IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO THE GENERATION STORAGE . DISTRIBUTION REGULATION, AND UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICITY AND APPARATUS OR DEVICES THEREFOR AND MEANS FOR PRODUCING OR MANUFACTURING PARTS OF SUCH APPARATUS OR DEVICES"
Year: 1882

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Joseph Stokes Williams, of Riverton New Jersey, United
States of America, but now of 8 Southampton Buildings London for an
invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO THE GENERATION STORAGE
. DISTRIBUTION REGULATION, AND UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICITY AND APPARATUS
OR DEVICES THEREFOR AND MEANS FOR PRODUCING OR MANUFACTURING
PARTS OF SUCH APPARATUS OR DEVICES"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Joseph Stokes Williams at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 30th May 1882.
JOSEPH STOKES WILLIAMS of Riverton, New Jersey, United States of America,
but now of 8, Southampton Buildings, London "IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING
TO THE GENERATION, STORAGE, DISTRIBUTION, REGULATION, AND UTILIZATION OF
ELECTRICITY, AND APPARATUS OR DEVICES THEREFOR, AND MEANS FOR PRODUCING
OR MANUFACTURING PARTS OF SUCH APPARATUS OR DEVICES".
In the construction of electric lamps or lighting apparatus I sometimes employ
metal or metallic alloys placed in suitable spaces, chambers or holders so that such
conductors can be supported for the development of light when heated to such a
degree as to liquefy them or to such a degree as to prevent them from being
supported by their base or terminal attachments, I employ various means devices
arrangements or combinations of apparatus for maintaining and distributing such
metals or materials in thin layers or filaments so as to provide an extended surface
with a minimum or small amount of metal or material heated to incandescence.
I can employ mercury or metals or metallic alloys which will melt or become
incandescent at low temperatures and I can mix or combine with such metals other
materials or compounds in pulverescent or finely powdered condition.
I sometimes employ a vessel or receiver constructed preferably of transparent
material such receiver being provided with a space or chamber of suitable form and
dimensions for the reception and distribution of the conductor so that the electric
current may be completed through the medium of an incandescent liquid or liquified
CD
7

page_text: or liquefiable metal or alloy; or the space and chamber is so arranged and of such
dimensions as to permit the necessary maximum expansion of the conductor either
as a liquid or an insupportable metallic conductor; the space not occupied by the
conductor is preferably exhausted of air and the conductor is hermetically closed
within the walls or chambers which surround it. I provide for having the con-
ductor enclosed in the space or chamber and the vacuum produced by causing the
aperture or space to be filled with the metal and heat it by the passage of the
electric current or otherwise and while heated I bermetically seal the chamber, the
necessary space is thereby provided for the expansion of the metal whenever it
shall be subsequently heated by the passage of the electric current.
Thèse spaces or chambers may be of any desired form and are so constructed as
to provide for the distribution of metal in thin layers or filaments and as herein-
before stated the space or chamber is so formed as to provide for the most extended
variation in the volume of the conductor. I sometimes for this purpose provide
enlargements at the terminals or other parts of the conductors.leading into the
space or chamber so that there is an increased body or mass of metal at the
terminals or at some part from which light need not be emitted.
I may employ as the conductor mercury alone or mercury alloyed or amalga-
mated with other metals or materials or I can use bismuth antimony tin zinc or
other metals alloyed or combined with metallic oxides or salts or other materials
which will increase or regulate the light or the resistance.
I sometimes employ a glass tube or chamber closed at one end in which a
terminal has been secured the glass being of sufficient thickness to afford the
necessary strength. This tube may then be placed in a heated chamber with the
upper portion projecting therefrom the glass thereby becomes heated sufficiently
to provide for the metal I wish to employ being maintained in a liquid state. I
then force into this chamber a plunger composed of glass or other suitable material.
This plunger is of such dimensions as to provide for distributing the liquid in a
thin layer or film around the inner surface of the chamber. The metal entirely
filling the chamber, under these conditions the two pieces are welded together or,
hermetically sealed. The plunger has affixed to its upper portion or one end the
other terminal or conductor which extends into or is in contact with the molten
metal.
In order to provide for utilizing various metals for the purpose of developing
light through the agency of electricity I place such metals in a suitable vessel or
chamber so formed as to permit the distribution or supporting of the metal in fine
filaments or thin layers flat curved conical or otherwise and in some cases I provide
for the distribution of the light through the medium of a reflector placed above or
in such other position relatively to the light emitting portions as will be most
advantageous.
In some cases I support the metals employed upon or within a vessel or chamber
composed of or lined with insulating material and so formed and arranged in
combination with a reflector as to provide for the distribution of the light by
reflection.
I sometimes mix the oxides of magnesium finely pulverized with the metals
placed within these chambers and I can employ such metals as bismuth tin,
antimony in fact almost any of the metals or metallic alloys, for the purpose of the
development of light and sometimes employ zirconia mica lime asbestos pulverized
glass plumbago carbon or other refractory materials or compounds finely pulverized
mixed with such metals as are not highly refractory for the purpose of increasing
the surface or light giving portions with a minimum amount of metal.
I can
arrange for the terminals extending in opposite directions or in the same direction
that is to say I so construct the chamber which contains or supports the material
as to complete the circuit from the upper and lower parts of the light emitting
portions or the light emitting portions have a flat or curved surface and the
conductors extend downwards upwards or in the same direction therefrom.
I sometimes construct the lamp or apparatus with the terminals projecting into

page_text: the space or chamber and provide a small aperture or preferably two apertures one
of which I employ for pouring in the molten metal and while the metal is in its
greatest state of expansion I hermetically seal these apertures down in close
contact with the metal. Where I employ molten metals for the development of
light I provide for varying the radiating surface of the light and regulate or
provide for the distribution of electricity through varying resistances storage
systems electric reservoirs converting and regulating devices. The form of the
spaces or chambers in which place or support these conductors may be spiral
straight circular horse shoe conical spherical globular or other form as may be
desired.
In order to provide for the completion of the circuit under all circumstances
and in all positions of the apparatus where I employ a liquefiable conductor a
conductor of more refractory material extends into the liquid or material capable
of being liquefied.
In order to more effectively apply develop maintain or distribute heat generated
by the passage of an electric current through a liquid or liquefiable material as
may be desired according to the particular purpose for which such heat is to be
employed I in some cases use the following arrangement for heating purposes that
is to say I provide a vessel for containing water or other liquid to be heated. This
vessel is supplied with a suitable inlet pipe or pipes for the admission of the liquid
of low temperature with an inlet pipe or pipes through which the heated liquid
passes. Within this vessel I provide a chamber which is exhausted of air so that
à vacuum is produced therein and within this chamber I arrange a strip or piece
of metal or other suitable material capable of being heated by the passage of an
electric current therethrough. Therefore an intense heat will be developed in the
said chamber and this heat will impart the requisite temperature to the water and
will effect a circulation of the same through the pipes or other conduits from which
the heat is to be evolved.
Similar arrangements may be employed for the heating of solids through the
agency of an electric current passing through a suitable conducting material or
substance in a vacuum the heat so generated being distributed through the agency
of a liquid alone or a liquid in combination with a solid or other substances or
materials.
In some cases I arrange the terminals of conductors communicating with the
aforesaid chamber wherein a vacuum is produced as above described at some
distance apart and arrange in the space between the said terminals mercury or
other liquid which on the passage of the current becomes heated and transmits its
heat to the liquid or solid in the surrounding vessel in a similar manner to that
above described. To provide for the expansion of the metal when thus heated I
provide the aforesaid chamber with a suitable space into which it may expand.
In some cases I so arrange the terminals or conductors tliat in any position of
the heater the circuit will be complete.
In constructing electric heaters foot warmers or the like I provide an enclosing:
case which is transparent or semi-transparent either at the upper portion or at the
sides or both and in some cases fill the chamber unoccupied by the conductor for
developing heat with a liquid say water. By this means I am enabled to provide
for utilizing the light developed in the conductor. The conductor may be encased.
within a transparent chamber from which deleterious gases have been withdrawn.
or the conductor may be coated or covered with or moulded within a transparent'
or semi-transparent pyro-insulating vitreous or other material.
Such heater may be provided with an automatically operative cut off or resist-
ance as more fully described in my former Letters Patent dated 30th November
A.D. 1881 No 5233.
For the purpose of development of electric light through the agency of electric-
lamps or candles or lighting apparatus I employ special forms of conductors com-
posed of metal or metallic alloys carbon or other suitable material or compounds.
Instead of employing wires or filaments as is usual I employ plates or ribbons discs
1

page_text: cones spheres or thin layers sheets or films of metal which are rendered luminous
by the passage of the current and I regulate the light giving power of the conductor
by increasing or decreasing its width within certain proportions.
Various forms of conductors are suited for this purpose for instance I may
employ a thin flat loop with or without a flat circular head a thin flat ring a flat
conductor in the form of a V or M double cone or a series of flat ribbons or plates
lying in the same plane or at an angle to each other. Or I may employ a single
conductor with wings projecting from a central portion so as to present in cross
section the form of a cross or other suitable radiating surface.
'
According to the size depth or width of the circle arch loop or surface of the
conductor in cross section. I provide for distributing the electric current and
regulating the light giving power of the lamp or candle that is to say in a system
or an apparatus for distributing electricity through mains, branches and sub-
branches I diminish or increase the width of the conductors from which light is
emitted in proportion as I wish to provide for the sub-division of the electric
current or the distribution of the light.
In constructing conductors I sometimes employ moulds of the desired form and
pour or compress the metal or material within such moulds. The terminals are
preferably formed of an increased body of material in section so as to define the
light emitting portions and not necessarily or preferably of the width of the light
emitting portions. In constructing conductors I. sometimes employ platinum,
iridium, manganese, nickel, steel, iron or the alloys of any of these with or without
other metals.
In order to readily provide for giving form to the highly refractory metals or
materials I prefer to employ the electric energy from a battery or accumulator so
as to better regulate the intensity of the heat developed in the metal or material
to be stamped or shaped. The material may be heated directly in the mould or
heated previously and carried into the mould by the compressing die.
.
The conductors may be rolled in very thin sheets or layers and stamped or
formed subsequently or otherwise to the shape desired or the metal may be heated
by the electric current or otherwise and poured into moulds which will impart to
the metal the desired form according to the illuminating surface desired. Carbon
or carbon compounded with other materials may be distributed in thin layers by
being compressed between moulds or thin sheets of paper or suitable material may
be carbonized in the usual or any preferred manner or I sometimes deposit the
carbon in thin layers or over an extended surface suitably prepared in the form of
flat rings flat loops strips or other shapes
I sometimes deposit carbon in thin layers or I sometimes deposit metal or the
metallic alloy or carbon on a surface from which they can be removed or upon a
transparent surface or form for instance I can deposit iridium platinum or other
metal or alloy upon thin sheets of copper tin lead or other metal or material which
can be removed from such deposited metal or material either by heat chemical
agents or otherwise the deposited piece having the form designed for the light
emitting portions and preferably the terminals extending therefrom these terminals
can be subsequently increased in size or section by electro deposition or otherwise
and the terminals to be attached or combined therewith may be united with such
conductor by fusion that is to say by placing the ends of the conductor in a mould
and the two meeting ends of the terminals being coiled around the meeting ends
of the conductor or arranged in suitable proximity thereto and within a space or
chamber which can be filled with molten metal a perfect union of the parts is
secured the conductors being preferably placed and hermetically sealed within
transparent globes as is usual and such conductors may be covered with a vitreous
or other coating.
I prefer to employ flat surfaces for the development of the light for ordinary
purposes but semi-spherical concave convex or angular forms are well suited for
some purposes.
I arrange these conductors or electric lamps in multiple arc or derived circuits

