IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TREatment and PrePARATION OF PIPE CLAY, T AND IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO PIPES AND OTHER ARTICLES THEREFROM, L
Year: 1874

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Liston, junior, of the City of Glasgow, in
the County of Lanark, North Britain, Machinist, for the Invention
of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TREatment and PrePARATION OF PIPE CLAY,
T
AND IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO PIPES AND OTHER ARTICLES THEREFROM,
L
度
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Liston at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
7th July 1874.
.
I, JOHN LISTON, Junior, of the City of Glasgow, in the County of
Lanark, North Britain, Machinist, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TREATMENT AND PREPARATION OF
PIPE CLAY, AND IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO PIPES AND OTHER ARTICLES
THEREFROM, AND IN MACHINERY OR MECHANISM TO BE EMPLOYED THEREFOR," to be
as follows:-
:-

page_text: the clay ready for being forced into moulds, and then compressing and
shaping the same therein into tobacco pipes and other articles, such as
small blocks for domestic and other uses, all automatically through
special separate parts or arrangements of the said mechanism, for the
several operations of the process sequentially to each other from one
prime moving shaft, and in contradistinction to the usual modes of doing
so by hand, and in such a manner as to save much time and human
labour over the modes and means or apparatus heretofore employed for
the said purposes.
The 'nature and novelty of this Invention as regards the construction
and action of this machine or mechanism for the said preparation and
treatment of the clay and the making of the pipes therefrom consist in
forming or erecting a small vertical pug mill, with a round or polygonal
shell or case, hopper, or filler shaped above, and widening out at the
lower part, where it is secured to the top and middle part of a long
rectangular frame formed of two open cast-iron side checks or frames
secured together by transverse frames, stays, and bearers, so as to carry
the bearing blocks of the main longitudinal driving shaft of the machino
ranged in the centre of the frame. This shaft is actuated by a large
wheel on one end and a pinion on the first motion shaft driven by a belt
and fast and loose pulley, or other equivalent, from any adjacent motor or
motive shaft in a usual manner, the frame being made higher or wider
and stronger at this end to carry this first motion shaft and above or to
the one side of the former, which may have a fly wheel to give-steadiness
of action, also to the said main longitudinal shaft below or to the one
side of it, and from. which nearly all the other revolving and recipro-
cating parts of the machine are actuated sequentially.
1
The pug mill shaft is driven from below by a bevel pinion gearing.
into a corresponding wheel with twice the number of teeth, so that the
main shaft revolves at the rate of two to one of the pug mill spindle,
with the ordinary angled knives or blades for mixing and feeding the,
clay from the top to the wide bottom, where there are two scroll or
curved segmental blades for forcing the clay through a duct on each
side into a receiving and feeding chamber, each with a pressing block
reciprocating within it, by a vertical spindle worked in guides above by
one arm of a beam lever, having the other arm forced up by an anti-*
friction-roller working over or into a cam on a transverse shaft a little to
one side of the pug mill, and driven by a short vertical shaft and mitre,

page_text: wheels from the main shaft below, all so as to force sufficient clay down
through one, or it might be two apertures. (of an approximate shape to
that of the mould) in the bottom of this feeding box into one or it might
be both halves of the pipe mould, which are carried on swivelling joints
or centres so as to open and close on a reciprocating carriage on slides
below the feeding chests to receive the clay every revolution of the main
shaft and half revolution of the pug mill shaft as the successive pressing
out blades come round on each side. When these feeding blocks have
completed their down stroke and pressed sufficient clay into the moulds,
a fine wire stretched between the front ends of a forked or two-armed
rod or light frame is reciprocated close up to the lower aperture of the
feeding chamber, preferably by a cam on the lower part of the pug mill
shaft, and an intermediate rocking spindle with two levers respectively
connected to the cam and to the cutting frame by links or connecting
rods, and so that the wire would cut off a block of the clay both in its
forward and return stroke, and only make one complete stroke to and
fro for every two of the feeding presser. After the clay is so prepared
and cut off and placed in one or both halves of the mould (the two
halves of which are otherwise of the usual construction) they are
swivelled up on their longitudinal centres so as to close and press the
clay within the mould and shape the pipe, all after its open framed
carriage has been reciprocated to its former position out from below the
feeding box by a connecting rod to each carriage on the opposite sides.
of the machine, which rod is connected at its back free end to the free
end of a reciprocating vertical or other equivalent arrangement of
rocking lever, reciprocated by a cam on the outer ends of the overhead
cross shaft which works the feeding lever and presser, or these levers or
connecting rods might be connected to a cross head which might be
reciprocated by either one or two cams on said cross shaft or by a cam
on the vertical spindle which actuates that shaft. These cams make
their longest pause so that the carriages and their moulds remain in this
forward position where the pipes are finished and removed from the
moulds, which are also heated during this pause by gas jets, steam, or
other heating agent, and then occasionally wiped, oiled, or greased;
either by hand or automatically as desired, before being returned back
with their carriages below the feeding boxes and pressers for being
refilled with fresh rough blocks of the prepared clay. When brought to
this forward position the open carriages are each right over a small
reciprocating screw slide or block (which by these motions and two

page_text: griping jaws rise, close, and press the two halves of the mould together)
carried on the top of a connecting rod, the lower end of which is con-
nected to the front end of a strong horizontal beam or lever, one
mounted on each overhanging end of a central rocking axis or spindle
outside the main side frames which carry its neck bearings. The back
arms of these levers are connected by a cross rail carrying a stud and‍
roller in the middle which works on or into its actuating cam keyed on
the main driving shaft, all so as to raise the front arms of this lever
frame (which is counterbalanced) at the proper moment to make the
griping jaws on the top of the slide blocks rise up through the open
carriage and turn up and close the two halves of the moulds and embrace
them like a vice, when a cross screw spindle between these blocks is
then turned a third of a revolution or so by a pendent lever on. its
⚫ centre and a connecting rod having its front free end.working through
a guide, and by a stud secured in it with a roller which works on or
into its actuating cam on a transverse shaft carried in bearing blocks at
the front end of the main frame and driving shaft which actuates it by
. mitre wheels.
.
Each free end of the cross screw spindle revolves in. the body of
one of the slide blocks on each side of the machine, and reciprocates
up and down in vertical guides on the side frames with them and
their actuating side levers below, while a right and a left handed
screw are cut across each other in reverse directions on the opposite
ends of this screw spindle, so as to work through eyes in the lower
part of the two griping jaws thereof, so that when the lever of the
.screw spindle is pulled in one direction by its cam it gripes the two
halves of both moulds tightly at once, thus pressing out all super-
fluous clay, and shaping the pipe as stated. While the parts are
retained in this position with the moulds closed and the heads or
bowls of the pipes are vertical, and their stems horizontal and parallel
to the side of the machine; all so that the open part of the mould,
where the open bowl or filling mouth of the head has to be formed,
is just below a "stapper" or plug piece for doing this, and which
for that purpose is fixed on the lower end of a vertical reciprocating
spindle working in guides on the frame above, and actuated by the
free end of a beam lever through a stud and roller on the other end
shaft
or arm working in a cam for the purpose on the upper cross.
which works the two levers and pressing feeders on each side of the

page_text: frame in an equivalent manner to these two levers of the "stappers."
While the internal bowls of the two pipes are thus being formed at
once the two long straight wires are pushed back through the stems
so as to enter the bottom of the bowls just as the "stappers" begin
to rise, and are drawn out again whilst they are rising, and the
superfluous clay which has been pressed out of the open part of
the mould are being cut off, as herein-after explained. These wires
are guided at the points through stationary stays, and a small hole
formed half in each stem end of the moulds, and have their
fore ends attached to the overhanging ends of a cross head recipro-
cated in guides on the front top end of the machine; all so that the
wires reciprocate in the true centre line of the stems of the moulds
and pipès, the cross head being actuated as stated (to reciprocate the
wires and form the hole through the stems of the pipes) by a con-
necting rod attached to it and to the upper end of a rocking lever
oscillated on a transverse spindle working in bearings a little forward
of and considerably below the front driving cross shaft which actuates
the rocking lever by a stud and roller near its middle, working in or
on a cam on this shaft which also works the screw spindle of the.
gripers. The said superfluous clay is cut away to form a smooth top
to the bowls, and finish the two pipes at once by the oscillation of
two thin elastic blades or knives, one fixed on the top of a vertical
spindle swivelling in bearings close to the inside of each main side
frame and bowl ends of the two moulds; these knives being simul-
taneously swivelled across the top of the two moulds for that purpose
by two straps having their one end attached and each wound in a
reverse direction round a boss or collar on each vertical spindle, and
pulled by having their other ends attached to a rocking lever actuated
by a stud and roller on it working on or in a cam on the front
cross cam shaft, all against the power of a spring attached and
acting in the reverse direction on cach vertical spindle, which bring
these and their knives back to their normal position out of the way
of the moulds and carriage. The two cams which actuate the griping
screw spindle and the rocking levers of the reciprocating slide blocks
carrying the gripers, then slack back and lower these, so as to open
and fold down both halves of the moulds, leaving the two finished
pipes in one half of the moulds ready for removal by the boys or
girls, or other attendants of the machine. The two moulds, after being
cleaned and oiled, are then ready for being traversed with their carriages.

page_text: through below the feeding box to be refilled with clay that all the
other operations may be repeated sequentially, as herein-before described.
This improved machinery or mechanism is also suitable and intended
to be used for treating and preparing pipe clay for other purposes,
and for being fed and forced into other moulds than those of tobacco
pipes, herein-before, described, such as into moulds for the making of
small blocks or cakes of this clay convenient for sale and domestic
uses, with the name of the maker, or his trade mark stamped on them,
and formed either in the under part of the mould, or on the stamper
formed or fixed on the rod of the " stapper," instead of that tool
in this case, in which the moulds might not require to be hinged to open
and shut in two parts, as in the case of the pipe moulds.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said John Liston in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 6th January 1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
LISTON, junior, of the City of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark,
North Britain, Machinist, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Seventh day of July, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, in the thirty-eighth
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and
grant unto me, the said John Liston, junior, Her special licence that I,
the said John Liston, junior, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
or such others as I, the said John Liston, junior, my executors, admini-
strators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and
Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TREATMENT AND
PREPARATION OF PIPE CLAY, AND IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO PIPES AND
OTHER ARTICLES THEREFROM, AND IN MACHINERY OR MECHANISM TO BE EMPLOYED
THEREFOR," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said John
Liston, junior, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in

page_text: writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and
in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to
be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Liston, junior, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement in writing, reference being had to the accompanying
Sheet of Drawings, and to the reference letters and figures marked
thereon, that is to say :-
My said Invention has reference to the secondary treatment of pipe
clay, that is, preparing it from the rough state in which it comes to the
pipe works in a thoroughly homogeneous tough plastic state by new
modes and means, or mechanism, as also for making the said prepared
clay into rough shapes or blocks, ready for being forced or compressed
into moulds, and then in compressing and shaping the same therein, into
tobacco pipes and into other articles, such as small blocks for domestic
and other uses, all automatically through special separate parts or
arrangements of the said mechanism for the several operations of the
process sequentially to each other from one prime moving shaft, and in
contradistinction to the usual modes of doing so by hand, and in such a
manner as to save much time and human labour over the modes and
means or apparatus heretofore employed for the said purposes.
.
And in order that my said Invention may be properly understood and
performed (or put into practice), I will now proceed to describe the.
several illustrative Figures on the Sheet of explanatory Drawings which.
I have hereunto appended for the purpose of showing the best
modifications and means which I am at present aware of for carrying out
O my said Invention or improvements into practice, the same reference.
letters and numerals being employed to indicate the same or like parts
in all the Figures.
Figures 1 and 2 arc respectively a side clevation and plan, both
partially in section, to show the details of the interior of the pug mill A,
5 and one of the carriages 6", and pipe mould b on it more clearly, of one
modification or construction and arrangement of the parts generally
of a machine for treating and preparing pipe clay and forming it

page_text: into blecks, and making these into tobacco or smoking pipes, all
constructed in accordance with and for performing or carrying out my
said Invention into effect or practice.
Figure 3 is a transverse vertical section taken on the line 1---1
in Figure 1; showing the actuating gearing of the same machine
corresponding to Figures 1 and 2; and Figure 4 is a transverse vertical
section taken on the irregular line 2-2 in Figure 1, showing the
screw blades a and scroll presser a¹¹ in the interior of the pug mill A.,
-and the duplicate arrangement of rough block preparing or shaping box
A and presser A2, A3, and of the moulds b, b, and their carrying
carriages on each side of the preparing mill A, all in accordance
with Figures 1 and 2, but with a slightly different arrangement and
construction and modes and means of working the pipe "stappers
J, J¹,
for forming the interior of the heads or bowls of the pipes in their
moulds.
""
Figures 5, 6, and 7, are transverse sections of one of the carriages 6111,
carrying the pipe moulding box b, showing its two halves b, b, shut and
open, as also the levers e, e', and screw jaws d', d', for opening and
closing them, all corresponding to the general views, Figures 1 to 4.
Referring to those Figures 1 to 7, the nature, novelty, and mode of 2
performing my said Invention, as regards the construction and action.
of this machine or mechanism for the said preparation and treatment
of pipe clay, and the making of the pipes therefrom, consist all as
follows: In forming and erecting a small vertical pug mill, with a
round or polygonal shell or casc A, hopper or filler shaped above, and 2
widening out at the lower part A', where it is secured to the top and
middle part of the longitudinal rectangular frame B, B', formed of the t
two open
cast-iron side cheeks or frames B, secured together by the
upper and lower transverse frames B₁ and middle stays or bearers B",
which carry the bearing blocks C₁ of the main central longitudinal 3
driving shaft C of the machine, from which all the different mechanical.
motions or parts derive their respective motions and pauses sequentially.
This shaft C is actuated at a slow speed of about eight to twelve
revolutions per minute by the large wheel 1 keyed on its one end
through the pinion 1' gearing into it, and keyed on the counter or 3
intermediate shaft 2, actuated through a similar pair of reducing
wheels 21, 2, the latter of which is on the first motion shaft 3, driven

