IMPROVEMENTS, IN HEATING AND VENTILATING BUILDINGS AND IN APPARATUS THEREFOR."
Year: 1877

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Peter Jensen, of Chancery Lane, London, for the Inven-
tion of "IMPROVEMENTS, IN HEATING AND VENTILATING BUILDINGS AND IN
APPARATUS THEREFOR." A communication from abroad by Peter Johann
Ekman, of Stockholm, Sweden.
Sealed, the 21st December 1877, and dated the 23rd June 1877;
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Peter Jensen at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 23rd June 1877.
PETER JENSEN, of Chancery Lane, London. "IMPROVEMENTS IN HEATING AND
VENTILATING BUILDINGS AND IN APPARATUS THEREFOR." (A communication from
abroad by Peter Johann Ekman, of Stockholm, Sweden).
In heating apparatus, as heretofore usually constructed, the heat generated in the
fire-place passes either directly into the chimney or through several turns of pipes
in and around the object to be heated. Because of the quick passage of the heat
through these pipes a great deal of heat escapes into the chimney without being
utilized.
:
According to this Invention all pipe bends are avoided in the part of the
apparatus or stove where the heat is to be utilized, and the flame and heat is
perfectly free to develope in a space, ascending therein to its top and then beginning
to descend, all according as new heat is developed, and ascends and then descends
to the lower part of the apparatus, where it escapes to the chimney. By this
retention and slow passage of the heat to the lower part of the apparatus a
sufficient time is gained for its utilization as required.
By the application of such an apparatus of small size for a room, a heat of 60
to 65 degrees F. has been maintained, and that with such a low consumption of fuel
that the products of combustion escaping in the chimney only had a temperature
of 70 to 92° F. The low heat in the chimney is a safeguard against fire there, and
the chimney need not with this heating apparatus be made of brick work but may
well be made of a lighter material, which affords facilities in the arrangement of
the buildings.

page_text: These new heating apparatus may be made in various forms and sizes, as
required, and in such material as may be most suitable in each case.
According to one arrangement the heat rises from the fire-place to the upper part
of a heat chamber above it, then descends again and passes off below into the
chimney; the air in the lower part of the room is drawn into side flues and air-
heating pipe or upright flue passing through the heat chamber; this air thereby
becomes heated, and passing out at or near the top of the stove returns to
the room; by this air circulation the room becomes rapidly heated, and the
temperature becomes tolerably assimilated above and below. This stove can be
fired continuously very long, and the room thus acquire any desired temperature;
the desired heat having been attained a damper at top of air-heating pipe is closed,
thus retaining the heated air therein and in its walls; by opening the damper at
top the hot air is let out into the room again. The ash-pit door has small holes, the
opening of which for draught can be regulated as desired.
According to another arrangement the upright internal air flue is left out, and
the heat is transmitted only by radiation froin the side walls of the stove; however,
one or more short burnt stoneware pipes may be arranged inside. As the smoke
flue goes off below into the chimney the bad air from the room may be let into the
chimney by a valve above and a valve below.
According to another arrangement, and similar to the first-described arrangement,
the pure air is by a flue brought into the room and the vitiated air led off into the
stove chimney by a pipe or flue, both pipes passing through the stove; the air
therein becomes heated, and thus a powerful ventilation is produced.
By means of suitably arranged dampers the flues aforesaid may be alternatively
used for circulation only of the inner air in the room, as in the first-described
arrangement. -
The heretofore described apparatus are arranged for heating with coals, cokes,
or peat, and give off, the heat very soon after lighting the fire. They may also be
made to burn wood if the fire-place is arranged accordingly, and the flues and
ventilating pipes are placed in front of the outlet for the heat from the fire-place;
these stoves would then be more particularly intended for a long retention of the
heat they have received. The heat from the fire-place rises to the top of the
interior heat chamber or stove, then passes down through exterior surrounding
front and side flues, and then off to the chimney at the bottom; the flues do not
form a continuous tubular system, but are merely for taking up the heat and
gradually to give it off to the outer walls of the stove. These flues may also, as in
the air flues in the second arrangement described, be arranged for circulation of the
air in the room or for ventilation by means of the outer air.
The sole of the hearth or fire-place and the grate are so arranged as to secure the
entire consumption of the fuel without leaving remnants; for this purpose the
hearth is inclined towards the centre from each side, and has grating in the central
part only the fuel falling toward the centre, the charge of fuel being entirely
consumed, the damper may be closed, thus avoiding loss of heat.