page_text: and when arranged in multiple arc or multiple series the conductivity of the
conductors is preferably uniform or varied partly or principally in the width.
I construct an electric reservoir or magazine of cylindrical square parallelogram
or other suitable form and arrange these boxes or chambers side by side or within
or over each other in such a manner as to provide for a minimum or suitable
resistance in charging or working of the apparatus for instance I may employ
large and extensive reservoirs of any size or dimensions one of which represents
the positive the other the negative element. The circuit between these elements
may be completed at the side, sides bottom top or any combination of the same.
I sometimes employ a plate, piece or a series of them arranged at suitable distance
between under or over or at the sides of these electric reservoirs or entirely outside
of same for the purpose of regulating diminishing or increasing the resistance.
They may be immersed in liquid solution or covered or coated with a bad conductor
or insulating material.
I construct electric reservoirs magazines or batteries either for generating.or
conserving electricity through the medium of gases such as oxygen hydrogen
carbonic acid sulphurous acid air or any combination of them or other gases or
gaseous compounds either dry or saturated or heated or cold.
I construct these reservoirs so that they shall be gas-tight.
For instance I may
employ a chamber which is built of iron or other suitable metal lined on the inside
or both on the inside and outside with an insulating material. This insulating
material may be composed of bricks and cement pitch asbestos, insulate, or other
suitable substance, material or compound I may coat or line the metallic framing
of the reservoir with a vitreous coating which will prevent oxidation. Or I
may coat such chamber with lead or lead alloyed or combined with antimony
manganese or other suitable metal or material. When such chamber provides for
containing both the positive and negative elements say oxygen and hydrogen
the structure is divided by a partition which is gas tight or provides for separating
the two elements. The lower portion can be either perforated or so formed or
placed as to provide for the two chambers being practically united in one at such
part. This portion of the chamber can contain acidulated water or other solution
or medium which prevents the gases from being united through the opening at the
bottom of the partition or the two chambers can be united by a conductor either
metallic or liquid or both.
In order to provide for regulating or governing the amount of gas with which
these reservoirs can be charged I employ a safety or pressure valve with each part.
This is set at some determined point dependent upon the pressure desired,
preferably a high pressure of several atmospheres I may provide for supporting a
column or body of liquid that is to say the gases when forced into the reservoir
force out the acidulated water or other solution dependent upon the quantity
introduced or generated.
When such apparatus is being charged through the medium of an electric
generating machine or apparatus such pressure or safety valve or liquid medium
may act upon a circuit maker or resistance or other cut-off which prevents the
further charging of such reservoir or completes the circuit with another reservoir
or apparatus or prevent the further generation of electricity. In charging such
reservoir with gases I preferably employ other retorts reservoirs or apparatus in
which the gases are generated or collected such reservoirs being connected by pipes
composed of lead, or other suitable metal alloy material or compound which will
not be liable to oxidation or destruction by the gas or gases employed. These
charging reservoirs may be operative through the medium of electricity or by the
direct application of heat or through the medium of chemical agents or a
combination or any of them.
'
I may provide for regulating the electro motive force for sending the electricity
through the conductors in a system of distribution by employing and charging
such number of gas reservoirs with their elements coupled in series as to provide
for regulating the electro motive force of the current or I may employ such

page_text: number of elements in the form of an ordinary accumulator battery magazine
charged by such gas magazine as will regulate the electro motive force in the
mains. Or I may regulate the tension of the current through the medium of
induction coils condensers convertors or resistances. The generating reservoir or
magazine can under such circumstances consist of a single pair of elements or of
less number than would otherwise be necessary to provide for giving the necessary
electro motive force, I provide for maintaining a constant supply of gas or gaseous
compounds and thereby ensure a constant pressure in the mains. I may employ
an independent series of reservoirs or batteries at the generating place or station
either charged directly by the evolution of gases or I may employ a prime
generating battery of magazine for charging one or more series of batteries or
accumulators placed at the generating station. These generating batteries or the
batteries or magazines which they charge may be connected with other charging
or accumulating apparatus of any preferred type or pattern either primary,
secondary, or gas reservoirs or magazines or any combination of them preferably in
pairs or series placed at different points, works, houses, or places, through the
medium of mains branches or sub branches or any combination of them with
returns by earth or otherwise that is to say the conductors or pole pieces extending
into the reservoirs charged with suitable gases or gaseous compounds extend
through the streets, highways or places through the medium of conductors,
branches sub-branches or any combination of them leading to lamps or other
apparatus along the streets or highways into the houses works places or to railway
lines or appliances placed or operative thereon through the medium of apparatus
such as electric lamps heaters motors furnaces retorts metal shaping or rolling or
moulding devices or other apparatus in or through which electricity can be
translated into light heat or motive power or any of them. I preferably supply
the electric translating devices direct from subsidiary electric reservoirs batteries
or accumulators charged or revivified from the generating apparatus. I thereby
provide for independent working of the various devices or groups of devices for
translating electricity and I may employ such method of generating in combination
with others either dynamo or magneto electric galvanic hydro or thermo electric or
I may employ solely thermo electric or galvanic or any combination of them but in
all cases I provide for distributing and regulating through the medium of subsidiary
generators reservoirs accumulators or magazines.
In order to provide for storing and utilizing the energy generated by the
decomposition of metallic or other substances or compounds I conduct the gases
generated by such decomposition into the electric reservoirs as herein before
described for instance by placing in a retort the oxide of manganese say in one
part and three parts of the chloride of potash in its crystalline state on the
application of heat to the retort containing such mixture the oxygen is evolved at
the rate of 12 cubic feet for such proportions for every 3 lbs of chlorate or potash.
The gas is conducted from this retort by a pipe leading to a small apparatus
divided into two parts which is partially filled with water. These two chambers
are connected by a pipe which leads from the upper portions downwards into and
under the surface of the liquid. This pipe provides for conducting the gas out of
one chamber and from its upper portion downwards through the pipe below the
surface of the liquid into the other chamber. At the upper portion of the last
named chamber another pipe is arranged which leads to the electric reservoir so as
to charge the same with oxygen.
I may use the per oxide of manganese and the chlorate par le feu giving the
result per manganate of potash. The other portion or element of the reservoir is
filled with hydrogen or other gas or gaseous compound in a similar manner or by
forcing in the gases by mechanical means. The hydrogen may be generated from
iron scraps or the like by chemical agents in the direct application of heat.
In a system for generating and distributing electricity I employ an apparatus
placed along the mains or in the houses works or places consisting of an electrical
reservoir or battery which consists of a tightly enclosed box or chamber which is

page_text: constructed in a somewhat similar manner to the generating reservoir and of such
dimensions and of such number of cells or elements as to be suited to the special
application or use. This reservoir is connected with the mains branches or sub-
branches so as to be charged through the medium thereof that is to say instead of.
making an electric reservoir or prime generator by the evolution of gases without
the agency of electricity but through the direct application of heat or other means
I employ the electric current to decompose the water placed in the reservoir the
oxygen and hydrogen being given off of the respective poles and confined within
their respective chambers. The polar extensions of these elements are preferably
so connected as to provide for charging a series of small apparatus or convertor for
charging the conductor or conductors leading into or through houses, works, or .
other places where electrical appliances such as electric motors electric heaters
electric lamps or any of them are placed through which the electricity can be
translated into light heat or motive power. In order to provide a cut-off when
these batteries should become fully charged I employ a governor which is
connected with a circuit maker that is to say that when sufficient amount of water
shall be decomposed the valve is forced preferably vertically against a weight or
spring and causes the adjustment of the circuit maker so as to prevent the further
decomposition of the water until the pressure shall be reduced.
In order to provide for the intensity of the current necessary for the decompo
sition of the water I conduct the electricity into the battery through the medium
of a convertor.
My invention also relates to the construction of electrical machines as generators
or motors. I construct the inducing faces of such machines of continuous plates
strips, coils or masses of metal say copper steel or iron. Under within or between
these surfaces I place insulated strips wires coils or ribbons of metal the terminals
of which extend to opposite ends of the axle of the armature where they are placed
in connection with a ring or series of rings preferably one at eacch end of the
armature. These rings fit into journals or boxes provided for them and provide
the means for conducting the electricity to or from the armature. The entire
surface of these armatures can be surrounded or covered by any suitable arrange-
ment of magnets or electro magnets either of horseshoe annular or other form.
I may employ a single insulated coil or strip which is wound or placed under
the continuous metal face and of such section as to provide for conducting the
electricity with which the metal will become charged. Or I may employ a series
of such wires strips or coils the terminals of which are carried to the rings as
before described or to the ordinary form of commutators.
For generating machines I preferably construct and proportion the coils to
conduct the electricity from the metals which become charged with a low resistance
the section of the wire being so proportioned to the generating capacity of the
machine dependent upon the speed determined to be the most economical.
I preferably regulate the electro motive force of the current through the medium
of a convertor storage system electric reservoir or battery condensers or induction
coils or any combination of them I arrange the reservoirs condensers or converters
or pairs with automatic cut-offs and resistances so that one part can be charged
while the other is being discharged into the mains or branches
In order to provide an extended surface within the electric reservoirs I employ
sheets, plates, discs or extended surfaces of metallic fabric or extended surfaces
coated with or formed of carbon or other suitable conducting material; I sometimes
employ thin sheets of copper or other metal or material and coat or impregnate
such thin sheets with lead platinum manganese, antimony or other suitable metal
or a combination or alloy of metals.
These sheets are supported and arranged in such a manner as to provide for the
gases permeating or surrounding all parts of such element for instance they may be
supported on a framing within the reservoir tank or chamber and held in position
at the base by another support or an independent framing within the reservoir
may be provided for the supporting of these pole pieces or elements, they may be

page_text: .
coiled lapped or folded upon themselves in cylindrical or other forms or may
consist of a framing or a series of coils, folds pieces or parts perforated or otherwise
united so as to constitute the charging or discharging conductor pole or terminals
or I may employ separate discharging terminals or pole pieces so as to discharge in
quantity and charge with tension or vice versa
I
These pole pieces are either coupled in series with other electric reservoirs
batteries or accumulators or are employed solely for charging or revivifying other
electric reservoirs accumulators or batteries; or the pole pieces extend into a
conserving mass or medium which is charged by such conductors or is charged
with electricity the electricity being conducted therefrom through induction coils,
plates or parts or resistances, condensers, convertors or regulators by or through
which the tension of the current is regulated and the conductors extend from these
reservoirs or convertors through the streets, highways, works and places where
suitable electric reservoirs, or conservers of electricity or electric translating devices
such as electric lamps heaters and motors can be supplied in and through which
the electricity can be translated into light heat or motive power, that is to say
provide for a distribution and subdivision of the electricity through the medium of
mains branches and sub branches with returns by earth or with the apparatus
coupled in multiple arc or multiple series and preferably through subsidiary electric
reservoirs accumulators or batteries which can be revivified or charged or which
conserve electric energy I sometimes coat or impregnate or form the terminals or
'pole pieces of the electric reservoirs of metal or other material say iron steel copper
or asbestos and impregnate coat or cover such terminals or pole pieces with carbon
or with carbon alloyed or amalgamated with metal say lead, other metals, or alloys,
from a solution or fumes or fusion. In order to provide for so doing in some
cases I use turpentine, oil, or other suitable material which I burn or decompose so
that the fumes will permeate the space or chamber with or without steam or
pressure within which the material to be coated is enclosed. I can at the same
time decompose lead antimony or other metals or the salts or oxides of metals
within such space or chamber or introduce such fumes into the space or chamber
or these operations may be made separately and by the direct application of heat or
through the agency of electricity. The interior surface or parts of electric
reservoirs or cells or the elements can thus be coated or lined with the metal which
will conserve the electric energy.
I can employ castings or plates of iron or steel or other suitable metal or alloy
of metal with or without recesses ribs or projections and cast upon within around
or against them the metal or material, substance, or compound, say lead, or lead and
antimony. I sometimes employ in forming the elements of electric reservoirs an
alloy of iron and manganese moulded or cast in the desired form.
I sometimes construct or employ condensers in a system of distributuion for
converting electricity in quantity into tension or for conserving electric energy I
preferably arrange these in pairs or series with automatic cut offs or with dis-
charging and charging terminals which are so combined with the generator or
electric reservoirs as to provide for discharging from some one part or series of
condensers of the reservoirs while some one part or series is being charged either
froin the generating source or from some other reservoir condenser or converter
which may be in close proximity or at some distant point station or place.
In constructing these reservoirs I employ a metallic vessel chamber or chambers
say iron steel or copper which is lined or coated on the inside with an insulating
paint varnish vitreous or other coating. The conductor for charging this reservoir
is provided with an extended conducting surface on the inside of the reservoir for
instance plates discs spurs or ribbons may be formed upon or secured to the
conductor within the reservoir and the intervening spaces within can be filled with
metallic sheets filings or scraps and the chamber then filled with a bad conducting
liquid say oil or paraffin. The cap or covering of this reservoir fits closely so as to
confine and seal the contents of the reservoir and is insulated from the metal parts
so as to provide against the escape of electricity other than through the conductor.

