Improvements in and relating to the Manufacture of Lime Mixtures and Cements or Mortars suitable for Use in the Production of Artificial Stone.
Year: 1894

page_text: Date of Application, 10th Nov.. 1894
Complete Specification Lef, 12th Mar., 1395-Accepted, 4th May, 1895
Date of Application,
JUOT
Complete Specification Lef, 12th Mar., 1395-Accepted, 4th May, 1895
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in and relating to the Manufacture of Lime Mixtures
and Cements or Mortars suitable for Use in the Production of
Artificial Stone.
We, EUGEN WECKWARTH, of 130, Apartado, Lima, in the Republic of Peru,
at present residing at 98 Dresdenerstrasse, Berlin, in the Empire of Germany,
Doctor of Philosophy and Chemist, and MAX HOEFT, of 75 Krausenstrasse,
Berlin, aforesaid, Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to
be as follows:-
This invention relates to the manufacture of moist or plastic cements or mortars
suitable for the production of artificial stone with a brilliant or glossy surface.
According thereto, burnt gypsum, that is plaster of Paris, and lime (white lime)
are mixed with albuminous substances or proteids (hereinafter referred to generally
as albuminous substances) in a liquid or pasty condition to form a moist or plastic
cement or mortar (hereinafter referred to as cement) which can be employed in the
ordinary manner for the execution of stucco or cast work which will set very hard
and form an artificial stone having a very close and smooth surface, the dull gloss
of which can be brought to a high and permanent degree of brilliancy or polish by
gently rubbing it, as with the naked hand, with a cloth, or with asbestos, a little
powdered talc being applied at the same time if desired. This invention thus
enables the usual tedious treatment of the surface with hot irons and also the
grinding and polishing of the artificial stone to be entirely dispensed with. But
for this purpose only those albuminous substances are preferably employed which
are very pure and as free as possible from injurious admixture of substances of
an organic and inorganic nature, such as are contained in considerable amounts
in certain albuminous substances such as blood, cheese, and glue. Commercial
albumen and casein are suitable substances for carrying out this invention. These
substances possess the great advantage, as compared with blood and other coloured
albuminous substances of not colouring the cement and are therefore highly
suitable for the production of pure white artificial stone.
The manufacture of our moist cements is carried out as follows:-
Albumen or casein is first reduced to powder and then dissolved or formed into
a paste.
The solution of albumen or albumen paste may be made with water or with a
dilute solution of potash or of soda, and that of casein with either of the dilute
solutions just mentioned. To the solution or paste, as the case may be, there is
added burnt or slaked lime in the form of a powder or of a paste, and these
substances are then mixed together as uniformly as practicable. Mixtures thus
produced are hereinafter referred to as albuminous lime mixtures.
Shortly before use as material for making artificial stone the albumen-lime or
the casein lime mixture has thoroughly incorporated with it a suitable quantity of
plaster of Paris.
With moist cement thus made, any desired stucco or plaster-work or work
When
produced by casting can then be executed in the usual well known manner.
the mass has become set, its surface is repeatedly rubbed gently with the palm of
When rubbing, it is of great
the naked hand, with a cloth, or with asbestos.

