Module: Mathlib.Algebra.Category.Ring.FinitePresentation

Goal state before:
pp: J : Type uJ
inst✝² : Category.{vJ, uJ} J
inst✝¹ : IsFiltered J
R : CommRingCat
F : J ⥤ CommRingCat
α : (Functor.const J).obj R ⟶ F
S : CommRingCat
f : R ⟶ S
c : Cocone F
hc : IsColimit c
inst✝ : PreservesColimit F (forget CommRingCat)
hf : (CommRingCat.Hom.hom f).FinitePresentation
g : S ⟶ c.pt
hg : ∀ (i : J), f ≫ g = α.app i ≫ c.ι.app i
⊢ ∃ i g', f ≫ g' = α.app i ∧ g = g' ≫ c.ι.app i

Tactic:
by
  classical
  have hc' := isColimitOfPreserves (forget _) hc
  let := f.hom.toAlgebra
  obtain ⟨n, hn⟩ := hf
  let P := CommRingCat.of (MvPolynomial (Fin n) R)
  let iP : R ⟶ P := CommRingCat.ofHom MvPolynomial.C
  obtain ⟨π, rfl, hπ, s, hs⟩ :
      ∃ π : P ⟶ S, iP ≫ π = f ∧ Function.Surjective π ∧ (RingHom.ker π.hom).FG := by
    obtain ⟨π, h₁, h₂⟩ := hn
    exact ⟨CommRingCat.ofHom π, by ext1; exact π.comp_algebraMap, h₁, h₂⟩
  obtain ⟨i, g', hg', hg''⟩ : ∃ (i : J) (g' : P ⟶ F.obj i),
      π ≫ g = g' ≫ c.ι.app i ∧ iP ≫ g' = α.app i := by
    choose j x h using fun i ↦ Types.jointly_surjective_of_isColimit hc' ((π ≫ g) (.X i))
    obtain ⟨i, ⟨hi⟩⟩ : ∃ i, Nonempty (∀ a, (j a ⟶ i)) := by
      have : ∃ i, ∀ a, Nonempty (j a ⟶ i) := by
        simpa using! IsFiltered.sup_objs_exists (Finset.univ.image j)
      simpa [← exists_true_iff_nonempty, Classical.skolem, -exists_const_iff] using! this
    refine ⟨i, CommRingCat.ofHom (MvPolynomial.eval₂Hom
      (α.app i).hom (F.map (hi _) <| x ·)), ?_, ?_⟩
    · ext1
      apply MvPolynomial.ringHom_ext
      · simpa using! fun x ↦ congr($(hg i).hom x)
      · intro i
        simp only [CommRingCat.hom_comp, RingHom.coe_comp, Function.comp_apply,
          Functor.const_obj_obj, CommRingCat.hom_ofHom, MvPolynomial.coe_eval₂Hom,
          MvPolynomial.eval₂_X]
        exact (congr($(c.w (hi i)).hom (x i)).trans (h i)).symm
    · ext x
      simp [P, iP]
  have : ∀ r : s, ∃ (i' : J) (hi' : i ⟶ i'), F.map hi' (g' r) = 0 := by
    intro r
    have := Types.FilteredColimit.isColimit_eq_iff _ hc' (xi := g' r) (j := i) (xj := (0 : F.obj i))
    suffices H : (g' ≫ c.ι.app i) r = 0 by
      obtain ⟨k, f, g, e⟩ := this.mp (by simpa using! H)
      exact ⟨k, f, by simpa using! e⟩
    rw [← hg']
    simp [show π r = 0 from hs.le (Ideal.subset_span r.2)]
  choose i' hi' hi'' using this
  obtain ⟨c'⟩ := IsFiltered.cocone_nonempty (WidePushoutShape.wideSpan i i' hi')
  refine ⟨c'.pt, CommRingCat.ofHom (RingHom.liftOfSurjective π.hom hπ
    ⟨(g' ≫ F.map (c'.ι.app none)).hom, ?_⟩), ?_, ?_⟩
  · rw [← hs, Ideal.span_le]
    intro r hr
    rw [← c'.w (.init ⟨r, hr⟩)]
    simp [hi'']
  · ext x
    suffices (iP ≫ g' ≫ F.map (c'.ι.app none)) x = α.app c'.pt x by
      simpa [RingHom.liftOfRightInverse_comp_apply] using! this
    rw [← Category.assoc, hg'', ← NatTrans.naturality]
    simp only [Functor.const_obj_obj, Functor.const_obj_map, Category.id_comp]
  · ext x
    obtain ⟨x, rfl⟩ := hπ x
    suffices (π ≫ g) x = (g' ≫ F.map (c'.ι.app none) ≫ c.ι.app _) x by
      simpa only [CommRingCat.hom_comp, CommRingCat.hom_ofHom,
        RingHom.liftOfRightInverse_comp_apply, coe_comp, Function.comp_apply] using! this
    rw [c.w, hg']
    rfl

Goal state after: