فهرست میراث جهانی در معرض خطر

موقعیت مکانی میراث در خطر
کنوانسیون میراث جهانی در سال ۱۹۷۲ برای طراحی و مدیریت سایت‌های میراث جهانی توسط سازمان ملل متحد تاسیس شد. با توجه به ماده ۱۱٫۴ کنوانسیون، یونسکو، میراثی که نیاز به محافظت دارند یا برای آن‌ها درخواست کمک شده در فهرست میراث جهانی در معرض خطر قرار دارند.
این اقدام برای افزایش آگاهی بین‌المللی به تهدیدها و تشویق به اقدامات خنثی‌کننده در نظر گرفته شده‌است.
در مورد سایت‌های طبیعی، خطرات عبارتند از:کاهش جدی در جمعیت گونه‌های در معرض خطر یا از بین رفتن زیبایی‌های طبیعی یا فعالیت‌هایی مانند قطع درختان، آلودگی،استخراج، کشاورزی موجب نابودی آن محیط می‌شود. در مورد سایت‌های خطرات عبارتند از:از بین رفتن ساختار و مواد ساخته شده از آن از دست دادن اصالت تاریخی. از جمله خطرات برای هر دو سایت‌های فرهنگی و طبیعی، شامل طرح‌های توسعه، درگیری‌های مسلحانه، سیستم‌های مدیریت ناکافی یا تغییر در وضعیت حفاظتی است. در مورد سایت‌های فرهنگی تغییرات تدریجی به دلیل زمین‌شناسی، آب و هوا یا محیط زیست نیز می‌تواند خطرات بالقوه باشد.
قبل از اینکه میراث در فهرست میراث جهانی در معرض خطر قرار گیرد وضعیت آن بررسی شده و برنامه‌هایی برای بازسازی و اصلاح آن با همکاری دولت عضو صورت می‌گیرد. پس از اجرای برنامه توسط دولت و بررسی سالانه توسط کمیته یونسکو ممکن از این فهرست خارج شوند.
فهرست میراث در خطر
نام : طبق فهرست بندی یونسکو
منطقه : نام منطقه شهری یا استانی و کشوری. با مختصات
معیار : نوع میراث جهانی
مساحت : بر حسب هکتار یا جریب در صورت ذکر شدن توسط یونسکو
سال ثبت : سالی که اثر در یونسکو ثبت شده
در خطر : سالی که آن اثر در فهرست میراث جهانی در معرض خطر قرار گرفته
دلیل : تهدیدی که باعث شده یونسکو اثر را در فهرست میراث جهانی در معرض خطر جای دهد.
نام
تصویر
منطقه
معیار
مساحتha (acre)
سال ثبت
در خطر
دلیل
منابع
ابو مینا
150x150px
Egy Abusir,
Cultural:(iv)
1979
2001-
Cave-ins in the area caused by the clay at the surface, which becomes semi-liquid when met with "excess water"
Air and Ténéré Natural Reserves
alt=Sand dunes in the desert, offroad vehicles and mountains in the distance.
Niger1 Arlit Department,
Natural:(vii), (ix), (x)
1991
1992-
Military conflict and civil disturbance in the region as well as a reduction of wildlife population and degradation of the vegetation cover
Ancient City of Aleppo
alt=City view with a wall and a mosque.
Cultural:(iii)(iv)
1986
2013-
جنگ داخلی سوریه، currently held partly by rebels and the government. Incessant bombing runs by the government, and mortar and gunfire by rebels endangers foundations.
بصری
alt=An old amphitheatre.
Cultural:(i)(iii)(vi)
1980
2013-
جنگ داخلی سوریه، held by the government.
دمشق
alt=Ruins of a stone building with columns and without roof.
Cultural:(i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi)
1979
2013-
جنگ داخلی سوریه، rebel gunfire and mortar shelling, mainly from adjacent Jobar suburb endangers foundations.
Ancient Villages of Northern Syria
alt=Ruins of a stone church without roof.
Cultural:(iii)(iv)(v)
2011
2013-
جنگ داخلی سوریه، some held by rebels. Reports of looting and demolitions by Islamist groups.
شحات
alt=
Lib Jebel Akhdar,
Cultural:(ii), (iii), (vi)
1982
2016-
Libyan Civil War, presence of armed groups, already incurred and potential further damage.
Archaeological Site of Leptis Magna
alt=
Lib الخمس، لیبی،
Cultural:(i), (ii), (iii)
1982
2016-
Libyan Civil War, presence of armed groups, already incurred and potential further damage.
