Improvements in Steam Radiators.
Year: 1893

page_text: Date of Application, 19th Oct., 1893
Complete Specification Left, 29th June, 1894-Accepted, 25th Aug., 1894
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Steam Radiators.
I, EDWARD ETHEL GOLD, of No. 76 West 82nd Street, in the City, County
and State of New York, United States of America, Manufacturer, do hereby
declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:
This invention relates to radiators for use in steam heating, the same being
For this purpose it is
particularly adapted for the heating of railway cars.
sometimes desirable to have a radiator which shall act as a storage heater for
absorbing a considerable amount of heat and slowly radiating it for a considerable
At other times it is desirable to be able
time after the supply of heat is shut off.
to command a large radiating surface in order to give off heat rapidly when first"
heating up a cold car. The object of my invention therefore is to provide an
improved construction of radiator which shall admit of rapid heating as a direct
steam heater when required to quickly heat up a car or apartment, and which may
A further object of my
be subsequently utilized as a storage heater if desired.
invention is to provide other improvements in the construction and arrangement of
steam radiators. My improved radiator in its preferred form may be very quickly
In this form the heat
converted from a storage heater into a live steam heater.
storage medium is the water of condensation which accumulates in the radiator by
the condensation of the steam. My invention also provides against any dis-
advantageous degree of movement or shifting of the body of water within the
casing by reason of the motion of the car.
Fig. 1 of the accompanying drawings is a horizontal section of a railway car
illustrating the new way of piping which is made admissible by the use of my
improved radiator;
Fig. 2 is a vertical transverse section thereof;
Fig. 3 is a vertical longitudinal section thereof;
Figs. 4 and 5 are respectively transverse and longitudinal sections of my
improved radiator ;
Figs. 6 and 7 are similar sections illustrating another construction thereof;.
Figs. 8 and 9 are similar views showing a further construction;
Figs. 10 and 11 are similar views illustrating another modified construction ;
Fig. 12 is a cross-section of a further modification.
Fig. 13 is a longitudinal mid-section in a vertical plane showing the preferred
construction of my improved radiator;
Fig. 14 is a transverse section thereof on the line 14-14 in Fig. 13;
Figs. 15 and 16 are similar views to Figs. 13 and 14 showing however a modified
construction;
Fig. 17 is a longitudinal vertical section showing a further modification;
Figs. 18 and 19 are transverse sections of Fig. 17 on a larger scale in planes cut
on the lines 18-18 and 19-19 respectively;
Figs. 20 and 21 are views corresponding to Figs. 13 and 14 showing a different
construction;
Figs. 22 and 23 are respectively views corresponding to Figs. 13 and 14 but
showing a further modification.
Referring to Figs. 1, 2 and 3, let A designate the main steam-pipe beneath the
car, from which branch pipes a a extend into the car and communicate with branch
steam-pipes B B entering one end of the heat storage radiators CC. The radiators
are extended in approximately horizontal direction, being preferably inclined
sufficiently to drain toward one end, and the pipes B B enter them at this end close

page_text: to the top. At the same end close to the bottom, drainage pipes D D lead from
the radiators, and being united pass down through the floor of the car and terminate
in automatic traps E E for discharging the water of condensation as it cools or as
the pressure is removed.
In the employment of such storage radiators as heretofore used on railway cars,
it has been most customary to introduce steam at one end of the radiator casing,
and drain off the condensed water at the opposite end. This necessitates, when the
connections are made at the middle of the car, that either the steam or drainage
pipe shall extend alongside of the radiator to the remote end thereof, thereby
employing considerable pipe, and involving other disadvantages of inconvenience
and expense such as are well understood. It is one object of my invention to
provide such an internal construction of radiator as shall remove the necessity or
advantage which has heretofore led to such system of piping. Other constructions
of radiators have heretofore been provided by which both connections might be
made at the same end, but they have been subject to practical disadvantages which
it is the aim of my invention to overcome, such for example as the trapping of a
body of air within the radiator in such manner that the introduction of steam
fails to expel the air.
1
Like all
One construction of my improved radiator is shown in Figs. 4 and 5.
storage heaters, this radiator is constructed with an outer casing or shell F, and an
inner heat storage body G. The shell F is an elongated tubular shell, preferably
constructed as a piece of boiler tube having heads f' fastened on its opposite ends
preferably by screwing them into the heads. The steam inlet pipe B and drainage
pipe D are both screwed into the head f. The heat storage body G may be either
a vessel containing liquid or it may be a solid body. In the construction here shown
it is a solid body consisting of brick or unglazed earthenware, or terra cotta, or
some other equivalent material, which is divided into sections placed close together
within the shell. The heat storage body conforms generally in shape to the interior
of the shell, being partly in contact therewith, and partly out of contact therewith
by being formed with grooves or depressions bb. Along the top of each brick or
section is formed a groove or channel e for providing a space or passage for steam
entering the radiator, while along its bottom by preference is formed a groove or
channel d for permitting the water of condensation forming within the radiator to
flow toward the outlet pipe D. The steam channel c is in line with the steam inlet
pipe B, so that the steam is directed in a jet into and through the channel c,
whereby it is conducted to the opposite end of the radiator. The steam pipe B,
or some other pipe or nozzle forming a continuation of it, should extend into the
channel e sufficiently far to ensure that the jet of steam introduced shall all enter
the channel. Preferably this pipe is continued for a considerable distance within
the radiator, either as an integral pipe or as a separate pipe, the latter construction,
which is preferred, being shown in Fig. 5, where the separate pipe is lettered H.
Some means is necessarily provided for preventing displacement of the bricks or
sections in order that their channels cc shall remain in line and constitute one
continuous channel or steam conduit. The pipe H forms a convenient and effective
means for accomplishing this purpose by simply extending sufficiently far to overlap
the last brick or section, as shown in Fig. 5. The bricks are kept out of contact
with the opposite heads of the shell by projections ii therein, or any other suitable
stops, so that chambers or empty spaces h' are formed in the opposite ends of the
radiator.
