IMPROVEMENTS IN SPINNING MACHINERY
Year: 1859

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Edward Newton, of the Office for Patents,
66, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN SPINNING MACHINERY."-A communication
from abroad by Eugene Augustin Lecceur, of Paris, in the Empire of
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said William Edward Newton at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition and
.. Declaration on the 30th December 1859, pursuant to the 9th Section
of the Patent Law Amendment Act, 1852.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane, in the
County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS I am in possession of an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
SPINNING MACHINERY," being a communication from Eugene Augustin Lecœur,
of Paris, in, the Empire of France, Machinist, and have petitioned Her
Majesty to grant unto me, my executors, administrators, and assigns, Her
Royal Letters Patent for the same.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Edward Newton, do hereby
declare that the following Complete Specification under my hand and seal,
fully describes and ascertains the nature of the said Invention, and the manner
Price 8d1
No text detected.

page_text: in which the same is to be performed, reference being had to the Drawings
hereunto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is to
say):
The improved machinery which forms the subject of the present Invention
has for its object the production of cops of yarn of the form usually obtained
in that class of spinning machinery called the mule..
The following advantages are obtained by this improved machinery. viz:-
First, continuous work in the operations of drawing and twisting, for the
production of cops of the form above mentioned.
Secondly, regular winding on, effected by mechanical means, either by
special arrangements or not, as in the ordinary continuous spinning frame.
The construction and operation of this improved machinery will be under-
stood by the following description and reference to the accompanying Drawings,
in which Fig. 1 (Sheet I.,) is an outside elevation of an improved flyer forming
part of the improved machinery; Fig. 2, an elevation, partly in section;
Fig. 3, a vertical section, taken through the middle of the flyer; and Fig. 4 is
a horizontal section of the same, taken in the line X, X, of Fig. 4; all these
Figures are drawn to the real size.
A is a spindle composed of two distinct parts, a cylindrical part a, and a
conical part a¹. These two parts fit on to one another, and are fastened
together by any suitable means, in such a manner that they may be casily
detached when required; for instance, the lower extremity of the conical
part a' may be keyed into the upper part of the cylindrical portion, shewn at
Fig. 5. The thread not being required to carry round the spindle, the conical
part a' may be solid. Upon the cylindrical part a is a shoulder a", produced
by the difference of thickness of the extremity which is united with the conical
part. B is the flyer, consisting of the stem b, the arms b, b', and the socket b₁;
on the upper part of it is adapted a concave or flanged disc b³, for the reception
of any oil which might escape from the stem b. The lower projecting part b
of this stem keeps the conical part a of the spindle in a vertical position, the
upper extremity of the spindle entering a socket made in the stem for that
purpose. For the passage of the thread there is in the stem b an opening b",
which leads to the interior of the flyer underneath the disc b. A hook or
twistle" b fixed either to the arms of the flyer or to the disc b³, underneath
which it is situate, at the side of the internal orifice of the guide opening b³,
serves to keep the thread in its proper place. There is a longitudinal groove
b on the outside of the flyer arms. C is a collar or bearing in which the stem b
of the flyer works. There must be sufficient space between this bearing and
the disc b, that in raising the flyer a little the conical part a of the spindeļ

page_text: may be disengaged and removed. D is the lower collar or bearing, in which
the cylindrical part a of the spindle works: this collar or bearing is closed
above the fixed socket d, which enters the socket be, and thus serves as a shaft
for the flyer which is supported below by the bearing. The spindle bears upon
the socket or hollow shaft d by means of the shoulder a formed upon the
cylindrical portion of the spindle. E is a bevil pinion mounted upon the lower
part of the cylindrical portion a of the spindle above the bearing D. F is a
bevil pinion mounted upon the socket 6 of the flyer; the teeth of this pinion
(the axis of which is not in the same vertical plane as the axis of the wheel
into which it takes, by reason of its being necessary to clear the spindle,) are
inclined, and do not converge to a common point. G is the copping rail,
which, by means of its upward and downward movements, causes the bobbin
or cop to take the required form. A circular groove is made inside the
opening of the copping rail, which is composed of two parts g, g³, set one
over the other, a space being left between them forming the groove g
(Fig. 3), care must be taken that the flyer does not rub against the interior
of the opening g. Similar openings are provided along the copping rail
at distances corresponding to the position of the spindles. H is a rotating
disc or diaphragm, shewn detached at Fig. 6; it is worked by means of
tongues h, h, in the longitudinal grooves b, b', of the arms b', b', of the flyer,
and by the outer rim in the circular groove g¹ of the copping rail; it follows
the rotatory motion of the flyer by revolving in the groove g¹ and the vertical
movement of the copping rail by working in the grooves b', b, of the flyer
arms; it must have sufficient play in these grooves to allow of this double
movement taking place with facility. A ring or "twistle" h' fixed upon the
diaphragm H guides the thread on to the bobbin; this ring being situate
nearly under the hook or "iwistle" be at the upper part of the flyer. The
thread or yarn having been submitted to the drawing operation, and having
received the necessary amount of twist by the rotation of the flyer and spindle.
passes through the guide b of the stem b, thence through the "twistle" b
under the disc b, and passing round the spindle enters the ring or "twistle" h'
of the diaphragm; the thread being thus guided and supported is not injuriously
affected by the action of centrifugal force.
The winding-on action may be effected in two ways, either by causing the
spindle to rotate at a less or a greater speed than the flyer. In the first case
the winding-on is effected in a direction contrary to that of the twist, as is the
case when working by means of friction bands; in the second case the thread
is twisted and spooled in the same direction; this method, which is that.
followed in mules, is to be preferred.

page_text: The winding-on or spooling, in whatever way it may be produced, always
results from the difference of speeds of the spindle and flyer, both rotating in
the same direction; this difference is greater or less according to whether the
turns of the thread wound on are smaller or larger upon the various diameters
of the spindle and bobbin. By abstracting the real speeds of the spindle and
flyer, and only considering as the speed of rotation of the spindle the difference
of speeds by which alone the winding on is effected, the speed at the circum-
ference. relatively to the point where the winding on is effected may be
calculated, so that the spindle shall regularly receive the quantity of thread
delivered to it uniformly by the feed; rollers; this speed at the circumference
will be about the same for all, the points upon which the thread in being
wound on, describes a helicoid approaching a circle upon the other points, the
form, of the helicoid, which takes up more or less. of the thread,. causes. the
speed to vary at the circumference. The rotation of the spindle thus taken in
the abstract, without any regard to the real, rotation, may be simplified. by
calling it positive rotation, when the excess of speed is upon the spindle, or
negative rotation when the excess of speed is upon the flyer..
Before entering into further explanations, I will now describe the machine
and, the different parts composing it.
Fig. 1, Sheet II., is a longitudinal elevation, Fig. 2 is an end, elevation at
the opposite end to where the driving power is applied; Fig. 3, is a; horizontal
plan; Fig. 4, a vertical section, taken in the line X, X. of Fig. 3, and looking
towards the end of the machine opposite to where the driving power is
applied;, Fig. 5 is a vertical section, taken in the line Y, Y', of. Fig. 3; and
Fig. 6 is a longitudinal vertical section, taken in the line Z, Z1, of the same
Figure. The same letters indicate corresponding parts in all these Figures.
A is the driving shaft, extending from one end of the machine to the other,
and, upon which are mounted the fast and loose pullies a, a', (Figures 1 and 3);
B. is the front drawing roller; the shaft of this roller also carries the toothed
wheel b,, to which motion is communicated from the pinion b², mounted upon
the driving. shaft. A, by means of two of the intermediate wheels ba, b, b, or by
all, three of them, according, to the position, of the front roller, with relation to
the wheel b. The arrangement of drawing, apparatus. is the same as. for the
ordinary, spinning machinery. C is a bevil, pinion, rotating upon a shaft,
which is either independent of. or turns with the toothed wheel c and the bevil
wheel c', mounted concentrically. to that pinion. The bevil wheel c², Fig. 5,
carried by the driving shaft, drives the pinion C by means of the intermediate
shafts C, C, and the bevil gearing c. c. c, c, mounted upon those shafts.
In Figures 1, 4, and 5, D are the spindles and. their, flyers combined, as above

page_text: described. These spindles and their flyers are supported throughout the whole
length of the machine below by bearings D', and above by bearings D². E, Fig. 1,
is a shaft mounted at the side of the machine, and carrying bevil whicels e, e, e,
which take into the pinious mounted on the lower extremities of the flyers;
the teeth of these wheels like the pinions are inclined. The shaft E carries
at one of its extremities a pinion e' (Fig. 3), driven by the wheel c.
F (Fig. 6) is a friction plate mounted upon the vertica! shaft F', upon
which is also mounted the bevil pinion f. This plate F (Fig. 3) receives
motion from the feed rollers, with which it is put into communication by means
of the intermediate shaft F, which carries at one end the wheel driven by
one of the intermediate wheels b', b, and at the other end the bevil whcel ;
which takes into the pinion f. In Figures 1, 3, and 6, G is a friction pulley,
the circumference of which is at some point in contact with the under part of
the plate F, which: communicates to it in rotating a movement of greater or
less speed, according to whether the point of contact be nearer to or further
from: the centre of the plate F; the pulley G is rendered more adherent by a
leather covering g, so that it cannot slip. A portion of the shaft G', upon which
the pulley G is mounted, is squared at g', where it comes in contact with the
pinion g; which permits of the shaft as well as the pulley having a backward
and forward motion, giving rotary motion only to the pinion g², which is retained
by the socket in the bearing g; H is a bevil wheel, called a differential wheel;
this wheel rotates on a loose shaft, which is a continuation of the sliaft of tlic
pinion. C; the varied. movement of the friction pulley G is transmitted to the
differential wheel by the gearing II, and the intermediate shafts H1, H³, the
first of which carries the wheel of the series; the wheel takes into the
wheel mounted upon the shaft H³; this. second sliaft carries at its extremity
the wheel h³, which drives the differential wheel. Two intermediate bevil
wheels are mounted upon the differential wheel,, which they traverse parallel
to the axis. at two points diametrically opposite; these two wlieels take into
the bevil wheel c upon. the shaft of the pinion-C. I is a lateral shaft provided
with bevil wheels i, i; i, taking into bevil pinions mounted on the lower extre-
mities of the spindles; this shaft has a combined movement transmitted to it,
called a differential movement, resulting from the movement of the bevil wheel
c', which is communicated by the intermediate bevil wheels: h to the bevil
wheel mounted. upon the shaft and. from the movement of the differential
wheel H, which. is also communicated to the wheel by the intermediate
wheels. In order that, all these wheels may take property into one: another,
the shaft 1. must be upon the same line as the axis of the pinion C and of thie
differential wheel. H, which.might be formed by an extension of the shaft I, or

