Hunger Prevention Act of 1988
PL 100-435 (S.2560), enacted 09/19/1988

PUBLIC LAW 100-435—SEPT. 19, 1988 
102 STAT. 1645 
Public Law 100-435 
100th Congress 
An Act 
To amend the Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983 to require the 
Secretary of Agriculture to make available additional types of commodities, to 
Sept. 19, 1988 
improve child nutrition and food stamp programs, to provide other hunger relief, 
[S. 2560] 
and for other purposes. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled. 
Hunger 
Prevention Act 
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
of 1988. 
(a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the "Hunger Preven- 
p^on^"^ ^^ 
tion Act of 1988". 
State and local 
(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents is as follows: 
governments. 
7 u s e 2011 note. 
Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. 
TITLE I—EMERGENCY HUNGER PREVENTION 
Subtitle A—Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Program 
Sec. 101. Domestic use as a higher priority than foreign sales. 
Sec. 102. Supplementation of commodities. 
Sec. 103. Extension of TEFAP. 
Sec. 104. Additional commodities program. 
Sec. 105. Distribution costs and regulations. 
Sec. 106. Extension of dairy export incentive program. 
Sec. 107. Extension of export sales of dairy products. 
Subtitle B—Soup Kitchens and Other Emergency Food Aid 
Sec. 110. Soup kitchens and food banks. 
Sec. 111. Gleaning technical assistance. 
Subtitle C—Basic Food Stamp Benefit Levels 
Sec. 120. Thrifty food plan. 
Subtitle D—Commodity Supplemental Food Program 
Sec. 130. Continuation of provision of cheese supplies. 
TITLE II—NUTRITION IMPROVEMENTS 
Subtitle A—Food Stamp Act of 1977 
Sec. 201. Categorical eligibility. 
Sec. 202. Reporting requirements and calculation of household income. 
Sec. 203. Benefits for households subject to prorating. 
Sec. 204. Optional food stamp information activities. 
Sec. 205. Extension of homeless amendments. 
Subtitle B—Child Nutrition Act of 1966, and National School Lunch Act 
Sec. 210. Improvement of school breakfast program. 
Sec. 211. Addition of one snack or one meal to the Child Care Food Program. 
Sec. 212. Access of homeless women, infants, and children to the special 
supplemental food program. 
Sec. 213. Summer feeding program. 
Sec. 214. Department of Defense child care feeding program. 
Subtitle C—Food Processing and Distribution 
Sec. 220. Encouragement of food processing and distribution by eligible recipient 
agencies. 
102 STAT. 1646 
PUBLIC LAW 100-435—SEPT. 19, 1988 
TITLE III—ADMINISTRATIVE IMPROVEMENTS AND SIMPLIFICATION 
Sec. 301. References to the Food Stamp Act of 1977. 
Subtitle A—Reducing Unnecessary Paperwork 
Sec. 310. Simplified application forms. 
Sec. 311. Statement of required verification. 
Subtitle B—Assuring Accurate Issuance of Benefits 
Sec. 320. Correcting improper denials and underissuances. 
Sec. 321. Special training of State personnel involved in certifying farm households. 
Sec. 322. Training of certification workers and community resources. 
Sec. 323. Preventing incorrect issuances. 
Subtitle C—Reducing Barriers in Rural America 
Sec. 330. Transportation difficulties in rural areas. 
Subtitle D—Eliminating Inequities for Farmers and Others 
Sec. 340. Continuation of food stamps to participants in cash-outs of other benefit 
programs. 
Sec. 341. Annualizing self-employment income and expenses from farming. 
Sec. 342. Households in transition. 
Sec. 343. Technical correction to exclusion of energy assistance from food stamp 
income. 
Sec. 344. Civil money penalties and disqualification of retail food stores and whole-
sale food concerns. 
Subtitle E—Reducing Barriers for the Elderly and Disabled 
Sec. 350. Disabled persons receiving benefits under standards at least as stringent 
as those in the Social Security Act. 
Sec. 351. Simplified procedure for claiming excess medical deduction. 
Sec. 352. Coordinated application. 
TITLE IV—FAMILY SELF-SUFFICIENCY 
Sec. 401. References to the Food Stamp Act of 1977. 
