IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR CULTIVATING LAND BY STEAM OR OTHER POWER." SP
Year: 1870

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Fisken, of Stamfordham, in the County
of Northumberland, Minister of the Gospel, and Thomas Robert
Hay Fisken, of Leeds, in the County of York, Engineer, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR CULTIVATING LAND BY
STEAM OR OTHER POWER."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Fisken and
Thomas Robert Hay Fisken at the Office of the Commissioners of
Patents, with their Petition, on the 9th May 1870.
We, WILLIAM FISKEN, of Stamfordham, in the County of Northum-
berland, Minister of the Gospel, and THOMAS ROBERT HAY FISKEN, of
Leeds, in the County of York, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR CULTIVATING
LAND BY STEAM OR OTHER POWER," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in improved machinery for cultivating land
by steam or other power on the plan known as the "Fisken double

page_text: anchor windlass Patent," granted to William Fisken on the 25th day
of April 1862, No. 1221.
an endless rope which
A winding drum is mounted on a travelling frame, and is driven by
connects the anchor windlass with the engine
or other motive power.
An internal toothed wheel is fixed in the centre
of the drum, and within this is placed a wheel with external teeth which
gears into the same. The smaller wheel is mounted on an eccentric
which is loose on the stud pin, on which the winding drum is hung.
This eccentric is connected with the shaft carrying the sheave on which
the engine driving rope acts. The motion of the driving sheave by
means of the eccentric carries the smaller wheel with external teeth
round the larger wheel having the internal teeth, and as the smaller
wheel is prevented from having a circular motion by means of a suitable
lever a slower motion is imparted to the wheel with internal teeth, and
also to the winding drum on which it is fixed.
On the other side of the winding drum is fixed an eccentric, on which
is mounted a wheel with external teeth taking into another larger wheel
having internal teeth. On the exterior of this larger wheel is formed a
cam or spiral groove into which one end of a lever (provided with a
friction wheel) works. On the other end of the lever are mounted guide
pulleys which by the motion of the spiral groove acting on the lever guide
the main hauling rope evenly and regularly on the drum. The smaller
wheel is prevented from having a circular motion, so that by means of
the eccentric a slow motion is communicated to the spiral groove (on the
rim of the larger wheel) from the motion of the drum. The relative
motion of the spiral groove is regulated by the difference of the number
of teeth between the outer and internal wheel.
For moving forward the engine or anchor windlass a wheel with
internal teeth is fixed upon one or more of the road or travelling
wheels, within which wheel is placed a wheel with external teeth
mounted on an eccentric which is mounted loose upon the main axle
carrying the road wheels of either engine or anchor windlass. This
eccentric is connected with suitable gearing either by a driving strap
or wheels with the main power of the engine or other power acting on
the windlass. The wheel working on the eccentric is prevented by a
suitable lever from having circular motion. The motion from the
eccentric is imparted to the travelling wheels by means of the wheels
above described, a slow onward motion is consequently given to the

page_text: engine or anchor windlass in proportion to the speed imparted to the
eccentric.
For turning the implements at the headlands, and for working
ploughs with one set of shares one or more small winding drums
are placed on the anchor windlasses, and when required are put in
motion by suitable gearing connecting them with the engine driving
rope. More than one drum is used for greater convenience, to each
drum is attached a suitable length of wire rope called the "turning
rope." The rope from one of the drums is passed round a snatch block
anchored on the headland in advance of the windlass, and the end is
hooked on the implement when it arrives at the headland, and by
putting in motion the drum connected with this turning rope the im-
plement is partially moved round so as to enable the main hauling
rope to complete the turn.
To turn cultivators it may be advantageous to turn the implement
by means of the rope direct from the other turning drum; this other
turning drum is also employed to bring back the other turning rope
after the plough has been moved the distance required. For working
ploughs with only one set of shares the windlasses are placed on the
headlands at opposite ends and corners of the stitch or ridge or breadth
to be ploughed; when the plough arrives at one end of the furrow the
rope from the turning drum which passes round the snatch block
anchored in advance is hooked to the plough, and by putting in motion
the turning rope and drum the plough is moved along the headland
until it is opposite the end of the furrow at the other side of the ridge, a
breadth being ploughed, and the plough is then pulled along the ridge
or line of furrows by the windlass stationed at the other end and corner.
When the plough arrives at the other end it is hauled along to the other
side of the ridge or stitch by the turning rope and snatch block in a
similar way to the arrangement described for the other end, and thus
the work proceeds until the ridge is finished, and both windlasses and
plough are shifted to another stitch.
"
For shortening and lightening the plough to facilitate the turning,
the "skifes are placed at the vertical part of the mould boards, and
are so constructed as to have their points in a line with the coulter.
The mould board is partially cut away behind the share. The skife
and mould board can be cast in one.