For burning cokes the hearth or fire-place is made of iron, like a pot or fire
basket, as is well known; the heat therefrom ascends in the outer part of the heat
chamber or stove, and the outlet to the chimney is below, as before; the interior of
the stove is taken up by an air flue or chamber which draws in the air from the
room and heats it, the hot air passes out at the top; this flue may also be fitted
with dampers, as in the second arrangement described.
According to another arrangement, and which may be called calorifere, the
stove is made circular or other form, and of cast iron or sheet iron, lined with
fire-clay or brick, like the present well-known iron stoves used in northern
continental countries, and with any desired ornamentation. In these arrangements
the fire-place is a chamber, tapering upwards above the space for the fuel.
According to one plan a stove pipe may be applied.
Where the smoke has to be led directly through the well of the room, or where
the draught is only weak, a stove pipe may be passed right through the stove from

page_text: bottom to top, where it leads into the chimney; the gases in the stove pipe become
heated in their upward passage, and thus the draught is increased but at the expense
of economy. Or a stove pipe for leading off the vitiated air, and another stove pipe
for bringing in fresh air may be led through the stove.
For quickly heating and circulating the air in a room a stove is used wherein the
air is drawn in through one or more openings below, leading into an air flue passing
up to the top, and there out in the room. These caloriferes may be made large
enough for heating large localities, and be fitted with more than one fire-place and
stove pipe or air flue.
For large spaces requiring to be heated quickly, but to be used for a short time
only, the calorifere may be made of iron, lined with fire-clay, or brickwork at the
fire-place, or all over inside; or it may with proper proportions be made almost
entirely of iron without any such lining, as the heat can be so regulated that the
iron does not get overheated. By the constant air circulation in the pipes or flues
the air in the room is drawn downwards; and the temperature somewhat equalized
at different levels; such caloriferes may also be applied for ventilation by the
outer air:
The Invention may be applied to a combined heating stove and cooking stove;
the heat in the latter is then almost entirely utilized for heating the room. The
heat goes from the fire-place, the upper part of which is by preference tapered; the
fire-place is in front at the cooking stove or kitchener; the heat passes thence by a
damper opening into the heat chainber of the upright lieating stove behind; and
then off to the chimney below. In summer, or when heat is not required there, the
heat passes off by a damper off to the chimney direct.
The
When, in special cases, the heat from the kitchener does not suffice for heating
the kitchen, another fire-place may be arranged at the heating, stove also.
kitchener fire-place is of the same sort as the one in the last-described arrangement.
The damper between kitchener and heating stove acts as follows:-In ordinary
cases when the grate is not covered sufficiently by the fuel, or when the spaces
between the fuel pieces are very large, then a greater bulk of air will pass through
than needful or useful for a good combustion, and a loss in economy and heat
results. To obviate this the grate is made inclined, straight, or curved, in order
that even the smallest amount of fuel may fall or slide down to the lowest part of
the fire-place where the grate is; the latter is fitted with a sliding bar underneath
for regulating or quite shutting off the air supply; by this arrangement perfect
combustion is insured even with the smallest amount of fuel. The damper may
consist of two parts for a very wide fire; one of them has a handle and the other
turns around the same spindle and has a handle; these handles glide against
springs.
By regulation of the air adımission lid and of the draught damper or dampers
relatively to one another, the combustion may be rendered perfect, and the leat
concentrated and evenly distributed over all parts of the fire-place, as required.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Peter Jensen in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 22nd December
1877,
PETER JENSEN, of Chancery Lane, London. "IMPROVEMENTS IN HEATING AND
VENTILATING BUILDINGS AND IN APPARATUS THEREFOR." (A communication from
abroad by Peter Johann Ekman, of Stockholm, Sweden.)
In heating apparatus as heretofore usually constructed the heat generated in
the fire-place passes either directly into the chimney, or through several turns of
pipes in and around the object to be heated; because of the quick passage of the
heat through these pipes a great deal of heat escapes into the chimney without being
utilized.
According to this Invention all pipe bends are avoided in the part of the apparatus
or stove where the heat is to be utilized, and the flame and heat is perfectly free
to develop in a space ascending therein to its top, and then beginning to descend,
all according as new heat is developed and ascends, and then descends to the lower
part of the apparatus where it escapes to the chimney. By this retention and slow
passage of the heat to the lower part of the apparatus a sufficient time is gained for
its utilization as required.
