IMPROVEMENTS IN THE APPLICATION AND COMBINATION OF GLASS, PORCELAIN, STONEWARE, EARTHENWARE, TERRA COTTA, COM- POSITION IN PLASTER OF THE KIND CALLED SCAGLIOLA, AND MAJOLICA WARE
Year: 1853

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Hogg, junior, of Nicolson Street,
Edinburgh, in the County of Edinburgh, Publisher, for the
Invention of IMPROVEMENTS IN THE APPLICATION AND COMBINATION
OF GLASS, PORCELAIN, STONEWARE, EARTHENWARE, TERRA COTTA, COM-
POSITION IN PLASTER OF THE KIND CALLED SCAGLIOLA, AND MAJOLICA
WARE."
Sealed the 22nd September 1853. and dated the 17th June 1853.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Hogg at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 17th June 1853.
1. JAMES OGG, junior, of Edinburgh, in the County of Edinburgh,
Publisher, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "Iм-
PROVEMENTS IN THE APPLICATION AND COMBINATION OF GLASS, PORCELAIN,
STONEWARE, EARTHENWARE, TERRA COTTA, COMPOSITION IN PLASTER OF THE
KIND CALLED SCAGLIOLA, AND MAJOLICA WARE," to be as follows:-
The application of glass or porcelain of any kind, or stoneware, or
O earthenware, or terra-cotta, or composition in plaster of the kind called
A

page_text: scagliola, or majolica ware, to the construction or manufacture of the
articles which I will now proceed to enumerate and describe, as well
as the particular parts of the same to the construction or manufacture
of which the aforesaid materials are applicable, and also in what states
or condition they are so applicable.
Firstly, for the construction or manufacture of the following parts of
a looking glass:-1. The horizontal sole or frame, which serves to
carry a vertical pillar or pillars. 2. The pillar or pillars, or upright
vertical supports, between or upon which the mirror is hung. 3. The
frame or rin in which the mirror is enclosed. 4. The plate or covering
at the back of the mirror, which serves to protect the silvered surface
from dust and the atmosphere. 5. Balance weights in connection
with projecting arms on the enclosing frame or rim (when the mirror
is hung between pillars), and which serve to counterpoise it in the
manner commonly employed in the stand of a Troughton's reflecting
circle.
Secondly, for the construction or manufacture of the piece of fur-
niture commonly termed a what-not or omnium. By this is to be
understood a series of slabs or plateaux, lying at certain intervals above
cach other in a horizontal direction, supported by vertical pillars. The
slabs or plateaux are either solid or perforated, or alternately so.
Thirdly, for the construction or manufacture of certain pieces of
furniture commonly called ladies' work tables. By these are to be
understood, 1. A vertical pillar or stem, borne upon a pedestal at foot,
and carrying farther up one or more horizontal slabs, perforated in the
centre to admit the stem; said slabs having a raised edging. In this
construction there may be (as is common in those now made of wood)
a drawer beneath the slab, as well as a bag frame of wood, covered
with fluted silk and fringed at bottom, for the purpose of containing
articles of work. Or, as a modification, this part for containing the
articles of work is made of the same shape as the common bag frame
just described, but only composed of the same materials as the slab,
vertical supports, and horizontal feet.
Fourthly, for the construction or manufacture of certain pieces of
furniture commonly called portfolio or print stands. By this is to be

page_text: understood,-1. Two rectangular frames fixed, opening and standing
when opened, in the manner of an ordinary camp stool. 2. A rec-
tangular frame in the form of a parallelogram, suspended by two
metal armis projecting from its sides between two vertical pillars lying
on horizontal feet; this suspension being similar to that of a cheval
mirror. In order to divide the frame into two parts there is a division
across the middle in its narrowest direction. Each half carries a
shallow box, the one being on the reverse side from the other, for the
reception of prints or other articles intended to be preserved. Each of
these shallow boxes carries a cover, which has a lock at one end in
order that it may be secured when desired. These covers are so fitted
that they may slip on the bottom of the adjacent box in such manner
that when the frame is turned so as to lic in a horizontal position,
then by slipping the cover off one box along the upturned bottom of
the other the engravings or other articles contained in the former are
exposed to view. Again, when the frame is reversed so as to bring
upperinost the cover of the other box, the latter is treated in a manner
precisely similar to the first. And in order that the frame may be
capable of being secured in the horizontal position just referred to
there are two holes perforated in it, one at each side, which two holes
correspond with two bolts passed through the tops of the vertical
pillars sustaining the frame. These bolts have knobs, and are suffi-
ciently long to enable them to be pushed by the help of such knobs
from the outer side of the tops of said vertical pillars into the holes
perforated in the frame, thereby securing said frame in the desired
horizontal position. And farther, as a modification, there may be
inserted in the bottom of each of the boxes or divisions a light frame-
work, capable of being lifted up and supported at various degrees of
inclination in the manner of the writing board of an ordinary writing
table. This light framework is convenient for the examination of any
print or other article contained in the box, without requiring the person
so examining to remain in a stooping posture.
The particular parts of the foregoing piece of furniture, which I con-
struct or manufacture of the materials which are declared applicable to
the articles set forth in the four preceding divisions, are as follows:-
9