page_text: Harrows are turned at each end by the turning rope pulling them
sideways the proper distance, and in the case of drills or other im-
plements they are turned or shifted the proper distance by the turning
rope pulling them sideways, the wheels having a castor motion for this
purpose, or the turning rope by acting through an elevated bar or davit
fixed on the windlass frame raises the drill or implement up out of the
soil and is then turned or carried onwards the proper distance by the
forward motion of the anchor windlass; or the wheels of the drill or
implement may be run upon a platform at the ends, and then pulled
sideways the proper distance.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said William Fisken and Thomas Robert Hay Fisken
in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 9th December 1870.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, WILLIAM
FISKEN, of Stamfordham, in the County of Northumberland, Minister
of the Gospel, and THOMAS ROBERT HAY FISKEN, of Leeds, in the
County of York, Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Ninth day of June, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy, in the thirty-third
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and
grant unto us, the said William Fisken and Thomas Robert Hay
Fisken, Her special licence that we, the said William Fisken and Thomas
Robert Hay Fisken, our executors, administrators, and assigns, or such
others as we, the said William Fisken and Thomas Robert Hay
Fisken, our executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter,
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR CULTIVATING LAND BY STEAM OR OTHER
POWER," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said William
Fisken and Thomas Robert Hay Fisken, our executors or administrators,
by an instrument in writing under our, or one of our, or their, or one of

page_text: their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of our said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office, within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said William Fisken and Thomas
Robert Hay Fisken, do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement in writing,
reference being had to the accompanying two Sheets of Drawings :-
This Invention consists in improve.l machinery for cultivating land
by steam or other power on the plan known as the Fiskin double anchor
windlass Patent, granted to William Fiskin, on the Twenty-fifth day of
April One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, No. 1221.
A winding drum is mounted on a travelling frame, and is driven by an
endless rope which connects the anchor windlass with the engine or
other motive power. An internal toothed wheel is fixed in the centre
of the drum, and within this is placed a wheel with external teethi
which gears into the same. The smaller wheel is mounted on an
eccentric which is loose on the stud pin on which the winding drum is.
hung. This eccentric is connected with the shaft carrying the sheave
on which the engine driving rope acts. The motion of the driving
sheave by means of the eccentric carries the smaller wheel with external
teeth round the larger wheel having the internal teeth, and as the
smaller wheel is prevented from having a circular motion by means of
a suitable lever, a slower motion is imparted to the wheel with internal
teeth, and also to the winding drum on which it is fixed.
On the other side of the winding drum is fixed an eccentric, on which
is mounted a wheel with external teeth, taking into another larger
wheel having internal teeth. On the exterior of this larger wheel is
formed a cam or spiral groove in which one end of a lever (provided
with a friction wheel) works. On the other end of the lever
mounted guide pulleys, which by the motion of the spiral groove, acting
on the lever, guide the main hauling rope evenly and regularly on the
drum.
are