page_text: The outer metallic portion of this reservoir may be covered with insulating material
and a conductor leading to earth.
Under another construction I provide for filling the space or chamber within the
reservoir with metallic salts or oxides or metal or metallic substances in a finely
divided state either in the form of thin sheets ribbons filings or granulated particles
with or without being mixed with carbon sawdust or other like materials. In
such cases I use diluted sulphuric acid alkaline or other solution within the
reservoir. The chamber or reservoir so formed can be connected with earth as
before described and can be charged or revivified with a rapidity dependent upon
the resistance between the reservoir and the charging source or store of electricity
the discharge from such reservoir can be regulated by increasing or decreasing
resistance between the negative and positive elements or between the earth and the
reservoir.
I sometimes arrange two such reservoirs or the equivalent thereof one as a
positive and the other as a negative element.
I provide an extended inducing or conducting surface or part and vary the
resistance between such parts so as to provide for charging with a slight internal
resistance in the battery and for discharging under reverse conditions or with such
resistance as may be suited for the special use or purpose.
The improvements herein described are designed to be used independently of or
in connection with the various improvements described in my patents and
applications dated 30th November 1881 No 5233, 6th January 1882 No 85,
16th January 1882 No 224, 13th February 1882 No 700, 16th February 1882,
No 766, 22nd February 1882. No 856 and the 10th March 1882 No 1174.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Joseph Stokes Williams in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
30th November 1882.
JOSEPH STOKES WILLIAMS, of Riverton, New Jersey, United States of America,
but now of 8 Southampton Buildings, London "IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING
TO THE GENERATION, STORAGE, DISTRIBUTION,' REGULATION AND UTILIZATION OF
ELECTRICITY, AND APPARATUS OR DEVICES THEREFOR, AND MEANS FOR PRODUCING
OR MANUFACTURING PARTS OF SUCH APPARATUS OR DEVICES
"
In the construction of electric lamps or lighting apparatus I sometimes employ
as a conductor or light-emitting portion, metal or metallic alloys placed in suitable
chambers or holders so that such conductor or light-emitting portion can be
supported for the development of light when heated to such a degree as to liquefy
it, or to such a degree as to prevent it from being supported by the base or
terminal attachments. I employ various means devices arrangements or com-
binations, of apparatus for maintaining and distributing such metals materials or
conductors in thin layers or filaments so as to provide an extended surface with a
minimum or small amount of metal-or material constituting the light-emitting
portion. I can employ mercury or metals or metallic alloys which will melt or
emit light at low temperatures and I can mix or combine with a metal or metals
other materials or compounds in a pulverescent or finely powdered condition. For
instance I can mix or combine with a metal or metals an indestructible
material or compound such as lime zirconia or metallic salts or oxides or equivalent
materials.
I sometimes employ a vessel or receiver constructed preferably of transparent
material such receiver being provided with a space or chamber of suitable form
and dimensions for the reception and distribution of the conductors so that the
electric circuit may be completed through the medium of a liquid or liquefied
liquefiable or insupportable metal alloy or compound; the space and chamber is so
arranged and constructed of such dimensions as to permit the necessary maximum
expansion of the conductor either as a liquid or an insupportable conductor the
space not occupied by the conductor when cold is therefore exhausted of air and
the conductor is hermetically closed within the walls or chambers which
surround it.
When the conductor is enclosed in the space or chamber the vacuum is produced
by causing the aperture or space to be filled with the metal by heating it by the
passage of the electric current or otherwise and while heated I hermetically scal
the chamber; the necessary space is thereby provided for the expansion of the
metal whenever it may be subsequently heated by the passage of the electric
current.
The spaces or chambers may be of any desired form and are so constructed as to
provide for the distribution of the conductor or light emitting portion or
portions in a thin layer layers or filaments the space or chamber being so
formed as to provide for the most extended variation in the volume of the
conductor.
I sometimes for this purpose provide enlargements at the terminals or other
parts of the conductors leading into the space or chamber so that there is an
increased body or mass of metal or material at the terminals or at some part from
which light need not be emitted.
I may employ as the conductor or light emitting portion mercury alone or
mercury alloyed or amalgamated with other metals or materials or I can use
bismuth antimony, tin, zinc or other metals alloyed or combined with metallic

page_text: oxides or salts or other materials which will increase or regulate the light or the
resistance. For instance I may employ indestructible or phosphorescent materials
or compounds to increase the light or resistance. Such materials or compounds may
be used in a pulverized condition in combination with the metal or metallic alloy
in the formation of the conductor for the development of light. By these means
I am enabled to provide an extended illuminating surface with a minimum
amount of conducting or light emitting material to be heated by the passage of
the current.
I sometimes employ a glass tube or chamber closed at one end in which a
terminal has been secured the glass being of sufficient thickness to afford the
necessary strength. This tube may then be placed in a heated chamber a portion
of the said tube projecting therefrom the glass thereby becomes heated sufficiently
to provide for the metal or material employed being maintained in a liquid state.
I then force into this chamber a plunger composed of glass or other suitable
material. This plunger is of such dimensions as to provide for distributing the
liquid in a thin layer or film around the inner surface of the chamber. The metal
or material is thereby caused to entirely fill the chamber; under these conditions
the two parts are welded together or hermetically sealed. The plunger has
affixed to its upper portion or one end the other terminal or conductor which
extends into or is in contact with the metal or material constituting the light.
emitting portion of the lamp.
In order to provide for utilizing various metals or materials for the development
of light through the agency of electricity I in some cases place such metals or
materials in a suitable vessel or chamber so formed as to permit the distribution
or supporting of the metal in fine filaments or thin layers which may be flat
curved conical or of other form and in some cases I provide for the distribution of
the light through the medium of a reflector placed above or in such other position
relatively to the light emitting portion as will be most advantageous.
In some cases I support the metals employed upon or within a vessel or chamber
composed or lined with insulating material and so formed and arranged in
combination with a reflector as to provide for the distribution of the light by
reflection.
I sometimes mix the oxides of magnesium in a finely divided or pulverized
condition with the metal or metals placed within the chamber or supports And I
sometimes employ zirconia lime asbestos pulverized glass plumbago carbon mica
or other refractory materials or compounds finely pulverized and mixed with such
metals as are not highly refractory for the purpose of increasing the surface or
light giving portions with a minimum amount of material in cross section in the
light emitting portion or portions. The terminals may be, arranged to extend in
opposite directions or in the same direction that is to say. I so construct the
chamber which contains or supports the material as to complete the circuit from
the upper and lower parts of the light emitting portion or portions or the said
light emitting portion or portions may have a flat or curved surface and the
conductors be arranged to extend downwards upwards or in the same direction
therefrom.
I sometimes construct the lamp or lighting apparatus with the terminals
projecting into the space or chamber and provide a small aperture or preferably
two apertures through one of which I pour in the molten metal and while the
metal is in its greatest state of expansion I hermetically seal the said apertures.
I provide for varying the radiating surface of the light as may be necessary in
order to regulate or provide for the distribution of electricity through varying
resistances storage systems electric reservoirs converting or regulating devices or
any combination of them in an apparatus or system for distributing and utilizing
electric energy for lighting purposes.
The form of the spaces or chambers in which I place or support these conductors
may be of spiral straight circular horse shoe conical spherical globular or other
form as may be desired.

page_text: In order to provide for the completion of the circuit under all circumstances and
in all positions of the apparatus I employ a conductor of more refractory material
which extends into the material from which light is emitted.
In order to more effectively apply develop maintain or distribute heat generated
by the passage of an electric current through a liquid or liquefiable material as
may be desired according to the particular purpose for which such heat is to be
employed. I in some cases use the following arrangement for heating purposes
that is to say I provide a vessel for containing water or other liquid to be heated
This vessel is supplied with a suitable inlet pipe or pipes for the admission of the
liquid of low temperature and with an outlet pipe or pipes through which the
heated liquid passes.
Within this vessel I provide a chamber which is exhausted
of air so that a vacuum is produced therein and within this chamber I arrange a
strip or piece of metal or other suitable material capable of being heated by the
passage of an electric current therethrough. Therefore an intense heat will be
developed in the said chamber and this heat will impart the requisite temperature
to the water and will effect a circulation of the same through the pipes or other
conduits from which the heat is to be evolved.
Similar arrangements may be employed for the heating of solids through the
agency of an electric current passing through a suitable conducting material or
substance in a vacuum the heat so generated being distributed through the agency
of a liquid alone or a liquid in combination with a solid or other substances or
materials.
. In some cases I arrange the terminals of conductors communicating with the
aforesaid chamber wherein a vacuum is produced as above described at some
distance apart and arrange in the space between the said terminals mercury or
other liquid which on the passage of the current becomes heated and transmits its
beat to the liquid or solid in the surrounding vessel in a similar manner to that
above described. To provide for the expansion of the metal when thus heated I
provide the aforesaid chamber with a suitable space into which it may expand.
In constructing electric heaters foot warmers or the like I provide an enclosing
case which is transparent or semi transparent either at the upper portion or at the
sides or both and in some cases I fill the chamber unoccupied by the conductor for
developing heat with a liquid say water. By this means I am enabled to provide
for utilizing the light developed in the conductor. The conductor may be increased
within a transparent chamber from which deleterious gases have been withdrawn
or the conductor may be coated or covered with or moulded within a transparent
or semi transparent pyro-insulating vitreous or other material,
Such heater may be provided with a cut off or resistance operated automatically
as more fully described in the specification of former Letters Patent dated
November 30th A.D. 1881 No 5233.
In Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4 of the accompanying drawing I have shewn apparatus
adapted for the distribution of heat generated through the agency of electricity.
Figure 1 represents a central vertical section of one form of heater with the
heating portion a of the apparatus enclosed in a transparent casing or chamber a'
This casing or chamber is shewn surrounded by a liquid contained in an outer
chamber 6 provided with or built up of transparent or semi transparent material.
The conductor or conductors a within the chamber a¹ may be composed of metal
carbon or other suitable material or compounds. The said conductor or conductors
may be formed by the deposition of metal or metallic alloys or carbon (mechanically
or otherwise) upon an indestructible form or base. I have shown the terminals a³ a²
extending from the base of the chamber a¹ with a circuit maker interposed in the
circuit and adapted to be operated and have its position controlled by means of a
thermo regulator c which is set at some predetermined degree in accordance with
the maximum temperature which it is desired the liquid in the chamber b should
attain.
Figure 2 is a plan Figure 3 a vertical section on the line x x Figure 2 and
Figure 4 a perspective view of other forms of heaters especially adapted for use as

