CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MODE AND APPARATUS FOR. PARTIALLY FORMING AND FINISHING THE EDGES OF CERTAIN DESCRIPTIONS OP' VESSELS FORMED OR RAISED FROM SHEET IRON OR OTHER METAL."
Year: 1859

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Benjamin Baugh, Manager of Salt's Patent Enamel
Works, Bradford Street, Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, for
the Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MODE AND APPARATUS FOR.
PARTIALLY FORMING AND FINISHING THE EDGES OF CERTAIN DESCRIPTIONS OP'
VESSELS FORMED OR RAISED FROM SHEET IRON OR OTHER METAL."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Benjamin Baugh at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the.
8th August 1859.
I, BENJAMIN BAUGH, Manager of Salt's Patent Enamel Works, Bradford
Street, Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, do hereby declare the nature
of my said Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MODE AND APPARATUS
FOR PARTIALLY FORMING AND FINISHING THE EDGES OF CERTAIN DESCRIPTION OF
VESSELS FORMED OR RAISED FROM SHEET IRON OR OTHER METAL," to be as
follows (that is to say) :-
My Invention relates entirely to the mode of finishing the edges of vessels
made or raised from sheet iron or metal that are of an irregular shape,
whether the same be finished by the process of enamelling or otherwise, but
as that process is becoming much in use it greatly increases the demand for
the description of articles to which my Invention more particularly applies, as
for instance, pie dishes are now commonly made of iron raised from the sheet,
and as their form prevents their being finished. around the edge in the way.

page_text: in which circular or oval-formed vessels are or may be treated, namely, by
putting them in a lathe, the rapid motion of which admits (by means of
pressure) of the edge being lapped over so as to form a bead or round edge in
the transverse section. And my Invention is to give the same description of
finish to such like irregular formed vessels by suitable tools and power in
counter-distinction of effecting that object by hand labour, which is tedious
and slow in its operation, and I effect this in the following way:-In giving
the general form to the vessel, a rim or flange projects downwards around the
vessel (so formed), and by placing it either over or under suitable tools and
beds, and by applying either a blow as from a stamp hammer or by pressure
as from a suitable press, the raised rim is gathered inward, and by a change
of tools it is laid over and finished in the desired shape. This operation I
purpose sometimes carrying out by using a revolving or sliding bed. If a
revolving one, I place the vessel ready to be operated upon on its corre-
sponding bolster, and by turning the bed partially around, the bolster with the
vessel will be brought underneath the gathering-in tool, which is immediately
lowered on it, on the raising of which the bed will have again revolved a
certain distance, taking away the one last treated, and bringing forward the
next in rotation. When a sliding or reciprocating bed is used, a partially
formed vessel is placed upon the bolster and passed under the top tools when
another partially formed vessel may be placed on the bolster not in use ready
to be brought under the desired operation at the time the one last treated
may be removed and another replaced. By this circular or reciprocating
motion of the bed, a man or youth would be enabled to pass through this
finishing process (in a given time) a far greater quantity of such description of
articles than could possibly be done by hand labour. The stamp or press I thus
propose to use may be worked by hand, but I prefer to use steam or other
power for this purpose, such press or stamp being fitted with fast and loose
pulleys and other convenient arrangements for reversing the action of the
stamp or press used.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by, the said Benjamin Baugh in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
8th February 1860.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, BENJAMIN
BAUGH, Manager of Salt's Patent Enamel Works, Bradford Street, Bir-
mingham, in the County of Warwick, send greeting:

page_text: WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Eighth day of August, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, in the twenty-third year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Benjamin Baugh, Her special license that I, the said Benjamin Baugh, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Benjamin
Baugh, my executors, administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MODE AND APPARATUS FOR PARTIALLY FORMING AND FINISHING THE EDGES OF
CERTAIN DESCRIPTIONS OF VESSELS FORMED OR RAISED. FROM SHEET IRON OR OTHER
METAL," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Benjamin Baugh,
by an instrument in writing under my band and seal, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the
date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Benjamin Baugh, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained. in and by the following
statement (that is to say) :-
My Invention entirely relates to the mode of finishing the edges of vessels
made or raised from sheet iron or other metal or metals, the said vessels being.
of an irregular shape, whether the same be finished or ornamented by the
process of enamelling or otherwise; but as that mode of treating hollow ware
goods has greatly increased the demand for the description of vessels to which
my Invention more particularly applies, makes my Invention of the more
importance, as, for instance, pie dishes of all sizes are now commonly made of
iron raised from the sheet and finished by enamelling, and as their, form
prevents their being finished around the edges. in the way in which circular or
oval-formed vessels are or may be treated, namely, by putting them in a lathe,
and when in rapid motion by means of pressure suitably applied, the metal
around the edge is lapped over so as to form a bead or round edge in their
transverse section. And my Invention is to give the. same style of finish to
the description of irregular formed vessels herein-before referred to, by the
means and appliances herein-after described, in counter-distinction of effecting
that object by the slow and tedious hand labour process now persued, which in

page_text: addition to the length of time absorbed in their production, leaves the work
in a very irregular state, and which process I will describe in order that niy
improvements may be more fully understood; and for illustration I will suppose
a pie dish of the usual round cornered oblong shape, requiring to be cropped
around the edge of all surplus metal, and this is done by scribing it around to
the shape required, and chopping or cutting off the .surplus bit by bit untill
reduced. This process leaves a very ragged and uneven edge, and from this
state a part of the edge is laid on a steel-faced piece of iron, commonly called
n stake, and the edge knocked down by repeated blows from a proper. hammer
or mallet, the dish being shifted and the beating continued untill the entire:
edge is turned down; or this same process may be done with a swage worked
on a fixed joint or axis, and the dish turned around and the edge being
gradually brought under its operation untill complete, and from this state the
.dish is turned buttom upwards, and again placing its edge on the face of a
suitable stake, when the part that was last turned down is now laid inward,
and may or may not have a wire laid in the angle for the purpose of
additional strength, ensuring greater regularity in its transverse form; and my
improvements on this tedious process consist in first cropping or trimming
the edge in the same way in which circular blanks are cut out, namely,
by causing the vessel under operation to revolve on a bed in such a way
that in its revolution the metal for forming the edge of the dish is not only
guaged to its width, but is made to pass between circular shears in such a way
that the cut shall begin and end with the same regularity as if a perfect circle
had been cut, and I effect this by fitting circular cutters to a suitable stand to
be worked either by hand, steam, or other power, and with a suitable bed
forming a counterpart of the dish I wish to operate on, and this die or bed lins
a vertical flange or rim to its base concentric with the true form of the edge
intended to be given to the dish. The outside of this rim or flange is formed
with vertical teeth or cogs, and between suitable slides on the lower bed or
frame a friction roller is placed for bearing against the inside of the flange,
and on the outside a pinion is set up for gearing into the teeth on the outside
of the flange, and the setting of this pinion and friction roller in a line with
the axis of the circular shears (and as close to them as the breadth of the edge
of the dish may require). It is evident that the pinion being set in motion.as
well as the circular shears, and the dish laid on. the bed, that one revolution &
will be all that will be required to take off the surplus metal, and leave it in a
regular form; but as this class of goods are made in series or sizes, the bed
and pinion and roller will have to be changed and set for the various size
dishes required. From this stage or condition the dish is laid on a proper bed,

page_text: and by a suitable corresponding die or part, and the requisite force either
obtained from pressure or from a blow from a suitable stamp hammer given
by hand, steam, or other power, the edge of the dish is turned down and the
customary, bead partially formed; from this stage the dish is passed again
between suitable forming tools, and the edge or flange that was before turned
down is now partially gathered in, and laid regularly around in a plane, or
nearly 'so, with the bottom side of the rim of the dish. This process may be
varied, as, for instance, it may be done at one or more operations, and in some
cases, where strength is required, I purpose laying in a wire around on the
inside of the edge in the hollow forming a bead; thus I effect in a ready and
expeditious manner, by simple means not requiring skilled labour in its pro-
duction, the same result in a much superior condition than has hitherto been
obtained by hand labour. Sometimes, instead of partially forming the bead by
stamping, I effect the same result by fixing the dish in the same way as before
described when cropping the edge, but instead of using circular shears I pass
the trimmed edge between rolls, one rounded to the form of the internal capacity
of the bead I desire, and the other hollowed out to form a counterpart with the
exterior. of the bead, and by causing the dish to make one revolution the bead
will be partially formed with the flange, and by changing the form of the rolls
and repeating the operation the bead may be entirely formed.
But in order that I may be well understood as to the nature of and mode I
purpose pursueing for carrying my Invention into effect, I will describe the
Drawings hereunto annexed, reference being made to the various figures and
letters marked thereon (that is to say):-
.
Fig. 1, Sheet 1, is a top view of what I term a cropping machine for
removing or cutting off the superfluous metal around the edges of irregular
forined vessels to prepare them for the subsequent operation of beading.
a, a, a, a, is a top which may be of wood or other suitable material, but I have
here represented it as of iron; on this top the part b, b, b, b, which may be
either cast with the top or applied with the means of adjustment; this part
has a vertical cheek marked c, c, for receiving the bearings or glands in which
the spindles for carrying the circular cutters d and c work, and which spindles
stand one above the other geared together by small toothed wheels; the one
here shown is attached to the spindle f, and which toothed wheel is marked 9,
and on this spindle the fast and loose pulley h and i are also secured, while the
small pulley j is for receiving a band shown in dotted lines for giving motion
to a shaft below by the band passing around the pulley, partly shown in dotted
lines marked p, for causing the vessel under operation to revolve as will be
bereafter referred to; k, k; is a die or bed (which may be formed of cast iron).