page_text: by a belt 3¹ and á fast and loose pulley 3", 31, so as to be set in
motion or stopped by the hand bar and belt shifting fork 4; but any
other equivalent arrangement of first motion gearing driven from any
adjacent motor or motive shaft in a usual manner might be employed.
The frame is preferably made higher, wider, and stronger at this end,
in the form of two transverse frames B2 tied together by the stays B³,
all so as to carry the journal bearings B', C', of these first motion
shafts 3, 2, C, above, and to the one side; the former 3 of which has
preferably a fly wheel 5, keyed on it to give steadiness of motion to'
the first motion shaft 3, also to the main longitudinal shaft C below,
and to the one side of it, and as a consequence, to all the other'
revolving and reciprocating parts of the machine, which are all'
actuated sequentially from this shaft C, directly or indirectly.
:
1
The spindle a of the pug mill A is carried in a footstep bearing at B",
secured to one of the cross stays B of the frame B, and by journal
bearings A, A, at the top and bottom of the pug mill A; and this
spindle a is driven through the wheel a' keyed on it below, and by the
bevil pinion a gearing into it with half the number of teeth; so that
the main shaft C revolves at the rate of two to one of the pug mill
spindle a. This spindle has fixed to it at intervals throughout its length
from the top to near the bottom the ordinary pug or mixing angled
knives or blades a¹¹¹, which also screw or press the clay from the top to
the wide bottom part A¹ of the pug mill A, where there are two
scroll or curved segmental blades a keyed on the spindle a (close to
the bottom, Figures 2 and 4) for forcing the clay through the
ducts a², a, one on each side, into the receiving and feeding box or
chambers A"; each fitted with a pressing block or plunger A recipro-
cated within it by its vertical spindle A³ actuated in guides A* above by
the front arm of a beam lever A5 (fulcrumed on a strong stud A° fixed
to the case A of the pug mill), and having the back arm A³ reciprocated.
or forced up by a stud and antifriction roller A' on it working in a
groove cam D. (or it might be over a plain cam) keyed on the transverse.
shaft D' carried in the bearing brackets D secured to and projecting up
from the frame B; B¹, a little behind the pug mill A, and actuated
through the short vertical shaft E carried in a footstep and top bearing
in the cross rails D¹¹¹, D", secured between two. lower and upper parts.
of the bracket D", and geared by mitre wheels E' above and to the
main shaft C below at E", which thus turns the shaft D' and cams D, D,

page_text: so as to force sufficient clay by the plungers A2 out of the box A" every
time the scroll arms a"" pass and press it in down through one (or it
might be two) apertures a³ (of an approximate shape to that of the
fitted
pipe or other mould in use) in the bottom of the feeding box A",
on cach side of the pug mill (as seen in Figures 4 and 4*, down into
one-half (or it might be both) of the pipe mould b, b, when lying open,
as seen in Figure 6. Each half 6 of the mould b, b, (which are other-
wise much of a usual construction) is carried on swivelling joints or
centres b' near their adjacent lower corners, and screwed through studs bu
projecting up and down from cross rails 6² so as to fold, or close, and
open in a carriage 6 reciprocating (Figures 5 to 7) on the supporting
slides & supported on the side frame B and outer light standards b¹¹¹, so
as to be reciprocated below the feeding chests A" to receive the clay.
every revolution of the main shaft C and half revolution of the pug
mill shaft a, as the successive pressing out blades a¹¹ come round and
plungers A² come down on each side. When these feeding blocks A², A³,
have completed their down stroke and pressed sufficient clay through
the openings a³ in the bottom of the boxes A" into the moulds b, b, a
fine wire.c stretched and fixed between the points or front ends of the
two-armed or forked rod c' (or other equivalent light frame) is recipro-
cated in guides c¹ close up to the lower side of the under plate and
aperture as of the feeding chamber A".
The back end of each rod or frame c¹ is linked by a connecting rod c²
to the upper end of a lever c¹¹, keyed on each end of a rocking shaft c³,
carried in the upper part of two bearing brackets c¹¹¹; a short lever c¹ is
keyed in the middle part of this shaft c³, connected below by the con-
necting rod c to the lower arm of the vertical lever c, fulcrumed in
the middle on a stud in a bracket secured to one of the standards B of
the side frame, and has its upper arm coupled by a short double jointed
link to the free end of the horizontal lever c8, which is reciprocated by
an antifriction.stud roller c* working on the plain cam E", keyed near
the lower end of the shaft E, the spring e' attached to the lower arm of
the lever c moving the whole of these levers and frame c', keeping the
roller c* against the cam and to the position shown in Figure 1, all so
that the wires c, c, would cut off a rough formed block of clay sufficient
to fill the mould on each side both in its forward and return stroke after
every downstroke of the presser A², and thus only make one complete
stroke to and fro for every revolution of the pug mill shaft a, and two
actions of the curved feeding or pressing arm a and plunger A2; but

page_text: this cutting wire c might be so reciprocated in a more direct manner
transversely by a concentric grooved cam f, with opposite or double cam
parts keyed on the lower part of the pug mill shaft a above the wheel a',
the forked or double rods f¹ reciprocating through holes in the frame B
below the pug mill A connected together as a frame with a stud
roller f working in the groove of the cam below it, as shown in red
lines in Figure 4 A. After the rough clay block is so pressed through™
the orifice a³, and cut off and automatically placed in one or it might be
both halves b, b, of the mould, as before stated, they are then swivelled
upon their longitudinal centres 6', so as to close and press the clay
firmly within every part of the mould to shape the pipe; all after its
open frame carriage has been reciprocated to its forward position out
from below the feeding box A" to the position shown in Figures 1 and 2,
by the connecting rod F linked to the back end of each carriage 6¹¹ on
the opposite sides of the machine, and at the back end to the upper free
end of a vibrating vertical lever F¹ keyed on the opposite ends of a
rocking shaft F", carried in the brackets C, and actuated by the hori-
zontal lever F keyed on it, jointed at one side of the frame by the
link to the horizontal transverse lever F2 fulcrumed on a stud at
the other end, and carrying a stud and antifriction roller F³ working into
the groove cam F* keyed on the main shaft C, all so as to reciprocate
the carriages 6" with the moulds 6 on them as described, but this. may
also be done. by any other equivalent arrangement of rocking lever
reciprocated by a cam on the outer ends of the overhead cross shaft D¹ ·
which actuates the feeding lever A³ and pressers A, A³, or these levers
and connecting rods might be connected to a cross head which might bo
reciprocated by either one or two cams on this cross shaft D', or it might
be by a cam as fon the vertical shaft E, or on the lower end of the pug
mill shaft a, as described, for actuating the cutting wire and its
frame f,f", Figure 4 A. The cam F* makes its longest pause, so that
the carriages 6, 61, with their moulds on them remain in the forward
position shewn in Figures 1 and 2, where the pipes are compressed and
the bowl formed, and the finished pipes removed from the moulds, which
are also preferably heated during this pause by gas jets, steam, or other
heating agent, and then occasionally wiped and oiled or greased while
the moulds are open, either by hand or automatically as desired, before
being returned back with their carriages below the feeding boxes A"
and pressers A for being refilled with fresh rough blocks of the prepared
clay formed and cut off, all as above described..

page_text: . When brought to this forward position the carriages 6111 are each right
over a small reciprocating screw slide or block d, which by its upward
motion and the gripping motion of the two screw jaws d' rise and
close, and then screw and press the two halves b; b, of the mould
together. This screw slide d is secured and carried on the top of a con-
necting rod G, the lower end of which is connected to the front end of
a strong horizontal beam or lever G³, one keyed, outside the main
frame B on each overhanging end of the rocking axis or 'spindle G"
mounted in the bearing bracket G³ within the lower middle part of the
main side frames. The back arms of these levers G¹ are connected by
the cross rail G₁₁, which carries a stud and roller G³ in the middle,
working on the under side of its actuating cam G4 (but it might be a
grooved cam) keyed on the main driving shaft C; all so as to raise the
front arms of this lever frame G¹, G", G, (which is counterbalanced by
a weight or spring on one side to keep it in steady working order at the
proper moment to make the gripping jaws d', d', on the top of the slide
blocks a turn up and close the two halves b, b, of the moulds and
embrace them like a vice, when a cross or right and left screw spindle H
working through these blocks d¹ in the slide d is then turned a third
of a revolution or so, by the pendent lever H' keyed on its centre and
a-long connecting rod H" having its front end connected to the upper
free end of the rocking lever H², oscillated on a stud bracket at the
floor by a stud fixed on it near the middle, with a roller H™ working
into its actuating grooved cam H³ keyed on a transverse shaft I carried
in bearing blocks I¹, secured to the front end of the main frame B.
This shaft I is actuated by mitre wheels I", one keyed on it and the
other on the extreme front end of the main shaft C, which thus actuates
it. Each free end of the cross screw spindle H revolves in the body of
one of the slide blocks d and reciprocates up and down with them, and
their actuating side levers, below and guided in a vertical slide / on each
side of the side frames B; so that a right and left-handed screw
(which may be cut across each other in reverse directions) on the opposite
ends of this screw spindle H work through bush eyes d" in the lower
part of the two gripping jaws d¹, so that when the lever H¹ of the screw
spindle is pulled in one direction by its cam H³ it screws the
grippers d', d, together, and so presses the two halves of both moulds b, b,
close and tight between them, thus pressing out all superfluous clay and
shaping the pipe as stated. While the parts are retained in this position
with the moulds closed and the heads or bowls of the pipes are vertical,

page_text: and their stems horizontal and parallel to the side of the machine, as
shown in Figures 1, 2, 4, 5, and 7, the open part of the mould (where
the hollow open bowl or filling mouth of the head has to be formed) is
just below the "stapper" J or plug piece for forming this, and which
for that purpose is fixed on the lower end of a vertical reciprocating
spindle J working in guides J" secured to the body of the pug mill as
a frame above. The "stapper" and spindle J, J', are each actuated by
the free end of a beam lever J2 working in the latter and fulcrumed in
the middle to a strong stud J¹ secured to the frame of the pug mill A,
and having a stud and roller Js on its other end or arm working in a
cam J* for the purpose, keyed on each end of the upper cross shaft D¹,
which also works the two levers A³ of the pressing feeders A², A³, on
each side of the frame in an equivalent manner to these two levers of
the "stapper." The lower ends of the "stappers" Jare each fitted
with a movable plate j and spring j¹ above it for preventing the clay
from escaping too freely while pressing and forming the bowl, and
also for cleaning off any loose clay which may adhere to it in rising.
While the hollow heads or bowls of the pipes are being formed on
both sides of the machine at once the two long straight wires / are
pushed back through the stems of the pipes, as shown in red lines in
Figures 1 and 2, so as to enter the bottom of the bowls just as the
stappers" J begin to rise, and they are drawn out again while these
stappers J are rising and the superfluous clay, which has been pressed
out of the open part of the moulds, is being cut off, as will be herein-
after more particularly explained. These wires k are guided at tho
points through stationary stays k³, and a small hole formed half in each
stem end of the moulds b, b, and they have their front ends either
directly attached to the overhanging ends K of the cross head K' recipro
cating in slide guides K" on the front top end of the frame B of the
machine, or otherwise when the wires are desired to be revolved they
would be secured in the gripping split ends of the two spindles " shown
in red lines in these Figures 1 and 2, all so that the wires reciprocate in
the true centre line of the stems of the moulds and pipes. The cross
head K' is actuated as stated (to reciprocate the wires k, k, or these and
their holding and revolving spindles ", as the case may be, to form the
hole through the stems of the pipes) by the connecting rod K" attached
to it and to the upper free end of a rocking lever K² oscillated on a short
transverse spindle or stud working in a floor bearing bracket K", a little

