IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR HEATING, COOLING, ATTEMPERATING, DISTILLATION, & CONDENSING, APPLICABLE ALSO FOR MALTING AND THE TREATMENT OF GRAIN & OTHER SUBSTANCES, AND THE CONVERSION OF THE SAME INTO SUGAR, SACCHARINE, & GLUCOSE MATTERS
Year: 1876

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Andrew Barclay Walker, Gentleman, Gateacre Grange,
Liverpool, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR HEATING,
COOLING, ATTEMPERATING, DISTILLATION, & CONDENSING, APPLICABLE ALSO
FOR MALTING AND THE TREATMENT OF GRAIN & OTHER SUBSTANCES, AND
THE CONVERSION OF THE SAME INTO SUGAR, SACCHARINE, & GLUCOSE
MATTERS."
ed the 8th August 1876, and dated the 17th February 1876.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Andrew Barclay Walker at
"IM-
the Office of Cominissioners of Patents on the 17th February 1876.
ANDREW BARCLAY WALKER, Gentleman, of Gateacre Grange, Liverpool.
PROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR HEATING, COOLING, ATTEMPERATING, DISTILLATION,
AND CONDENSING, APPLICABLE ALSO FOR MALTING AND THE TREATMENT OF GRAIN
AND OTHER SUBSTANCES, AND THE CONVERSION OF THE SAME INTO SUGAR,
SACCHARINE AND GLUCOSE MATTERS."
Before proceeding to describe the nature my Invention and improvements as
indicated above, I will describe the principal mechanical agent by which the major
portion of the processes are controlled, actuated, and assisted, this being an improved
form of my tubular screws, for which I obtained Letters Patent on 22nd May
1875, No. 1886.
My improvements on this consist mainly in the adoption of corrugated, twisted,
cabled, chequered, or other mode of producing inequalities on the surface, outer and
inner of the sectional tubes forming the worm of my screw, having for their object
the greater resistance to the passage of airs, gases, or liquids exposed to their action,
and by reason of increased friction giving forth greater heating, cooling, evaporating,
or attemperating power. I also increase the frictional power of my tubular screw
by the insertion of wire gauze or perforated diaphragms of metal or other suitable
material in conjunction with, or where no attemperating or heating medium is
required, without the tubular worm. I also, in order more fully to develope the
frictional properties of the above-named diaphragms crimp, goffer, or produce
inequalities upon their surfaces, and I sometimes construct the worm or thread of
the screw entirely of wire gauze or perforated material having the surface crimped,
goffered, or waved. I also sometimes construct the worm of alternate longitudinal
sections of tube and gauze or perforated metal, and sometimes intersect the tubular
[Price 8d.]

page_text: worm with a worn of gauze or perforated material, the object of the afore-nained
arrangements being to give increased frictional and consequent heating, cooling, or
attemperating powers to the tubular screw before named. I also apply the same
frictional medium to increase the powers of all the various arrangements, modifica-
tions, and applications of my Invention described in my Specification above named.
And in order more fully to develope the cooling, heating, and attemperating power
of my tubular frictional screw I place at intervals along its length baffle boxes for
the purpose of diverting the columns of air, gas, or water passing through the
interior from the inner to the outer coils or circles of the worn, and vice versa. I
also sometimes to produce a like result cross the tubes at various points, and so
carry the inner circles to the outer, and vice versa.
Having described the main features of my Invention and improvements, I will
now describe their application to the various purposes for which I have designed
them in addition to those already specified.
The first part of my Invention relates to the process more particularly of con-
verting barley into malt, which I perform in the manner following, viz.:-I
construct a vessel of copper, or any other suitable material, using by preference the
composite or veneered metal described in my Specification, No. 1887, 1875. This
vessel is constructed by preference of cylindrical form, but may be made of any form
or size required. Inside of this vessel I place one or more of my attemperating
frictional screws; the vessel is by preference constructed to resist both vacual and
internal pressure, and is fitted with air-tight lid, safety and pressure guages, also
heat and vacuum indicators, and controlled by valves, taps, vacuum and pressure
pumps and chambers, and also glass bull's eye, by which the operations under
pressure or vacuo may be examined and controlled. The operation of malting in
this vessel is performed in the manner described as follows:-I charge the vessel
with barley to the required quantity through a suitable aperture passing down
through a perforated cover; the barley passes down and covers the whole surface of
the worm and rests upon a perforated false bottom. The aperture is then closed by
an air-tight cover, and a finely regulated shower of water of the required tempera-
ture is directed down through the body of barley distributed over the worm. This
shower may also be forced up through the mass, if desired, When the mass is
saturated a vacufim is formed in the vessel by means of the air pump and chambers.
This vacuum causes a gradual expansion of the particles of the grain, and when the
proper degree of expansion has been obtained, and the thorough saturation of the
mass accomplished, the superfluous moisture is drained off, either by gravitation,
suction, or compression by air; the process of germination then sets in, which is
assisted, checked, or controlled by the admission of properly attemperated moisture
or water through the perforated top or bottom, and by the action of the worm and
frictional diaphragm. When the germination is completed the process of drying is
performed by the admission of a stream of steam or highly heated air through the
interior of the worm, or when required by the injection of a stream of air impreg
nated with any required qualifying, flavoring, or coloring gas into the body of the
vessel. I also adopt the same means for the conversion of ordinary malt into brown
or black malt for porter brewing, using essentially the same apparatus with properly
regulated heats and temperatures. When this operation is complete the malt is
discharged in the manner following:-The bottom of the vessel is so constructed
that it can be lowered down a sufficient distance without interfering with the
driving gear. This being done, the screw has imparted to it a circular motion, by
which the whole of the contents of the vessel are discharged into a hopper, first
passing over a screen or sieve and are cleared of the particles technically known as
culis, and, if required, sacked for storage or transit, or subjected to further treat-
ment for conversion into sugar, saccharine, or glucose matter, which forms the
second part of my Invention, the first process of which is the subjection of the malt,
grain, or other substance to the action of the pulverizing, crushing, or grinding
machine described below, which machine I also use for the purpose of pulping and
macerating hops and other substances. I construct a frame of iron or other suitable

page_text: material, which carries, mounted on horizontal gearing, a conical matrix. Inside of
this matrix, also mounted on gear, is a mandril of a conical form, but having less
taper than the matrix. Both may be teethed or corrugated, or smooth if required,
and driven in contrary directions by the gearing above-named. I also sometimes
use by preference, instead of straight conical mandril and matrix a pair of anti-
frictional cones. The malt or grain is conveyed into the mouth of the matrix,
which is fitted with a screw feeder. The mandril, which is pyramidical at its apex,
is fitted with a regulating screw for raising or lowering it according to the required
texture of the product, and, if necessary, fitted with water or air jacket and tubes
to regulate the temperature, or they may be subjected to the influence of a blast of
air for the same purpose, the difference in the taper of the two allowing the particles
to enter between the two surfaces, revolving in contrary directions, and being
gradually drawn down towards the bottom, and when the two surfaces come into
close contract, are discharged at the bottom. When the malt has been subjected to
this process it is conveyed into a strong cylindrical vessel of any suitable metal,
and subjected to the action of highly heated steam for the purpose of extracting
the sugar or saccharine matter contained therein. And in order to protect this
vessel from the effect of aciduous ingredients contained in the materials used or
treated in the process I line it throughout with my composite or veneered metal,
using by preference a basis of iron, upon which I veneer a layer of copper, and over
the copper I veneer a layer of lead. This lining is placed inside the strong outer
case, and secured in a suitable manner. Instead of applying heat to the contents of
this vessel in the usual manner by injecting steam into the mass of liquid under
treatment, I place one of my tubular screws, secured from the action of acids in the
manner above described, and pass highly superheated steam through it, and when
this process is complete I convey the contents of the vessel through a filtering
medium of any convenient form to another vessel where the process of evaporating
the watery particles is performed, and instead of evaporating at a low heat under
vacuo I evaporate at a high heat, also under vacuo, or otherwise. The necessity of
avoiding scorching or burning the syrup during evaporation renders vacuo necessary
in the ordinary process, because the liquid operated upon being a very slow con-
ductor of heat, those particles which come in immediate contact with the heating
surface are burnt and solidified before the heat can penetrate the mass, and convert
the watery particles into steam or vapor, and consequently the process of evapora-
tion in open vessels is slow, accompanied with great destruction of the syrup, and
production of rank, dark colored sugar. Evaporation by low heat under vacuo is
far the best remedy for this that has hitherto been discovered, as the abstraction of
air, steam, or vapor from the surface renders the mass of liquid exposed to the
heating surface so much lighter that no particles of it remain in contact with the
heating surface sufficiently long to acquire color, each atoin or particle being thrown
off immediately on coming in contact and a continual changing or ebulition is the
result. In my process I reverse the action of the vacuum vessel, and instead of the
liquid mass being made to serve the purpose of vaporizing and throwing off the
watery particles by means of a fixed heating surface and vacuum, I produce the
same results by the application of heat to the mass by my tubular and frictional
screw, which being in constant motion and penetrating the mass, causes a continual
change in the position of the atoms, preventing crystallization, scorching, or coloring,
and evaporating the watery particles with great rapidity. The vessel I use for the
purpose of evaporation is by preference of cylindrical form of copper or other
suitable material, and is fitted with one or more of my tubular frictional screws.
