as the case may be is illustrated in the diagram Figure 242.
One of these hydraulic pressure-supports 1667, 1668, is shown on a larger scale in
Figure 241 together with parts of the bolts 1667a which are employed to attach
its cap to the load platform 1665 or 1666.
The bases of the supports 1667, 1668, are fastened to their respective beds
1674, 1675, by bolts 1676 (Figure 238). Stationary frames 1677 are firmly
braced to the plates 1678 and masonry bed 1098 by bolts 1699, 1700, 1701.
The frames 1677 are connected together by beams 1679, 1680, and bolts 1681.
The said beams are connected by bars 1682. The platforms 1665, 1666 are
supported and fixed against lateral motion relatively to their beds 1674, 1675, by
the spring-plates 1683 which are fastened to the beds and platforms respectively
by bolts 1684, 1685. To prevent any tipping of the platforms when disconnected
from the thrust plates additional springs 1686 are applied to the bolts 1684.

page_text: The flanged ends of the thrust-plates 1655, 1656, are supported by standards 1687
attached by thin plate connections 1690 to their flanges and to bars 1688 suspended
by rods 1689 to the beams 1679, 1680. Steel plates 1691 are fixed at their ends
by bolts 1692 to beams 1679, 1680 and at their centres by bolts 1693 to lugs on the
arms 1650a, 1651a. The plates 1691 fix the holder against longitudinal movement
in the axis of the machine.
The holder is supported on a thin flexible plate 1694 clamped thereto and to a
plate column 1695 which is adjustable in vertical position by the struts 1696
screwed therein and resting on the plate 1697 and bed 1698.
Figures 247, 248 and 249 show mechanism for imparting rotation to the ram or
piston of the hydraulic press to overcome or reduce packing friction.
On the shaft 1590 is a sleeve pinion 1709 fixed to said shaft by a key 1710 and
running in boxes 1711. The pinion 1709 drives a wheel 1712 which may run
loosely on its shaft 1713 but is fixed thereto at will by means of a clutch 1727 so
as to impart rotation to the said shaft.
The
On the shaft 1713 are keyed pinions 1714, 1714, which drive wheels 1715, 1716,
the former of which is an idler turning freely on the straining link 1563.
wheel 1716 is keyed on a coupling nut 1720 attached to the ram 1721 as herein-
after described. The wheel 1715 drives a pinion 1717 keyed on a shaft 1719
which carries at its other end a pinion 1718 gearing with the wheel 1716.
The coupling nut 1720 connects together, end to end, the piston-rods 1721 and
1722 both of which are fastened thereto by a key 1723. 1721 constitutes a double
acting ram the water being admitted at will to the respective ends of the cylinder
in which it works as may be required for producing strains of tension or com-
pression. The rod 1722 is constructed with a head 1725 and together with it
works in a suppleinèntal cylinder 1726. The cylinder 1726 is made in two parts
secured together by flanges and bolts 1728. The piston-head is made in two parts
1724, 1725, for convenience in assembling, one being inserted in each part of the
cylinder. At the extremity of the said cylinder is fixed an internal head 1729
formed with a threaded stem to which the straining link 1563 is fixed.
Liquid contained in the annular spaces within the cylinder 1726 at either end
of the piston 1724, 1725, constitutes a medium for transmitting a straining force in
either direction from the rotary ram to the cylinder 1726 and link 1563 without
resistance to the rotary motion which is imparted to the ram to remove or reduce
the friction of its own packings so that the actual strain on the specimen may be
accurately known. The action of the two pinions 1714 and 1718 on opposite
sides of the wheel 1716 produce the desired rotation without lateral strain on
the rams.
To admit of using the shaft 1590 for running the rotating mechanism and also
employing it for driving the nut wheels 1602 when required to adjust the press
bodily on the screws 1450 the said shaft carries a sleeve 1730 which is connected
by means of a radially sliding clutch 1731 with an otherwise loose wheel 1732.
