IMPROVEMENTS IN DRYING ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES, AND IN HEATING AND COOLING LIQUIDS
Year: 1851

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, CHARLES
PAYNE, of the Wandsworth Road, in the County of Surrey, Gentleman, send
greeting.
⚫ WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Third day of July, One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-one, in the fifteenth year of Her reign, did,
for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said Charles
Payne, my exors, adññors, and assigns, Her especial licence, full power, sole
privilege and authority, that I, the said Charles Payne, my exors, adñiors, and
assigns, or such others, as I, the said Charles Payne, my exors, adñors, or
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of
Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in the Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark,
and Man, and also in all Her said Majesty's Colonies and Plantations abroad,
my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN DRYING ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES,
AND IN HEATING AND COOLING LIQUIDS;" in which said Letters Patent is contained
a proviso that I, the said Charles Payne, shall cause a particular description of
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said in part recited

page_text: Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto nau, win more
fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Charles Payne, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and
the manner of performing the same, are fully described and ascertained in and
by the following statement thereof, that is to say:-
My Invention consists,
First, of improvements in drying animal and vegetable substances.
Secondly, my Invention consists of improvements in heating and cooling
liquids. And in order that my Invention may be most fully understood and
readily carried into effect, I will proceed to describe the means pursued by me.
My improvement in drying, animal and vegetable substances has for its
object the combining of apparatus so that there shall be constant currents of
air induced to pass into and through the chamber, (wherein the substances are
placed to be dried) by means of exhausting apparatus, and the temperature at
which the drying shall be conducted shall be regulated by means of thermo-
metric apparatus. And I would at the outset state that I make no claim to
the employment of exhausting apparatus separately for such purposes, neither
do I claim the use of thermometric apparatus for regulating the temperature
when separately considered, the first part of my Invention consisting of com-
bining such two classes of apparatus for the purposes of drying animal and
vegetable matters. The effects capable of being produced by this combination
are as quick evaporation as may be advantageously resorted to when coupled
with retaining the drying process at the temperature most suited for the parti-
cular substance to be dried. In carrying out this part of my Invention. I
employ chambers of suitable sizes, depending on the nature of the substance to
be dried, the chamber being closed at all parts except where heated or dry air
is admitted, and where the exhausting apparatus is connected, and where the
chamber is large it is desirable to have the openings for the introduction of air
as numerous as possible in order to divide the in-coming streams as much as
may be, and there may, when convenient, be several outlets in connection with
the exhausting apparatus employed. According as high or comparatively low
temperatures are required in drying animal or vegetable substance, so will be
the description of heating apparatus employed as heretofore. In order to keep
up a constant supply of air to the chamber where the drying is to take place
of a temperature suited to the particular substance to be dried, I pursue the
means hereafter explained; and it may be remarked that in drying some animal
and vegetable substances it is desirable to keep the temperature as low as may
be, using comparatively little heat, and to depend on the use of dry air at com-

page_text: paratively low temperatures, together with a constant withdrawal or exhaustion
of the atmosphere of the chamber. In such cases, as heretofore, I employ
chloride of calcium or quick lime, or other suitable means for drying the air,
admitted into the chamber, and in order that the streams of air employed
whether more or less heated, and whether drying means be resorted to or not,
I combine means of regulating the temperature of the air so employed, so that
the drying may go on at the desired temperature, and for this purpose I employ
thermometric apparatus, and by preference a smaller chamber, which I call, the
mixing chamber, wherein I admit air direct from the atmosphere, and also air
from a suitable heating apparatus, and I admit more or less of either, according
as the temperature rises or falls, and it is by their mixture in the chamber that
the temperature desired is obtained; and from this chamber the air passes
through suitable pipes or passages into the drying chamber, where it is desirable
that it should be divided into as many streams as may conveniently be done,; in
order that all parts of, the chamber may be as nearly as possible of the same
temperature, and such subdivision may be accomplished by any of the means
heretofore resorted to. The exhausting apparatus should be kept uniformly at
work, so that the rush of streams of air from the mixing chamber should be as
equal as may be.. And in order to regulate the in-coming of heated and cold
air into the mixing chamber, I use throttle or other suitable valves in the pas-
sages, and I cause such valves to be operated on by thermometric apparatus,
preferring for such purposes the use of metal bars such as are well known and
heretofore used for thermometric purposes, such thermometric apparatus being
arranging for opening and closing of the valves according as more hot or cold
air is required at any moment to be admitted to keep up the temperature.
I would remark that the arrangement of apparatus may be varied in carrying
out this part of my Invention so long as apparatus for exhausting and apparatus
for regulating the temperature by thermometric means be combined when
drying animal and vegetable substances.
I will now proceed to describe the second part of my Invention, which has
for its object combining of apparatus for introducing air heated or cold into
fluids, with apparatus for exhausting. I would remark that heretofore air
(heated and cold) has been forced into fluids, and fluids have been subjected to
exhaustion. I do not therefore claim either of those processes separately, this
part of my Invention consisting of the combined use of them when heating
and cooling liquids. Supposing it be desired to heat fluids, according to this
part of my Invention, more particularly such as become more and more thick
and concentrated, the joint process will be found very advantageous; for it will
be evident that by the passage of numerous streams of air through the fluid>

page_text: the aqueous portion which could not so readily get away will be taken up by the
streams of air, and this will be aided by the exhaustion constantly going on.
And in respect to cooling liquids, such as worts and others, the conjoined pro-
cesses of streams of air and exhaustion will produce more advantageous results
than cither of the processes separately. In carrying out this part of my
Invention I can use a similar construction of apparatus, which consists of a
close boiler or vessel connected to an exhausting apparatus, and at or near the
bottom I introduce either perforated tubes or plates, or else numerous tubes
descending from larger pipes above the liquid. If perforated plates be used
pipes are to be used to introduce air from the outer atmosphere below them, or
the plates may be dispensed with and the pipes be perforated with numerous
holes, or, as before stated, numerous small branch tubes descending from above
to near the bottom may be employed. In using such apparatus for heating
fluids the boiler or vessel is to be heated by any convenient means, and to an
extent depending on the liquid to be treated. The exhausting process is to be
kept going, and the effect will be, that as the boiler or vessel is more or less
exhausted the air will rush in from below and pass upwards through the liquid
till the desired effect has been produced. When using such like apparatus for
cooling liquids, such as worts and others, they will be introduced into the
vessel, and the process of exhaustion will go on, when the rush of air through
the liquid, from below upwards, will quickly cool the same, and in hot weather,
or in cases where it is desired to reduce the liquid under process to an extent
below the outer atmosphere, it will be desirable that the air used, particularly
after the liquid has been brought down to a temperature at or about that of the
outer atmosphere, to employ air from a cool source or air cooled by ice or cooling
mixtures surrounding the tubes or pipes through which the in-coming air
passes.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the best means I
am acquainted with for performing the same, I would have it understood that
what I claim is,
First, the improvements herein described of drying animal and vegetable
substances. And,
.. Secondly, I claim the improvements herein described in heating and cooling
liquids.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Payne, have hereunto set iny
hand and seal, this Thirty-first day of December, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-one.
CHA (L.B.) PAYNE.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Thirty-first day of December,
in the year of our Lord 1851, the aforesaid Charles Payne came before
our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Speci-
fication aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified,
in form above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped
according to the tenor of the Statute mado for that purpose.
Enrolled the Third day of January, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and fifty-two.