Assuming the radiator to be full of air, the turning on of steam will throw a jet
of steam through the pipe H and channel c to the opposite or farther end of the
radiator, where the steam will enter the chamber h' and will flow thence back
through the channels bbd toward the end from which it entered. In so doing it
drives the contained air before it, and causes the air to pass out through the
drainage pipe D, escaping at the trap E. As soon as the hot steam begins to pass
out through the trap, the latter, being a thermostatic trap, is expanded by the heat
and closes. The radiator is then filled with steam, by which it is quickly heated

page_text: When the
up and begins at once to radiate heat to the apartment. In so doing the steam is
condensed, and the water of condensation collects in the spaces at the lower side of
the radiator, chiefly in the channel d. As the radiator is tilted slightly, descending
toward the drainage pipe D, the water of condensation flows out through this pipe,
and as it cools the trap E opens and discharges it from time to time.
heat storage body G is of brick or other porous material, a considerable quantity
of the condensed water is taken into it by absorption. In any case the heat storage
body G is heated by the steam, and after the steam is shut off the heat thus stored
up is radiated to maintain the warmth of the apartment. When desired the trap E
may be closed to retain the water of condensation in the shell F, and an auxiliary
drainage pipe placed near the top to limit the height to which the water thus
retained shall rise, as will hereinafter be more fully explained with reference to
Figs. 13 to 23 inclusive.
In the construction of radiators it is necessary to provide against the possibility
of the bursting of any part by the freezing of condensed water which may
remain in the radiator. By the combination of my radiator with a thermostatic
trap E, the water condensing within the radiator drains off as fast as it cools.
By the necessary inclination of the radiator with the end downward, the steam
pipes B and H are so inclined as to hold some water of condensation within them,
but the amount thus accumulating will not be sufficient to fill the pipe and
consequently if it freezes will not burst the pipe.
Figs. 6 and 7 show a somewhat different construction wherein the steam pipe B
enters the centre of the tubular shell of the radiator, terminating in a short pipe
or nozzle H' which projects into a central bore or channel c¹ formed through the
bricks or sections of the solid body G¹. This body is formed with longitudinal
grooves at intervals around its exterior to constitute spaces for steam and
condensed water.
On turning on steam, the jet or current of steam flows from the
nozzle H through the bore or channel c' to the chamber h¹ at the opposite end
expelling the air therefrom and returning through the channels 6', driving the air
ahead of it. Any of the condensation water which may form in the bore or
channel e' will flow out through the space beneath the nozzle H'.
Figs. 8 and 9 show a construction of storage heater wherein the heat storage
body, here lettered G³, is a sealed vessel containing water or other suitable liquid
adapted for the storage of heat, brine being preferable because of its cheapness
and low freezing point. This inner vessel is so shaped as to form at the top
between it and the outer casing, a steam space or channel e². and at the bottom a
condensation water space or channel 2, while the heads ff are so constructed as
to hold the inner vessel out of contact with them to form empty spaces or
chambers at the ends. The steam pipe B enters the upper side of the head f
and discharges the jet of steam into the space or passage c². The steam is
prevented from flowing downward into the chamber h by means of a partition k
formed on the inner side of the head f, which serves the double purpose of acting
to confine the steam and force it to enter the channel c², and as a stop for holding
the vessel G2 out of contact with the head f. On turning in steam it flows through
the passage c² to the further end of the radiator, descending through the chamber h¹
and flowing back in the contrary direction through the channel d² beneath and out
through the drainage pipe D, forcing the air before it.
here
In Figs. 10 and 11 is shown a construction wherein the heat storage body,
lettered G³, is a vessel containing water which accumulates from the condensation
of the steam. Within the outer casing F is placed the inner vessel G³, which is
constructed of a tube closed at its opposite ends by heads and having holes m m
formed at its sides near the top for the double purpose of admitting steam into the
vessel G³, so that this steam by condensing shall accumulate and keep replenished
the body of water which is to serve as the heat storing medium, and of draining
out any excess of this water in order that there shall be maintained a sufficient air
space to provide for the expansion of the body of water in freezing and prevent
bursting the vessel. This specific construction of storage heater is not original

page_text: with me.
To this heater as thus far described I add according to my present
invention, a steam-pipe H³ extending through its upper part from end to end.
This pipe is directly in line with the steam inlet pipe B, and to connect them the
latter is prolonged within the casing to form a nozzle H2, which however might
consist of a separate length or thimble of pipe. This nozzle H2 enters loosely
within the pipe H³, so that the entering steam shall be injected into this pipe and
caused to flow through it to the chamber h¹ at the opposite end of the radiator.
To provide for the expansion of the pipe H³ as it is suddenly heated by the steam,
its ends are made a loose fit with the ends or heads of the vessel G³. The heat
storage vessel G³ is raised up by blocks p p in order to form beneath and around
it a steam and condensed water space 9. The steam on entering the chamber h¹
flows back through this space and expels the air, which is driven out through the
drainage pipe D as before.
Referring to Figs. 13 to 23 of the drawings, I will now describe the construction
of radiator embodying the preferred form of my invention.
I will first describe the construction shown in Figs. 13 and 14.
Let I designate a radiator casing consisting of an elongated closed vessel
arranged horizontally or approximately so. The preferable construction consists
of a tube n of wrought iron or steel constituting the body of the casing, and closed
at its ends by heads r and s, preferably of cast iron. The heads is formed with
three openings through which pass respectively a steam inlet pipe J, a water outlet
pipe K, and a drainage pipe L. The steam pipe J communicates with any suitable
source of steam, the admission of which is controlled by a valve t. In the
particular construction shown a thimble u, preferably of brass, is screwed through
the heads, and has an enlarged internally threaded hexagonal head into which the
end of the steam pipe J is screwed. The thimble a projects for a short distance
within the head, and over its projecting portion is slipped an auxiliary steam
pipe J extending within the radiator casing to the opposite end thereof, where it
is turned up and opens near the top of the casing, as shown. Consequently
whenever steam is turned on it enters through the pipe J, thimble u and pipe J³,
by which it is conducted to the further end of the casing.