page_text: groove (on the rim of the larger wheel) from the motion of the drum.
The relative motion of the spiral groove is regulated by the difference
of the number of teeth between the outer and internal wheels.
For moving forward the engine or anchor windlass a wheel with
internal teeth is fixed upon one or more of the road or travelling wheels,
within which wheel is placed a wheel with external teeth mounted on
an eccentric which is mounted loose upon the main axle carrying the
road wheels of either engine or anchor windlass. This eccentric is con-
nected by suitable gearing either by driving strap or wheels with the main
power of the engine or other power acting on, the windlass; the wheel
working on the eccentric is prevented by a suitable lever from having
circular motion%; the motion from the eccentric is imparted to the
travelling wheels by means of the wheels above described; a slow onward
motion is consequently given to the engine or anchor windlass in
proportion to the speed imparted to the eccentric.
For turning the implements at the headlands and for working ploughs
with one set of shares, one or more small winding drums are placed on
the anchor windlasses, and when required are put in motion by suitable
gearing connecting them with the engine driving rope. More than one
drum is used for greater convenience, to each drum is attached a suitable
length of wire rope called the "turning rope." The rope from one of
the drums is passed round a snatch block anchored on the headland in
advance of the windlass, and the end is hooked on the implement when
it arrives at the headland, and by putting in motion the drum connected
with this turning rope the implement is partially moved round so as to
enable the main hauling rope to complete the turn.
To turn cultivators it may be advantageous to turn the implement by
means of the rope direct from the other turning drum. This other
turning drum is also employed to bring back the other turning rope
after the plough has been moved the distance required. For working
ploughs with only one set of shares the windlasses are placed on the
headlands at opposite ends and corners of the stitch or ridge or breadth
to be ploughed. When the plough arrives at one end of the furrow the
rope from the turning drum which passes round the snatch block
anchored in advance is hooked to the plough, and by putting in motion
the turning rope and drum the plough is moved along the headland
until it is opposite the end of the furrow at the other side of the ridge
or breadth being ploughed, and the plough is then pulled along the

page_text: ridge or line of furrows by the windlass stationed at the other end
and corner.
When the plough arrives at the other end it is hauled
along to the other side of the ridge or stitch by the turning rope and
snatch block in a similar way to the arrangement described for the
other end, and thus the work proceeds until the ridge is finished, and
both windlasses and plough are shifted to another stitch.
For shortening and lightening the plough to facilitate the turning,
the skifes are placed at the vertical part of the mould boards and are
so constructed as to have their points in a line with the coulter. The
mould board is partially cut away behind the share. The skife and
mould board can be cast in one.
Harrows are turned at each end by the turning rope pulling them
sideways the proper distance, and in the case of drills or other imple-
ments they are turned or shifted the proper distance by the turning
rope pulling them sideways, the wheels having a castor motion for this
purpose. Or the turning rope by acting through an elevated bar or davit
fixed on the windlass frame raises the drill or implement up out of the
soil, and is then turned or carried onwards the proper distance by
the forward motion of the anchor windlass, or the wheels of the drill
or implement may be run upon a platform at the ends and then pulled
sideways the proper distance.
Such being the nature and object of our said Invention for " Improve-
ments in Machinery for Cultivating Land by Steam or other Power,"
we will now proceed to describe more in detail the manner in which
the same is to be or may be performed or carried into practical effect,
and in order that the same may be distinctly understood we have
annexed hereunto two Sheets of Drawings illustrative thereof, and have
marked the same with figures and letters of reference corresponding
with those in the following explanation thereof; that is to say :-
In Figure 1 (Sheet 1) A represents the stud upon which the winding
drum F is mounted loosely, the stud A. being fixed in the frame of the
anchor windlass.
Within the drum F is cast or fixed a rim Ẹ, having internal teeth, into
which the wheel D gears, this wheel has a less number of teeth than the
wheel E, and is mounted loosely upon the eccentric C, formed upon the
boss of the wheel B, and which gives motion to the same, the eccentric C
being mounted loosely upon the stud A. The pinion H gears into and