page_text: the central parts of the covers, and the central parts of the bottoms of
the boxes or divisions into which the frame is separated, and these
parts only. The outer portion or rim of the frame itself, the ledgings
which constitute the shallow boxes, as well as the vertical pillars, the
horizontal feet, the arms which suspend the frame between the pillars.
the light framework contained in the shallow boxes, and the knobs
which secure said frame in a horizontal position; all these portions are
made of wood, metal, or other suitable material.
Fifthly, for the construction or manufacture of a certain piece of
furniture commonly called a a tea-poise or tea-poy. By this is to be
understood a vertical pillar or column maintained upright by a pedestal,
and carrying at the top a horizontal slab or plateau with a raised
edge, said edging being so shaped as to carry a cover.
Sixthly, for the construction or manufacture of a piece of furniture
of the kind commonly called a sofa or occasional table. By this I
particularly mean a table of which the top is a flat horizontal slab,
supported at each end, either in the direction of its length or breadth,
upon vertical pillars resting upon horizontal feet, and between which
vertical pillars extends ornamental work, said ornamental work being
made in one or in many pieces, and if made in many pieces then joined
together, and attached to the vertical pillars by common metal links or
other convenient means.
Seventhly, for the construction or manufacture of small drawers, such
as are used for insertion in the smaller kinds of cabinet work or for
other purposes. These drawers have internal divisions running both
longitudinally and transversely; they are made both in one piece and
also in several pieces cemented together, having also their bottoms in
the inside concave instead of rectangular.
Eighthly, for the construction or manufacture of parts of the boards
of books. The parts of a book cover to which I refer are portions of
the sides, and the manner in which I manufacture them is as follows:-
The book is to be bound first of all in the usual manner, being covered
with cloth or other material as may be desired, the "backing" being
stronger, that is to say, projecting more than ordinary, and the sheets
technically termed the "end papers" not being at first pasted down.

page_text: Then a rim of metal of a size to fit the side of the book is prepared.
This rim is made so that it can be riveted through the pasteboard
of the side like a common book-clasp. Its height is such as will admit,
when lying flat on the board of the book, of a plate or slab of a deter-
minate thickness being placed beneath it. This plate or slab I manu-
facture of any of the materials which are used for the construction or
manufacture of the articles enumerated and described under the
previous seven divisions of this Specification. When the plate or slab
has been laid into the cell formed for it by the raised rim, the latter
may then be made fast to the board by its rivets, and afterwards the
"end papers" pasted down. The rim may either be made at first to fit
or slab which it is intended to secure,
exactly the thickness of the plate
or it may afterwards be made to do so by turning down the edge of the
metal as a lens is made fast in its cell. In addition to the design
which may be adopted on the plate or slab, an additional variety of
effect is produced by laying beneath said plate or slab differently coloured
and ornamented pieces of paper or cloth.
Ninthly, for the construction or manufacture of a kind of ornament
which I term a roof plate or centre moulding for the roof of a room
or other building. By this is to be understood an ornament in relievo
in one or several pieces for placing on the roof a room; such separate
pieces being either a series of concentric circles or parts of a circle put
together in a radial manner, or pieces put together in a tessellated
manner. The ornament or pieces of the ornament may for convenience
in fastening be fixed by any suitable means to a thin plate of wood or
metal, which again by proper apertures left for the purpose can be
affixed by screws or otherwise to the joisting or woodwork running
along the roof to which it is to be attached.
Tenthly, for the construction or manufacture of an ornamental stud,
knob, or circlet, to be used with nails for suspending cords to hang
pictures in rooms. This stud, knob, or circlet is made either in one
piece or in several pieces joined or cemented together. Of whatever
construction otherwise, it has an aperture in the centre that it may be
free to slip on the nail which has been driven into the wall. The head
of this nail is to be so formed that a little down from the top which is

