MENTS IN STEAM ENGINES
Year: 1858

page_text: Sealed the 9th July 1858, and dated the 15th January 1858.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Varley at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 15th January
1858.
I, JOHN VARLEY, of the Albion Iron Works, Radcliffe, in the County of
Lancaster, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
MENTS IN STEAM ENGINES," to be as follows;-
One of my improvements has for its object the working of steam expan
sively in the cylinders of steam engines, in such a manner that when the engine
varies in velocity, or a change takes place in the load upon the engine, the
amount of expansion shall vary or remain constant, as required. I accomplish
this by applying to the inlet part of an ordinary pair of side pipes, one or more
double-disk valves, containing an aperture or apertures of any shape that may
be found convenient. The flat faces of the said valves are constructed. so as to
be steam-tight where required, and are made to oscillate or revolve upon
spindles either concentric or otherwise. One of the disks has a constant
oscillating motion given to it by the aid of an eccentric, or by a cross slide
attached to the air-pump rod, or by a link and lever attached to the air-pump
rod; and where a circular motion is required it may be obtained from any
convenient part of the engine. The other disk has a variable oscillating
motion given to it by means of the combined action of the governor and an

page_text: eccentric fixed upon the crank shaft, or the combined action of the governor
and the air-pump rod, acting by means of one or more levers and rods upon
two ratchet wheels fitted to move freely upon a shaft. To each of the said
ratchet wheels I attach a bevel wheel, in such a way that a bevel wheel and
a ratchet wheel may revolve together. Both of the bevel wheels are coupled
to another bevel wheel fixed upon a shaft, which is coupled to the variable
disk by a screw link and lever. The ratchet wheels are put in motion by
means of clicks attached to an oscillating lever actuated by a tappet or lever
fixed upon the shaft used to work the slide valve, or in the manner before
stated. I fix below or above the clicks a beam or lever movable on a stud
or centre, for the purpose of raising or lowering the clicks; the said beam or
lever receives its motion from the governor in such a manner that, when the
engine is moving at its proper speed, both clicks are clear of the ratchet
wheels, and the expansion of the steam remains constant; but when the
engine increases or decreases in speed, the expansion of the steam is decreased
or increased by the action of the clicks upon the ratchet wheels which regulate
the variable valve or disk. The disk, which has a constant oscillating or
circular motion, is constructed so as to admit the steam through its apertures
during one entire stroke of the piston; but the variable disk may move across
the apertures of the constant disk and partially close the same, and thereby
cause the steam to be cut off before the termination of the piston's stroke, and
by moving the disk so as to cover the aperture still more a greater amount of
expansion will be obtained, which may be varied to any extent required.
When the side pipes contain only one slide valve, I then use only one of the
double-disk valves, which is made to revolve or oscillate twice for one revolu-
tion of the crank; or the apertures are so made that one revolution will admit
the steam as required.
Another of my improvements. is a new compound valve, to be used for the
double purpose of throttle valve and stop valve for steam engines. To accom-
plish this I use a valve box containing a cylinder, the interior of which is bored
and fitted with a movable piston of a tubular form, containing apertures in its
sides which are made to communicate with apertures in the cylinder sides;
the last-named apertures communicate with a passage or chamber surrounding
the valve box. On the top of the said valve box I place a bonnet, containing
a stuffing box, through which passes a spindle or rod on which the before-
mentioned piston is fixed. Below the piston and upon the same rod or spindle
I fix an ordinary circular valve and seating. The rod or spindle screws into a
guard fixed upon the valve-box bonnet, the screw upon the spindle being of
such length that it will come entirely out of the guard when the bottom valve

page_text: has opened about one-third of its diameter, the spindle being then free to move
in the direction of its length without turning round, and being acted upon by
the governor the tubular piston will increase or diminish the supply of steam
as required by the varying speed of the engine.
Another of my improvements consists in fixing to the bottom of the ordinary
air-pump piston a projecting hollow cylinder, with a bottom to contain the
valves, my object being by this arrangement to bring out more water from the
bottom of the air pump than the buckets now in use can accomplish, and con-
sequently decreasing the height of water in the condenser, thereby allowing a
greater amount of condensing surface to act upon the steam, the tendency
being to produce a better vacuum in the cylinder.
It is well known that the ordinary slide valves of steam engines are liable to
have their faces cut or groved, so as to allow the steam to pass and thereby
reduce the economical working of the engine. To obviate this I use a flat
circular valve, dished out on the under side for the exhaust steam to pass. I
construct the steam passages of a lunar form, and the exhaust passages of
a circular form. I also fix on the upper side of the valve a worm wheel, and
upon the guard of the valve I fix a worm and ratchet wheel. When the
valve begins to slide the ratchet wheel comes in contact with a projecting click
fixed in the steam box, thereby causing the valve to revolve upon its face
and prevent the same from any unequal wear. I also attach to slide valves
which cannot partake of a circular motion a ratchet wheel, moveable on
a centre, and having fixed thereto a stud at a short distance from the centre;
the said stud works in a groove prepared for that purpose on a convenient part
of the side pipes. When the valve is set in motion the ratchet wheel comes into
contact with a click fixed in the valve box and causes the wheel to revolve; the
stud then acts upon the sides of the grove, and thereby gives to the valve
a lateral reciprocating motion which prevents any unequal wear in the valve
or its face, thereby insuring the better working of the engine. By fixing the
ratchet wheel and stud upon the interior of the valve box, and placing the
grove upon the valve, the same object is accomplished.

page_text: WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Fifteenth day of January, in the year of our Lord
One thousand, eight hundred and fifty-eight, in the twenty-second year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and, successors, give and grant unto
me, the said John Varley, Her special licence that I, the said John Varley,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said John
Varley, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend,, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and. Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM
ENGINES," upon the condition (amongst others) that. I, the said John Varley,
my executors or administrators, by, an instrument in writing under my, or
their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Varley, do hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement
and accompanying Drawings (that is to say):-
One of my improvements has for its object the working of steam expan-
sively in the cylinders of steam engines, in such a manner that when the engine
varies in velocity, or a change takes place in the load upon the engine, the
amount of expansion shall vary or remain constant, as required. I accomplish
this by applying to the inlet part of an ordinary pair of side pipes, one or more
double disk valves, containing an aperture or apertures of any shape that may
be found convenient. The flat faces of the said valves are constructed so as to
be steam-tight where required, and are made to oscillate or revolve upon
spindles either concentric or otherwise. One of the disks has a constant
oscillating motion given to it by the aid of an eccentric, or by a cross slide
attached to the air-pump rod, or by a link and lever attached to the air-pump
rod, and where a circular motion is required it may be obtained from any
convenient part of the engine. The other disk has a variable oscillating
motion given to it by means of the combined action of the governor and an
eccentric fixed upon the crank shaft or the combined action of the governor
and the air-pump rod, acting by means of one or more lèvers and rods upon
two ratchet wheels fitted to move freely upon a shaft. To each of the said

page_text: ratchet wheels attach-a-bevel wheel in such a way that a bevel-wheel and
a ratchet wheel may revolve .together. Both of the bevel wheels are coupled
to another bevel wheel fixed upon a shaft, which is coupled to the variable
disk by a screw link and lever. The ratchet wheels. are-put- in motion by
means of clicks attached to an oscillating lever actuated. by a tappet or lever
fixed upon the shaft-used to work the slide valve, or in the manner. before
stated. I fix below or above the clicks a beam or lever moveable on a stud
or centre, for the purpose of. raising or lowering .the clicks; the said beam or
lever receives its-motion. from the governor in such a manner that, when the
engine is moving at its proper speed, both clicks are clear of the ratchet
wheels, andthe expansion of the steam remains constant; but when the
engine increases or decreases in speed, the expansion of the-steam is decreased
or increased by the action of the clicks upon the ratchet wheels which regulate
the variable valve or disk.. and
The disk, which-has-a- constant oscillating or circular motion, is .constructed
so as to admit the steam through its apertures during.one.entire.stroke.of the
piston; but the variable disk. may move. across. the. apertures.of.the..constant
disk and partially close-the-same, and..thereby..cause the steam..to be cut off
before the termination of the piston's stroke, and by moving the.disk.so.as_to
cover the aperture still more, a greater amount.of expansion will be. obtained,
which may be varied. to. any extent..required..
w
Low d
When the side .pipes contain..only one slide valve. I then use only..one of
the double disk, valves, which. is made to. revolve or oscillate..twice..for..one
revolution of the crank; or the apertures are so made that one revolution will
admit the steam as required....
..
. Another of my improvements is a new compound valve to be used for the
double purpose of throttle valve and stop valve for steam engines... To
accomplish. this. I use a valve box containing a cylinder, the interior, of which
is bored and fitted with a moveable piston of a tubular form, containing
apertures.inits. sides which are made to communicate with apertures in the
cylinder sides, the last-named apertures communicate with a passage or
chamber surrounding the valve box. On the top of the said, valve box I
place a bonnet containing a stuffing box through which passes a spindle or
rod on which the before-mentioned piston; is fixed. Below the piston and
upon the same rod or spindle I fix an ordinary circular valve box and seating.
The rod or spindle,'screws into a guard fixed upon the valve-box bonnet, the
screw upon the spindle being of such length that it will come entirely out of
the guard, when the bottom valve has opened about one-third of its diameter,
the spindle being then free to move in the direction of tis length without

page_text: turning round and being acted upon by the governor, the tubular piston will.
increase or diminish the supply of steam as required by the varying speed of
the engine.
Another of my improvements consists in fixing to the bottom of the
ordinary air-pump piston, a projecting hollow cylinder with a bottom to
contain the valves, my object being by this arrangement to bring out more
water from the bottom of the air-pump than the buckets now in use can
accomplish, and consequently decreasing the height of water in the condenser,
thereby allowing a greater amount of condensing surface to act upon the
steam, the tendency being to produce a better vacuum in the cylinder.
It is well known that the ordinary slide valves of steam engines are. liable
to have their faces cut or groved, so as to allow the steam to pass and thereby
reduce the economical working of the engine. To obviate this I use a flat
circular valve, dished out on the under side, for the exhaust steam to pass. I
construct the steam passages of a lunar form, and the exhaust passages of a
circular form. I also fix on the upper side of the valve a worm wheel, and
upon the guard of the valve I fix a worm and ratchet wheel. When the valve
begins to slide the ratchet wheel comes in contact with a projecting click
fixed on the steam box, thereby causing the valve to revolve upon its face and
prevent the same from any unequal wear.
I also attach to slide valves which cannot partake of a circular motion, a
ratchet wheel, moveable on a centre and having fixed thereto a stud at a short
distance from the centre; the said stud works in a grove prepared for that
purpose on a convenient part. of the side pipes. When the valve is set in
motion the ratchet wheel comes into contact with a click fixed in the valve
box, and causes the wheel to revolve; the stud then acts upon the sides of the
grove, and thereby gives to the valve a lateral reciprocating motion which
prevents any unequal wear in the valve or its face, thereby insuring the
better working of the engine. By fixing the ratchet wheel and stud upon the
interior of the valve box and placing the groove upon the valve the same object
is accomplished.
Fig. 1 of the accompanying Drawings is a side elevation, showing the
cylinder and side pipes in section, with the cut-off apparatus attached; Fig. 2
is a front elevation of the same; and Fig. 3 part of the plan of the same.
The slide valves a, a, are connected by rods b, b', to the cross shaft c, which is
put in motion by an eccentric, fixed on the crank shaft. d, d¹, are the seatings
containing the apertures through which the steam passes to the valves a, a
e, e, are the variable cut-off valves; and f, f, the constant valves. The
spindles of the valves f, f', pass through the bonnets g, g', and are made steam-

page_text: tight by a gland and stuffing box. The spindles of the valves e, el, pass. through.
the spindles of the valves f, f', and are made steam-tight by the stuffing boxes
h. h. On the spindles of the valves f, f', are fixed the levers i, i¹, connected
by the rod k; the lever is fixed to the lever i¹, and attached to the rod l',
which last-named rod is attached to a lever ¹ fixed upon the shaft m; on the
said shaft is fixed. the lever m', containing a slot at one end, into which works
a stud fixed upon the air-pump rod n. On the spindles of the valves e, e¹,
are fixed the levers o, o¹, connected by the rod n'; the lever o¹ is fixed to
the lever p and connected with the screw shaft r by the links q, q' and the nut
p'. On one end of the screw shaft r a bevel wheel is fixed, and geared into
the bevel wheels s, s¹, to each of which is attached a ratchet wheel t, t', each
pair being fitted so as to revolve loose upon the shaft r'. On the cross shaft c
a lever u is fixed and connected with the lever u¹ by means of the link v.
Upon the shaft v¹, which carries the lever u', are fixed the two levers w, w¹,
carrying the two clicks x, x¹. A lever is suspended below the click's
and placed so as to vibrate upon the stud y'; one end of the lever is coupled
to the governor of the engine by the rod z. Let the piston A, Fig. 1, descend,
the rod n and the valves a, a, will move in the same direction, and steam will
be admitted to the cylinder through the opening B, having first passed through
the pipe C and the apertures of the seating d and valves e and f, which are
shown with their apertures in the relative positions on the right-hand side of
Fig. 2, and by the dotted lines in the said Figure. By the motion of the rod
n the lever m' will cause the valve f to move, so as to be constantly reducing
the area of the aperture formed between the edges of the apertures of the con-
stant valve and the variable valve e; the valves being shown in the Drawing
in a position to cut off the steam at one-half the length of the piston's stroke.
When the piston is returning in its upward course and at the same distance
from the bottom end of its stroke as it is shown in the Drawing from the top
end of its stroke, the position of the bottom valves will be similar to the posi-
tion of the top valves at the time the piston was near the top of its stroke, and
the apertures formed between the variable valve e¹ and the constant valve
f will be constantly decreasing in area, and again cut off the steam at
the same fraction of the piston's stroke before mentioned, and since the valves
f, f, constantly oscillate over the same angle, the valves e, e', being moveable
over the same amount of space, and acted upon by the 'governor through the
aid of the rod z and lever y, which, when the engine decreases in velocity, lifts
up the click x, and. drops the other click z¹, and as these clicks are attached
to the oscillating levers w, w¹, which are put in motion by the action of the
lever u, the click x¹ will act upon the ratchet wheel t', which being fixed to

page_text: the bevel-wheel s', causes it to revolve and lift up the lever p by the action of
the screw shaft r on the nut p¹, thereby moving the variable cut-off valve so as
to allow the steam to be expanded through a less portion of the piston's stroke,
and will continue to decrease that portion until the engine regains its proper
speed; and when the engine increases in velocity the .click x' will be lifted by
the action of the governor on the lever y, and the click z will drop upon the
ratchet-wheel t which is attached to the bevel-wheel s; the screw shaft r
will then revolve the contrary way and cut off the steam at a constantly
decreasing portion of the piston's stroke, thereby causing the steam to be ex-
panded through a greater portion of the piston's stroke, which portion
will continue to increase until the engine has regained its proper speed.
When the engine is moving at its proper speed the clicks x, x', work clear of
the ratchet wheels t, t'; the valves e, e', are then stationary and the expansion
of the steam constant.
Fig. 4 is an elevation, and Fig. 5 a plan, of the cross slide a³ attached
to the air-pump rod n. A stud b is fixed on the front of the side pipes
and carries the lever P, on which is fixed a stud that moves in the slide a³, and
causes the other part of the lever which is attached to the rod K to move
the constant valves f, f', as required. The said valves may also be moved by
an eccentric, or by the other pump rods of the engine.
When the constant valves are required to revolve, I construct the two
seatings with apertures of the form shown by Fig. F, and the cut-off valves
which oscillate as before mentioned with apertures as shown by Fig. G, and
the revolving valve is of the form shown by Fig. H, which revolves in the
same time as the crank shaft of the engine, and when it revolves in the
direction pointed out by the arrow the cut-off valve, Fig. G, is in a position to
cut off the steam at half the piston's stroke and may be varied in the same
manner as when the before mentioned constant oscillating valve is used.
Figs. 6 and 7 show the way in which I apply the double disk valve when
only one slide valve is used for admitting steam to each side of the piston.
A is the steam pipe; B, the exhaust pipe; a, the foot valve worked by an
eccentric connected to the rod b. The valve seat containing apertures is
shown at d, with the constant revolving valve e resting thereon, f being the
variable cut-off valve, the stuffing boxes being similar to those described in
Figs. 1 and 2; a wheel g is fixed on the spindle of the valve f, and a lever h
on the spindle of the valve e. When it is required that the valve shall re-
volve twice for one revolution of the crank shaft, it is made.of the form shown
in Fig. J, and driven by gearing a wheel from any convenient part of the
engine into the wheel g. Fig. I shows the form of the aperture in the seating

page_text: on which the valve rests. Fig. 7 shows the valve f part open, and thereby
admitting steam to the valve a, which is also part open and will admit steam
to the cylinder through the passage i, and as soon as the piston moves towards
the other end of the cylinder, the valve revolves and allows the steam to
enter until it has completed half a revolution, when the valve e, the form of
which is shown at Fig. K, being placed in a position to cut off the steam
at that point, allows it to expand during the remainder of the piston's
stroke. The valve is closed during the other half of its revolution,
but as soon as the piston arrives at the other end of the cylinder, the
valve is again ready to admit steam to the valve a, which will then be
admitting steam through the passage k, and the steam from the other side of
the piston will make its exit through the passage into the exhaust pipe B,
and when the engine varies in velocity, the apparatus shown in Figs.. 1, 2, and
3 for regulating the cut-off being attached to the lever hand to the governor
of the engine will cause the valve e to cut off the steam, according with the
varying wants of the engine. I also use a valve which makes only one revo-
lution for each revolution of the crank shaft for admitting steam to the valve a,
shown at Figs. 6 and 7; this valve is shown at Fig. M, and contains two aper-
tures which admit the steam alternately. Fig. L is the seat on which it rests,
and Fig. N the variable cut off valve; the letters d, f, e, refer to the relative
position of these valves when compared with Figs. 6 and 7, which will admit
the steam and cut it off so as to serve the same purpose as Figs. I, J, K,
before mentioned. In order that the constant valve may oscillate when ap-
plied to an engine with only one slide valve as shown in Figs. 6 and 7. I con-
struct it with two apertures, as shown at Fig. R, and place it on the top of the
variable cut-off valve shown at Fig. P, which has also two apertures and
moves across the oscillating valve in the direction pointed out by the double
arrow, thereby cutting off the steam, more or less, according with the direction
in which it moves, and as required by the varying speed of the engine, when
the regulating apparatus which is connected with the governor. is attached to
it. The form of the seat on which this cut-off valve rests is shown at
Fig. O.
Fig. 8 is a sectional elevation of my improved throttle and stop valve. 'a is
the seating of the stop valve. b; the spindle f of the said valve passes through
the tubular piston c, and through the stuffing box in the bonnet d; the guard e
is adapted to fit the screw on the spindle f, near the top of which is fixed the
hand wheel g. The cylinder in which the piston c is loosely fitted is shown
at h, with apertures in its sides communicating with the apertures in the sides
of the piston c. Surrounding. the exterior' of. the cylinder. h a chamber or