Sec. 402. Exclusion for advance payment of earned income credit. 
Sec. 403. Deduction for dependent care. 
Sec. 404. Employment and training. 
TITLE V—DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS 
Sec. 501. Farmers' market coupons demonstration project. 
Sec. 502. Food bank demonstration project. 
Sec. 503. Family or group day care home demonstration project. 
Sec. 504. Demonstration projects for development and use of intelligent computer 
benefit cards to pay food stamp benefits. 
Sec. 505. Study of the effectiveness of the food stamp employment and training 
program. 
TITLE VI-IMPROVING PAYMENT ACCURACY 
Sec. 601. Review of State program investment when settling claims. 
Sec. 602. Interest on claims against State agencies. 
Sec. 603. Administrative and judicial review. 
Sec. 604. Payment accuracy improvement system. 
TITLE VII-IMPLEMENTATION 
Sec. 701. Effective dates. 
PUBLIC LAW 100-435—SEPT. 19, 1988 
102 STAT. 1647 
TITLE I—EMERGENCY HUNGER 
PREVENTION 
Subtitle A—Temporary Emergency Food 
Assistance Program 
SEC. 101. DOMESTIC USE AS A HIGHER PRIORITY THAN FOREIGN SALES. 
Section 202 of the Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Act of 
1983 (7 U.S.C. 612c note) is amended by adding at the end thereof 
the following new subsection: 
"(f) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the programs 
Dairy products. 
authorized by sections 153 and 1163 of the Food Security Act of 1985 
(15 U.S.C. 713a-14 and 7 U.S.C. 1731 note) shall not be operated in a 
manner that will, in any way, reduce the quantities of dairy prod-
ucts that traditionally are made available to carry out this Act or 
any other domestic feeding program.". 
SEC. 102. SUPPLEMENTATION OF COMMODITIES. 
The Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983 (7 U.S.C. 
612c note) is amended by adding after section 203C the following 
new section: 
"SEC. 203D. STATE AND LOCAL SUPPLEMENTATION OF COMMODITIES. 
"(a) AUTHORIZATION.—The Secretary shall establish procedures 
under which State and local agencies, charitable institutions, or any 
other persons may supplement the commodities distributed under 
the program authorized by this Act for use by emergency feeding 
organizations with nutritious and wholesome commodities that such 
entities or persons donate to State agencies and emergency feeding 
orgEuiizations for distribution, in all or part of the State, in addition 
to the commodities otherwise made available under this Act. 
"(b) USE OF FUNDS AND FACILITIES.—States and emergency feeding 
organizations may use the funds appropriated under this Act and 
equipment, structures, vehicles, and all other facilities involved in 
the storage, handling, or distribution of commodities made available 
under this Act, and the personnel, both paid or volunteer, involved 
in such storage, handling, or distribution, to store, handle or distrib-
ute commodities donated for the use of emergency feeding organiza-
tions under subsection (a). 
"(c) 
VOLUNTEER 
WORKERS.—State and emergency 
feeding 
organizations shall continue, to the maximum extent practicable, to 
use volunteer workers and commodities and other foodstuffs do-
nated by charitable and other organizations in the operation of the 
program authorized by this section.". 
SEC. 103. EXTENSION OF TEFAP. 
(a) AUTHORIZATION.—The first sentence of section 204(cXl) of the 
Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983 (7 U.S.C. 612c 
note) is amended by striking out "through September 30, 1988" and 
inserting in lieu thereof "through September 30,1990". 
(b) LOCAL SUPPORT.—The first sentence of section 204(cX2) of the 
Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983 (7 U.S.C. 612c 
note) is amended by striking out "20" and inserting in lieu thereof 
"40". 
102 STAT. 1648 
PUBLIC LAW 100-435—SEPT. 19, 1988 
(c) STORAGE AND PREPARATION.—The second sentence of section 
204(cX2) of the Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983 (7 
U.S.C. 612c note) is amended by inserting after "documentation;" 
the following: "costs of providing information to persons receiving 
commodities under this Act concerning the appropriate storage and 
preparation of such commodities;". 
(d) NOTICE OF AVAILABILITY OF COMMODITIES.—Section 210(c) of the 
Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983 (7 U.S.C. 612c 
note) is amended by striking out "the fiscal year 
ending 
September 30, 1988" and inserting "each of the fiscal years 1989 and 
1990". 
