Year: 1885

page_text: This Specification has been Amended under Sections 18 to 21 o

page_text: application of electric current for the following purposes:
1. The union of metals.
2. Their dis-union or separation.
3. The formation of apertures in metals.
4. The union of metals in layers.
:
The process which we term Electro-hephaest consists of the formation of voltaic
arcs when necessary.
A voltaic arc is formed by the approach of carbon (or any other body serving
the purpose) to the part of the metal to be operated upon: the carbon forms one
pole and the metal forms the other pole of the circuit, in the majority of cases the
carbon forms the positive pole. The carbon used is of various forms; the most
practical for operations on a small scale is either a solid or hollow pencil or rod.
The hollow carbon is filled with various metals or their alloys, which play the part
of solder.
The carbon is fixed in a special apparatus which advances it to the metal to be
operated upon, to the point where it is desired to form the arc...
There are several of these apparatus the employment of which depends on the
nature of the work: they are sub-divided into simple (Fig. 1 of the accompanying
drawings) and complex (Fig. 3), constructed in such a manner that the duration
of the arc and the space between its extremities can be exactly and automatically
determined.
These apparatus can also be directly connected with other instruments, as for
instance with the rolls, stamping press and automatic hammer to which the metal
is automatically conducted on the cessation of the arc, for the purpose of further
cohesion and final planing. These apparatus are fitted with coloured glass screens,
or some similar substance, so as to allow of the operations being watched without
injury to the eye-sight of the operator.
Each apparatus is connected with one of the conductors of the current in such a
manner that the current in passing through the pole is insulated from parts which
might come into contact with the hands of the operator or with the metal operated
upon. The other conductor is connected directly with the part of the metal in

page_text: work, or with a metallic plate serving as a conducting table (Fig. 4); on this table
are placed the parts of the metal to be operated upon. The apparatus are placed
either on the metal parts or on supports which can be moved in various directions,
or they are held in the hands of the operator, who, pressing a lever, either advances
the apparatus towards the metal or vice versa, and a voltaic arc is formed. The
fixing of the apparatus may be effected in various ways according to the nature of
the work.
The union of the parts of one or more kinds of metal is effected in two ways,
namely either in points or continuously.
1, In points by agitating the voltaic arc at one point for a certain time, after
which it ceases 2, Continuously in which case the voltaic arc advances unin-
terruptedly in a defined line. In both cases the union or cohesion of the parts is
simultaneous and they become one homogenous whole,
The first named process, namely point union is in every way superior to rivetting.
The second process continuous union also supercedes rivetting, particularly in the
case of boiler joints etc, and is generally applicable in all cases of joining or uniting
metals.
Figs. 5 to 17 shew a variety of joints united in points and continuously. Fig. 5
represents the union of metals by rivets without heads. Fig. 6 gives a section of
a joint, shewing the manner of joining the upper to the lower sheets by filling the
holes with fused metal.
As compared with existing processes the advantages claimed for the present
invention are its rapid action, cheapness, the reduction in weight owing to the
absence of joints, cover joints and heads of rivets. By this process the strength
of the joints becomes equal to that of other parts of the object, which is most
important in the boiler and armour plates, iron and steel vessels, hydraulic
apparatus etc. and has hitherto been attained with great difficulty. Besides the
advantages above enumerated, the great. feature of our invention consists in the
facility with which it can be applied on the spot in cases of emergency or accident,
without taking the object to pieces; as for instance in the case of the bursting of
boiler plates, the cracking of armour plate etc.
The separation and dis-union of metals is effected by cutting through or other-
wise detaching parts of metal by our process. This is accomplished by the action
of the voltaic arc (Fig. 18). In the case represented in the drawing, the work is
being performed by a hand machine. Parts of metal of considerable dimensions
may be detached by this process with facility on the spot. The tension and
quantity of the electric current must be increased in proportion to the size of the
metal operated upon. Numerous cases occur where the separation or detachment
of metallic parts cannot be effected by existing means, and which could be easily
accomplished by our process.
Fig. 19 represents the process of boring holes of every description in metals
by means of our invention; and it possesses the same advantages as those
above cited.
:
The fusion of layers of metal, one on top of the other in various ways, is effected
by means of a voltaic arc in the following manner. Into the voltaic arc is intro-
duced a carbon pencil prepared with the metal with which the fusion is to be
effected, which falls drop by drop in a continuous jet. The pencil is insulated.
Fig. 20 shews the process.
This process can be employed in a number of cases: for soldering, for filling up
flaws, cracks, hollows etc; moreover it can be applied for steelifying objects (Fig. 21)
for making stays, supports etc. Its uses for the navy consists in armour plating,
which is rendered completely impermeable: in military art for the construction of
hermetical casings for projectiles, in general its uses will be found for all kinds
of work.
Fig. 23 represents an iron beam or stay composed of corrugated sheets, the mode
of fastening which is clearly shewn in the drawing; Fig. 22 shews the corrugated
sheets, joined in a vertical position; Fig. 24 exhibits a parallelopiped of blocks and

page_text: corrugated sheet, according to the purpose for which this material is to be applied,
its cavities may be filled with various resinous substances, cement etc. The
corrugated sheets can be arranged in an endless variety of ways and will represent
a new building material offering lightness, solidity and great resisting power. In
the joining of these sheets it is preferable to use the complex apparatus (Fig. 3).
The building material above described is intended for the construction of bridges,
arches, vaults, ceilings, walls, partitions etc.
Fig. 26 and 27 represent steel armour plates joined together both by point and
continuous union, the sheets are laid one on top of the other, as shewn in the
drawing, with intermediate layers of some elastic substance, as for instance
caoutchouc, felt, card-board, wood etc. The elastic substance is shown in the
drawing by shading. These armour plates serve for protecting vessels and for
numerous other purposes. They are exceedingly light, offer great resistance, are
not liable to crack and split and may with great facility be made on the spot where
they are to be used, either whole, or they can be attached layer by layer when
being mounted.
Fig. 28 shews a sample of incrustation on a metallic plate by the dropping of
fused metal. The plate is heated to the temperature of fusion where the metal is
to be applied and which, forming the incrustation enters the plate and becomes
part of it. This process can be advantageously applied to statues bas reliefs and
other ornamentation where the grouping of fused metal in drops will impart an
entirely new and original type and character to artistic ornamentation, by per-
mitting the introduction into the fused metal of other metals, granite, porcelain etc.
Fig. 1 represents the simple hand apparatus which serves for the formation of
the voltaic arc. The hollow at the end of the wooden handle contains a contact
screw which serves to fix the wire of the conductor; the pole consists of a carbon
pencil held in a tube by means of a screw. This tube containing the carbon works
on a hinge and may, at the will of the operator, assume various inclinations with
regard to the lever which connects the conductor with the carbon. Fig. 4
represents the conducting table with the feet of the non-conductor and a contact
post for fixing the conducting wire.
Fig. 31 gives a side view of the hand apparatus placed on a support and is
represented in action during the point union. It is furnished with a lever for
moving the carbon to the point where the voltaic arc is to be formed, this being
accomplished by simply pressing the lever. The cessation of the arc is effected by
a spring pressing against the lever; this spring is, represented in the drawing by
dotted lines. The conductor is fixed to a contact post contained in the handle of
the lever. The pencil which traverses the handle serves to unite the conductor
with the lever. The manner of fixing the carbon is similar to that described in the
preceding apparatus. The apparatus is placed on the parts of the metal to be
operated upon the conductors leading from the source of the current through the
carbon are positive, and those passing through the object in operation negative.
Fig. 3 represents a side view of the complex apparatus placed on ordinary or
cogged rails for point or continuous union. The lever consists of two wooden
cheeks. By means of the lever the pole is advanced to the place of the formation
of the voltaic arc. The conductor fastened to the contact post and the before
mentioned lever are connected with a metallic band (indicated in the drawing by
dotted lines) attached at the ends by screws. This band serves at the same time
as a part cover, in which is fastened the lever by means of a screw serving as its
axis. The screen of dark coloured glass is attached to a triple binge and can be
made to assume any inclination. The commencement of the formation of the arc
is simultaneous with the starting in motion of the secondometer, as a small lever
fixed on the handle of the larger lever, communicates with the secondometer and
sets it in motion. The whole apparatus, underneath which are small rollers, is
placed on a support, furnished with two pair of rails, one pair being ordinary and
the other pair cogged. In continuous union operations, the apparatus is mounted
on ordinary rails; in point union it is placed on the cogged rails, the space between
1