The wheel 1732 drives the idle wheels 1752 gearing with the nut wheels 1602, as
already described. Similar clutch-wheels and their accessories are provided at the
other end of the press.
For gripping the cylindrical specimen, by the holders, for tension or compression,
I may make use of dies 1484a shown in section in Figure 221 and in end elevation
in Figure 221a, the smaller dies fitting in the larger ones with splines or feathers
to keep them in their proper positions relatively. The main parts of these dies
are kept from one slipping without the other by dowel pins 14846 which are
driven tightly in the lower die and fit easily in the upper, and to hold these all
together I make use of the small screws 1484c, and provide also small springs
1484d, to press the dies as far apart as the screws of the holders will allow for the
convenient insertion and removal of the specimen, running the press back when
necessary.
The details in construction and arrangement of hydraulic supports, reducers

page_text: and a weighing mechanism adapted for the torsion apparatus above described,
and thin plate attachments suitable for supporting the holder and for supporting
and connecting the thrust plates and other parts of the weighing mechanism
are fully described in the Specifications of several separate Letters Patent granted
to me.
Figures 250. 251 and 252 illustrate the application of the rotating device to
the pressure cylinder or case of a hydraulic gauge or press, instead of to the ram
.piston or plunger as in the former illustration the pipe 2049 conveying liquid
whose pressure is to be measured or pressure liquid to actuate a ram, as the case
may be, is extended by an elbow 2050 and vertical branch 2051 through the
hollow hub of a horizontal spur-wheel 2052 to the top of which the cylinder 2053
is attached concentrically by legs 2054 so as to rotate with the wheel. The pipe
extends through a stuffing box 2055 to the lower end of the chamber of the
cylinder. The ram or plunger 2056 works through a stuffing box 2057 at the
upper end of the cylinder in the usual way, except that the resistance of the
packing friction to the longitudinal motion, in this stuffing box is nearly
neutralised by the rotary movement of the cylinder. The spur wheel 2052 is
driven by a pinion 2058 on a vertical shaft 2059 to which motion is given by belt
and pulley. The ram or plunger 2056 is attached to a cross-head 2060 and
through rods 2060a to the weight or load 2061 which in the illustration is the
plunger or float of a mercurial gauge resting in the mercury in the chamber 2061a.
The mercury is not here shown. This is simply represented as an example.
Springs weights or other approved means may be employed to weigh or measure
the pressure as exerted through the moving part of the hydraulic press 2056.
To register the strains on the specimens as thus ascertained or determined,
a pencil-carrier 2062 is attached to the cross head 2060 and a rotary cylinder 2063
is mounted parallel to the ram or plunger 2056 to support graduated paper
against which the pencil 2064 presses and indicates by its rise or fall the pressure
acting at any time.
To register at the same time the effects of the strains the specimen 2065 for
example, has attached to it near its ends clamps 2066 and 2067 to the latter of
which is attached a cord 2068 passing over pulleys 2069 and 2070 and around a
drum 2071 on the end of the cylinder 2063 which it rotates proportionately to the
elongations or compressions of the specimen, thus causing the paper to have
marked upon it, by the pencil 2064, a curve or diagram the ordinates of which
are proportional to the strains on the specimen while the abscisses of the curve so
traced are proportional to the elongations or compressions of the specimen. This is
illustrated in Figures 250 and 251. Here the testing machine and holders are not
shown, only a portion of the specimen between the holders being seen. By suitable
means other strains as those produced by torsion or transverse loads may be
transferred to the paper on the diagram cylinder 2063.
When the straining press is in operation the pressure of the liquid in the same
equals the strain to which the specimen 2065 between the holders is subjected,
plus the friction which is overcome between the liquid and the specimen. This
is reduced to a small quantity by the rotating of the ram 1721. 1722, which
neutralizes the resistance of the packing friction as set forth and by the anti
friction supports of the travelling beams. The connecting pipe 2049 causes this
pressure to be exerted within the cylinder 2053 of the gauge, where its force is
weighed or determined and here the resistance of the packing friction which would
otherwise reduce the indications is neutralised by the rotating device 2052.
2058. 2059. The movements of the gauge ram or plunger 2056 representing the
strains on the specimens are registered through the medium of the cross head 2060,
pencil carrier 2062 and pencil 2064 and the effects of these strains on the specimen
are registered through the medium of the cord 2068, the drum 2071 and the
cylinder 2063 by which the diagram paper is carried beneath the pencil.
The movements thus separately described are simultaneous and a single ultimate

page_text: result is accomplished, namely the production of a diagram which is a single curved
line representing the strains which a given specimen receives and the elongation
compression deflection or torsion caused thereby.
The ordinates of this curve are equal to the motion of the gauge plunger and are
directly proportional to the load applied to the specimen, while the abscisses are
equal to the extension compression or deflection of the specimen or directly
proportional to its torsion. It will be seen that mechanism could be readily
introduced to change the rate of motion between the plunger and the pencil which
is operated by it to give a different value to the ordinates, and between the
specimen and the apparatus which rotates the paper whereby the paper will move
at a rate different from that of the yielding specimen thus giving a different value
to the abscisses. The most useful relation of these motions would be that in which
the motion of the pencil caused by the moving plunger was directly proportional
to the strain per square inch on the specimen while the motion of the paper is
made proportional to the yielding per lineal inch of the specimen.
The accurate indication by the diagram apparatus of the strain applied and its
effect on the specimen is rendered practicable by neutralising the resistance of
packing friction to longitudinal motion in the gauge and straining press.
The same principle is useful as applied to dynamometers.
An improved joint or coupling for pipes adapted to sustain heavy internal
pressure is illustrated in Figures 253 to 255 inclusive in which 2080, 2081,
represent the two ends or sections of the pipe to be coupled together.
The pipe sections 2080, 2081, may be coupled together in any well known
manner such for example, as that shown in Figure 253 where the member 2080 is
provided with an external screw thread engaging with a corresponding thread on
the interior of the member 2081, or as shown in Figures 254 and 255 by means of
a coupling thimble 2082, having an internal screw-thread engaging with a
corresponding thread formed on the exterior of each pipe section. This
thimble 2082 may be first screwed on one member or section of the pipe and the
other member then screwed into it, or the said thimble may if preferred be made
with right and left threads to draw the ends together.
2083 represent cylindrical or annular packings of soft or ductile metal inserted
in an annular recess or recesses in the end of one or both pipe sections or in a
recess or recesses in a flange 2082a, formed on the interior of the thimble 2082.
In the form shown in Figure 253 the packing rings project beyond the face of
the section 2081 so as to bear against the parallel face of the section 2082 as
shown at 2083a, or to enter a recess therein as shown at 20835.
In the form shown in Figures 254 and 255 the packing metal in the recess or
recesses is compressed by an annular tongue or tongues 2084 projecting from the
face of one or each of the pipe sections or if preferred from the flange 2082a, of the
thimble 2832, entering and fitting said recess or recesses.
The length of the annular packing rings is so proportioned to the depth of the
recesses that when the packing is fully compressed little or no space will remain
between the parallel faces of the pipe ends, so that there may be no danger of the
metal squeezing out under the heavy pressure applied in putting the sections
together or by the contained liquid, or by the deflection of the pipe, or other
causes.
In cases where the pressure is too heavy to be resisted by lead, copper may be
used or any suitable alloy, either more or less compressible than copper as the case
may require. Where very heavy pressure is to be resisted, bronze or soft steel
will be a suitable material for the packing.
Any deflection which can be sustained by the pipe sections jointed and coupled
together in either of the methods above described will cause the ductile packing
to be squeezed away from that portion where the greatest pressure is sustained
and to flow around in the annular recesses, slightly increasing its thickness at
other parts, thus equalizing the pressure and maintaining a tight joint at all
points.