By the application of such an apparatus of small size for a room, a heat of 60 to
65 degrees F. has been maintained, and that with such a low consumption of fuel
that the products of combustion escaping in the chimney only had a temperature of
70 to 92° F. The low heat in the chimney is a safe-guard against fire there,
and the chimney need not with this heating apparatus be made of brick-work,
but may well be made of a lighter material, which affords facilities in the arrange-
ment of the building.
These new heating apparatus may be made in various forms and sizes as required,
and in such material as may be most suitable in each case.
According to arrangements shewn on Sheets 1 and 2, the stove is made circular
or other forin, and of fire-clay or brick. It may be cuclosed in cast iron or sheet iron,
like the well-known iron stoves used in northern continental countries, and with
any desired ornamentation. In these arrangements the fire-place is by preference
a round chamber tapering upwards above the space for the fuel, according to one
arrangement shewn at Figures 1A, 1B, 1C, Sheet 1, the heat rises from the fire-
place b to the upper part of a heating chamber c above; it then descends again and
passes off below by finto the chimney; the air is drawn into the cross pipe d and
air-heating pipe d', passing through the heating chamber c; this air thereby becomes
heated, and passing out at or near the top of the stove returns to the room; by this
air circulation the room becomes rapidly heated, and the temperature becomes
tolerably assimilated above and below. The desired temperature having been
attained, a damper provided at the top of the air-heating chamber d', but not shewn
here, can then be closed, thus retaining the heated air therein, and by opening the
damper the hot air is let out into the room.
When the smoke has to be led directly through the wall of the room or where
the draught is only weak, a stove pipe may be passed right through the stove from
bottom to top, where it leads into the chimney, the gases in the stove pipe
become heated in their upward passage, and thus the draught is increased,
but at the expense of economy. Or a stove pipe for leading off the vitiated
air, and another stove pipe for bringing in fresh air may be led through the stove,
as shown at , i, respectively, Figures 2A, 2 B, 2 C, and 2 D.
For quickly heating and circulating the air in a room, a stove is used, as shewn
at Figures 3 A and 3 B, wherein the air is drawn in through one or more
openings e below, leading into air flues i, passing up to the top, and there out into
the room.
Figure 4A is an elevation; Figure 4 B, a vertical section; .and Figure +C, a cross
section of a stove similar to the last described, but with only one air flue d, and

page_text: :
there is left a space between the iron casing and the fire-brick; a pipe is also placed
upon the top of the round tapering chamber over the fuel space, so as to carry
the heat higher up into the heating chamber c before it is allowed to circulate
therein. Figures 5 A, 5 B, are enlarged views, with the arrangement of the fire-brick
somewhat modified.
Figure 6 shows in plan and in end elevation one of the sections whereof the
brick lining is built up or "composed." These stoves may be made large enough
for heating large localities, and be fitted with more than one fire-place and stove
pipe or air flue. For large spaces requiring to be heated quickly, but to be used
for a short time only, the stoves may be made of iron lined with fire-clay or brick-
work at the fire-place, or all over inside, or it may with proper proportions be made
almost entirely of iron without any such lining, as the heat can be so regulated that
the iron does not get overheated.
By the constant air circulation in the pipes or flues the air in the room is drawn
downwards, and the temperature somewhat equalized at different levels; such stoves
may also be applied for ventilation by the outer air.
According to another arrangement shewn on Sheet 3, Figures 7 A, 7B, 7 C, 7 D,
7E, 7 F, 7 G, the apparatus is shown constructed so as to burn coals, cokes, peat, or
wood. The heat from the fire-place brises to the top or the interior heat chamber c,
then passes down through exterior surrounding front and side flues c', and then off
to the chimney f, at the bottom; the flues do not form a continuous tubular system,
but are merely for taking up the heat and gradually to give it off to the outer walls
of the stove. These flues may also be arranged for circulation of the air in the
room, or for ventilation by means of the outer air.
The sole of the hearth or fire-place and the grate may be so arranged as to secure
the entire consumption of the fuel without leaving remnants; for this purpose
the hearth may be inclined towards the centre from each side, and has a grating
in the central part, only the fuel falling towards the centre. The charge of fuel
being entirely consumed, the damper o in the chimney flue f may be closed, thus
avoiding loss of heat.
For burning cokes the hearth or fire-place is made of iron, like a pot or fire-
basket, as is well known; the heat therefrom ascends in the outer part of the heat
chamber, and the outlet to the chimney is below as before; the interior of the
stove is taken up by an air flue or chamber which draws in the air from the room
and heats it, the hot air passing out at the top; this flue may also be fitted with
dampers, as in the arrangement described with reference to Sheets 1 and 2.