page_text: the teeth of the rails determining the spaces between the points. The rails can be
replaced by an endless screw, by clockwork, or by any other mechanism which
would allow of the apparatus being moved in various directions.
" Electric
Figs. 32, 33 and 34 represent an apparatus which we have named an
Forge." It consists of an anvil to which is fixed a bracket, furnished with a pulley
to which is attached a pair of pincers for holding the object to be operated upon.
The carbon is arranged on a stand to which is fastened the positive conductor
leading to the source of the current; the negative conductor also attached to the
stand transmits the current to the object held by the pincers. By advancing the
object to the pole, a voltaic arc is formed, the object is heated and is then
transferred to the anvil for forging. The handles of the pincers are insulated, so
as to protect the hands of the operator. The heating of the object can be effected
by means of the apparatus shewn in the drawings 33 and 34 where the pincers are
not connected with the electric current; instead of this, two carbon pencils are
fixed on the stand and 'between these the voltaic arc is formed. In the drawing
these pencils are parallel, but they may be placed in any position.
Fig. 35 represents an apparatus which we have named an "Electric Solderer."
It consists of two carbon pencils fastened in holders. These holders are secured
by screws to two brackets or stands. The holders of the carbon press against sides
springs; at the end of each holder is a roller which rests against the conical end of
a round iron rod held in a certain position by a spiral spring. The iron rod is
encased in bobbins connected with the electric current; at the bottom of the electric
coil is an electro-magnet which serves as the table for operating upon. On the
electric current being started it enters the casing of bobbins, the action of which
being stronger than the spiral spring, forces the rod downwards and causes the
points of the carbon to separate, a voltaic arc being thereby formed.
The same
current traversing the electro-magnet puts it in action whereby the flame of the
are is drawn to the object to be operated upon.
The whole apparatus is so arranged that it can be easily moved about, and also
raised and lowered.
The apparatus above described, and those similar to it, may be advantageously
employed in finishing work done by other machines, as for instance in planing and
shaping joints etc.
This process of working metals may be combined with a gas apparatus, whereby
gas or a mixture of gases could be introduced by pipes into the voltaic arc and
increase its tension. Into these gases may be introduced pulverised carbon which
is a good conductor of electricity, and also increases the action of the voltaic arc.
If it be necessary to fuse any heterogeneous substance with the metal operated
upon, the carbon may be replaced by any other substance in powder.
Apparatus of this kind is represented in Figs. 36 and 37 in its simplest form;
but it may be combined with the complex apparatus described above or placed on
stands which can be moved according to requirements.
All the operations described in this Specification, chiefly relating to metals, may
also be applied to metalloids, on the condition however, that metalloids as bad
conductors of electricity must be preliminarily covered at the parts where the
voltaic arc is to act with good conductors of electricity which will serve to activate
the arc. In certain cases this covering is superfluous, viz: in case of the employ-
ment of apparatus figs. 33 or 35 where the objects operated upon are not included
in the electric circuit.
.
1007

page_text: arcs when necessary.
A voltaic arc is formed by the approach of carbon (or any other body serving the
purpose) to the part of the metal to be operated upon: the carbon forms one pole
and the metal forms the other pole of the circuit, in the majority of cases the
carbon forms the positive pole. The carbon used is of various forms; the most
practical for operations on a small scale is either a solid or hollow pencil or rod.
The hollow carbon is filled with various metals or their alloys, which play the part
of solder.
The carbon is fixed in a special apparatus which advances it to the metal to be
operated upon, to the point where it is desired to form the arc.
'
There are several of these apparatus the employment of which depends on the
nature of the work; they are subdivided into simple (Fig. 1 of the drawings
accompanying our Provisional Specification) and complex (Fig. 3), constructed in
such a manner that the duration of the arc and the space between its extremities
can be exactly and automatically determined.
These apparatus can also be directly connected with other instruments, as for
instance with the rolls, stamping press and automatic hammer to which the metal
is automatically conducted on the cessation of the arc, for the purpose of further
cohesion and final planing. These apparatus are fitted with coloured glass screens,
or some similar substances so as to allow of the operations being watched without
injury to the eye-sight of the operator.
Each apparatus is connected with one of the conductors of the current in such a
manner that the current in passing through the pole is insulated from parts which
might come into contact with the hands of the operator or with the metal operated
upon. The other conductor is connected directly with the part of the metal in work,
or with a metallic plate serving as a conducting table (Fig. 4); on this table are
placed the parts of the metal to be operated upon. The apparatus are placed either
on the metal parts or on supports which can be moved in various directions, or they
are held in the hands of the operator, who, pressing a lever, either advances the

page_text: apparatus towards the metal or vice versa and a voltaic arc is formed. The fixing
of the apparatus may be effected in various ways according to the nature of
the work.
The union of the parts of one or more kinds of metal is effected in two ways,
namely either in points or continuously.
1. In points by agitating the voltaic arc at one point for a certain time, after
which it ceases; 2 continuously in which case the voltaic are advances uninter-
ruptedly in a defined line. In both cases the union or cohesion of the parts is
simultaneous and they become one homogenous whole.
The first named process, namely point union is in every way superior to rivetting.
The second process continuous union also supercedes rivetting, particularly in the
case of boiler joints etc., and is generally applicable in all cases of joining or
uniting metals.
For the purpose of fully explaining the nature of our invention we will refer to
the drawings accompanying our provisional specification.
Figs. 5 to 17 shew a variety of joints united in points and continuously according
to our invention. Fig. 5 represents the union of metals by rivets without heads.
Fig. 6 gives a section of a joint shewing the manner of joining the upper to the
lower sheets by filling the holes with fused metal. As compared with existing
processes the advantages claimed for the present invention are its rapid action,
cheapness, the reduction in weight owing to the absence of joints, cover joints and
heads of rivets. By this process the strength of the joints becomes equal to that
of other parts of the object which is most important in boiler and armour plate,
iron and steel vessels, hydraulic apparatus etc., and has hitherto been attained with
great difficulty. Besides the advantages above enumerated, the great feature of
our invention consists in the facility with which it can be applied on the spot in
cases of emergency or accident without taking the object to pieces; as for instance
in the case of the bursting of boiler plates, the cracking of armour plates etc.
The separation and dis-union of metal is effected by cutting through or
otherwise detaching parts of metal by our process. This is accomplished by the
action of the voltaic arc (Fig. 18). In the case represented in the drawing, the
work is being performed by a hand machine. Parts of metal of considerable
dimensions may be detached by this process with facility on the spot. The tension
and quantity of the electric current must be increased in proportion to the size of
the metal operated upon. Numerous cases occur where the separation or
detachment of metallic parts cannot be effected by existing means, and which
could be easily accomplished by our process.
Fig. 19 represents the process of boring holes of every description in metal by
means of our invention, and it possesses the same advantages as those above cited.
The fusion of layers of metal, one on top of the other in various ways, is effected
by means of a voltaic arc in the following manner. Into the voltaic arc is
introduced a carbon pencil prepared with the metal with which the fusion is to
be effected, which falls drop by drop in a continuous jet. The pencil is insulated.
Fig. 20 shews the process.
This process can be employed in a number of cases for soldering, for filling up
flaws, cracks, hollows etc, moreover it can be applied for steelifying objects
(Fig. 21) for making stays, supports etc. Its uses for the navy consists in armour
plating, which is rendered completely impermeable, in military art for the
construction of hermetical casings for projectiles, in general its uses will be found
for all kinds of work.
Fig. 23 represents an iron beam or stay composed of corrugated sheets, the mode
of fastening which is clearly shown in the drawing, Fig. 22 shews the corrugated
sheets joined in a vertical position, Fig. 24 exhibits a parallelopiped of blocks and
corrugated sheet according to the purpose for which this material is to be applied,
its cavities may be filled with various resinous substances, cement etc. The
corrugated sheets can be arranged in an endless variety of ways and will represent
a new building material offering lightness, solidity and great resisting power. In

page_text: the joining of these sheets it is preferable to use the complex' apparatus (Fig. 3)..
The building material above described is intended for the construction of bridges,
arches, vaults, ceilings, walls partitions etc.
Figs. 26 and 27 represent steel armour plates joined together both by point and
continuous union, the sheets are laid one on top of the other, as shewn in the
drawing, with intermediate layers of some elastic substance, as for instance
caoutchouc, felt, cardboard wood etc. The elastic substance is shewn in the
drawing by shading. These armour plates serve for protecting vessels and for
numerous other purposes. They are exceedingly light offer great resistance, are
not liable to crack and split and may with great facility be made on the spot
where they are to be used, either whole, or they can be attached layer by layer
when being mounted.
Fig. 28 shews a sample of incrustation on a metallic plate by the dropping of
fused metal. The plate is heated to the temperature of fusion where the metal is
to be applied and which forming the incrustation enters the plate and become part
of it. This process can be advantageously applied to statues bas-reliefs and other
ornamentation where the grouping of fused metal in drops will impart an entirely
new and original type and character to artistic ornamentation, by permitting the
introduction into the fused metal of other metals, granite, porcelain etc.
Fig. 1 represents the simple hand apparatus which serves for the formation of
the voltaic arc. The hollow at the end of the wooden handle contains a contact
screw which serves to fix the wire of the conductor, the pole consists of a carbon pencil
held in a tube by means of a screw. This tube containing the carbon works
on a hinge and may at the will of the operator assume various inclinations with
regard to the lever which connects the conductor with the carbon. Fig. 4 repre-
sents the conducting table with the feet of the non conductor and a contact post
for fixing the conducting wire.
Fig. 31 gives a side view of the hand apparatus placed on a support and is
represented in action during the point union. It is furnished with a lever for
moving the carbon to the point where the voltaic arc is to be formed, this being
accomplished by simply pressing the lever. The cessation of the arc is effected by
a spring pressing against the lever, this spring is represented in the drawing by
dotted lines. The conductor is fixed to a contact post contained in the handle of
the lever. The pencil which traverses the handle serves to unite the conductor
with the lever. The manner of fixing the carbon is similar to that described in
the preceding apparatua. The apparatus is placed on the parts of the metal to be
operated upon the conductors leading from the source of the current through the
carbon are positive, and those passing through the object in operation negative.
Fig. 3 represents a side view of the complex apparatus placed on ordinary or
cogged rails for point or continuous union.
The lever consists of two wooden cheeks. By means of the lever the pole is
advanced to the place of the formation of the voltaic arc. The conductor fastened
to the contact post and the before mentioned lever are connected with a metallic
band (indicated in the drawing by dotted lines) attached at the ends by screws.
This band serves at the same time as a part cover, in which is fastened the lever
by means of a screw serving as its axis. The screen of dark coloured glass is
attached to a triple hinge and can be made to assume any inclination. The com-
mencement of the formation of the arc is simultaneous with the starting in motion
of the secondsmeter as a small lever fixed on the handle of the larger lever, com-
municates with the secondsmeter and sets it in motion. The whole apparatus,
underneath which are small rollers, is placed on a support, furnished with two pair
of rails, one pair being ordinary and the other pair cogged. In continuous union
operations, the apparatus is mounted on ordinary rails, in point union it is placed
on the cogged rails, the space between the teeth of the rails determining the spaces
between the points. The rails can be replaced by an endless screw, by clockwork,
or by any other mechanism which would allow of the apparatus being moved in.
various directions.

page_text: Figs. 32, 33 and 34 represent an apparatus which we have named an "Electric,
Forge." It consists of an anvil to which is fixed a bracket, furnished with a pulley,
to which is attached a pair of pincers for holding the object to be operated upon.
The carbon is arranged on a stand to which is fastened the positive conductor
leading to the source of the current; the negative conductor also attached to the
stand transmits the current to the object held by the pincers. By advancing the
object to the pole a voltaic arc is formed, the object is heated and is then trans-
ferred to the anvil for forging. The handles of the pincers are insulated so as to
protect the hands of the operator. The heating of the object can be effected by
means of the apparatus shewn in the drawings 33 and 34 when the pincers are not
connected with the electric current, instead of this, two carbon pencils are fixed on
the stand and between these the voltaic arc is formed. In the drawing these
pencils are parallel, but they may be placed in any position.
Fig. 35 represents an apparatus which we have named "Electric Solderer." It.
consists of two carbon pencils fastened in holders. These holders are secured by
screws to two brackets or stands. The holders of the carbons press against side
springs; at the end of each holder is a roller which rests against the conical end of
a round iron rod held in a certain position by a spiral spring. The iron rod is
encased in bobbins connected with the electric current, at the bottom of the electric
coil is an electro-magnet which serves as the table for operating upon. On the
electric current being started it enters the casing of bobbins, the action of which
being stronger than the spiral spring, forces the rod downwards and causes the
points of the carbon to separate, a voltaic arc being thereby formed. The same
current traversing the electro-magnet puts it in action whereby the flame of the
arc is drawn to the object to be operated upon.
.
The whole apparatus is so arranged that it can be easily moved about, and also
raised and lowered.
The apparatus above described, and those similar to it, may be advantageously
employed in finishing work done by other machines as for instance in planing and
shaping joints etc.
This process of working metals may be combined with a gas apparatus, whereby
gas or a mixture of gases could be introduced by pipes into the voltaic are and
increase its tension. Into these gases may be introduced pulverized carbon which
is a good conductor of electricity, and also increases the action of the voltaic arc.
If it be necessary to fuse any betrogeneous substance with the metal operated upon,
the carbon may be replaced by any other substance in powder.
Apparatus of this kind is represented in Figs. 86 and 37 in its simplest form;
but it may be combined with the complex apparatus described above or placed on
stands which can be moved according to requirements.
All the operations described in this Specification chiefly relating to metals, may
also be applied to metalloids, on the condition however, that metalloids as bad
conductors of electricity must be preliminarily covered at the parts where the
voltaic arc is to act with good conductors of electricity which will serve to actuate
the arc.
In certain cases this covering is superfluous, viz: in case of the employ-
ment of apparatus Figs. 33 or 35 where the objects operated upon are not included
in the electric circuit.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed we declare that what
we claim is:-
1. The method substantially as herein described of uniting and soldering metals
together either at separate points or in a continuous joint by heating them by
means of an electric current.
2. The method substantially as berein described of drilling or forming holes
in metals and metalloids by means of carbon rendered incandescent by an electric
current.

page_text: 3. The method substantially as herein described of applying metallic coatings
to metals and metalloids by fusing the same by means of an electric current.
4. The construction of apparatus for the working of metals by the direct appli-
cation of an electric current consisting firstly of a carbon secured in a holder so
arranged that the electric current may be interrupted at will, and secondly of a
metallic plate forming the opposite pole to the carbon, substantially as herein
described.
5. The arrangement of apparatus such as is referred to in the preceding claim so
as to be moveable on cogged or flat rails, or by means of an endless screw, substan-
tially as herein described.
6. The construction of electrical forge consisting of carbons between which a
voltaic arc is formed, and with which an anvil and other tools are combined
substantially as herein described.
7. The use in combination with apparatus for working metals by means of the
voltaic are of one or more jets of gas or mixture of gases with or without admixture
of pulverulent material introduced into the voltaic arc for the purpose of modifying
its action, substantially as herein described.
8. The various arrangements herein described with reference to the accompanying
drawings for effecting by means of the electric arc the union of metals or metalloids
the construction of beams from corrugated sheet iron, the manufacture of armour
plates with or without intermediate layers of elastic substances, the production of
metallic inscriptions, and other similar purposes.

page_text: Currents.
We, NICHOLAS DE BENARDOs. Gentleman, and STANILAS OLSZEWSKI, Engineer,
both of N 51 Konnogvardeisky Boulevard, St Petersburg, in the Empire of Russia
do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows :—
Our invention relates to an improved method of and apparatus for the direct
application of electric current for the following purposes:
1. The union of metals.
2. Their dis-union or separation.
3. The formation of apertures in metais.
4. The union of metals in layers.
The process which we term Electro-hephaest consists of the formation of voltaic
ares when necessary.
A voltaie are is formed by the approach of carbon (or any other body serving
the purpose) to the part of the metal to be operated upon the carbon forms one
pole and the metal forms the other pole of this cirenit, in the majority of cases the
uhm forms the positive pole. The carbon weed is of various form; the mot
paetical for operations on a small scale is either a solid or hollow pencil
Ti hollow carbon is filled with various metals or their alloys, which play the patt
of older.
or rod.
The carbon is fixed in a special apparatas which advances it to the metal to bo
operated upon, to the point where it is desired to form the arc.
There are several of these apparatus the employment of which depends the
nature of the work they are sub-divided into simple (Fig. 1 of the accompanying
drawings) and complex (Fig. 3), constructed in such a manner that the duration
of the are and the space between its extremities can be exactly and automatically
determined.
These apparatus can also be directly connected with other instruments, as for
instance with the rolls, stamping press and automatic hammer to which the metal
is automatically conducted on the cessation of the are, for the purpose of further
cohesion and final planing. These apparatus are fitted with coloured glass rooms,
or some similar substance, so as to allow of the operations being watched without
injury to the eye-sight of the operator.
Each apparatus is connected with one of the conductors of the current in such a
manner that the current in passing through the pole is insulated from parts which
might come into contact with the hands of the operator or with the metal operated
. upon. The other conductor is connected directly with the part of the metal in

page_text: work, or with a metallic plate serving as a conducting table (Fig. 4); on this table
are placed the parts of the metal to bo oporated upon. The apparatus are placed
either on the metal parts or on supports which can be moved in various directions,
or they are held in the hands of the operator, who, pressing a lover, either advances
the apparatus towards the metal or vice versa, and a voltaic arc is formed. The
fixing of the apparatus may be effected in various ways according to the nature of
the work.
The union of the parts of one or more kinds of metal is effected in two ways,
namely either in points or continuously.
1. In points by agitating the voltaic arc at one point for a certain tino, after
which it ceases 2, Continuously in which case the voltaic arc advances unin-
terruptedly in a defined line. In both cases tho union or cohesion of the parts is
simultaneous and they become ono homogenous whole,
The first named process, namely point union is in every way superior to rivetting.
The second process continuous union also supercedes rivetting, particularly in the
case of boiler joints etc, and is generally applicablo in all cases of joining or uniting
metals.
Figs. 5 to 17 shew a variety of joints united in points and continuously. Fig. 5
represents the union of metals by rivets without heads. Fig. 6 gives a section of
a joint, shewing the manner of joining the upper to the lower sheets by filling the
holes with fused metal.
As compared with existing processes the advantages claimed for the present
invention are its rapid action, cheapness, the reduction in weight owing to the
absence of joints, cover joints and licads of rivets. By this process the strength
of the joints becomes equal to that of other parts of the object, which is most
important in the boiler and armour plates, iron and steel vessels, hydraulic
apparatus etc. and has hitherto been attained with great difficulty. Besides the
advantages above enumerated, the great feature of our invention consists in tho
facility with which it can be applied on the spot in cases of emergency or accident,
without taking the object to picces; as for instance in the case of the bursting of
boiler plates, the cracking of armour plate etc.
The separation and dis-union of metals is effected by cutting through or other-
wise detaching parts of metal by our process. This is accomplished by the action
of the voltaic arc (Fig. 18). In tho case represented in the drawing, the work is
being performed by a hand machine. Parts of metal of considerable dimensions
may be detached by this process with facility on the spot. The tension and
quantity of the electric current must be increased in proportion to the size of the
metal operated upon. Numerous cases occur where the separation or detachment
of metallic parts cannot be effected by existing means, and which could be easily
accomplished by our process.
Fig. 19 represents the process of boring holes of every description in metals
by means of our invention; and it possesses the same advantages as those
above cited.
The fusion of layers of metal, one on top of the other in various ways, is effected
by means of a voltaic arc in the following manner. Into the voltaic arc is intro-
duced a carbon pencil prepared with the metal with which the fusion is to be
effected, which falls drop by drop in a continuous jet. The pencil is insulated:
Fig. 20 shews the process.
This process can be employed in a nuinber of cases: for soldering, for filling up
flaws, cracks, hollows etc; inorcover it can be applied for steelifying objects (Fig. 21)
for making stays, supports etc. Its uses for the navy consists in armour plating,
which is rendered completely impermeable: in military art for the construction of
hermetical casings for projectiles, in general its uses will be found for all kinds
of work.
Fig. 23 represents an iron beam or stay composed of corrugated sheets, the mode
of fastening which is clearly shown in the drawing; Fig. 22 shews the corrugated
sheets, joined in a vertical position; Fig. 24 exhibits a parallelopiped of blocks and
:

page_text: corrugated sheet, according to the purpose for which this material is to be applied,
its cavities may be filled with various resinous substances, cement etc. Tho
corrugated sheets can be arranged in an endless variety of ways and will represent
a new building material offering lightness, solidity and great resisting power. In
the joining of these sheets it is preferable to uso the complex apparatus (Fig. 3).
The building material above described is intended for the construction of bridges,
arches, vaults, ceilings, walls, partitions etc.
Fig. 26 and 27 represent steel armour plates joined together both by point and
continuous union, the sheets aro laid one on top of the other, as shown in tho
drawing, with intermediate layers of sonio elastic substance, as for instance
caoutchouc, felt, card-board, wood etc. The elastic substance is shown in the
drawing by shading. These armour plates serve for protecting vessels and for
numerous other purposes. They are exceedingly light, offer great resistance, are
not liable to crack and split and may with great facility bo made on the spot whero
they are to be used, either whole, or they can be attached layer by layer when
being mounted.
Fig. 28 shews a sample of incrustation on a metallic plate by the dropping of
fused metal. The plate is heated to the temperature of fusion where the metal is
to be applied and which, forming the incrustation enters the plate and becomes
part of it. This process can be advantageously applied to statues bas reliefs and
other ornamentation where the grouping of fused metal in drops will impart an
entirely new and original type and character to artistic ornamentation, by per-
mitting the introduction into the fused metal of other metals, granite, porcelain etc.
Fig. 1 represents the simple hand apparatus which sorves for the formation of
the voltaic arc.
The hollow at the end of the wooden handle contains a contact
screw which serves to fix the wire of the conductor; the polo consists of a carbon
pencil held in a tube by means of a screw. This tube containing the carbon works
on a hinge and may, at the will of the operator, assume various inclinations with
regard to the lever which connects the conductor with the carbon. Fig. 4
represents the conducting table with the fect of the non-conductor and a contact
post for fixing the conducting wire.
Fig. 31 gives a side view of the hand apparatus placed on a support and is
represented in action during the point union. It is furnished with a lever for
moving the carbon to the point whero the voltaic arc is to be forined, this being
accomplished by simply pressing the lever. The cessation of the arc is effected by
a spring pressing against the lever; this spring is, represented in the drawing by
dotted lines. The conductor is fixed to a contact post contained in the handle of
the lever. The pencil which traverses the handlo serves to unite the conductor
with the lever. The manner of fixing the carbon is similar to that described in the
preceding apparatus. The apparatus is placed on the parts of the metal to ho
operated upon the conductors leading from the source of the current through the
carbon are positive, and those passing through the object in operation negative.
Fig. 3 represents a side view of the complex apparatus placed on ordinary or
cogged rails for point or continuous union. The lever consists of two wooden
checks. By means of the lever the pole is advanced to the place of the formation
of the voltaic arc. The conductor fastened to the contact post and the before
mentioned lever are connected with a metallic band (indicated in the drawing by
lotted lines) attached at the ends by screws. This band serves at the same time
s a part cover, in which is fastened the lever by means of a screw serving as its
xis. The screen of dark coloured glass is attached to a triple hinge and can be
nade to assume any inclination. The commencement of the formation of the arc
s simultaneous with the starting in motion of the secondomoter, as a small lever
ixed on the handle of the larger lever, communicates with the secondometer and
ets it in motion. The whole apparatus, underneath which are small rollers, is
laced on a support, furnished with two pair of rails, one pair being ordinary and
he other pair cogged. In continuous union operations, the apparatus is mounted
n ordinary rails; in point union it is placed on the cogged rails, the space between
:

page_text: the teeth of the rails determining the spaces between the points. The rails can be
replaced by an endless screw, by clockwork, or by any other mechanism which
would allow of the apparatus being moved in various directions.
Figs. 32, 33 and 34 represent an apparatus which we have nained an Electric
Forge." It consists of an anvil to which is fixed a bracket, furnished with a pulley
to which is attached a pair of pincers for holding the object to be operated upon.
The carbon is arranged on a stand to which is fastened the positive conductor
leading to the source of the current; the negative conductor also attached to the
stand transmits the current to the object held by the pincers. By advancing the
object to the pole, a voltaic arc is formed, the object is heated and is then
transferred to the anvil for forging. The handles of the pincers are insulated, so
as to protect the hands of the operator. The heating of the object can be effected
by means of the apparatus shewn in the drawings 33 and 34 where the pincers are
not connected with the electric current; instead of this, two carbon pencils are
fixed on the stand and between these the voltaic arc is formed. In the drawing
these pencils are parallel, but they may be placed in any position.
Fig. 35 represents an apparatus which we have named an "Electric Solderer."
It consists of two carbon pencils fastened in holders. These holders are secured
by screws to two brackets or stands. The holders of the carbon press against sides
springs at the end of each holder is a roller which rests against the conical end of
a round iron rod held in a certain position by a spiral spring. The iron rod is
encased in bobbins connected with the electric current; at the bottom of the electric
coil is an electro-magnet which serves as the table for operating upon.
On tho
electric current being started it enters the casing of bobbins, the action of which
being stronger than the spiral spring, forces the rod downwards and causes the
points of the carbon to separate, a voltaic are being thereby formed. The same
current traversing the electro-magnet puts it in action whereby the flame of the
arc is drawn to the object to be operated upon.
The whole apparatus is so arranged that it can be easily moved about, and also
raised and lowered.
The apparatus above described, and those similar to it, may be advantageously
employed in finishing work done by other machines, as for instance in planing and
shaping joints etc.
This process of working metals may be combined with a gas apparatus, whereby
gas or a mixture of gases could be introduced by pipes into the voltaic arc and
increase its tension. Into these gases may be introduced pulverised carbon which
is a good conductor of electricity, and also increases the action of the voltaic arc.
If it be necessary to fuse any heterogeneous substance with the metal operated
upon, the carbon may be replaced by any other substance in powder.
Apparatus of this kind is represented in Figs. 36 and 37 in its simplest form;
but it may be combined with the complex apparatus described above or placed on
stands which can be moved according to requirements.
All the operations described in this Specification, chiefly relating to metals, may
also be applied to metalloids, on the condition however, that metalloids as bad
conductors of electricity must be preliminarily covered at the parts where the
voltaic arc is to act with good conductors of electricity which will serve to activate
In certain cases this covering is superfluous, viz: in case of the employ-
ment of apparatus figs. 33 or 35 where the objects operated upon are not included
in the electric circuit.
the arc.
Dated this noth
1007

page_text: Wo NICOLAS DE BENARDOS, Gentleman, and STANISLAS OLSZEWSKI, Engineer,
both of 15 Konnogvardeisky Boulevard, St Petersburg in the Empire of Russia do
hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to
bo performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:
Our invention relates to an improved mothod of and apparatus for the direct
application of electric currents for the following purposes;
1 The union of metals.
2-Their disunion or separation.
3-The formation of apertures in metala.
4-The union of metals in layers.
The process which wo term Electrohophaest consists of the formation of voltaio
arcs when necessary.
A voltaic arc is formed by the approach of carbon (or any other body serving the
purpose) to the part of the metal to be operated upon: the carbon forms one pole
and the metal forms the other pole of the circuit, in the majority of cases ther
carbon forms the positive pole. The carbon used is of various forms; the most
practical for operations on a small scale is either a solid or hollow pencil or rod.
The hollow carbon is filled with various metals or their alloys, which play the part
of solder.
The carbon is fixed in a special apparatus which advances it to the metal to bo
operated upon, to the point where it is desired to form the arc.
There are several of these apparatus the employment of which depends on the
nature of the work; they are subdivided into simple (Fig. 1 of the drawings
accompanying our Provisional Specification) and complex (Fig. 3), constructed in
such a manner that the duration of the arc and the space between its extremities
can be exactly and automatically determined.
These apparatus can also be directly connected with other instruments, as for
instance with the rolls, stamping press and automatic hammer to which the metal
is automatically conducted on the cessation of the arc, for the purpose of further
cohesion and final planing. These apparatus are fitted with coloured glass screens,
or some similar substances so as to allow of the operations being watched without
injury to the eye-sight of the operator.
Each apparatus is connected with one of the conductors of the current in such a
manner that the current in passing through the pole is insulated from parts which
might come into contact with the hands of the operator or with the metal operated
upon. The other conductor is connected directly with the part of the inetal in work,
or with a metallic plate serving as a conducting table (Fig. 4); on this tablo are
placed the parts of the metal to be operated upon. The apparatus are placed either
on the metal parts or on supports which can be moved in various directions, or they
are held in the hands of the operator, who, pressing a levor, either advances the