page_text: '
The invention will thus be seen to differ essentially from the common mode of
forming joints between the ends of pipes by the use of washers of flat or other
shape simply interposed between said pipe ends. It is manifest that one or more
tongues may be employed projecting from each pipe section, or from the flange of
the thimble, into grooves in the opposite member, but generally a single rigid
tongue will be sufficient.
Where more than one recess or tongue and groove is used great care will be
necessary to place the requisite quantity of packing metal in each groove so that
an equal pressure shall be applied to all the sealing rings.
Having thus described the nature of the said Invention and the mode in which
the same may be carried into effect I would have it understood that what I
claim is:-
--
1 In a testing machine, the moveable bed 1434, constructed and operating
substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
2nd The combination of the screws 1450, pillar blocks 1449, and moveable
bed 1434 substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
3rd In a testing machine the combination of recoil springs 1442, with the
moveable supporting-bed 1434, operating substantially as set forth.
4th In a testing machine, the combination of the moveable bed 1434, connecting
rod 1433 fixed case or spring bearings 1438, and two or more springs operating in
conjunction in either direction as set forth.
5th In a testing machine, the combination with the spring 1442, and suitable
casing or support 1438, of the adjusting screws 1444, operating substantially as
set forth.
6th In combination with two coupled beams constituting the bed and platform
of the scale, the fixing plates or rods, to prevent relative lateral motion of said
beams, as set forth.
7th In combination with two coupled beams constituting the bed and platform
of the scale, the fixing plates or springs 1471, attached together at their extremities
and to the beams respectively at their centres.
8th The flexible rods or plates, 1461, combined with the coupled beams 1455,
1456, to hold them against vertical motion as set forth.
9th The combination with the coupled beams 1455, 1456 and supporting rods
or plates 1461 of the supporting and fixing springs or plates, 1465 as and for the
purposes set forth.
10th The combination with the bed 1434, and coupled beams, 1455, 1456, of
fixing rods or plates 1468 to adjust said beams and secure them against lateral
motion in the machine.
11th The combination with the coupled-beams 1455, 1456 and pillar blocks 1449,
1449, of the two sets of setting-rods 1457, 1458, attached independently to the
respective beams for the purposes set forth.
12th The combination with the moveable bed, 1434, and a stationary foundation
1431, of the clamp bolts 1435, and nuts 1436, with clearance openings around
said bolts to permit longitudinal motion of the bed 1434, substantially as and for
the purposes set forth.
13th In a testing machine in combination with suitable straining mechanism
a specimen holder operated by a hydraulic press or presses 1480 substantially as
set forth.
14th The combination of a holder having a hydraulic press
or presses for
seizing and retaining the specimen with the load or platform beam of the scale
substantially as set forth.
15th The construction of the hydraulic specimen holder with three beams 1475.
1476. 1477. and necessary tie rods 1478, two of the said beams being extended on
one side to form cheek pieces 1475° 1477 for the attachment of the holder to the
weigh-beam-link or to the straining nechanism.
16th In a hydraulic specimen holder for testing machines, the combination with

page_text: the fixed and moveable jaws 1475 and 1477 of the check-blocks 1482 for limiting
the closing of the jaws :-
17th In a hydraulic specimen holder for testing machines, the 'combination
with the fixed and moveable jaws thereof of the springs, 1483, to open them
automatically.
18th In a hydraulic specimen holder for testing machines, the combination with
the fixed and moveable jaws thereof of the check blocks, 1482, for limiting the
closing of the jaws, and the springs 1483 for causing the same to open automatically.
19th The stays 1496, 1497. in combination with the pillar block 1449, and
holder substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
20th The moveable and reversible block 1486 adapted for use for strains of
either tension or compression in combination with the coupled beams 1455: 1456
as set forth.
21 The combination with the scale beam and specimen holder of a beam
block pin and link or a yoke in lieu thereof substantially as and for the purposes
set forth.
22nd The jointed support, 1503, in combination with the block 1486, for the
purposes set forth.