According to another arrangement, shown on Sheet 4, Figures 8 A, 8 B, 8 C, 8 D,
8 E, 8 F, and 8 G, the heating chambers c¹ are formed somewhat in the manner last
described, but this stove is provided with, by preference, four tubes or passages D
(two on each side of the fire-place); there are openings e at the base of the. stove;
forming a communication with the air in the room; the fire being lighted, the heat
ascends and circulates in the manner before described, thus heating the tubes or
pipes d (which pass through the chamber c); the air from the room enters the
pipes through the openings e, and passing up the tubes becomes heated
and then passes off into the room by the openings at the top of the stove;
these openings may be provided with dampers so as to regulate the temperature
as desired; openings or doors are provided for cleaning out the soot.
The Invention may be applied to a combined heating stove and cooking stove, as
shown on Sheet 5, Figures 9 A, 9 B, 9 C, 9 D; the heat in the cooking stove is
almost entirely utilized for heating the room. The heat goes from the fire-place b,
the upper part of which is by preference slanting; the fire-place b is in front at the
cooking stove or kitchener; the heat passes thence by a damper opening p into
the heat chamber c of the upright heating stove behind, and then off to the chimney
below at f. In summer or when heat is not required there the heat passes off by a
damper o off to the chimey direct.
When in special cases the heat from the kitchener does not suffice for heating
the kitchener, another fire-place b¹ may be arranged at the heating stove also. The

page_text: damper between kitchener and heating stove acts as follows:-In ordinary cases,
when the grate is not covered sufficiently by the fuel, or when the spaces between
the fuel pieces are very large, then a greater bulk of air will pass through than
needful or useful for a good combustion, and a loss in economy and heat results.
To obviate this the grate is made inclined, straight, or curved, in order that even
the smallest amount of fuel may fall or slide down to the lowest part of the fire-
place where the grate q is; the latter is fitted with a sliding lid q' underneath for
regulating or quite shutting off the air supply; by this arrangement perfect com-
bustion is ensured even with the smallest amount of fuel. The damper may consist
of two parts p and p¹ for a very wide fire; one of them, p, has a handle r, and the
other, p, turns around the same spindle and has a handle these handles
.glide against springs. By regulation of the air admission lid q, and of the draught
damper p or dampers p and p¹ relatively to one another, the combustion may be
rendered perfect, and the heat concentrated and evenly distributed over all parts of
the fire-place as required.
.
According to the arrangement shewn on Sheet 6, the Invention is shewn as
applied to a sitting or other room or hall. Figure 10 A being a front elevation;
Figure 10 B, a vertical section; Figure 10 G, a cross section; and Figures 10 C,
10 D, 10 E, and 10 F, enlarged views; Figures 10 C and 10 D, being cross sections
Figure 10 E, elevation of front plate; and Figure 10 F, vertical section of same.
bis the fire-place; c, c¹, the heating chambers; d, air flues or pipes passing up through
the heating chambers c¹ on each side of the fire-place b. The heat ascends to the
top of the heating chamber c, then descends again by the heating chambers c¹ on
each side of the fire-place, and thence to the flue f; this flue f is provided with a
damper o; a damper t is provided at the bottom of the front of stove to regulate the
admission of air into the space a beneath the fire-place b, which can be regulated so
as to insure a perfect combustion; the damper t is kept in any desired position by
means of the rack w; the door or movable part of the front plate of the
stove is provided with openings x, to admit air into the heating chamber c;
for the purpose of securing the door or movable part of the front plate
it is provided with four knobs t¹, the spindles of which carry bolts or buttons
which hold it in its position in the fixed part u as shown; soot holes y are also pro-
vided as shown.
And having thus described and ascertained the nature of this Invention, I declare
that I claim,
Firstly. The application of heating chambers or flues in stoves in such manner
that the heat from the fire-place first ascends to the top of the stove, there
disperses, and then slowly descends to the lower part of the stove, there passing
off to the chimney, all arranged substantially as herein-before described and
shown.
Secondly. The application of air heating flues or pipes to stoves for heating
air from the room or from the outer atmosphere, said air passing through said
pipes, or being retained therein, all substantially as herein-before described and
shewn.
Thirdly. The application of the aforesaid improvements singly or combined
to, kitchen stoves, all arranged substantially as herein-before described and shown.
In witness whereof, I, the said Peter Jensen, have hereunto set my hand and
seal, this Twenty-first day of December, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and seventy-seven.