(e) PROGRAM DATES.—Section 212 of the Temporary Emergency 
Food Assistance Act of 1983 (7 U.S.C. 612c note) is amended by 
striking out "1988" and inserting in lieu thereof "1990". 
SEC. 104. ADDITIONAL COMMODITIES PROGRAM. 
The Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983 (7 U.S.C. 
612c note) is amended by adding at the end thereof the following 
new sections: 
"SEC. 213. INCORPORATION OF ADDITIONAL COMMODITIES. 
"(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall administer the program 
authorized under this Act in a manner that incorporates into the 
program additional commodities purchased by the Secretary under 
section 214 to be distributed to States for use in such States by 
emergency feeding organizations, as defined in section 201A(1). Such 
additional commodities, to the extent practicable and appropriate, 
shall include commodities purchased within a given State for dis-
tribution within such State. 
"(h) SUPPLEMENT COMMODITIES AVAILABLE.—The Secretary shall 
supplement the commodities made available to emergency feeding 
organizations under sections 202 and 203D(a) with nutritious and 
useful commodities purchased by the Secretary under section 214. 
"SEC. 214. REQUIRED PURCHASES OF COMMODITIES. 
"(a) PURPOSE.—It is the purpose of this section to establish a 
formula so that the amount, measured by their value, of additional 
commodities that are to be allocated to each State can be precisely 
calculated for fiscal years 1989 and 1990. The share of commodities, 
as measured by their value, to be allocated to each State shall be 
based 60 percent on the number of persons in households within the 
State having incomes below the poverty level and 40 percent on the 
number of unemployed persons within the State. 
"(b) DEFINITIONS.—As used in this section— 
"(1) ADDITIONAL COMMODITIES.—The term 'additional commod-
ities' means commodities purchased under this section in addi-
tion to the commodities otherwise made available under sec-
tions 202 and 203D(a). 
"(2) AVERAGE MONTHLY NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED PERSONS.— 
The term 'average monthly number of unemployed persons' 
refers to the average monthly number of unemployed persons 
within each State in the most recent fiscal year for which such 
information is available as determined by the Bureau of Labor 
Statistics of the Department of Labor. 
"(3) POVERTY UNE.—The term 'poverty line' has the same 
meaning given such term in section 673(2) of the Community 
Services Block Grant Act (42 U.S.C. 9902(2)). 
PUBLIC LAW 100-435—SEPT. 19, 1988 
102 STAT. 1649 
"(4) TOTAL VALUE OF ADDITIONAL COMMODITIES.—The term 
'total value of additional commodities' means the actual cost 
(including the distribution and processing costs incurred by the 
Secretary), as paid by the Secretary, for all additional commod-
ities purchased under subsection (e). 
"(5) VALUE OF ADDITIONAL COMMODITIES ALLOCATED TO EACH 
STATE.—The term 'value of additional commodities allocated to 
each State' means the actual cost for additional commodities 
(including the distribution and processing costs incurred by the 
Secretary) as paid by the Secretary under this section and 
allocated to such State. 
"(c) PURCHASE OF COMMODITIES.—The Secretary shall purchase a 
variety of nutritious and useful commodities of the types that the 
Secretary has the authority to acquire through the Commodity 
Credit Corporation or under section 32 of the Act entitled "An Act 
to amend the Agricultural Adjustment Act, and for other purposes", 
approved August 24, 1935 (7 U.S.C. 612c note), to supplement the 
commodities otherwise provided under the program authorized by 
this Act. 
"(d) TYPES AND VARIETIES.—The Secretary shall, to the extent 
practicable and appropriate, purchase types and varieties of 
commodities— 
"(1) with high nutrient density per calorie; 
"(2) that are easily and safely stored; 
"(3) that are convenient to use and consume; 
"(4) that are desired by recipient agencies; and 
"(5) that meet the requirement imposed by section 203C(a). 
"(e) AMOUNTS.—During each of the fiscal years 1989 and 1990, the 
Secretary shall spend $120,000,000 to purchase, process, and 
distribute additional commodities under this section. 