page_text: passage. is, formed, communicating with the outlet branch m. The steam
.enters, the box .n immediately the valve b is lifted from its seat a, and as soon
as the screw on the spindle ƒ passes out of the screw on the guard e, the
piston c is at liberty to move up and down in the cylinder h, and when the
apertures in the piston c are moved up to the apertures in the cylinder h, the
steam passes into the passage 1, and from thence, to the engine through the
.branch m, and. is regulated in amount by the action of the governor on the
spindle f, either direct by means of a rod attached to its upper end, or by the
use of a lever applied to the said spindle. I prefer that the piston c be loosely
fitted into the cylinder h, so that a small quantity of steam may pass, thereby
I preventing friction and corrosion between the two surfaces. When it is
.required to stop the engine, the spindle f is detached from the governor, and
the screw dropped on the guard e, the apertures in the cylinder will then be
closed, and very little steam pass to the engine. The wheel g being now
turned so as to cause the screw on the spindle f to enter the guard e, the
valve b may be entirely closed, and the steam prevented from passing to the
engine.
Fig. 9 shows my improved arrangement for lifting water from the bottom
of the air-pump. A is the condenser; a, the foot valve; B, the air-pump;
b, the air-pump piston; c, a hollow cylinder containing the perforated bottom e,
on which is placed a valve lid f of india-rubber or other material, g being the
guard held in position by the bolt h, which also serves to secure the valve lid f;
C, the air-pump and condenser bottom. When the air-pump piston descends
the water ascends through the perforations in the bottom e, and raises the
valve lid f, and when the projecting part c arrives at the bottom of its stroke
the lid closes, and a greater quantity of water is brought up from the
bottom of the air-pump than can be accomplished by the ordinary air-pump
bucket, which has the effect of reducing the height of the water in the con-
denser A, giving a greater surface to act upon the steam, and thereby increase
the rapidity of its condensation, and improve the vacuum in the cylinder of the
engine.
.
.
Fig. 10 is a sectional elevation, and Fig. 11 a plan, of my improved circular
slide valve, showing the form of the steam and exhaust ports, and the way by
which the valve is caused to revolve upon its face. a is the valve, upon which
is fixed the worm-wheel b, having geared into it the worm c, which is held in
position by the snugs d fixed on the guard e. The ratchet wheel is fixed on
the same shaft as the worm c. The openings o, o¹, for the steam to pass in and
out of the cylinder are of a luner form, and the exhaust passage i is of a
circular form, as shown by the dotted lines in Figure 11. A click g is fixed

page_text: on the steam chest k, so as to come' in contact with the ratchet wheel f, and is
prevented from falling too low by the projecting part h coming in contact with
the side of the steam chest k. The steam pipe is shown at A, and the exhaust
pipe at B. When the valve a is put in motion, the ratchet wheel comes in
contact with the click g, and is thereby caused to make part of a revolution,
at the same time the worm c acts on the worm-wheel b, and the valve a is
thereby moved part of a revolution. This operation being continued each
time the ratchet wheel comes in contact with the click g, the valve a and
the face on which it moves are prevented from having groves cut in them.
Figs. 12 and 13 represent my improvements for giving the ordinary slide
valve a lateral reciprocating motion. a is the slide valve; k¹, the steam
chest; e', the guard, fitting accurately on two sides of the valve, but leaving
sufficient space between the guard and the valve on the other two sides to
allow the valve to reciprocate laterally without moving the guard; b is a stud
fixed a little out of the centre of the ratchet wheel c, and moves in a grove
formed in the bonnet e by two ribs, one of which is shown at d. I attach to
the bonnet e a click f, placed so as to come in contact with the ratchet
wheel c.
The valve a being put in motion, comes in contact with the click f, which
causes the ratchet wheel c to revolve, and carry the stud b along with it, by
which means the stud acts upon the sides of the ribs d, forming the grove, and
thus gives to the valve a¹ a lateral reciprocating motion, which will prevent
any unequal wear in the valve or its facing. If the ratchet wheel be fixed
upon the bonnet, and the grove in the valve, a similar motion will be given to
the valve to the one before mentioned.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the manner of
performing the same, I wish it to be understood that what I claim is,-
Firstly, the revolving and oscillating disk valves for the purpose of admitting
and cutting off the steam, as herein described.
Secondly, the cross slide attached to the air-pump rod, and the combination
of levers for working the oscillating disk valves, as herein described.
Thirdly, the mechanical arrangement of clicks, levers, and ratchet wheels,
and the combination of parts for the purpose of regulating the variable cut-off
valves, as herein described.
Fourthly, the combined throttle and stop valve, as herein described.
Fifthly, the arrangement and combination of parts attached to the bottom of
the air-pump piston, as herein described.
Sixthly, the circular slide valve and luner openings, and the combined

page_text: apparatus for causing the said valve to rotate upon its face, as herein
described.
Seventhly, the mechanical arrangement and combination of parts for giving.
to slide valves a lateral reciprocating motion, as herein described.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Varley, have hereunto set my hand'
and seal, this Second day of July, in the year of our Lord. One
thousand. eight hundred and fifty-eight.
Witness,
THOMAS BALDWIN,
Bury, Lancashire.
JOHN VARLEY. (L.S.),