page_text: advantage to use a small quantity of powdered tale, which gives a very high and
durable polish to the work.
Just before the mass sets, or even after it has set, the surface of the artificial
stone may if desired be ornamented by painting.
Experience has shown that, when not specially treated, albuminous lime mixtures
such as described, readily decompose or become putrid and thus unfit for use; but
we have found that they can be rendered very durable and completely prevented
from putrefying by mixing with them a dilute solution of potash (say 10 per cent.
strength) or a dilute solution of soda. This fact is of great importance for the
preparation of our moist cements, because it enables the albuminous lime mixtures
to be prepared and then kept until required for use. In order to prepare the
cement for use, it is then necessary merely to thoroughly incorporate plaster of
Paris with the albumen lime mixture or with the casein lime mixture thus preserved,
or it may be with a mixture of the two.
In the manufacture of our herein before described moist cements, additions of
various kinds can be made to the cement at any stage of its manufacture, thus
colouring matters may be employed to impart any desired colour to the artificial
stone prepared therefrom. Also, substances may be added for increasing the
hardness or the gloss of the finished artificial stone, or for delaying the setting of
the moist. cement. Thus to increase the hardness of the mass, we employ preferably
a sulphate, or a double salt such as potash alum, which will combine with plaster
of Paris to form therewith insoluble or very slightly soluble compounds; or we
may employ boric acid or a borate particularly potassic borate, either of which
also serves to delay the setting of the mass. Water or a dilute solution of potash
or of soda is employed, as the liquid for moistening or making the cements when
albumen from eggs or serum, has been used in their manufacture. But when
casein is employed in the manufacture of the cements, a solution of potash or of
soda is used to dissolve the casein or moisten the cement.
We will now give what we have found to be a good recipe for making a moist
cement according to this invention from which an artificial stone possessing great
denseness and a fine glossy surface can be made. 10 grammes of albumen (of eggs
or of serum) are dissolved in 1 litre of lukewarm water, and in order to render the
mixture durable 50 cubic centimetres of a solution of potash of 10 per cent. strength
are added thereto. About 3 kilogrammes of lime-paste (which has been dried to
such an extent as to become fissured) are then stirred into the above liquid to form
a milk to which there are then added 500 cubic centimetres of a cold saturated
solution of potash alum, which, besides rendering the resulting artificial stone
harder, imparts to the mixture a gelatinous character which affords considerable
advantages for the production of smooth plaster-work surfaces. There are now
added to the mixture 120 cubic centimetres of a cold saturated solution of borax,
and the whole is then carefully mixed together to obtain a uniform mixture.
The moist albumen lime mixture produced in this manner can be kept for a
long time without losing its properties or acquiring a bad smell.
To prepare the cement for use about two parts by volume of this lime-mixture
are very intimately mixed with one part by volume of plaster of Paris. With
this cement, any desired stucco or plaster work can be executed and when the mass
has set, its surface is gently rubbed as hereinbefore explained.
Dated this 10th day of November 1894.

page_text: Improvements in and relating to the Manufacture of Lime Mixtures
and Cements or Mortars suitable for Use in the Production of
Artificial Stone.
We, EUGEN WECKWARTH, of 130, Apartado. Lima, in the Republic of Peru,
at present residing at 98 Dresdenerstrasse, Berlin, in the Empire of Germany,
Doctor of Philosophy and Chemist, and MAX HOEFT, of 75 Krausenstrasse,
Berlin, aforesaid, Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
This invention relates to the manufacture of moist or plastic cements or mortars
suitable for the production of artificial stone with a brilliant or glossy surface.
According thereto, burnt gypsum, that is plaster of Paris, and lime (slaked
lime) are mixed with albumen (albumen of eggs or of serum) or casein, or a
mixture of albumen and casein in a liquid or pasty condition to form a moist or
plastic cement or mortar (hereinafter referred to as cement) which can be
employed in the ordinary manner for the execution of stucco or cast work which
will set very hard and form an artificial stone having a very close and smooth
surface, and the dull gloss of which can be brought to a high and permanent
degree of brilliancy or polish by gently rubbing it, as with the naked hand, with
a cloth, or with asbestos, a little powdered talc being applied at the same time if
desired. This invention thus enables the usual tedious treatment of the surface
with hot irons, and also the grinding and polishing of the artificial stone, to be
entirely dispensed with. But for this purpose only those albuminous substances
(albumen of eggs or of serum and casein) are employed, which are very pure and
as free as possible from injurious admixture of substances of an organic and
inorganic nature such as are contained in considerable amounts in certain albuminous
substances such as blood, cheese, and glue. Commercial albumen (albumen of eggs,
or of serum) and casein are the only suitable substances for carrying out this
invention. These substances possess moreover the great advantage, as compared
with blood and other coloured albuminous substances, of not colouring the cement,
and are therefore highly suitable for the production of pure white artificial
stone.
The manufacture of our moist cements is carried out as follows:-
Albumen (albumen of eggs, or of serum) or casein is first reduced to powder
and then dissolved or formed into a paste.
The solution of albumen, or albumen paste, may be made with water, or with a
dilute solution of potash or of soda, and that of casein with either of the dilute
solutions last mentioned. To the solution, or paste, as the case may be, there is
added burnt or slaked lime in the form of a powder, or of a paste, and these
substances are then mixed together as uniformly as practicable.
Shortly before use as a material for making artificial stone, the albumen-lime or
the casein-lime mixture has thoroughly incorporated with it a suitable quantity of
plaster of Paris.
With moist cement thus made, any desired stucco or plaster-work, or work
produced by casting, can then be executed in the usual well known manner.
When the mass has become set, its surface is repeatedly rubbed gently with the
When rubbing, it is of
palm of the naked hand, with a cloth, or with asbestos."
great advantage to use a small quantity of powdered talc, which gives a very
high and durable polish to the work. Just before the mass sets, or even after it
has set, the surface of the artificial stone may if desired be ornamented hy
painting.

