JULY 2022 Overview The drought situation continued to worsen in twenty (20) of the 23 ASAL counties. The number of counties in the Alarm stage of drought has increased from five (5) in May to eight (8) in June 2022. The counties in Alarm drought phase are Mandera, Marsabit, Wajir, Laikipia, Tharaka Nithi, Turkana, Samburu and Isiolo while twelve (12) counties including Garissa, Kajiado, Kitui, Makueni, Meru, Taita Taveta, Tana River, Nyeri, Embu, Turkana, Kwale and Kilifi are in Alert drought phase. This is attributed to the poor performance of the 2021 short rains coupled with previous two failed consecutive seasons and early cessation of the 2022 long rains season. Three counties namely Narok, West Pokot (except Sigor sub-county) and Baringo (except Tiaty sub-county) are in Normal drought phase. The number of people in need of assistance is 4.1 million up from 3.5 million in May 2022. Drought indicators June Rainfall Performance Several parts of ASALs remained relatively dry in June. Analysis of the June 2022 monthly rainfall from 1st to 28th June 2022 indicates that most parts of the ASALs experienced near to below average rainfall (less than 75mm of rainfall). The Pastoral North East counties including; Mandera, Wajir, Isiolo, Tana River and parts of Garissa received between 10mm to 50mm of rainfall totals. The South East Marginal Agriculture counties; Tharaka Nithi, Embu, Kajiado, Meru, Makueni and Kitui counties were also badly hit as they received very little rainfall in the range ( 10mm - 25mm). The Coast Marginal Agriculture counties received some off- season rainfall with parts of Kwale, Kilifi and Lamu counties receiving a moderate to above Figure 1. June 2022 Rainfall performance normal rainfall amounts. Lamu and northern Kilifi received between 100mm - 150mm of rainfall. The same situation was experienced in some parts of Agro pastoral cluster; parts of Narok west and southern parts of Baringo county receiving off-season rainfall that was moderate in the range of 76mm - 125mm of rainfall totals. Rainfall Forecast for July 2022 The July 2022 weather outlook indicates that several parts of the Arid and Semi Arid Lands will be generally dry and sunny. The Pastoral North East counties including; Mandera, Wajir, Isiolo, Garissa and Tana River counties will experience generally sun and dry weather conditions. The same will apply to some parts of the coastal counties with exemption of the coastal line stretch of Kwale, Kilifi, Tana River and Lamu counties which are expected to receive NearAbove average rainfall. The Pastoral North West counties; especially Turkana county is expected to receive Near average rainfall with a slight tendency to above average rainfall. This is expected to stretch eastwards towards, Samburu county. Most of Agro-Pastoral counties are expected to experience sunny and dry weather conditions with the exemption of Narok and Baringo counties which are expected to receive Near-average rainfall with a slight tendency to Figure 1. July 2022 Rainfall forecast above average rainfall. Some parts of central ASAL counties of Laikipia, Embu, Meru, Tharaka Nithi are expected to experience periodically chilly and overcast skies with light rainfall. Figure 3 compares the vegetation condition index (VCI) in June 2021 with that in June 2022. Generally, when compared to similar period last year and the long-term average, the current condition of vegetation deteriorating. June 2021 June 2022 Figure 3: Maps comparing Vegetation Condition (VCI) The month of June 2022 indicated a slight deterioration in vegetation condition across the Arid and Semi-Arid Counties (ASAL) as compared to the previous month of May 2022. The following 2 sub-counties in Garissa (Balambala, Lagdera) are in Extreme vegetation deficit band hence in need of humanitarian assistance. The following six counties (6); Isiolo Kilifi, Kwale, Laikipia, Marsabit and Samburu are in Severe vegetation deficit. The following seven (7) counties including; Garissa, Kajiado, Kitui, Mandera, Taita-Taveta, Tana-River and Wajir are in Moderate vegetation deficit hence close monitoring and response plans. The following six (6) counties including; Baringo, Makueni, Meru, Tharaka-Nithi, Turkana and West-Pokot recorded Normal vegetation greenness. The following four (4) counties including; Embu, Lamu, Nyeri and Narok recorded Above normal vegetation greenness. The vegetation condition in June 2022 is worse as compared to the same period the previous year, June 2021 as shown in (Figure 2). A summary of the vegetation condition across ASAL counties as at end of June 2022 is provided in Figure 1. The situation for each county disaggregated by sub-county is provided in Table 1 Category County Sub Counties (No) Extreme (2) Garissa (Balambala, Lagdera) Severe (6) (22) vegetation Isiolo Garissa (Daadab, Township), Isiolo (Isiolo-North, Isiolo-South), Kajiado (Kajiado- deficit Kilifi south) Kilifi (Ganze, Kaloleni), Kwale (Kinango), Laikipia (Laikipia-North), Kwale Mandera (Mandera-East, Lafey) Marsabit (Laisamis, North Horr, Saku), Meru Laikipia (Igembe-North), Samburu (Samburu-East), Taita Taveta (Mwatate, Voi), Tana- River (Bura, Galole), Wajir (Eldas, Wajir-West) Moderate (7) (35) vegetation Garissa Kajiado (Kajiado-Central, Kajiado-East), Kilifi (Magarini, Malindi, Kilifi-North, deficit Kajiado Rabai, Kilifi-South), Kitui (Kitui-East, Mwingi-Central, Kitui-South), Kwale Kitui (Lungalunga), Laikipia (Laikipia East, Laikipia-West), Makueni (Kibwezi-East, Mandera Kibwezi-West), Mandera (Banissa, Mandera-North ,Mandera-South, Mandera- Taita West), Marsabit (Moyale), Meru (Buuri, Tigania-East, Tigania-West), Samburu Taveta (Samburu-North, Samburu-West), Taita-Taveta (Taveta, Wundanyi), Tana-River (Garsen), Turkana (Turkana-East, Turkana-South), Wajir (Wajir-East, Wajir- River North, Wajir-South, Tarbaj), West Pokot (Sigor) Normal (6) (25) vegetation Baringo greenness Makueni Baringo (Baringo-Central, Mogotio, Baringo-North, Baringo-South, Tiaty), Meru Garissa (Fafi), Kajiado (Kajiado-West), Kitui (Kitui-Central, Mwingi-North, Tharaka- Mwingi-West, Kitui-Rural, Kitui West), Kwale (Matuga, Msambweni) Makueni Nithi (Kilome), Meru (Igembe-Central, North-Imenti), Nyeri (Kieni, Township), Turkana Tharaka-Nithi (Tharaka), Turkana (Turkana-Central, Loima, Turkana-North,), West- West Pokot (Kacheliba, Kapenguria) Pokot Vegetation (4) (28) greenness Embu Baringo (Eldama-ravine), Embu (Manyatta, Mbeere-North, Mbeere-South, Above normal Narok Runyenjes), Garissa (Ijara), Kajiado (Kajiado-North), Lamu (Lamu-East, Lamu- Nyeri West), Makueni (Kaiti, Makueni, Mbooni), Meru (Central Imenti, Igembe-South, Lamu South Imenti), Narok (Narok-East, Emurua-Dikirr, Kilgoris, Narok-North, Narok- South, Narok-West), Nyeri (Mathira, Mukurweini, Othaya, Tetu), Tharaka Nithi (Chuka, Maara), Turkana (Turkana-West) Table 1: Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), June 2022 Livestock Production Pasture and Browse Condition The state of pasture and browse in most of the arid and semi-arid counties was generally in fair to poor conditions as shown in Table 2. The current pasture and browse condition are below normal as compared to normal years with no improvement realized when compared to the previous month probably due to early cessation of the MAM rainfall season which led to little regeneration of pasture and browse. The current pasture and browse condition would not last for a long duration due to high concentration of livestock in the grazing areas. Pasture condition Browse condition Poor Baringo Kilifi Garissa Baringo Kwale Embu Tharaka Nithi Lamu Isiolo Embu Lamu Garissa Makueni Mandera Tharaka Nithi Isiolo Meru (North) Nyeri (Kieni) Kajiado Kajiado Narok Samburu Kilifi Kitui Tana River Kitui Kwale West Pokot Laikipia Laikipia Makueni Marsabit Meru (North) Nyeri (Kieni) Narok Turkana Turkana Wajir Wajir Table 2.0: Pasture and Browse Condition, June 2022 Livestock Body Condition The current livestock body condition displayed no major improvement as compared to previous month. Generally, the current body condition of most livestock is below normal in comparison to similar periods during a normal year. Consequently, most counties reported livestock body condition as fair to poor condition with exception of Kilifi which reported good body condition for cattle and Kajiado and Lamu for goats as shown in Table 3. The fair to poor condition is as a result of the poor performance of the 2022 long rains season, accompanied with early cessation which resulted to little or no regeneration of pasture and browse that has direct impact on livestock body condition. Table 3.0: Livestock Body Condition, June 2022 Cattle Goats Garissa Baringo Kilifi Embu Baringo Kajiado Isiolo Embu Mandera Garissa Kilifi Laikipia Tharaka Nithi Marsabit Isiolo Lamu Mandera Kajiado Tharaka Nithi Marsabit Kitui Kitui Samburu Kwale Kwale Taita Taveta Lamu Laikipia Meru (North) Meru (North) Nyeri (Kieni) Nyeri (Kieni) Taita Taveta Samburu Tana River Taita Taveta Turkana Tana River Milk Production Milk production was on a worsening trend as compared to the previous month in most of the counties. Some counties including; Baringo, Kilifi, Kwale, Lamu, Samburu, West Pokot and Meru recorded an improving trend. The below normal milk production is attributed to the poor rainfall performance of the MAM rainfall season, the late onset and minimal showers during the month of May and persistent dry spell period being experienced across the ASAL region. The current milk production status is below average as compared to normal year with Makueni County being the only county at above LTA. Milk production trends in the 23 ASAL counties is presented in table Table 4.0: Milk Production, June 2022 Milk Makueni Kwale Baringo Baringo Isiolo Embu Embu Kilifi Kajiado Garissa Production Garissa Kwale Makueni Kitui Isiolo Lamu Marsabit Wajir Kajiado Samburu Narok Tharaka Nithi Kilifi West Pokot Tana River Kitui Meru Laikipia Laikipia Mandera Lamu Nyeri Mandera Taita Taveta Narok NB: All the 270 sampled households in Turkana County reported that they did not milk their livestock since milk was barely enough for young calves, kids or lambs Cattle Prices In most counties, cattle prices in the month of June remained stable compared to the previous month owing mainly to the poor body condition as illustrated in Table 5. The current cattle prices are below normal in most of the counties in comparison to similar period during a normal year. However, Tana-River, Narok, Lamu and Kwale reported above normal LTA due to increased demand of livestock market as compared to low supply. Eight counties reported an improving trend in prices whereas five counties reported a worsening trend as illustrated in Table 5. Table 5.0: Cattle Prices, June 2022 Cattle Tana River West Pokot Garissa Baringo Garissa Embu Narok Tharaka Nithi Isiolo Kwale Isiolo Kitui Lamu Makueni Kilifi Lamu Kajiado Meru Kwale Kajiado Kitui Narok Kilifi Samburu Baringo Laikipia Turkana Laikipia Tana River Embu Mandera Wajir Makueni Tharaka Nithi Marsabit Mandera Meru Marsabit Taita Taveta West Pokot Goat Prices Goat prices in most of the ASAL counties were above LTA. The trend was however stable and improving owing to low number of goats available for sell in the market except for Baringo, Kajiado, Marsabit, Turkana and Wajir counties which reported a worsening trend. Table 6.0: Goat Prices, June 2022 Goat Embu Kitui Garissa Kitui Embu Baringo Kajiado Meru Mandera Isiolo Garissa Kajiado Kilifi Marsabit Nyeri Makueni Kilifi Marsabit Kwale Tharaka Nithi Samburu Kwale Turkana Laikipia Wajir Turkana Laikipia Wajir Lamu West Pokot Isiolo Lamu Makueni Taita Taveta Mandera Tana River Baringo Meru Livestock Mortality Drought conditions have persisted in ASAL counties following multiple failed successive rain seasons. This has led to conditions of severe to extreme vegetation deficit coupled with challenges of access to water. This has led to increased trekking distances to water points and grazing sites for livestock, leading to worsening livestock body condition scores and mortalities in some pockets of Garissa, Wajir, Marsabit, Isiolo, and Mandera. There is a need to purposely support both commercial and emergency livestock offtake across the ASALs in the face of an elevated level of risk following the failed MAM 2022 season and the forecast poor OND 2022 season prospects. Crop Production In the Coast Marginal Agricultural (CMA) counties, the crop condition is poor, with most counties reporting withering of crops with the surviving ones at podding and tussling stage. The majority of plant growth in the South Eastern Marginal Agriculture (SEMA) counties is knee-high. In Kwale and Lamu, planting and weeding are ongoing, just as in Tharaka Nithi. In both SEMA and CMA, season failure has been experienced with less area planted and the lands abandoned or left open for grazing. Maize Prices In all counties, the price of maize was on a stable or worsening trend in June as compared to the previous month as demonstrated in Table 7. The current maize prices are above LTA due to depletion of stocks. Table 7.0: Maize Prices, June 2022 Above LTA Atclose to Below LTA Improving Stable Worsening Maize Baringo Mandera Baringo Garissa Marsabit Embu Embu Tana River Isiolo Isiolo Nyeri Kilifi Kajiado Tharaka Nithi Kitui Kilifi Wajir Kwale Kitui Laikipia Kwale Makueni Laikipia Meru Makueni Narok Mandera Samburu Marsabit Taita Taveta Meru Turkana Narok West Pokot Nyeri Garissa Samburu Kajiado Taita-Taveta Lamu WATER ACCESS Access to Water for Households In comparison to the long-term average, distance to water for households in 20 counties is above the LTA. The distance between the household and the water source is generally increasing in comparison to the previous month. West-Pokot and Tana-River counties showed an improving trend. The trend in the distances walked by households to access water is provided in Table 8. Table 8.0: Distance from households to main water sources, June 2022 Distance Turkana Baringo Tharaka Nithi West Pokot Laikipia Embu Wajir Kitui Tana River Lamu Garissa West Pokot Makueni Isiolo households Kwale Mandera Kajiado to main Laikipia Baringo Kilifi water Lamu Tharaka Nithi Kitui Makueni Kwale sources Marsabit Meru Meru Narok Narok Nyeri Nyeri Samburu Tana River Wajir Garissa Isiolo Kilifi Access to Water for Livestock The trend in the distance trekked by livestock in search of water is presented in Table 9. Compared with the previous month, the current trekking distance to water sources from grazing areas is worsening across most of the counties. 74 percent of counties were above LTA with most counties being on a worsening trend except for Samburu County, which is on an improving trend. This is illustrated in table 9.0. Table 9.0: Distance from livestock grazing area to main water sources, June 2022 Distance from Embu Garissa Baringo Samburu West Pokot Embu Isiolo Lamu Tharaka Nithi Tharaka Nithi Isiolo livestock Kajiado Narok Wajir Narok Kajiado grazing area Kilifi Lamu Kilifi to main water Kitui Garissa Kitui sources Kwale Baringo Kwale Laikipia Laikipia Mandera Mandera Marsabit Marsabit Meru Meru Tana River Turkana Turkana Wajir Terms of Trade Table 10 shows the trends in terms of trade (ToT) between the relative prices of goats and maize in ASAL counties. In most counties, ToT values are below the long-term average (LTA). The TOT is on a worsening trend as it is displaying worsening conditions in most counties. The worsening trend is as a result of stable goat prices, while maize prices has worsened. Table 10.0: Terms of Trade, June 2022 Terms of Lamu Kilifi Baringo Kwale Lamu Baringo Tana River Embu Narok Embu trade Garissa Tana River Isiolo (ToT) Isiolo Kajiado Kitui Kilifi Kwale Kitui Mandera Meru Marsabit Samburu Meru Taita Taveta Narok Tharaka Nithi Nyeri West Pokot Samburu Nyeri Tharaka Nithi Garissa Turkana Mandera Wajir Marsabit Health and Nutrition Table 11 shows the trend in the proportion of children at risk of malnutrition (MUAC) across the ASAL counties. Baringo, Kajiado, Kitui, Mandera, Marsabit, Samburu, Tana River, Tharaka Nithi, and Wajir have MUAC above the long-term average. This is mostly attributed to the continued reduced milk consumption at household level due to a decrease in milk production, as well as poor dietary diversity, poor child feeding practices, and reduced food intake at household level. Kajiado, Makueni, Meru, Tana River, Tharaka-Nithi, and Turkana counties reported a worsening trend as shown in table 11.0 that requires close monitoring. Garissa, Mandera, Meru, Narok, Nyeri, Samburu, and Wajir counties recorded an improvement in trend in the month under review. Table 11.0: Children at risk of malnutrition (MUAC), June 2022 Baringo Laikipia Embu Garissa Samburu Baringo Kajiado Lamu Garissa Nyeri Isiolo Kajiado MUAC Kitui Kilifi Isiolo West Pokot Lamu Kitui Mandera Taita Taveta Kwale Turkana Marsabit Makueni Marsabit Makueni Kwale Tana River Mandera Samburu Meru Tharaka-Nithi Meru Tana River Narok Wajir Narok Tharaka Nithi Nyeri Embu Samburu Wajir Turkana Garissa West-Pokot Kilifi Taita-Taveta Drought Phase Classification Table 12 sums up the trends in drought phase classification as at the end of June 2022. On the basis of the range of indicators monitored above, twelve (12) counties including Garissa, Kajiado, Kitui, Makueni, Meru, Taita Taveta, Tana River, Nyeri, Embu, Turkana, Kwale and Kilifi are in the Alert drought phase, while three (3) counties including Baringo (except Tiaty sub-county), West Pokot (except Sigor sub-county) and Narok are in the Normal drought phase. Eight (8) counties namely; Mandera, Marsabit, Wajir, Laikipia, Tharaka-Nithi, Turkana, Samburu and Isiolo are in Alarm drought phase. During the month under review, three (3) counties reported an improving trend, six (6) counties recorded a stable trend, while fourteen (14) counties reported a worsening trend. Table 12.0: Drought phase classification, June 2022 Drought Trend status Improving Stable Worsening Normal Baringo Narok Alert Kilifi Kwale Garissa Kitui Makueni Alarm Marsabit Tharaka Nithi Laikipia Samburu Mandera Isiolo Recovery Recommendations Food and safety nets Provision of food assistance and scaling up of cash transfers targeting households which are currently food insecure as a result of the prevailing drought stress. Livestock sector Provision of livestock feeds and supplements. Treatment and vaccination against emerging livestock diseases. Water sector Support water trucking interventions. Rehabilitation and maintenance of water facilities. Provision of fuel subsidies to motorized boreholes. Procurement and distribution of water storage tanks. Health and nutrition sector Support on hygiene and sanitation promotions. Provisions for severe acute malnutrition - Ready to Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF). Supplies for moderate acute malnutrition - Ready to Use Supplementary Food (RUSF). Education sector Enhance hygiene promotion in learning institutions. Provision of food to subsidize school fees in boarding secondary schools. Peace and security sector Facilitating intrainter communities peace dialogues and resource use agreements. Coordination of peace and security activities in conflict prone counties. Coordination Support County Steering Groups (CSGs) to effectively coordinate drought response activities. Table 1: Vegetation Condition Index (VCI-3 month) as at 26th June 2022 BARINGO County 33.01 45.38 The entire county and five of its sub-counties recorded Normal vegetation Central 30.16 47.68 greenness which was an improvement when compared with the previous month of May. Eldama improved from Normal vegetation greenness Vegetation Eldama 40.06 53.21 