page_text: even of the shaft E, upon which the pinion C and the differential wheel might
be mounted loosely. J is a lever upon which the rod jis made to bear by
means of a gudgeon 7 mounted upon this rod by a horizontal motion; the lever
J being guided at the lower part in the guide groove communicates a ver-
tical motion to the rod, which works freely in guides . An opening made in
the length of the lever forms of the lower part a second lever J', which acts
in the same manner upon the rod j*.
K (Fig. 6) is an excentric or snail cam having two movements, which are
uniform and simultaneous, a rotary motion and an endway motion on its shaft.
A toothed wheel k, mounted on the rim of the cam, receives through the train
of gearing K¹ motion from the bevil pinion mounted on the shaft Fº.
L is a cam of the same kind, having also a rotary motion and an endway
motion on its shaft; this cam, upon which is mounted the wheel, which gears
like the wheel with the pinion of the train of gearing K, rotates in the
same direction as the cam K. A stop or fixed pin on the shaft L', which
carries the cam, enters a groove inside so that the cam may move along the
shaft, and at the same time impart motion to it. M is a shaft which carries
the cam K, and which is below the shaft L', and parallel with it; a screw m
covering a part of the shaft M enters a female screw fixed inside the cam or
formed by the cam itself. The shaft M has an independent motion imparted
to it by the shaft L', through a train of gearing M¹, arranged in such manner
that the shaft and cam K shall revolve at different speeds; this difference of
speeds produces the endway motion of the cams, which moves forward
uniformly upon the screw. The wheel m', which is so set as to have very
little friction, is stopped by a pin m which holds it with a plate m, mounted
on the shaft M; it is only necessary to remove the pin to allow of the shaft
rotating in either direction, and cause the cam to move backwards or forwards
as required. N is a carriage which transmits the endway movement of the
cam to the cam L and lever J. The standards or framing n, n', which
are held together by bolts n, are provided with bearings in which turn sockets
forming the extremities of the cams.. A piece mounted on the framing n
causes the lever J to follow the movement of the carriage. The wheel,
and the concentric pinion of the train K'; are carried by the standard n',
and follow the endway motion of the carriage. The long form of the
pinion, which drives the wheel 3, allows of the movement of that wheel
parallel to the axis without its ceasing to take into the pinion.
In Fig. 6, O is a lever arm, the extremity of which slips upon the cam K,
and which in rotating imparts a backward and forward or oscillating motion
to it; this lever arm is mounted upon the shaft O', which also carries the

page_text: toothed sector o, following consequently the oscillating motion of the lever.
P is a shaft mounted across the machine, and which has a differential
alternating movement imparted to it resulting from the combination of the
movements of the rod and the sector. o. The combined movement is received
by the bevil wheel p, mounted up the shaft and driven by the intermediate bevil
wheel p', which traverses the differential sector P', upon which it is mounted;
this sector turns freely upon the shaft P and takes into a toothed portion or
rack p, which is at the top of the rod j. On the other side of the sector P¹,
the intermediate wheel p¹, takes into a bevil wheel p3, connected with the
straight-faced wheel p, driven by the sector o, which imparts to these wheels
an alternating motion transmitted to the shaft P at the same time with the
continuous movement of the sector P by the intermediate wheel p'. The
pair of wheels p², p', are like the sector P¹, mounted freely upon the shaft P,
or to avoid the friction which would result from their motion in reverse
directions, they are mounted upon a socket which is an extension of the
socket of the bearing p³, and which serves as a loose shaft for the wheels and
the sector.
Q, Q, are lateral shafts, which receive motion from the shaft P through the
bevil wheels q. q': upon this shaft are mounted the straight-faced wheels
q, q, q, set at equal distances apart, and varying in number according to the
length of the machine; R is the copping rail by which the winding on is
effected, and in which are placed the diaphragms which guide the thread upon
the bobbins. Racks r, r, (Figures 2 and 4) adapted to this rail take into the
wheels q,. q, and carry at the back two collars, one above and the other below.
Vertical rods p', p', (mounted in brackets fixed to the framing) pass freely
through these collars and keep the motion of the copping rail vertical
Counterweights, r, suspended from chains or cords which pass over pulleys
3,, and which are attached to the copping rail, in a great measure counter-
balance the weight of this latter, in order that the weight not bearing entirely
upon the shaft Q, the cam K, and lever J shall not be too much loaded, and
shall only have a slight resistance to overcome; S is a lever to which motion
is communicated by means of the cam L, which causes it to oscillate upon the
axis S. This lever, which is somewhat complicated, is represented detached,
drawn to half the real size in several views in Sheet I., Fig. 7 being a side
view, and Fig. 8 a front view. The lever S is furnished with a fork s working
in a guide s', and retained by a pin or gudgeon s, round which this fork may
oscillate slightly. An additional piece s³, connected by a joint with the fork
slides at its point upon the cam L, and supports the lever by a shoulder, from
which rises a curved lever a, upon which is mounted a small grooved pulley s

page_text: The hinge or joint which connects the forks and its accessory s³ is adjusted in
such a manner that the two parts shall abut against each other and be kept
in that position by the springs s", s. Fig. 9, Sheet I., shews, in plan view.
detached, that part of the lever which carries the fork; and Fig. 10 shews in
elevation the fork with its appendage. The vertical part which passes the
point of contact of the appendages upon the cam L is between the axis S'
or fulcrum of the lever and the pin s¹ or axis of the fork, in order that by the
weight of the apparatus the appendage shall bear upon the lever under which
the shoulder is applied as long as the curve of the cam is intended to act upon
57
this lever.
1
In Figures 2 and 4, Sheet II., T is a lever rocking on a fulcrum at T¹,
as the rod rises by which it is retained at one of its extremities by means
of a pint on that rod; U is a lever arm to which a varied reciprocating
motion is communicated. A chain u. attached at one end to the lever S, and
at the other to the lever T, passes round pullies u, u and half round the
pulley 3, mounted upon the lever arm U. These pullies are arranged in such
manner that the axis of the pulley 3 having described one half of the total
arc which it has to describe, the plane of the subtense of the arc embraced by
the chain passes nearly through the centre of the shaft U' upon which the
lever arm is fixed, and also that it shall depart as little as possible from this
centre by the circular movement of the axis of the pulley. The extremity of
the lever T, which receives the chain u, is provided with a sector in order that
this chain may be always stretched perpendicularly to the axle of the pulley
2. Upon the shaft U1 is also fixed the lever ärm u, which having, conse-
quently the same movement as the lever U, communicates a reciprocating
motion to the friction pulley G in the direction of the axis of that pulley by
means of a collar u. which passes freely on to the extremity of the shaft G¹, and
is jointed to a fork u", to which the extremity of the lever arm is connected in
the same manner: a helical spring acting upon this lever arm communi-
cates motion to it when the lever S or the lever T liberates the chain u.
In Fig. 3, Sheet I., and Fig. 7, Sheet II., V is a clutch box, consisting of
two parts arranged so as to catch into each other; the part is fixed upon the
driving shaft A, and the part is mounted loosely upon that shaft, so as to
be capable of rotating independently of it, and also of moving along it. The
part consists of a pulley, having upon one of its sides teeth opposite to those
of the part ¹, and on the other a socket taking freely into the collar v, this
collar being connected with the forks by small lugs, which enter guides across
the fork. A cord v, attached at one end to a lever arm
shaft U', passes round the pulley v and the small pulley s
attached to the
mounted upon the