page_text: gives motion to the wheel B, and is mounted fast upon the shaft I. The
double grooved pulley J is also mounted fast upon the shaft I, and is
by the prime motive power put into motion, which motion or power
is communicated to the shaft I, the pinion H, the wheel B, and the
eccentric C.
The eccentric C carries the wheel D round within the internal toothed
rim E, but upon the wheel D is cast or fixed an arm G, (the end of
which is held fast in a slot A' in the frame of the windlass W,) which
arm prevents the wheel D from having a circular motion but allows it
to move backwards and forwards to the motion of the eccentric C, but
as the wheel D is prevented from having a circular motion it gives
motion to the internal toothed rim E, which for each round of the
eccentric C makes the toothed rim E move a distance round equal to
the difference of the number of teeth between the internal toothed rim E
and the wheel D, that is, if the rim Ẹ had two teeth more than the
wheel D, and the pitch of the teeth was two inches, the wheel or rim E
would be carried round for every revolution of the eccentric C the
distance of the pitch of the two teeth, and the rim E being cast or
fixed to the winding drum E, gives thereto a slow motion.
Z is a break rim cast upon the winding drum, around which a break
strap is fixed to prevent the rope from uncoiling too fast when being
pulled out.
Upon the down side of the winding drum F is cast or fixed an
eccentric K, upon which is mounted loosely the wheel or pinion L,
gearing into the internal wheel M, mounted loosely upon the stud A.
Below this wheel is mounted loosely upon the stud A the cage V which
is prevented from falling off by the pin B¹. Upon the wheel L is cast
or fixed the arm X, which is held in the slot Y in the stud C₁, which is
fixed to the cage V. The eccentric K being fixed to the boss of the
drum F receives motion from the same, and carries the wheel L round
within the internal wheel M, and as the wheel L is held by the arm ✗
it gives motion to the wheel M.
Upon the periphery of the wheel M is cast a spiral groove N, into
which the end of the lever P (provided with a friction pulley O) takes.
This lever is mounted upon the stud Ç' fixed upon the arm of the cage V
by the pin Q.
Upon the end of the lever P is mounted the pulley box R having
the pulleys T and S, between which the rope U passes, but as the

page_text: wheel M receives motion from the drum F, and as the pulley O is held
by the spiral groove N it makes the lever P move up and down, making
also the pulley box move up and down, and thereby coils the rope upon
the drum F in a spiral form according to the spiral upon the rim of the
wheel M.
Figure 2 (Sheet 1) is a sectional plan through the line y, y, Figure 1,
shewing the drum F, the wheel or rim E, the wheel D, the eccentric C,
the arm G, and also shewing the pitch lines of the wheel B, and the
pinion H, and the double grooved pulley J.
Figure 3 (Sheet 1) is a sectional elevation, and Figure 4 (Sheet 1) a
sectional plan of that part of our Invention which relates to the moving
forward of the anchor windlass or engine; A is the road wheel shaft
of engine or windlass upon which is mounted fast the road wheel H,
which has cast or fixed upon it a wheel D with internal teeth into which
the wheel C with external teeth gears.
The wheel C is mounted loosely upon the eccentric B (cast or fixed
upon the boss of the wheel G) and rotates with it.
The shaft of the pinion Į (gearing into the wheel G) is connected
with the gear of the windlass or engine by any suitable arrangement so
as to obtain motion from the same. Upon the wheel C (which has a
less number of teeth than the wheel D) is cast or fixed an arm E, in
the end of which is fixed a pin F which is held in the frame of the
engine or windlass in a slot K, which holds it fast, but allows it to
slide in the slot to the motion of the eccentric B. The pinion I
receiving motion from the main power of the engine or windlass gives
motion to the wheel G, which gives motion to the eccentric B, and this
carries the wheel C round the internal wheel or rim D, and as the
wheel C is held by the lever or arm E it gives motion to the wheel D,
which is connected with the road wheel of windlass or engine; and
therefore gives motion to the same.
Figure 5 (Sheet 1) is an end elevation of an engine; N is the road
wheel shaft upon which the road wheel M is mounted fast, within the
road wheel the gear described in Figure 3 is placed; J is a pulley upon
the shaft of the pinion I (Figure 4); P is the crank shaft of the engine,
and K the fly wheel. The pulley J receives motion from the fly wheel K
by means of the belt O.
The road wheel shafts of both engine and windlass are mounted in
bushes and revolve, by this means the road wheels upon the opposite