The water outlet pipe K extends to a thermostatic trap M, or any other
construction of automatic trap adapted for discharging water but for closing the
discharge to steam. The trap M shown, is the well known Gold thermostatic
trap, and requires no description. From the trap a discharge pipe v extends
downwardly passing through the car floor, and opening beneath the car to discharge
upon the track any water that passes the trap. The drainage pipe L is controlled
by a valve w, and discharges in any suitable way beneath the floor of the car,
preferably by being united to the pipe v, so that only one hole need be made
through the car floor.
The operation is as follows:-The drainage valve w being closed, steam is
admitted by opening the valve t. The steam circulates through the casing, and
heat is radiated from all portions of the casing, thereby giving an extended radiating
surface, so that proportional to the pressure of steam a more or less high degree
of heat is radiated from the casing to the air of the apartment. The escape of
steam through the pipe K is prevented by the trap M. As the steam gives up
its heat and condenses, water of condensation accumulates in the casing, its level
gradually rising as long as the steam remains turned on, and for some time after it
is turned off. As the water accumulates, the portion of the surface of the radiator
which is covered by the water is cut off from direct contact with the steam, and
consequently the effective radiating surface is reduced. This result is not undesirable,
because if the apartment is once thoroughly heated, not nearly so large a radiating
surface is needed to keep it at the required temperature as that which was required
to rapidly heat it to that temperature. In case at any time the temperature of the
apartment falls too low while steam is turned on, showing that the radiating surface
is not sufficient, it is only necessary to open the valve w and let part of the accumu
lated water run out, thereby increasing the radiating surface to any extent desired.

page_text: When it is necessary to shut off the steam and it is desired to maintain the warmth
of the apartment for some time without the admission of any fresh steam, as for
example in the case of a railway car when it is disconnected from the locomotive
or other source of steam, the radiator is then to be operated as a storage heater.
To this end it is only necessary to maintain the steam fully turned on until sufficient
water of condensation accumulates to afford the requisite heat storing capacity, or
in other words, ordinarily the radiator should be permitted to become nearly or
quite filled with water of condensation. It will fill in course of time to the level
indicated in Fig. 1, but the level cannot rise higher, or but very little higher,
because any additional water runs out through the overflow pipe K to the trap M,
and this portion of water being isolated or cut off from the steam heat by reason
of the descending form of the pipe K, cools after a little time sufficiently to open
the trap M and permit the water thus accumulated to run out. With the radiator
full or nearly full of water, and the mass of water therein heated to a high tempera-
ture, the steam may be shut off, and the radiator will then continue to give out heat
for several hours. Whenever subsequently it is desired to quickly heat up the car
or apartment again, the radiator is first emptied by opening the valve w. My
improved radiator cannot be damaged by freezing when filled with water, since a
sufficient air space is always left above the water level to provide for the necessary
expansion of the water as it freezes.
It will be observed that whenever the level of the water rises above the horizontal
portion of the pipe J', the mass of water will be heated and caused to circulate
within the casing by the heat given out by conduction from this pipe, no reliance
being placed for heating the mass of water on the downward conduction of heat
from the steam in the steam space above the water level.
In the case of a railway car heater, the motion of the car while running is liable
to cause the mass of water in the radiator casing to shift and splash about within
the casing, thereby making a disagreeable noise. To prevent this, I subdivide the
interior of the casing into a number of small chambers by means of notched or
perforated diaphragms or partitions N N. These are preferably metal discs
notched at their edges as shown and fixed at uniform distances apart in any suitable
way, the preferable construction being that shown, wherein the discs N N are
passed over the pipe J', in alternation with sleeves xx of metal tube, these sleeves
serving to hold the discs spaced apart, and the entire combination being made tight
by screwing a nut y on the threaded end of the pipe J' against the terminal one
of the sleeves x. The notches or perforations in the discs N N permit of a ready
circulation of the steam throughout the interior of the radiator, and permit a
sufficiently free circulation of the water to maintain a uniform level, but prevent
any sudden displacement of any considerable mass of water.
The construction shown in Figs. 15 and 16 differs but slightly from that already
described. The casing I is of the same construction, with the exception of its
heads (here lettered s¹) the holes in which are formed one at the top and two at
the bottom. The steam pipe J enters one of these bottom holes, and its inward
continuation (here lettered J2) extends up obliquely within the casing. The over-
flow pipe K with its trap M, and the drainage pipe L with its valve w, are not
altered. The operation is the same as in the construction first described. The
partitions N N have the same arrangement and function, and differ only in having
holes through them at different heights in order to admit the oblique tube J².
The radiator casings J, shown in Figs. 13 and 15, are drawn considerably shorter
than their usual proportion. Fig. 17 shows the proportions most commonly
employed, and illustrates at the same time another modification. The casing is
here of the same construction as that first described, except that the head lettered s²
has its holes differently arranged, having holes respectively at top and bottom for
admitting the overflow pipe K and drainage pipe L, while the opening through
which the steam pipe J passes is arranged near the top, as shown in Fig. 19. The
inner continuation of the steam pipe, here lettered J³, extends in a straight line
and on a level to the opposite end of the casing, its end not being turned up. Being

page_text: under the highest water level this pipe may become filled with water, which
however is quickly blown out upon turning on steam. For holding the perforated
diaphragms or discs N N in place, I provide in this construction a separate central
rod O, on which the discs are placed in alternation with the sleeves e in the manner
that they are applied in Fig. 13 to the pipe J¹. One end of the rod has a head-x',
while its other end is threaded, and a nut y is screwed on to clamp the discs in
place. To maintain the system of discs and their mounting properly in place
within the casing, two spiral springs zzare interposed between the opposite end
portions of the rod O and the opposite heads 22 of the casing, the springs being
held in place by inwardly projecting bosses ¹ formed on these heads.
Figs. 20 and 21 show a further modification. The construction and arrangement
of pipes is substantially the same as that shown in Figs. 17, 18 and 19, except that
the steam pipe J enters at a somewhat higher level, so that it intercepts the water
level. The interior of the casing is divided by a horizontal longitudinal perforated
partition into upper and lower chambers, and by a vertical longitudinal perforated
partition P into right and left-hand chambers. These right and left-hand chambers
are further subdivided by transverse partitions N³.
In Fig. 22 is shown a construction wherein the steam pipe J enters the opposite
end from that in the construction already shown, which answers as well for some
arrangements of systems of piping for car heating. In this case it is not necessary
to carry the steam pipe within the casing to its opposite end, this continuation of
the steam pipe in the preceding figures being for the purpose of expelling any air
that may be contained in the casing when steam is first turned on. Steam being
admitted at one end, forces the air contained in the casing to the opposite end,
where the air escapes through the outlet pipe K. In Fig. 22 the outlet pipe
lettered K is shown as bent downward extending beneath the car floor and having
the trap M applied to its end. In this case the drainage pipe L (here lettered L)
extends independently down through the car floor. Fig. 23 shows a modification
of the arrangement of perforated partitions, the interior chamber being divided by
duplicate longitudinal partitions P₁ into three chambers beneath the partition k¹.
Obviously many other changes may be made in the construction of my improved
radiator without departing from the essential features of my invention.
The transverse partitions N N may be variously constructed, it being only
essential that they shall almost but not entirely cut off communication between the
chambers on their opposite sides. To this end they may be perforated with holes
as shown in Fig. 18, or they may have notched or serrated edges as shown in
Figs. 14 and 16, and in the latter case the notches may be more or less numerous
and of any convenient size. The notched disks are preferable to the perforated
ones, for the reason that they afford a means for the escape of sediment which may
accumulate in the casing, permitting the sediment to be washed out or blown out
through the drainage outlet L.
It will be seen that with the construction of radiator described with reference to
Figs. 13 to 21 inclusive, the inward continuation J' of the steam pipe constitutes
a steam conduit from the steam inlet opening in communication with the steam
pipe J through the shell near the upper part thereof to the rear end thereof, that
the apertures through or in the edges of the transverse disks N constitute a
returning space or channel from the rear end of the radiator to the drainage or
water pipe L at the bottom thereof, and that the water of condensation accumulated
between these disks constitutes a heat storage medium.
Dated this 19th day of October 1893.
J. C. MEWBURN,
55 & 56, Chancery Lane, London, Chartered Patent Agent.

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Steam Radiators.
I, EDWARD ETHEL GOLD, of Number 76 West 82nd Street in the City,
County and State of New York, United States of America, Manufacturer, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement :--
This invention relates to radiators for use in steam heating, the same being
particularly adapted for the heating of railway cars or carriages. For this
purpose it is sometimes desirable to have a radiator which shall act as a storage
heater for absorbing a considerable amount of heat and slowly radiating it for a
considerable time after the supply of heat is shut off. At other times it is desirable
to be able to command a large radiating surface in order to give off heat rapidly
when first heating up a cold car. One object of my invention therefore is to
provide an improved construction of radiator which shall admit of rapid heating as
a direct steam heater when required to quickly heat up a car or apartment, and which
may be subsequently utilized as a storage heater if desired. Another object of my
invention is to provide other improvements in the construction and arrangement of
steam radiators. My improved radiator in its preferred form may be very quickly
converted from a storage heater into a live steam heater. In this form the heat
storage medium is the water of condensation which accumulates in the radiator by
the condensation of the steam. My invention also provides against any disadvan-
tageous degree of movement or shifting of the body of water within the casing by
reason of the motion of the car.
Fig. 1 of the drawings left with my Provisional Specification is a horizontal
section of a railway car illustrating the new way of piping which is made admissible
by the use of my improved radiator;
Fig. 2 is a vertical transverse section thereof;
Fig. 3 is a vertical longitudinal section thereof;
Figs. 4 and 5 are respectively transverse and longitudinal sections of one con-
struction of my improved radiator according to the first part of my invention;
Figs. 6 and 7 are similar sections illustrating another construction thereof;
Figs. 8 and 9 are similar views showing a further construction;
Figs. 10 and 11 are similar views illustrating another modified construction ;
Fig. 12 is a cross-section of a further modification;
Fig. 13 is a longitudinal mid-section in a vertical plane showing the preferred
construction of the improved radiator provided according to the second part of my
invention;
Fig. 14 is a transverse section thereof on the line 14-14 in Fig. 13;
Figs. 15 and 16 are similar views to Figs. 13 and 14 showing however a modified
construction;
Fig. 17 is a longitudinal vertical section showing a further modification;
Figs. 18 and 19 are transverse sections of Fig. 17 on a larger scale in planes cut
on the lines 18-18 and 19-19 respectively;
Figs. 20 and 21 are views corresponding to Figs. 13 and 14 showing a different
construction;
Figs. 22 and 23 are respectively views corresponding to Figs. 13 and 14 but
showing a further modification.
Referring to Figs. 1, 2 and 3, let A designate the main steam-pipe beneath the
car, from which branch pipes a a extend into the car and communicate with branch
steam-pipes B B entering one end of the heat storage radiators C C. The
radiators are extended in approximately horizontal direction, being preferably
inclined sufficiently to drain toward one end, and the pipes B B enter them at this

page_text: end close to the top. At the same end close to the bottom, drainage pipes D D
lead from the radiators, and being united pass down through the floor of the car
and terminate in automatic traps E E for discharging the water of condensation
as it cools or as the pressure is removed.
In the employment of such storage radiators as heretofore used on railway cars,
it has been most customary to introduce steam at one end of the radiator casing,
and drain off the condensed water at the opposite end. This necessitates, when
the connections are made at the middle of the car, that either the steam or
drainage pipe shall extend alongside of the radiator to the remote end thereof,
thereby employing considerable pipe, and involving other disadvantages of incon-
venience and expense such as are well understood. It is one object of my invention
to provide such an internal construction of radiator as shall remove the necessity
or advantage which has heretofore led to such system of piping.
Other constructions of radiators have heretofore been provided by which both
connections might be made at the same end, but they have been subject to practical
disadvantages which it is the aim of my invention to overcome, such for example
as the trapping of a body of air within the radiator in such manner that the
introduction of steam fails to expel the air.
One construction of my improved radiator according to the first part of my
invention is shown in Figs. 4 and 5. Like all storage heaters, this radiator is
constructed with an outer casing or shell F, and an inner heat storage body G.
The shell F is an elongated tubular shell, preferably constructed as a piece of
boiler tube having heads ff' fastened on its opposite ends preferably by screwing
them into the heads. The steam inlet pipe B and drainage pipe D are both
screwed into the head f. The heat storage body G may be either a vessel con-
taining liquid or it may be a solid body. In the construction here shown it is
a solid body consisting of brick or unglazed earthenware, or terra cotta, or some
other equivalent material, which is divided into sections placed close together
within the shell. The heat storage body conforms generally in shape to the
interior of the shell, being partly in contact therewith, and partly out of contact
therewith by being formed with grooves or depressions b. Along the top of each
brick or section is formed a groove or channel c for providing a space or passage
for steam entering the radiator, while along its bottom by preference is formed a
groove or channel d for permitting the water of condensation forming within the
radiator to flow toward the outlet pipe D. The steam channel c is in line with
the steam inlet pipe B, so that the steam is directed in a jet into and through the
channel c, whereby it is conducted to the opposite end of the radiator. The steam
pipe B, or some other pipe or nozzle forming a continuation of it, should extend
into the channel c sufficiently far to ensure that the jet of steam introduced shall
all enter the channel. Preferably this pipe is continued for a considerable
distance within the radiator, either as an integral pipe or as a separate pipe, the
latter construction, which is preferred, being shown in Fig. 5, where the separate
pipe is lettered H. Some means is necessarily provided for preventing displace-
ment of the bricks or sections in order that their channels c c shall remain in line
and constitute one continuous channel or steam conduit. The pipe H forms a
convenient and effective means for accomplishing this purpose by simply extending
sufficiently far to overlap the last brick or section, as shown in Fig. 5. The bricks
are kept out of contact with the opposite heads of the shell by projections i i
therein, or any other suitable stops, so that chambers or empty spaces are
formed in the opposite ends of the radiator.
Assuming the radiator to be full of air, the turning on of steam will throw a jet
of steam through the pipe H and channel c to the opposite or farther end of the
radiator, where the steam will enter the chamber and will flow thence back
through the channels bbd toward the end from which it entered. In so doing it
drives the contained air before it, and causes the air to pass out through the
drainage pipe D, escaping at the trap E. As soon as the hot steam begins to pass
out through the trap, the latter, being a thermostatic trap, is expanded by the heat

page_text: and closes. The radiator is thus filled with steam, by which it is quickly heated
and begins at once to radiate heat to the apartment. In so doing the steam is
condensed, and the water of condensation collects in the spaces at the lower side
of the radiator, chiefly in the channel d. As the radiator is tilted slightly,
descending toward the drainage pipe D, the water of condensation flows out
through this pipe, and as it cools the trap E opens and discharges it from time to
time. When the heat storage body G is of brick or other porous material, a
considerable quantity of the condensed water is taken into it by absorption. In
any case the heat storage body G is heated by the steam, and after the steam is
shut off the heat thus stored up is radiated to maintain the warmth of the
apartment. When desired the trap E may be closed to retain the water of
condensation in the shell F, and an auxiliary drainage pipe placed near the top
to limit the height to which the water thus retained shall rise, as will be more
fully hereinafter explained with reference to Figs. 13 to 23 inclusive.
In the construction of radiators it is necessary to provide against the possibility
of the bursting of any part by the freezing of condensed water which may remain
in the radiator. By the combination of my radiator with a thermostatic trap E,
the water condensing within the radiator drains off as fast as it cools. By the
necessary inclination of the radiator with the end f downward, the steam pipes B
and H are so inclined as to hold some water of condensation within them, but the
amount thus accumulating will not be sufficient to fill the pipe and consequently
if it freezes will not burst the pipe.
Figs. 6 and 7 show a somewhat different construction wherein the steam pipe B
enters the centre of the tubular shell of the radiator, terminating in a short pipe
or nozzle H¹ which projects into a central bore or channel c¹ formed through the
bricks or sections of the solid body G'. This body is formed with longitudinal
grooves 6 at intervals around its exterior to constitute spaces for steam and
condensed water. On turning on steam, the jet or current of steam flows from the
nozzle H through the bore or channel c¹ to the chamber at the opposite end,
expelling the air therefrom and returning through the channels, driving the air
ahead of it. Any of the condensation water which may form in the bore or
channel will flow out through the space beneath the nozzle H¹.
Figs. 8 and 9 show a construction of storage heater wherein the heat storage
body, here lettered G², is a sealed vessel containing water or other suitable liquid
adapted for the storage of heat, brine being preferable because of its cheapness
and low freezing point. This inner vessel is so shaped as to form at the top
between it and the outer casing, a steam space or channel c², and at the bottom
a condensation water space or channel d², while the heads are so constructed
as to hold the inner vessel out of contact with them to form empty spaces or
chambers at the ends. The steam pipe B enters the upper side of the head
and discharges the jet of steam into the space or passage c². The steam is
prevented from flowing downward into the chamber by means of a partition k
formed on the inner side of the head f, which serves the double purpose of acting
to confine the steam and force it to enter the channel e², and as a stop for holding
the vessel G2 out of contact with the head f. On turning in steam it flows through
the passage to the further end of the radiator, descending through the chamber h
and flowing back in the contrary direction through the channel 2 beneath and out
through the drainage pipe D, forcing the air before it.
In Figs. 10 and 11 is shown a construction wherein the heat storage body, here
lettered G³, is a vessel containing water which accumulates from the condensation
of the steam. Within the outer casing F is placed the inner vessel G³, which is
constructed of a tube closed at its opposite ends by heads and having holes m m
formed at its sides near the top for the double purpose of admitting steam into
the vessel G³, so that this steam by condensing shall accumulate and keep
replenished the body of water which is to serve as the heat storing medium, and
of draining out any excess of this water in order that there shall be maintained
a sufficient air space to provide for the expansion of the body of water in freezing
B

page_text: and prevent bursting the vessel. This specific construction of storage heater is
not original with me. To this heater as thus far described I add according to
my present invention, a steam-pipe H³ extending through its upper part from end
to end. This pipe is directly in line with the steam inlet pipe B, and to connect
them the latter is prolonged within the casing to form a nozzle H2, which however
might consist of a separate length or thimble of pipe. This nozzle H2 enters
loosely within the pipe H³, so that the entering steam shall be injected into this
pipe and caused to flow through it to the chamber at the opposite end of the
radiator. To provide for the expansion of the pipe H³ as it is suddenly heated by
the steam, its ends are made a loose fit with the ends or heads of the vessel G³.
The heat storage vessel G³ is raised up by blocks p p in order to form beneath
and around it a steam and condensed water space . The steam on entering
the chamber ¹ flows back through this space and expels the air, which is driven
out through the drainage pipe D as before.
Referring to Figs. 13 to 23 of the drawings, I will now describe the constructions
of radiator embodying the second part of my invention.
I will first describe the preferred construction shown in Figs. 13 and 14.
Let I designate a radiator casing consisting of an elongated closed vessel arranged
horizontally or approximately so. The preferable construction consists of a tube n
of wrought iron or steel constituting the body of the casing, and closed at its ends
by heads and s, preferably of cast iron. The head s is formed with three
openings through which pass respectively a steam inlet pipe J, an overflow outlet
pipe K, and a drainage pipe L. The steam pipe J communicates with any suitable
source of steam, the admission of which is controlled by a valve t. In the particular
construction shown a thimble u, preferably of brass, is screwed through the head,
and has an enlarged internally threaded hexagonal head into which the end of the
steam pipe J is screwed. The thimble u projects for a short distance within the
head, and over its projecting portion is slipped an auxiliary steam pipe J' extending
within the radiator casing to the opposite end thereof, where it is turned up and
opens near the top of the casing, as shown. Consequently whenever steam is
turned on it enters through the pipe J, thimble and pipe J¹, by which it is
conducted to the further end of the casing.
The water outlet pipe K extends to a thermostatic trap M, or any other con-
struction of automatic trap adapted for discharging water but for closing the
discharge to steam. The trap M shown, is the well known Gold thermostatic
trap, and requires no description. From the trap a discharge pipe v extends down-
wardly passing through the car floor, and opening beneath the car to discharge
upon the track any water that passes the trap. The drainage pipe L is controlled
by a valve w, and discharges in any suitable way beneath the floor of the car,
preferably by being united to the pipe v, so that only one hole need be made through
the car floor.
The operation is as follows :-'
-The drainage valve w being closed, steam is
admitted by opening the valve t. The steam circulates through the casing, and
heat is radiated from all portions of the casing, thereby giving an extended
radiating surface, so that heat is rapidly radiated from the casing to the air of the
apartment. The escape of steam through the pipe K is prevented by the trap M.
As the steam gives up its heat and condenses, water of condensation accumulates
in the casing, its level gradually rising as long as the steam remains turned on,
and for some time after it is turned off. As the water accumulates, the portion of
the surface of the radiator which is covered by the water is cut off from direct
contact with the steam, and consequently the effective radiating surface is reduced.
This result is not undesirable, because if the apartment is once thoroughly heated,
not nearly so large a radiating surface is needed to keep it at the required
temperature as that which was required to rapidly heat it to that temperature. In
case at any time the temperature of the apartment falls too low while steam is
turned on, showing that the radiating surface is not sufficient, it is only necessary
to open the valve w and let part of the accumulated water run out, thereby

page_text: increasing the radiating surface to any extent desired. When it is necessary to
shut off the steam and it is desired to maintain the warmth of the apartment for
some time without the admission of any fresh steam, as for example in the case of
a railway car when it is disconnected from the locomotive or other source of steam,
the radiator is then to be operated as a storage heater. To this end it is only
necessary to maintain the steam fully turned on until sufficient water of condensation
accumulates to afford the requisite heat storing capacity, or in other words,
ordinarily the radiator should be permitted to become nearly or quite filled with
water of condensation. It will fill in course of time to the level indicated in
Fig. 13, but the level cannot rise higher, or but very little higher, because any
additional water runs out through the overflow pipe K to the trap M, and this
portion of water being isolated or cut off from the steam heat by reason of the
descending form of the pipe K, cools after a little time sufficiently to open the trap M
With the radiator full or
and permit the water thus accumulated to run out.
nearly full of water, and the mass of water therein heated to a high temperature,
the steam may be shut off, and the radiator will then continue to give out heat for
several hours. Whenever subsequently it is desired to quickly heat up the car or
apartment again, the radiator is first emptied by opening the valve w. My improved
radiator cannot be damaged by freezing when filled with water, since a sufficient
air space is always left above the water level to provide for the necessary expansion
of the water as it freezes.
It will be observed that whenever the level of the water rises above the
horizontal portion of the pipe J¹, the mass of water will be heated and caused
to circulate within the casing by the heat given out by conduction from this
pipe, no reliance being placed for heating the mass of water on the downward
conduction of heat from the steam in the steam space above the water level.
In the case of a railway car heater, the motion of the car while running is
liable to cause the mass of water in the radiator casing to shift and splash about
within the casing, thereby making a disagreeable noise. To prevent this, I sub-
divide the interior of the casing into a number of small chambers by means of
notched or perforated diaphragms or partitions NN. These are preferably
metal disks notched at their edges as shown and fixed at uniform distances apart
in any suitable way, the preferable construction being that shown, wherein the
disks N N are passed over the pipe J', in alternation with sleeves of metal
tube, these sleeves serving to hold the disks spaced apart, and the entire combination
being made tight by screwing a nut y on the threaded end of the pipe J against
the terminal one of the sleeves x. The notches or perforations in the disks NN
permit of a ready circulation of the steam throughout the interior of the radiator,
and permit a sufficiently free circulation of the water to maintain a uniform
level, but prevent any sudden displacement of any considerable mass of water.
The construction shown in Figs. 15 and 16 differs but slightly from that already
described. The casing I is of the same construction, with the exception of its
heads (here lettered ) the holes in which are formed one at the top and two at
the bottom. The steam pipe J enters one of these bottom holes, and its
inward continuation (here lettered J2) extends up obliquely within the casing.
The overflow pipe K with its trap M, and the drainage pipe L with its valve w,
are not altered. The operation is the same as in the construction first described.
The partitions N N have the same arrangement and function, and differ only
in having holes through them at different heights in order to admit the oblique
tube J2.
The radiator casings I, shown in Figs. 13 and 15, are drawn considerably shorter
than the proportion usual with American passenger cars or parlor coaches. Fig. 17
shows the proportions most commonly employed for these purposes, and illustrates
at the same time another modification. The casing is here of the same construction
as that first described, except that the head lettered has its holes diferently
arranged, having holes respectively at top and bottom for admitting the overflow
pipe K and drainage pipe L, while the opening through which the steam pipe J

page_text: passes is arranged · near the top, as shown in Fig. 19. The inner continuation of
the steam pipe, here lettered J³, extends in a straight line and on a level to the
opposite end of the casing, its end not being turned up. Being under the highest
water level this pipe may become filled with water, which however is quickly blown
out upon turning on steam. For holding the perforated diaphragms or disks N N
in place, I provide in this construction a separate central rod O, on which the disks
are placed in alternation with the sleeves in the manner that they are applied in
Fig. 13 to the pipe J. One end of the rod has a head.x', while its other end is
threaded, and a nut y is screwed on to clamp the disks in place. To maintain the
system of disks and their mounting properly in place within the casing, two spiral
springs are interposed between the opposite end portions of the rod O and the
opposite heads 22 of the casing, the springs being held in place by inwardly
projecting bosses formed on these heads.
Figs. 20 and 21 show a further modification. The construction and arrangement
of pipes is substantially the same as that shown in Figs. 17, 18 and 19, except that
the steam pipe J enters at a somewhat higher level, so that it intercepts the water
level. The interior of the casing is divided by a horizontal longitudinal perforated
partition into upper and lower chambers, and by a vertical longitudinal perforated
partition P into right and left-hand chambers. These right and left-hand chambers
are further subdivided by transverse partitions N².
In Fig. 22 is shown a construction wherein the steam pipe J enters the opposite
end from that in the construction already shown, which answers as well for some
arrangements of systems of piping for car heating. In this case it is not necessary
to carry this steam pipe within the casing to its opposite end, this continuation of
the steam pipe in the preceding figures being for the purpose of expelling any air
that may be contained in the casing when steam is first turned on.
Steam being
admitted at one end, forces the air contained in the casing to the opposite end,
where the air escapes through the outlet pipe K. In Fig. 22 the outlet pipe
lettered K' is shown as bent downward extending beneath the car floor and having
the trap M applied to its end. In this case the drainage pipe L (here lettered L¹)
extends independently down through the car floor. Fig. 23 shows a modification
of the arrangement of perforated partitions, the interior chamber being divided by
duplicate longitudinal partitions P¹ into three chambers beneath the partition k¹.
Obviously many other changes may be made in the construction of my improved
radiator without departing from the essential features of my invention.
The transverse partitions N N may be variously constructed, it being only
essential that they shall almost but not entirely cut off communication between the
chambers on their opposite sides. To this end they may be perforated with holes
as shown in Figs. 18 or 21, or they may have notched or serrated edges as shown
in Figs. 14 and 16, and in the latter case the notches may be more or less numerous
and of any convenient size. The notched disks are preferable to the perforated
ones, for the reason that they afford a means for the escape of sediment which may
accumulate in the casing, permitting the sediment to be washed out or blown out
through the drainage outlet L.
It will be seen that with the construction of radiator described with reference to
Figs. 13 to 21 inclusive, the inward continuation J¹ of the steam pipe constitutes a
steam conduit from the steam inlet opening in communication with the steam pipe J
through the shell near the upper part thereof to the rear end thereof, that the
apertures through or in the edges of the transverse disks N constitute a returning
space or channel from the rear end of the radiator to the drainage or water pipe L
at the bottom thereof, and that the water of condensation accumulated between
these disks constitutes a heat storage medium.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
1 claim in respect of steam radiators of the character described is :-
1. A heat storage radiator comprising a nearly horizontal elongated tubular

page_text: outer casing inclined sufficiently to drain toward one end, having the steam inlet
and drainage openings both at the lower end of the casing, the drainage opening at
the bottom and the inlet opening above it, and the radiator interiorly constructed
to form a steam conduit extending from said inlet opening to the opposite or higher
end of the casing, and an interior passage or space for collecting water of con-
densation communicating with the drainage opening, whereby the entering steam
is conducted to the farther end of the radiator, and the water of condensation
may flow back beneath to the drainage opening, substantially in the manner
described.