"(f) MANDATORY ALLOTMENTS.—In each fiscal year, the Secretary 
shall allot— 
"(1) 60 percent of the total value of additional commodities 
provided to States in a manner such that the value of additional 
commodities allocated to each State bears the same ratio to 60 
percent of the total value of additional commodities as the 
number of persons in households within the State having in-
comes below the poverty line bears to the total number of 
persons in households within all States having incomes below 
such poverty line, and each State shall be entitled to receive 
such value of additional commodities; and 
"(2) 40 percent of the total value of additional commodities 
provided to States in a manner such that the value of additional 
commodities allocated to each State bears the same ratio to 40 
percent of the total value of additional commodities as the 
average monthly number of unemployed persons within the 
State bears to the average monthly number of unemployed 
persons within all States during the same fiscal year, and each 
State shall be entitled to receive such value of additional 
commodities. 
"(g) REALLOCATION.—The Secretary shall notify each State of the 
amount of the additional commodities that such State is allotted to 
receive under subsection (f) or subsection (j) if applicable, and each 
State shall promptly notify the Secretary if such State determines 
that it will not accept any or all of the commodities made available 
under such allocation. On such a notification by a State, the Sec-
retary shall reallocate and distribute the amount the State was 
102 STAT. 1650 
PUBLIC LAW 100-435—SEPT. 19, 1988 
allocated to receive under the formula prescribed in subsection (f) 
but declined to accept. The Secretary shall further establish proce-
dures to permit States to decline to receive portions of such alloca-
tion during each fiscal year as the State determines is appropriate 
Disaster 
and the Secretary shall reallocate and distribute such allocation. In 
assistance. 
the event of any drought, flood, hurricane, or other natural disaster 
affecting substantial numbers of persons in a State, county or 
parish, the Secretary may request that States unaffected by such a 
disaster consider assisting Eiffected States by allowing the Secretary 
to reallocate commodities to which each such unaffected State is 
entitled to States containing areas adversely affected by the 
disaster, 
"(h) ADMINISTRATION.—Subject to subsections (e) and (f), or subsec-
tion (j) if applicable, purchases under this section shall be niade by 
the Secretary at such times and under such conditions as the 
Secretary determines appropriate within each fiscal year. All such 
commodities purchased for each such fiscal year shall be delivered 
at reasonable intervals to States based on the allotments calculated 
under subsection (f), or reallocated under subsection (g), or cal-
culated under subsection (j) if applicable, before the end of such 
fiscal year. Each State shall be entitled to receive that value of 
additional commodities that results from the application of the 
formula set forth in this section to the total value of additional 
commodities. 
"(i) MAINTENANCE OF EFFORT.—If a State uses its own funds to 
provide commodities or services to organizations receiving funds or 
services under this section, such State shall not diminish the level of 
support it provides to such orgcuiizations or reduce the amount of 
funds available for other nutrition programs in the State in each 
fiscal year. 
"(j) NEW FORMULA.—Notwithst-anding the provisions of this sec-
tion that set forth the specific formula for allocating additional 
commodities to each State, the Secretary is authorized to promul-
gate a different precise formula, after prior notice and comment as 
required by section 553 of title 5, United States Code, only to the 
extent that— 
"(1) any such formula is effective at the outset of, and 
throughout any given fiscal year; 
"(2) any such formula can be used to precisely calculate the 
amount of commodities to be made available to each State by 
the Secretary for each fiscal year; and 
"(3) such formula provides that each State is entitled to 
receive that value of additional commodities which results from 
the application of such formula to the total value of additional 
commodities, 
"(k) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to 
be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to carry out this 
section.". 
SEC. 105. DISTRIBUTION COSTS AND REGULATIONS. 
(a) DISTRIBUTION COSTS.—Section 204(cXl) of the Temporary Emer-
gency Food Assistance Act of 1983 (7 U.S.C. 612c note) is amended by 
adding at the end thereof the following new sentence: "States may 
also use funds provided under this paragraph to pay for the costs 
associated with the distribution of commodities under the program 
authorized under section 110 of the Hunger Prevention Act of 1988, 
PUBLIC LAW 100-435—SEPT. 19, 1988 
102 STAT. 1651 
and to pay for the costs associated with the distribution of additional 
commodities provided pursuant to section 214.". 