صبراته
alt=
Lib صبراته،
Cultural:(iii)
1982
2016-
Libyan Civil War, presence of armed groups, already incurred and potential further damage.
آشور (Qalat Sherqat)
alt=A series of three arched gates made of simple stones. They appear to be the only part that has survived from a larger building.
Iraq استان صلاح‌الدین،
Cultural:(iii), (iv)
2003
2003-
A planned reservoir that would have partially flooded the site was suspended in the wake of the جنگ عراق by the new administration; lack of adequate protection
دیواره مرجانی بلیز
alt=Underwater image of a green stone like object with patterns on the surface resembling a brain.
Bel Belize, Stann Creek and Toledo
Natural:(vii), (ix), (x)
1996
2009-
Mangrove cutting and excessive development
چان چان
alt=Ruins of former buildings in a desert setting consisting of low walls with a fishnet pattern.
Per منطقه لا لیبرتاد،
Cultural:(i), (iii)
1986
1986-
Natural erosion
کلیسای مهد
alt=Birthplace of Jesus.
Pal بیت‌لحم،
Cultural:(iv), (vi)
2012
2012-
Damage due to water leaks - however current restoration work is taking place to save the site.
سانتا آنا دکورو
alt=A street with single-storied colorful houses
Ven فالکون،
Cultural:(iv), (v)
1993
2005-
Damage to a great number of structures due to heavy rain between November 2004 and February 2005 as well as the construction of a new monument, a beach walkway and an entrance gate to the city in the buffer zone which could have considerable impact on the value of the site
دژ شهسواران and قلعه صلاح‌الدین ایوبی
alt=A fortress of grey stone.
Cultural:(ii)(iv)
2006
2013-
جنگ داخلی سوریه، once held by جبههالنصره and other Islamist groups, reclaimed by نیروی زمینی سوریه and حزب‌الله لبنان fighters. Reports of damages and looting caused by Islamist groups was released by the government.
تندیس‌های بودا در بامیان
Afg ولایت بامیان،
Cultural:(i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (vi)
2003
2003-
Fragile conservation state due to abandonment, military action and dynamite explosions; causing dangers such as risk of collapse of Buddha niches, further deterioration of cave murals, looting and illicit excavations. Destruction during the rule of طالبان due to their teachings that the statues are abominations to Islam.
East Rennell
alt=Dugout Canoe in the Rennell Island lagoon, Solomon Islands.
Solomon Island استان رنال و بلونا،
Natural:(ix)
1998
2013-
Damage to the site due to logging and its effect on the local ecoystem
پارک ملی اورگلیدز
alt=A large white bird with black wingtips and a long slightly curved beak is perched on a branch above grassland.
United States Florida,
Natural:(viii), (ix), (x)
1979
1993–2007, 2010-
Damage due to Hurricane Andrew and deterioration of water flow and quality due to agricultural and urban development (1993); continued degradation of the site resulting in a loss of marine habitat and decline in marine species (2010)
alt=Ruins of stone fortifications near water.
Pan Colón Province,
Cultural:(i), (iv)
1980
2012-
Environmental factors, lack of maintenance and urban development
پارک ملی گارامبا
alt=Birds eye view of a river running through grassland interspersed by trees.
Dem استان اورینتال،
Natural:(vii), (x)
1980
1984–1992, 1996-
Reduction of کرگدن سفید شمالی population (1984); poaching of two white rhinos, killing of three rangers and no plan for corrective measures by the authorities (1996)
هترا
Irq استان نینوا،
Cultural:(ii), (iii), (iv), (vi)
1985
2015-
Damage inflicted to the property by armed groups
الخلیل
150x150px
Pal استان الخلیل،
Cultural:(ii), (iv), (vi)
2017
2017-
شهرسبز
alt=
Uzb ولایت قشقه‌دریا،
Cultural:(iii), (iv)
2000
2016-
Destruction of buildings in its medieval neighbourhoods and continuing urban development.
وین
alt=Vienna.JPG.
Aut وین،
Cultural:(ii)(iv)(vi)
2001
2017-
New high-rise projects
زبیده
Yem استان حدیده،
Cultural:(ii), (iv), (vi)
1993
2000-
Deteriorating state of historic buildings, inscribed on request of the State Party
Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works
alt=Industrial structure in a desert setting.