23 The combination of the clamps, 1485 with the flanged beam, 1455
or 1456, for holding thereto the flanged beam block, 1486, or flanged holder,
1475, 1477
24th In combination with a pressure support, the rubber or other yielding medium
constructed in two or more parts confined within the base or pressure column of
the pressure support, or within a plate interposed between the said pressure support
and the bed or beam of the scale as and for the purposes set forth.
25th The coupling consisting of two chambered heads 1528, 1529, diaphragms
1531 sealing plugs 1532 and fixing screws 1530 substantially as and for the
purposes set forth.
26th The combination with the column 1545, and its case 1535 of a fixing plate
1546 secured permanently to the column at its inner edge and clamped at its outer
edge to the case as set forth.
27th A pressure column provided with two fixing plates at or near its respective
ends fixed to the column and separable from the case, and independent of the
pressure chamber diaphragm, substantially as set forth.
28th The combination of the pressure column 1545, case 1535, chambered cap
1534 ring 1548 diaphragm 1549 and pressure column head 1545* constructed and
operating substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
29th The combination with the base or chamber piece, 1533, of the chainber
stem 1537 lining plate 1540, annular diaphragm 1541, small pressure column 1542
and ring 1544 substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
30th In combination with a torsional straining apparatus, a double acting
hydraulic ram substantially as set forth.
31 In combination with a torsional straining apparatus, a double acting
hydraulic ram with a piston rod projecting from each end of the cylinder and
for the purposes set forth.
32nd In a testing machine the combination of the piston or straining rod 1562,
cross head 1565 and one or more chains, 1582 with an arm or wheel for applying
a torsional strain.
33rd The combination of the piston or straining rod, 1562, double acting
chains 1582, 1584, and suitable connections with a torsion arm or wheel substan-
tially as set forth.
34th The combination of the straining screws 1450, connecting beam 1559
connecting bars 1556 with torsion apparatus substantially as set forth.
35th The combination of the chain frame 1565, 1578, 1579, the double acting
chains 1582, 1584 and chain saddle, 1576, on an arm or wheel of the torsion bar
substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
36th The combination of the bolt or bolts, 1580, straining and adjusting nut or

page_text: nuts 1581 and chain frame 1565. 1578, 1579, with the chains 1582, 1584 and
chain saddle, 1576 on an arm or wheel of the torsion bar substantially as and for
the purposes set forth.
37th The combination of the straining rod 1562, beam 1559, one or more
stay rods 1556 pillar block or blocks, 1572, or bed 1573, straining arm or wheel
1575 and a suitable torsion bar, shaft, or hub substantially as set forth.
38th The combination with a torsion bar, hub or specimen holder of the worm
wheel, 1575 screws 1566, shaft, 1569, and driving gear, 1570, substantially as and
for the purposes set forth.
39th The combination of the bed 1571, screw 1566, and worm wheel, 1575, with
the setting screw 1587, as and for the purposes set forth.
40th The combination of the torsion bar 1574, the head 1611, and the supporting
and adjusting beam 1615, with the fixing and adjusting plates 1627, 1628,
substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
41st The combination in a testing machine of the torsion-bar, 1574, and the
adjustable crank arm 1612.
42nd In a testing machine, a moveable supporting beam constructed with a bed,
1639, and cap, 1038 to receive and hold a specimen in combination with the
supporting and fixing ways 1626 substantially as set forth.
43rd A supporting holder stationary or nearly so as regards rotation deriving
torsional strains in either direction from the specimen under test, and transmitting
said strains through an arm or arms, to a suitable indicating apparatus to show the
torsional strains.
44th A holder stationary or nearly so as regards rotation adapted substantially
as described to receive torsional strains in either direction from a specimen under
test, and to transmit the said strains to an indicating apparatus through the
medium of two or more arms projecting from different sides of the holder.
45th In a testing machine, the two beams, 1650, 1651, with their projecting
arms, 1650, 1651º in combination with the connecting bolts 1652 and a suitable
device to grip, and hold the specimen while undergoing strains of torsion.