(b) REGULATIONS.—Section 210 of the Temporary Emergency Food 
Assistance Act of 1983 (7 U.S.C. 612c note) is amended by adding at 
the end thereof the following new subsection: 
"(e) The Secretary is authorized to issue final regulations without 
first issuing proposed regulations (except as otherwise provided for 
in section 214(j)) for public comment in order to carry out the 
provisions of sections 213 and 214. If final regulations are issued 
without such prior public comment the Secretary shall permit 
public comment on such regulations, consider pertinent comments, 
and make modifications of such regulations as appropriate not later 
than 1 year after the date of enactment of this subsection. Such final 
and modified regulations shall be accompanied by a statement of the 
basis and purpose for such regulations.". 
(c) STATE OPTIONAL PRIORITY.—Section 203B(a) of the Temporary 
Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983 (7 U.S.C. 612c note) is 
amended by adding at the end thereof the following new sentence: 
'Notwithstanding any other provision of this Act, in the distribution 
of commodities under this Act, each State agency shall have the 
option to give priority to existing food bank networks and other 
organizations whose ongoing primary function is to facilitate the 
distribution of food to low-income households, including food from 
sources other than the Department of Agriculture.". 
SEC. 106. EXTENSION OF DAIRY EXPORT INCENTIVE PROGRAM. 
Section 153(a) of the Food Security Act of 1985 (15 U.S.C. 713a-
14(a)) is amended by striking out "1989" and inserting in lieu 
thereof "1990". 
SEC. 107. EXTENSION OF EXPORT SALES OF DAIRY PRODUCTS. 
Section 1163 of the Food Security Act of 1985 (7 U.S.C. 1731 note) 
is amended— 
(1) in subsection (a), by striking out "fiscal years ending 
September 30, 1986, September 30, 1987, and September 30, 
1988" and inserting in lieu thereof "fiscal years 1986 through 
1990"; and 
(2) in subsection (c), by striking out "1988" and inserting in 
lieu thereof "1990". 
Subtitle B—Soup Kitchens and Other 
Emergency Food Aid 
SEC. n o SOUP KITCHENS AND FOODS BANKS. 
7 USC 612c note. 
(a) PURPOSE.—It is the purpose of this section to establish a 
formula so that the amount, measured by their value, of additional 
commodities that are to be provided to each State for redistribution 
to soup kitchens and food banks can be precisely calculated for fiscal 
years 1989 through 1991. The share of commodities, as measured by 
their value, to be provided to each State shall be based 60 percent on 
the number of persons in households within the State having in-
comes below the poverty level and 40 percent on the number of 
unemployed persons within the State. 
(b) DEFINITIONS.—As used in this section — 
102 STAT. 1652 
PUBLIC LAW 100-435—SEPT. 19, 1988 
(1) ADDITIONAL COMMODITIES.—The term "additional commod-
ities" means commodities purchased under this section in addi-
tion to the commodities otherwise made available to soup kitch-
ens and food banks providing nutrition assistance to relieve 
situations of emergency and distress. 
(2) AVERAGE MONTHLY NUMBER OP UNEMPLOYED PERSONS.— 
The term "average monthly number of unemployed persons" 
refers to the average monthly number of unemployed persons 
within each State in the most recent fiscal year for which such 
information is available as determined by the Bureau of Labor 
Statistics of the Department of Labor. 
(3) FOOD BANKS.—The term "food bank" refers to public and 
charitable institutions that maintain an established operation 
involving the provision of food or edible commodities, or the 
products thereof, to food pantries, soup kitchens, hunger relief 
centers, or other food or feeding centers that provide meals or 
food to needy persons on a r^ular basis as an integral part of 
their normal activities. 
(4) POVERTY UNE.—^The term "poverty line" has the same 
meaning given such term in section 673(2) of the Ck)mmunity 
Services Block Grant Act (42 U.S.C. 9902(2)). 
(5) SECRETARY.—The term "Secretary" means the Secretary of 
Agriculture. 
(6) SOUP KITCHENS.—The term "soup kitchens" refers to public 
and charitable institutions that maintain an established feeding 
operation to provide food to needy homeless persons on a regu-
lar basis as an integral part of their normal activities. 