greenness above normal. Mogotio 27.18 41.33 North 29.39 39.05 South 34.33 46.75 Tiaty 34.4 46.32 MANDERA County 23.91 24.11 The county recorded moderate vegetation condition which is stable when Banissa 30.94 31.82 compared with the previous month. Mandera East improved from extreme to M East 9.77 11.2 severe. Lafey 16.52 17.96 M North 26.72 28.42 M South 25.64 24.09 M West 24.94 23.6 TURKANA County 38.64 43.33 The county recorded a stability in vegetation greenness but still remained at T Central 49.7 36.11 normal vegetation condition during the month June. T. East 26.37 28.78 T. Loima 42.41 39.83 T. North 36.58 45.68 T. South 36.83 31.5 T. West 44.75 62.78 MARSABIT County 15.4 15.22 The county remained stable at severe vegetation condition during the month of Laisaimis 11.97 13.93 June. Moyale maintained at moderate vegetation greenness. Moyale 22.54 22.93 N. Horr 15.54 13.86 Saku 15.13 17.42 WAJIR County 18.62 23.26 The County and most of its sub counties recorded an improvement from severe W East 23.64 32.07 vegetation deficit to moderate vegetation greenness. W. Eldas 16.95 16.49 W. North 25.38 26.73 W. South 14.46 20.4 W. Tarbaj 25.18 31.43 W West 19.2 13.63 SAMBURU County 14.15 19.36 The county and one of its sub-counties recorded severe vegetation deficit during S East 10.96 14.37 the month under review. Samburu west and north improved to moderate S. North 16.86 24.16 vegetation deficit. S. West 17.84 23.15 GARISSA County 27.31 29.58 The county remained stable at moderate vegetation deficit during the month under Balambala 10.69 9.64 review. Balambala worsened to extreme vegetation deficit while Fafi and Ijara Daadab 19.46 19.16 showed improvement in vegetation condition. Fafi 37.42 33.65 Ijara 47.83 54.09 Lagdera 6.92 6.22 Dujis 18.07 14.93 ISIOLO County 11.57 11.22 The county and all its sub-counties recorded severe vegetation deficit during the I. North 11.17 11.29 month under review. I. South 11.11 12.17 TANA RIVER County 24.19 22.95 The county and all one of its subcounty recorded moderate vegetation deficit. Bura 20.02 19.5 Bura and Galole sub-counties deteriorated from moderate vegetation deficit to Galole 22.11 18.65 severe vegetation deficit. Garsen 29.03 28.57 KAJIADO County 33.08 31.02 The County and two of its sub-counties recorded moderate vegetation deficit. K. Central 30.86 24.28 Kajiado North recorded vegetation greenness above normal while Kajiado south K. East 31.06 25.89 recorded severe vegetation deficit. K. North 43.65 55.67 K. South 20.47 17.9 K. West 45.17 47.11 LAIKIPIA County 14.28 16.35 The County recorded severe vegetation deficit with a stable trend. Laikipia East L. East 23.04 22.08 and West was at moderate vegetation deficit. L. North 10.29 10.38 L. West 17.54 24.76 THARAKA County 42.07 47.66 The county recorded normal vegetation greenness during the month under review NITHI Chuka 51.2 56.81 which was a stable trend as compared to the previous month of May. Maara 57.21 64.62 Tharaka 33.8 38.79 WEST County 28.47 38.17 The County and two of its sub-counties recorded normal vegetation greenness POKOT Kacheliba 28.38 35.14 during the month under review which was stable when compared with the Kapenguria 32.59 43.7 previous month of May. Pokot South improved to above normal vegetation greenness. Pokot South 39.41 55.11 Sigor 18.69 29 EMBU County 57.44 62.23 The county and all its sub-counties recorded above normal vegetation greenness Manyatta 61.62 65.67 during the month under review which a stable trend. Mbeere North 60.54 60.86 Mbeere South 54.31 61.38 Runyenjes 57.38 64.6 County 27.82 31.92 The county recorded moderate vegetation deficit during the month of June with all of its sub-counties displaying an improving trend as compared to the previous Kitui Central 35.98 35.05 month of May. Kitui East 25.59 29.86 KITUI Mwingi 32.84 28.74 Mwingi North 34.75 36 Mwingi West 47.19 48.85 Kitui Rural 32.15 35.66 Kitui South 22.42 27.95 Kitui West 36.43 40.85 