page_text: forward off the front driving cross shaft I, which actuates this rocking
lever K2 by its lower short horizontal arm K³ connected by the link K‘
to the front end of the longitudinal lever K³, fulcrumed at the back end
to the cross stay B" of the frame B carrying the front end of the motion
shaft C, while a stud and roller K nearly in the middle of the lever K
working in the groove cam K keyed on the cross shaft I (which actuates
the screw spindle of the grippers) thus also reciprocates the lever K² and
cross head K' of the wires k. The said superfluous clay is cut away to
form a smooth top to the bowls, and finish the two pipes at once by the
oscillation of two thin elastic blades, L, each fixed on the top of a vertical:
spindle L' swivelling in bearing brackets L" fixed close to the inside
of each main side frame B, and near the bowl ends of the two
'moulds b,
b.
.
.
The knives L are simultaneously swivelled across the top of the two
moulds (or they may be revolved) for that purpose by two straps 1, 1,
having their one end attached, and each wound in a reverse direction
round a boss or collar on each vertical spindle L', and having their
other ends attached to the upper free end of a rocking lever " fulcrumed
on a cross spindle carried in brackets ², secured to the side frames B in
front of the cross shaft I, so as that by a stud and roller on the
middle of the lever 7 working on a cam 7"" keyed on the middle of the
front cross cam shaft I all against the power of a spring attached and
acting in the reverse direction on the boss / of each vertical spindle L',
and which after being actuated by the cam 11 to cut off the clay brings
these and their knives back to their normal position out of the way of
the moulds and carriage. The cam H³, which actuates the gripping screw
spindle, and that G of the rocking levers of the reciprocating slide
blocks d carrying the grippers d', d', then slack back and lower these
d', d', so as to allow the two halves of the moulds b, b, to be opened and
folded down, as shown in Figure 6, by the action of the two slotted:
vertical arms e of the light bell cranks e, e¹, fulcrumed on studs e¹ in a ·
cross rail e² below the front end of the carriage 61, pins e³ in this end
of the mould taking into these slots are pulled down by the loose
wires e¹¹ attached to the horizontal arms e¹, and to the front end of each
lever G¹ after it has descended so far as to allow the gripers d¹ to be
clear of the moulds b, b, all so as to pull them down, the power of the
light spring et bringing the levers e, e¹, back to their normal position
ready for the next action, leaving the two finished. pipes in one half of

page_text: the moulds ready for removal by the boys or girls or other attendants
of the machine. The two moulds 6, b, after having been cleaned and
oiled are then ready for being retraversed with their carriages 6; 6,
through under the feeding box'A" to be refilled with clay, when all the
other movements and operations will then be repeated sequentially as
herein-before described every revolution of the main shaft C.
When the wires are desired to revolve (as for piercing the holes in
the larger class of pipes to insure their being in the centre throughout)
this is effected as shown in red lines in Figures 1 and 2 by carrying the
front end of each holding, reciprocating, and revolving spindle " and
its driving bevel pinion 2 (mounted on it with a key and slot) in a.
bracket secured to the side frames B in front, so as to be driven at
a quick speed by a bevel wheel ³ keyed on eacli outer end of the trans-
verse spindle i, revolving in neck bearings on the upper front end of the
side frames, B, and driven by the spur pinion keyed on its middle part,
gearing into the rack fixed on the cross head K' which actuates it, all
so as to revolve the spindles and wires k while these are being
reciprocated through their driving pinion held stationary by its bearing
bracket k¹¹¹.
Figure 4 B shows a side elevation with the front cover removed and a
plan of a pressing and feeding box A" corresponding to each other and to
that shown in transverse section on the right-hand side of the sectioned
bottom of the pug mill delineated in Figure 4 A, slightly different from
that shown on the left side, which corresponds to that shown in the other
Figures 1, 2, and 4. In this rough block shaping and pressing
chamber A", Figures 4 B, the recess a² through into the bottom A¹ of
this clay preparing mill A is considerably higher up, and delivers the
part of the stream of clay which forms the stems of the pipes in a
narrow strip in the centre of the large squarish head part, so that then
the plunger A only requires to be of a plain, parallel, narrow shape at
the upper part of the box A", where it reciprocates, although by the
shaping of the delivery duct below it the square block part is shaped
more approximately to the shape of the pipe and mould with less waste
and pressure than is required with the nozzle-shaped duct quite at the
bottom, as shown on the left side of Figure 4 and the other Figures 1
and 2. When it is required to shorten the stem part of the blocks to be
formed, a dovetailed piece is fitted in at one end of the vertical shaping

