ꯔꯕꯤꯟꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯅꯥꯊ ꯊꯥꯀꯨꯔ ꯑꯦꯐ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯑꯦ. ꯑꯦꯁ.    ꯔꯕꯤꯟꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯅꯥꯊ ꯇꯦꯒꯣꯔ  7 ꯃꯦ 1861 -7 ꯑꯣꯒꯁ ꯭ ꯠ 1941  ꯑꯁꯤ ꯕꯦꯡꯒꯣꯂꯤ ꯄꯣꯂꯤꯃꯦꯊ ꯑꯃꯥꯅꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯀꯕꯤ, ꯑꯏꯕ, ꯐꯝꯕꯥꯛ ꯂꯤꯂꯥ ꯏꯕ, ꯁꯩꯔꯥꯡꯕ, ꯐꯤꯂꯣꯁꯣꯐ, ꯁꯣꯁꯥꯏꯜ ꯔꯤꯐꯣꯔꯃꯔ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯦꯡꯒꯣꯂꯤ ꯔꯤꯅꯥꯁꯥꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯂꯥꯏ ꯁꯥꯕ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ꯫   ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯕꯦꯡ ꯭ ꯒꯣꯂꯤ ꯁꯥꯍꯤꯇ ꯭ ꯌ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯁꯩ ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯥꯏꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯀꯂꯥ ꯀꯣꯟꯇꯦꯛꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯤꯋꯦꯜ ꯃꯣꯗꯔꯅꯤꯖꯝꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ 19ꯁꯨꯕ ꯆꯍꯤꯆꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 20ꯁꯨꯕ ꯆꯍꯤꯆꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯉꯟꯕ ꯁꯔꯨꯛꯇ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯒꯤꯇꯥꯟꯖꯂꯤꯒꯤ "ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯂꯨꯕ, ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯖꯔꯕ" ꯀꯕꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯑꯏꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯏꯪ 1913ꯗ ꯇꯦꯒꯣꯔꯅ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯅꯣꯕꯦꯜ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯏꯖ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯄꯤꯌꯟ ꯅꯠꯇꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯥꯍꯤꯇ ꯭ ꯌꯗ ꯅꯣꯕꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯏꯁ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯏꯁꯩ-ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯕꯁꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ꯫ ꯇꯦꯒꯣꯔꯒꯤ ꯁꯩꯔꯦꯡꯒꯤ ꯏꯁꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯐꯖꯔꯕ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯁꯩꯔꯦꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯁꯕꯀꯟꯇꯤꯅꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯄꯥꯛ ꯁꯟꯅ ꯄꯥꯝꯅꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯄꯥꯝꯅꯕ ꯏꯁꯩ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯌꯦꯡꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯔꯣꯌꯜ ꯑꯦꯁꯤꯌꯥꯇꯤꯛ ꯁꯣꯁꯥꯏꯇꯤ ꯐꯦꯂꯣ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ꯫ "ꯗ ꯕꯥꯔꯗ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯕꯦꯡꯒꯣꯜ" ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯪꯅꯩ, ꯇꯦꯒꯣꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯒꯨꯔꯨꯗꯦꯕ, ꯀꯣꯕꯤꯒꯨꯔꯨ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯤꯁ ꯭ ꯋꯣꯀꯣꯕꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯡꯅꯔꯝꯃꯤ꯫

ꯕꯔꯗꯋꯥꯟ ꯖꯤꯂꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯖꯦꯁꯣꯔ ꯃꯄꯥ-ꯃꯄꯨꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯆꯝꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯀꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯛꯄ ꯕꯦꯡ ꯭ ꯒꯣꯂꯤ ꯕ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯍꯃꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯇꯦꯒꯣꯔꯅ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯅꯤꯄꯥꯟ ꯁꯨꯔꯛꯄꯗ ꯁꯩꯔꯦꯡ ꯏꯈꯤ꯫ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯇꯔꯥꯃꯥꯖꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯁꯩꯔꯥꯡꯂꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯚꯅꯨꯁꯤꯝꯍꯥ ( ꯁꯨꯟ ꯂꯥꯏꯟ ") ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯃꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯐꯣꯡꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯁꯥꯍꯤꯇ ꯭ ꯌꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯀꯨꯏꯅ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯀ ꯭ ꯂꯥꯁꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤ꯫ ꯏꯪ 1877 ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯃꯤꯡꯗ ꯐꯣꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯄꯤꯛꯄ ꯋꯥꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯃꯥꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯈꯤ꯫ ꯍ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯃꯦꯅꯤꯁ ꯭ ꯠ, ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯕꯥꯔꯁꯂꯤꯁ ꯭ ꯠ, ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯜꯇꯤꯁ ꯭ ꯠ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯅꯦꯂꯤꯁ ꯭ ꯠꯀꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯀꯟꯅ ꯅꯩꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯕ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯇꯤꯁ ꯔꯥꯖ ꯅꯝꯊꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯇꯦꯟꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯤꯡꯇꯝꯕ ꯐꯪꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯈꯤ꯫ ꯕꯦꯡꯒꯣꯜ ꯔꯤꯅꯥꯁꯦꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯇꯥꯛꯄꯤꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡ, ꯁ ꯭ ꯀꯦꯆꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯨꯗꯜꯁꯤꯡ, ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯆꯥ ꯀꯌꯥ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯁꯩ ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯈꯔ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯑꯆꯧꯕ ꯀꯦꯅꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯈꯤ-ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯤ-ꯄꯨꯔꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯁꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯕꯤꯁ ꯭ ꯋ-ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯂꯤꯡꯈꯠꯄꯗ ꯂꯦꯞꯈꯤ꯫

ꯇꯦꯒꯣꯔꯅ ꯀ ꯭ ꯂꯥꯁꯤꯀꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯆꯦꯠꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯊꯔꯒ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯣꯜꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯆꯝꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯤꯡꯗꯨꯅ ꯕꯦꯡ ꯭ ꯒꯣꯂꯤꯒꯤ ꯀꯂꯥꯕꯨ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯟꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯅꯣꯕꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ, ꯋꯥꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ, ꯏꯁꯩꯁꯤꯡ, ꯖꯒꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯗ ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯁꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯅꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯍꯤꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯈꯤ꯫ ꯒꯤꯇꯥꯟꯖꯂꯤ (ꯁꯣꯡ ꯑꯣꯐꯔꯤꯡ ꯭ ꯁ  ꯒꯣꯔꯥ (ꯐꯦꯌꯔ-ꯐꯦꯁꯦꯗ) ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯘꯔꯦ-ꯕꯦꯌꯔ (ꯗ ꯍꯣꯝ ꯑꯦꯟ ꯗ ꯋꯥꯔꯜ ꯭ ꯗ) ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯈ ꯭ ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯆꯠꯄ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ, ꯑꯄꯤꯛꯄ ꯋꯥꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯣꯕꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯏꯁꯩ-ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯥꯏ, ꯋꯥꯔꯤ-ꯋꯥꯇꯥꯏ, ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯊꯥꯒꯠꯈꯤ-ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ ꯔꯒ ꯊꯥꯒꯠꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯁꯩꯔꯥꯡꯂꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯅꯤꯅ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯏꯁꯩ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯈꯟꯈꯤ: ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ "ꯖꯅꯥ ꯒꯅꯥ ꯃꯅꯥ" ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯡꯒ ꯭ ꯂꯥꯗꯦꯁꯀꯤ "ꯑꯃꯔ ꯁꯣꯅꯔ ꯕꯡꯒꯂꯥ"꯫ ꯁ ꯭ ꯔꯤꯂꯪꯀꯥꯒꯤ ꯖꯥꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯏꯁꯩ ꯑꯁꯤꯁꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯏꯊꯤꯜ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯏꯁꯩ "ꯕꯦꯡ ꯭ ꯒꯂꯔ ꯃꯇꯤ ꯕꯦꯡ ꯭ ꯒꯂꯥꯔ ꯖꯣꯜ" ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯦꯁ ꯭ ꯠ ꯕꯦꯡ ꯭ ꯒꯣꯜꯒꯤ ꯔꯥꯖ ꯭ ꯌꯒꯤ ꯏꯁꯩ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯈ ꯭ ꯔꯦ꯫