CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR CUTTING VEGETABLE AND OTHER SUBSTANCES
Year: 1840

page_text: EARL OF DUCIE, CLYBURN, AND BUDDING'S
SPECIFICATION.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, the
Right Honorable FRANCIS Earl of DUCIE, of Woodchester Park, in the
County of Gloucester, RICHARD CLYBURN, of Uley, Engineer,. and EDWIN
BUDDING, Engineer, of Dursley, both in the same County, severally send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by
Her Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing
date at Westminster, the Fifteenth day of October, in the fourth year of
'Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us,
the said Francis Earl of Ducie, Richard Clyburn, and Edwin Budding, Her
especial licence, full power, sole privilege, and authority, that wo, the said
Francis Earl of Ducie, Richard Clyburn, and Edwin Budding, our executors,
administrators, and assigns, and such others as we, the said Francis Earl of.
Ducie, Richard Clyburn, and Edwin Budding,. our executors, administrators,
For assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times during the term of years therein mentioned, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, the Town of
Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in all Her Majesty's Colonies and Plantations
abroad, our Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR CUTTING
VEGETABLE AND OTHER SUBSTANCES;" in which said Letters Patent is contained
á proviso obliging us, the said Francis Earl of Ducic, Richard Clyburn,
and Edwin Budding, by an instrument in writing under our hands and seals,

page_text: or under the hand and seal of one of us, particularly to describe and ascertain
the nature of our said. Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, and to cause the same to be inrolled in Her Majesty's High Court
of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of 'the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference
being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, we, the said
Francis Earl of Ducie, Richard Clyburn, and Edwin Budding, do hereby
declare that the nature of our said Invention, and the manner in which the
same is to be performed, are particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following description thereof, reference being had to the Drawings
hereunto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is
to say):
:-
Our Invention of certain improvements in machinery for cutting vegetable
and other substances consists, in the first place, in the application and use
of novel or improved constructions of rotatory tools or cutters for the purposes
and uses herein-after set forth and described; and, in the second place, in
an improved mode or method of regulating the feeding or supply of certain
materials to the operating tool or cutters.
We will first briefly state the different applications or uses to which our
Invention applies, and then describe the means or apparatus by which we
intend to carry the same into effect (that is to say):-
Our improvements in machinery for cutting vegetable and other substances
consist, firstly, in the application and use of a peculiarly formed or constructed
rotatory knife-edged tool or cutter, to the purposes of cutting, paring, or
shaving of certain substances herein after mentioned; such rotatory tool or
cutter consisting of a blade or blades coiled spirally, or in the form of a screw,
either upon a cylinder, or upon rims, hoops, discs, or wheels; each blade being
so coiled as to form at all points of its width or transverse section an angle
with the axis or centre line of the coil so formed thereby, enabling us to
produce a bevil knife or sharp-cutting edge by removing the outside of the
thickness of such blades in an angular direction, and admitting of a ready
mode of sharpening the same without the necessity of removing or detaching
the blades from the axis on which they revolve, or the axis itself from the
machine.
*Secondly, our improvements consist in supporting such blades or cutters
throughout their whole length upon a cylinder suitably formed when used for
the purpose only of cutting hay, straw, or other such substances intended to
be used as food for cattle or other animals.

page_text: Thirdly, in the employment of a spiral or coiled blade or cutter for the
purpose of cutting turnips, mangel wurzel, or other roots into slices, or other
pieces, to be used as food for cattle, sheep, or other animals.
Fourthly, our improvements consist in a mode of changing the speed of the
feeding rollers in what are commonly called chaff-cutting machines, in order
that the hay, straw, or other matter under operation may be cut into different
lengths if required.
And, lastly, in giving to spiral or coiled rotatory blades or cutters a notched
or serrated edge, resembling a sickle or finely cut saw; such edge ⚫ being
capable of retaining that property or figure as it is ground away by the process
of sharpening.
In the accompanying Drawings, at Figures 1, 2, and 3, we have shewn
one mode, which we prefer, of constructing our novel or improved tools or
cutters, the application of which to certain purposes herein-after mentioned,"
constitutes, as before stated, the first head of our Invention.
Fig. 1 is a plan or horizontal view of one construction of the cylinder, axle,
or framing, on which the blade or blades for producing the cutting edge or
edges are mounted or affixed; Fig. 2 is a similar view of the complete cutter
or tool, the blades being affixed to the cylinder; and Fig. 3 is a section taken
longitudinally through the same. The cylinder or axle in this instance is of
iron, having screw-like or spiral grooves or channels b, b; b, formed thercon ;
one side of these channels are inclined planes, forming an angle with the axis
and periphery of the cylinder, as will be seen by reference to Fig. 3; upon
these inclined planes or sides of the grooves the knives or blades c, c, c, are
placed or wound in a spiral direction, and attached thereto by screws, as shewn
in the Drawings, or by rivets or other means. d, d, is the axis, upon which
the cylinder with its blades revolves, which axis is keyed to the arms or discs
e, e, at each end of the cylinder. It will be perceived by inspection of the
Drawings that owing to the angle at which the blades are placed to the axis of
their rotation, that cutting or knife edges may be formed on the outside of
such blades coinciding with the periphery of a cylinder or parallel to their axis,
which knife edges, as they revolve, produce, owing to their spiral or peculiar
arrangement, a drawing cut in contradistinction to that which is effected by
some rotary cutters which have a chopping or chipping action. In the Figures
above referred to, we have shown two blades or cutters attached to the
cylinder, each blade being coiled twice around it, therefore the blades are cutting
in four places during one revolution, each blade having operated through two
of its coils, always keeping four cutting edges in action; but this arrangement
or the number of blades may be varied according to the material to bo

page_text: operated upon, or as different circumstances may require; for instance, our
improved cutter or tool may have but one blade coiled round its axis, making
but one revolution thereon, or it may consist of several blades making entire
coils or only portions of one coil, but that arrangement which we have shewn
in the Figures referred to has been selected on account of its general utility.
In some cases it may be desirable to use a cutter having the blades affixed
thereon as a right and left handed screw, the opposite angles meeting in the
centre as shewn in Fig. 4, in which Figure the cutters (revolving in the
direction of the arrows) are so arranged as to produce the effect of drawing
the article under operation towards the centre of the machine, and this
arrangement may be applied in cutting fibrous vegetable matters; but under
some circumstances (as in shaving leather) as berein-after described, it may be
desirable to form the right and left handed cutters as shewn at Fig. 5, where it
will be perceived that the tendency will be to force the material operated upon
towards each end of the cylinder. The mode or method of mounting the
spiral blades may be effected in various ways, one modification of which we
have shewn in the longitudinal section at Figure 6. In this instance a spiral
groove or channel f, f, is formed in the cylinder, its one side being an inclined
plane on which the blades are intended to be fixed as in the former Figures,
the other side constituting an abutment against which they are forced by the
copper or other wires 9, 9, which extend through the whole length of the
spiral channel ff; but these variations, as we have before mentioned, constitute
no particular part of our Invention.
The first application which we shall describe of our improved tool or cutter
is to the shaving or paring of leather so as to bring it to a uniform even
thickness, the arrangement of machinery or apparatus shewn in the Drawings
being suitable for effecting this object either upon hides or skins, or in portions
thereof. Figures 7, 8, and 9 represent three views of a machine which may
be employed for shaving or paring hides or skins, or strips of leather intended
to be used for the manufacture of wire cards or other purposes. Fig. 7 is a
front elevation of the machine; Fig. 8, a right-hand end view of Fig. 7; and
Fig. 9, a transverse vertical section taken through the middle of Fig. 7, looking
towards the left-hand end; in all of which Figures similar letters denote the
like parts. a, a, a, is the framework of the machine, connected together by
cross bars, as shewn in the Drawings. On the top of this framework is
mounted the rotary cutter A, turning in proper bearings at each end, and. is
driven by a strap or endless band passing over the pulley b, or by other means;
c, c, is a cylindrical bed or roller over which the leather passes, it being
tightly distended upon its surface in order that, as it passes the edges of the

page_text: cutting tool, all superfluous parts may be pared or shaved off. The bed c, c,
should be of copper, iron, or other firm substance coated with copper, or other
material which will not discolour the articles under operation; the revolving
bed is mounted at its ends upon the extremities of short levers d, d, which
have their fulcrums at the reverse ends on pins or studs affixed to the frame-
work of the machine; e, e, are cams or excentrics mounted upon the longi-
tudinal shaft ff, their peripheries acting against the under sides of the levers
d, d, or some part connected therewith; g is a lever or handle affixed to one
end of the shaft f, by which means the shaft can be turned a portion of a
revolution, and consequently with it the cams or excentrics e, e, whereby the
roller or bed c, c, will be brought nearer to or further from the rotary cutter as
required to regulate the thickness of the leather or depth of the cut of the
blade into the material; h, h, is a slot, having (as shewn in the Drawings) its
radius from the centre of the shaft f, f, in which slot there is a sliding pin i
provided on one side with a collar k, and on the other with a screw nut 1, by
which means both it and the lever g may be retained in any required position in
the slot h; a pin m (see the detached Fig. 9*, is affixed to a spring n, mounted
upon the lever handle g, which pin passes through an aperture in the handle 9,
and is pressed by the spring n into a recess formed in the collar k of the sliding
pin i, by means of which the lever is held or retained. It will be evident from
this arrangement of the parts that the materials under operation may be shaved
or pared to any required uniform thickness, for by moving the pin i higher up
or lower in the slot h, the lever handle being made to keep its relative position,
will cause the shaft f, f, and also the excentrics e, e, to be turned a portion of a
revolution, and thereby bring the bed c to the required distance from the rotary
cutter. A roller o, o, turning in proper bearings, has one end of the skin or
hide or strip of leather attached to it, and upon which the leather is to be
wound after it has passed through the machine. The means by which the
attachment of the leather is made will be seen in the section, Fig. 9. It will
be perceived that there is an indentation or recess formed in the roller o, and
in this is placed the rod p, which has the hide or skin wound around it, the
rod being kept in its position when in action by means of the hoops of metal.
q, q, so that the roller o, when revolving, keeps the upper lap of the skin or
hido tightly distended upon the lower one, thereby holding it tight in the
required position. r, r, is a spring blade, extending throughout the length of
the bed c, which is for the purpose of pressing upon the material under opera-
tion, in order that it may be evenly distended when presented to the action of
the blades of the rotary cutter. The spring blade is attached to the bar 8, 8,
which bar is fixed to the framework, and is capable of adjustment, so as to

page_text: 0,
give more or less tension to the spring blade, by set screws, as shewn in the
Drawing. The mode by which motion is given to the drawing roller o will be
seen by reference to Figures 7 and 8. t is a worm mounted on one end of the
axis of the rotary cutter A, which worm takes into the wheel u mounted on the
short shaft v, and on this shaft there is a bevil pinion w taking into another
bevil wheel x, the latter wheel being mounted upon the axis of the roller
and by these means it will be caused to revolve slowly, and take up or draw
the skin, hide, strip of leather, or other material through the machine. A
clutch, y affords the means of giving rotation to the roller at pleasure; and z
is; a scraper turning on centres affixed to. the levers d, d, for the purpose of
removing any dirt or fibrous particles adhering to the bed c, c. The operations
of the machine are as follow:-The workman first withdraws the pin m from
the recess in the collar k, and forces the handle gupwards into the position.
shewn: by red lines in Fig. 9, by which means the cams e, e, are turned down-
wards, and the bed c, c, consequently falling into the position shewn by red.
lines in the same Figure, the skin, hide, or strip of leather or material is then
passed by the workman through the machine under the rotary cutter A, and
one end of it is attached by the means before described to the roller o; the
handle g. is then brought down with the pin m into contact with the collar k,
the sides of which, being formed as inclined planes, will cause it to recede, and
allow the handle to pass further down until the pin m arrives opposite the recess
formed in the collar k, when it will be forced into that recess by the spring n
and the handle will become fixed. The bed c being now brought up to the
required position by means of the cams e, motion is to be communicated to the
driving pulley b and to the roller o through the clutch y, the skin, hide, strip of
leather, or other material will be gradually drawn through the machine; and the
upper surface be shaved or pared as it passes over the bed c, c. As soon as the
end of the article under operation has passed through the machine, the driving
strap is thrown on to the loose pulley 6* by any ordinary means, the roller o, o,
is again thrown out of gear, and the handle g raised, the bed c falling down as
before; the skin or other material is then reversed end for end, and again
passed through the machine, that end which has been operated upon by the
rotatory cutter being this time affixed to the roller o. By this operation the
whole length of the hide or skin, or strip of leather or material, will be pared
or shaved to the required thickness.
Figs. 10, 11, 12, and 13 represent a machine with our improved construction
of cutting tool applied thereto, which machine is designed to cut or shave a
whole hide or skin; but as it will sometimes occur that the entire extent
or surface of the side cannot be stretched evenly over the bed, on account of
3

page_text: certain parts (by curriers usually called "bags"), we have shewn this machine
arranged suitable for operating upon a portion only of the whole surface of skin
or hide or other material at one time, and consequently avoiding the necessity
of keeping the material extended evenly throughout its whole width upon the
bed; and in this arrangement and construction of machinery the material is
shifted sideways in order to bring different parts in succession under the opera-
tion of the cutter. Fig. 10 is a side elevation of the machine; Fig. 11, a
vertical section, taken transversely; Fig. 12 is a plan or horizontal view; and
Fig. 13, an end view, taken at the right hand, of Fig. 10. a, a, a, is the
framework of the machine; A is the rotary cutter. In this instance it is
mounted in bearings suspended from the top bar of the framework, as shewn
in the Drawing, and is driven by a strap passing over the pulley b; c, c, is the
bed over which the leather passes, and upon which that part of the material
under operation is distended. We have shewn the bed in this machine
mounted upon sliding pieces d, 'd, capable of moving up and down between
the parallel guides d*, d*; cams e, e, mounted upon the shaft f, f, act upon
the sliding pieces d, d; the handle g being placed in different positions, as
described with reference to the former machine; o, o, is the roller or drum
on which the material is wound as it proceeds from the cutter, and in this
machine is of larger diameter, and instead of the rod p used in the former
machine, a pair of clamps or holders p, p, are used for drawing the material
through the machine, there being an opening or recess q, q, in the periphery of
the drum o, o, into which they pass in order to present an even surface for the
material to be wound upon; the spring blade for pressing the leather evenly:
upon the bed is represented at 1, r. The mode by which motion is given to
the drum o, o, will be seen best at Fig. 13. t is a worm mounted on the
end of the shaft of the rotatory cutter A, taking into a worm wheel u mounted
on the shaft v, v; on which shaft there is another worm.w, taking into the
worm wheel x on the axis of the drum o. The mode of operating with this:
machine is as follows:-The skin, hide, or material intended to be shaved
or pared is first folded over, leaving a single thickness a little longer than the
width of the rotatory cutter; it is placed upon the table. 1, 1, in the front of
the machine; the bed c, c, is then lowered as before described, and tho
material passed under the rotatory cutter as shewn at 2, 2, Fig. 10, and
secured to the chaps or clamps p, p, when, this bed bed being again raised,
and motion communicated to the drum o through the train of gear, it will be
drawn onwards and this part of the material shaved or cut throughout its
whole length; the bed and wheels which drive the drum are then thrown out
of gear and the bed is again lowered, when the skin or hide or material is

page_text: pulled sideways (the holding chaps p being opened), bringing another width or
part of the same under the action of the rotatory cutter, and so on until the
whole width of the material has been operated upon, the chaps p being closed
upon each fresh portion as it is brought under operation; 3, 3, is a board
extending along the back of the machine for the purpose of supporting the
material previously to its arriving on to the drum. In this arrangement and
construction of machine there will be no occasion for reversing the skin or
hide or material end for end, and passing it again through the machine, as the
chaps.or clamps p, p, may be brought sufficiently close to the cutter to effect
the shaving throughout its length or the operating motion of the machine.
Another arrangement and construction of machine for effecting this purpose
is shewn at Figs. 14, 15, and 16; the difference consisting in using the same
length of machine but dispensing with the necessity of folding: the skin' or
hide or material. Fig. 14 is a side elevation of the machine; Fig. 15 is an
end view; and Fig. 16, a longitudinal vertical section; in all of which Figures
the same letters of reference refer to similar parts in this and the two former
machines; we shall therefore confine ourselves in the description of this
machine to those parts in which it differs from the former. 4, 4, are wooden
troughs, supported at their ends by arms 5, 5, having rollers running upon a
rail affixed to the flooring; these troughs also carry rails 6, 6, affixed to the
longitudinal beam 7; these rails bear upon rollers 8, supported by the frame-
work of the machine; 9, 9, are racks attached to the under side of the beams 7,
which racks are operated upon by pinions 10, 10, they being affixed to a cross
shaft turning in bearings attached to the sliding piece' d, d, of the bed c, and
receive rotatory motion by the following means:-On the axis of the rotatory
cutter A is a pulley 11, driving another pulley 12 on the cross shaft 18, and this
shaft, by means of a pair of bevil pinions 14, actuates the worm 15 taking
into the worm wheel 16 upon the axis of the pinions 10; by these means they
are caused to revolve and move the racks 9, 9, and consequently the troughs
4, 4, with a slow progressive motion; the bed in this instance is not a
constructed as a roller but as a hooked or crutch piece, and the arrangement
for raising and falling it are nearly the same as in the former machine, the
only difference being that the pieces d, d, which carry it are guided by pins.
which run in slots formed therein. The bed being lowered, the hide or skin
or material to be operated upon is placed in one of the troughs 4 and passed s
under the rotary cutter; the end is then secured by the chaps or clamps p, p,
shewn more particularly in the detached plan and end views, Figures 17 and 18,
when the bed being raised, and with it the pinions 10, 10, motion will be
communicated to the troughs as before described; and the material being

page_text: shaved or pared in its progress to the required thickness, the bed is then again
lowered, which will bring the pinions 10, 10, from their connection with the
racks 9, 9, and arrest the progress of the troughs 4, 4*, when they with
the material are moved back again, and the material under operation drawn
transversely, as before, so as to present a fresh width or portion for the action
of the cutter, the part just finished hanging in the trough 4*, as shewn in
Figure 15; the bed being raised, and with it the pinions 10, into the racks
9, 9, the same operation will take place, and so on until the whole of the
material is operated upon.
We would here remark that in all cases where our improved cutter is.
employed, it will only be necessary, in order to sharpen it, for the workman to
reverse the motion of the machine and apply an emery stick or other suitable
grinding substance to the edge or edges thereof.
The other applications of this part of our Invention relate to the cutting of
tobacco, sugar canes, dye-woods, and cork; but as the construction of machines
for these purposes to which our novel or peculiar formed tool or cutter may be
applied form no part of our Invention, and as their arrangement and construc-
tion may be varied to a great extent, we have not thought it necessary to shew
Drawings of such machinery, but would remark that for tobacco, sugar canes,
and dye-woods, we prefer that improved construction of tool or cutter shewn
at Figures 1, 2, and 3; and in these machines the material intended to be
operated upon may be brought forward towards the cutter in any suitable
manner, similar, for instance, to an ordinary tobacco or dye-wood cutting
machine; for cutting cork, the shavings of which may be required for stuffing
beds or mattrasses or other purposes, we prefer employing a cylinder having
a greater number of knives coiled around it, so as to produce extensive
drawing cuts resembling more the operation of cutting corks by hand with an
ordinary knife.
The second part of our Invention refers to the use or adaptation of our
novel or improved rotary tool or cutter, when the cutting edges or blades are:
supported throughout their whole length, to machines or engines for cutting
hay, straw, and other such matters into chaff. At Figures 19, 20, and 21'
we have shewn this application of our improved tool, with cutter blades
supported throughout their whole length, to one construction of chaff-cutting
5 machines; to the actuating parts of which, however, wo lay no claim, as they
may be the same as shewn in the Drawings or those used in common to
ordinary chaff-cutting machines. This second head of our Invention, therefore,
is to be understood as consisting in the application and use only to chaff-
cutting machines or engines of our novel or improved construction of tool or

page_text: cutter with coiled or spiral blades, supported throughout their whole length, as
above' described. The Drawings will sufficiently shew this application of our
improvement without further description.
.
The third head of our Invention (viz), the improved arrangement and con-
struction of coiled or spirally formed cutter or tool for cutting turnips or other
roots, as shewn at Figures 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, and 27. Figure 22 is a plan
view of the improved cutter as applied to cutting turnips or other roots' into
slices; Figure 23 is a horizontal section of the same; and Figure 24 is an
end view. The cylinder, as it may be termed, on which the knives 6, b, are
supported, has coiled or spiral channels c, c, formed through its surface or
periphery, opening into the interior of the cylinder, through which channels:
the slices of turnips or other roots pass as they are cut or shaved off by tho
rotation of the cutters. The cylinder shewn in the Drawing is supposed to be
about fifteen inches long, and there are two spiral blades applied thereto, each
one coiling but one half of the distance round the cylinder, by which arrange-
ment a sufficient space is obtained between the two knives to permit the roots
to come into contact with their edges, so as to be cut. It will be perceived
that the section of the cylinder consists of two frustrums of cones, the two ends:
of-which are formed in the direction of the spiral channels c, c; the larger
diameter of the frustrum. being that on which the knives are placed, and which
forms one side of the spiral channel; and the smaller diameter being that
which forms the other side of the spiral channels; the knives will therefore at
all parts of their spiral curve present a projecting edge, which projecting
edge, acting against the turnips or other roots, will cut off or remove slices there-
from, the thickness of which will be determined by the difference in diameter
between the two spiral ends of the frustrums of the cones. The spiral
channels c, c, do not extend. throughout the whole length of the cylinder, but
terminate at the point d, d, there being a short piece left at each; and in order
to keep the parts of the cylinder united, the cutter formed as above described
is mounted upon an axis passing through bosses which carry arms e, e, attached
to. the cylinder as shewn in the Drawing. Fig. 25 is a section shewing our
improved turnip cutter, mounted in its framework; f, f, is the hopper into
which the turnips or other roots intended to be sliced are placed. It will be
perceived that the cutting action commences nearly at the top or upper part of
the cylinder, and that the turnip or other root as it is cut or sliced falls &
through the channels c, c, into the interior of the cylinder; and we may here
remark that we prefer placing the axis of the cylinder at an angle to the base
of the machine in order that the roots, when sliced, may be discharged with
greater, facility from the cylinder, and not be shaken and bruised. beforo

page_text: they fall into the receptacle placed to receive them. Fig. 26 & 27 shew our
improved turnip cutter, arranged so as to cut the turnips or other roots into
square or oblong pieces; the construction of the cylinder a, a, and knives b, b,
are essentially the same as that. already described; but in this case we have
applied a series of knives 9, 9, at right angles, or nearly so, to the axis of the
cylinder; the mode which we prefer of attaching these knives will be seen by
reference to Fig. 26; it will there be perceived that the lower portions of the
cylinder, which form one side of the spiral channels, are carried underneath
the knives b, b, as at h, h; in these parts: h, h, are formed mortices through
which the knives g, g, pass, and when they are brought flush with the spiral
blades 6, 6, they are kept in their position by means of keys; or in any other.
convenient manner so as to be readily removed if required. It will be obvious
that the number of the cross knives g, g, may be varied at pleasure, in order.
to cut the roots into pieces of different sizes, or if desired the whole may be
removed, and then the machine will produce slices instead of square or. oblong
pieces. As regards the construction of the cylinder, it may be cast in one'
piece, or the two threads or coils may be cut or formed separately, and united
at each end by the arms e, e.
The fourth head of our Invention (viz), that of changing the speed of the
feed' rollers in such chaff machines in which they are employed, as. shewn at
Figures 28 and 29. A is the rotary cutter, which we have shewn in the
Drawings as of our improved construction, but it will be obvious our improved
mode of regulating the feed may be applied to any chaff-cutting machines in
which feed rollers are employed; upon the axis: a, a,, of the rotary cutter are
mounted the two worms. b, 6, which worms. are formed upon the collar c, c,
running loosely upon the axle a, a; d is a worm wheel mounted upon a short
shaft e, which shaft at its other end carries the bevil pinion f, taking into.
another bevil pinion g, mounted upon the axle h of the under feeding roller;
the worm 6 is shewn in the Drawing in gear with. the worm wheel.d; and
motion being given to the rotary cutter A, by the winch handle i, or in any
other manner, the feed rollers will be caused to revolve and deliver a given
quantity of vegetable matter to the action of the rotary cutter; but should.it bé.
desired to obtain a faster feed, in order to cut the chaff of greater lengths, the
screw k is loosened, and the collar on which the worms are formed is sliden
5 towards the framing of the machine until it arrives in contact with the
stop 1, when the double-threaded screw will be in gear with the worm
wheel d; the screw k being again tightened, and motion communicated to the
machine, the feed rollers will revolve with twice the speed, and consequently
chaff will be produced of a different length.

page_text: The fifth and last head of our Invention (viz'), that of giving to spiral
blades used for cutting vegetable and other matters a saw edge, is shewn at
Figures 30 and 31; Fig. 30 is a plan view of the under side of a portion of a
spiral cutter with our improvements; Fig. 31 is an edge view of the same.
It will be perceived by referring to these Figures that the under surface is cut
or indented in one direction, after the manner of what are generally known as
"float cut" files, and that consequently the edges thereof, as they are ground,
will be serrated, or resemble a finely cut saw or sickle edge, and inasmuch as
the said indentations or file cuts extend as far over the blade as it will be
necessary to grind it, the same saw or serrated edge will be preserved as long
as the blades last.
Having now described and ascertained the nature of our Invention and the
manner of carrying the same into effect, we would have it understood that
what we claim as our Invention is,―
First, the application and use of the peculiarly formed knife or edge tool,
herein-before described, to the purposes of cutting or operating upon leather,
turnips, mangel wurzel, and other roots, as well as sugar cane, tanners' bark,
dye-woods, tobacco, cork, and some other substances or materials, such knife
or edge tool consisting of a spiral blade or blades, or a portion or portions of
the same, set at an angle in a transverse direction to the axis upon which it or
they revolve.
Second, the application and use of such blades, knives, or cutting edges as
are supported throughout their whole length, when applied only to machines
for cutting hay or straw, &c. into chaff.
Third, the employment of a spiral blade or cutter, for the purpose of cutting
turnips, mangel wurzel, or other roots, as food for cattle, as herein-before-
stated and described.
Fourth, the mode herein-before described, of changing the speed of feed
rollers in chaff-cutting machines.
And, lastly, in giving to spiral or coiled blades or cutters used for cutting
vegetable or other matters, a saw, sickle-like, or serrated edge, as above
described.
In witness whereof, we, the said Francis Earl of Ducie, Richard
Clyburn, and Edwin Budding, have hereunto set our hands and seals,
this Fifteenth day of April, in the year of our Lord One thousand.
eight hundred and forty-one
DUCIE. (L.S.)
RICHARD (L.S.) CLYBURN..
EDWIN (L.S.) BUDDING.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the same Fifteenth day of April, in
the year above written, the aforesaid Francis Earl of Ducie, Richard Clyburn,
and Edwin Budding came before our Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and
acknowledged the Specification aforesaid, and all and every thing therein
contained, in form above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was
stamped according to the tenor of the Statute in that case made and provided.
Inrolled the same Fifteenth day of April, in the year above written.