page_text: apparatus towards the metal or vice versa and a voltaic arc is formed. The fixing
of the apparatus may be effected in various ways according to the nature of
the work.
The union of the parts of one or more kinds of metal is effected in two ways,
namely either in points or continuously.
1. In points by agitating the voltaic are at one point for a certain time, after
which it ceases; 2 continuously in which case the voltaic are advances uninter-
ruptedly in a defined line. In both cases the union or cohesion of the parts is
simultaneous and they become one homogenous wholo.
The first named process, namely point union is in overy way superior to rivetting.
The second process continuous union also supercedes rivetting, particularly in the
case of boiler joints etc., and is generally applicable in all cases of joining or
uniting metals.
For the purpose of fully explaining the nature of our invention we will refer to
the drawings accompanying our provisional specification.
Figs. 5 to 17 shew a variety of joints united in points and continuously according
to our invention. Fig. 5 represents tho union of inctals by rivets without heads.
Fig. 6 gives a section of a joint showing the manner of joining the upper to the
lower sheets by filling the holes with fused metal. As compared with existing
processes the advantages claimed for the present invention are its rapid action,
cheapness, the reduction in weight owing to the absence of joints, cover joints and
heads of rivets. By this process the strength of the joints becomes equal to that.
of other parts of the object which is most important in boiler and armour plate,
iron and steel vessels, bydraulic apparatus etc., and has hitherto been attained with
great difficulty. Besides the advantages above enumerated, the great feature of
our invention consists in the facility with which it can be applied on the spot in
cases of emergency or accident without taking the object to pieces; as for instance
in the case of the bursting of boiler plates, the cracking of armour plates etc.
The separation and dis-union of metal is effected by cutting through or
otherwise detaching parts of metal by our process. This is accomplished by the
action of the voltaic are (Fig. 18). In the case represented in the drawing, the
work is being performed by a hand machine. Parts of metal of considerable
dimensions may be detached by this process with facility on the spot. The tension
and quantity of the electric current must be increased in proportion. to the size of
the metal operated upon. Numerous cases occur where the separation or
detachment of metallic parts cannot be effected by existing means, and which
could be easily accomplished by our process.
Fig. 19 represents the process of boring holes of every description in metal by
means of our invention, and it possesses the same advantages as those above cited.
The fusion of layers of metal, one on top of the other in various ways, is effected
by means of a voltaic are in the following manner.
Into the voltaic arc is
introduced a carbon pencil prepared with the metal with which the fusion is to
be effected, which falls drop by drop in a continuous jet. The pencil is insulated.
Fig. 20 shews the process.
This process can be employed in a number of cases for soldering, for filling up
flaws, cracks, hollows ctc, moreover it can be applied for steelifying objects
(Fig. 21) for making stays, supports etc. Its uses for the navy consists in armour
plating, which is rendered completely impermeable, in military art for the
construction of hermetical casings for projectiles, in general its uses will be found
for all kinds of work.
Fig. 23 represents an iron beam or stay composed of corrugated sheets, the modo
of fastening which is clearly shewn in the drawing, Fig. 22 shews the corrugated
sheets joined in a vertical position, Fig. 24 exhibits a parallelopiped of blocks and
corrugated sheet according to the purpose for which this material is to be applied,
its cavitica may be filled with various resinous substances, cement etc. The 5
corrugated sheets can be arranged in an endless variety of ways and will represent
a new building material offering lightness, solidity and great resisting power. In

page_text: the joining of these sheets it is preferable to use the complex apparatus (Fig. 3).
The building material above described is intended for the construction of bridges,
arches, vaults, ceilings, walls partitions etc.
Figs. 26 and 27 represent steel armour plates joined together both by point and
continuous union, the sheets are laid one on top of the other, as shewn in the
drawing, with intermediate layers of some elastic substance, as for instance
caoutchouc, felt, cardboard wood etc. The clastic substanco is shewn in the
drawing by shading. These armour plates serve for protecting vessels and for
numerous other purposes.. They are exceedingly light offer great resistance, are
not liable to crack and split and may with great facility bo mado on the spot
where they are to be used, either whole, or they can be attached layer by layer
when being mounted.
Fig. 28 shows a sample of incrustation on a metallic plate by the dropping of
fused metal. The plato is heated to the temperature of fusion where the metal is
to be applied and which forming the incrustation enters the plate and become part
of it. This process can be advantageously applied to statues bas-reliefs and other
ornamentation where the grouping of fused metal in drops will impart an entirely
new and original type and character to artistic ornamentation, by permitting the
introduction into the fused metal of other metals, granite, porcelain etc.
Fig. 1 represents the simple hand apparatus which serves for the formation of
the voltaic arc. The hollow at the end of the wooden handle contains a contact
screw which serves to fix the wire of the conductor, the pole consists of a carbon pencil
held in a tube by means of a screw. This tube containing the carbon works
on a bingo and may at the will of the operator assume various inclinations with
regard to the lever which connects the conductor with the carbon. Fig. 4 repre-
sents the conducting table with the fect of the non conductor and a contact post
for fixing the conducting wire.
Fig. 31 gives a sido view of the hand apparatus placed on a support and is
represented in action during the point union. It is furnished with a lever for
moving the carbon to the point where the voltaic arc is to be formed, this being
accomplished by simply pressing the lever. The cessation of the arc is effected by
a spring pressing against the lever, this spring is represented in the drawing by
dotted lines. The conductor is fixed to a contact post contained in the handle of
the lever. The pencil which traverses the handle serves. to unite the conductor
with the lever. The manner of fixing the carbon is similar to that described in
the preceding apparatus. The apparatus is placed on the parts of the metal to be
operated upon the conductors leading from the source of the current through the
carbon are positive, and those passing through the object in operation negative.
Fig. 3 represents a side view of the complex apparatus placed on ordinary or
cogged rails for point or continuous union.
The lever consists of two wooden checks. By means of the lever the pole is
advanced to the place of the formation of the voltaic arc. The conductor fastened
to the contact post and the before mentioned lever are connected with a metallic
band (indicated in the drawing by dotted lines) attached at the ends by screws.
This band serves at the same time as a part cover, in which is fastened the lever
by means of a screw serving as its axis. The screen of dark coloured glass is
attached to a triple hinge and can be made to assume any inclination. The com-
mencement of the formation of the arc is simultaneous with the starting in motion
of the secondsineter as a small lever fixed on the handle of the larger lever, com-
municates with the secondsineter and sets it in motion. The whole apparatus,
underneath which are small rollers, is placed on a support, furnished with two pair
of rails, one pair being ordinary and the other pair cogged. In continuous union
operations, the apparatus is mounted on ordinary rails, in point union it is placed
on the cogged rails, the spaco between the teeth of the rails determining the spaces
Letween the points. The rails can be replaced by an endless screw, by clockwork,
or by any other mechanism which would allow of the apparatus being moved in
various directions.

page_text: "Electric
Figs. 32, 33 and 34 represent an apparatus which we have named an
Forge." It consists of an anvil to which is fixed a bracket, furnished with a pulley.
to which is attached a pair of pincers for holding the object to be operated upon.
The carbon is arranged on a stand to which is fastened the positive conductor
leading to the source of the current; the negative conductor also attached to the
stand transmits the current to the object held by the pincers. By advancing the
object to the pole a voltaic arc is formed, the object is heated and is then trans-
ferred to the anvil for forging. The handles of the pincers are insulated so as to
protect the hands of the operator. The heating of the object can be effected by
means of the apparatus shown in the drawings 33 and 34 when the pincers are-not-
-connected with the electric current, instead of this, two carbon pencils are fixed on
the stand and between-these-the-voltaic-arc-is-formed. In-the-drawing-these
pencils aro parallel, but they may be placed in any position.
Fig. 35 represents an apparatus which we have named "Electrio-Solderer."-It
consists of two carbon pencils fastened in holders. These holders are secured by
serews to two brackets or stands. The holders of the carbons press against side
springs; at the end of each holder is a roller which rests against the conical end-of
a-round-iron-rod held in a certain position by a spiral-spring. The iron-rod-is
-encased in bobbins connected with the electrio current, at-the-bottom-of-the-electric-
coil is an electro magnet which serves as the table-for-operating-upon-On-the-
electric current being started it enters the easing of bobbins, the action of which
being stronger than the spiral spring, forces the rod downwards and causes the
points of the carbon to separate, a voltaio are being thereby formed. The same
current traversing the electro-magnet puts it in action whereby the flame of the
are is drawn to the object to be operated upon.
The whole apparatus is so arranged that it can be easily moved about, and also
raised and lowered.
The apparatus above described, and those similar to it, may be advantageously
employed in finishing work done by other machines as for instance in planing and
shaping joints etc.
This process of working metals may be combined with a gas apparatus, whereby
gas or a mixture of gases could be introduced by pipes into the voltaic arc and
increase its tension. Into these gases may be introduced pulverized carbon which
is a good conductor of electricity, and also increases the action of the voltaic arc.
If it be necessary to fuse any hetrogeneous substance with the metal operated upon,
the carbon may be replaced by any other substance in powder.
Apparatus of this kind is represented in Figs. 36 and 37 in its simplest form,
but it may be combined with the complex apparatus described above or placed on
stands which can be moved according to requirements.
All the operations described in this Specification chiefly relating to metals, may
also be applied to metalloids, on the condition however, that metalloids as bad
conductors of electricity must be preliminarily covered at the parts where the
voltaic are is to net with good conductors of electricity which will serve to actuate
the-are--In-certain-cases-this-covering is superfluous, viz:-in case of the employ-
mont of apparatus Figs. 33 or 35 where the objects operated upon are not included
in the electric circuit.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed we declare that what
we claim is:-
:-
1. The method substantially as herein described of uniting and soldering metals
together either at separate points, or in a continuous joint by heating them by
means of an electric current.
2. The method substantially as herein described of drilling or forming holes
electric
in metals and metalloids by means of carbon rendered incandescent by an
current,
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed we declare that we
wish it to be understood that we do not lay claim to any apparatus or process unless the
electric are is formed between the work as one pole and a carbon or pencil of suitabl
material as the other pole but what we claim, is:

page_text: 3. The method substantially as herein described of applying metallic coatings
to metals and metalloids by fusing the same by means of an electric current.
4. The construction of apparatus for the working of metals by the direct appli-
cation of an electric current consisting firstly of a carbon secured in a holder so
arranged that the electric current may be interrupted at will, and secondly of a
metallic plate forming the opposito polo to the carbon, substantially as herein
described.
5. The arrangement of apparatus such as is referred to in the preceding claim so
as to be moveable on cogged or flat rails, or by means of an endless screw,
tially as herein described.
substan-
6. The construction of electrical forge consisting of carbons between which a
voltaic are is formed, and with which an anvil and other tools aro-combined
substantially as heroin described.-
6
The use in combination with apparatus for working metals by means of tho
voltaic arc of one or more jets of gas or mixture of gases with or without admixture
of pulverulent material introduced into the voltaic arc for the purpose of modifying
its action, substantially as herein described.
7&The various arrangements herein described with reference to the accompanying
drawings for effecting by means of the electric are the union of inetals or metalloids
the construction of beams from corrugated sheet iron, the manufacture of arinour
plates with or without intermediato layers of elastic substances, tho production of
metallic inscriptions, and other similar purposes.
Dated thin 20th

page_text: Veikko vas, upon the 5th day of November, 1891, Amende
21 of the Pa. Deigns, and Trade Marks Ar
An. Improved Method of and Apparatus for the Working of
Metals and Metalloids by the Direct Application of Electric
Currents.
We, NICHOLAS DE Besarnos. Genileman, and STASILAS OLSZEWSKI, Engineer,
both at N51 Konnogvardeisky Bonievard, St Petersburg, in the Empire of Russia,
do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows :—
Our invention relates to an improved method of and apparatus for the direct
application of electric current for the following purposes:
1. The union of metals.
2. Their dis-union or separation.
3. The formation of apertures in metals.
4. The union of metals in layers.
The process which we term Electro-hephaest consists of the formation of voltaic
ares when necessary.
A voltain are is formed by the approach of carbon (or any other body serving
the purpose) to the park of the metal to be operated upon: ihe carbon forms one
pole and the metal forms as other pole of theirenit, in the majority of cases the
enon forms the positive pole. The carbon red is of various form; the most
practical for operations on a small scale is either a solid or hollow pencil or rod,
The hollow carbon is filled with various metals or their alloys, which play the part
of solder.
The carbon is fixed in a special apparatus which advances it to the metal ba
operated upon, to the point where it is desired to form the are.
There are several of these apparatus the employment of which depends the
nature of the work: they are sub-divided into simple (Fig. 1 of the accompanying
drawings) and complex (Fig. 8), constructed in such a manner that the duration
of the are and the space between its extremities can be exactly and automatically
determined.
These apparatus can also he directly connected with other instruments, as for
instance with the rolls, stamping press and automatic hammer to which the metal
is automatically conducted on the cessation of the are, for the purpose of further
cohesion and final planing. These apparatus are fitted with caloured glass screens,
or some similar substance, so as to allow of tho operations being watched without
injury to the eye-sight of the operator.
Each apparatus is connected with one of the conductors of the current in such a
manner that the current in passing through the pole is insulated from parts which
night come into contact with the hands of the operator or with the metal operated
The other conductor is connected directly with the part of the metal in
upon.

page_text: work, or with a metallic plate serving as a conducting table (Fig. 4); on this table
are placed the parts of the metal to be operated upon. The apparatus are placed
either on the metal parts or on supports which can be moved in various directions,
or they are held in the hands of the operator, who, pressing a lover, either advances
the apparatus towards tho metal or vice versa, and a voltaic arc is formed. The
fixing of the apparatus may be effected in various ways according to the nature of
the work.
The union of the parts of one or more kinds of metal is effected in two ways,
namely either in points or continuously.
1, In points by agitating the voltaic arc at one point for a certain timo, after
which it ceases 2, Continuously in which case the voltaic are advances unin-
terruptedly in a defined line. In both cases the union or cohesion of the parts is
simultaneous and they become one homogenous whole.
The first named process, namely point union is in every way superior to rivetting.
The second process continuous union also supercedes rivetting, particularly in tho
case of boiler joints etc, and is generally applicablo in all cases of joining or uniting
metals.
Figs. 5 to 17 show a variety of joints united in points and continuously. Fig. 5
represents the union of metals by rivets without heads. Fig. 6 gives a section of
a joint, shewing the manner of joining the upper to the lower sheets by filling tho
holes with fused metal,
As compared with existing processes the advantages claimed for the present
invention are its rapid action, cheapness, the reduction in weight owing to the
absence of joints, cover joints and licads of rivets. By this process the strength
of the joints becomes equal to that of other parts of the object, which is most
important in the boiler and armour plates, iron and steel vessels, hydraulic
apparatus etc. and has hitherto been attained with great difficulty. Besides the
advantages above enumerated, the great feature of our invention consists in the
facility with which it can be applied on the spot in cases of emergency or accident,
without taking the object to picccs; as for instanco in the case of the bursting of
boiler plates, the cracking of armour plate etc.
The separation and dis-union of metals is offected by cutting through or other-
wise detaching parts of metal by our process. This is accomplished by the action
of the voltaic arc (Fig. 18). In the case represented in the drawing, the work is
being performed by a hand machine. Parts of metal of considerable dimensions
may be detached by this process with facility on the spot. The tension and
quantity of the electric current must be increased in proportion to the size of the
metal operated upon. Numerous cases occur where the separation or detachment
of metallic parts cannot be effected by existing means, and which could be easily
accomplished by our process.
Fig. 19 represents the process of boring holes of every description in metals
by means of our invention; and it possesses the same advantages as those
above cited.
The fusion of layers of metal, one on top of the other in various ways, is effected
by means of a voltaic arc in the following manner. Into the voltaic arc is intro-
duced a carbon pencil prepared with the metal with which the fusion is to be
effected, which falls drop by drop in a continuous jet. The pencil is insulated.
Fig. 20 shews the process.
This process can be employed in a nuinber of cases: for soldering, for filling up
flaws, cracks, hollows etc; moreover it can be applied for steelifying objects (Fig. 21)
for making stays, supports etc. Its uses for the navy consists in armour plating,
which is rendered completely impermeable: in military art for the construction of
hermetical casings for projectiles, in general its uses will be found for all kinds
of work.
Fig. 23 represents an iron beam or stay composed of corrugated sheets, the modo
of fastening which is clearly shown in the drawing; Fig. 22 shews the corrugated
sheets, joined in a vertical position; Fig. 24 exhibits a parallelopiped of blocks and

page_text: corrugated sheet, according to the purpose for which this material is to be applied,
its cavities may be filled with various resinous substances, cement etc. Tho
corrugated sheets can be arranged in an endless variety of ways and will represent
a new building material offering lightness, solidity and great resisting power. In
the joining of these sheets it is preferable to uso the complex apparatus (Fig. 3).
The building material above described is intended for the construction of bridges,
arches, vaults, ceilings, walls, partitions etc.
Fig. 26 and 27 represent steel armour plates joined together both by point and
continuous union, the sheets are laid one on top of the other, as shewn in tho
drawing, with intermediate layers of some elastic substance, as for instance
caoutchouc, felt, card-board, wood etc. The elastic substance is shown in the
drawing by shading. These armour plates serve for protecting vessels and for
numerous other purposes. Thoy are exceedingly light, offer great resistance, aro
not liable to crack and split and may with great facility be made on the spot whero
they are to be used, either whole, or they can be attached layer by layer when
being mounted.
Fig. 2S shews a sample of incrustation on a metallic plato by the dropping of
fused metal. The plate is heated to the temperature of fusion where the metal is
to be applied and which, forming the incrustation enters the plate and becomes
part of it. This process can be advantageously applied to statues bas reliefs and
other ornamentation where the grouping of fused metal in drops will impart an
entirely new and original type and character to artistic ornamentation, by per-
mitting the introduction into the fused metal of other metals, granite, porcelain etc.
Fig. 1 represents the simple hand apparatus which serves for the formation of
the voltaic arc. The hollow at the end of the wooden handle contains a contact
screw which serves to fix the wire of the conductor; the polo consists of a carbon
pencil held in a tubo by means of a screw. This tube containing the carbon works
on a hinge and may, at the will of the operator, assume various inclinations with
regard to the lever which connects the conductor with the carbon. Fig. 4
represents the conducting table with the feet of the non-conductor and a contact
post for fixing the conducting wire.
Fig. 31 gives a side view of the hand apparatus placed on a support and is
represented in action during the point union. It is furnished with a lever for
moving the carbon to the point where the voltaic arc is to be formed, this being
accomplished by simply pressing the lever. The cessation of the arc is effected by
a spring pressing against the lever; this spring is, represented in the drawing by
dotted lines. The conductor is fixed to a contact post contained in the handle of
the lever. The pencil which traverses the handle serves to unite the conductor
with the lever. The manner of fixing the carbon is similar to that described in tho
preceding apparatus. The apparatus is placed on the parts of the metal to be
operated upon the conductors leading from the source of the current through the
carbon are positive, and those passing through the object in operation negative.
Fig. 3 represents a side view of the complex apparatus placed on ordinary or
cogged rails for point or continuous union. The lever consists of two wooden
checks. By means of the lever the pole is advanced to the place of the formation
of the voltaic arc. The conductor fastened to the contact post and the before
mentioned lever are connected with a metallic band (indicated in the drawing by
dotted lines) attached at the ends by screws. This band serves at the same time
s a part cover, in which is fastened the lever by means of a screw serving as its
xis. The screen of dark coloured glass is attached to a triple hinge and can bo
made to assume any inclination. The commencement of the formation of the arc
8 simultaneous with the starting in motion of the secondometer, as a small lever
ixed on the handle of the larger lever, communicates with the secondometer and
ets it in motion. The whole apparatus, underneath which are small rollers, is
placed on a support, furnished with two pair of rails, one pair being ordinary and
he other pair cogged. In continuous union operations, the apparatus is mounted
n ordinary rails; in point union it is placed on the cogged rails, the space between

page_text: the teeth of the rails determining the spaces between the points. The rails can be
replaced by an endless screw, by clockwork, or by any other mechanism which
would allow of the apparatus being moved in various directions.
Figs. 32, 33 and 34 represent an apparatus which we liave nained an Electric
Forge." It consists of an anvil to which is fixed a bracket, furnished with a pulley
to which is attached a pair of pincers for holding the object to be operated upon.
The carbon is arranged on a stand to which is fastened the positive conductor
leading to the source of the current; the negative conductor also attached to the
stand transmits the current to the object held by the pincers. By advancing the
object to the pole, a voltaic arc is formed, the object is heated and is then
transferred to the anvil for forging. The handles of the pincers are insulated, so
as to protect the hands of the operator. The heating of the object can be effected
by means of the apparatus shewn in the drawings 33 and 34 where the pincers are
not connected with the clectric current; instead of this, two carbon pencils are
fixed on the stand and between these tho voltaic arc is formed. In the drawing
these pencils are parallel, but they may be placed in any position.
Fig. 35 represents an apparatus which we have named an "Electric Solderer."
It consists of two carbon pencils fastened in holders. These holders are securel
by screws to two brackets or stands. The holders of the carbon press against sides
springs at the end of each holder is a roller which rests against the conical end of
a round iron rod held in a certain position by a spiral spring. The iron rod is
encased in hobbins connected with the electric current; at the bottom of the electric
coil is an electro-magnet which serves as the table for operating upon. On the
electric current being started it enters tho casing of bobbins, the action of which
being stronger than the spiral spring, forces the rod downwards and causes the
points of the carbon to separate, a voltaic are being thereby formed.
The same
current traversing the electro-magnet puts it in action whereby the flame of the
arc is drawn to the object to bo operated upon.
The whole apparatus is so arranged that it can be easily moved about, and also
raised and lowered.
The apparatus abovo described, and those similar to it, may be advantageously
employed in finishing work done by other machines, as for instance in planing and
shaping joints etc.
This process of working metals may be combined with a gas apparatus, whereby
gas or a mixture of gases could be introduced by pipes into the voltaic arc and
increase its tension. Into these gases may bo introduced pulverised carbon which
is a good conductor of electricity, and also increases the action of the voltaic arc.
If it be necessary to fuse any heterogeneous substance with the metal operated
upon, the carbon may be replaced by any other substance in powder.
Apparatus of this kind is represented in Figs. 36 and 37 in its simplest form;
but it may be combined with the complex apparatus described above or placed on
stands which can be moved according to requirements.
All the operations described in this Specification, chiefly relating to metals, may
also be applied to metalloids, on the condition however, that metalloids as bad
conductors of electricity must be preliminarily covered at the parts where the
voltaic arc is to act with good conductors of electricity which will serve to activate
In certain cases this covering is superfluous, viz: in case of the employ-
ment of apparatus figs. 33 or 35 where the objects operated upon are not included
in the electric circuit.
the arc.

page_text: both of 15 Konnogvardeisky Boulevard, St Petersburg in the Empiro of Russia do
hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:
Our invention relates to an improved method of and apparatus for the direct
application of electric currents for the following purposes:
1 The union of metals.
2-Their disunion or separation.
3-The formation of apertures in metals.
4 The union of metals in layers.
The process which we term Electrohephaest consists of the formation of voltaic
ares when necessary.
A voltaic arc is formed by the approach of carbon (or any other body serving the
purpose) to the part of the metal to be operated upon: the carbon forms one pole
and the metal forms the other pole of the circuit, in the majority of cases the
carbon forms the positive pole. The carbon used is of various forms; the most
practical for operations on a small scale is either a solid or hollow pencil or rod.
The hollow carbon is filled with various metals or their alloys, which play the part
of solder.
The carbon is fixed in a special apparatus which advances it to the metal to bo
operated upon, to the point where it is desired to form the arc.
There are several of these apparatus the employment of which depends on the
nature of the work; they are subdivided into simple (Fig. 1 of the drawings
accompanying our Provisional Specification) and complex (Fig. 3), constructed in
such a manner that the duration of the arc and the space between its extremities
can be exactly and automatically determined.
These apparatus can also be directly connected with other instruments, as for
instance with the rolls, stamping press and automatic hammer to which the metal
is automatically conducted on the cessation of the arc, for the purpose of further
cohesion and final planing. These apparatus are fitted with coloured glass screens,
or some similar substances so as to allow of the operations being watched without
injury to the eye-sight of the operator.
Each apparatus is connected with one of the conductors of the current in such a
manner that the current in passing through the pole is insulated from parts which
might come into contact with the hands of the operator or with the metal operated
upon. The other conductor is connected directly with the part of the inetal in work,
or with a metallic plate serving as a conducting table (Fig. 4); on this table are
placed the parts of the metal to be operated upon. The apparatus are placed either
on the metal parts or on supports which can be moved in various directions, or they
are held in the hands of the operator, who, pressing a lever, either advances the

page_text: apparatus towards the metal or vice versa and a voltaic arc is formed. The fixing
of the apparatus may be effected in various ways according to the nature of
the work.
The union of the parts of one or more kinds of metal is effected in two ways,
namely either in points or continuously.
1. In points by agitating the voltaic arc at one point for a certain time, after
which it ceases; 2 continuously in which case the voltaic arc advances uninter-
ruptedly in a defined line. In both cases the union or cohesion of the parts is
simultaneous and they become one homogenous whole.
The first named process, namely point union is in every way superior to rivetting.
The second process continuous union also supercedes rivetting, particularly in the
case of boiler joints etc., and is generally applicable in all cases of joining or
uniting metals.
For the purpose of fully explaining the nature of our invention we will refer to
the drawings accompanying our provisional specification.
Figs. 5 to 17 shew a variety of joints united in points and continuously according
to our invention. Fig. 5 represents the union of metals by rivets without heads.
Fig. 6 gives a section of a joint shewing the manner of joining the upper to the
lower sheets by filling the holes with fused metal. As compared with existing
processes the advantages claimed for the present invention are its rapid action,
cheapness, the reduction in weight owing to the abscae of joints, cover joints and
heads of rivets. By this process the strength of the joints becomes equal to that.
of other parts of the object which is most important in boiler and armour plate,
iron and steel vessels, hydraulic apparatus etc., and has hitherto been attained with
great difficulty. Besides the advantages above enumerated, tho great feature of
our invention consists in the facility with which it can be applied on the spot in
cases of emergency or accident without taking the object to pieces; as for instance
in the case of the bursting of boiler plates, the cracking of armour plates etc.
The separation and dis-union of metal is effected by cutting through or
otherwise detaching parts of metal by our process. This is accomplished by the
action of the voltaic arc (Fig. 18). In the case represented in the drawing, the
work is being performed by a hand machine. Parts of metal of considerable
dimensions may be detached by this process with facility on the spot. The tension
and quantity of the electric current must be increased in proportion to the size of
the metal operated upon. Numerous cases occur where the separation or
detachment of metallic parts cannot be effected by existing means, and which
could be easily accomplished by our process.
Fig. 19 represents the process of boring holes of every description in metal by
means of our invention, and it possesses the same advantages as those above cited.
The fusion of layers of metal, one on top of the other in various ways, is effected
by means of a voltaic arc in the following manner. Into the voltaic arc is
introduced a carbon pencil prepared with the metal with which the fusion is to
be effected, which falls drop by drop in a continuous jet. The pencil is insulated.
Fig. 20 shews the process.
This process can be employed in a number of cases for soldering, for filling up 4
flaws, cracks, hollows etc, moreover it can be applied for steclifying objects
(Fig. 21) for making stays, supports etc. Its uses for the navy consists in armour
plating, which is rendered completely impermeable, in military art for the
construction of hermetical casings for projectiles, in general its uses will be found
for all kinds of work,
5
Fig. 23 represents an iron beam or stay composed of corrugated sheets, the mode
of fastening which is clearly shewn in the drawing, Fig. 22 shews the corrugated
sheets joined in a vertical position, Fig. 24 exhibits a parallelopiped of blocks and
corrugated sheet according to the purpose for which this material is to be applied,
its cavities may be filled with various resinous substances; cement etc. The 5
corrugated sheets can be arranged in an endless variety of ways and will represent
a new building material offering lightness, solidity and great. resisting power. In

