Module: Mathlib.RingTheory.Etale.QuasiFinite

Goal state before:
pp: case h
n : ℕ
IH :
  ∀ m < n,
    ∀ {R : Type u} {S : Type (max u v)} [inst : CommRing R] [inst_1 : CommRing S] [inst_2 : Algebra R S]
      [Module.Finite R S] (p : Ideal R) [inst_4 : p.IsPrime],
      (p.primesOver S).ncard = m →
        ∃ R' x x_1,
          ∃ (_ : Etale R R'),
            ∃ P,
              ∃ (x_3 : P.IsPrime) (x_4 : P.LiesOver p),
                ∃ n e,
                  ∃ (_ : CompleteOrthogonalIdempotents e),
                    ∃ P',
                      ∃ (_ : ∀ (i : Fin n), (P' i).IsPrime) (_ : ∀ (i : Fin n), (P' i).LiesOver P),
                        Function.Bijective ⇑(Ideal.ResidueField.mapₐ p P (ofId R R') ⋯) ∧
                          (∀ (i : Fin n), e i.castSucc ∉ P' i) ∧
                            ∀ (P'' : Ideal (R' ⊗[R] S)),
                              P''.IsPrime →
                                P''.LiesOver P → e (Fin.last n) ∈ P'' ∧ ∀ (i : Fin n), e i.castSucc ∉ P'' → P'' = P' i
R : Type u
S : Type (max u v)
inst✝⁴ : CommRing R
inst✝³ : CommRing S
inst✝² : Algebra R S
inst✝¹ : Module.Finite R S
p : Ideal R
inst✝ : p.IsPrime
h : (p.primesOver S).ncard = n
⊢ ∃ R' x x_1,
    ∃ (_ : Etale R R'),
      ∃ P,
        ∃ (x_3 : P.IsPrime) (x_4 : P.LiesOver p),
          ∃ n e,
            ∃ (_ : CompleteOrthogonalIdempotents e),
              ∃ P',
                ∃ (_ : ∀ (i : Fin n), (P' i).IsPrime) (_ : ∀ (i : Fin n), (P' i).LiesOver P),
                  Function.Bijective ⇑(Ideal.ResidueField.mapₐ p P (ofId R R') ⋯) ∧
                    (∀ (i : Fin n), e i.castSucc ∉ P' i) ∧
                      ∀ (P'' : Ideal (R' ⊗[R] S)),
                        P''.IsPrime →
                          P''.LiesOver P → e (Fin.last n) ∈ P'' ∧ ∀ (i : Fin n), e i.castSucc ∉ P'' → P'' = P' i