Chil منطقه تاراپاکا،
Cultural:(ii), (iii), (iv)
2005
2005-
Fragile nature of structures due to lack of maintenance for 40 years; also damage, vandalism and some dismantling; looting
پارک ملی کاهوزی-بیه‌گا
Dem سود کیواand مانیما،
Natural:(x)
1980
1997-
Deforestation, hunting as well as war and civil strife
Liverpool – Maritime Mercantile City
United Kingdom لیورپولEngland,
Cultural:(ii), (iii), (iv)
2004
2012-
Due to the proposed redevelopment of historic docklands known as Liverpool Waters
Manovo-Gounda St Floris National Park
alt=A blank map of a rectangular-looking country with several rivers running through it. A location is marked in the north with a red dot.
Cen Bamingui-Bangoran,
Natural:(ix), (x)
1988
1997-
Illegal grazing and poaching, deteriorating security situation
منار جام
alt=A tall minaret in a river valley. At the top of the nearby mountains there are other, smaller structures.
Afg ولایت غور،
Cultural:(ii), (iii), (iv)
2002
2002-
Lack of legal protection, lack of protection measure or management plan, poor condition of the site
Medieval Monuments in Kosovo
alt=Stone church with various towers.
کوزوو
Cultural:(ii), (iii), (iv)
2004
2006-
Lack of legal protection and management; political instability and security
منطقه طبیعی حفاظت شده کوه نیمبا
alt=A chimpanzee in a tree.
Cot Lola Prefecture,**
Natural:(ix), (x)
1981
1992-
Iron ore mining concession on part of the World Heritage Site and influx of large number of refugees on the Guinean part of the site
Nan Madol
alt=
Micronesia جزیره تمون،
Cultural:(i), (iii), (iv), (vi)
2016
2016-
Continuing siltation of waterways contributing to overgrowth and undermining existing structures.
پارک ملی نیوکولو-کوبا
alt=Birds eye view of a river running through a forested plain.
Sen Tambacounda Regionand Kédougou Region,
Natural:(x)
1981
2007-
Degradation of property, low mammal population, management problems and impact of a proposed dam on the رود گامبیا
ذخیره‌گاه حیات وحش اوکاپی
alt=River lined by tropical vegetation. Many stones are found in the river.
Dem استان اورینتال،
Natural:(x)
1996
1997-
Looting of park facilities and killing of elephants as a result of an armed conflict in the area
شهر قدیم (اورشلیم)
alt=View over a city. A large building with a golden cuppola is located in the background.
Jer استان اورشلیم(no nation named by UNESCO)
Cultural:(ii), (iii), (vi)
1981
1982-
Uncontrolled urban development, general deterioration of the state of conservation due to tourism and lack of maintenance.
صنعا
Yem استان صنعا،
Cultural:(iv), (v), (vi)
1986
2015-
جنگ داخلی یمن (۲۰۱۵ تا کنون)
غدامس
alt=
Lib غدامس،
Cultural:(v)
1986
2016-
Libyan Civil War, presence of armed groups, already incurred and potential further damage.
جنه
alt=
Mal جنه،
Cultural:(iii), (iv)
1988
2016-
Regional insecurity, deteriorating state of the historic town, urbanization and erosion.
بتیر
alt=Batir.JPG.
Pal بتیر،
Cultural:(iv)(v)
2014
2014-
The دیوار حایل اسرائیل در کرانه غربی "may isolate farmers from fields they have cultivated for centuries".
شبام
Yem استان حضرموت،
Cultural:(iii), (iv), (v)
1982
2015-
Potential threat from the armed conflict, compounding safeguarding and management problems already observed at the site
Rainforests of the Atsinanana
Mad Eastern Madagascar,
Natural:(ix), (x)
2007
2010-
Illegal logging and hunting of endangered لمور
Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve
alt=A river lined by tropical vegetation. Parts of trees are lying in the water.
Hon La Mosquitia,
Natural:(vii), (viii), (ix), (x)
1982
1996–2007, 2011-
Logging, fishing and land occupation; poaching and the reduced capacity of the state to manage the site; largely due to the deterioration of law and to the presence of drug traffickers
کوه‌های اکاکوس
alt=
Lib فزان،
Cultural:(iii)
1985
2016-
Libyan Civil War, presence of armed groups, already incurred and potential further damage.
پارک ملی سالونگا
alt=River meandering through a wooded plain.
Dem Équateurand استان باندوندو،
Natural:(vii), (ix)
1984
1999-
Breakdown of civil order
سامرا
alt=A photograph of a spiral minaret in an open plain with a large number of buildings in the background and a swerving road to the left
Iraq استان صلاح‌الدین،
Cultural:(ii), (iii), (iv)
2007
2007-
Security situation following the جنگ عراق and lack of state control for protection or management of the site
پالمیرا
alt=Ruins of stone buildigns with columns.
Cultural:(i)(ii)(iv)
1980
2013-
جنگ داخلی سوریه، captured by the notoriously iconoclastic Islamic State terrorist organization (ISIS).
تیمبوکتو
alt=A street with a mud wall and a pyramid shaped mud building with sticks protruding from its wall.
Mal تیمبوکتو، استان تومبوکتو،
Cultural:(ii), (iv), (v)
1988
2012-
Threat of destruction by the Islamist groups like Al-Qaeda in Islamic Maghreb, Ansar Dine and بوکو حرام. Some monuments are now pillaged and destroyed.
Tomb of Askia
alt=A mud structure with sticks protruding from the wall.
Mal گائو، استان گائو،
Cultural:(ii), (iii), (iv)
2004
2012-
Damaged by Islamist groups like Al-Qaeda in Islamic Maghreb and Ansar Dine. Reported destroyed by Ansar Dine when they captured تیمبوکتو.
Tombs of Buganda Kings at Kasubi
alt=Dome shaped house made of natural materials.
Uganda کامپالا،
Cultural:(i), (iii),(iv), (vi)
2001
2010-
Destruction of the Muzibu Azaala Mpanga, the main building of the site, by fire in March 2010
Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra
Indonesia سوماترا،
Natural:(vii), (ix), (x)
2004
2011-
Poaching, illegal logging, agricultural encroachment, and plans to build roads through the site
پارک ملی ویرونگا
alt=Mountain landscape with trunks of trees or shrubs that appear to have burned.
Dem کیوو شمالیand استان اورینتال،
Natural:(vii), (viii), (x)
1979
1994-
Deforestation and poaching as a result of the influx of refugees due to the Rwandan Civil War
در فهرست قرار داشته‌اند
میراث‌هایی که قبلا در فهرست خطر قرار داشته‌اند.
نام
نگاره
موقعیت
معیارها
مساحت (هکتار)
سال ثبت
سال ثبت در فهرست
دلیل
منبع
انگکور
alt=Ruins of a large structure with five large towers at the top.
Cultural:(i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
۱۹۹۲
۱۹۹۲–۲۰۰۴
Inscription initially limited to a three year period (1993–1995) during which effective legal protection, boundary and buffer zones were to be established and international conservation efforts were to be monitored and coordinated; At the time of inscription, Cambodia was سازمان ملل متحد-controlled following the civil war in the 1980s.
قلعه بهلا
Cultural:(iv)
۱۹۸۷
۱۹۸۸–۲۰۰۴
Degradation of earth structures of the fort and of the oasis of Bahla
باتروتام
alt=Ruins of an amphitheatre and other structures.
Cultural:(iii)
۱۹۹۲
۱۹۹۷–۲۰۰۵
Damages due to management and conservation
کلیسای جامع کلن
Cultural:(i), (ii), (iv)
۱۹۹۶
۲۰۰۴–۲۰۰۶
High-rise building plan near the cathedral threatening to inflict damage to the integrity of the property; delisted after the building plan was halted and a buffer zone introduced
پناهگاه ملی پرندگان جوج
alt=Cormorants on a tree without leaves above some water.
Natural:(vii), (x)
۱۹۸۱
۱۹۸۴–۱۹۸۸, ۲۰۰۰–۲۰۰۶
Long term threat by construction plan for a down-stream dam (1984); delisted (1988) as water supply to the park was insured by the construction of a sluice and a management plan was being prepared; relisted (2000) due to environmental and economical threats posed by the introduced species Salvinia molesta and Pistia stratiotes as well as issues with water management in the park
Dresden Elbe Valley #
alt=View from a low hill over a large river running towards a big city.
Cultural:(ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
۲۰۰۴
۲۰۰۶–۲۰۰۹
Construction plans for the Waldschlösschen Bridge in the core area of the cultural landscape; removed from the list of World Heritage Sites in 2009 after construction commenced at the end of 2007
دوبروونیک
alt=Marina in a city with churches and a fort.
Cultural:(i), (iii), (iv)
۱۹۷۹
۱۹۹۱–۱۹۹۸
جنگ استقلال کرواسی
گالاپاگوس
alt=Landscape with little vegetation, rocks and an isthmus.