The liquid results of the process performed in the first named vessel being clarified
and filtered in the ordinary way are conveyed into this vessel and subjected to the
action of the screw, the process of evaporation is rapidly accomplished, the steam
passing away at. a suitable opening, or may be expedited by vacuum and leaving
the saccharine matter in solution. This is conveyed to the cooler and solidifier, which
is constructed also on the tubular screw system. The liquid solution or syrup
enters a case in which the worm is placed, a stream of cold water or air is forced

page_text: through the interior of the worm, which revolving in the opposite direction
gradually cools down the mass into a plastic condition and expels it into moulds at
the end where it completes the solidification and is stored away or ground up
for use.
The important points in this Invention are not the exact configuration and
arrangements herein set forth, to which I do not confine or limit myself, but such
important points are mainly these:-
First. The increased frictional and attemporating power given to my tubular
screws by the introduction of perforated or gauze diaphragms, and also by the
corrugations and inequalities produced on the outer and inner surfaces of the tubes
and also on the diaphragms, by the means described.
Second. The introduction of a novel and rapid means of conveying heat into the
body of liquid and plastic substances by means of a rapidly moving heating surface,
and so preventing scorching, burning, or crystallization of the atoms subject to the
action of the said heating surface, and this arrangement may be applied to all
processes in brewing, distillation, dyeing, calico printing, bleaching, soap boiling,
pottery and brick-making, salt evaporation, sugar refining, malting, and the treat-
ment of all liquid and plastic substances.
Third. The peculiar application of my Invention to the treatment of grain, malt,
and other like substances, as set forth, and also the novel mecans of grinding, crush-
ing or pulverizing the same.
T
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions. of the Letters Patent filed by the
said Andrew Barclay Walker in the Great Seal-Patent Office on the 16th August
1876.
7.
ANDREW BARCLAY WALKER, Gentleman, Gateacre Grange, Liverpool. "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN APPARATUS FOR HEATING, COOLING, ATTEMPERATING, DISTILLATION, AND
CONDENSING, APPLICABLE ALSO FOR MALTING AND THE TREATMENT OF GRAIN AND
OTHER SUBSTANCES, AND THE CONVERSION OF THE SAME INTO SUGAR, SACCHARINE,
AND GLUCOSE MATTERS."
Before proceeding to describe the nature of my Invention and improvements as
indicated above, I will describe the chief mechanical agent by which the major
portion of the processes are controlled, actuated, and assisted, this being mainly an
improved form of the tubular screw for which I obtained Letters Patent No. 1886,
dated 22nd May 1875.
My improvements on this consist mainly in the adoption of corrugated, twisted,
cabled, chequered, or other method of producing inequalities on the outer and inner
surfaces of the sectional tubes forming the worm of my screw, having for their
object the increase of resistance, and consequently greater friction in the passage of
air, gas, or liquid exposed to their action, and thereby giving forth greater heating,
cooling, evaporating or attemperating power, and increased frictional power. I
also increase the frictional capability of my tubular screw by the insertion of
diaphragm of wire gauge, perforated, corrugated, waved, or goffered metals, or other
suitable material, in conjunction with (or where no attemperating or heating medium
is required) without the tubular worm, and I sometimes construct the worm of
alternate longitudinal diaphragms of tube and gauze or perforated metals, and some-
times intersect the worm with diaphragms or slips of gauze or perforated metals.
The object of these improvements being to increase the frictional and cooling,
attemperating, and heating power of the tubular screw, and I also apply the same
frictional medium to increase the powers of all arrangements, modifications, and
applications of my Invention described in the Specification above-named, and in
addition to the above improvements, I also place at intervals baffle boxes, to divert
the currents passing through the tubes into different directions, and sometimes cross

page_text: the tubes and bend them in various ways so as to obtain the greatest possible
heating, cooling, or attemperating power.
