IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF BREAD FOR MILITARY AND OTHER SIMILAR PURPOSES, IN PART APPLICABLE TO BAKING PURPOSES GENERALLY
Year: 1883

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Henry Johnson of 47 Lincolns Inn Fields, in the
County of Middlesex, Gentleman for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF BREAD FOR MILITARY AND OTHER
SIMILAR PURPOSES, IN PART APPLICABLE TO BAKING PURPOSES GENERALLY
"
communicated to him from the firm of Geneste Herscher and Company,
residing at Paris in the Republic of France, Engineers
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Henry Johnson at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 17th April 1883..
-
JOHN HENRY JOHNSON of 47 Lincolns Inn Fields in the County of Middlesex
Gentleman "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF BREAD
FOR MILITARY AND OTHER SIMILAR PURPOSES, IN PART APPLICABLE TO BAKING
"
PURPOSES GENERALLY a communication to me from the firm [of] Geneste
Herscher and Company residing at Paris in the Republic of France, Engineers
This Invention relates to an improved portable apparatus for manufacturing
bread for the use of armies during a Campaign or for other similar uses and
constituting a self contained portable or travelling bakehouse or bread factory
provided with all the necessary appliances for the preparation and baking of loaves
or rations of bread in the field as hereinafter described
The specially constructed ovens or apparatus heretofore employed for baking
bread or rations for the use of armies during a Campaign only provide for the
actual baking of the bread and do not facilitate the preparation and transport of
the materials or the other accessory operations The loss of time and difficulties
attending the fitting up of temporary bakehouses are only partially oviated by
means of these ovens and in addition to fitting up the oven it is necessary to
provide for the transport and erection of a large quantity of materials so that the
men are frequently fatigued before they can commence the bread making
operations

page_text: According to this invention these objections are obviated by means of a vehicle or
travelling apparatus hereinafter described which may be advantageously employed
in combination with the improved ovens described in the Specifications to former
Letters Patent granted to me namely N° 5714 dated 29th December A.D. 1881 and
N° 3857 dated 5th October 1876 may if desired be constructed to carry the said
ovens this combination constitutes a self contained travelling bakehouse completely
provided with all the necessary appliances or utensils for the preparation of the
materials the oven and accommodation for the men. The materials are thus
enabled to be prepared and attended to without inconvenience during the march
and on arriving at the holting place it is simply necessary to place the oven in
position upon the ground to erect the tents for the reception of the kneading
trough and other accessary appliances in order to commence the operation of bread
making
The vehicle is then available for other purposes such as transporting fire wood
or flour or may be fitted with temporary shelves for carrying the bread that has
been made
The vehicle is composed of a case or body supported upon springs and travelling
wheels.
At the forepart of the body is provided a seat for men with their
equipments and drivers necessaries
At the hinder part of the vehicle are provided seats for men. An oven preferably
constructed according to the invention described in the Specification N° 5714
A.D. 1881 hereinbefore referred to is placed at the top and forms the roof of the
vehicle being composed of bays or sections and end pieces. In a boot or receptacle
under the vehicle are arranged. the tiles or panels which form the bottoin or floor
of the oven.
Above the oven there is provided a waterproof cover which may be
of tarpaulin and be carried by iron ribs preferably eight in number. The chimney
pieces and the door of the oven are packed under the drivers seat. On the floor of
the fore part of the body are arranged a kneading trough with its cover in two
parts one of which forms a board or table. In this kneading trough may be
packed a cistern or filter tent cloth, tent pegs, mallets, bolts for fixing the tents,
dough scales, dough knives, a hatchet, canvas mounted pans or basins hereinafter
described, bakers shovels or peels and sundry other useful articles
A large leaven basket arranged at one side of the vehicle behind the kneading
trough contains one smaller leaven basket, a copper kettle, pail and other sundries
On the opposite side of the vehicle space is provided for a heat retaining vessel
hereinafter described. This vessel is employed to keep water hot for reviving (the
leaven during the march. Poles or framework for the tents are stowed behind the
backs of the seats
A small kneading trough for working the leaven during the march carried
between the receptacle for the floor of the oven of the axle and the box or cover.
A spare pole some shovel handles, rake, a spade and pick axe may be carried' outside
the vehicle in suitable holders and a grease box is suspended from the fore carriage
Suitable appliances are provided on the top of the vehicle to enable the oven to be
taken off the vehicle and replaced with facility
The drying off or sweating racks consist of wooden bars or rods arranged at the
rear part of the vehicle in recesses provided for their reception in the seats and in
the backs of the seats and in the front part of the vehicle in oval rings suspended
from eye bolts in the overhead frame
The vehicle or apparatus constructed and arranged and fitted up with the various
articles and appliances as hereinbefore described and enumerated constitutes a
portable or travelling bread factory capable of fulfilling all the requirements of an
army in the field or of other bodies of men placed under similar circumstances
Instead of being combined with the specially constructed oven herein before
referred to the vehicle may be employed in combination with portable ovens
constructed on other principles
The improved pans hereinbefore referred to are made of galvanized iron wire
covered with cloth or canvas. These pans are lighter than basket work vessels

page_text: and also present the additional and important advantage over the latter of taking
up much less room when packed together owing to the thinness of the wire work
employed in their construction
The heat retaining yessel herein before referred to consists of a chamber the top.
and bottom sides of which are hollow and filled with silicate cotton or other heat
retaining material. An indiarubber tube open at its upper end and attached to a
float draws off the water at the hottest part and discharges it through a cock when
required
The wire pans and heat retaining vessel are advantageously employed in
combination with the portable apparatus hereinbefore described but it is evident
that their use is pot confined to this combination
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said John Henry Johnson in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
17th October 1883.
JOHN HENRY JOHNSON of 47 Lincoln's Inn Fields in the County of Middlesex
Gentleman "JMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF BREAD
FOR MILITARY AND OTHER SIMILAR PURPOSES IN PART APPLICABLE TO BAKING
PURPOSES GENERALLY a cominunication to me from the firm of Geneste Herscher
and Co residing at Paris in the Republic of France.
"
This Invention relates to an improved portable apparatus for manufacturing
bread for the use of armies during a campaign or for other similar uses and con-
stituting a self contained portable or travelling bakehouse or bread factory provided
with all the necessary appliances for the preparation and baking of loaves or rations
of bread in the field as hereinafter described.
The apparatus heretofore employed for baking bread or rations for the use of
armies during a campaign are of various descriptions such for example as the
apparatus known in France as the Lespinasse oven as well as other portable ovens
and ovens that can be taken to pieces for travelling and also the ovens described in
the Specification to Letters Patent granted to John Henry Johnson dated
October 5th 1876 Number 3857 and in the Specification to Letters Patent granted
to John Henry Johnson dated December 29th 1881 N° 5714.
These ovens though valuable in themselves in respect of the results obtained
and the difficulties to be overcome only fulfil one part of the requirements of the
cuse that is to say the actual baking of the bread and do not facilitate the pre-
paration of the dough or the transport of the materials or the other accessary
operations. The loss of time and difficulties attending the fitting up of temporary
bake houses are only partially obviated and in addition to fitting up the oven it is
necessary to provide for the transport of a large quantity of materials and in most

page_text: cases the men are already fatigued before they can proceed with the tedious and
difficult operations that must precede the baking process.
According to this Invention these objections are obviated by means of a vehicle
or travelling apparatus which may be advantageously employed in combination
with ovens capable of being taken to picces or with the portable ovens described
in the Specifications herein before referred to and may if desired be constructed to
carry the said ovens; this combination constitutes a self contained travelling bake-
house completely provided with all the necessary appliances or utensils, the oven,
and accommodation for the men.
The leaven is thus enabled to be prepared and attended to without inconvenience
during the march and on arriving at the halting place it is simply necessary to
place the oven in position upon the ground to erect the tents for sheltering the
bakers and materials in order to commence the operation of bread making without
delay.
The vehicle is then available for other purposes such as transporting fire-wood
or flour or for carrying the bread that has been made. For the latter purpose
temporary wooden shelves are employed capable of being rapidly placed in position
in the vehicle which thus after serving to transport the men and materials is
converted into a vehicle specially adapted for sweating or drying and carrying the
bread.
And in order that the said Invention may be fully understood I shall now
proceed more particularly to describe the same and for that purpose shall refer to
the several figures on the annexed sheets of drawings the same letters of reference
indicating corresponding parts in all the figures.
Figure 1 is a side elevation and Figure is an end elevation of a travelling
bread making apparatus or vehicle constructed according to this Invention.
Figures 3 and 4 are respectively longitudinal and transverse sections of the
same.
Figures 5 and 6 represent details hereinafter described.
The vehicle is composed of a metal case or body A supported upon suitable
springs wheels and axles. At the fore part of the body is provided a seat B
capable of accommodating two men with their equipment and fitted with a gun or
rifle rest, whip holder, lamp, break handle and other accessaries. The space inside
the body contains sundry fittings and objects hereinafter specified. At the hinder
part of the vehicle are provided seats C for five men. An oven D such as is
described in the Specification to the Letters Patent N° 5714 A.D. 1881 hereinbefore
referred to is placed at the top and forms the roof of the vehicle being composed in
the example illustrated of five bays or sections and two end pieces. In a boot or
receptacle E under the vehicle are arranged the slabs or panels E' which form the
.bottom or floor of the oven D when in use.
The Oven D is covered by a waterproof tilt or tarpaulin D' carried by iron
ribs D-preferably eight in number as shewn in figure 3. A chimney a (in two
sections) and a door 6 both forming part of the Oven D are packed in a box K
under the driver's seat. On the floor of the fore part of the body is arranged a
kneading trough H with its cover in two parts one of which forms a board or table.
. Inside this kneading trough may be packed a cistern or filter, tent cloths, tent
.pegs, mallets, bolts, for fixing the tents, a pair of dough scales, dough knives, a
hammer headed hatchet, an axe, a number of canvas mounted pans or basins S
hereinafter described, shovels or peels for placing the dough in the oven, or for
taking the bread out of the oven and sundry other useful articles.
A large leaven basket G arranged at one side of the vehicle behind the kneading
trough contains another leaven basket G¹ (figure 3) a copper kettle g capable of
holding say about five and a half gallons, a pail, h a lantern, oil buttle, wicks, and
two small canvas beds. In this part of the vehicle also may be packed a saw for
cutting up fire wood and a heat retaining vessel O (figures 4 and 6) of special
construction hereinafter described capable of containing say about five and a half
gallons. By means of this vessel the water for the leaven may be kept hot for a

page_text: period of about twenty four hours. Two sets of poles or frame work for brigadiers
tents may be stowed behind the backs of the seats. A small kneading trough H¹
figure 4 for working the leaven during the march may be carried between the
receptacle for the floor of the oven and the box or cover of the axle.
Outside the vehicle may be attached or suspended sundry tools and other articles
such as an iron rake, a spade and pick axe, a grease box, poles peel handles and
the like. The hinder part of the vehicle is provided with strong studs or pulleys or
other suitable devices to enable the oven to be let down from off the vehicle and
hoisted up again with facility.
The drying off or sweating racks consist of wooden bars or rods of uniform
dimensions arranged at the rear part of the vehicle in recesses provided for their
reception in the seats and in the backs of the seats and in the front part of the
vehicle in oval rings suspended from eye bolts in the over head frame.
The vehicle or apparatus constructed and arranged and fitted up with the
various articles and appliances as hereinbefore described and enumerated con-
stitutes a portable or travelling bread factory capable of fulfilling all the
requirements of an army in the field or of any body of men compelled to move
frequently from place to place under similar conditions.
It will be observed that the convenient and orderly arrangement of the articles
and the accommodation provided for the necessary number of men enable all the
operations preliminary to the kneading of the dough and the baking of the bread
to be conveniently proceeded with when in the field. The dough may even be
kneaded or worked up inside the vehicle during the march or when there is no
opportunity for fitting up the kneading trough under a tent; in this case the
trough is placed across the vehicle so as to enable two men to work without
inconvenience.
The dimensions of the vehicle and the arrangement of its contents may be
modified according to requirements as well as the materials of which it is composed.
Instead of being combined with the oven capable of being taken to pieces as
herein before described the vehicle may be employed in combination with a portable
oven constructed on any other principle.
Figure 5 represents a series of five improved pans S constructed according to this
invention. These pans are made of galvanised iron wire covered with cloth or
canvas. Pans thus constructed are lighter than basket work vessels and also
present the additional and important advantage over the latter of taking up much
less room when packed together (as shown in the drawing) owing to the thinness
of the wire work employed in their construction.
An improved vessel for retaining heat is shown in section in figure 6. This
vessel consists of a chamber A2 and an outer case B2 so arranged as to form a space
between the walls of the chamber A² and the outer case B2 which space is filled
with silicate cotton or other equivalent materials. The top D³ and bottom C³ of the
chamber are also double or hollow and packed with silicate cotton or other suitable
heat retaining materials. An india rubber tube open at its upper end and
attached to a float E' draws off the water at the hottest part and discharges it
through a cock G². This vessel is capable of keeping water hot for about twenty
four hours which water may be utilised for reviving the leaven during the march.
These articles namely the wire pans and heat retaining vessel are most advan-
tageously employed in combination with the portable apparatus hereinbefore
described but it is evident that they may be employed in other baking
establishments
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of the said
Invention and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried into
effect I would observe in conclusion that what I consider to be novel and original
and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the hereinbefore in part
recited Letters Patent is :-
First: The portable apparatus or combination of appliances for the manufacture
of bread, consisting of a vehicle provided with accommodation for men, implements,

page_text: and every requisite for carrying on the said manufacture, for military and other
similar purposes, all constructed and arranged substantially as hereinbefore described
and illustrated in. the accompanying Drawings.
Second-The combination of appliances for the manufacture of bread, consti-
tuting, a self contained travelling bread factory in combination with the specially
constructed. oven consisting of a series of separable segments, substantially as berein-
before described and illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
Third-The arrangement whereby the vehicle, when not required for carrying
the men with the implements, utensils, and appliances for the manufacture of
bread, is enabled to be employed for the drying or sweating process and for the
transport of the loaves or rations and other materials, substantially as hereinbefore
described.
Fourth-The improved pans for baking purposes, constructed of galvanised iron
wire covered with cloth or canvas, substantially as hereinbefore described and
illustrated in figure 5 of the accompanying drawings.
Fifth-The improved heat retaining vessel constructed substantially as and for
the purpose hereinbefore described with reference to figure 6 of the accompanying
drawings.
In witness whereof I the said John Henry Johnson have to this my Specification
set my hand and seal this first day of September One thousand eight hundred
and eighty three.