page_text: ends of the shafts to that upon which the motive gear is fixed can be
propelled if required.
Figure 6 (Sheet 2) illustrates another part of our Invention. This
shews the arrangement and mode of working a one-way plough with
one or more shares; R, R, R, R, is the field or stitch to be ploughed,
at the opposite corners W, W₁, are placed the windlasses X and Y;
P is the plough which has just arrived at one end of the furrows Z;
A is the winding forward drum upon the windlass X, to which is fixed
the rope F, F, passing round the snatch block E, which is held fast by
the claw anchor O. Upon the end of the rope F, F, is fixed a hook D,
and as soon as the plough P has been brought to the end of the
furrows Z nearest the windlass X by the drum B winding up the
rope A¹ the attendant at the said windlass stops the drum B by a
suitable clutch, and as the plough P comes to a stand the attendant
hooks the end of the rope F, F, into the ring C, and then gears the
winding forward drum A which winds up the rope F, F, and thereby
pulls the plough towards and up to the end S of the furrows Z. The
drum A is then ungeared, and the attendant upon the plough unhooks
the rope F, F. The rope Q from the windlass Y, will be also at S, and
as soon as the plough arrives opposite to the unploughed land close to
the furrows Z' (the rope F, F, being unhooked) the attendant upon the
windlass Y gears the winding drum I which winds up the rope Q, and
the plough is thereby brought towards the windlass Y, as soon as it
arrives at the end of the furrows the attendant ungears the winding
drum I, and attaches the hook H (at one end of the rope L, L,) to the
ring C which is upon the plough, and then the attendant gears the
winding forward drum J which is upon the windlass Y, and to which is
attached the rope L, L, passing round the snatch block M, which latter
is held fast by the claw anchor N.
The rope L, L, being wound up by the winding forward drum J, pulls
the plough towards the other side of the unploughed stitch T, and as
soon as the plough arrives at the inner side of the furrows Z the hook H
is unhooked and the rope A¹ having been uncoiled will be at T, and
when the rope L, L, has been unhooked the drum B upon the windlass X
is geared and draws up the plough to the end of the furrows Z, and it
is thus brought round to the place where the operation commenced, and
the same process is continued until the whole stitch is ploughed.
When the windlasses are moved forward they are either propelled by

page_text: the gear described in Figure 3 (Sheet 1) or the ropes are hooked on to
the eyes K and G, thus, if the windlass X was required to be moved the
hook D would be attached by the attendant to the eye G and the drum A
being geared would wind up the rope F, F, and move on the windlass X
the distance required. When the stitch is finished the windlass X is
moved on to about the point S¹, and the snatch block removed forward
the distance required, the windlass Y will be moved backward towards H'
the distance of the new stitch to be ploughed.
Figure 7 (Sheet 2) illustrates another part of our Invention, relating
to lifting and turning implements. D, D, D, D, is an end elevation of
a windlass, or it may be supposed to represent an engine. A is a davit
fixed to the frame of the windlass, in the end of which is placed a friction
pulley P, over which the rope B, B, passes, having a hook C at one
end. The other end is attached to either of the winding forward drums
upon the windlass, if it was the windlass X the rope could be attached
either to the winding forward drum A or A² as would be most con-
venient.
The mode of operation would be thus: -As soon as the implement K
arrived at the end it would be under the hook C, which would be attached
to the eye F upon the implement K. The winding drum to which the
rope B, B, is attached being geared would wind up the rope and thereby
lift the implement off the ground, and as soon as the implement is clear
of the ground the drum is ungeared, and by a suitable friction break
held until it is either turned round upon the swivel principle and then
let down and the rope B, B, unhooked, or the implement while held
up from the ground by the rope B, B, may be moved forward along with
the windlass the distance required, and then let down, it being then
ready for the return journey; it being understood that both windlasses
are fitted with davits when this mode of operation is carried on.
Figure 8 (Sheet 2) illustrates another part of our Invention. M, M, is
the anchor windlass; K, K, K, K, is a platform mounted upon wheels;
B, the rope which pulls the implement by being wound up by tho
drum C upon the windlass; E, is a snatch block around which the
rope F, F, passes, one end of which is attached to the winding forward
drum D, the other end to the platform; I is the implement, and the
operation is performed thus:-The platform K, K, K, K, is so con-
structed that the implement can be drawn upon it by the wing W
being folded down, and as soon as the implement is upon the platform