Having described the main features of this my Invention and improvements, I
will now describe the application of same to the various purposes to which I have
designed them in addition to those already specified.
The first part of my Invention relates more particularly to the process of con-
verting barley into malt, which operation I perform in the manner following:-I
construct a vessel of copper or other suitable material, using by preference the
composite or veneered metal described in my Specification of Patent No. 1887,
A.D. 1875. This vessel is constructed by preference of cylindrical form, but may
be made of any suitable form or size required; inside of this vessel I place one or
more of my frictional tubular screws. The vessel is constructed to resist both
vacual and internal pressure, being fitted with air-tight lid and the necessary gauges,
valves, and other appliances, having also a separate glass reservoir connected there-
with to shew the effects of vacuo, pressure, and attemperation going on within the
vessel, which is fitted with a perforated false cover and bottom to prevent the
passage of the solid particles into the supply or eduction passages.
The operation of malting is performed in the following manner:-I charge the
vessel with the barley through a suitable aperture, which passes down through
the false cover, the barley passes to the worm, and covering the entire surface is
retained by the false bottom; the aperture is closed by an air-tight cover, and a
finely regulated shower of water of the requisite temperature is directed through
the body of the barley distributed over the worm. This water may either be
directed in an upward or downward direction as may be found suitable. When
the mass is saturated a vacuum is formed by means of a suitable air pump or other
exhausting medium, this causes a gradual expansion of the particles of the grain,
and consequently more complete and rapid saturation or steeping, and when the
proper degree of saturation has been attained the superfluous moisture is drained
off either by gravitation, suction, or by compression by air, or other suitable method.
The process of germination then sets in, which is assisted and controlled by the
admission of properly attemperated air or moisture through the perforated top or
bottom. The mass being changed as required by the action of the worm and
diaphragms. When the process of germination is completed, tlie drying or roasting
of the grain is performed by the admission of a stream of steam or heated air
through the interior of the worm, or by the injection of a stream of heated air
into the body of the vessel. The air may be charged with any suitable qualifying,
flavoring, or coloring gas. When this operation is complete the malt is discharged
in the following manner :-The bottom of the vessel is so constructed that it can
be lowered down a sufficient distance without interfering with the driving gear.
This being done the screw has imparted to it a circular or reciprocating motion, by
which the contents are shaken into a suitable receptacle, and when required
subjected to the treatment for conversion into sugar, saccharinc, or glucose matter,
which forms the second part of my Invention, the first process of which consists of
subjecting the malt or grain to the action of crushing, pulverizing, or grinding
machine described below, which machine I also use for the purpose of pulverizing
and dessicating hops and like substances, and is constructed in the following
manner: I construct a framework of iron or other suitable material, which carries,
mounted on vertical gearing, a conical matrix; inside of this matrix, also carried on
vertical gear, is a mandril of conical form, but having less taper than the matrix,
both may be teethed, corrugated, or grooved, if required, or they may both be
smooth, or one teethed and the other smooth, and they are driven in contrary
directions by suitable gear. I also sometimes use antifrictional curve cones, instead
of straight, as above described. The malt or grain is conveyed to a hopper attached
to this grinding machine, which is fitted with a screw regulator, so that the cones may
be brought into suitable position, according to the required texture of the product;
the difference of taper between the mandril and matrix allows the particles to be
drawn between the two revolving surfaces, and gradually crushed or pulverized; as

page_text: may be required. When this operation is complete the malt is conveyed into a
strong cylindrical vessel of any suitable metal, and subjected to the action of highly
heated steam for the purpose of extracting the sugar or saccharine matter contained
therein, and in order to protect this vessel from the effects of aciduous or other ingre-
dients contained in the materials treated or used in the process I line it throughout
with my composite or veneered metal, using, by preference, a basis of iron, upon
which I veneer a layer of copper, and over the copper I vencer a layer of lead.
This lining is placed inside the strong cylindrical vessel above nained, and secured.
in a suitable manner.