page_text: .
slot a³ of the mould to shorten it, as shown at a in red lines, and the
rammer is used narrow enough just to fill it.
In some cases the hollow bowl of the pipe requires to be formed at
different angles vertically, leaning back in the top from the stem. In
such cases the "stapper." J and its spindle J' require to be capable of
being shifted and set at these angles, and also to be reciprocated at these
angles. One mode and means which I adopt to effect this is shown in
Figure 4, and consists in mounting and fitting the spindles J' in-forked
guides secured by eyes and pinching screws to an oscillating spindle,
shown as broken away, but carried in bearing brackets attached to and 1
passing across the front of the pug mill case A, so as to be set and fixed
therein at the desired angle. Then to oscillate these spindles at an angle
I attach them a little below the guides at their highest position by eyeš
and pinching screws, with short swivelling stems ¹¹, to sockets in the
ends of the cross head, which is connected in the middle between ]
collars to the segmental head ³ of a reciprocating rod j* working
vertically through a guide j³ near its upper end, and by a forked end je
over the shaft C between a collar and. the eye of its working groove
cam keyed on this shaft C, and which by a stud and roller working
in it and fixed to the lower end of the connecting rod j* reciprocates the ?
cross head and the two spindles and stappers J, J', at the angle they
are previously set to, the segmental head 3 being drawn from the axis of
the oscillating spindle j³ for that purpose.
For forming pipes with very long stems, the prepared rough shaped
blocks could be fed one half into each half of the mould, and have the 2
long wires drawn back and inserted in the centre of the stem and
clay before the two parts b, b, of the mould are closed, or the hollow
bowl formed, instead of afterwards, as herein-before described in making
pipes of ordinary length, when the wires could then be withdrawn, as
stated, while the "stapper" was rising, and the superfluous clay was 8
being cut away to finish the head, all before opening the moulds.
This improved machinery or mechanism is also suitable and intended
for being used for treating and preparing pipe clay for other purposes,
and for being fed and forced into other moulds than those of tobacco
pipes, as herein-before described; such as into moulds for making 3
small blocks or cakes of this clay convenient for sale and domestic
use, which blocks may have the name of the maker or his trade mark.
stamped on them, and formed either in the under part of the mould.

page_text: or on the stamper forming the upper part thereof, formed or fixed on the
rod J¹ in this case (instead of the stapper J), in which case the moulds
would not require to be hinged to open and shut, as in the case of the
pipe moulds, but would be open on the top and simply be fixed in
proper position on the carriage to come under the stamper J to be com-
pressed and finished.
:
1
Although all the operations of preparing the pipe-clay, pressing and
forming the rough shaped blocks, placing them in the moulds, and
then pressing and finishing them, have been described and shown as
performed in sequence in a single machine, yet still it is. to be under-
stood that the preparing of the clay, and the shaping, cutting off, and
delivering of the rough formed blocks might be done in a separate
machine, consisting only of the pug mill A and a short driving shaft,
as C, actuated by any suitable simple driving gearing, and with cams
either on it or on the shaft a of the pug mill to work the pressers J,.J';
or A2, A3, and cutting mechanism c, c', direct with few levers. In this
way the rough blocks might be laid to air and dry for a few days before
being moulded and formed into pipes or other articles. The moulding
machine would be further simplified by not requiring the carriage and
moulds to traverse, and both machines having fewer moving parts
could be driven much faster, probably as fast as the blanks could be
lifted away from the one or fed into the other by hand, which would be
necessary in this case.
Figures 8 and 9 are a side elevation and plan, both partially in section
(to show some of the details more clearly) of a pug mill A, and an
arrangement of shaping mould cylinder M, and presser P, and simple
cutting mechanism, as suitable for forming and delivering simple or
rough-shaped blocks of pipe-clay, either for sale or domestic use when
dried, or for making the forms as stated for being subsequently pressed
and finished in a separate moulding machine. This block compressing
and shaping machine consists as follows:-The pug or clay preparing
mill A with its internal shaft a, angled knives a¹¹, and scroll pressing
out arms a¹¹¹ below are all substantially as described in reference to and
shown in Figures 1, 2, and 4, with the lower part A¹ wide and square,
secured on the top of a small open rectangular frame B, with the first
motion shaft C carried in bearing blocks at the two sides on cross
rails B" below, and driven at two revolutions to one of the pug mill
B