page_text: the joining of these sheets it is preferable to use the complex apparatus (Fig. 3).
The building material above described is intended for the construction of bridges,
arches, vaults, ceilings, walls partitions etc.
Figs. 26 and 27 represent steel armour plates joined together both by point and
continuous union, the sheets are laid one on top of the other, as shewn in the
drawing, with intermediate layers of some elastic substance, as for instance
caoutchouc, felt, cardboard wood etc. The clastic substance is shown in tho
drawing by shading. These armour plates serve for protecting vessels and for
numerous other purposes.. They are exceedingly light offer great resistance, are
not liable to crack and split and may with great facility bo mado on the spot
where they are to be used, either whole, or they can be attached layer by layer
when being mounted.
Fig. 28 shews a sample of incrustation on a metallic plate by the dropping of
fused metal. The plato is heated to the temperature of fusion where the metal is
to be applied and which forming the incrustation enters the plate and become part
of it. This process can be advantageously applied to statues bas-reliefs and other
ornamentation where the grouping of fused metal in drops will impart an entirely
new and original type and character to artistic ornamentation, by permitting the
introduction into the fused metal of other metals, granite, porcelain etc.
Fig. 1 represents the simple hand apparatus which serves for the formation of
the voltaic arc.
The hollow at the end of the wooden handle contains a contact
screw which serves to fix the wire of the conductor, the pole consists of a carbon pencil
held in a tube by means of a screw. This tube containing the carbon works
on a bingo and may at the will of the operator assume various inclinations with
regard to the lever which connects the conductor with the carbon. Fig. 4 repre-
sents the conducting table with the feet of the non conductor and a contact post
for fixing the conducting wire.
Fig. 31 gives a side view of the hand apparatus placed on a support and is
represented in action during the point union. It is furnished with a lever for
moving the carbon to the point where the voltaic are is to be formed, this being
accomplished by simply pressing the lever. The cessation of the arc is effected by
a spring pressing against the lever, this spring is represented in the drawing by
dotted lines. The conductor is fixed to a contact post contained in the handle of
the lever. The pencil which traverses the handle serves to unite the conductor
with the lever. The manner of fixing the carbon is similar to that described in
the preceding apparatus. The apparatus is placed on the parts of the mictal to be
operated upon the conductors leading from the source of the current through the
carbon are positive, and those passing through the object in operation negative.
Fig. 3 represents a side view of the complex apparatus placed on ordinary or
cogged rails for point or continuous union.
The lever consists of two wooden checks. By means of the lever the pole is
advanced to the place of the formation of the voltaic arc. The conductor fastened
to the contact post and the before mentioned lever are connected with a metallic
band (indicated in the drawing by dotted lines) attached at the ends by screws.
This band serves at the same time as a part cover, in which is fastened the lever
by means of a screw serving as its axis. The screen of dark coloured glass is
attached to a triple hinge and can be made to assume any inclination. The com-
mencement of the formation of the arc is simultaneous with the starting in motion
of the secondsmeter as a small lever fixed on the handle of the larger lever, com-
municates with the secondsmeter and sets it in motion. The whole apparatus,
underneath which are small rollers, is placed on a support, furnished with two pair
of rails, one pair being ordinary and the other pair cogged. In continuous union
operations, the apparatus is mounted on ordinary rails, in point union it is placed
on the cogged rails, the space between the teeth of the rails determining the spaces
Letween the points. The rails can be replaced by an endless screw, by clockwork,
or by any other mechanism which would allow of the apparatus being moved in
various directions.

page_text: "Electric
Figs. 32, and 3+ represent an apparatus which we have named an
Forge." It consists of an anvil to which is fixed a bracket, furnished with a pulley.
to which is attached a pair of pincers for holding the object to be operated upon.
The carbon is arranged on a stand to which is fastened the positive conductor
leading to the source of the current; the negative conductor also attached to the
stand transmits the current to the object held by the pincers. By advancing the
object to the pole a voltaic arc is formed, the object is heated and is then trans-
ferred to the anvil for forging. The handles of the pincers are insulated so as to
protect the hands of the operator. The heating of the object can be effected by
means of the apparatus chown in the drawings 33 and 34 when the pincers are not
-connected with the electric current, instead of this, two carbon pencils are fixed on
the stand and between these-the-voltaic-arc-is-formed-In-the-drawing-these
pencils are parallel, but they may be placed in any position.
Fig. 35 represents an apparatus which we have named "Electrio-Solderer."—It
consists of two carbon pencils fastened in holders. These holders are secured by
serows to two brackets or stands. The holders of the carbons press against side
springs; at the end of each holder in a roller which rests against the conical end-of-
a round iron red held in a certain position by a spiral spring. The iron-rod-is
encased in bobbins connected with the electric current,-at-the-bottom-of-the-electric-
coil is an electre magnet which serves as the table-for-operating-upon-On-the-
electric current being started it enters the easing of bobbing, the action-of-which-
being stronger-than-the-spiral-spring-forces-the-rod-downwards-and-causes-tho
points of the carbon to separate, a voltaio are boing thoroby-formed.-The-same-
current traversing the electro-magnet puts it in action whereby the flame of the
are is drawn to the abject to be operated upon
The whole apparatus is so arranged that it can be easily moved about, and also
raised and lowered.
The apparatus above described, and those similar to it, may be advantageously
employed in finishing work done by other machines as for instance in planing and
shaping joints etc.
This process of working metals may be combined with a gas apparatus, whereby
gas or a mixture of gases could be introduced by pipes into the voltaic arc and
increase its tension. Into these gases may be introduced pulverized carbon which
is a good conductor of electricity, and also increases the action of the voltaic arc.
If it be necessary to fuse any hetrogeneous substance with the metal operated upon,
the carbon may be replaced by any other substance in powder.
Apparatus of this kind is represented in Figs. 36 and 37 in its simplest form,
but it may be combined with the complex apparatus described above or placed on
stands which can be moved according to requirements.
All the operations described in this Specification chiefly relating to metals, may
also be applied to metalloids, on the condition however, that metalloids as bad
-conductors of electricity must be preliminarily covered at the parts where the
voltaic are is to net with good conductors of electricity which will serve to actuate
the-are. In-certain-cases-this-covering is superfluous, vizi-in-case of the employ
mont of apparatus Figs. 33 or 35 where the objects operated upon are not included
in the electric circuit
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed we déclare that what
we claim is :-
--
1. The method substantially as herein described of uniting and soldering metals
together either at separate points, or in a continuous joint by heating them by
means of an electric current.
2. The method substantially as herein described of drilling or forming holes
in metals and metalloids by means of carbon rendered incandescent by an electric
current,
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed we declare that re
wish it to be understood that we do not lay claim to any apparatus or process unless the
electric are is formed between the work as one pole and a carbon or pencil of suitabl
material as the other pole but what we claim, is:-

page_text: 3. The method substantially as herein described of applying inctallic coatings
to metals and metalloids by fusing the same by means of an electric current.
4. The construction of apparatus for the working of metals by the direct appli-
cation of an electric current consisting firstly of a carbon secured in a holder so
arranged that the electric current may be interrupted at will, and secondly of a
metallic plate forming the opposito polo to the carbon, substantially as herein
described.
5. The arrangement of apparatus such as is referred to in the preceding claim so
as to be moveable on cogged or flat rails, or by means of an endless screw, substan-
tially as herein described.
6. The construction of electrical forge consisting of carbons between which a
voltaic are is formed, and with which an anvil and other tools aro combined
substantially as heroin described.
6
The use in combination with apparatus for working metals by means of tho
voltaic arc of one or more jets of gas or mixture of gases with or without adinixturo
of pulverulent material introduced into the voltaic arc for the purpose of modifying
its action, substantially as herein described.
7&The various arrangements herein described with reference to the accompanying
drawings for effecting by means of the electric arc tho union of metals or metalloids
the construction of beams from corrugated sheet iron, the manufacture of armour
plates with or without intermediato layers of clastic substances, the production of
metallic inscriptions, and other similar purposes.