County 41.79 42.85 The county recorded normal vegetation greenness during the month under review Kaiti 71.76 65.77 which was a stable trend as compared to May. Kibwezi East and West deteriorated Kibwezi East 30.9 29.63 to moderate vegetation deficit. MAKUENI Kibwezi West 33.41 32.14 Kilome 50.28 40.96 Makueni 46.31 60.66 Mbooni 60.67 58.55 County 38.87 38.12 The county and two of its sub-counties recorded normal vegetation greenness Buuri 34.11 30.92 while 3 recorded above normal vegetation greenness during the month of June Central Imenti 57.51 62.21 with Igembe North recording severe vegetation deficit portraying a stable trend MERU for the county during this month under review. Igembe 36.64 37.08 Igembe North 17.22 13.11 Igembe South 51.57 57.49 North Imenti 50.8 46.51 South Imenti 59.72 65.8 Tigania East 35.9 32.92 Tigania West 36 29.33 County 53.68 57.17 The county and four of its sub counties remained stable at above normal Kieni 45.06 48.12 vegetation greenness except Kieni and township which recorded normal NYERI Mathira 60.91 65.91 vegetation greenness. Mukurweini 65.84 76.5 Othaya 65.69 74.14 Tetu 57.78 70.43 Township 69.52 49.27 County 17.53 19.81 The vegetation condition in the county and two of its sub-counties was at severe Ganze 11.49 12.85 vegetation deficit during the month under review. Rabai, Kilifi South and Kilifi KILIFI Kaloleni 9.65 14.26 South improved from severe vegetation deficit to moderate vegetation deficit. Kaloleni improved from extreme to severe vegetation deficit. Magarini 21.56 21.72 Malindi 20.54 28.77 Kilifi-North 12.61 23.29 Rabai 12.71 25.74 Kilifi-South 14.48 25.25 County 17.15 19.99 The county recorded severe vegetation deficit, a stability in vegetation condition KWALE Kinango 13.12 12.79 during the month under review. Lungalunga 17.2 22.32 Matuga 30..54 41.67 Msambweni 30.76 38.89 LAMU County 44.1 57.28 The County and all of its sub-counties recorded above normal vegetation Lamu East 45.93 57.25 greenness. All the sub-counties showed improvement. Lamu West 43.05 57.3 County 23.95 20.31 The County recorded moderate vegetation deficit which was stable when TAITA TAVETA Mwatate 27.32 18.78 compared to the previous month of May. Mwatate and Wundanyi worsened to Taveta 28.53 24.85 severe vegetation deficit. Voi 20.61 18.3 Wundanyi 29.15 26.53 County 60.23 57.05 Narok-East 57.47 58.56 NAROK Emurua Dikirr 67.34 67.4 There was stability in vegetation cover as the county and all of its sub-counties Kilgoris 61.53 54.11 recorded Above normal vegetation greenness during the month of June. Narok-North 50.72 56.24 Narok-South 64.32 57.02 Narok-West 61.3 57.7 Table 14.0: Indicators monitored by the drought early warning system Type of indicator Examples of indicators monitored Types of impact Biophysical Rainfall data Environmental State of water sources Production Livestock body condition Livestock production Milk production Crop production Livestock migration Livestock mortality Crop production Access Terms of trade (meatmaize) Markets Milk consumption Access to food and water Distances to water Utilization MUAC (Mid-Upper Arm Circumference) Nutrition Coping strategies Coping strategies Food consumption score Summary of the Drought Early Warning System Each month, field monitors collect data at a number of sentinel sites across 23 arid and semi-arid counties. This is then complemented by information from other sources, particularly satellite data. For all indicators, the current value is compared with the long-term average for the time of year in order to establish whether it falls within seasonal norms. Four types of indicators are monitored, capturing different kinds of impact (Table 12). The combined analysis from all four indicator groups then determines the particular drought phase: normal, alert, alarm, emergency, or recovery (Figure 4). Identifying the correct drought phase helps to guide the most appropriate response for that stage in the drought cycle.