Instead of applying heat to the contents of the vessel in the usual manner by
injecting steam into the mass under treatment, I place one of my tubular screws
inside the vessel, and pass superheated steam through it, and when the process is
complete I convey the contents to another vessel where the watery particles are
evaporated, and instead of performing this operation in the ordinary way (at a low
heat under vacuo), I evaporate at a high heat in either an open or close vessel,
as may be convenient, the necessity of avoiding burning, roasting, or scorching the
syrup in the process of evaporating the watery particles in the ordinary way,
rendering the use of the ordinary and expensive vacuum pau indispensable, because
the liquid operated upon being a very slow conductor of heat, the atoms or particles
which come in immediate contact with the still heating surface of the pan are
burnt or scorched before they are thrown off, to convey the heat to the body of the
inass, in consequence of the weight of the atmosphere rendering it more dense and
impenetrable, and consequently the heated atoms are not thrown off so rapidly
and freely as when acting under vacuo, a much lower rate of temperature producing
ebullition, (or change of the position of the atoms under vacuo than in the usual
way. In my process I reverse the action of the vacuum pan, and instead of the
liquid mass being made to serve the purpose of vaporizing and throwing off the
watery particles by means of a fixed heating surface under vacuum I produce
the same results by the application of heat to the mass through the medium of my
frictional tubular screw, which being in constant motion and penetrating the body
of the liquor creates a constant mechanical change in the position of the atoms
throughout the entire mass, and thereby prevents scorching, colouring, or crystalizing,
and throwing off the watery particles with great rapidity. I also adopt the same
process for the production of pale ales and other liquids or substances.
vessel I use for the purpose of evaporation is by preference of cylindrical form,
but may be of any suitable shape, and is fitted with one or more of my tubular
frictional screws. The liquid results of the process performed in the first named
vessel being clarified and filtered in the ordinary way are conveyed into this vessel
(which may either be close or open) and subject to the action of the screw, which
being in rapid motion, and charged with highly heated stean, the process of
evaporation is rapidly accomplished, and may, if required, be expedited by the
application of vacuo in a close vessel having the saccharine matter in solution,
which is conveyed to the cooler or solidifier, this being also constructed on the
tubular screw principle, the liquid solution or syrup enters a case or tank, in which
one or more of my tubular screws is or are placed, and a stream of cold water or
air is forced through the interior of the worm, which revolves slowly, and gradually
cools the mass down to a plastic state, and expels it into moulds, where the
solidification is completed.
The
Another plan by which I produce the foregoing results is, instead of making my
tubular screw of sufficient length to fill or nearly so the tun or vessel in which it
is placed I construct the worm of one or more turns, having due provision in the
tube boxes for the proper circulation of the steam or water, so that the whole surface
has a proper portion of heating or cooling power imparted to it, this being accom-
plished by constructing the boxes or receivers for the ends of the tubes composing
the worm with suitable divisions so arranged as to divert the current through any re-
quired number of tubes and back through the adjoinining layers, and so on alternately,
until it is discharged into the centre and passes off by the outlet provided for it.

page_text: it
The manner in which I operate with this form of screw is as follows:- The shaft
or axle to which the worm is attached is turned parallel, so as to enable it to work
smoothly in a stuffing box fixed in the lid or cover of the tank. or vessel; the screw
is fixed close to the lower end of this shaft, and on the upper end I fix suitable
gear and stuffing box fittings, and also gear for raising and lowering the shaft.
The vessel being charged the screw is set in motion, and the raising and lowering
gear being attached the screw has imparted to it in addition to its circular motion
rising and falling motion similar to that of the piston of a steam engine, thereby
carrying the heating or cooling surface rapidly up and down, or backwards and
forwards through the mass, and greatly expediting the process, as well as performing
the same amount of work with a lesser surface of screw, and I use this form of
arrangement for heating and cooling frictional fermentations, refining, and also
for the generating of steam in large boilers, the primary or heating medium being
very highly heated, or I use high pressure steam, which by preference I generate
in a very strong boiler of small size, and work it at a very high pressure, the steam
being conveyed into the screw in the manner before described, and the heat
distributed through the mass of water contained in the boilers by means of the
circular and reciprocating motion.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Drawing No. 1.-Figures 1 and 2 shew plan and elevation of worm; Figure 3,
section of cabled or corrugated tube forming the form; Figures 4, 5, and 6 plan,
section, and elevation of frictional worm with attemperating tubes A, A, A.; Figures
7, 8, and 9 shew another form of frictional screw having attemperating tubes and
frictional tubes or tines; Figure 10, sectional elevation of tank fitted with raising
and lowering screw, the steam, water, or gas enters the centre tube or axle through
the pipe Band passes down to the bottom, where it spreads through the worm in the
directions shewn in Fig. 10, and passes off through the inner pipe a, and out at the
branch C, the circular motion being imparted by the gearing shewn, and the raising
and lowering or reciprocating motion being actuated and controlled in any convenient
manner, either by worm and chain, wheel or rack, and pinion. The perforated vessel
D contains the hops, malt, or other substance to be operated upon.
