IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR GENERATING CERTAIN GASES TO BE USED AS FUEL AND AS REDUCING AGENTS IN METALLURGIC AND OTHER OPERATIONS, AND IMPROVEMENTS IN FURNACES TO BE HEATED AND WORKED THEREWITH
Year: 1860

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Frederic Yates, of Berlin, but now residing at
No. 31, Parliament Street, Westminster, Civil Engineer, for the Inven-
tion of "IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR GENERATING CERTAIN GASES TO BE USED
AS FUEL AND AS REDUCING AGENTS IN METALLURGIC AND OTHER OPERATIONS,
AND IMPROVEMENTS IN FURNACES TO BE HEATED AND WORKED THEREWITH"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Frederic Yates at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 25th
January 1860.
I, FREDERIC YATES, of Berlin, but now residing at No. 31, Parliament
Street, Westminster, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR GENERATING CERTAIN GASES TO BE USED
AS FUEL AND AS REDUCING AGENTS IN METALLURGIC AND OTHER OPERATIONS, AND
IMPROVEMENTS IN FURNACES TO BE HEATED AND WORKED THEREWITH," to be as
follows:-
The object of my Invention is to produce certain gases, the production of
the action of atmospheric air on incandescent carbonaceous matter, the latter
in excess, and to apply these gases as fuel and reducing agents in metallurgic
[Price 8d.]

page_text: and certain other operations in which high temperatures are required, such as,
amongst others, to puddling, welding, smelting, or otherwise treating iron or
iron ores in making or smelting steel,in reducing or operating with other ores
or metals in glass making, evaporating water, generating steam, or similar
processes; and, generally, my Invention consists in improved arrangements
and methods of working the gas generator, or that in which atmospheric air
is brought in contact with the carbonaceous matter for the production of
these gases; in improved arrangements for bringing atmospheric air in con
tact with these gases for their combustion or conversion into the heating or
reacting agents; and for improved methods for directing the heated
matter upon the points to be heated or materials to be acted upon.
gaseous
And, secondly, my Invention consists in improvements in the construction
or arrangements of apparatus and furnaces in which are placed materials to be
heated or acted upon by the gaseous matters produced as above; and these
improvements are as follow, namely:-Instead of the disadvantageous plan of
causing the air to pass into the carbonaceous matter only, at or about the lower
end of the decomposing chamber, and to flow in an upward current through
it, my improvements (whereby many great advantages are gained) consists,
firstly, in admitting the air by one or more tuyeres of a certain construction,
at or about the upper end of the closed decomposing chamber, and thence
forcing it in a current downwards through it whilst charging the decom-
posing chamber with the carbonaceous matter. I preserve it air-tight by using
a cast-iron hopper, fitted with an air-tight moveable cover at the top, and with
a moveable conical shaped stopper at the bottom; or I use a hollow drum
fitted air-tight into an outer cylinder, which drum, on being turned on its
horizontal axis, deposits its contents in the chamber; or I use an air-tight
cover on the top of the chamber itself, and below it a horizontal slide, upon
which the carbonaceous matter rests, and which, when withdrawn, allows its
load to fall into the chamber; or I place a hopper with an air-tight cover at
one side of the generator, with a slide working up and down vertically or
obliquely. The gas generator or generators I place above the level of the
fire bridge, (but sometimes below it, or partly above and partly below, thereby
forming a compound or double one,) but in either case in close juxtaposition
to the furnace, or points or parts of the furnace or apparatus, or materials
to be heated; or, where the burning gases have to act, in order thereby to
realize the maximum heating and reducing effects, I place the generator or
generators either perpendicular, slanting, or horizontal, and at the end or
sides or angles of the body of the furnace or apparatus. In order to bring
about the proper combustion, or any special condition of these gases, I place

page_text: a tuyère of a peculiar form and construction outside and at the back of the
generator, about at the level of and behind the fire bridge, pointing in a
direction over this into or about the centre of the furnace apparatus, or upon
the materials to be heated. I also place this tuyère for certain purposes in
advance of the fire bridge above the arch,and pointing perpendicularly down-
wards, or in a slanting direction, upon the materials or points or parts of the
furnace to be heated, and occasionally two or more tuyères acting conjointly
in these positions. The tuyère itself is so constructed that it can be fixed at
any desired angle, to throw a thin sheet of air into or upon the current of
gaseous matter, and thence upon any part of the furnace or materials to be
heated. Further (in other cases) the tuyère itself is so constructed, that this
thin sheet of air is divided into several parts, so as to project the current at
different angles, and my contrivance for effecting this consists in affixing to
the main air-pipe (instead of the undivided tuyère giving the air in a thin
sheet as aforesaid) a compound tuyère so arranged that the sheet of air is
divided into two or more parts, and each part fixed at different angles, can at
pleasure be pointed in any desired direction upon the gaseous current, and
thence into the body of the furnace, or on the materials to be heated. In
using the air, that is employed to work the above, heated, I prefer to obtain
the requisite heat by an arrangement in the furnace itself as follows, namely,
beyond the outlet bridge, if any, reverberatory or other furnace in which
these gaseous matters are used, I fix one portion of the main air-pipe, so
that the superfluous heat from the furnace shall heat the current of air in
going through this portion on its way to the combustion tuyère.
My Invention consists, further, in an improved construction and arrange-
ment of furnace to be used chiefly for smelting large quantities or masses of
steel or other metals at one operation, or for heating large masses of iron or
steel for welding and forging them, or for other operations where intense heats
are to be concentrated or directed on any particular points or parts, or upon
any materials to be heated. Preferably, the form of the said furnace is oblong
or spheroidel, the sole being dish-shaped and the roof eliptic, the latter
moveable for renewal or repairs. The heat is supplied by the use of two or
more, either simple or compound, gas generators; of the kind herein-before
described, placed either at the ends or at the sides, that is, in a direct line,
either with the long or short axis of the furnace, or at any other angle with
reference to these axes. In order to heat the atmospheric air used to burn
the gases from the generators, I employ for this furnace arrangements similar
to those described above, but placing (in this case) the heating pipes at right
angles to a straight line between any two generators, and at the opposite side

page_text: of the working door of the furnace. The kinds and arrangements of the
relative positions of the tuyère for supplying the atmospheric air are the same
as those herein-before described.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Frederic Yates in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 25th July 1860.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, FREDERIO
YATES, of No. 31, Parliament Street, Westminster, Civil Engineer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-fifth day of January, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty, in the twenty-third year
of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant
unto me, the said Frederic Yates, Her special license that I, the said
Frederic Yates, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others
as I, the said Frederic Yates, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at
all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR GENERATING CERTAIN GASES TO BE USED AS FUEL AND
AS REDUCING AGENTS IN METALLURGIC AND OTHER OPERATIONS, AND IMPROVEMENTS
IN FURNACES TO BE HEATED AND WORKED THEREWITH,'
upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said Frederic Yates, by an instrument in writing
under my hand and seal,should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
per-
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Frederic Yates, do hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the
letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say):-
The object of the first part of my Invention is to produce certain gases, the
production of the action of atmospheric air, either hot or cold, on incandescent

page_text: carbonaceous matter, the latter in excess. This part of my Invention also
relates to improved apparatus whereby I am enabled to apply these gases as
fuel and reducing agents in metallurgic and certain other operations in which
high temperatures are required, such, amongst other purposes, as to puddling,
welding, smelting, or otherwise treating of iron or iron ores; also in making or
melting steel in reducing or operating with or upon other ores or metals. This
part of the Invention is also applicable in glass making, evaporating water,
generating steam, or for other similar processes. And generally this part of
my Invention consists in improved arrangements and methods of working the
gas generator or the apparatus in which hot or cold atmospheric air is brought
in contact with the carbonaceous matter for the production of the combustible
gases, in order to promote their combustion or conversion into the heating or
re-acting agents, and also for improved methods for directing the heated
gaseous matter upon the points to be heated or materials to be acted upon.
The second part of my Invention consists in improvements in the con-
struction or arrangement of apparatus and furnaces in which are placed
materials to be heated or acted upon by the gaseous matters produced
as above.
In the accompanying Drawings, Fig. 1, Sheet I., is a vertical section of
one of my improved gas generators; Fig. 2 is a similar view of a modifica-
tion of the above; and Fig. 3 is a sectional view of another form of gas
generator. Fig. 4, Sheet II., is a vertical section taken in the line of the
long axis of a reverberatory furnace to be used for melting steel, and having
my improved gas generators adapted thereto, one on each side of the furnace;
Fig. 5 is another sectional view of the same, but taken through the short
axis of the furnace. Fig. 6, Sheet III., is a sectional plan view of the
furnace, shewn in Figures 4 and 5; Fig. 7 is a vertical section of one of the
gas generators taken in the line 1, 2, of Fig. 6. Fig. 8, Sheet IV., is a
vertical section of a puddling furnace with one of my improved gas
generators adapted thereto; Fig. 9 is a sectional plan view of the same.
Instead of the disadvantageous plan of causing the air of ignition to pass
into the carbonaceous inatter only at or about the lower end of the decom-
posing chamber, and to flow in an upward current through the chamber, I
construct and arrange the decomposing chamber in the manner shewn in
Figures 1 and 2, whereby many advantages are gained, such as the thorough
conversion of the products of distillation into gases, and these again coming
into the chamber of ignition in the hottest possible state. This part of my
Invention consists in admitting the air into the closed decomposing chamber
A, A, at or about the top by one or more tuyeres a, a, thereby forcing it in a

page_text: current downwards, as shewn by the arrows; but when for convenience, I
sometimes use a compound generator, as shewn at Fig. 2. I admit the air
at the same time not only at the top through the tuyere a, but also at or about
the bottom through one or more tuyeres b, b, thereby forcing it partly in an
upward and partly in a downward direction through the incandescent matter.
If hot air is used in the decomposing chamber, which with certain carbona-
ceous matters, such as anthracite, is preferable, I employ a common water
tuyere, which, being well known, need not be particularly described; or I use
a tuyere cooled by a current of air passed through it instead of water.
The decomposing chambers or generators A, I make of any polygonal
section, square, oblong, oval, or round, and from three to thirteen feet in
height or length, according to the carbonaceous matter to be employed. The
generators are made of refractory materials inside, cased with massive brick-
work, or with cast or wrought-iron plates outside. I place them at the end,
sides, or at any angle with the body of the furnace or apparatus, either
perpendicular, slanting, or horizontal, but prefer the perpendicular position,
and to place the generators at each end of the long axis of the furnace, as
shewn at Figures 4, 5, and 6. I prefer placing the generator or generators
in close juxtaposition to the furnace, in order that the gases may enter the
furnace or place where they are to be burned as hot as possible ;. but the
generators can be placed at any convenient distance from the furnace or place
to be heated. The generators may be placed above the level of the fire-bridge,
as shewn at Fig. 1; or for practical convenience they may be placed as shewn
at Fig. 4, where the bottom of the generator is sunk somewhat below the level
of the fire-bridge, without altering the principle of the downward current of the
air or gases, and is, therefore, in principle to all intents and purposes, as if it
were placed above the level of the fire-bridge in the sense in which I mean it.
I force the air of ignition into the incandescent mass of fuel through one or
more tuyeres, as shewn at a, a, in the Drawing at Fig. 1, at or about the
upper end of the generator, or that part furthest from the fire-bridge and
below the charge of fresh fuel, so that the air passes in a current downwards
through the incandescent carbonaceous matter, thereby converting all the fuel
and the tars and oils distilled out of the carbonaceous matter into the gases
required, such as carbonic oxide and carburetted hydrogen, whereby I am
enabled to carry on the processes in the furnaces for metallurgical and similar
purposes with the greatest possible nicety. I also have the quality of the
flame entirely under my control, which, chemically, is of the greatest
importance, besides the further advantage of being able through this a arrange-
ment to bring the gases into the furnace or place where the heat is required at