page_text: foot warmers and from which light will be emitted from the conductor or conductors
at a through the transparent or semi transparent casing or chamber b. I have
shewn the thermo regulating device c in Figure 3 arranged and adapted to operate
in the same manner as that described with reference to Figure 1. By the employ-
ment of thermo regulating devices arranged in the compartments or rooms to be
heated and by leading the current from an electric reservoir or accumulator I
provide for regulating the consumption and conservation of electric energy in
accordance with the temperature of the room compartment or space as more fully
set forth in the Specification of the aforesaid former Letters Patent No. 5233 and
the Specifications of other Letters Patent herein referred to.
For the purpose of the development of electric light through the agency of
incandescent electric lamps or candles or lighting apparatus I employ special forms
of conductors composed of metal or metallic alloys carbon or other suitable material
or compounds. Instead of employing wires or filaments as is usual I employ plates
or ribbons discs cones spheres or thin layers sheets or films of conducting material
which are rendered luminous by the passage of the current and I regulate the
light giving power of the conductor by increasing or decreasing its width within
certain proportions.
Various forms of conductors are suited for this purpose for instance I may
employ a thin flat loop with or without a flat circular head a thin flat ring a flat
conductor in the form of a V or M a double cone or a series of flat ribbons or
plates lying in the same plane or at an angle to each other. Or I may employ a
single conductor with wings projecting from a central portion so as to present in
cross section the form of a cross or other suitable radiating surface
According to the size depth or width of the circle arch loop or surface of the
conductor in cross section I provide for distributing the electric current and
regulating the light giving power of the lamp or candle. By so constructing the
lighting apparatus as to provide for such result I am enabled to distribute the
electric current regulate the light giving power of the conductor and vary the light
giving power of the conductors throughout an electrical system with greater
economy or less consumption of electric energy than when developing light in the
conductors constructed or used under other conditions that is to say in a system or
an apparatus for distributing electricity through mains branches and sub branches
I diminish or increase the width of the conductors from which light is emitted in
proportion as I wish to provide for the subdivision of the electric current or the
distribution of the light.
In constructing conductors I sometimes employ moulds of the desired form and
pour or compress the metal or material within such moulds. The terminals are
preferably formed of an increased body of material in section so as to define the
light emitting portions and not necessarily of the width of the light emitting
portions. In constructing conductors I sometimes employ platinum, iridium,
manganese, nickel, steel iron or the alloys of any of these with or without other
metals.
In order to readily provide for giving form to the highly refractory metals or
materials I prefer to employ the electric energy from a battery or accumulator so
as to better regulate the intensity of the heat developed in the metal or material
to be stamped or shaped. The material may be heated directly in the mould or
heated previously and carried into the mould by the compressing die.
The conductors may be rolled in very thin sheets or layers and stamped or
formed to the shape desired or the metal may be heated by the electric current or
otherwise and poured into moulds which will impart to the metal the desired form
according to the illuminating surface desired. Carbon or carbon compounded with
other materials may be distributed in thin layers by being compressed between
moulds or thin sheets of paper or suitable material may be carbonized in the usual
or any preferred manner. Or I sometimes deposit the carbon in thin layers or
over an extended surface suitably prepared in the form of flat rings flat loops strips
or other shapes.

page_text: In order to so deposit the carbon in flat rings loops or strips I employ as a base
or form thin sheets formed of some nonconducting and indestructible material or
compound for instance I can use zirconia asbestos or any other insulating and
indestructible material the deposition of carbon being effected by any well known
means or as set forth in the Specification of former Letters Patent dated
January 16th A.D. 1882 No 224. Any suitable form or support built up or formed
of such indestructible and insulating material may be employed whereon to deposit
the carbon-The special forms illustrated in the drawings being well suited for the
development of light with economy. The said forms or supports may be constructed
in moulds or under compression and stamped or shaped as may be desired.
I sometimes deposit metal or a metallic alloy or carbon on a surface from which
they can be removed or upon a transparent surface or form for instance I can
deposit iridium platinum or other metal or alloy upon thin sheets of copper tin
lead or other metal or material which can be removed from such deposited metal
or material either by heat chemical agents or otherwise the deposited piece
having the form designed for the light emitting portions the terminals preferably
extending therefrom; these terminals can be subsequently increased in size or
section by electro deposition or otherwise and the terminals to be attached or
combined therewith may be united with such conductor by fusion that is to say
by placing the ends of the conductor in a mould and the two meeting ends of
the terminals being coiled around the meeting ends of the conductor or arranged
in suitable proximity thereto and within a space or chamber which can be filled
with molten metal a perfect union of the parts is secured. Or the terminals may
be joined fused or welded to the conductors by the direct application at the meeting
ends of heat generated by-an electric current or otherwise. The conductors are
preferably placed and hermetically sealed within transparent globes as is usual
and may be covered with a vitreous or other coating.
I prefer to employ flat surfaces for the development of the light for ordinary
purposes but semispherical concave convex or angular forms are well suited for some
purposes.
I arrange these conductors or electric lamps in multiple arc or derived circuits
and when arranged in multiple are or multiple series the conductivity of the
conductors is preferably uniform or varied partly or principally in the width.
In figures 5; 6, 7 and 8 I have shown in section electric lamps provided with a
conductor d (from which light is emitted) in the form of a thin flat ring. In
Figures 5 and 6 I have shewn the conductors or terminals e attached to and adapted.
to support the light-emitting portion d of the lamp and extending in the same
direction through the enclosing globe The conductors e may be secured to the
light emitting portion d through the medium of enlargements as at f which may
be formed upon either of the parts d or e or both. Or such enlargements may be
formed in uniting the said parts & and e. In the lamp shown in Figures 7 and 8
I have shown the conductors e e extending in opposite directions from the light
emitting portion d.
Figure 9 represents in section a lamp having the light emitting portion d formed
of a loop with a flat circular head; the conductors or terminals extend from the
part through the neck of the globe as described with reference to Figures 5 and 6.
The light emitting portion of the said lamp is defined at f as above described.
Figure 10 represents in section a lamp having a V shaped like emitting portion d
connected with the terminals è e as above described.
Figure 11 represents in section a lamp whose light emitting portion d is formed
with flat surfaces whose edges are at an angle to the axis of the lamp an opening
or space being left between them from which light is not emitted. The con-
ductors e e are shown as extending in opposite directions from this lamp but they
may be arranged to extend in the same direction as described with reference to
figures 5 and 6
Figures 12 and 13 represent in sections at right angles to each other a lamp
wherein the light emitting portion d consists of a thin flat strip with curved or

page_text: convex edges converging towards the terminals or conductors e e at f These
conductors are shown as extending in opposite directions from the lamp but may
be adapted to extend in the same direction from the lamp as hereinbefore
described.
Figures 14 16 and 18 are longitudinal sections and Figures 15, 17 and 19
horizontal sections of lamps wherein. I employ a series of flat ribbons or plates d
arranged at an angle to each other. In figure 14 I have shewn the light emitting
parts d secured at f to conductors, e as before described the said conductors
extending in opposite directions from the lamp In figure 16 I have shown the
light emitting portions d united so as to form a continuous conductor at d* two of
the strips on each side being united so as to form practically one conductor with
the terminals e e extending in the same direction from the transparent enclosing
chamber. In figure 18 I have shown a lamp wherein the three strips or parts d
are shown united at fat each end of the lainp to the conductors e which extend
from the two ends of the said lamp as in the lamp illustrated in Figure 14. I can
employ a series of strips (say two) arranged in the same plane with the conductors
or terminals e extending in opposite directions as in figures 14 and 18 or with the
conductors e extending in the same direction as in Figure 16.
Figure 20 is a vertical section and figure 21 a horizontal section on the line x¹¹,
Figure 20, of a lamp wherein I employ a series of ribbons wings or plates & placed
at an angle to each other and united at one end so as to form a continuous
conductor built up of such strips in a conical form The said wings or plates are
secured to the conductors or terminals e by the connecting strip or part at f. By
this means the current is caused to pass in one direction from one conductor e
through two of the strips d and in the other direction through the other two
strips d to the second conductor e. This form of lamp is well adapted for
suspension in an elevated position the whole amount of the material d in the lamp
being utilized for the development of light
In the lamp illustrated in section in Figure 22 I have shown a somewhat similar
arrangement to that illustrated in Figures 20 and 21. The light emitting portion d
of this lamp is composed of flat ribbons or plates placed at an angle to each other
and representing in cross section the form of a cross The edges of the said plates
are shown curved or semicircular in form the terminals e being connected with the
parts & at f so as to provide for the passage of the current as described with
reference to Figures 20 and 21.
Figure 23 represents in section a lamp having a semispherical light emitting
portion d. The material of which this portion is composed may be stamped, died,
or moulded into such shape so as to provide a minumuin amount of material in the
said light emitting portion d in cross section. Or such portion may be formed by
deposition from carbon or metal upon a material from which it can be removed by
heat or chemical agents. The conductors or terminals e e are connected at f with
the light emitting portion d and extend in the same direction from the same as
herein before described In order to provide for utilizing the concave surface of the
part d I employ a reflector in combination therewith which reflector is adjusted or
arranged so as to reflect the light emitted from such surface when the lamp is
employed as a hanging lamp or as a wall bracket lamp.
In Figure 24 I have shown in section a lamp wherein the conductor or light
emitting portion d is supported upon a base or form g which may be composed of
an insulating and indestructible material. The said portion d may be built up or
formed upon this base or form by deposition and may be composed of iridium
platinum or other suitable metal or alloys of metals or of carbon as more fully set
forth in the Specification of the aforesaid former Letters Patent No 224.
Figures 25 26 and 27 represent in section lamps of similar construction to that
described with reference to Figure 24 with the exception that the base or form
upon which the conducting material d is deposited is shown in Figures 25 and 26
as spherical and in Figure 27 as conical. The adaptation of the conductors e to
the light emitting portions d is similar to that hereinbefore described with

page_text: reference to other Figures of the drawings Reflectors may be used or combined
with the said lamps as best suited to the position in which they may be used.
In Figure 28 I have shown in section a lamp wherein the light emitting
portion & is deposited upon a conical base or form 9 This base or form may be
composed of zirconia asbestos or other suitable insulating or indestructible material
The coating d may consist of either carbon or metal. The terminals e are united
with the conductor d at f. At h I have shewn the lamp provided with a reflector
so as to better provide for utilizing the light emitted from the inner portion or
towards the base of the cone.
Figure 29 is a section of a lamp wherein the light emitting portions & are
arranged in a somewhat similar manner to that described with reference to
Figures 20 and 21 a reflector h being provided for directing or throwing the light
downwards or towards the apex of the angularly arranged pieces d.
Figure 30 represents in section a lamp wherein the light emitting portion d is
supported upon a semispherical or curved base or form g the material d being
deposited thereon and connected with the conductors e at f and the light being
emitted from the curved surface by the passage of the current through the con-
ductor d. The reflector h is adapted to serve a similar purpose to that described
with reference to Figure 28 the two lamps operating in a similar manner the
difference between them being that the radiating surface is conical in Figure 28
and semi-spherical or curved in Figure 30
In Figure 31 I have shown in section a lamp wherein the light emitting
portion & is spherical. This portion d is deposited upon the form or base g. The
conductors e are connected to the part d at each end of the axis of the sphere as
at f. The reflector h serves to direct the light as described with reference to
Figures 28 to 30. The sphere, form or base g may be made solid or in two hollow
portions which may be united in any suitable manner or united at f so as to provide
for the connection of the terminals or conductors e.
In Figures 32 and 33 I have shewn strips or ribbons designed to serve as the
light emitting portions of incandescent lamps, these strips are shewn varied in
width within certain proportions and are designed for use in such incandescent
lamps so as to provide for distributing the electric current in an apparatus or
system of electrical distribution and regulating the light giving power of the lamp
or candle in accordance with the width of the conductor which is taken as a
standard and from which such variation is made. By such means I am enabled to
employ a minumum and uniform section of material in thickness and thereby
provide for the development of light with greater economy than hitherto and also
for increasing or decreasing the illuminating power of different conductors
employed in the lamps or candles in the system.
In Figure 34 and 35 I have shewn the light emitting portions of the conductors
formed of a flat loop whose edges are circular or approximately circular. A similar
arrangement is shewn in Figures 36 and 37 In Figures 38 and 39 I have shewn
a thin flat ring as a light emitting portion. Figures 40 to 43 represent a series of
flat ribbons or plates & arranged at an angle to each other as described with reference
to Figure 14 and other Figures of the drawings. Figures 44 to 47 represent a
single conductor provided with wings projecting from a common centre or central
portion.
In Figures 48 and 49 I have shewn the light emitting portion formed of a series
of flat circular rings so combined as to form a single conductor or in other words
to form projecting wings extending from a common centre or central portion.
The conductors e e are connected at the axial ends of the light emitting portions
and can extend in opposite directions through the globe or enclosing chamber or
they may extend in the same direction through the globe as herein described.
In Figures 32 to 47 I have shewn conductors of different widths so as to provide
for distributing the electric current and regulating the light giving power of the
lamps or candles in an apparatus or system for distributing electric currents for
lighting purposes. For instance in Figure 32 supposing the minimum or uniform

page_text: th
section of material in the light emitting portion of the conductor is 10th or robo
of an inch in thickness I provide for constructing such conductor of such thickness.
independently of its width and as I increase or decrease the width of such
conductor I provide for distributing the electric current and regulating the light
giving power of the different lamps or candles for use in an electrical system of
distribution.
Figures 50 to 57 shew similar forms of conductors to those shewn in Figures 32
to 39 and adapted to provide for regulating and varying the light giving power of
the candle or lamp. The construction of these conductors or light emitting
portions will be understood from the description herein.
Figure 58 illustrates in side view and Figure 59 in edge view a flat light
emitting portion or conductor & formed by the deposition of the conducting
material in a thin layer sheet or film upon the surface of a form or support g so as
to provide for conducting the current and developing the light from an extended
surface in width of the conducting material d in sectional area transversely to the
direction of the current with a minimum or small amount of the conducting
material d in thickness.
Figures 60 and 61 represent in side view and transverse section a conductor
whose light emitting portion is formed of a flat loop deposited upon a form or
support g and adapted to be combined with terminals e as described with reference
to other Figures of the drawings.
Figures 62 and 63 are similar views to Figures 60 and 61 representing a flat
ring g upon which the conducting material d is deposited in a thin film or layer
the terminals being adapted to be combined with the conducting material at fin
any preferred manner.
Figures 64 and 65 represent a front view and transverse section of a conductor
wherein the conducting or light emitting material d is deposited upon a form or
support provided with wings or extensions as herein before described with
reference to other Figures of the drawings.
Figures 66 and 67 are sectional views representing the conducting material d
deposited in a thin layer or film on conical and semipherical surfaces or forms g as
more particularly described with reference to Figures 28, 30 and 31.
I can employ various forms whereon to deposit the conducting material d for
instance I can employ a form similar to that illustrated in Figures 48 and 49 or in
Figures 10 to 27. The material g may be compressed or moulded into the desired
form and composed of an insulating and indestructable material or compound. I
prefer to compress such material into thin sheets or into such form as to provide for
a minimum amount of the material as a support for the light emitting portion d of
the conductor. I may employ zirconia, asbestos, lime or other materials or
compounds as a base or support for the deposition of carbon or metals in thin
films or layers as more fully set forth in the Specification of the aforesaid Letters
Patent No. 224.
Figures 68 to 72 represent various forms of conductors or bases or supports
upon which the conducting material d can be deposited. These pieces may be
formed by compression between rolls dies or stamps and when constructed of o
material to which heat can be applied with advantage in the formation of such
pieces I provide for heating such material prior to or during its passage through or
between the rolls dies or stamping devices through the Agency of an electric
current and regulate the supply and tension of the current by the employment of
an accumulating device or devices in which the electric energy is stored or held
in reserve.
Figure 68 represents the material compressed into the form of flat rings.
Figure 69 shews the material compressed into the form of flat strips and Figure 70
shows the material compressed so as to be provided with flattened portions having
curved or convex edges. Figure 71 shews the material compressed into the form of
a continuous flat strip. Figure 72 shews the material so formed as to be provided
with wings or, extensions at an angle to each other.

page_text: Figure 73 represents an edge view of a pair of rolls provided with suitable
projections and recesses in order to compress or form the material passing between
them into the shape shewn in Figure 70.
+
Figure 74 is a similar view of a pair of rolls adapted to form the material or
conductor with wings or extensions as shewn in figure 72.
Figures 75 and 76 represent in section dies or moulds for compressing the
material or conductor into a semispherical and conical form so that the form or
the conducting material will consist of a thin film or sheet.
Figure 77 is a plan of a die in which the material or conductor can be compressed
into a thin film or sheet in the form of a flat ring.
Figures 78 and 79 represent in front and end elevation devices and means for
utilizing an electric current from an accumulator or store of electric energy for
the heating of the material designed to be employed in the formation of the light
emitting portion of an incandescent electric lamp or a support or form therefor.
In these Figures i i represent the parts of the apparatus in and between which the
metal or material ; is compressed and formed into thin layers or sheets which may
be flat or with angular projections extending therefrom as may be desired in order
to provide the greatest amount of conducting and radiating surface with a
minimum amount of material in cross-section. j¹ j¹ represent devices for supporting
the bar wire plate or material j. These devices are shewn as supporting the
piece j out of contact with the compressing devices i so as to provide for the electric
current heating the bar or piece ; without it being in contact with the parts i.
The said bar is carried or forced into the mould or form by the movement of one
or both of the said compressing devices i. The bar j may be moved lengthwise so
as to provide for successively compressing or dieing the sections of the bar into the
desired shape. This movement can be effected automatically by causing the
adjustment of the bar in conjunction with and dependent upon the position of the
stamping or dieing devices i; or the piece j may be moved into position by hand.
The electric circuit from the battery or accumulator k is shewn as completed
through the conductors k¹³ the contact makers and the portion of the material
adapted to be compressed into the desired form by being placed in the circuit
between the said contact makers and heated by the electric current from the said
battery or accumulator. I have shewn at m a regulator resistance or cut off in
order to provide for controlling the current passing from the battery or accumulator k
in accordance with the section of the material to be reduced or compressed into the
desired shape and adapted to form the light emitting portion of an incandescent
lamp. I have shewn the upper part i adapted to be moved against the tension of
springs so as to provide for compressing the material j into the dies or forms. Or
I may employ a weight or hydraulic or other force for compressing the said
material into the desired shape. By such means I am enabled to obtain conductors
(formed of the most highly refractory metal or material) of uniform density with
an extended surface and a minimum amount of material in cross-section.
I construct an electric reservoir or magazine in the form of a cylinder square or
parelleogram or other suitable shape and arrange the boxes or chambers constituting
these reservoirs side by side or within or over each other in such a manner as
to provide for a minimum or suitable resistance in the charging or working of the
apparatus for instance I may employ large and extensive reservoirs of any size or
dimensions one of which represents the positive and the other the negative element.
The circuit between these elements may be completed at the side sides bottom or
top or any combination of the same." I sometimes employ a plate or piece or a
series of them arranged at a suitable distance between under over or at the sides of
these electric reservoirs or entirely outside of the same for the purpose of regulating
deminishing or increasing the resistance. They may be immersed in liquid
solution or covered or coated with a bad conductor or insulating material.
I construct electric reservoirs magazines or batteries either for generating or
conserving electricity through the medium of gases such as oxygen hydrogen

page_text: carbonic acid sulphurous acid air or any combination of them or other gases or
gaseous compounds either dry or saturated or heated or cold.
I construct these reservoirs so that they are gas-tight. For instance I may
employ a chamber which is built of iron or other suitable metal lined on the inside
or both on the inside and outside with an insulating material. This insulating
material may be composed of bricks and cement pitch asbestos insulate or other
suitable substance material or compound I may coat or line the metallic framing
of the reservoir with a vitreous coating which will prevent oxidation-Or I may
coat such chamber with lead or lead alloyed or combined with antimony manganese
or other suitable metal or material. When such chamber provides for containing
both the positive and negative elements say oxygen and hydrogen the structure is
divided by a partition which is gas tight or provides for separating the two
elements. The lower portion can be either perforated or so formed or placed as to
provide for the two chambers being practically united in one at such part. This
portion of the chamber can contain acidulated water or other solution or medium
which prevents the gases from being united through the opening at the bottom of
the partition or the two chambers can be united by a conductor either metallic or
liquid or both.
In order to provide for regulating or governing the amount of gas with which
these reservoirs can be charged I employ a safety or pressure valve with each part.
This valve is set at some determined point dependent upon the pressure desired
preferably a high pressure of several atmospheres. may provide for supporting
a column or body of liquid that is to say the gases when forced into the reservoir
force out the acidulated water or other solution dependent upon the quantity
introduced or generated.
When such apparatus is being charged through the medium of an electric
generating machine or apparatus such pressure or safety valve or liquid medium.
may act upon a circuit maker or resistance or other cut off which prevents the
further charging of such reservoir or completes the circuit with another reservoir
or apparatus or prevents the further generation of electricty. In charging such
reservoir with gases I preferably employ other retorts reservoirs or apparatus in
which the gases are generated or collected such reservoirs being connected by pipes
composed of lead, or other suitable metal alloy material or compound which will
not be liable to oxidation or destruction by the gas or gases employed. These.
charging reservoirs may be operative through the medium of electricity or by the
direct application of heat or through the medium of chemical agents or a com-.
bination of any of them. I may provide for regulating the electro motive force for
transmitting the electricity through the conductors in a system of distribution by
employing and charging such a number of gas reservoirs with their elements.
coupled in series as to provide for regulating the electro motive force of the
current or I may employ such a number of elements in the form of an ordinary.
accumulator battery or magazine charged by such gas magazine as will regulate
the electro motive force in the mains. Or I may regulate the electro motive force
or tension of the current through the medium of induction coils condensers,
convertors or resistances. The generating reservoir or magazine can under such
circumstances consist of a single pair of elements or of a less number than would,
otherwise be necessary to provide for giving the necessary electro motive force. I
provide for maintainng a constant supply of gas or gaseous compounds and thereby.
ensure a constant pressure in the mains. I may employ an independent series of
reservoirs or batteries at the generating place or station charged directly by the
evolution of gases or I may employ a prime generating battery or magazine for
charging one or more series of batteries or accumulators placed at the generating
station. These, generating batteries or the batteries or magazines which they
charge may be connected with other charging or accumulating apparatus of any.
preferred type or pattern either primary, secondary, or gas reservoirs or magazines
or any combination of them placed preferably in pairs or series at different points,
works houses or places through the medium of mains branches or sub-branches or
1.
}

page_text: any combination of them with returns by earth or otherwise that is to say the
conductors or pole pieces extending into the reservoirs charged with suitable gases
or gaseous compounds extend through the streets highways or places through the
medium of conductors, branches sub-branches or any combination of them leading
to lamps or other apparatus along the streets or highways into the houses works
places or to railway lines or appliances placed or operative thereon through the
medium of apparatus such as electric lamps heaters furnaces retorts metal shaping
or rolling or moulding devices or other apparatus in or through which electricity
can be translated into light. heat or motive power or any of them or used for other
purposes. I preferably supply the electric translating devices direct from sub- 1
sidiary electric reservoirs batteries or accumulators charged or revivified from the
generating apparatus. I thereby provide for the independent working of the
various devices or groups-of-devices for translating electricity.
I may employ such method of generation in combination with other generators
such as dynamo or magneto electric galvanic or thermo electric generators or I
may employ solely thermo electric or galvanic generators or any combination of
them but in all cases I provide for distributing and regulating the supply and
current through the medium of subsidiary generators reservoirs accumulators or
magazines.
In order to provide for storing and utilizing the energy generated by the s
decomposition of metallic or other substances or compounds I conduct the gases
generated by such decomposition into the electric reservoirs as herein before
described for instance by placing in a retort say one part of the oxide of manganese
and three parts of chloride of potash in its crystalline state on the application of
heat to the retort containing such mixture the oxygen is evolved at the rate of
twelve cubic feet for such proportions for every three pounds of chlorate of potash.
The gas is conducted from this retort by a pipe leading to a small apparatus
divided into two parts which is partially filled with water. These two chambers
are connected by a pipe which leads from the upper portion downwards into and
under the surface of the liquid. This pipe provides for conducting the gas out of
one chamber and from its upper portion downwards through the pipe below the
surface of the liquid into the other chamber. At the upper portion of the last
named chamber another pipe is arranged which leads to the electric reservoir so as
to charge the same with oxygen.
may use the peroxide of manganese and the chlorate par le feu giving the
result per manganate of potash.
The other portion or element of the reservoir is filled with hydrogen or other
gas or gaseous compound in a similar manner or by forcing in the gases by
mechanical means.
In a system for generating and distributing electricity I employ an apparatus
placed along the mains or in the houses works or places consisting of an electrical
reservoir or battery which consists of a tightly enclosed box or chamber which
is constructed in a somewhat similar manmer to the generating reservoir and of
such dimensions and of such number of cells or elements as to be suited to the
special application or use. This reservoir is connected with the mains branches or
sub-branches so as to be charged through the medium thereof that is to say instead
of making an electric reservoir or prime generator by the evolution of gases
without the agency of electricity but through the direct application of beat or
other means I employ the electric current to decompose the water placed in the
reservoir the oxygen or hydrogen being given off of the respective poles and
confined within their respective chambers. The polar extensions of these elements
are preferably so connected as to provide for charging a series of small apparatus or a
convertor for charging the conductor or conductors leading into or through houses,
works or other places where electrical appliances such as electric motors electric
heaters electric lamps or any of them are placed and through which the electricity
can be translated into light heat or motive power. In order to provide a cut-off
when these batteries become fully charged I employ a governor which is connected

page_text: with a circuit maker that is to say when a sufficient amount of water is decomposed
the valve is forced preferably vertically against a weight or spring and causes the
adjustment of the circuit maker so as to prevent the further decomposition of the
water or other solution until the pressure is reduced
In order to provide for the intensity of the current necessary for the decom-
position of the water I sometimes conduct the electricity into the battery through
the medium of a convertor.
In order to provide an extended surface within the electric reservoirs I employ
sheets plates discs or extended surfaces of metallic fabric or extended surfaces
coated with or formed of carbon or other suitable conducting material. I some-
times employ thin sheets of copper or other metal or material and coat or
impregnate such thin sheets with lead platinum, manganese, antimony or other
suitable metal or a combination or alloy of metals.
These sheets are supported and arranged in such a manner as to provide for the
gases permeating or surrounding all parts of such element for instance they may
be supported on a framing within the reservoir tank or chamber and held in
position at the base by another support or an independent framing within the
reservoir may be provided for supporting these pole pieces or elements; they may
be coiled lapped or folded upon themselves in cylindrical or other forms or may
consist of a framing or a series of coils folds pieces or parts perforated or otherwise
united so as to constitute the charging or discharging. conductor pole or terminals
or I may employ separate discharging terminals or pole pieces so as to discharge
in quantity and charge with tension or vice versa.
These pole pieces are either coupled in series with other electric reservoirs
batteries or accumulators or are employed solely for charging or revivifying other
electric reservoirs accumulators or batteries; or the pole pieces extend into a
conserving mass or medium which is charged by the current transmitted through
such conductors the electricity being conducted therefrom through induction coils
plates or parts or resistances condensers convertors or regulators by or through
which the tension of the current is regulated and the conductors extend from these
reservoirs or convertors through the streets highways works and places where
suitable electric reservoirs or conservers of electricity or electric translating devices
such as electric lamps heaters and motors can be supplied and in and through
which the electricity can be translated into light heat or motive power that is to
say I provide for a distribution and sub-division of the electricity through the
medium of mains branches and sub-branches with returns by earth or with the
apparatus coupled in multiple arc or multiple series and preferably through
subsidiary electric reservoirs accumulators or batteries which can be revivitied or
charged or which conserve electric energy. I sometimes coat impregnate or form
the terminals or pole pieces of the electric reservoirs of metal or other material say
iron steel or copper or of asbestos and impregnate coat or cover such terminals or
pole pieces with carbon or with carbon alloyed or amalgamated with metal say.
lead or with other metals or alloys from a metallic solution or by the direct
application of heat so as to provide for utilizing metallic fumes for making the
deposit or by mixing the carbon with molten metal in suitable moulds adapted to
receive the form or support of iron or other suitable material.
In order to provide for this in some cases I use turpentine, oil, or other suitable
material which I burn or decompose so that the fumes will permeate the space or
chamber (with or without steam or pressure) within which the material to be
coated is enclosed. I can at the same time decompose lead, antimony, or other
metal or the salts or oxides of metals within such space or chamber or introduce
such fumes into the space or chamber, or these operations may be performed
separately and by the direct application of heat or through the agency of
electricity. The interior surface or parts of electric reservoirs or cells or the
elements can thus be coated or lined with the metal which will conserve the
electric energy.
I can employ castings or plates of iron or steel or other suitable metal or an

page_text: alloy of metal with or without recesses ribs or projections and cast upon within
around or against them the metal or material substance or compound say lead or
lead and antimony.
I sometimes construct or employ condensers in a system of distribution for
. converting electricity in quantity into tension or for conserving electric energy,
I preferably arrange these in pairs or series with automatic cut offs or with dis-
charging and charging terminals which are so combined with the generator or
electric reservoirs as to provide for discharging from some one part or series of
condensers of the reservoirs while some one part or series is being charged either
from the generating source or from some other reservoir condenser or converter
which may be in close proximity or at some distant point station or place.
In constructing these reservoirs I sometimes employ a metallic vessel chamber
or chambers say of iron steel or copper which is lined or coated on the inside with
an insulating paint varnish vitreous or other coating. The conductor for charging
this reservoir is provided with an extended conducting surface on the inside of the
reservoir for instance plates discs spurs or ribbons may be formed upon or secured
to the conductor within the reservoir and the intervening spaces within can be
filled with metallic sheets filings or scraps and the chamber then filled with a bad
conducting liquid say oil or paraffin. The cap or covering of this reservoir fits
closely so as to confine and seal the contents of the reservoir and is insulated.from
the metal parts so as to provide against the escape of electricity other than through
the conductor. The outer metallic portion of this reservoir may be covered with
insulating material and have a conductor leading to earth.
Under another construction I provide for filling the space or chamber within the
reservoir with metallic salts or oxides or metal or metallic substances in a finely
divided state either in the form of thin sheets ribbons filings or granulated particles
with or without being mixed with carbon saw dust or other like materials. In
such cases I use diluted sulphuric acid or an alkaline or other solution within the
reservoir. The chamber or reservoir so formed can be connected with earth as
before described and can be charged or revivified with a rapidity dependent
upon the resistance between the reservoir and the charging source or store of
electricity; the discharge from such reservoir can be regulated by increasing or
decreasing the resistance between the negative and positive elements or between the
earth and the reservoir.
I sometimes arrange two such reservoirs or the equivalent thereof one as a
positive and the other as a negative element.
I provide an extended inducing or conducting surface or part and vary the
resistance between such parts so as to provide for charging with a slight internal
resistance in the battery and for discharging under reverse conditions or with such
resistance as may be suited for the special use or purpose.
The improvements herein described are designed to be used independently, or in
connection with, the various improvements described in the specifications of my
former Letters Patent No. 5233 dated 30th November A D 1881
No. 224 dated 16th January A D 1882.
No. 700 dated 13th February A. D 1882
No. 766 dated 16th February A D 1882
No. 856 dated 22nd February A D 1882
and No. 1174 dated 10th March A D 1882
and in the Provisional Specification No. 85 dated the 6th January A D 1882.
Figure 80 is a diagram representing an apparatus or system of electrical distri-
bution in which I provide for the conservation of electric energy by the evolution
and accumulation of gases at the generating source, which gases, together with the
devices and means used in connection therewith, are so adapted as to provide for
the transmission of the electric current through the electrical circuit of the
system. I employ subsidiary or auxiliary electric reservoirs at one or more
points distant from the generating station or at such a number of points or places
whereat I wish to provide for the conservation of electric energy or at such points

page_text: or places in the electrical system at which I wish to provide for rendering inde-
pendent of the prime reservoir for a given time the various electric translating
devices or groups of such devices or apparatus (either portable or stationary)
employed in, or adapted to be supplied from, the prime reservoir or generating
source or subsidiary or auxiliary reservoirs supplied therefrom.
At 1. 2. I have shewn a reservoir or magazine divided or formed in two parts to
provide for the conservation of electric energy by the accumulation of gases.
These parts of the reservoirs are so constructed as to be gas tight being formed
or built up of iron as at 3 lined on the inside or both on the inside and
outside with an insulating material as at 4 and as more elearly shewn in other
Figures of the drawings. This insulating material may be composed or built up
of bricks cement pitch asbestos insulate or other suitable substance material or
compound or I may form this insulating coating of a vitreous material the insu-
lation being designed to prevent oxidation or the action of the acid or other
solution when such solutions are employed in or in connection with the parts 1, 2
of the reservoirs, or similar reservoirs or parts designed to provide for the decom-
position of acidulated water or other solutions which may be employed in connection
with such reservoirs when they are designed to be placed in an electrical circuit
with the generator or in an electrical circuit of the system. 5, 6 represent pipes
which provide for conducting the gases from the generator into the parts 1, 2 of
the reservoir. In these pipes 5, 6 I provide cut off valves 7, 8 which are shewn
connected with valves at 9, 10 adapted to be operated by the pressure of gas in the
parts 1, 2 that is to say when the pressure of the gases in the said parts reaches a
pre-determined limit the supply of such gases from the generator will be cut off.
By these means I provide for maintaining practically a uniform pressure of the
gases. I have shewn the parts 1. 2 of the reservoir connected with a series of gas
batteries or accumulating devices 11, 12, 13 adapted to operate independently or
in conjunction according to the electrical connections." The gases from the
parts 1, 2 of the reservoir are conducted into the respective parts elements or
electrodes of the gas batteries 11, 12, 13 and according to the number of these
electrodes or elements coupled in series I provide for regulating the electro motive
force or tension of the current in the discharging circuits A. I have shewn in the
battery 11 a greater number of elements or electrodes which are coupled in series
than in the batteries 12 and 13. The discharging circuit A from this battery 11
extends to the translating devices 14 which are shewn as motors coupled in
multiple arc. I can employ in this circuit or in a branch therefrom an electric
meter adapted to register and record the current transmitted from the accumulating
device to the motors.
I have shewn the discharging circuit A from the gas battery 12 in connection
with electric lamps 15 and heaters 16 coupled in mutiple arc meters being
employed in this circuit as is usual. I have shewn at 17 a series of condensing or
accumulating devices for regulating or converting the tension of the current in the
discharging circuit A leading therefrom and connected therewith through the
medium of a switching or circuit making device 18 adapted to be automatically or
otherwise operated as fully described in the provisional Specification dated
January 6th AD 1882 No 85 in the Specifications of my former Letters Patent
dated February 13th AD 1882 No 700 and February 16th AD 1882 No 766 and
as described and illustrated in the specifications of my former Letters Patent dated
February 22nd AD 1882 No 856 and March 10th AD 1882 No 1174. The
devices 17 are so connected through the medium of the commutator or circuit
maker 18 with the magazine or battery 12 as to provide for one or more parts of
the devices 17 being in electrical communication with the said magazine or battery
while one or more parts are in electrical communication with the discharging
circuit A which is shewn as leading to a series of accumulating devices 19. These
devices are adapted to provide for the accumulation or storage of electric energy at
or near the places where it is to be utilized and may be so constructed as to be
adapted for reducing and regulating the tension of the current in the discharging

page_text: circuits B in which the translating devices are placed and as may be suited to such
devices. I have shewn at 20 automatic cut offs in order to provide for cutting out
the accumulators 19 from the discharging circuit A when they become fully
charged. The accumulating device 19 at 21 is adapted to operate as described in
the Specifications of the aforesaid former Letters Patent and supply electric energy
to the translating devices in the circuit B. The other accumulating devices 19
provide for the accumulation of gases by the decomposition of acidulated water or
other solutions: The construction and working of these accumulating devices or
magazines is more fully hereinafter described The cut offs 20 are adapted to
operate automatically dependent upon the pressure caused by the evolution of
gases so as to provide for interrupting the electrical charging circuit to the
accumulators or magazines 19. I have shewn at 22 a series of arc lamps arranged
in a discharging circuit B the electro motive force or tension of the current being
regulated through the medium of the number of elements coupled in series in the
device 19 connected with the said discharging circuit. I may employ one or more
condensers accumulators or induction coils adapted to operate in such discharging
circuit so as to provide for regulating the electro motive force or tension of the
current in the said discharging circuit B irrespective of the electro motive force or
tension of the current from the accumulating device 19. I have shewn at 23 and 24
a series of lamps and heaters arranged in the discharging circuit B from the
accumulating device 19. At 25 I have shewn an electric meter adapted to measure
and record the consumption of electric energy in the said discharging circuit B.
At 26 I have shewn a series of motors arranged in a discharging circuit B from
the accumulating device 19. 25 represents an electrical meter for measuring and
27 represents
recording the amount of current passing into this motor circuit 27.
switching devices adapted to provide for controlling the movement of the
motors 26.
By employing the subsidiary or auxiliary accumulating devices or magazines 19
I am enabled to provide for the employment of an electrical conductor or
conductors A of lighter section than would be required providing such subsidiary
accumulating devices were not employed, and for the transmission of electric
energy with a high electro motive force or tension through the electrical circuit A
and to reduce and regulate the electro motive force or tension of the current in the
discharging circuits B as may be desired. At 28 I have shewn in the discharging
circuit A from the converting devices 17 a series of arc lamps.
At 29 I have shewn an accumulating device or magazine in electrical connection
with the gas battery 13 through the medium of the discharging circuit A. The
discharging circuit B from this accumulating device or magazine is shewn adapted
to supply electrical translating devices at 30 and also to supply the conserving or
accumulating devices 19 arranged along the line of railway at 31 and designed to
provide for the conservation of electric energy in close proximity to the electrical
translating devices at 32 combined with and designed to operate signals or other
movable mechanism connected with the working of railways. The discharging
circuits from these devices 19 are controlled through the medium of circuit makers
at 33 which have combined with them an armature and electro magnet or other
suitable electric translating device so as to provide for the said circuit makers 33
being controlled from a signalman's cabin or some central point or station through
the medium of electrical connections extending from circuit makers arranged as
at 34. The accumulating devices 19 at 35 are shewn supplied directly from the
reservoir 13 and the translating devices 32 adapted to be operated by the energy
from said batteries are controlled through the medium of the circuit makers 33
and 34 in a similar manner to that above described.
I have shewn the accumulating device 19 at 29 adapted for being placed in
electrical connection with accumulating or storing devices which are placed upon
the wagons vehicles or trains and may be utilized for supplying electric energy for
the propulsion or retardation of the said wagons vehicles or trains or for lighting
or heating purposes upon the same or for any two or more of these purposes. The

page_text: elements of this accumulating device 19 are placed in communication with the
elements of the storing or accumulating devices upon the wagons vehicles or trains
through the conductor C or otherwise as more fully set forth in the Specifications
of my aforesaid former Letters Patent No. 856 and 1174. I provide for controlling
the electrical circuit from the device 19 through the medium of a circuit maker 36
which may be combined with one or more of the other circuit makers of the series
as more fully described in the specification of my aforesaid Letters Patent. The
electric energy may be supplied to the accumulating devices upon the wagons
vehicles or trains directly from the devices 11, 12 or 13 by placing them in
electrical communication through the medium of the conductor Cor. otherwise.
The electrical circuit from the device 11, 12 or 13 to the conserving devices upon
the wagons vehicles or trains may be controlled through the medium of circuit
makers adapted to operate in a similar manner to that described with reference to
the circuit makers 34 and 36. At D I have shewn a cross over road adapted to
be operated by the energy from the accumulating device 19 the discharging circuit
from such device being controlled through the medium of the circuit maker 37-
I have shewn at 38 a circuit maker adapted to complete the circuit with the rails
EE of the line in order to provide for placing the elements of the device 19 (or
when suitably connected the device 13) in electrical communication with the
accumulating devices on the wagons vehicles or trains through the medium of the
insulated rails E or so as to place the electric motors arranged upon the wagons
vehicles or trains in electrical communication with the said devices 19 or 13 or
any combination of either one or both of these with other forms of accumulating
or storing devices arranged as permanent electric reservoirs or as portable electric
reservoirs adapted to be charged or revivified from the permanent or fixed electric
reservoirs.
I have shewn the conductors C at 39 adapted to complete an electrical circuit
between the accumulating device 19 at 31 and one or more accumulating devices
mounted on a wagon vehicle or train or the said conductors C may be adapted to
be placed in electrical communication the accumulating device 13 or the accumu-
lating device 19 at 29 and the circuit can be controlled from the central point or
station F through the medium of suitable circuit making devices as herein described
and more fully set forth in the Specifications of my aforesaid former Letters
Patent No. 700 No. 856 and No. 1174.
I have shown an accumulating device 19 at 40 and 41 adapted to provide for
supplying electric energy for the operation of tram cars by the accumulation or
storage of energy upon such vehicles-The conductors C are employed to connect
the electrical circuit between the elements of the devices 19 and the devices upon
the tram car or vehicle. At C* I have shewn circuit makers for interrupting the
circuit between the accumulating devices 19 and the conductors C. The device 19
at 40 is placed in an insulated electrical circuit from the device 13. I have shewn
the device 19 at 41 with one insulated conductor the electrical circuit being
completed by an uninsulated conductor or by earth. I have shewn a discharging
circuit from the device 19 at 41 adapted to supply translating devices placed in
a derived or multiple are circuit in the discharging or translating circuit B. In
this discharging circuit B from the device 19 I arrange electric lighting apparatus
as at 42 electric motors as at 43 and heaters as at 44. I have shewn an electric
meter 25 adapted to provide for measuring and recording the current; it will be
understood that such meter 25 may be employed in such a number of the dis-
charging circuits as may be desired. I have shewn an accumulating device 19 at
45 and 46 adapted to provide for rendering the motor circuit independent of the
electric lighting or other. translating circuit 47. Meters (not shewn) may be
employed in each of such circuits for measuring and recording independently the
energy consumed or stored in the circuits 47 and 48. I have shewn at 49, 50
and 51 independent accumulating devices 19 with discharging or translating
circuits leading therefrom and provided with electric lights as at 52 heaters as
at 53 and motors as at 54 and electric meters as at 55. As these accumulating

page_text: devices 19 become charged they are provided with devices or means at 20 for
cutting the said devices 19 out of the discharging circuit-By the employment of
these devices 19 at various points in the system of distribution or at the houses works
or along the lines of railway or tramway or other places where I wish to provide
for the conservation of energy I am enabled to construct and operate an electrical
system of distribution in such a manner that the electrical apparatus or translating
devices in or adapted to be placed in the translating or discharging circuits B will
be independent in their working of the current passing through the main charging
circuits A and to provide for the transmission of the energy through the
conductors A at all times excepting only when all of the subsidiary auxiliary or
independent devices 19 become fully charged and when such is the case I provide
for accumulating energy in the devices 1, 2, 11, 12 and 13 at the generating
station until some determined pressure is reached by the accumulation of gases so
that through the medium of the pressure valves 9 and 10 the cut offs 7 and 8 will
cut off the supply of gases through the pipes 5 and 6 until the consumption of
energy in the translating or discharging circuit effect a decrease in pressure in the
devices 1, 2, 11, 12 and 13 or any one or more of them, The devices 7 and 8
instead of being valves as shewn may be electrical resistances or cut offs adapted
to provide for making or breaking the circuit with an electric generator as more
fully described with reference to other figures of the drawings. The devices 19
are provided with the cut offs at 20 which may be operated in a similar manner to
that more fully described with reference to other Figures of the drawings.
Figure 81 is an elevation partly in section representing an accumulating.device
designed to be employed in an electrical system of distribution for utilizing electric
energy for the purpose of light heat or motive power or for traction or for any one
or more of such purposes. This device provides for the decomposition of water or.
other suitable liquid solution in the reservoirs or chambers G. H. upon the passage
of the current when the electric circuit is completed from the electrical generator
at I. The gases are conducted from these chambers G H through the pipes G'. H'
into the respective chambers J J₁ so as to constitute or form these parts J and J¹
into opposite elements adapted to operate as a gas battery for the accumulation of
electric energy. These chambers are shewn built up or formed of metal coated
with an insulating or inoxidizable cement or material as herein provided for. I so
form mount or support the parts J J¹ as to provide for the electrical circuit being
completed between the said parts near the base of the reservoir through the liquid
when they have their parts or electrodes connected electrically either for quantity
or in series. I provide for an extended surface in these parts J and J' by employing
strips folds or coils of suitable metal or material coated with metal perforated or
otherwise. Or the metallic sheets or conductors may be surrounded by or formed
of carbon suitably prepared or carbon mixed with other materials as is shewn in
vertical longitudinal section and vertical transverse section in Figures 82 and 83
of the drawings. The terminals or pole pieces may extend through the casing or
chambers of the parts J J' and be united at opposite sides and with opposite poles
when being coupled up in series. These terminals are adapted to provide for
forming the main charging circuits A or the discharging circuits b as described
with reference to the devices 11, 12, 13 and 19 in Figure 80 in accordance with
the position or service such devices perform in an electrical system of distribution.
By constructing and arranging the parts G and H so as to provide for the constant
evolution of the gases in the parts of the reservoir in which the charging
conductors K K' are introduced or form part and by forming the discharging
terminals or parts L L' independently of the charging conductors I am enabled to
provide for a constant charge through the conductors K and K' and a constant
discharge through the conductors L and L' without switching mechanism or any
conflict in the working of the apparatus. The pressure in the parts G and H
provides for regulating the generation of electricity by making or breaking the
circuit at M through the medium of rods M2 which are connected with the pressure
gauges M¹. I have also shewn the pressure gauge adapted to be connected with the

page_text: boiler safety valve or to the cut off for the engine and such rod may also be con-
nected with the damper or flue or if gas is employed for the generation of steam
the supply of gas may also be checked so as to provide for a stoppage or diminution
in the generation of electric currents by the generator I until such time as the
pressure in the reservoirs is reduced. The reservoir is adapted to be used
throughout an electrical system of distribution as described in Figure 80 and by
the employment of such reservoir I am enabled to provide for effectually
distributing and utilizing electric energy as also described with reference to the
same figure. The gas tight reservoirs illustrated in Figures 81, 82 and 83 are
formed or built up of iron or other suitable metal and are adapted to withstand
the pressure exerted by the accumulation of gases within the reservoir or parts of
the reservoir The said reservoirs are built up lined or coated with an insulating
material or compound and both their inside and outside may be so coated or
covered as to provide against oxidation as herein set forth.
I may employ a thermo electric generator instead of or in combination with the
generator at i and the supply of fuel and therefore the generation of the current
will be regulated in accordance with the position of the circuit maker at M
operated as hereinbefore described When the thermo generator is heated by
liquid steam or air the supply of the same for heating the elements of the said
generator may be regulated and controlled through the medium of the circuit
marker at M operated by the pressure gauge M¹. Or if the electric generator at i
should be driven through the medium of gas or compressed air or by water power
the supply of the gas air or water can be regulated or stopped in accordance with
the conservation of energy in the reservoirs G. H. J J or any number of such
devices at the generating station or at any distance therefrom. I prefer to
generate electric currents of comparatively low electro motive force in the
generating apparatus and to store or accumulate the energy in the reservoirs G.
H J. J. and regulate the tension of the current in the main discharging or in
the working or translating circuit according to the number of elements J J¹
coupled in series-Or I employ condensers or induction coils or other accumulating
or converting devices adapted to operate as current transmitters or tension
regulators in the electrical current to or from such magazine in which the gases are
accumulated so as to constitute elements adapted to develope an electric current in
the recomposition of the gases.
In order to provide for utilizing a gas battery or magazine at the generating
source and produce an electrical system of distributions with a minimum prime
cost or in order to provide for utilizing the capital expenditure to the best
advantage I employ independent or auxilliary electric reservoirs or magazines at
one or more points or stations distant from the generating or accumulating stations
and provide for employing a conductor or conductors of less sectional area or
carrying capacity in the electrical current than would otherwise be necessary in
case such subsidiary or independent electric reservoirs or gas batteries or other
form of accumulating device should not be employed in the system.
I am also enabled by such means to provide for regulating the electromotive
force or tension of the current in the different or independent discharging circuits
as I may desire to suit any special kind or group of electrical translating devices.
I also construct these gas batteries with charging and discharging terminals or
parts adapted to provide for conducting the currents to and from the reservoir and
through the discharging and charging extension conductor or conductors with
varying tension or electromotive force as fully set forth in the Specifications of
my aforesaid former Letters Patent.
Having thus fully described my said Invention, and the manner of performing
the same, I wish it understood that I claim―
First An apparatus or device for the diffusion of heat through the Agency of an
electric current for the heating of a compartment room or space or to be utilized
as a foot warmer and built up or formed by enclosing the conductors in a trans-
parent or semi-transparent casing chamber or covering the said casing chamber or

page_text: covering being surrounded by liquid contained in an outer chamber provided with
transparent or semi-transparent portions or built up of transparent or semi-
transparent material the conductors within the inner casing chamber or covering
being adapted to be placed in an electrical circuit and to operate substantially as
described with reference to the drawings for the purposes specified.
Second. The employment in combination with the subject matter of the
preceding claim of a thermo regulating device adapted to regulate the con-
sumption of electric energy dependant upon the temperature of the compartment
room or space or dependent upon some set or pre-determined degree of temperature
substantially as set forth.
Third. The combination with an electric circuit in which one or more.
accumulating or storing devices are included of one or more heaters adapted to
develop both light and heat for illuminating and heating rooms compartments or
spaces or to be utilized as foot warmers the consumption or conservation of electric.
energy being made dependent upon some set or pre-determined temperature by
devices or means either in the heater itself or in the room compartment or space
substantially as set forth.
Fourth. In an electric lamp candle or lighting apparatus a thin layer sheet or
film of conducting material adapted to provide for the passage of the electric
current and to emit light from a conical convex concave spherical semispherical or
equivalent surface substantially as set forth.
Fifth. In an incandescent electric lamp or lighting apparatus the employment of
a layer sheet or film of conducting material adapted to provide for the passage of
an electric current and to emit light from an extended surface in width with a
minimum or comparatively small amount of conducting material in transverse
section substantially as described with reference to figures 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
and 13 of the drawings.
Sixth In an incandescent lamp or lighting apparatus the employment of a layer
sheet or film of conducting material adapted to provide for the passage of an
electric current and to emit light from an extended surface in width with a
minimum or comparatively small amount of conducting material in transverse
section substantially as described with reference to figures 14 to 22 and figures 48
and 49 of the drawings.
Seventh. In an incandescent electric lamp or lighting apparatus the employment
of a layer sheet or film of conducting material adapted to provide for the passage
of an electric current and to emit light from an extended surface in width with a
minimum or comparatively small amount of conducting material in transverse
section substantially as described with reference to figures 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,
30, and 31 of the drawings and adapted to be used either with or without reflectors
for confining reflecting or directing a portion of the rays of light developed by the
passage of the electric current through the said conducting material.
Eighth. The method of subdividing and utilizing the electric current for lighting
purposes in an apparatus or system of electrical distribution by the employment of
electric lamps in which the conducting and light emitting portions are constructed
in such a manner as to provide for regulating and varying the light giving power
of different lamps adapted to be employed for incandescent. lighting by varying in
certain proportions the surface or width of the conducting and light emitting portion
of such lamps substantially as set forth.
Ninth. An apparatus or device for forming or shaping highly refractory metals
materials or compounds into special shapes or thin ribbons films or layers adapted
for use in the formation of the light emitting portions of the conductors for electric
lighting such apparatus consisting of dies moulds or shaping devices means for
operating such shaping devices and means for bolding electric energy in reserve and
regulating the heat applied through the agency of the electric current to the material
to be compressed or shaped substantially as set forth.
Tenth. The method of producing a highly refractory metal metals or material to
the desired shape and to a uniform section or standard adapted to conduct the

page_text: electric current through a thin layer sheet or mere film of material the conducting
capacity of the light emitting portion being principally in the width of the material
in cross section substantially as set forth.
Eleventh. The method of providing for the utilization of electric energy-upon à
vehicle or train for causing or retarding motion or for lighting or heating or for
any or all such purposes by the employment of gas batteries or magazines in which
gases are stored or accumulated at one or more stations points or places along or in:
proximity to the line and by the employment of magazines or batteries upon one or.
more vehicles of a train substantially as set forth.
Twelfth. A system or apparatus for distributing electric energy for propelling
vehicles on railways tramways or the like wherein there is employed one or more
gas batteries arranged and adapted to operate in such a manner as to provide for
one or more of the vehicles or trains being propelled or moved over the line or lines
with or without accumulating or storing devices upon one vehicle or one or more
vehicles of a train substantially, as set forth.
Thirteenth. A system or apparatus for distributing electricity for propelling
vehicles on railways tramways and the like wherein I employ one or more gas
batteries connected to or combined with conductors extending along the line in
such a manner that an electric motor or motors mounted upon such vehicles may
be placed in or out of the electrical circuit including one or more of such batteries
or one or more accumulating devices supplied therefrom through the medium of
electrical connections substantially as set forth.
Fourteenth. The method of constructing or working an electrical system of
distribution for the production of light heat or motive power or for traction purposes
or for any two or more of such purposes by the employment of a series of gas
batteries or accumulating devices adapted to be operated in such a manner at
independent places or stations as to render the translating devices in independent
discharging circuits independent of the generation or transmission of the current
for a given time or to reduce the electro motive force or tension of the current in
one or more of the translating or discharging circuits from one or more of the
independent accumulating devices in such system substantially as set forth.
Fifteenth. A system or apparatus for distributing electricity for the production
of light heat or motive power or for traction purposes or any two or more of such
purposes having amongst others the following elements namely devices or means for
evolving or producing gases devices or means for storing and holding a supply of
such gas, gases or gaseous compound in reserve devices or means for regulating the
maximum or determined pressure of the gases within the receivers or magazines
with or without devices or means for automatically interrupting the electrical
circuit between one or more electric generators and one or more gas holders
magazines or batteries by one or more electrical connections for conveying the
electrical current to one or more gas batteries or other accumulating or storing
devices adapted to operate in such a manner as to render the translation of electric
energy in one or more discharging circuits independent of the prime or principal
store for a given time substantially as set forth.
Sixteenth. A system or apparatus for distributing and utilizing electricity for
the production of light heat or motive power or for traction purposes or any two
or more of such purposes having among others the following elements namely
devices or means for evolving or producing and storing or holding a supply of gas,
gases or gaseous compound in reserve (adapted to complete the elements of a gas
battery) at one or more points places or stations in an electrical system of
distribution with devices or means adapted to operate in such a manner in the
electrical charging circuit to such battery as to provide for cutting the latter out
of the charging circuit with the electric generator with or without at the same
time stopping the generation of electric currents substantially as set forth.
Seventeenth. A system or apparatus for generating storing distributing and
utilizing electric energy wherein an electric current is transmitted from one or
more gas batteries or magazines at the generating source to one or more distant

page_text: points or stations where one or more gas batteries or other electric reservoirs are
placed or from one set of accumulating or storing devices to another set or sets of
such devices situated at a distance from each other through an electrical circuit of
lighter section than would be required providing such electric reservoirs were not
employed in the system substantially as and for the purposes specified.
Eighteenth-The combination with an electric circuit to or from a gas battery
adapted to operate in an electrical system of distribution for lighting heating
motive power or traction purposes or any two or more of such purposes of one or
more condensers accumulators or induction coils or any combination of such devices
adapted to operate as electro motive force or tension regulators or current
transmitters substantially as set forth.
Nineteenth-The construction or use of a gas tight electric reservoir or accumu-
lating device built up or formed of metal coated lined or covered on the inside or
both the inside and outside with an insulating and protecting cement or compound
substantially as described with reference to the drawings.
Twentieth. The method of constructing or working an accumulating. device
adapted for use in an electrical system of distribution for lighting heating motive
power or the purposes of traction or any two or more of such purposes by the
employment of charging and discharging elements or electrodes adapted to operate
in such a manner as to provide for the charging and discharging elements or circuits
being practically independent of each other in the working of the charging and
discharging circuits substantially as set forth.
Twentyfirst. The method of forming an electrode or element adapted. for use in
a battery for the conservation of electric energy by combining lead and carbon
under the application of heat or coating a form or support with lead under the
application of heat or carbon and lead under the application of heat substantially
as set forth
Twenty second. The method of building up or forming an electrode or element
for use in a battery for the conservation or storage of electric energy by casting or
moulding lead with or without carbon mixed therewith upon a form or support
composed of iron or other material substantially as set forth
In witness whereof I the said Joseph Stokes Williams have hereunto set my
hand and seal this thirtieth day of November in the year of our Lord one
thousand eight hundred and eighty two.

page_text: No text detected.