Figure 11, plan of cover and pipes conveying the .water, steam, or gas to and
from the interior of the worm.
Fig. 12, sectional elevation of another form of internal tank, fitting the centre
group of tubes E, E, E, being constructed to allow the passage of the water, steam,
or gas, alternately up and down each set, same being put in motion by the gearing:
the outer blades or paddles F revolve in an opposite direction, the entrance and exit
of the water and so forth being the same as in Figure 10.
Figures 13 and 14, plan of tubes and blades and cover.
Figs. 16 and 17, section and elevation of horizontal screw and tank or case,
constructed to allow the case to be easily drawn off for convenience of cleaning,
examination, and so forth; the case being attached to wheels, as shown, and the
spindle or shaft of screw extended to allow of the case being drawn back the length
of the worm. Figs. 18 and 19, end, elevation of the above.
Drawing No. 2. Figure 1, sectional elevation of vessel for steeping and germi-
nating the barley in the first stage of malting. The barley is placed inside the
vessel and evenly distributed over the surface of the worm, which in some cases is
fitted with partitions to ensure the proper spreading over the entire surface, for
which purpose the worm is raised up and the barley is spread over it and between
the partitions to a uniform depth, the worm is then lowered and the vessel rendered
air tight. A stream or shower of water is injected upon each layer by a perforated
worm, or the thread of the worm itself is perforated to allow the water to pass
from one layer to another, so as to ensure a uniform saturation of the mass.
vacuum is then formed in the vessel, by which the contents is expanded, and, at
the proper time pressure is applied for the compression of the contents, which
A

page_text: process is carried on alternately with the vacuum until the operation of steeping is
completed, when the superfluous moisture is drained away, and the process of
germination sets in, the screw being occasionally moved with a reciprocal motion to
stir up or turn over the grain, the temperature, pressure, and vacuum being con-
trolled as required. This vessel is sometimes so constructed that the outer case is
raised up or lowered down, and the screw remains in position for filling or clearing
the malt away when the operation is complete. When the process of germination is
completed, which can be ascertained by: the glass vessel a, the contents being con-
veyed to vessel Fig. 2, where the process of kilning or roasting is performed; this
is done by injecting a stream of heated air or steam through the tubular worm,
and is assisted, qualified, and flavored by air or gas injected through the pipes b,
b, b, into the mass. The vessels can sometimes be used for all the three processes,
viz., steeping, germinating, and kilning in one vessel.
The same form of vessel and worms are used for the conversion of malt into
sugar, and so forth.
Drawing No. 3 shews the application of the tubular worm to heating for the
generation of steam.
Fig. 1. A is an ordinary boiler of small size and great strength.
Fig. 2.
vertical.
B is a cylindrical vessel, which may be placed either horizontal or
The steain generated in the small boiler at a high pressure is conveyed through
the tubular worm, which revolves, and at the same time moves from end to end of
the vessel, keeping a continual and rapid circulation and agitation of the water,
and consequent evaporation, the entrance and exit of steam being provided for in
the telescopic pipes shewn in the Drawing.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature and object of the
said Invention of improvements in apparatus for heating, cooling, attemperating,
distillation, and condensing, applicable also for malting and the treatment of grain
and other substances, and the conversion of the same into sugar, saccharine and
glucose matters, I claim as novel and of great. utility the means of converting
barley into malt, as described. Also for the further conversion of malt into sugar,
as described, the same apparatus or means being applicable to the conversion of
other glucose and saccharine matters. I also claim as novel the application of corru-
gated, chequered, or cabled tubes for the purpose of increasing the heating, cooling,
or attemperating power of tubular coolers, condensers, heaters, refrigerators, or
apparatus used for like purposes, in which plain tubes or channels are used, the
corrugations or inequalities offering continuous obstruction to the passing of air,
steam, or water passing over the external or internal surfaces, and thereby increasing
the cooling, condensing, heating, or attemperating power. It being understood that
I do not confine myself to the particular form of apparatus herein described, but
reserve the right to modify or alter the various details to suit the different modes of
application and arrangements, so long as the substantial character of the said
Invention, as herein-before stated, be adopted.
In witness whereof, I, the said Andrew Barclay Walker, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twelfth day of August, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and seventy-six.
ANDREW BARCLAY WALKER. (L.S.)
Witness.
E. Y. W. HENDERSON,
Lt. Col., R.E.,
4, Whitehall Place, London.