page_text: ready for receiving the vessel to be operated on, and is a wheel fastened .to
the end of the lever m, which works on a fulcrum or joint at n; this wheel is
for bearing on the edge of the dish while the projecting part (as shown.
in dotted lines) is passing "between the cutters; and in order to ensure
the wheel or roller duly pressing on the rim while it is being cut, the
weight o is placed on the lever, which increases or deceases the pressure on the
rim by its being placed nearer or further from the joint n. C' is an adjustable
stop for. preventing the bed k shifting from its right position while the dish is
being cropped. Figure 2 is a vertical section of Figure One taken through
the dotted lines q, q, and in this view the part c, c, for carrying the cutters is
represented with a lug cast or formed on its bottom side, and which lug works
through a slot in the top, and by means of the screw the cutters are adjusted
for guaging and cutting the rim of the dish or vessel under operation to the
width required, a square being formed on the outer end of the screw in order
that it may be set by a portable handle or spanner; the bed for receiving the
dish is also shewn in section with a vertical flange around its bottom side, and
which flange is concentric with and of the same shape of the true form of the
edge of the vessel to be formed. This flange is gripped by the rollers s and t,
the revolving of which causes the bed to turn in such a way as to preserve at
all times an equal distance between the set cutters and its top outer edge, and
by this means a true and regular cut is taken or made around the dish so as
to uniformly guage and crop its rim; and as the flanges of the various beds
may vary in thickness the roller t is capable of being adjusted by means of the
set screw u, as the part or carriage for the roller t works in a slide. The roller s
derives its motion from the bevilled wheels v, w, the latter being keyed to the
shaft on which the pulley p is fixed, and by this description it will be readily
seen that as the cutters revolve, so in like manner the bed k, k, will revolve
in the eccentric form before described. In this view the means are. shewn for
simply cropping or cutting off the superfluous metal desired to be removed, but
by means of a slight modification I am enabled to further form and finish the
edges of such kind of vessels by forming a hollow bead around their edges,
and I effect this by removing the lower cutter and extending the top outer
edge of the bed k, so that it may form a bolster or bed, the counterpart of the
form I wish to impart to the under side of the rim (for this operation), and
instead of using the top cutter 1 apply in its place a hardened steel roller,
its edge forming a counterpart of the exterior form I wish to impart
to the vessel, and thus fitted it has only to be set in motion and
the bed revolved a suflicient number of times (one or more as may be found
necessary,) when a bead will be partially raised on the top side of the rim of

page_text: the vessel, and a flange thrown down for completing it on the inside, as will
be hereafter seen, and by replacing the bed k with the lower flange identical,
as here described, but of a convex form on the top, so that the dish may be
placed on in an inverted position, for the purpose of again passing under the
same roller or other similarly formed on its edge, when the flange by a
revolution of the bed and vessel will be gathered in and pressed down, finishing
the bead, as will be hereafter shown. x, y, are simply a portion of the end
standards, supported and held. together. at the bottom by the stretcher z, z.
In some instances I purpose forming teeth on the roller S, with corresponding
vertical teeth on the flanges of the beds for them to be geared together, and
to be moved in unison, the pulley by which the rollers is actuated being
exactly timed to cause the vessel that is being cropped or beaded to revolve
in perfect unison with the cutters or steel rollers. Figure 3 is a transverse
section of Figure One taken through a¹, a¹, as also the same lines in
Figure Two. The cutters are shown in dotted circles, partly behind the
section of the bed kc, k, and partly behind the wheel that rests upon the rim ;
and Figure 4 is an end view of Figures One and Two, showing the pulleys and
bands, as also the square head of the, set screw; but as expedition is the
grand object of my improvements, I prefer taking the dishes or other vessels
after cropping, and finishing them by a succession of operations effected by
means of a suitable press and revolving bed, and which press. I have exhibited
in a side elevation at Figure 5, Sheet 2, with some of the details removed
to avoid confusion. A, A, is a square cast-iron base, on which rests (by means
of angle supports marked B, B,), the top part C, C, and against the sides of
this part the guide rods work for elevating and depressing the top dies.
Figure 6 is a vertical section of the last Figure, but representing the pulleys,
fly wheel, and gearing in an edge view, but which are represented as in the
front at Figure Five, the pulleys, fly wheel, and gearing being represented in
dotted lines; and Figure 7 represents a top view of Figures 5 and, 6, with all
the parts extending beyond the top side of the part C, C, removed to avoid
confusion; and as all the same parts, as they occur in the three; Figures, are
marked with the same letters of reference, the description will be facilitated
by referring to them generally, but more particularly from Figure Six. On
the. inner end of the shaft D a crank is formed, represented at its lowest
throw, and to this crank the connecting rod E is attached working freely in
the hollow central shaft marked F, F; to the top of this shaft a cross head is
attached marked G, G, for taking the connecting pieces H, H, and by the
rising and falling of the hollow shaft, the levers I, I, are actuated from their
working on the fulcrums at J, J. To the outer end of the levers the parts