46th The combination of a holder stationary or nearly so as regards rotation
one or more arms projecting therefrom and a pair of plates or columns 1655, 1656,
attached to each arm, and adapted for the optional connection and use of either
plate or column of each pair, with suitable weighing or indicating apparatus to show
strains of torsion in either direction at will.
47th The combination with a holder and one or more arms projecting therefrom;
of one or more hydraulic pressure supports to receive from said arm or arms pressure
derived from strains of torsion on the specimen and transmit pressure to suitable
weighing or indicating apparatus.
48th The combination with a torsion specimen holder of two sets of hydraulic
pressure supports arranged for optional use to transmit pressure derived from
strains in opposite directions to suitable weighing apparatus, through a pressure
chamber common to both.
49th The combination with the thrust plates or columns, 1655, 1656, of the
supporting standards or columns, 1687, connected to their supporting bearings, and
to the said thrust plates by thin flexible attaching plates, substantially as and for
the purposes set forth.
50th The combination of the flexible plates, 1691, with the torsion holder to fix
it against longitudinal motion as described.
51 The double acting ram, 1721, in combination with the supplemental piston
1724 1725 cylinders 1726, and suitable mechanism for imparting rotation to the
ram, for the purpose set forth.
52. The combination of the double acting ram, the supplemental pistons,
1724, 1725, cylinders, 1726, 1726, shafts 1713. 1719 pinions, 1714, 1717, 1718, and
gear wheels, 1715, 1716, for rotating the ram, substantially as and for the purposes
Bet forth.

page_text: 53 The combination of the dowel pins, 1484b dies 1484* screws 1484° and
springs 1484d as and for the purposes set forth.
54th The continuous pressure diaphragm, 1264 suitably secured to a base lining
1265 substantially as set forth
55th The combination with a straining beam of a testing machine of a double
acting hydraulic press applying to the specimen a strain of either tension or
compression at the will of the operator substantially as set forth.
56th In a testing machine a double acting hydraulic press constructed and adapted
to give strains of compression or tension upon the specimen at will without the
necessity of changing the position of the specimen.
57th In a testing machine a double acting hydraulic press constructed to give
strains of compression or tension upon the specimen at will without the necessity
of introducing intermediate parts in changing the action from compression to
tension, or vice versa.
58th The combination with the piston and piston-rod of a hydraulic press of
one or more packing rings or plates 1246, 1247, and packing 1245 substantially as
set forth.
59th In a testing machine, the combination of a pair of coupled beams, and
one or more bydraulic pressure supports with rubber or other elastic material
interposed between the supports and one of the coupled beams to allow the
lateral movement of the supports caused by the lateral extension and compression
of the surfaces of the beams.
60th The combination of setting rods and nuts with the coupled beams and the
pillar-blocks or other stationary part of the machine, for forcing against its
bearings on the screws either of the said beams which is to be used as the bed
of the scale.
61 The combination of a pair of coupled scale beams or platforms, a moveable
straining beam or press, and two or more connecting-screws or links arranged to
receive at will a strain of tension or compression.
62nd In combination with the two moveable beams constituting the bed and
platform of the scale, springs of rubber, metal, or other, material, for pressing and
holding the said beams together as set forth.
63rd The struts 1283 to sustain the screws against deflection substantially as
set forth.
64th The hinged cap 1292, operating in combination with the hinged struts 1283*
and screws 1202 substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
65th The hinged and adjustable brace, 1295, in combination with the hinged
struts 1283 as and for the purpose described.
66th The straining truss consisting of hinged or jointed links 1272 and a chord
beam 1278 for holding the bearings at any required distance asunder.
67th The combination in a testing machine of a straining beam or press and
the straining truss for connecting with the specimen to be tested substantially as
described.
68th The combination of a straining truss and its bearings with one or more
load bearings and a scale beam or platform substantially as set forth.