2. The construction of such a radiator with a heat storage body enclosed in the
casing, and the two relatively constructed to form a steam conduit between them
along the top of the radiator, extending from the steam inlet opening to the
opposite end of the casing to form a space or channel for water of condensation
along the bottom and communicating with said drainage opening, substantially as
described with reference to Figs. 4 to 12 inclusive.
3. The construction of such a heat storage radiator with an enclosed solid heat
storage body formed in sections, with a steam space or channel along the upper side
of each section, a steam inlet pipe entering the end of the casing near the top and
extending within the casing in the channels in said sections, whereby the sections
are retained in position and their channels kept in line, substantially as described
with reference to Figs. 4 and 5.
4. The construction of such a heat storage radiator with an enclosed heat storage
body such as earthenware, formed in sections each with a central bore and external
grooves or corrugations, the steam inlet pipe arranged in the centre of the casing
to inject a jet of steam through said central bore, and the drainage opening at the
same end of the casing at the bottom thereof, whereby the entering steam is con-
ducted through the sections to the opposite end of the casing and circulates thence
around the sections in the grooves, and the water of condensation returns along the
bottom of the casing to the drainage outlet, substantially as described with
reference to Figs. 6 and 7.
5. The construction of such a heat storage radiator with an enclosed heat storage
body consisting of a vessel containing liquid, flattened at top and bottom to form
steam and condensation water passages, the upper passage thus formed being in
communication with the steam inlet pipe, and the lower passage draining back to
the drainage opening, substantially as described with reference to Figs. 8 and 9.
6. The construction of such a heat storage radiator with an enclosed vessel for
holding water of condensation as a heat storage medium, with the steam inlet pipe
extending within the casing of the radiator through the upper part of said enclosed
vessel for conducting steam to the opposite end of the radiator, and a drainage
space formed between the enclosed vessel and the casing for permitting the water
of condensation to flow back to the drainage opening, substantially as described with
reference to Figs. 10 and 11.
7. The combination on a railway car of two radiators having their casings
extended approximately horizontally, but each inclined sufficiently to drain toward
the end adjacent to the other, and each formed in its lower or adjacent end with a
steam inlet opening above and a drainage opening beneath, and each constructed
with an internal steam conduit extending from the steam inlet to the opposite or
remote end of the radiator, and with an interior space or passage for collecting
water of condensation, returning along the lower side of the casing to the drainage
opening, and with a steam supply pipe having branches extending to the steam
inlet openings of both radiators, and a drainage pipe having branches leading from
the drainage openings of both radiators and extending downwardly to a trap or
discharge, substantially as herein before specified.
8. A radiator for storage or non-storage heating comprising a casing, a steam
inlet thereto, an overflow outlet for water of condensation near the top, a
thermostatic trap controlling said outlet, whereby normally there is retained in the
casing a body of water to act as a heat storage medium, and a valved drainage

page_text: outlet at the bottom by opening which the casing may be emptied of water,
substantially as specified with reference to Figs. 13 to 23 inclusive.
9. A radiator for storage or non-storage heating comprising an approximately
horizontal casing, a steam inlet at one end, an overflow outlet for water of con-
densation near the top of the casing adapted normally to retain in the casing a body
of water to act as a heat storage medium, a steam pipe within the casing leading
from said steam inlet beneath said body of water, whereby when steam is turned on
it heats the water by conduction, and said steam pipe opening to the steam space
above the water level, and a valved drainage outlet at the bottom of the casing,
substantially as specified with reference to the constructions shown in Figs. 13
to 16.
10. The construction of such a radiator with the steam inlet and overflow outlet
both at one end, the latter being near the top and the steam inlet at a lower level,
and a submerged steam pipe within the casing leading from said steam inlet beneath
the normal water level and opening at the opposite end of the casing, whereby
steam in passing through said submerged pipe serves to heat the body of water by
conduction, and on entering the steam space circulates therethrough toward the
overflow outlet, substantially as specified with reference to Figs. 13 to 16.
11. The construction of such a radiator with a series of partitions within the
casing subdividing the water space into chambers of reduced size for preventing
sudden movements of the contained mass of water, and formed with reduced
openings to permit a restricted flow of water past them, substantially as specified
with reference to Figs. 13 to 23.
12. In such a radiator, the construction of the said partitions as disks or plates
fixed upon the longitudinal rod or tube in alternation with sleeves as ax, whereby
the partitions are maintained properly spaced apart, substantially as described with
reference for example to Fig. 13.
13. The construction of such a radiator with the internal steam pipe passing
centrally within the casing, with the transverse partitions N N and sleeves xx
arranged in alternation upon said steam pipe, substantially as described with
reference to the construction shown in Figs. 13 and 14.
14. The construction of such a radiator with a thimble u screwed through a
threaded opening in the head of the casing and projecting within its interior, the
steam inlet pipe J being screwed or coupled to the exterior part of said thimble,
and the internal steam pipe J¹ having its end slipped over the inwardly projecting
portion of said thimble, substantially as described with reference to Figs. 13
and 14.
15. In such a radiator the construction of the transverse partitions N N with
notched edges for affording communication between the several compartments of
the radiator, and to permit sediment to be washed through the casing to the
drainage outlet.
16. The particular construction of such a radiator described with reference to
Figs. 20 and 21, and characterized by the employment of horizontal and vertical
partitions and P respectively.
Dated this 28th day of June 1894.
J. C. MEWBURN & ELLIS,
55 & 56, Chancery Lane, London, Patent Agents.