Tactic:
have : IsArtinianRing (p.ResidueField ⊗[R] S) := IsArtinianRing.of_finite p.ResidueField _
    have hpSfin : (p.primesOver S).Finite :=
      (PrimeSpectrum.primesOverOrderIsoFiber R S p).finite_iff.mpr inferInstance
    cases n with
    | zero =>
      have := (Set.ncard_eq_zero hpSfin).mp h
      refine ⟨R, inferInstance, inferInstance, inferInstance, p, inferInstance, ⟨rfl⟩, 0, 1,
        ⟨⟨by simp [IsIdempotentElem],
          by simp only [Nat.reduceAdd, Pi.one_apply, mul_one, Subsingleton.pairwise]⟩,
          by simp⟩, nofun, nofun, nofun, ?_, nofun, ?_⟩
      · rw! [ofId_self, Ideal.ResidueField.mapₐ_id]; exact Function.bijective_id
      · exact fun P h₁ h₂ ↦ (this.le
          ⟨show (P.comap Algebra.TensorProduct.includeRight.toRingHom).IsPrime from inferInstance,
          ⟨by simp [P.over_def p, Ideal.under, Ideal.comap_comap]⟩⟩).elim
    | succ n =>
    obtain ⟨q, hq, hq'⟩ := Set.nonempty_of_ncard_ne_zero (h.trans_ne (by simp))
    obtain ⟨R', _, _, _, P, _, _, e, he, P', _, _, hP'q, heP', hpP, _, H⟩ :=
      Algebra.exists_etale_isIdempotentElem_forall_liesOver_eq p q
    have : (P.primesOver (R' ⊗[R] S ⧸ Ideal.span {e})).ncard < n + 1 := by
      let F := Ideal.fiberIsoOfBijectiveResidueField hpP (S := S)
      refine (Ideal.ncard_primesOver_quotient_singleton_lt_of_notMem _ _
        P' heP' (F.finite_iff.mpr hpSfin)).trans_le ?_
      rw [← h, ← Nat.card_coe_set_eq, ← Nat.card_coe_set_eq, Nat.card_congr F.toEquiv]
    obtain ⟨R'', _, _, _, Q, _, _, n, e' : _ → R'' ⊗[R'] (R' ⊗[R] S ⧸ Ideal.span {e}),
      he', Q' : _ → Ideal (R'' ⊗[R'] (R' ⊗[R] S ⧸ Ideal.span {e})), _, _, hPQ, hQ', H'⟩ :=
      IH _ this (R := R') (S := R' ⊗[R] S ⧸ Ideal.span {e}) P rfl
    let : Algebra R R'' := .compHom _ (algebraMap R R')
    have : IsScalarTower R R' R'' := .of_algebraMap_eq' rfl
    let φ := Algebra.TensorProduct.map (Algebra.ofId R' R'') (AlgHom.id R S)
    let e₁ : R'' ⊗[R'] (R' ⊗[R] S ⧸ Ideal.span {e}) ≃ₐ[R''] (R'' ⊗[R] S ⧸ Ideal.span {φ e}) :=
      tensorQuotientTensorEquiv (R'' := R'') e
    obtain ⟨e'', he'', he''e'⟩ := CompleteOrthogonalIdempotents.exists_eq_comp_of_ker_eq_span
      (Ideal.Quotient.mk (Ideal.span {φ e})) (I := Fin (n + 1)) (φ e) (he.map φ) (by simp)
      (e₁ ∘ e') (he'.map e₁.toRingHom) (fun _ ↦ Ideal.Quotient.mk_surjective _)
    have he''e'' (i : _) : e₁ (e' i) = e'' i := congr_fun he''e' i
    have hψe'' (i : _) : (e' i) = e₁.symm (e'' i) := e₁.eq_symm_apply.mpr (he''e'' i)
    refine exists_etale_completeOrthogonalIdempotents_forall_liesOver_eq_aux p q R' P e P'
      hP'q heP' hpP (fun P'' h₁ h₂ heP'' ↦ H P'' h₁ h₂ heP'') R'' Q n _
      ((CompleteOrthogonalIdempotents.equiv (finSuccEquiv _)).mpr he'') rfl
      (Q' · |>.comap (e₁.symm.toAlgHom.comp (Ideal.Quotient.mkₐ _ _))) hPQ
      (fun i ↦ by rw [Function.comp_def]; simpa [← hψe''] using hQ' i) ?_
    simp only [Function.comp_apply, finSuccEquiv_zero, finSuccEquiv_last, Fin.castSucc_succ,
      finSuccEquiv_succ]
    intro P'' heP'' _ _
    have : (P''.map (Ideal.Quotient.mk (.span {φ e}))).IsPrime :=
      Ideal.map_isPrime_of_surjective Ideal.Quotient.mk_surjective (by simpa [Ideal.span_le])
    have : (P''.map (Ideal.Quotient.mk (.span {φ e}))).LiesOver Q := ⟨by
      have : P'' ⊔ Ideal.span {φ e} = P'' := by simpa [Ideal.span_le]
      rw [← Ideal.under_under (B := R'' ⊗[R] S)]
      simpa [Ideal.under, Ideal.comap_map_of_surjective _ Ideal.Quotient.mk_surjective,
        ← RingHom.ker_eq_comap_bot, this] using P''.over_def Q⟩
    have := H' ((P''.map (Ideal.Quotient.mk (.span {φ e}))).comap e₁) inferInstance
      (inferInstanceAs <| ((P''.map (Ideal.Quotient.mk (.span {φ e}))).comap
        e₁.toAlgHom).LiesOver Q)
    have hP'' : (1 - φ e) ∉ P'' :=
      fun h ↦ ‹P''.IsPrime›.one_notMem (by convert add_mem heP'' h; ring)
    simp only [Ideal.mem_comap, he''e'',
      Ideal.mem_map_span_singleton_iff_of_isIdempotentElem (he.map φ),
      Ideal.IsPrime.mul_mem_left_iff hP''] at this
    refine ⟨this.1, fun i hi ↦ (this.2 i hi).symm ▸ ?_⟩
    -- TODO: clean-up when `Ideal.comap` is refactored to take a `RingHom`
    change _ = Ideal.comap (Ideal.Quotient.mk _) (Ideal.comap (e₁.symm.trans e₁).toRingHom _)
    simp only [AlgEquiv.symm_trans_self, RingEquiv.toRingHom_eq_coe,
      AlgEquiv.toRingEquiv_toRingHom, AlgEquiv.refl_toRingHom, Ideal.comap_id]
    rw [Ideal.comap_map_of_surjective _ Ideal.Quotient.mk_surjective]
    simpa [left_eq_sup, ← RingHom.ker_eq_comap_bot, Ideal.span_le] using heP''

Goal state after: