IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF FLUIDS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR WASHING SHEEP AND OTHER ANIMALS APPLICABLE ALSO FOR DESTROYING INSECTS UPON PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION PROTECTING SUBMERGED SURFACESROMOU
Year: 1882

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Benjamin Nickels of Leadenhall Street in the City of
London Analytical and Technical Chemist for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE MANUFACTURE OF FLUIDS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR WASHING SHEEP
AND OTHER ANIMALS APPLICABLE ALSO FOR DESTROYING INSECTS UPON
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Benjamin Nickels at the
Office of the Cominissioners of Patents on the 18th October 1882.
BENJAMIN NICKELS of Leadenhall Street in the City of London Analytical and
Technical Chemist "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF FLUIDS AND
COMPOSITIONS FOR WASHING SHEEP AND OTHER ANIMALS APPLICABLE ALSO FOR
DESTROYING INSECTS UPON PLANTS AND FOR PROTECTING SUBMERGED SURFACES
FROM FOULING
"
It has hitherto been customary to employ tobacco water as a sheep wash the
efficacy of which is due to Nicotine.
It is well known that when Tobacco is subjected to destructive distillation a
dark empyrematic and actively poisonous fluid passes over.
Researches have shewn that the poisonous character of this fluid is due to
substances other than Nicotine and that the oily fluid resulting from the distillation
of Tobacco is constituted mainly of substances analogous to Nicotine each and all
containing similar elements and known to chemists as the "Pyridine" and
"Leucoline" bases these bodies are named as under :-
Pyrol, Pyridine, Picoline, Lutridine Collidine, Paroline, Coridine, Rubidine,
Viridine.
It is the object of the present Invention to employ these bases or compounds
either alone in a pure state or in admixture or as associated with the heavy accom-
panying oils. Existing in the crude products met with in the arts for the purpose of
a wash or dip for the destruction of Parasites in Animals and in place of tobacco
water or direct nicotine preparations.
It is not proposed to distill tobacco for the compounds named but to employ
certain well known products occurring in commerce which contain the bases named

page_text: in more or less varying proportions. The substance referred to and in which the
bases are met with are as follows:-
1. Shale oil and similar oils derived from the distillation of Bituminous Shales.
II Bone oil known in commerce as "Animal or Dipple oil" It may be mentioned
that Coal Tar oils contain the bases named but in very small quantities Shale or
Boghead oil in larger and Bone or Animal oil in much larger quantity. Neither
of the crude oils.named whether derived from either source can be used for the
purpose specified alono, with advantage they are quite insoluble in water and
rapidly separate, after agitation. By admixture however with Rosin oil and soft
soap the substances or oils become mixible with water in the same manner as with
common creosote and form saponaceous milky fluids.
The crude bone oil known as "Hartshorn dregs" is rendered suitable for the
purposes of this Invention by purification. Distillation of the oil yields a refined
product (known and met with in commerce) and a pitch called "Bone Pitch" used
for cheap varnishes. We take the "refined" Bone oil or oils derived from the
destructive distillation of shale or allied coals and in the case of the former when
employed for the preparation of sheep dips again submit it to a further purification
in order to eliminato certain objectionable constituents and render the oils so
purified mixible in water by the use of Rosin oil and soft soap as already described
the.mixture so prepared may then be added to water in suitable proportions.
The Bases or liquor thus obtained may be, also employed as an Insecticide for
Horticultural and Agricultural purposes.
In combination with suitable bodying "bodying" substances of a Resinous
Fatty or Painty character the Bases or crude oils may be used as an Antifoul-for
protecting submerged surfaces,

page_text: .
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Benjamin Nickels in the Great Seal Patent Office on the.
11th April 1883.
BENJAMIN NICKELS of Leadenhall Street in the City of London Analytical and
Technical Chemist "'IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF FLUIDS AND
COMPOSITIONS FOR WASHING SHEEP AND OTHER ANIMALS APPLICABLE ALSO FOR
DESTROYING INSECTS UPON PLANTS AND FOR PROTECTING SUBMERGED SURFACES
FROM FOULING."
It has hitherto been customary to employ tobacco water as a sheep wash, the
efficacy of which is generally held to be due to Nicotine.
It is well known that when Tobacco is subjected to destructive distillation a
dark Empyrematic. and actively poisonous fluid passes over.
Researches have shewn that the poisonous character of the fluid is due to
substances other than nicotine and that the oily fluid resulting from the distillation
of tobacco is constituted mainly of substances analogous to Nicotine, each and all
containing similar elements and known to chemists as the " Pyridine" and
'Leucoline" bases, these bodies are named as under, Pyrol, Pyridine, Picoline,
Lutidine, Collidine, Parvoline, Coridine, Rubidine, Viridine.
"
It is the object of the present Invention to employ these bases or compounds
either alone in a pure state or in admixture or as associated with the heavy accom-
panying oils, existing in certain crude products met with in commerce for the
purpose of a wash or dip for the destruction of Parasites in.Animals and in place
of tobacco water or direct Nicotine preparations.
It is proposed to employ certain well known products occurring in commerce
which contain the bases named in more or less varying proportions The substance
referred to and in which the bases are met with are as follows:
First. Shale oil and similar oils derived from the distillation of bituminous sbales.
Second. Bone oil known in commerce as "Animal or Dipple Oil."
It may be mentioned that coal tar oils contain the bases named but in very
small quantities. Shale or Boghead oil contain them in large, and Bone or Animal
oil, in much larger quantity. Neither of the crude oils named, whether derived
from either source can be used for the purpose specified alone with advantage_as
they are quite insoluble in water and rapidly separate after agitation. By
admixture however with Rosin oil and Oleate of Potash called soft soap, the
substances or oils become miscible with water in the same manner as with common
creosote and form saponaceous milky fluids.
The crude bone oil known as "Hartshorn dregs" is rendered suitable for the
purposes of this Invention by purification. Distillation of the oil yields a refined
product (known and met with in commerce as bone oil) and a pitch called "Bone
Pitch," used for cheap varnishes. I take the "refined" Bone oil or oils derived
from the destructive distillation of shale or allied coals and in the case of the former,
when employed for the preparation of sheep dips, again submit it to a further
purification in order to eliminate certain objectionable constituents and render the
oils so purified miscible in water by the use of rosin oil and soft soap as already
described, the mixture so prepared may then be added to water in suitable pro-
portions The bases or liquor thus obtained may be also employed as an Insecticide
for Horticultural and Agricultural purposes.
In combination with suitable "bodying" substances of a Resinous Fatty or
painty character, the bases or crude oils may be used as an Antifoul for protecting
submerged surfaces.
And in order that my said Invention may be fully understood I shall now
proceed more particularly to describe the same.

page_text: In the preparation of a "Sheep dip," and where it is intended to use the Basic
substances in a free or pure state, I take Crude or refined Shale, Bone or Coal oils
and subject them to a treatment by agitation or washing with dilute Acids,
preferably sulphuric; on standing the fluid separates into two portions, the Aqueous
or acid liquor containing the Bases in combination as salts.
If intended to be used as such, Lime in sufficient quantity is added to neutralizo
and remove any excess of free acid employed and which subsides as. Sulphate or
Gypsum, leaving a solution of basic Sulphates, which may be concentrated, to any
desired strength by evaporation.
If required in the free or Basic state, Lime in further quantity is added sufficiently
to liberate the acid in combination indicated by the liquor becoming Alkaline and
by the odour evolved peculiar to the Bases named.
This operation is well understood by Chemists as essential to the abstraction or
removal of all the Basic substances from oils or fluids containing them.
'
The fluid thus obtained may be used for the purposo named and made up of a
strength containing from one to any given per contage of the bodies by further
addition of water and as may be desired.
The same Fluid may be used as a Wash for Horticultural and Agricultural
purposes.
When it is intended to employ the Basic substances named in combination with
associated oils as in the case of Bone or Shale Oil, I take the oils named and submit
them to a process of purification by one or more distillations And in order to
render them soluble or miscible in water I add Rosin oil, and .Oleate of potash in
the following inanner.
I take ordinary resin which I subject to distillation and the product to another
distillation if desirable for the purpose of purification.
I take Animal or vegetable oil, preferring such as are free from Stearine; I boil
this oil with a solution of caustic potash in the usual way until I obtain a perfect
form of Oleate of Potash. The Oleate of potash should be transparent and consist
in one hundred parts, about 43 oil, 10 potash and 47 water.
I make a solution of Caustic Soda in Water containing about ten per cent of
pure Soda.
I then mix about one thousand pounds of the refined Shale or bone oil with
five hundred pounds of the purified resin oil and let the combined oils stand for
twenty four hours.
I then put about one hundred pounds of the Olcate.of Potash into a boiler, and
mix it, by a gentle heat with about one hundred pounds of the mixed resin and
refined sliale or bone oils and when combined I add it to the rest of the mixed Oils
and stir well together.-After standing about twenty four hours I add about nine
gallons of the Solutions of Soda and stir well together.
In the case of compositions to be used as "Antifouls," I take the pure bases
named, either alone or in combination or preferably as contained in crude or
refined Bone or Shale Oil and compound them with substances capable of
producing paints or varnishes and which may be colored by addition of metallic
oxides as desired.
Admixtures of a suitable nature may be made as follows:
oxides as desired.
43r
Admixtures of a suitable nature may be made as follows:
Bone of shale oil
Rosin
-
Boiled or drying oil
or Bone or shale oil
Pitch or Asphalt
Rosin
->
20 parts by weight,
72
""
.”
"
-
8
"
"
"
30
"
"
"
-
40
"
30 "
"
13
رووت
Rosin or pitch to be melted and the oils incorporated by stirring in.
I do not however confine myself to these precise proportions as others may
be.used.

page_text: Invention and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried into
effect I would observe in conclusion that what I consider to be novel and original
and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the hereinbefore in part
recited Letters Patent is:
First. The preparation of fluids or compositions for washing sheep or other
animals or as an insecticide for plants by the use of a solution of the basic com-
pounds known to Chemists as the Pyridine and Leucoline Series either alone or all
or two or more of them in combination as herein before described.
Secondly. The preparation of fluids or compositions for washing Sheep or other
animals or as an Insecticide for plants by the use of the bone or Shale oils con-
taining the aforesaid basic compounds and rendered soluble or miscible with water
by admixture with rosin oil and Oleate of Potash in the manner substantially as
hereinbefore described.
Thirdly. The preparation of an antifouling composition or substance for protecting
submerged surfaces from fouling by admixture of the aforesaid basic_compounds
or bone or Shale oils with substances capable of furnishing paints or Varnishes as
herein described.
.
In witness whereof I the said Benjamin Nickels have to this my Specification
hereunto set my hand and seal this tenth day of April One thousand eight
hundred and eighty three