page_text: .
K, K, are attached at the top, and at the bottom to the vertical guide
rods L, L, at the bottom of which. the top dies shown in section are fixed,
hereafter to be rèferred to. M, M, is a revolving bed; for which the hollow
shaft forms the axis; this bed has a concentric toothed rim, with flanges for
resting on rollers on its under side, as at N, N, N, N, which rollers are set up
in strong supports on the top of the base A, A, and on this revolving bed, at
stated: positions, the lower dies, also shown in section, are placed.: . O is a
shaft or axis on which the cog wheel: P is fixed, and by means of the handle Q
the bed M, M, is made to revolve; but as it is requisite that the top dies,
when in action, should stand perfectly vertical over the under ones, I liave
provided a catch, as at R, Figure Five and Seven, which is lifted to allow the
bed to revolve, and which, as it passes round,. will be stopped by the lower end
of the part R dropping in the corresponding holes S, S, S, Figure Seven'; and
for furtlier illustration, we will 'suppose that the:band is placed upon the fixed
pulley T, and the machine set in motion, and by placing a dish on the. bed
die U bottom upward, it will be carried around to V, where the bead for the:
edge will be partially formed, and the flange raised up for further forming the
bead between the proper dies at W, from whence it will be taken around.
to X, between which dies 'the flange will 'be completely thrown down,' and
the bead-or edge of the dish finished, from whence it will be removed to U to
be taken away, and another placed on. Thus, by the aid of a boy, and the
machine worked by steam, water, or other power, a great number, of dishes
may be passed through the machine, finished, and removed at a very rapid
fate, and, if necessary, the bed may be so connected with the driving shaft
aš to make it self-acting. It is essential that the top dies should be imme-
diately over the lower ones at the time that the top dies descend by the
action of the crank on the shaft D; but to prevent breakage from any irre-
gularity in this respect, I have fitted the top of the hollow vertical shaft F
with a strong helical spring, the yielding of which will prevent breakage, but
yet of sufficient strength as not to yield under the ordinary pressure required
for forming the edges. The lower die for partially forming the bead and
flange before referred to, I prefer to be a compound die with a moveable rim,
as exhibited drawn to a larger scale at Figure 8, with the corresponding top
die above it. This outer rim of the lower die is elevated when required, as
át V, Figure Seven, which rim is brought into operation or elevated by the
pins, as at Y, Y, passing over inclined planes, which elevates it simultaneously
with the descent of the top die; from this operation it passes around to W;
in which position the outer rim will have descended ready for the gathering
in or cupping of the rim, which is effected by the top. tool shewn. in section

page_text: at A', Figure 9, from whence it will be passed down to X, and there finished
by the descent of the top tool or die B¹. Figure 10 represents a part in
section full size of a pie dish as raised from thin sheet iron, with its edge
finished as herein-before described, its general shape being that as represented
at Figure 11, which is a top view of the outer rim described at Figure
Eight..
Having thus given a general description of my Invention, and the manner
by which the same may be carried into effect, I wish it understood that I do
not purpose confining myself to the general arrangement herein described as
to the exact sectional form of the finished edge, as exhibited in Figure Ten,
as it may be varied and greatly diversified without departing from the spirit
of my Invention; nor do I purpose confining myself to the use of a revolving
bed, as the same facilities may be obtained by a sliding or reciprocating bed,
or the bed may be a fixture, and the part for holding the top die made to
slide, by which means the same object will be effected; but I believe the mode
herein-before described and exhibited is the best for giving effect to my
Invention. But what I claim and wish to protect by these my in part recited
Letters Patent is, the turning and beading or finishing the edges of irregular.
formed hollow vessels by machinery in counter-distinction to the hand labour
process now in use, by which much facility and quality is effected.
In witness whereof, I, the said Benjamin Baugh, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Seventh day of February, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty.
5 Witness,
JAMES S. COCKINGS,
Patent Agent,
Birmingham.
BENJAMIN BAUGH. (L.s.)