page_text: Experience has shown that, when not specially treated, mixtures of albumen and
lime or lime and plaster of Paris readily decompose or become putrid and thus
unfit for use when water is used in their preparation; but they can be rendered
very durable and completely prevented from putrefying by mixing with them a
dilute solution of potash (say 10 per cent. strength), or a dilute solution of soda.
This fact is of great importance for the preparation of our moist cements, because
it enables the albumen-lime mixtures to be prepared and then kept until required
for use.
In order to prepare the cement for use, it is then necessary merely to
thoroughly incorporate plaster of Paris with the albumen-lime mixture, or with
the caseiu-lime mixture thus preserved, or it may be with a mixture of the two.
In the manufacture of our hereinbefore described moist cements, additions of
various kinds can be made to the cement at any stage of its manufacture; thus
colouring matters may be employed to impart any desired colour to the artificial
stone prepared therefrom. Also, substances may be added for increasing the
hardness, or the gloss of the finished artificial stone, or for delaying the setting of
the moist cement. Thus to increase the hardness of the mass, we employ
preferably a sulphate such as sulphate of potash or soda, or a double salt, such as
potash alum, which will combine with plaster of Paris to form therewith insoluble
or very slightly soluble compounds; or we may employ boric acid or a borate,
particularly potassic borate, either of which also serves to delay the setting of
the mass.
We will now give what we have found to be a good recipe for making a moist
cement according to this invention, and from which an artificial stone possessing
great denseness and a fine glossy surface can be made. 10 grammes of albumen
(of eggs or serum) are dissolved in 1 litre of lukewarm water, and in order to
render the mixture durable, 50 cubic centimetres of a solution of potash of
10 per cent. strength are added thereto. About 3 kilogrammes of lime-paste
(which has been dried to such an extent as to become fissured) are then stirred
into the above liquid to form a cream to which there are then added 500 cubic
centimetres of a cold saturated solution of potash alum, which, besides rendering
the resulting artificial stone harder, imparts to the mixture a gelatinous character
which affords considerable advantages for the production of smooth plaster-work
surfaces. There are now added to the mixture 120 cubic centimetres of a
cold saturated solution of borax, and the whole is then carefully incorporated
together to obtain a uniform mixture. The moist albumen-lime mixture produced
in this manner can be kept for a long time without losing its properties, or
acquiring a bad smell.
To prepare the cement for use, about two parts by volume of this lime-mixture
are very intimately mixed with one part by volume of plaster of Paris. With
this cement any desired stucco or plaster work can be executed, and when the mass
has set, its surface is gently rubbed as hereinbefore explained.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed we declare that what we
claim is ;-
1. The manufacture of an albumen-lime mixture for use in making a cement or
mortar for the production of artificial stone having a glossy surface by intimately
mixing a solution or paste of albumen (albumen of eggs or of serum) or casein,
or a mixture of the two, with lime, whether or not there be added, at any stage
of the manufacture of the said cement, other matters for colouring or hardening
the said artificial stone, or for causing the same to set more slowly, substantially as
hereinbefore described.
2. The manufacture or production of moist cement suitable for the production
of artificial stone having a glossy surface, by intimately mixing albumen (albumen
of eggs or of serum) or casein, or a mixture of the two, in solution, or in the
form of paste, as set forth, with lime and plaster of Paris, whether or not there
be added, at any stage of the manufacture of the said cement, other matters for

page_text: colouring or hardening the said artificial stone, or for causing the same to act
more slowly, substantially as herein before described.
3. The method of rendering durable an albumen-lime mixture intended for use
in the production of artificial stone having a glossy surface, by adding thereto a
dilute solution of potash or soda as set forth.
4. The improved cement consisting of albumen (albumen of eggs or of serum)
water, alkali, lime, potash alum, borax, and plaster of Paris combined substan-
tially in the manner and in or about the proportions specified for the purposes set
forth.
Dated this 12th day of March 1895.
For the Applicants,
W. LLOYD WISE,
46, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, W.C., Chartered Patent Agent.