page_text: a high temperature, thereby securing at the place of combustion the maximum
of heat which enables me to obtain such an intense temperature, that I am
able to meit large masses of cast or puddled steel at one operation, and
without crucibles. In certain cases I place a generator or generators partly
below the level of the fire-bridge, as shewn at Fig. 2, and the air is forced
in at the top and bottom of the generator through the tuyeres a and b.
It will be seen that in the gas generator above described a distinctive
feature in its construction is, that no fire-bars are employed; in Fig. 3, however,
I have shewn a generator in which fire-bars are used, but I do not consider
this construction to be so advantageous as the others.
In Fig. 3, the gene-
rating chamber is supplied with carbonaceous matter from two to three feet in
depth, which matter rests upon the fire bars a*, and in order to diminish and
regulate the supply of air to the carbonaceous matter a conical chamber b° is
adapted to the under side of the fire-bars, and is provided with a throttle
valve c* or other equivalent contrivance, so as to give the attendant perfect
control over the supply of air. Another valve e* is adapted to an opening at
the bottom of the ash-pit, and may also be made to serve as a regulator for the
admission of air. d is the clearing out hole at the bottom of the generator.
For supplying the air of ignition I use a blast of a certain pressure, and
force the air into the incandescent mass of fuel by means of a fanner or blast
cylinder according to the fuel employed, but sometimes the draught from a
common chimney alone will suffice. For the generation of the gases I prefer
cold air, but for certain sorts of fuel, such as anthracite, the air should be
heated. The air-pipes for the admission of the air of ignition, if artificial
blast be used, are supplied with stop rocks c, to enable the workman to control
the quantity of air going in at the tuyeres, as, upon the proper regulation of
the supply of air in a great measure the success of the operations depend.
Holes are left in convenient parts of the generator, as at d, Figures 1, 2, and
4, for clearing away the cinder or ashes which accumulate. I place one, two,
or even more generators to one furnace, according as it is necessary to create
more or less heat for the operations, and these I arrange in any convenient
manner as above mentioned. Although it is not indispensably necessary, yet
I prefer to keep the decomposing chamber air-tight whilst the operation of
filling it with the carbonaceous matter is taking place, and this object may be
effected in various ways, and two simple arrangements for the purpose are
shewn at Figures 4 and S. At Fig. 8 is a cast-iron hopper capable of con_
taining from one to two or more cubic feet of carbonaceous matter; fis a
cover fitting air-tight into the rim of the hopper, the rim being made in such
a manner that it can be filled with sand or other like substance; gis a cone

page_text: or stopper of fire-brick or cast iron fitting air-tight into the under side of the
hopper; h, h, are rods fastened on to the stopper g at one end, and to the
lever i at the other; j is a chain fastened to two light rods k, k, attached to
the cover fat the one end, and running over two pullies m, m, to a counter-
weight at the other. This apparatus is placed directly over the centre and top
of the generator A, and its action is as follows:-On the counterweight
being pulled the cover frises sufficiently high to allow of the fuel being thrown
into the hopper e, when this is done the cover fis allowed to fall and close the
hopper quite air-tight. When it is desired to fill the generator the lever i is
raised and the stopper gis lowered, thereby allowing the fuel to fall into the
generator. The counterweight at the end of the lever i brings the cone or
stopper g back again to its seat, and the hopper being again filled, the same
operation can be repeated. From the above description it will be understood
that the cover is closed when the cone is inoved, and the cone is closed when
the cover is moved. I sometimes use a filling apparatus such as is shewn at
Fig. 4, where e is a hopper with an air-tight cover f, as in the former instance,
and g. is a slide made of iron or fire-clay, and upon which the fuel rests.
Upon the slide being withdrawn its burden falls into the decomposing
chamber A; or instead of this contrivance I employ a hopper with an air-tight
cover and place the same on one side or at the back end of the generator and
provide it with a slide that works vertically or obliquely; or I use a hollow
drum fitted air-tight into an outer cylinder, which drum on being turned on
its horizontal axis discharges its contents into the chamber A. All these
apparatus can, however, be dispensed with if desired, and the generator may
be fed in the same manner as is usually done with furnaces, namely, through
a small fire-door at the side or end of the generator, but this plan I do not
recommend, as a considerable loss of gas takes place at each filling.
Having now described the form and position of the decomposing chamberas
adaptable to any of the operations herein-before mentioned, I will simply
describe its action. The generator is supplied with a small quantity of
carbonaceous matter which is ignited through the holes d, and then the
chamber A is gradually filled through the hopper e until the ignited fuel
reaches above the tuyeres a, the holes d are then to be closed up and a small
quantity of air is to be let in through the tuyere a, when the gases begin to be
generated. The filling operation must then be continued at regular intervals
or as the carbonaceous matter is consumed. The gases so generated are
conducted through the passage B, Fig. 4,into the furnace or chamber C, where
they will be burned by the addition of a certain quantity of air which is caused
to intermingle with the gases, and in this case is made to produce a neutral

page_text: flame, which is the only flame that can be advantageously used for melting
steel in the furnace, she wn in Fig. 4, which is intended to be used for heating
or melting steel or alloys of iron and carbon, for which purpose the substance
to be operated upon is placed upon the sole or hearth of the furnace in pieces
of convenient size, and the neutral flame is made to act upon it and heat
or melt the same.
In order to bring about the proper combustion or any special condition of
the gases formed as above, so as to produce a high degree of heat, such as
will be required to melt steel or other alloys of iron and carbon, a tuyere n
(Fig. 4) for the admission of hot air to promote the combustion of the gases is
placed outside and at the back of the passage B leading from the generator
and pointing through the middle of the opening above the fire-bridge to about
the centre of the furnace or chamber C. I do not, however, confine myself to
any exact angle. Sometimes I place this tuyere of combustion for certain
purposes in various positions, as, for instance, in Figures 1 and 2, in advance
of the fire-bridge above the arch, and pointing perpendicularly downwards or
in a slanting direction upon the materials or points or parts of the furnace or
apparatus to be heated; I sometimes place a tuyere for certain purposes just
under the fire-bridge pointing in a horizontal direction into the furnace or
Capparatus to be heated, and use one or more of these tuyeres of combustion in
one or other of the positions described at one and the same time, according
to the object to be effected. Another arrangement for the admission of air for
combustion is by letting in the air through small holes or tuyeres arranged in
different places all round the body of the furnace or apparatus, and pointing
in rays towards its centre or upon some particular object to heated therein.
In Sheet III. I have shewn various views of two sorts of tuyeres which I
intend to use in conjunction with my other improvements. One of these
arrangements, viz., that shewn in section at Fig. 10, and in elevation at
Fig. 11, will throw a thin sheet of air at any desired angle into or upon the
current of gaseous matter, and thence upon any part of the furnace or materials
to be heated. The tuyeres shewn in cross section at Fig. 12, and in longi-
tudinal section at Fig. 13, are so constructed that they will not only throw a
thin sheet of air, but this sheet may also be divided into several parts, so as to
project the current at different angles from the main direction of the tuyere
itself. This object is effected by affixing to the main hot-air pipe o, Figures 4
and 8 (instead of the undivided tuyere shewn in Figures 10 and 11, and which
latter projects the air in a thin sheet, as aforesaid) a compound tuyere so
arranged that the sheet of air is divided into two or more parts, and each or
every part capable of being fixed at different angles to the main direction of

page_text: the body of the tuyere, and can at pleasure be pointed in any desired
direction upon the gaseous current or points to be heated.
The undivided tuyeres, shewn in Figures 10 and 11, is made of thin sheet
iron, of a pear-shaped section, and from two to three feet in length, according
to circumstances. o is the branch to join it to the main hot-air pipe; p, p, are
bars of iron of considerable thickness, and from three to four inches broad,
running along the whole length of the nose or slit to protect the sheet iron
from being burnt away, and are fastened to the sheet-iron body of the tuyere
by rivets or screws to facilitate their removal for renewal when burnt.
The divided tuyere shewn at Figures 12 and 13, is a compound tuyere for
throwing a divided sheet of air, but can also be made to throw an undivided
sheet, and is made chiefly of cast iron. A series of cylindrical boxes q, q, are
turned at their end, so as to fit air-tight one into the other, and are kept in
their places by means of a long rod or screw bolt r, r. On these cylindrical
boxes q, q, nozzles are cast, into which nose pipes s, s, made of gas tubing are
filled. o is the branch whereby the divided tuyere is connected to the main
hot-air pipe, and the nose pipes s, s, are flattened at their extreme end, and
protected from burning by means of thick rings t, t, as shewn in the Drawing.
It will be evident that by loosening the screw bolt r the seven cylindrical
boxes q, q, will be loosened in these sockets, and that one or more of them can
be placed at any desired angle, thereby making it possible to point one or
more tuyeres at any desired angle, as shewn by dotted lines at u, u, Fig. 12.
The main hot-air pipe is also supplied with a stop-cock v to regulate
exactly the amount of air to be admitted through this tuyere.
The arrangements I prefer for heating the air of combustion is shewn in
Figures 4 and 5, Sheet II., I prefer the air to be hot, and in order to obtain
the requisite degree of temperature I cause the air to pass through cast-iron
pipes w, w, placed in the chimney or flue of the furnace, and I make use of
the waste heat of the furnace itself to heat these pipes should boilers be
attached to such furnaces, or should the boiler itself be heated with gas then
vary this arrangement, and if the boiler be a horizontal one I lay the hot-air
pipe under the bottom of it, and if the boiler should be a vertical one I
coil the hot air pipe round it, or in the flue, but any other arrangement
for heating the air may be employed.
I
Figures 4, 5, 6, and 7 represent various views of a furnace for melting steel
or other metals, welding large masses of iron, or other purposes where intense
heats are required, for which purpose two of my improved generators are
adapted. C is the body of the furnace, which is of an elliptical section; D
is a moveable arch composed of graphite, coke dust, charcoal, or the like,