page_text: struck by the hammer in driving it home there is a portion of greater
diameter, upon which portion there is a screw thread. This part of the
nail carrying the screw thread projects through the aperture left in the
ornamental stud, knob, or circlet, which latter having been placed on it,
there is then applied an ornamental cap or piece of metal, having also
an internal screw thread. This ornamental cap being screwed on, the
ornamental stud, knob, or circlet already described is secured. A modi-
fication of this method of making fast the ornamental stud, knob, or
circlet is, by affixing to it in the centre or at the back (that is to say, the
side which is intended to be next the wall,) the piece of metal which has
an internal screw thread corresponding to the head of the nail. In this
state the ornamental stud, knob, or circlet is at once made fast by being
screwed on to the head of the nail which has been driven into the wall.
Eleventhly, for the construction or manufacture of a particular kind
of shade for horticultural and other purposes, but especially useful
where it is intended to protect permanently or occasionally from the
rigour of the weather plants growing in the open garden. This ap-
paratus consists of one or more hollow cylindrical vessels, which vessels,
for the sake of admitting light, are made almost solely or in great
proportion of glass only, rather than a combination of the other plastic
materials herein-before mentioned as fit for the construction or
manufacture of the articles described in the ten previous divisions.
The said vessels have affixed to their ends at top and bottom, by
cement or otherwise, rims made of metal of the same diameter as
the cylinder. These metal rims have each two projecting parts running
longitudinally, each of which projecting parts is bevelled on one side.
On each hollow cylindrical vessel one rim has the bevelled pro-
jections on the inside of the circumference, and also immediately
above them there is a narrow ledging a little broader than said pro-
jections, which narrow ledging runs round the whole of the inner
circumference. This rim and side of cach vessel I term the under
rim and side. The other or, as I term it, in contradistinction, the top
rim and side on the same vessel is of fully smaller diameter than the
under one at the outer extremity, and has its projecting parts bevelled
in the reverse manner from those on the under rim, which projecting

page_text: parts are in this case on the outer part of the circumference, and
immediately beneath them runs a narrow ledging round the whole of
the outer circumference. A modification of the cylinder is by making
the hollow cylindrical vessel hemispherical or slightly conical at one
end, in which case it has only one rim affixed at the other or open end,
which rim is of the kind I have termed an under one.
One or more of the cylinders fitted with such rims as have been
described, and in conjunction with one of the modified kind, having a
hemispherical or slightly conical top, form what I term the shade, which
cylinders are the only portions under this eleventh division constructed
or manufactured, in the manner or proportion before mentioned, of the
materials enumerated in this Specification as applicable to the con-
struction or manufacture of the articles described in the foregoing ten
divisions.
The stand which accompanies the cylinders, and the manner of using
them, I will now describe. The stand is composed of a stout ring of
metal, having attached to its under surface three projecting prongs
from 6 to 9 inches in length, which prongs being also made of metal
are meant for sticking into the earth in such a manner that the plant
which is to be protected may be enclosed in the centre of the stout ring
of metal. The ring is made of a diameter equalling the under rim of
the cylinder or shade, and carries itself a rim precisely similar to that
which is termed the top rim of the cylinder herein-before described.
This rim corresponds with those of the cylinder or shade, so that when
the latter is set down upon the top of the stand or ring, and then
partially turned round in a circular direction, the two metal rims
become, by the projecting parts of each overlapping, locked together.
Similarly as many of the hollow cylindrical vessels may be locked
together until a protecting shade of the height required for the
particular purpose in view is built up. Finally, for a top, instead of
locking on a cylinder open at both ends, one of those having a hemi-
spherical or slightly conical top is used. This being done, the plant
enclosed within the ring or stand is completely protected from the
weather. When the stand is required to contain earth for the plant as
well as to enclose it, a vessel of any convenient kind is made to fit the
ride of its diameter without trenching upon the projecting parts

page_text: necessary for locking with the shade. And farther, the stand may
either have or want the prongs projecting from its under surface,
according to the particular place where it is to be set.
Twelfthly, for the construction or manufacture of parts of the pieces
of furniture commonly called a reading stand or reading easel. By
this is to be understood a frame carrying at foot a ledging towards one
side, the frame and ledging being of a size large enough to fit the
particular size of book which it is intended to carry. The particular
parts of such frame and ledging, and the manner in which I construct
or manufacture them, according to the position in which the stand or
easel is to be used by the reader, is as follows:-If the frame is to
be used by the reader in a standing posture, I construct or manu-
facture the outer portion of the frame itself, and the whole of the
ledging which bears the book, of some metal in an ornamental manner,
but the inside portion of the frame itself, which is to be aflixed
to the metal portion, is composed of the materials applied to the con-
struction or manufacture of the cleven other articles herein-before de-
scribed. By a suitable projection in the metal work of the frame the
latter is attached at any convenient place by any suitable means to a
wooden or other stand in the manner common with those now manufac-
tured. But if the frame is to be used by the reader when in a sitting
posture, then, while I manufacture it, as before, of an outer metal rim,
and the interior of the materials used for the eleven other articles herein-
before described, the mode of supporting said frame is now different. It
is to be supported as follows; that is to say, by being attached at the
back by a ball and socket movement to a short vertical pillar carried on
a horizontal foot, which pillar and foot are constructed also of the mate-
rials employed for the eleven other articles hercin-before described; or,
as a modification, the frame and ledging is hung between pillars sup
ported by a horizontal sole, which pillars and sole are also made of the
materials employed in the construction or manufacture of the cleven
other articles herein-before specified. When the frame is hung between
said pillars it may be secured at any desired inclination to suit the
reader's position and taste, by means of screws passed through the sides
of said pillars in the manner of an ordinary looking glass. It is to be
observed that in all cases the frame has upon the top of the ledging

page_text: which bears the book two small projecting metal pins or arms turning
upon pivots in said ledging. These pins or arms serve to secure or
grasp the leaves of the book lying beneath them in the ordinary
manner employed for a reading stand or casel of the common con-
struction.
For all the purposes of construction or manufacture specified under
the foregoing twelve divisions, excepting only such portions as I have
expressly declared are to be of other material, instead of wood, metal, or
other substance commonly employed therein, I employ, as I have before
mentioned, glass or porcelain of any kind, or stoneware, or terra cotta,
or earthenware, or composition in plaster of the kind called scagliola, or
majolica ware. For cach particular part of every article I have so
enumerated and described I employ the aforesaid substances or prepa-
rations, both singly and in combination with each other, fashioned
according to various designs, and with the materials either plain, glazed,
enamelled, painted, printed, coloured, ornamented, or decorated. Far-
ther, it is to be understood that it may be expedient, for the purpose of
adding weight or otherwise giving greater solidity to the respective
articles recited in the first six divisions herein-before set down, that
various parts of said articles may be loaded with iron, lead, or other
metal, the introduction of which is generally best and most neatly
executed by it being contained in the centre of the particular part to
which it may be applied; that is to say, so as the particular part con-
taining such metal may be covered outwardly by any of the materials
described as fit to be employed for the construction or manufacture of
the said articles recited in the said six foregoing divisions which have
been alluded to; the effect of which covering of the metal is, that to the
eye the latter is not readily apparent, being concealed by the outward
covering in which it is enveloped.
It is to be distinctly understood that I neither confine myself to any
precise form or size in the formation, construction, or manufacture of
any of the articles specified in the twelve distinct divisions herein-before
set down, nor do I claim either them or any of the substances or pre-
parations which I have enumerated as of my own Invention; but what
I do claim as of my Invention is, the application of the said known
plastic substances or preparations in the manner or states herein-before

page_text: mentioned to the construction or manufacture of the various particular
parts, and to such particular parts only, of the different articles herein-
before specially set forth under the foregoing twelve separate divisions.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said James Hogg in the Great Seal Patent Office,
on the 17th December 1853.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, 1,
JAMES HOGG, junior, of Number 4, Nicolson Street, Edinburgh, in
the County of Edinburgh, Publisher, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Seventeenth day of June, A.D.
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three, in the sixteenth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant
unto me, the said James Hogg, junior, Her special license that I,
the said James Hogg, junior, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
or such others as I, the said James Hogg, junior, my executors, admi-
nistrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
APPLICATION AND COMBINATION OF GLASS, PORCELAIN, STONEWARE, EARTH-
ENWARE, TERRA COTTA, COMPOSITION IN PLASTER OF THE KIND CALLED
SCAGLIOLA, AND MAJOLICA WARE," upon the condition (amongst others)
that I, the said James Hogg, junior, by an instrument in writing under
my hand and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be per-
formed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said James Hogg, junior, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement (that is to say):

page_text: The application of glass or porcelain of any kind, or stoneware, or
earthenware, or terra cotta, or composition in plaster of the kind
called scagliola, or majolica ware, to the construction or manufacture
of the articles which I will now proceed to enumerate and describe.
as well as the particular parts of the same to the construction or
manufacture of which the aforesaid materials are applicable, and also
in what states or conditions they are so applicable.
Firstly, for the construction or manufacture of the following parts
of a looking glass, when all said parts are combined to form the
complete article, or when the particular parts specified under the fol-
lowing numbers, viz., 1, 2, and 4, are combined towards the formation
of a complete article:-1. The horizontal sole or frame which serves
to carry a vertical pillar or pillars. 2. The pillar or pillars, or
upright vertical supports, between or upon which the mirror is hung.
3. The frame or rim in which the mirror is enclosed.
4. The plate
or covering at the back of the mirror which serves to protect the
silvered surface from dust and the atmosphere. 5. Balance weights
in connection with projecting arms on the enclosing frame or rim
(when the mirror is hung between pillars), and which serve to counter-
poise it in the manner commonly employed in the stand of a Troughton's
reflecting circle.
Secondly, for the construction or manufacture of the piece of furni-
ture commonly termed a what-not or omnium. By this is to be
understood a series, varying in number, of slabs or plateaux, lying at
certain intervals above each other in a horizontal direction, supported
by vertical pillars. The slabs or plateaux are made either solid or
perforated, or alternately so.
Thirdly, for the construction or manufacture of certain pieces of
furniture commonly called ladies' work tables. By these are to be
understood, 1. A vertical pillar or stem borne upon a pedestal at
foot, and carrying farther up one or more horizontal slabs, perforated
in the centre to admit the stem, said slabs having a raised edging.
2. A horizontal slab borne upon upright pillars, supported by horizontal
feet. In this construction there may be (as is common in those now
made of wood) a drawer beneath the slab, as well as a bag frame of

page_text: wood, covered with fluted silk and fringed at bottom, for the purpose of
containing articles of work. Or, as a modification, this part for con-
taining the articles of work is made of the same shape as the common
bag frame just described, but only composed of the same materials as
the slab, vertical supports, and horizontal feet.
Fourthly, for the construction or manufacture of certain pieces of
furniture commonly called portfolio or print stands. By this is to be
understood, 1. Two rectangular frames fixed, opening and standing
when opened, in the manner of an ordinary camp stool. 2. A rectan-
gular frame in the form of a parallelogram, suspended by two metal
armis projecting from its sides between two vertical pillars lying on
horizontal feet, this suspension being similar to that of a cheval
mirror. In order to divide the frame into two parts there is a division
across the middle in its narrowest direction. Each half carries a
shallow box, the one being on the reverse side from the other, for the
reception of prints or other articles intended to be preserved. Each of
these shallow boxes carries a cover, which has a lock at one end in
order that it may be secured when desired. These covers are so fitted
that they may slip on the bottom of the adjacent box in such manner
that when the frame is turned so as to lie in a horizontal position, then
by slipping the cover off one box along the upturned bottom of the
other the engravings or other articles contained in the former arc
exposed to view. Again, when the frame is reversed so as to bring
uppermost the cover of the other box, the latter is treated in a manner
precisely similar to the first. And in order that the frame may be
capable of being secured in the horizontal position just referred to
there are two holes perforated in it, one at each side, which two holes
correspond with two bolts passed through the tops of the vertical pillars
sustaining the frame. These bolts have knobs, and are sufficiently
long to enable them to be pushed by the help of such knobs from the
outer side of the tops of said vertical pillars into the holes perforated
in the frame, thereby securing said frame in the desired horizontal
position. For the purpose of keeping the frame perfectly vertical when
not in use other two holes may be made, one on each side, in any
convenient part of the frame, corresponding to similar bolts with knobs