page_text: curved arms of the appendages
this cord is wound two or three times round
the pulley on the part 1 of the clutch box, and attached at the other end to
the extremity of a lever . which by means of a helical spring serves to
keep it at a sufficient degree of tension to cause it to adhere to the pulley.
As the rocking motion of the lever S does not change the position of the
part of the box by bringing that part nearer to or further from the part v,
the guide slots in the arms of the fork will describe the arc of a circle which
has for its centre the axis or fulcrum S¹ of the lever
middle of the space it has to pass through in
shaft A to take into the part v. The clutch box is also represented in
Sheet I. at Fig. 7.
when the part ¹ is in the
moving along the driving
!
The machine may be either single or double acting, that is to say, provided
with spindles and flyers, either at one or both sides. The Figures in Sheet I.
represent a double-acting machine, and similar letters indicate like parts on
both sides of the machine, and which act in the same manner. Thus the
grooved roller B, bevil pinion C, lateral shaft E, differential wheel H, lateral
shafts I and Q. and copping rail R, as well as the spindles and flyers, are,
together with their accessories, placed on both sides of the machine, and it is
only necessary to do-away with them on one side in order to have a single-
acting machine.
By examining successively the various parts of the mechanism, the principal
movements resulting from their arrangement, and the operation of the
machine will be readily understood. The flyers rotating at a less speed than
the spindles are driven at a uniform rate by the driving shaft, and which gives
the twist to the thread from the drawing apparatus. The spindles also receive
from the driving shaft an uniform rate of speed equal to that of the flyers; by
this movement the spindles act only in concert with the flyers to give the
necessary twist to the thread. Another movement communicated at the same
time to the spindles causes them to have a greater speed than the flyers,
which produces the "winding-on" motion, and which is in an inverse ratio to
the variable quantity of thread wound on at each point according to the corre-
sponding diameter of the bobbin and the arrangement of the thread which
crosses itself-more or less.
This increase of speed or positive rotation imparted to the spindles, indepen-
dently of the constant speed which is transmitted to the driving shaft, results
from the transformation of the uniform movement of the friction plate F, in a
variable movement from the friction pulley G, the speed of which is proportional
to the distance of the point of contact from the centre of the plate F. or, what
is the same thing, the radius at which the plate drives the pulley. The variable
I

page_text: movement which the friction pulley G acquires by its contact with the plate F
being combined with the uniform movement which the pinion C receives from
the driving shaft A, produces the differential motion. The differential wheel H
is the mechanical agent which effects this combination, and which transmits
the differential movement by the intermediate wheels ', ', to the shaft I,
and consequently to the spindles. The action of the differential wheel to
produce the above combination will be readily understood. Supposing the
differential wheel 1, to be immoveable upon its axis. if the wheel C¹ makes a
revolution, the movement of that wheel is transmitted in a reverse direction
through the differential wheel by the intermediate wheels h'. ', to the wheel i¹,
which is consequently driven at a speed equal to the speed of the wheel C¹.
Suppose, on the contrary, the wheel C' to be at rest, and that the differential
wheel makes a revolution, this latter wheel will communicate its motion to
the wheel i, by the intermediate wheels, if the intermediate wheels in
gear with the wheel i¹, slipped without turning against the wheel C', and had
only a circular shifting motion, the wheel would then make a revolution
like the differential wheel, but the intermediate wheels also gearing with the
wheel C, are also caused to make a revolution by the revolution of the differ-
ential wheel, and also communicate this rotary movement to the wheel i, the
speed of which is thus doubled. When the wheel C' and the differential
wheel H move simultaneously, the effects are the same; the speed of the
wheel is therefore equal to the speed of the wheel C', increased or diminished
by twice the speed of the differential wheel, according to whether the differ-
ential wheel has a tendency to turn the wheel in the direction of the move-
ment which is imparted to it by the wheel C', or to turn it in the contrary
direction. If the differential wheel rotates in the same direction as the wheel c,
the spindles will revolve at a less speed than the flyers, and the winding on will
result from the negative rotation; if, on the contrary, the differential wheel
revolves in the same direction as the wheel i, the flyers will rotate at a less
speed than the spindles, and the winding on will result from the positive
rotation.
The mechanism represented in Sheet II. being arranged in such a manner
that the differential wheel I shall revolve in the direction of the wheel, the
above explanations relative to the differential movement are applicable, to this
latter mode of winding on, by which the thread is wound on in the direction of
the twist, which it receives, in the same manner as is practised with the mule.
In order to effect the winding on by the negative rotation, it would only be
necessary to change the direction of, motion of the differential wheel H, which
would then rotate in the direction of the wheel C', and which would reduce

page_text: the speed of the wheel i¹, by destroying, by a movement in the reverse direc-
tion, a part of the uniform movement which this wheel would acquire from
the wheel C¹.
The differential movement, instead of being communicated to the spindles,
might be communicated to the flyers by causing the differential wheel H to
act upon the shaft E; in this case the spindles would have a constant speed,
and the flyers a variable speed. The arrangement of the thread upon the
spindles in the form of cops, spools, or bobbins similar to those of the mule is
produced by the lever J and the cam K.
A summary description of the structure of a well-formed bobbin will facilitate.
the understanding of the movements necessary for the production of the same.
A cop produced by the self-acting mule is composed of a certain number of
lengths of thread arranged in layers laid over one another conically; this cop
may be divided as regards the winding on into two distinct parts, a conical and-
a cylindrical part. In the conical part, in winding the layers over one another,
their diameter is increased at the base, so that this part of the cop increases in
size, and takes the form of an inverted cone; in the cylindrical part, the layers
in being wound on over one another, are always kept at the same diameter at
the base, and the cop having reached its intended size, is built up in the form
of a cylinder. The cop terminates in the form of a cone which surmounts the
cylindrical part, and which arises from the arrangement of layers wound on
conically.
In the body of the cop the thread is wound on in rings or spiral turns, at
greater or less distance apart. according to the length of the coil and the
height of the layer upon which it is crossed, after that layer is finished,
describing from top to bottom or from bottom to top, according to whether the
layer is renewed in ascending or descending a helicoidal curve which takes in
one or two turns, all the rings of the layer, and which connects them all together
to give solidity to the cop and prevent it from breaking. In order to make
the bobbin still stronger. the layers are higher towards the middle of the cop
than at the beginning and end. The combined movement which the carriage
M receives from the lever J and cam K has for its object to form a cop
according to the above rules. This movement is composed of two different
movements, which take place vertically and at variable speed, viz., a continuous
rectilinear movement, and an alternating rectilinear movement. The con-
tinuous rectilinear movement arises from the movement which the lever J com-
municates to the rod j, and serves to raise the winding on, that is to say, to
regulate the height at which the layers must be placed upon the spindles, in
order to give the conico-cylindrical form to the bobbin. As the quantity of

page_text: thread wound on varies at every point by reason of the irregularity of the rings,
the difference of diameters, and the inequality of the heights of the layers, this
movement is varied in consequence by means of the curve of the upper part
of the lever J.
The alternating rectilinear movement is produced by the movement of the
lever arm O, worked by the cam K; this movement distributes the rings or coil
of thread of each layer in such a manner that the upper part of the cop shall
take a conical form. The cam or excentric K, which is of a snail shape,
or more properly speaking is composed of spiral curves, may be considered as
a series of excentric curves perpendicular to the axis, and equal in number to
the layers which compose a perfect cop. The courses of these curves or the
differences of their respective radii taken at the two extreme points are larger
or smaller according to the heights of the corresponding layers. By the
endway motion of the cam the various curves will be successively presented to
the lever arm o, to which the rotation of this cam communicates an oscillatory
motion of an extent equal to the course of the curve in contact with the lever
arm, upon which the curve acts in moving away from the axis, and of a speed
which is in an inverse ratio to the quantity of thread wound on at each point.
As the disposition of the thread which is wound on in rings of greater or less
size, and nearer to or further from each other, influences this quantity, the
excentric must necessarily impart to the lever arm a movement of variable
speed, and for each curve dividing the total course into equal parts, the courses
must be traversed in unequal periods, which become shorter as the winding on
proceeds towards the top of the layer. At each revolution of the excentric the
lever arm O falls again upon smaller radii of the following curve, in order that
the copping rail R in descending shall cross the thread upon the layer a
curved part, which moving in the direction of the axis of the excentric connects
the points the furthest from this axis with the nearest points, regulates this
movement and prevents the lever arm from falling again too quickly and
breaking the thread by giving to the copping rail too rapid a falling motion.
The layers of thread are wound on in an upward direction by the rotation
of the cam or excentric; and in order to wind on in the contrary direction, it
would only be necessary to change the direction of motion communicated by
the excentric to the shaft P, by introducing, for instance, an intermediate
wheel between the sector o and the wheel p, and by supporting by means of a
counterweight the extremity of the lever arm O in contact with the excentric.
The lever J might be done away with by giving motion to the copping rail R
by one excentric only, which should be similar to K with regard to the course
and the curvature of each of the corresponding curves, but would differ from

page_text: it in the consecutive curves instead of starting from points situate at equal
distances from the axis, as the curves of the excentric K shall spring from
points which should gradually recede from it. By this arrangement of the
curves the excentric in its endway motion would act as a wedge or lever
acting upon the lever arm 0, as J acts upon the rod j. and would wind the
layers on one above the other. The excentric would thus produce the
movement of the copping rail R without the help of any other agent, and
would transmit this motion to it by the shaft O, by the shaft P, upon which
would be mounted the wheel p, and by the lateral shaft Q. The friction
pulley G, which produces the winding on by the combination of the differential
movement, has a variable speed, which is at each instant in inverse ratio to the
quantity of thread wound on at various points of the bobbin: the speed of this
pulley must consequently increase or diminish at the same time that the
quantity of thread taken up by the spindle varies in the contrary direction,
in order that the thread may be wound on by an uniform movement as it
coines from the drawing heads. The pulley must therefore change its posi-
tion under the plate F, in order that this latter may communicate to it a
greater or less speed. This shifting of the pulley consists in a
horizontal movement by which the point of contact is caused alter-
nately to recede from and approach the centre of the plate at each layer of
thread that is wound on. The thread forming a layer being always of the same
length, the courses of the pulley will be performed in the same periods of time,
but the layers being formed of rings, which take up a greater or less length of
thread, the speed at which it is shifted and the extent of the courses will vary
according to the disposition of the layers and the arrangement of the rings
upon the bobbin. The courses are performed relatively to the plate F in radiii,
which differ from each other in proportion to the greater or less speed im-
parted to the spindles for the winding on of the corresponding layers.
The excentric L, which is composed principally like the excentric K of a
series of consecutive curves, is intended, with the lever J', to regulate the
shifting of the friction pulley G, and consequently the speed of that pulley and
the drag on the thread. For this purpose the curves of the excentric Land
the upper part of the lever J, are formed of points, which by their respective
distances from the axis or the base, according to whether these points belong
to the excentric or the lever. will determine the various positions of the pulley.
Thus, at the commencement of the winding on of a layer, the starting point of
the pulley being given simultaneously by the excentric and the lever, the
corresponding curve will guide the shifting of the pulley during the winding
on of the layer, so that the thread shall always have a regular drag in winding

page_text: on to the bobbin.
The curvature and course of each of the curves of the
excentric must be combined to produce this essential condition. The lever J'
is not absolutely necessary, especially if the excentric L be of sufficient length
that the arrangement of the curves shall not give to some parts of the excentric
too great a degree of convexity, which would prevent the appendages, which
is rounded at the point to prevent wear, from bearing exactly upon the curves,
with which it must successively come in contact; the lever, therefore, only
serves to complete the work of the excentric, the convexity of which has been
diminished at the most projecting parts to remedy this evil. The shifting
motion communicated to the lever J, of which the lever J' is an integral part,
causes this latter to advance under the pin fixed to the rod j', which then
assumes an ascending or descending motion, according to whether the upper
part of the lever is ascending or descending, or remains stationary if the pin is
upon a part parallel to the base. The lever J', by its action upon the rod ¡',
contributes to the shifting of the friction pulley G, by drawing upon or
slackening by means of the lever T the chain attached to the rod j'. The
curves of the excentric L correspond to the layers of thread on the bobbin;
they are formed spirally like the curves of the excentric, K. but in a direction
approaching the axis, and consequently act in the contrary direction. The
rotary movement of the excentric allows the point of the appendage s³, which
slides upon any suitable curve, to approach the axis of that excentric; the
lever S then oscillating upon its axis S¹, loosens the chain u, and the friction
pulley G submitted to the action of the helical spring u will shift its position,
moving from the centre of the plate F and augmenting its speed of rotation as the
winding on proceeds towards the top of the corresponding layer and the quantity
of thread wound on diminishes. In the shogging motion of the excentric all,
the curves pass successively under the lever S, of which it modifies the move-
ment according to the displacement which the pulley is to undergo to receive
from the plate the necessary movement and give to the thread the necessary
drag.
From end to end of the excentric, independently of the principal curves,
is an excentric portion formed of arcs of curves which connect the principal
curves together; this portion, by regulating the shifting of the friction pulley,
regulates the drag or supply of thread when the thread is crossed at the
corresponding part of the excentric K upon the rings or turns of the preceding.
layer. The thread being thus crossed, describes a helicoid of great length upon
the layer, and the bobbin takes up a greater quantity to compensate for it; the
speed of the spindle being diminished the friction pulley returns towards the
centre of the plate. The difference of the radii of the excentric measures
proportionally this movement by means of the lever S, which is raised at a.

page_text: part further from the axis of the excentric when the appendage passes from
one principal curve to the following arc.. The friction pulley G is brought
back towards the centre of the plate F by the clutch box V, which connects
at the same time the lever S. The difference of the radii forms upon the
excentric a sort of cam which abuts behind against the appendage s", which
imparts an oscillation to the fork s, in this movement the fork acting upon the
part of the clutch box causes it to take into the part v. The cord being
carried forward by the rotary notion of the part ' acts upon the lever arm v',
which rocks upon its axis: this movement is communicated by the shaft U¹.
to the lever arm u', which shifts the pulley towards the centre of the plate.
The tension of the cord acting at the same time upon the small pulley s³,
raises the lever S as long as the excentric bearing against the back part of the
appendage keeps the part 1 of the clutch box in gear with the part v, but when
the point of the appendage is sufficiently elevated to escape that part of the
excentric which forms the cam. the weight of the lever bearing only upon the
cord 3, communicates motion to the curved arms, and the fork s oscillating
in the contrary direction to its first movement will throw the part v' out of
gear; this part will then turn loosely upon the driving shaft A, and leave the
lever S to bear again by the point of the appendage s upon the excentric L..
In order that these various movements may take place in suitable order, the
force of the spring and the weight of the lever S must be in certain con-
ditions relatively to the effort necessary for the shifting of the friction pulley
G; the force of the spring w must be sufficiently great to overcome the various
resistancies against this shifting of the pulley receding from the centre of the
plate, and the weight of the lever to be raised requires less power than the
various resistances to be overcome; when the pulley is brought back in the
opposite direction, if the spring were too weak, the pulley would not alter
its position although the chain u were loosened, and if the lever were too heavy
this lever would not be again raised at the moment when the pulley should
return towards the centre of the plate.
There are several methods of mounting the pinion gupon the shaft G°
(Sheet 11.) to allow the friction pulley G to shift under the plate without the
pinion being out of gear with the train of gearing H¹, of which it forms a
part. Instead of the pinion g being kept in rotation with the shaft G' by a
squared portion, this pinion might be connected with the shaft by means of a
key or feather. If the pinion were of sufficient length to be always in gear
with the gearing H. it would only be necessary to fix this pinion upon the
shaft G. The friction pulley might also be mounted loosely upon the shaft.
which might be provided for that purpose with a squared portion, or with a

page_text: key or feather, the lever would then shift the pulley only without moving
the shaft upon which the pinion g would be mounted. The friction plate F
is in a horizontal position, and presses with all its weight upon the pulley
which it is to carry round in its rotary motion. A vertical or any other
position would be equally suitable for this plate, to which the friction pulley G
would be perpendicular, but it would be necessary for the plate and pulley to
be pressed one against the other by means of a spring or weight. It is there-
fore more advisable to place the plaie in a horizontal position as shewn in
the Drawings, as the plate is thus enabled to act by its own gravity upon the
pulley.
As the length of the machine is not limited in the case of the positive
rotation of the spindles, the friction pulley G must be weighted in proportion to
the number of spindles, that is to say, the greater the number of spindles the
greater must be the weight. It might even happen that the pulley having to
overcome too much resistance would not bear sufficiently against the friction
plate, which would then rotate and slip over the pulley without communi-
cating the requisite movement to it. The most simple means of remedying
this evil would be to increase the weight of the plate F. which would press
more upon the pulley G, to which it would thus impart more adherence, but
this plan would present another inconvenience, the shifting of the pulley in
the direction of its axis would require greater power, and would be effected
with less facility and precision. It would be preferable to diminish the
power which the pulley in its rotation would exert to overcome the resistance
opposed to its motion, and which arises from the differential wheel H having
a tendency to move in a direction opposite to that which would be communi-
cated to it from the pulley. This result would be obtained by modifying the
intermediate transmission gearing, keeping up the differential wheel at the
same time at the same speed by augmenting the speed of the plate F; by
virtue of the principle of virtual speeds the pulley G would thus be less
weighted, and the adherence of this pulley against the plate would not require
to be augmented by greater pressure.
It is to be observed, that if the winding on were effected by the negative
rotation, the differential wheel would have a tendency to rotate in the direction
of the movement which would be communicated to it by the friction pulley;
this pulley would, consequently, only have to moderate and regulate the move-
ment of the differential wheel, and would be much less weighted. It would
seem at first sight that the differential wheel H might, without inconvenience,
be moved away from the spindles by placing this wheel upon an intermediate
shaft, or upon the driving shaft A. In double machines there would only be

page_text: by this means a single differential wheel, which should combine the uniform
movement of the driving shaft with the variable movement of the
friction pulley, the differential movement which would result from
this combination would be transmitted to the lateral shafts I on both sides of
the machine in the same manner as the pinion C is driven. On the other
hand, the pinion C would be mounted upon the lateral shaft E, which would
always receive a uniform movement from the driving shaft A. But the power
for driving the shaft E and that for driving the shaft I would be, starting from
the main shaft, independent of each other, the fluxion of the intermediate shafts
and their bearings, and the play which would exist in the bearings and teeth
of the gearing differing for the two driving gear, which should always agree
perfectly, would produce jars or shocks in the drawing of the thread when
the speed of the differential wheel should come to change suddenly. This
arrangement could only be employed for thread strong enough to support these
shocks, and even in that case it would be better to bring the differential wheel
as near as possible to the spindles, in order that the uniform movement arising
from the movement of the driving shaft A may reach the lateral shaft E, and
also the lateral shaft I through the same intermediate gearing. The
differential wheel H is a bevil wheel; but it will be understood
that a straight wheel would answer the same purpose, provided the intermediate
gearing which transmits to it the movement of the friction pulley G were
arranged in such a manner that a straight whee! were brought into gear with
this differential wheel. It will also be understood that the intermediate bevil
wheels h, h', might be replaced by straight wheels, as is sometimes the case
with differential gearing. In working the excentrics the long pinion k' might
be easily replaced by a pinion of the ordinary form, mounted loosely upon a
shaft, which should drive it by means of a square formed upon that shaft, or
by a feather; this pinion would be shifted by the endway motion of the
carriage N by a fork fixed upon the standard n, and mounted freely upon the
socket of the pinion. The working of the lever S might become deranged by
the breaking of its cord, or from any other cause, and consequently this lever
would not produce the downward motion by which the appendage s passes
upon the cam. In such a case the excentric by continuing its rotary motion
and pressing against the hinder part of the appendage, would cause the
springs, s, to yield, when the two parts of the clutch box V would be dis-
engaged, these springs would be disengaged from the fork s upon which they
are stretched. The appendage being connected with the fork by means of a
joint, would be removed by the cam, and would not interfere with the movement
of the excentric, which would revolve under the lever S.

page_text: If the curves of the excentric L were in a direction retiring from the axis,
like the curves of the excentric K, the lever S would work with difliculty upon
a certain number of them. The speed with which the friction pulley G is
shifted being much greater towards the end of the courses, these curves would
recede from the axis in proportion, and would form parts upon which the lever
would not again rise easily; it would nevertheless be possible to facilitate this
movement of the lever by making the curves greater without altering their
course, that is to say, by augmenting equally the various radii of the excentric.
With an excentric thus arranged, the clutch box V and forks would become
useless; it would only be necessary to fix the appendage s upon the lever; but
notwithstanding this simplification, it is better to employ an excentric, the
curves of which approach the axis, and the pressure of the lever upon the
excentric being much diminished, the rubbing parts will not wear so quickly.
The speed of the endway motion of the vertical lever and of the excentrics is
altered by changing the concentric pinions m³, m. of the train M¹, and by
establishing in the parts which drive the shaft M arrangements of gearing
which shall produce the desired speed. The pitch of this gearing and of the
screw m must be sufficiently low that one tooth more or less upon the con-
centric pinions m³, m', shall not produce too much effect when it is necessary
to change a little the speed of the shaft M. As the scale upon which the
Drawings are made does not allow of the teeth of the gearing M', and the
thread of the screw of the shaft M being shewn in the Drawings of a smaller
size, these parts are larger than is necessary for actual working. The drag on
the thread is sometimes defective in the course of winding on, it may be too
great or too little; this may be remedied by regulating the shifting of the friction
pulley G to a greater or less distance from the centre of the plate F. This
operation is performed by means of the chain u attached to the lever S, and
is managed in such a manner that the position of the point of attachment under
that lever may be easily changed.
In the end of the lever S is a slot a (see Fig. 9, Sheet 1.), in which a piece b
(Fig. 7) works freely; a screw c, supported at each of its extremities by a
small bearing, passes through the side of the piece b, which is provided with
a female screw. Inside of or against the travelling piece b is a small piece
bearing upon two pivots parallel to the axis of the lever, and provided below
with a rod e; at the lower extremity of this rod is a step piece m. which works
a second screw held in place above; in the piece d, parallel to the rod. is
another travelling piece g, bent like a hook to hold the chain u and the screw /,
upon which it runs; the screws are worked by means of two small winches.
The screw serves to tighten or slacken the chain u, and the screw fio

page_text: increase or diminish the length of the arm of the lever S from the point of
attachment of the chain; these screws have for their object to regulate the
drag on the thread. In order to obtain a uniform drag upon the thread it is
necessary that by the arrangement of the lever S the chain u from the point
of attachment to the pulley u should be perpendicular to the inner part of
the travelling piece b, this travelling piece being at the middle of the slot a,
and the lever S bearing upon the point furthest from the axis of the excentric
in the part formed by the principal curves. In this position of the lever
the movement imparted to the travelling piece b, by turning the screw c in
one direction or the other, does not in any sensible degree change the drag
at the lower part of the corresponding layer, for the right line passed through
by the point of attachment of the chain departs a very little way from the
curve, which by the development of that chain upon the pulley u' the point of
attachment was to describe from various points equally distant from the axis
of the pulley u' as the centre of the curvature. But by displacing the travel-
ling piece b, the drag is changed towards the top of the layer
as the point of attachment, passing through a space more or less great, accord-
ing to the length of the lever arm at the extremity of which it is. The friction
pulley G is removed more or less from the centre of the plate F; it is therefore
sufficient to turn the screw c in order to move the travelling piece b from the
axis of the lever S if the drag be too weak at top of the layer, and to act
in the contrary direction if the drag be too great. When the drag is equal,
but has not the requisite power, and requires to be changed from one end of
the layer to the other, the screw must be turned in the direction suitable for
changing the position of the point of attachment of the chain u to bring the
friction pulley G nearer to or further from the centre of the plate F according
to the degree of tension to be put upon the thread. The drag is thus changed
through the whole height of the layer, but it is not changed equally throughout;
the difference which results from this change: is in an inverse ratio to the
radii of the plate, and as these radii are greater at the commencement that
at the end of the winding on of the layer, the effect produced is greater at
the lower part of the layer than at the upper part. After having
regulated the drag at the bottom by this means, it must be regu-
lated at the top as above mentioned. If it is at the bottom of the layer that
the drag is defective, it must be first corrected at this part in the same manner
as if the defect existed at all points; then the drag being deranged towards the
top by the change of position of the point of attachment of the chain. it will
be regulated by means of the screw c.

page_text: According to the form to be given to the lever J', the successive points upon
which the lever S bear for the winding on of the layers at the base may be at
the same distance from the axis of the excentric L. or at different distances.
If these points are equally distant from the axis of the excentric, the lever
turns at the commencement of each layer into a position by which the dis-
placement of the travelling piece b does not change the drag in any perceptible
degree, but when the respective radii of the principle curves at the points
which regulate the drag at the base of the corresponding layers are not the
same, the lever S is only in that position upon the curve to which belongs
the point which is at the greatest distance from the axis upon the other curves;
the lever is less raised, and the drag at the top of the layers cannot be aug-
mented or diminished by moving the travelling picce b, without the drag
at the base being at the same time increased or diminished in a certain pro-
portion. The movement of the travelling piece b must in this case be suitably
combined with the movement of the travelling piece g, to obtain everywhere a
suitable drag. The threads very rarely break during the operation of the
machine when the drag is properly regulated; it therefore becomes useless to
apply to the machinery a means of stopping separately the various systems of
spindles and flyers combined; it is better to avoid this complication, and to
stop the whole machine, in order to mend any threads which might become
broken by chance. If it were, however, desired to be able to stop the spindles
and flyers without stopping the machine, it would only be necessary to make
the following modification. The bevil wheels e, e, e, and i, i, i, (Fig. 1,
Sheet II., would be mounted loosely upon their shafts and helical springs set
on the shafts at distances apart according to the distances between the spindles.
The bevil wheels would be maintained with sufficient force by the springs, with
the collars to take their motion. The motive parts being thus arranged, the
spindles and flyers or any one of them might be stopped by means of a stop or
detent, which shall stop the bevil wheel notwithstanding the friction of the
collars.
When the winding on is completed, the machine is stopped for the purpose
of removing the cops. The excentrics and vertical lever are then to be brought
back to their first position by turning the shaft M by means of a winch at one
end of it, in order that the machinery may be ready to commence the next
operation. The taking off of the cops must be effected in such a manner that
two or three turns of thread may be left round the lower part of the conical
part of the spindles; if this precaution were not taken, it would be necessary
to fasten the threads on again separately, which would occasion useless loss of
time and labor.

page_text: The wheels e, e, e, and i, i. i, (Figure 1. Sheet II.,) are cased in to prevent
accidents, the moveable part of the casing in closing coming over the shoulder
formed by the small socket f, of the pinion F, (Figures 1. 2, 3, 4, Sheet I.).
The object of this arrangement is to retain the flyer, in case from any cause
this flyer had a tendency to fly off and allow the point of the spindle to
¡
escape.
!
:
The dimensions of the various parts shewn in Sheet I. are suitable for making
cops of ordinary size. If smaller ones are required, these are most readily
obtained by reducing the dimensions of the spindles, flyers, and discs, accord-
ing to the size of cop required.
If they are required to be longer and narrower, it will be understood that
the arranging and feeding of the thread must be modified, and consequently
the movement of the copping rail R, Sheet II., and the working of the fric-
tion pulley G, must be somewhat different. as will be well understood by
machinists acquainted with this description of machinery.
By dispensing with the conical part of the spindles and employing instead
thereof a cylindrical part carrying a bobbin, and working the copping rail by
a heart-shaped excentric, cops of the kind produced by the ordinary continuous
machine would be obtained. As the layers would be wound on cylindrically,
the speed of the spindles would only be changed on passing from one layer to
another as the winding on proceeds. It would therefore be sufficient to regu-
late the position of the friction pulley by means of an excentric or lever, which
shall complete its course within the time required for the winding on of a set
of cops.
The machine above described is more particularly intended for spinning
cotton, but the Inventor proposes to apply his system to the spinning of wool,
flax, or any other fibrous substance.
Having now described this Invention of "Improvements in Spinning
Machinery," and having explained the manner of carrying the same into effect,
I would observe that the points upon which the Invention principally bears
may be summed up as follows, namely,
First, the production of cops similar to those produced in the self-acting
mule or mule jenny.
Secondly, continuous working in the drawing and twisting of the thread.
Thirdly, regular winding on, effected by mechanical means, by special
movements, and not by friction, as in the ordinary continuous spinning
frame.
I therefore claim as the Invention which I desire to secure by Letters Patent

page_text: the various improvements above described in spinning machinery, whereby the
desired objects or results may be effected or obtained.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Edward Newton, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, the Twenty-ninth day of December, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine.
Witness,
J. W. MOFFATT,
66, Chancery Lane.
W. 1. IN.
(I.S.)