69th The jointed bearing 1276 constructed to operate substantially as herein
set forth.
70th The combination of the straining rod 1243, the truss, 1272, 1279, and its
bearings, 1275 the connecting links 1281, 1289, with a load bearing or bearings
and a suitable scale beam or platform substantially as set forth.
71* The combination of the truss chord 1278. links, 1272, adjustable bearings 1275,
and clamp screws 1277. as and for the purposes set forth.
72nd The combination of the threaded truss chord, 1279, links 1272, moveable
bearings 1275 and setting nuts 1280, 1280, as and for the purposes set forth.
73 The annular lining 1265, soldered to the base 1259, of a hydraulic support
or reducer-chamber, in the manner set forth.

page_text: 74th The corrugated diaphragm 1264 in combination with a support-base or
column recessed to receive it, substantially as set forth.
75th A hydraulic pressure support, constructed with a base 1259, annular
lining, 1265, and diaphragm, 1264 substantially as set forth.
70 A diaphragm for a sealed pressure chamber or a fixing plate for a pressure
chamber constructed with a bent edge or edges in combination with a column,
casing base or other part grooved for the reception of said bent edge or edges as
set forth.
77th A diaphragm or fixing plate for a sealed pressure chamber or a pressure
column, bent at its edge or edges and secured within a suitable groove or grooves
by the application of solder, substantially as set forth.
78th An annular pressure column. with a reducing pressure column, located
concentrically within it, and moving in the opposite direction, substantially as
set forth.
79th In a hydraulic pressure support a continuous diaphragm permanently
secured to the base, or its lining and separable from the pressure column.
80th The casing ring 1261, annular diaphragm 1263 and a pressure column of
a bydraulic or pressure chamber in combination with the continuous diaphragm 1264
and separable therefrom.
81st A pressure column and casing ring 1261, and the diaphragm 1263
permanently secured to each in combination with the diaphragm 1264 and
separable therefrom.
82nd In a testing machine or gauge a hydraulic press with devices for producing
relative rotation between the ram or piston and its case or cylinder combined with
a chamber at one or at each end for transmitting the load of the straining press or
the pressure to the gauge through liquid whereby the longitudinal pressure may be
transmitted with reduced friction.
83rd The combination of a hydraulic straining press and a hydraulic gauge
having connected cylinders or cases and devices for producing a relative motion of
rotation between the rams or pistons and their respective cylinders or cases
substantially as herein set forth.
84th The combination of a hydraulic gauge, a diagram apparatus registering the
longitudinal motion of the same and a rotating device to neutralise the resistance
of the packing friction of this longitudinal motion.
85th The combination of a hydraulic straining press and a hydraulic gauge
having connected cylinders or cases, rotating devices for neutralising the resistance
of the packing friction and a diagram apparatus connected to the gauge and to
the specimen so as to register the strains on the specimen and the elongations,
compressions deflections or torsion caused thereby substantially as herein
86th The combination in a testing machine of a straining press a diagram
apparatus for registering the strains on specimens and a rotating device to
neutralize the resistance of the packing friction to the longitudinal motion of the
straining press.
illustrated and described.
87th A pipe coupling constituted substantially as herein described.
88th The combination of two pipe ends having parallel abutting faces with a
packing interposed between said parallel abutting faces and contained in a recess
or recesses therein substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
89th The combination of an annular tongue or tongues on the end or face of
one member, a corresponding annular recess or recesses in the end of the other
member, to receive said tongue or tongues, and a packing of soft metal or other
suitable material placed in said recess or recesses substantially as set forth.
90th The combination of the gauge case, base piece, chamber base, and connecting
screws, as and for the purposes set forth.
91 The combination of the removeable pressure chamber, the pressure column,
and the gauge case, as and for the purposes set forth.

page_text: 92nd The combination of a gauge case, one or more transmitting levers
fulcrumed therein a pressure chamber base, and a pressure-column made in two
separable parts one connected by a diaphragm to the chamber base, and the other
by a flexible plate to one of the transmitting levers, substantially as set forth.
93rd The combination of a gauge case, a base separable therefrom, a transmitting
lever fulcrummed on a block within the case, screws for securing the base and
fulcrum block, a pressure chamber and diaphragm secured within the case and
a column for transmitting pressure from the chamber to the lever substantially as
set forth.
94th The combination of the fulcrum block 826, the standards, 884, 884ª, and
the shaft 853 of the rotary indicator, substantially as set forth.
95th The combination with the load lever, 837, and fulcrum block 826, 851, of
the fixing and resisting spring 855 arranged as described to secure the lever against
longitudinal or lateral motion.
96th The combination of the gauge case 821, projecting lugs 887, 888, load
lever 837, and stop screws 885, 886, as and for the purposes set forth.
97th The combination of, the standard or rod 877 and one or more stop nuts, 878
with the lever 842 to limit the vertical motion of the said lever, substantially as
set forth.
98th The curved fulcrum block, 880, attached to the lever, 842, in combination
with the connecting flexible plates, 840, 843, as and for the purposes set forth.
99th The combination of the load beam 907 or 1006 load pressure column 928
or 1009 a load lever and flexible fulcrum or connecting plates substantially as set
forth.
100th In a weighing dynamometer, the combination of a load beam, a pressure
column and a screw connecting them, substantially as herein shown and described.
101st In a weighing dynamometer, the combination with the case and casing
ring, of a load-pressure-column-load-beam connecting screw and a flexible stay
plate to prevent lateral motion of the beam and column within the case substantially
as set forth.
102nd In a weighing dynamometer, the combination of a case, a load pressure
head fixed thereto, a moving cross head provided with a suitable load attaching
device and a buffer spring interposed between the moving cross head and the fixed
cross head substantially as shown and described.
103 In a weighing dynamometer, the combination of a suitable casing, a yoke
contained therein, consisting of upper and lower beams, connected by rods, a
load attaching device, two load cross-heads, with interposed spring or springs,
connected to the case, and a casing ring limiting the vertical movement of the
weighing apparatus within the case, when relieved of a load substantially as shown
and described.
104th A spring interposed between the load attachment and the load-cross-head,
to relieve the instrument of shock and transmit the pressure of the load to the
weighing apparatus.
'
105th The combination of the load beam 1006, screw 1008, load column 1009,
transmitting plate 1011 and load lever 1010, substantially as and for the purposes
set forth.
106th The combination of the load beam 1006, load column, 1009, transmitting
plate 1011, load lever 1010, transmitting and fulcrum plates, 1021, 1024 and the
secondary lever 1020, graduated to serve as a weight beam, and carrying one or
more sliding weights 1027, substantially as set forth.
107th The combination of the load beam 1006, load column, 1009, load lever
1010, weight lever, 1020, and secondary weight lever, 1030, substantially as and
for the purposes set forth.
108th The combination of the load beam 1006, connecting screw 1008, load
column 1009 load lever 1010 transmitting plates 1011, 1021, 1052 graduated
weight lever, 1020, with weight 1027 and the indicator rod 1054 substantially as
and for the purposes set forth.

page_text: 109th The combination with the load or weight lever 1020, of the fixing plate
.or bar, 1073, flexibly attached to said lever near the fulcrum end thereof, and
to the bracket 1018, or other suitable part of the frame or case for the purposes
set forth.
110th The combination of the levers 1020; 1030, the fulcrum block 1029, and
the adjustable stud 1037 passing freely through the said fulcrum block and serving
as.a stop for the levers as set forth.
111 The combination of the lever, 1030, shouldered weight rod, 1038, and
stop-piece 1043, substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
112th The case 1003 provided with pockets or boxes 1048, 1050 inclosing the
suspension weights and weight rod, substantially as set forth.
In witness, whereof I the said Albert Hamilton Emery have hereunto set my
hand and seal this eighth day of November in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and eighty three..