page_text: in another part of the upright pillars, said holes and bolts to be used
in a manner similar to those first described, but only retaining the
frame in a vertical position. And farther, as a modification, there may
be inserted in the bottom of each of the boxes or divisions a light
framework, capable of being lifted up and supported at various degrees
of elevation in the manner of the writing board of an ordinary writing
table. This light framework is convenient for the examination of any
print or other article contained in the box, without requiring the person
so examining to remain in a stooping posture.
The particular parts of the foregoing piece of furniture, which I
construct or manufacture of the materials which are declared applica-
ble to the articles set forth in the three preceding divisions, are as
follows: The central parts of the covers, and the central parts of the
bottoms of the boxes or divisions into which the frame is separated,
and these parts only. The outer portion or rim of the frame itself,
the ledgings which constitute the shallow boxes, the light framework
contained in the shallow boxes, as well as the vertical pillars, the hori-
zontal feet, the arms which suspend the frame between the pillars, and
the knobs which secure said frame in a horizontal position; all these
portions are made of wood, metal, or other suitable material.
Fifthly, for the construction or manufacture of a certain piece of
furniture commonly called a tea-poise or tea-poy. By this is to be
understood a vertical pillar or column maintained upright by a pedestal,
and carrying at the top a horizontal slab or plateau with a raised edge,
said edge being so shaped as to carry a cover.
Sixthly, for the construction or manufacture of a piece of furniture
of the kind commonly called a sofa or occasional table. By this I
particularly mean a table of which the top is a flat horizontal slab,
supported at each end, either in the direction of its length or breadth,
upon vertical pillars resting upon horizontal feet, and between which
vertical pillars extends ornamental work, said ornamental work being
made in one or in many pieces, and if made in many pieces then
joined together, and attached to the vertical pillars by common metal
links or other convenient means.
Seventhly, for the construction or manufacture of small drawers,

page_text: such as are used for insertion in the smaller kinds of cabinet work or
for other purposes.
These drawers have internal divisions running
both longitudinally and transversely; they are made both in onepiece
and also in several pieces cemented together, having also their bottoms
in the inside concave instead of rectangular.
Eighthly, for the construction or manufacture of parts of the boards
of books. The parts of a book cover to which I refer are portions of
the sides, and the manner in which I manufacture them is as follows:
-The book is to be bound first of all in the usual manner, being
covered with cloth or other material, as may be desired. The back-
ing being stronger, that is to say, projecting more than ordinary, and
the sheets technically termed the "end papers" not being at first
pasted down. Then a rim of metal of a size to fit the side of the book
is prepared. This rim is made so that it can be riveted through the
pasteboard of the side like a common book-clasp. Its height is such
as will admit, when lying flat on the board of the book, of a plate or
slab of a determinate thickness being placed beneath it. This plate or
slab I manufacture of any of the materials which are used for the con-
struction or manufacture of the articles enumerated and described
under the previous seven divisions of this Specification. When the
plate or slab has been laid into the cell formed for it by the raised rim,
the latter may then be made fast to the board by its rivets, and after-
wards the "end papers" pasted down. The rim may either be made
at first to fit exactly the thickness of the plate or slab which it is
intended to secure, or it may afterwards be made to do so by turning
down the edge of the metal in the same way as a lens is made fast in
its cell. In addition to the design which may be adopted on the plate
or slab, an additional variety of effect is produced by laying beneath
said plate or slab differently coloured and ornamented pieces of paper
or cloth.
Ninthly, for the construction or manufacture of a kind of ornament
which I term a roof plate or centre moulding for the roof of a room or
other building. By this is to be understood an ornament in relievo in
one or several pieces for placing on the roof of a room; such separate
pieces being either a series of concentric circles or parts of a circle put

page_text: together in a radial manner, or pieces put together in a tessellated
manner. The ornament or pieces of the ornament may, for conve-
nience in fastening, be fixed by any suitable means to a thin plate of
wood or metal, which again by proper apertures left for the purpose
can be affixed by screws or otherwise to the joisting or woodwork
running along the roof to which it is to be attached.
Tenthly, for the construction or manufacture of an ornamental stud,
knob, or circlet, to be used with nails for suspending cords to hang pic-
tures in rooms. This stud, knob, or circlet is made cither in one piece
or in several pieces joined or cemented together. Of whatever construc-
tion otherwise, it has an aperture in the centre, that it may be free to
slip on the nail which has been driven into the wall. The head of this
nail is to be so formed that a little down from the top which is struck by
the hammer in driving it home there is a portion of greater diameter, upon
which portion there is a screw thread. This part of the nail carrying the
screw thread projects through the aperture left in the ornamental stud,
knob, or circlet, which latter having been placed on it, there is then
applied an ornamental cap or piece of metal, having also an internal
screw thread. This ornamental cap being screwed on, the ornamental
A modification of
stud, knols, or circlet already described is secured.
this method of making fast the ornamental stud, knob, or circlet is, by
affixing to it in the centre or at the back, (that is to say,) the side
which is to be next the wall, the piece of metal which has an internal
In this state the
screw thread corresponding to the head of the nail.
ornamental stud, knob, or circlet is at once made fast by being screwed
on to the head of the nail which has been driven into the wall.
Eleventhly, for the construction or manufacture of a particular kind
of shade for horticultural and other purposes, but especially useful
where it is intended to protect permanently or occasionally from the
rigour of the weather plants growing in the open garden. This ap-
paratus consists of one or more hollow cylindrical vessels, which
vessels, for the sake of admitting light, are made almost solely or in
great proportion of glass only, rather than a combination of the other
plastic materials herein-before mentioned as fit for the construction
or manufacture of the articles described in the ten previous divisions.

page_text: The said vessels have affixed to their ends at the top and bottom, by
cement or otherwise, rims made of metal of the same diameter as the
cylinder. These metal rims have each two projecting parts running
longitudinally, each of which projecting parts is bevelled on one side.
On each hollow cylindrical vessel one rim has the bevelled projections
on the inside of the circumference, and also immediately above then
there is a narrow ledging a little broader than said projections, which
narrow ledging runs round the whole of the inner circumference.
This rim and side of cach vessel I term the under rim and side.
The other or, as I term it, in contradistinction, the top rim and side
on the same vessel is of fully smaller diameter than the under one at
its outer extremity, and has its projecting parts bevelled in the reverse
manner from those on the under rim, which projecting parts are in
this case on the outer part of the circumference, and immediately
beneath them runs a narrow ledging round the whole of the outer
circumference. A modification of the cylinder is by making the hollow
cylindrical vessel hemispherical or slightly conical at one end, in which
case it has only one rim affixed at the other or open end, which rim is
of the kind I have termed an under one.
One or more of the cylinders fitted with such rims as have been
described, and in conjunction with one of the modified kind, having a
hemispherical or slightly conical top, form what I term the shade,
which cylinders are the only portions under this eleventh division
constructed or manufactured, in the manner or proportion before
mentioned, of the materials enumerated in this Specification as
applicable to the construction or manufacture of the articles described
in the foregoing ten divisions.
The stand which accompanies the cylinders, and the manner of using
them, I will now describe. The stand is composed of a stout ring of
metal, having attached to its under surface three projecting prongs
from 6 to 9 inches in length, which prongs being also made of metal
are meant for sticking into the earth in such a manner that the plant
which is to be protected may be enclosed in the centre of the stout ring
of metal. The ring is made of a diameter equalling the under rim of
the cylinder or shade, and carries itself a rim precisely similar to that