page_text: at A. the winding forward drum D is put in gear, which winds up the
rope F, F, and the rope F, F, being held by the snatch block E the
platform is drawn forward with the implement upon it the required
distance. As soon as this has been accomplished the winding forward
drum D is ungeared, the wing W let down, and the implement is then
ready for the return journey.
As soon as the implement has left the platform the rope F, F is
unhooked from the platform and attached to the windlass, the drum D
being geared the windlass M, M, is drawn forward until opposite the
platform. The windlass and platform are then ready to receive the
implement; it being understood that when this mode of turning or
shifting the implement on to new ground is used a platform is attached
or worked along with cach windlass.
This Figure likewise illustrates the mode of turning implements.
when these implements are mounted upon swivel wheels, in which case
the platform K, K, K, K, is not used, but when the implement arrives
at the end the hook C which is upon the end of the rope F, F, is
attached to the drill or other implement, and the winding drum D
being put in motion the implement is drawn sideways the distance
required. The swivel wheels allowing it to have that motion. When
the implement has arrived opposite to the new land the rope is unhooked
and attached to the windlass, and this is brought forward the distance
required, and thus is ready for the next turn.
Figure 9 (Sheet 2) illustrates another part of our improvements.
When we wish to shorten and thereby lighten the plough or implement
this is partly accomplished by the form and position of the skife, and
partly by the cut of the mould board or breast. A, B, and C are the
mould boards, E, F, and G, are the skifes to which the shares P, P, P,
and the mould boards A, B, and C are fixed.
Figure 10 (Sheet 2) is a side elevation of the skifes E, F, and G,
and Figure 11 (Sheet 2) a sectional front elevation of a skife and the
coulter. His the skife, and I the coulter.
It will be observed that when one or more ploughs are placed in
one frame or made to work together, the skife is placed or fixed to the
frame in a line with the point of the share M towards L. Our improve.
ments consists in placing the skife at the perpendicular of the mould

page_text: board, it is therefore placed back from the line of the share M, but the
point of the skife is so formed that the point where the share is fixed
bends from the line M, L, and thus brings the point thereof in a line
with the coulter.
The mould board is also cut away to a curved line from O to S, and
thus by the placing back of the skife from the line M, L, and the cutting
away the mould board to the line O, S, a space O, R, S, is left clear
for the furrow of the plough behind to turn over in, and by that means
can be brought much nearer the plough which it follows. Figure 11
shews the position of the skife and coulter, and line of the point of
skife; J is the plough frame; K is the frame where the coulter is fixed;
II is the skife showing that the point thereof is bent until it comes in
a line with the coulter I and the share M. The distance J, K, is found
by measuring the distance from the line of the point of the share to
the line of the perpendicular of the mould board.
Having now described the nature and object of our said Invention
for "Improvements in Machinery for Cultivating Land by Steam or
other Power" together with the manner in which the same is to be or
may be performed or carried into practical effect, we would remark in
conclusion that we claim as our Invention.
Firstly. The mode of driving a winding drum.
Secondly. The mode of moving a windlass or engine.
Thirdly. The mode of driving a coiling apparatus.
Fourthly. The mode of turning and working one or more ploughs,
when fixed in one frame and having one set of shares.
Fifthly. The mode, arrangement, and construction of skifes and
mould boards, whereby the distance between the ploughs is reduced
when one or more ploughs are placed or fixed in one frame.
Sixthly. The turning of implements by lifting them from the ground
by means of a lever or davit fixed to the windlass or engine.
Seventhly. The turning of implements by drawing them on a
platform and moving the platform by the motive power.
And, lastly. The mode of drawing implements sideways when mounted
upon swivel wheels opposite to new land, all substantially as herein-
before described and illustrated on the accompanying two Sheets of
Drawings, or any mere modification or variation of the construction or
arrangement of the various parts as herein-before specified. And we

page_text: also claim any mere modification or adaptation of the principles of our
Invention or of the means of carrying the same into practical effect,
as it is obvious that the details of the various apparatus are capable
of various modifications without departing from the main features
of our Invention or the principles of the same as herein distinctly set
forth.
also claim any mere modification or adaptation of the principles of our
Invention or of the means of carrying the same into practical effect,
as it is obvious that the details of the various apparatus are capable
of various modifications without departing from the main features
of our invention or the principles of the same as herein distinctly set
forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas Robert Hay Fisken have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Eighth day of December in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy.
of our invention or the principles of the same as nerem distinctly set
forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas Robert Hay Fisken have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Eighth day of December in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy.
Witness,
BRISTOW HUNT,
THOMAS ROBERT HAY FISKEN. (L.S.)
Solicitor and Patent Agent,
1, Searle Street, Lincoln's Inn.