(7) TOTAL VALUE OF ADDITIONAL COMMODITIES,—The term 
"total value of additional commodities" means the actual cost 
(including the processing and distribution costs of the Sec-
retary), as paid by the Secretary, for all additionsd commodities 
purchased under subsection (c). 
(8) 
VALUE OF ADDITIONAL COMMODITIES ALLOCATED TO A 
STATE.—The term "value of additional commodities allocated to 
a State" means the actual cost for additional commodities 
(including the processing and distribution costs of the Secretary) 
as paid by the Secretary for commodities purchased under this 
section and allocated to such State. 
(c) AMOUNTS.—During each of the fiscal years 1989 and 1990, the 
Secretary shall spend $40,000,000, and in fiscal year 1991, the 
Secretary shall spend $32,000,000, to purchase, process, and distrib-
ute additional commodities to States for distribution to soup kitch-
ens and food banks within a given State that provide nutrition 
assistance to relieve situations of emergency and distress through 
the provision of food and meals to needy persons. 
(d) MANDATORY ALLOTMENTS.—In each fiscal year, the Secretary 
shall allot— 
(1) 60 percent of the total value of additional commodities 
provided to States in a manner such that the value of additional 
commodities allocated to each State bears the same ratio to 60 
percent of the total value of additional commodities as the 
number of persons in households within the State having in-
comes below the poverty line bears to the total number of 
persons in households within all States having incomes below 
such poverty line, and each State shall be entitled to receive 
such value of additional commodities; and 
PUBLIC LAW 100-435—SEPT. 19, 1988 
102 STAT. 1653 
(2) 40 percent of the total value of additional commodities 
provided to States in a manner such that the value of additional 
commodities allocated to each State bears the same ratio to 40 
percent of the total value of additional commodities as the 
average monthly number of unemployed persons within the 
State bears to the average monthly number of unemployed 
gersons within all States during the same fiscal year, and each 
tate shall be entitled to receive such value of additional 
commodities, 
(e) ALLOCATION AND REALLOCATION.— 
(1) NOTIFICATION BY SECRETARY.—The Secretary shall notify 
each State of the amount of the allocation that the State is 
entitled to receive under subsection (d). 
(2) NOTIFICATION BY STATE.— 
(A) ACCEPTANCE AMOUNT.—A State shall promptly notify 
Homeless 
the Secretary of the amount of commodities that will be persons. 
accepted by soup kitchens or food banks. In determining 
such amount, the State shall give priority to institutions 
that provide meals to homeless individuals. 
(B) LESS THAN FULL AMOUNT ACCEPTED.—A State shall 
promptly notify the Secretary if the State determines that 
it will not accept the full amount of the allocation under 
subsection (d) (or a portion thereof). 
(3) REALLOCATION.—Whenever the Secretary receives a 
notification under paragraph (2XB), the Secretary shall reallo-
cate and distribute the amount of such allocation (or any por-
tion thereof) not accepted, in a fair and equitable manner 
among the States that accept the full amount of their respective 
allocations under subsection (d) and that have requested receipt 
of additional allocations. 
(0 ADMINISTRATION.—Subject to subsection (c), purchsises under 
this section shall be made by the Secretary at such times and under 
such conditions as the Secretary determines to be appropriate 
within each fiscal year. All commodities purchased under subsection 
(c) within each fiscal year shall be provided to States prior to the end 
of each such fiscal year. 
(g) MAINTENANCE OF EFFORT.—If a State uses its own funds to 
provide commodities or services under this section, such State funds 
shall not be obtained from existing Federal or State programs. 
(h) INCREASED COMMODITY LEVELS AND MAINTENANCE OF EFFORT.— 
(1) INCREASED COMMODITY LEVELS.—Commodities provided 
under the amendments made by section 104 and under this 
section shall be in addition to the commodities otherwise pro-
vided (through commodity donations traditionally provided by 
the Secretary or the Commodity Credit Corporation) to emer-
gency feeding organizations. The value of the commodity dona-
tions traditionally provided to such organizations shall not be 
diminished as a result of the purchases required by the amend-
ments made by section 104 and this section. 