page_text: mixed with fire-clay, and stamped very solid in an almost dry state into a
framing of wrought iron, which rests upon the solid masonry of the side walls
into the body of the furnace, as shewn at Figures 4 and 5. Fire-bricks wedged
into a moveable frame can be substituted for this arch. It will be evident that
by thus making the dome or arch of the furnace removable with facility a fresh
arch can be put on to the furnace when required, without materially interfering
with the operation of the furnace. The bottom of the furnace is dish-shaped,
and is rammed in quite solid,and composed of the same materials as the arch.
The bottom is composed of fire-bricks, and y is the plate upon which the
bottom rests; and y* are plates for keeping the furnace together; at the sides
a tap hole is provided for running off the molten metal, and an exit aperture
for the products of combustion. A, A, are the decomposing chainbers; B, B,
are the flues through which the gases pass to the furnace C; n, n, are the
tuyeres of combustion shewn in the various Figures at different places, as used
for certain purposes, either separately or conjointly; eis a feeding hopper with
air-tight covers f, as before described; and g, a slide of fire-clay for allowing
the fuel to descend into the generating chambers A, A; d, d, are holes
for clearing away cinder or ashes; a, a, a, a, are the tuyeres of ignition.
It will be evident that if desired the furnace C, as well as the dome, may be
so constructed as to be as easily removeable as the dome or arch itself. To this
end I construct the hearth and walls of the furnace, together with the dome or
arch, in one piece, so as to form a kind of barrel-shaped crucible, which is
capable of being removed. A moveable furnace of this kind is shewn detached
at Fig. 4. It is formed by preference of iron, or any frame or case of baked
fire-clay may be used. This case is to be filled with graphite or carbon mixed
with fire-clay or other refractory material, and well rammed in. This moveable
furnace must of course have suitable apertures made in it for the admission
of the heated gases, and the exit of the gaseous products of combustion,
and it is to be mounted upon rails, so that it may be moved into or away
from its place when required, as indicated by the arrows in Fig. 5.
It is obvious that instead of moving the furnace and its appendages
horizontally on rails, it may be lifted up by means of a crane or other
contrivance in a similar manner to that shewn in Fig. 4 for moving or
lifting the dome or arch.
Having now described my Invention, and having explained the manner
of carrying the same into effect, I claim as the Invention secured to me by
Letters Patent as aforesaid,-
First, the mode of and apparatus herein set forth for generating the
combustible gases.

page_text: Second, I claim the mode herein set forth of supplying atmospheric air
to the heated gases.
Third, I claim the improved construction of tuyeres, shewn and described.
Fourth, I claim the mode herein set forth of melting cast steel, or alloys
of iron and carbon; I also claim the arrangement or construction of
furnaces, herein shewn and described for heating metals or forgings, or
melting metals or alloys, or for other purposes, particularly where a high
degree of heat is required, and also the mode of constructing the hearth or
sole, and the dome or arch of reverberatory furnaces.
Fifth, I claim so constructing the body or that part of the furnace wherein
the materials to be operated upon are placed that it or part thereof may be
removed when required, as above set forth.
Sixth, I claim the mode herein shewn and described of constructing and
heating puddling, reheating, or reverberatory furnaces.
In witness whereof, I, the said Frederic Yates, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, the Twenty-fifth day of July, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty.
Witness,
J. W. MOFFATT,
66, Chancery Lane.
FRED. YATES. (L.S.)