IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER
Year: 1857

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Bertram, of Edinburgh, in the County of
Mid Lothian, North Britain, Engineer, and John Louis Jullion, of Foots
Cray, in the County of Kent, Analytical Chemist, for the Invention of
Sealed the 9th February 1858, and dated the 10th August 1857.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Bertram and
John Louis Jullion at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 10th August 1857.
We, JAMES BERTRAM, of Edinburgh, in the County of Mid Lothian, North
Britain, Engineer, and JOHN LOUIS JULLION, of Foot's Cray, in the County of
Kent, Analytical Chemist, do hereby declare the nature of the said. Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER," to be as follows, (that is
to say):-
Our Invention relates to the employment and application of dry air to the
surface of paper during its passage over the ordinary drying cylinders, in the
process of manufacture, by which the moisture is more effectually abstracted
than hitherto; this we accomplish, firstly, by desicating the air by means of
chloride of calcium or other suitable chemical agents; and, secondly, by
applying the air so prepared to the surface of the said paper, through the
medium of perforated hollow drums or similar mechanical contrivances,

page_text: placed within the said drying cylinders in lieu of the ordinary fans, in such
manner as to admit the air under pressure by any of the usual mechanical
means.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said James Bertram and John Louis Jullion in the Great
Seal Patent Office on the 10th February 1858.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, JAMES
BERTRAM, of Edinburgh, in the County of Mid Lothian, North Britain,
Engineer, and JOHN LOUIS JULLION, of Foot's Cray, in the County of Kent,
Analytical Chemist, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Tenth day of August, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, in the twenty-first year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the said
James Bertram and John Louis Jullion, Her special licence that we,
the said James Bertram and John Louis Jullion, our executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said James Bertram and
John Louis Jullion, our executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER," upon the condition (amongst others) that we,
the said James Bertram and John Louis Jullion, our executors or adminis-
trators, by an instrument in writing under our, or their, or one of their hands
and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the
same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said James Bertram and John Louis
Jullion, do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement, and the Drawings therein
referred to, (that is to say):-
Our Invention relates to the employment and application of dry air to the
surface of paper during its passage over the drying cylinders in the process of

page_text: manufacture, by which the moisture is more effectually abstracted than
hitherto this we accomplish, firstly, by desiccating the air by means of
chloride of calcium or other suitable chemical agents; and, secondly, by
applying the air so prepared to the surface of the said paper, through the
medium of perforated hollow drums or similar mechanical contrivances,
placed within the said drying cylinders in lieu of the ordinary fans, in such
manner as to admit the air under pressure by any of the usual mechanical
means.
But in order that our said Invention may be more fully understood and
readily carried into effect, we now proceed to describe it by the aid of the
accompanying Drawings, reference being had to the letters and figures
thereon marked (that is to say):-
Fig. 1 represents a side elevation of machinery or apparatus employed by
us in the manufacture of paper by our improved process; Fig. 2, a top or plan
view; Fig. 3, a longitudinal section taken transversely through the drying
cylinders and perforated hollow drums; Fig. 4, a vertical front view of the
machinery, with the desiccating chamber and fan wheel removed'; Fig. 5, a
sectional elevation of the same; and Fig. 6, a sectional side view of the
desiccating chamber, showing a modification in the mode of arranging the
partitions. In each Figure the same letters of reference denote similar
corresponding parts.
paper
A, A, drying cylinders; B, B, fixed inner drums mounted horizontally upon
suitable trunnion bearings, upon which the drying cylinders revolve; C, C,
connecting socket pipes or standards for supplying air to the interior of the
fixed drums; D, D, hollow bed or stand pipe for communicating with the
interior of the fixed drums, through the medium of the connecting socket
pipes, as aforesaid; E, E, stop cocks or valves for regulating the supply of
air; F, F, gauze openings or perforations formed in the peripheries of the
fixed inner drums, in suitable manner for directing the desiccated air imme-
diately against and in contact only with that portion of the surface of the
impinging upon or traversing the cylinders in the ordinary way; G, G, longi-
tudinal rails or stretchers formed upon the drying cylinders upon which the
paper travels; H, H, the paper traversing the cylinders, as aforesaid; I I,
desiccating vessel or chamber formed or fitted with trays, shelves, partitions, or
otherwise, in any convenient manner, for containing chloride of calcium or
other desiccating substance; J, J, trays or partitions dividing the chamber
into different compartments, so that any number may be filled with desiccating
material, and the chamber supplied with any quantity required; K, K,
desiccating material; L, L, leaden trough or drain formed in the lower

page_text: portion of the desiccating chamber, for collecting the moisture extracted from
the air during the desiccating process; M, M, outlet pipe or tap for drawing
off the contents of the said trough or drain; N, N, fan wheel or blower for
supplying the air under pressure to the desiccating chamber; 0, 0, driving
spindle for actuating the same; P and P¹, fast and loose pulley connected
thereto, and receiving motion from steam machinery or other motive power;
Q, Q, pipe communicating from the blower to the intérior of the desiccating
chamber, and conveying the air thereto; R, R, corresponding pipe connecting
the desiccating chamber with the hollow bed or stand pipe; S, S, openings or
perforations communicating alternately with each cell or compartment, so that
the air in passing from one to another may travel its entire length, and cause
the air to be more thoroughly desiccated than otherwise; T, T, lid or cover
for inserting or withdrawing the desiccating material.
When chloride of calcium is used as the drying substance it is necessary
that it should be melted with a strong heat in a reverberatory furnace or
otherwise, and the resulting mass broken into pieces of about the size of the
stones used for macadamising roads; and the partitions, shelves, or otherwise
of the desiccating chamber, as aforesaid, filled or arranged so that no air can
pass without coming in contact with the substance.
On motion being communicated to the fan wheel or blower, a current of air
is driven through the desiccating chamber, charged as aforesaid, and thus
being dried or deprived of its moisture is forced through the hollow bed
or stand pipe D, D, and connecting socket pipes C, C, into the interior of the
fixed inner drums B, B; and on passing through the perforations F, F,
(which are contrived so as to be only on that part where the paper is passing
over), is caused to act on the surface of the paper, and dry the same more
effectually than by the method at present in use; the air thus driven through
the interstices formed by the unequal lumps of chloride of calcium in the
several compartments or otherwise of the desiccating chamber will be thereby
deprived of nearly all its moisture, which forming a solution of the salt will
fall into the leaden trough or drain L, L, in the bottom of the chamber, from
which it is to be drawn off by the outlet pipe or tap M, M, and subsequently
run into a common reverberatory furnace, when the water being evaporated,
and the resulting salt melted and allowed to cool, it will be rendered again
ready for use, the whole of which processes may be repeated for years,
the only loss sustained being the small particles scattered in breaking up
the mass.
Although the cold dry air produced by our process will absorb as much
moisture as ordinary atmospheric air at a temperature of 70 to 100 degrees

page_text: Farenheit, it may be necessary at times to vary the temperature, which should
be left entirely in the hands of the operator; but we prefer the use of the cold
dry air until within six or eight drums of the end of the machine, when warm
dry air may be advantageously employed, by passing the same after drying
through a coil of pipes heated by steam, or by any other method at present
in use.
The apparatus herein-before described without the desiccator is also
available for drying paper with common atmospheric air, with or without
heat.
Having now fully described the nature of this our said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed and carried into effect, we
would have it clearly understood that we do not intend to confine ourselves to
the precise details herein-before described, as the arrangement of the interior
of the desiccating chamber may be modified, and other desiccating material
than chloride of calcium employed, or the same may be otherwise varied
without departing from the general principle of these our said improvements;
but that which we do claim as new and of our said Invention is,-
Firstly, the employment of desiccated air for drying paper in the process of
manufacture.
And secondly, the construction and employment of the machinery or appa-
ratus, either with or without desiccated air, in the manner and for the
purposes herein-before set forth and described.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Louis Jullion, on behalf of the said
James Bertram and myself, have hereunto set my hand and seal, this
Sixth day of February, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight
hundred and fifty-eight.
JOHN LOUIS JULLION. (L.S.)
Signed, & sealed, by the before-mentioned
John Louis Jullion, on the Sixth day of
February 1858, before me,
ALEX. PIRIE,
J. P. for the County of Aberdeen.