page_text: which is termed the top rim of the cylinder herein-before described.
This rim corresponds with those of the cylinder or shade, so that when
the latter is set down upon the top of the stand or ring, and then
partially turned round in a circular direction, the two metal rims
become, by the projecting parts of each overlapping, locked together.
Similarly as many of the hollow cylindrical vessels may be locked
together until a protecting shade of the height required for the
particular purpose in view is built up. Finally, for a top, instead of
locking on a cylinder open at both ends, one of those which have a
hemispherical or slightly conical top is used. This being done, the
plant enclosed within the ring or stand is completely protected from
the weather. When the stand is required to contain earth for the
plant as well as to enclose it, a vessel of any convenient kind is made
to fit the inside of its diameter without trenching upon the projecting
parts necessary for locking with the shade. And farther, the stand
may either have or want the prongs projecting from its under surface,
according to the particular place where it is to be set.
Twelfthly, for the construction or manufacture of parts of the piece
of furniture commonly called a reading stand or reading easel. By
this is to be understood a frame carrying at foot a ledging towards one
side, the frame and ledging being of a size large enough to fit the par-
ticular size of book which it is intended to carry. The particular parts
of such frame and ledging, and the manner in which I construct or
manufacture them according to the position in which the stand or casel
is to be used by the reader, is as follows-If the frame is to be used
by the reader in a standing posture I construct or manufacture the
outer portion of the frame itself, and the whole of the ledging which
bears the book, of some metal in an ornamental manner, but the inside
portion of the frame itself, which is to be affixed to the metal por-
tion, is composed of the materials applied to the construction or manu-
facture of the eleven other articles herein-before described. By a
suitable projection in the metal work of the frame the latter is attached
either from behind or at the side by any convenient means to a wooden
or other stand in the manner common with those now manufactured.
But if the frame is to be used by the reader when in a sitting
B

page_text: posture, then, while I manufacture it, as before, of an outer metal rim,
and the interior of the materials used for the cleven other articles
herein-before described, the mode of supporting said frame is now
different. It is to be supported as follows; (that is to say,) by being
attached at the back by a ball and socket movement to a short vertical
pillar carried on a horizontal foot, which pillar and foot are constructed
of the materials employed for the eleven other articles herein-before
described. Or, as a modification, the frame and ledging is hung
between pillars supported by a horizontal sole, which pillars and sole
are also made of the materials employed in the construction or manu-
facture of the eleven other articles herein-before specified. When the
frame is hung between said pillars it may be secured at any desired in-
clination to suit the reader's position or taste, by means of screws passed
through the sides of said pillars in the manner of an ordinary looking
glass. Métal eyelets are inserted at the particular portions of the pillars
in which the screws are to be admitted. It is to be observed that in all
cases the frame has upon the top of the ledging which bears the book
two small projecting metal pins or arms turning upon pivots in said
ledging. These pins or arms serve to secure or grasp the leaves of the
book lying beneath them in the ordinary manner employed for a
reading stand of the common construction.
For all these purposes of construction or manufacture specified
under the foregoing twelve divisions (excepting such portions as I have
expressly declared are to be of other material), instead of wood, metal,
or other substance commonly employed therein, I employ, as I have
before mentioned, glass or porcelain of any kind, or stoneware, or
earthenware, or terra cotta, or composition in plaster of the kind
called scagliola, or majolica ware. For each particular part of every
article I have so enumerated and described I employ the aforesaid
substances or preparations, both singly and in combination with each
other, fashioned according to various designs, and with the materials
either plain, glazed, enamelled, painted, printed, coloured, ornamented,
or decorated. Farther, it is to be understood that it may be expedient,
for the purpose of adding weight or otherwise giving greater solidity to the
respective articles recited in the first six divisions herein-before set down,

page_text: that various parts of said articles may be loaded with iron, lead, or
other metal, the introduction of which metal is generally best and most
neatly executed by it being contained in the centre of the particular
part to which it may be applied; that is to say, so as the particular part
containing such metal may be covered outwardly by any of the materials
described as fit to be employed for the construction or manufacture of
the said articles recited in the said six foregoing divisions which have
been alluded to; the effect of which covering of the metal is, that to
the eye the latter is not readily apparent, being concealed by the out-
ward covering in which it is enveloped.
It is to be distinctly understood that I neither confine myself to any
precise form or size in the formation, construction, or manufacture of
any of the articles specified in the twelve distinct divisions herein-before
set down, nor do I claim either them or any of the substances or
preparations which I have enumerated as of my own Invention; but
what I do claim as of my Invention is, the application of the said
known plastic substances or preparations in the manner or states
herein-before mentioned to the construction or manufacture of the
various particular parts, and to such particular parts only, of the
different articles herein-before specially set forth under the foregoing
twelve separate heads.
In witness whereof, I, the said James Hogg, junior, have hereto-
fore set my hand and seal, this Twelfth day of December, A.D.
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three.
.JAMES HOGG, JUNIOR.
(L.S.)