page_text: shaft by a bevil wheel and pinion a, a, shown in dotted lines.
On each side of the lower square part A¹ of the pug mill A a lateral
orifice a³ is formed, preferably by nose plates, so that they may be
removed and replaced to suit the size and shape of the stream of clay it
is desired to deliver through them. Close up to the lower surface plate
at a³ of these openings the moulding and shaping cylinder M is mounted
in journal bearings in the lower part of the two brackets N, screwed by
flanges to strong side flange brackets on the lower part A¹ of both sides
of the pug mill A, although only one is shown in the Drawing. Each
of these cylinders is formed with four longitudinal parallel recesses or
mould boxes m, right opposite each other, and quite through into the
hollow interior from the outer periphery which these divide into four
equal parts; and as these recesses m are rather larger than the stream
of clay a being forced out through the nozzle plate a³ it enters one or
other of these moulds m in their normal position, as shown in Figure 8,
as the cylinder M is turned one quarter round by the lateral pins n in
the disc n¹ keyed on one end of its spindle and caught and actuated in
succession by the hook rod " linked to the free end of the lever n¹!!
fulcrumed on the strong stud n² at the other end fixed to some part of the
frame, or a standard for the purpose, and having a lateral stud and
roller 3 working into a heart or other equivalent groove cam a keyed
on the main shaft C at one side; a spring n holding up the hooked end
of the rod n' to its working position to take on to the pins n in its
forward stroke in turning the cylinder and allow it to yield when the
hook is making its backward stroke and the cylinder is standing still,
fixed by its holding plate and spring stem o, o', taking on to the under
surface of the square eye of the disc n¹, and working in guides N'
secured to one of the brackets N. The moulds m shown in the cylinder M
in this case are made with two divisions m¹ for making three cakes at a
time in each mould, and every quarter turn of the cylinder or half turn
of the pug mill spindle a and single revolution of the main shaft C; and
each mould is fitted with a moving piston m¹¹ attached to the one
opposite by the stems m² crossing each other at the centre, and so that
when the one piston 'm" of each pair is at the bottom of its mould
against a rest the other is flush with the periphery of the cylinder, and
the divisions m' may either be fixed in the moulds m or on the top of the
pistons m; in the former case the pistons would either require to have
deep recesses or be cut through to pass the divisions m' in delivering the
compressed squares or blocks z on the outside of the cylinder on to an

page_text: endless carrying band o" passed over rollers' o¹¹¹ for receiving and
removing the blocks z as finished.
The ordinary pipe clay is broken up and filled or fed into the case A of
the pug mill, with just sufficient water to come out to the tough homo-
geneous consistency desired, which is noted and corrected by observation,
and it is forced through the orifice a³ in a stream into the mould min
front, which presses out the finished blocks in front, as stated and shown
in Figure 8; and while this is being done the plunger P, fixed on the
lower side of the cross head P', guided in slots N" in the upper part of
the brackets N, is forced down on to the clay previously forced into the
mould now at the top by the two cross heads P" secured at their ends to
those of the plungers P, and at the centre to a reciprocating rod P³,
working in vertical and parallel acting guides or brackets P secured on
each side of the pug mill A, and having a lateral stud and roller P³
secured to their lower end, working into an edge grooved cam P¹ keyed
on the pug mill shaft a between its driving bevel wheel a¹ and the
bottom Ai The cam P' having two cam parts P³ opposite each other
in the circumference brings down the two rods P² and four cross heads
P₁, P, P, P2, all as a parallel acting frame twice for every revolution, so
as to press the clay into the top mould after every movement of and
while the cylinder is at rest. The same downward stroke of the cross
head P¹, by the cutting frame c¹ and wire c attached to the lower prongs,
and fixed to it at p, cuts the stream of clay a little outside of the cylinder,
leaving it ready to be turned with a block z in it, sufficient to be com-
pressed and fill the mould, and form the cakes or blocks when the
mould is turned to the top and left standing under and to be compressed
by the presser P, all as before described; an empty mould being by the
same motion of the cylinder brought opposite to the stream of clay to fill
it, and press out and deliver those already formed out of their mould in
front on to the carrying band o". A plate p¹ with the name of the
maker or other device may be fixed on the under face of the presser P to
stamp the finished blocks z.
Although plain, square, or rectangular moulds and blocks are here
shown, it is to be understood that moulds for pipe blanks or blocks
might in like manner be fitted into the cylinder for making such rough
blocks when desired; all otherwise as described.
.
The arrows in the several Figures indicate the direction of the motion
of the revolving parts where shown.

page_text: i
Having thus particularly described and ascertained the nature of my
said Invention, and the manner of performing it, I would observe that I
"do not restrict myself to the precise details or arrangements herein shown
and. described, as many variations may be made therefrom without
departing from the main or essential features of my said Invention, but 5
what I consider novel and original and therefore claim as the Invention
secured to me by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,—
7
: First. The construction and arrangement of machinery for the treat-
ment and preparation of pipe clay and the manufacture of tobacco pipes
and other articles therefrom, all substantially in the new or improved 1
manner herein described, distinguished, and shown in the accompanying
Drawings, or any mere modification thereof.
Second. The combination of a pug mill A, with shaping and com-
pressing box A" and plungers A³, and cylinder M and pressers P, with
their cutting mechanism c, c, and f,f,f", for the forming of rough 1
pipe clay blocks, to be afterwards used for forming pipes, or dried and
sold for other uses, all substantially as herein described and shown, or
any mere modification thereof.
:
Third. The construction and use of hinged moulds b, b¹, on a carriage
or stationary frame 6, combined with closing and griping mechanism 2
'd, d', and reciprocating "stapper" J, J', and wire k, all automatically and
sequentially worked for the manufacture of tobacco pipes, substantially
as and in the manner herein described and shown, or any mere modifi-
cation thereof.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Listón, junior, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Fifth day of January, in the year of
And night hundred and anvanter five
Witness,
W. R. M. THOMSON,
Patent Agent,
Glasgow.
JOHN LISTON, JR. (L.S.)