Natural:(vii), (viii), (ix), (x)
۱۹۷۸
۲۰۰۷–۲۰۱۰
Various threats including insufficient prevention of possibilities for the introduction of alien species, insufficient resource allocation for conservation agencies and park management, presence of a large number of illegal immigrants, rapid uncontrolled growth of tourism, fishing over-capacity and sports fishing
هامپی
Cultural:(i), (iii), (iv)
۱۹۸۶
۱۹۹۹–۲۰۰۶
Partial construction of two cable-suspended bridges within the protected archaeological areas of Hampi threatening the integrity and authenticity of the site
دریاچه اشکل
alt=Forested coastal mountains.
Natural:(x)
۱۹۸۰
۱۹۹۶–۲۰۰۶
Construction of dams limiting the freshwater flow to the area and causing an increased salinity of the lake and the marshes as well as a decrease in the number of migrating bird populations
پارک ملی ایگوئاچو
alt=A large waterfall falling into a horseshoe shaped gorge.
Natural:(vii), (x)
۱۹۸۶
۱۹۹۹–۲۰۰۱
Illegally opened road ("Colon Road") through the park, dams on the رود ایگواسو and helicopter flights.
دره کاتماندو
alt=Red-colored multi-storied building and tower like structure.
Cultural:(iii), (iv), (vi)
۱۹۷۹
۲۰۰۳–۲۰۰۷
Partial or substantial loss of the traditional elements of six out of seven monument zones and resulting general loss of authenticity and integrity of the whole property.
Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor
alt=A town in rocky mountains next to a bay or lake.
Cultural:(i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
۱۹۷۹
۱۹۷۹–۲۰۰۳
Damage following the earthquake from April 15, 1979
پارک ملی مناس
Natural:(vii), (ix), (x)
۱۹۸۵
۱۹۹۲–۲۰۱۱
Poaching, damage to the parks infrastructure and decrease in the population of some species particularly the کرگدن هندی following an invasion by militants of the Bodo tribe in 1992
منطقه حفاظت‌شده انگورونگورو
alt=Birds eye view over a largely unvegetated plain with a lake. In the distance a mountain range is visible.
Natural:(iv), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)
۱۹۷۸
۱۹۸۴–۱۹۸۹
Declining conservation status
Plitvice Lakes National Park
alt=Turqois colored lakes among white rocks.
Natural:(vii), (viii), (ix)
۱۹۷۹
۱۹۹۲–۱۹۹۷
Potential threat due to the جنگ استقلال کرواسی
کاخ‌های سلطنتی ابومی
alt=Stone wall and a simple hut with decorations of animals and plants in colored relief.
Cultural:(iii), (iv)
۱۹۸۵
۱۹۸۵–۲۰۰۷
General state of deterioration due to the elements and inappropriate restoration which are in conflict with the authenticity of the site
Rwenzori Mountains National Park
alt=Hills with grassland, trees and farmland in front of a mountain range.
Natural:(vii), (ix)
۱۹۹۴
۱۹۹۹–۲۰۰۴
Security situation and lack of monitoring of a major part of the park
پارک ملی سانگای
alt=Forested mountain landscape.
Natural:(vii), (viii), (ix), (x)
۱۹۸۳
۱۹۹۲–۲۰۰۵
شکار غیرقانونی بی‌رویه، چرای غیرقانونی دام، دست‌اندازی به محیط پارک و تهدید بالقوه ناشی از پروژه ساخت جاده
Srebarna Nature Reserve
alt=Lake in a landscape with low vegetation.
Natural:(x)
۱۹۸۳
۱۹۹۲–۲۰۰۳
Prevention of seasonal flooding and agricultural use causing a decline or disappearance of the water and passerine bird populations
تیمبوکتو
alt=Pyramid shaped structure with many sticks sticking out of its walls.
Cultural:(ii), (iv), (v)
۱۹۸۸
۱۹۹۰–۲۰۰۵
Threat of sand encroachment
تی‌پازه
Cultural:(iii), (iv)
۱۹۸۲
۲۰۰۲–۲۰۰۶
Inadequat maintenance affecting the integrity of the site and its buffer zone
Wieliczka Salt Mine
alt=Large room with lamps hanging from the ceiling and sculptures or reliefs along the walls.
Cultural:(iv)
۱۹۷۸
۱۹۸۹–۱۹۹۸
Humidity problem
پارک ملی یلوستون
Natural:(vii), (viii), (ix), (x)
۱۹۷۸
۱۹۹۵–۲۰۰۳
Ascertained dangers to Yellowstone cutthroat trout as well as sewage leakage and waste contamination in parts of the park; potential threats to water quantity and quality, past and proposed mining activities, a proposed control program to eradicate تب مالت in the بیزون herds
یادداشت