IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR ROVING, SPINNING, AND DOUBLING COTTON AND OTHER FIBROUS
Year: 1863

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Higgins, of Salford, in the County of Lan-
caster, Machine Maker, and Thomas Schofield Whitworth, of the same
Place, Manager, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR
APPARATUS FOR ROVING, SPINNING, AND DOUBLING COTTON AND OTHER FIBROUS
"
Sealed the 18th November 1863, and dated the 22nd May 1863.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Higgins and
Thomas Schofield Whitworth at the Office of the Commissioners of
Patents, with their Petition, on the 22nd May 1863.
We, JAMES HIGGINS, of Salford, in the County of Lancaster, Machino
Maker, and THOMAS SCHOFIELD WHITWORTH, of the same Place, Manager, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MA-
CHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR ROVING, SPINNING, AND DOUBLING COTTON AND OTHER
FIBROUS MATERIALS," to be as follows:-
The object of our Invention is to effect an improvement in the mode of
regulating the "drag" or winding-on of the yarn in machines constructed
on the "throstle principle" when used in roving, spinning, or doubling cotton
or other fibrous materials, and consists, first, in the employment of the
tension of the yarn after it has reached the flyer for regulating such "drag" or
winding-on; and, secondly, in modes of giving motion to the bobbin spool or
spindle upon which the yarn is wound, and in causing such motion to be
regulated by the tension of the yarn, or each individual thread may be
regulated by the attendant.

page_text: To explain the nature of the first part of our Invention we will describe an
arrangement we have used. Within the flyer and revolving therewith is a
sliding piece; the yarn passes over hooks carried thereby, and the said piece
is caused to move upwards and downwards by the increased or diminished
tension of the thread. The motion thus effected is communicated by means
of a lever or other suitable apparatus to a "break," which acts against the
bobbin when it runs loose upon the spindle, or against the spindle when the
bobbin or spool is attached to it and the flyer runs separate from the spindle,
or when the spindle and flyer revolve separately from each other we cause the
movement of the sliding piece to bring a connecting piece into operation
when the tension of the yarn becomes too great, so that the spindle or bobbin
upon which the yarn is wound is at times driven by the flyer, and with this
arrangement the "break" before mentioned may be used.
In the second part of our Invention the flyer is detached from the spindle.
Upon the spindle and attached thereto is the bobbin or spool upon which the
yarn is wound, or we employ the spindle alone for that purpose. To give motion
to the spindle we use a wharve not connected to the spindle, but running freely
and independently around it. Upon the wharve is mounted an instrument or
instruments which we use as pressers upon the spindle and drive it through
the medium of their contact. The movement of the spindle may be
diminished by the action of the "break" as described in the first part of our
Invention.
According to another method we give a variable motion to the spindle by
causing the tension of the yarn to act upon the driving parts so as to cause
them to operate upon different relative diameters. For instance, we employ a
conical wbarve capable of driving the spindle, but through which it may slide
longitudinally. The band on this conical wharve is shifted by the aforesaid
sliding piece, or by any other part moved by the increased or diminished tension
of the yarn. Or, as another example, we use friction surfaces, one of which
is moved bodily so as to bring parts of different radii into action. The tension
of the yarn may be used by direct action, or it may connect a moving part of
the machine to the part to be shifted, which then becomes operated upon by
the motive power.
Or, instead of making use of the tension of the yarn to
move the cord upon the conical wharve, or move the friction surfaces just
mentioned, we attach adjustable guides, by which the motion of each spindle
may be regulated separately by the attendant.
In order also to shift the band upon the aforesaid conical wharve, or the
friction surface above mentioned, we employ the "shaper "apparatus, and
adapt thereto inclined planes or other such parts, which cause the said band or

page_text: friction surface to be traversed, and these inclined planes we adapt so as to
render them adjustable in themselves.
For the purpose of compensating for the increased diameter of the bobbin
spool or spindle as the yarn becomes wound upon it, the wharve or friction
surface before mentioned may be driven at a variable speed, either by the well
known "differential motion," or by other arrangements commonly used for
such purposes.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said James Higgins and Thomas Schofield Whitworth in the
Great Seal Patent Office on the 21st November 1863.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, JAMES
IIIGGINS, of Salford, in the County of Lancaster, Machine Maker, and
THOMAS SCHOFIELD WHITWORTH, of the same Place, Manager, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-second day of May, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, in the twenty-sixth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
us, the said James Higgins and Thomas Schofield Whitworth, Her special
license that we, the said James Higgins and Thomas Schofield Whitworth,
our executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said
James Higgins and Thomas Schofield Whitworth, our executors, admi-
nistrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Geat Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of
Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR ROVING, SPINNING,
AND DOUBLING COTTON AND OTHER FIBROUS MATERIALS," upon the condition,
amongst others, that we, the said James Higgins and Thomas Schofield
Whitworth, by an instrument in writing under our hands and seals, or
under the band and seal of one of us, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal
Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Thomas Schofield Whitworth, do
hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and in what manner the

page_text: same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement and accompanying Drawings, that is to say :-
The object of our Invention is to effect an improvement in the mode of
regulating the "drag" or winding-on of the yarn or thread in machines con-
structed upon the throstle principle when used in roving, spinning, or doubling
cotton and other fibrous materials. For this purpose we avail ourselves of
the tension which necessarily exists in the yarn or thread during the. said
winding-on, such tension being made use of to reduce itself when too great,
and to increase itself when too little, that is to say, when it is not in that
degree which has previously been determined.
This use of the tension of the yarn by itself however we do not claim as our
Invention, but our improvements consist, firstly, in a method of applying the
above-mentioned principle, and we will, in the first place, describe how the
improvement may be adapted to a throstle of the most ordinary construction,
that is to say, to an arrangement in which the spindle is driven by the motive,
power, the bobbin being dragged round by the thread proceeding from the
flyer.
'Fig. 1 represents such a spindle in side elevation, and Figs. 2 and 3 are
detached views of that part thereof by means of which we employ the tension
of the yarn for the aforesaid purpose. The spindle is shewn at a, turning as
usual in a footstep 6 and in a rail c. At d is the wharve by which it is driven.
The copping or lifting rail is at e, carrying the drag plate f, upon which the
bobbin g rests, being connected therewith so that the two may revolve together
by means of the pin h. The drag plate fis provided with a projecting stud,
which is situate within a groove formed in a tube i surrounding the spindle a,
and resting upon a shoulder formed thereon, by which arrangement, therefore,
the said tube i is caused to revolve with the drag and bobbin, while at the
same time it will allow the bobbin, which is formed hollow, to move upwards
and downwards. Upon the top of the spindle a is mounted the apparatus
constituting this part of our Invention, and which is shewn detached at Figs. 2
and 3. At k, k, are two rings connected together by strips of metal 1, 1,
above which there is a grooved pulley m. The lower ring / carries a hook n,
and the instrument thus described is placed upon the neck of the flyer o.
Upon the flyer o is a projecting pin p, which as the said flyer revolves presses
against one of the strips l, and thus the instrument shewn at Figs. 2 and 3 is
caused to revolve therewith. The flyer is bored downward from its
upper end,
the passage thus formed terminating in.an aperture q, and it is furnished with
a hook r, similar to that shewn at n. Within the grooved pulley m is a
forked levers, turning upon a fixed centre at t, and carrying a rod u, which at

page_text: or
its lower end is connected to a lever v, turning upon a centre w, carried by.
the rail c. Upon this lever is formed an arm x, which bears against a boss
formed upon the tube i, and virtually therefore against the bobbin. The
lever v is weighted at each end as at y, z, the latter weight being in excess of
the former to the extent necessary to cause a sufficient pressure upon the
tube i to effect the required amount of drag. The course of the yarn or
thread is shewn by the dotted line. After passing in at top of the flyer it
issues through the aperture q formed therein; from thence it passes downward
and under the hook n, after which it is carried upward and over the hook 1,
and from thence to the flyer o and bobbin g. Suppose the spinning
doubling to be going on with the proper degree of tension in the yarn, the
parts above described will remain unaltered in position; but supposing the
tension in the yarn to increase beyond the desired degree, then the strain put
thereon will draw it over the hook 7, and exert a force upon the other hook n,
which will cause the rings k, k¹, and groove m to rise, the arrangement acting
after the manner of a pulley block. This rising of the groove will cause the
levers s and v to turn upon their centres t, w, and thus the pressure of the
brake upon the tube i, and consequently upon the bobbin, will be reduced,
thus effecting a diminution in the amount of drag. On the other hand, should
the tension of the yarn be unduly reduced the grooved pulley m will no longer
be held up thereby, and by moving downward will allow the weight 2 to put
more pressure upon the tube i. In the above described arrangement the drag
is partially obtained by the revolution of the disc f in contact with the rail e,
and the remainder is made up by the brake x, which therefore corrects the
occasional irregularities, but if desired the whole of the required drag,
excepting that which necessarily exists because the bobbin must have some
bottom bearing, may be derived from the brake.
Fig. 4, Sheet 2, represents another application of our method of using the
tension of the yarn. In this instance the bobbin and flyer revolve separately
from each other, and the instrument A, by being drawn upward as above
described, brings a connecting piece into operation, whereby the spindle is.
caused to partake of the movement of the flyer. The spindle is at 70, running
in a footstep 71, and supported in a tube 72, which is attached to a rail.
Upon the outside of this tube is mounted a wharve 73, the upper boss of
which is a square fitting into a ring 74, constituting a bottom to the flyer 75;
the flyer legs extend upwards and are united by cross pieces 82, 82*, within
the former of which is a loose boss 76, formed on a disc 83. Within this
boss the square upper end of the spindle 70 is situate. The flyer legs pass
through slots formed in a disc 77, which is mounted between two plates 79, so:

page_text: as to be capable of revolving therein, and this plate carries the curl 78.
Motion being communicated to the wharve 73, the flyer will be caused to
revolve, carrying with it the disc 77 and curl 78, so as to wind the material
upon the spindle 70, which in this instance is dragged round by the tension
of the yarn, the copping being performed by imparting the usual lifting motion
to the plates 79. The spindle is shewn jointed at 80, so that when the flyer
is drawn upward upon the square it may be turned down for the purpose of
doffing. The apparatus thus described forms no part of our Invention, and
is merely alluded to for the purpose of explaining our improvement as applied
thereto. The upper part of the spindle is formed with a square situate within
a recess formed in the boss 76, mounted so as to revolve in the cross piece 82.
This disc, therefore, constantly revolves with the spindle, but is capable of sliding
upward and downward thereon. The tension instrument is shewn at A, as in
the former Figures, but in this case it is provided with two arms 81, extending
downward through slots formed in the cross piece 82, which arms are
formed at their lower end with projecting parts extending under the disc 83.
Should the tension of the yarn attain an undue amount, then the instrument A
by rising will bring the projections on the arms 81 in contact with the disc 83,
thereby causing it to slide upward, the consequence of which will be that a
boss on the said disc will arrive in contact with the flyer, which being the
driven portion will then become a driver to the spindle by reason of the fric-
tion of contact between the two surfaces, but when the tension is reduced to
its proper amount, then the instrument A by falling will cause the two friction
surfaces to part, and the flyer and spindle will run at their determined relative
velocities. In the Drawing we have shewn the brake previously described
upon the spindle being drawn thereon by a spring 84, and this method of
obtaining the drag may be adopted if desired.
We now proceed to describe another example of our Invention, shewn at
Fig. 5, Sheet 1. In the foregoing example of our Invention, Fig. 1, the
break was applied to the bobbin, but in this instance it is adapted to the
spindle with which the bobbin revolves, it being connected thereto, and the
flyer being a distinct part, the said spindle therefore is in this example dragged
round by the tension of the yarn. The spindle is at 1, turning at bottom in a
footstep 2, and provided with a pin 3, which projects into the bobbin 4. The
flyer is shewn at 5, carried by a top bearing, and supported at its lower end
by rollers at 6, as described in the Specification of a Patent granted to us
bearing date January Seventh, One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two,
N° 45. As described therein, also, the driving pulley 7 is hollow, so as to
admit of the spindle and bobbin moving upward and downward therein. The

page_text: construction of the tension regulating apparatus is somewhat different, but in
construction only, to that shewn in Fig. 1. The instrument is seen detached
at Figs. 6 and 7. In this instance a tube 8 extends downwards from the
under side of the flyer, in which tube there is a slit 9. Over this slit the
lower part 10 of the regulating instrument is capable of sliding, and a notch
is formed therein in place of the hook of Fig. 1. The yarn or thread, after
passing down the hollow flyer top, comes out through the slit 9; from thence
it passes into the notch above mentioned, and, extending upward, is conducted
over a horn 12 formed upon the flyer. The regulating instrument is provided,
as in the former instance, with a grooved pulley 13 and lever 14 acting upon
a brake 15, and the operation is similar to that before alluded to, except that
in this instance the brake 15 is caused to bear against the spinde 1. The
lever 14 is drawn upward by a spring 16, which is adjusted so that its tension
shall form a counterbalance, and the drag is put on by the weight 17.
Fig. 8 shews another modification of the above described method of em-
ploying the tension of the yarn, combined with another part of our Invention
which relates to a peculiar method of driving the spindle. In this instance a
cop is shewn as being formed, but we will for the present suppose it a bobbin,
which bobbin and the flyer are both caused to revolve by the motive power,
the latter by an ordinary wharve 18, and the former through the agency of a
conical pulley 19, upon the surface of which the driving band is caused to
traverse, so as to impart different degrees of speed to the spindle, according
to the increasing diameter of the bobbin, and also as an independent matter
according to occasional accidental variations in the tension of the yarn. In
the above-mentioned Figure 8 the spindle is shewn at 20, and the flyer at 21,
both being mounted as described in the above-mentioned Patent granted to
us bearing date January Seventh, One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two,
No 45. The flyer is provided with the regulating instrument above described,
but in this instance the rod 22, which descends from the lever 23, is connected
at its lower end to a lever 24, turning upon a centre at 25. This lever is
guided in the said turning motion by a slot formed in a projecting part 26, in
one piece with a lever 27, which will be hereafter described. Upon the
lever 24 is a guide 28, upon which a band 29 bears, and from thence over
the conical pulley 19 adapted to the spindle 20. This pulley is so mounted
on the spindle as to be capable of sliding thereon upward and downward,
while at the same time it imparts rotatory motion. This may be effected by
mounting it on a square, or by employing a. groove and feather or other
ordinary mechanical appliance.
According to the arrangement shewn in the Drawing, the band 29 passes

page_text: over two tin drums 30, revolving in the direction of the arrows to the conical
or spindle pulley. 19, and also to the flyer wharve 18; this banding, however,
may be varied at pleasure.
The operation of this part of the arrangement is distinct, and may be used
alone, and we will therefore in the first place allude to it, although other
apparatus, which will hereafter be described, is shewn in the Drawing. It
has been seen by the description of the formerly referred to Figures that the
tension of the yarn as it is above or below the proper amount will cause the
instrument A to slide upward or downward. In the present instance it will
therefore cause the lever 24 to turn upward or downward, and thus by means
of the guide 28 carry the band up the surface of the conical pulley 19, thus
driving the spindle (and bobbin as we now suppose it to be) at a greater speed:
On the other hand, when the instrument A falls, then the band will return to
a larger diameter of the conical pulley 19, its tendency always being to run in
that direction.
The above description supposes a bobbin and not a cop to be wound upon
the spindle, in which case we employ the arrangement shewn in the detached
view, Figure 9, in which 31 is a ratchet wheel turning in any convenient
bearings, and caused to perform a portion of a revolution by the upward or
downward motion of the lifting rail. The axis of this ratchet wheel is provided
with a worm 32, taking into a worm wheel 33, which worm wheel carries a
forked lever embracing a groove formed upon the conical pulley 19 of Figure 8,
the slow movement therefore of the worm wheel 33 depresses the conical
pulley 19 as the bobbin increases in diameter, and thus effects a quicker
rotation thereof.
One object, however, in the arrangement shewn at Figure 8 is the making
of a cop upon the spindle, and to do this an apparatus is employed which we
will now describe. At 34 is a frame mounted so as to be capable of sliding
to and fro, which motions are communicated from the shaft 35, which is
employed to effect the usual lifting. The sliding motion of the frame 34 is
effected by a vibrating lever 34*, provided with a slot, which embraces a pin 36.
Upon this frame, and turning upon a centre 37, is a shaper plate 38; upon
this plate one end of a bell-crank lever 39 rests, the other part 39* being
provided with a rod 40, which at its other end is connected to a lever 41, fixed
to a shaft 42, to which shaft is also attached the lever 27 before referred to,
and which is provided with a fork embracing a groove formed upon the
conical pulley 19. Upon the frame 34 is mounted a screw 43, which is capable
of imparting a sliding motion to a plate 44, which carries a pin 45, projecting
under the shaper 38. As the frame 34 runs inward and outward, a slight

page_text: rotatory motion is given to the screw 43 by means of a driver 46 taking into a
ratchet wheel, the said driver being thrust forward by arrival with any fixed
part of the machine, and thus the pin 45 is brought gradually under different
parts of the shaper 38, so as to allow. it to turn downward upon its centre.
As therefore the shaper slides backward and forward it elevates the end of the
lever 39, or allows it to fall, and this turning of the said lever will cause the
Jever 41 also to turn upon its centre, and then through the medium of the
fork 27 raise or depress the conical pulley 19, so as to present a larger or
smaller diameter to the band 29, and thus a variable speed of the spindle is:
given, in order to suit the different diameters of the cop at each lift, such
variable speed being gradually increased in degree by the greater angle which
the shaper 38 assumes by turning downward on its centre 37. As, however,
it is usual and convenient to wind upon a tapered spindle, another correction
becomes necessary in order that a compensation may be made for the tension
of the yarn due to the different diameters on which it is wound, and this we
accomplish as follows:-Upon the pláte 44 is a second pin 45*, situate beneatlı
a second shaper 47, carried by an arm 48, which is capable of turning upon a
centre 49, carried by the first-mentioned shaper 38; the two therefore form a
compound shaping apparatus, the relative positions of which to suit any form
of cop may be altered by adjusting the part 47 in any desired position by means.
of the nut and slot 50, the said part being mounted so as to be capable of
turning upon a centre 51. As therefore the pin 45* is drawn forward, and
the shaper 47 rises, the lever 39 will be acted upon thereby, and thus any:
position of the band 29 on the conical pulley 19 may be obtained at starting.
It will now be seen that the shaper apparatus regulates the speed of the spindle.
so as to correct the tension of the yarn according to the varying diameters of
the cop, and that any accidental tendencies to inequalities of tension are
neutralized by the instrument A operating as before described.
In the apparatus we have above described for regulating the speed of the
spindle,, we have used the term shaper as its construction is somewhat similar
to the arrangement known by that name, but it will be perceived that we do
not use it for the purpose of determining the shape of the
cop, for that purpose.
any known shaper may be employed.
Figs 10 and 10* represent another method we employ for driving the spindle.
The wharve for this purpose is at 52, mounted in rails 53, in which it is
capable of revolving clear of the spindle. Upon the upper side of this wharve
are mounted two instruments 54, 54, capable of turning thereon, and con-
structed after the manner of pressers employed in roving frames; upon motion
being communicated to the wharve 52 these pressers, which are provided with

page_text: centrifugal weights 55, fly inwards, and by bearing against the surface of the
spindle communicate rotary motion thereto, but only with such an amount of
force as is capable of giving way to a certain degree of resistance caused by an
-undue tension of the yarn. With this part of our Invention we employ the
brake formerly described in reference to Fig. 4, and acted upon by the
instrument A. This brake is shewn applied to Fig. 10, but as it has already
been fully described further allusion to it will not be necessary.
Another method we employ for driving the spindle or bobbin or cop is shewn
at Fig. 11, Sheet 2. The spindle is at 56, upon which is a roller 57, placed
in contact with a disc 58, mounted upon the line shaft of the machine. The
roller 57 is so mounted as to be capable of sliding upwards or downwards
upon the spindle 56, but of communicating rotary motion thereto by means of
a groove and feather or by similar means, and its lower surface rests upon a
lever 59 capable of turning upon a fixed centre 60; one end of the lever 59
carries a weight 61, and the other is connected as in previously described
arrangements to the instrument A. By the increased or decreased tension of
the yarn, therefore, the lever 59 is caused to turn upward or downward upon
its centre 60, and thus the roller 57 will be raised or allowed to fall, whereby it
will pass on to a larger or smaller diameter of the driving surface 58, and the
rotation of the spindle will be increased or diminished in proportion, after the
same manner in which the variable speeds are obtained by the conical pulley 19
before described, and with this arrangement the apparatus shewn at Fig. 9 for
a bobbin may be employed, or that shewn at Fig. 8 for a cop.
The above examples shew the direct application of the tension of the yarn
to shift the driving apparatus, but such tension may be used as a connecting
medium for bringing the motive power to effect the desired result. A method
of carrying this into effect is shewn at Fig. 12, in which the spindle, as in
Fig. 11, is provided with a roller 62 in contact, with a friction disc 63, the said
roller resting upon a lever 64, turning upon a centre at, 65. The outward end
of the lever 64 bears upon a cam 66, the axis of which carries a roller situate
within a groove 67 formed in the revolving disc 63. This can is mounted upon
an axis carried by an arm 68, extending from a lever 69, 69*, one end of
which is connected to a rod 70, proceeding upwards as before described to the
instrument A. The other end 69* of the lever is weighted according to the
tension of the yarn required as in the former instances. Suppose the tension
to increase beyond the desired point, then the rod 70 will be drawn upwards,
causing the lever 69 to turn upon its centre 71; this will bring the roller on
the cam 66 in contact with the ring forming the outward circumference of the
groove 67, which by revolving in the direction of the arrow will turn the said

page_text: cam upon its centre of motion, and will thus bring a smaller radius thereof
against the roller 72 of the lever 64, which thus being allowed to fall will
permit the roller 62 to pass on to a smaller diameter of the driving disc 63.
On the other hand, should the tension of the yarn decrease, the lever 69 will
turn downward and cause the roller on the cam 66 to arrive in contact with
the inner circumference of the groove 67, whereby an opposite effect to that
described will be produced. In piecing up the broken ends of the yarn or
thread in the above described arrangements, the machine may be stopped as is
usual in roving frames, but we will here allude to arrangements we have
adopted so that each spindle may be stopped by itself. Fig. 13 exhibits the
plan we adopt for a bobbin. At 90 is a fixed steed, within, which the spindle
revolves, and which is provided with a projecting pin 91, extending into a
hollow cam 92, formed on the circumference of a collar 93, mounted so as to
slide on the steed 90. When the piecing up is to be effected, the motion of
the flyer is arrested by a binding screw 94, and then the collar 93 is turned;
this will bring the inclined side of the cam 92 into action upon the pin 91,
whereby the said collar will be caused to rise and arrive in contact with the
bobbin 95, lifting it from its connection with the spindle. The piecing up
having been effected, the flyer 96 is liberated, and then the yarn will pull the
bobbin round on the top of the collar 93, until the said collar is again turned,
which turning will bring the parts into the position shewn in the Drawing.
In making a cop the conical pulley 19 of Fig. 8 may be mounted upon a bush
revolving with the spindle, with which bush it may be disconnected by moving
it upwards from a clutch box or a pin connection similar to that employed in
connecting bobbins to drag plates.
We would remark in conclusion, that although we have particularly alluded
to that operation which is usually and technically called spinning, our Inven-
tion is applicable to other processes, such as roving, in which the fibrous
material is twisted and wound. We would also observe, that although we
have shewn and described certain parts of our Invention combined and working
together, yet we do not limit ourselves to such combinations or to the precise
constructions referred to, but we claim as secured to us under the above in
part recited Letters Patent, and for the purposes above set forth,-
Firstly, the use of the tension of the yarn applied through the medium of an
instrument revolving with the flyer.
Secondly, the employment of a conical pulley, friction surfaces, or equivalent
apparatus for driving the spindle and causing the same to impart a variable
speed through the tension of the material.

page_text: Thirdly, driving the spindle by means of pressers acting on a constant
idiameter, as illustrated at Figs. 10 and 10*
Fourthly, the use of apparatus acting after the manner of a shaper for
governing the speed of the spindle.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas Schofield Whitworth, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, the Twentieth day of November, One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-three.
THOMAS SCHOFIELD WHITWORTH. (L.S.)