(2) FEDERAL MAINTENANCE.—The purchase of commodities re-
quired under the amendments made by section 104 and under 
this section, shall not be made in such a manner as to cause any 
reduction in the value of the bonus commodities that would 
otherwise be distributed, in the absence of section 104 and this 
section, to charitable institutions, or to any other domestic food 
assistance program, such as the programs authorized under the 
National School Lunch Act, the Child Nutrition Act of 1966, the 
102 STAT. 1654 
PUBLIC LAW 100-435—SEPT. 19, 1988 
Food Stamp Act of 1977, or sections 4 and 5 of the Agriculture 
and Consumer Protection Act of 1973. 
(3) OTHER MAINTENANCE.—Local agencies receiving commod-
ities purchased under this section shall provide an assurance to 
the State that donations of foodstuffs from other sources shall 
not be diminished as a result of the receipt of commodities 
under this section. 
(i) NEW FORMULA.—Notwithstanding the provisions of this section 
that set forth the specific formula for allocating additional commod-
ities to each State, the Secretary is authorized to establish a dif-
ferent precise formula, after prior notice and comment as required 
by section 553 of title 5, United States Code, only to the extent 
that— 
(1) any such formula is effective at the outset of, and through-
out any given fiscal year; 
(2) any such formula can be used to precisely calculate the 
amount of commodities to be made available to each State by 
the Secretary for each fiscal year; and 
(3) such formula provides that each State is entitled to receive 
that value of additional commodities which results from the 
application of such formula to the total value of additional 
commodities. 
(j) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to 
be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to carry out this 
section. 
7 u s e 612c note. 
SEC. 111. GLEANING TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE. 
(a) GLEANING DEFINED.—As used in this section, the term "glean-
ing" means— 
(1) obtaining harvested or unharvested agricultural products 
from farmers, processors, or retailers; or 
(2) obtaining food or meals donated by public or private 
entities (where State and local health and food SEifety regula-
tions permit such donations); 
in order to facilitate the distribution of such products or such food or 
meals to needy individuals, but only if such products or such food or 
meals, and the access to such, are obtained with the permission of 
the owner and without charge therefor. 
(b) DUTIES.—The Secretary of Agriculture shall provide technical 
assistance to State and local agencies to— 
(1) assist such agencies in encouraging public and private 
nonprofit organizations to initiate and carry out gleaning activi-
ties and in providing technical assistance to organizations and 
individuals involved in gleaning; and 
(2) assist such agencies in collecting information on the kinds, 
amounts, and geographical location of agricultural products and 
food or meals available for gleaning. 
Voluntarism. 
(c) ADMINISTRATION.—The Secretary of Agriculture may use 
Department of Agriculture employees and volunteers, as may be 
necessary, to carry out this section. 
(d) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—TO carry out this section, 
there are authorized to be appropriated $500,000 for each of fiscal 
years 1989 and 1990. 
PUBLIC LAW 100-435—SEPT. 19, 1988 
102 STAT. 1655 
Subtitle C—Basic Food Stamp BeneHt Levels 
SEC. 120. THRIFTY FOOD PLAN. 
Section 3(o) of the Food Stamp Act of 1977 (7 U.S.C. 2012(o)) is 
amended— 
(1) in clause (7), by striking out "and" at the end thereof; 
(2) in clause (8), by inserting "through October 1, 1987" after 
"thereafter"; and 
(3) by striking out the colon and all that follows through the 
period at the end thereof and inserting in lieu thereof the 
following: ", (9) on October 1,1988, adjust the cost of such diet to 
reflect 100.65 percent of the cost of the thrifty food plan in the 
preceding June, and round the result to the nearest lower dollar 
increment for each household size, (10) on October 1, 1989, 
adjust the cost of such diet to reflect 102.05 percent of the cost, 
in the preceding June (without regard to the adjustment made 
under clause (9)), of the then most recent thrifty food plan as 
determined by the Secretary or the cost of the thrifty food plan 
in effect on the date of enactment of the Hunger Prevention Act 
of 1988, whichever is greater, and round the result to the 
nearest lower dollar increment for each household size, and (11) 
on October 1, 1990, and each October 1 thereafter, adjust the 
cost of such diet to reflect 103 percent of the cost, in the 
preceding June (without regard to any previous adjustment 
made under clause (9), (10), or this clause), of the then most 
recent thrifty food plan as determined by the Secretary or the 
cost of the thrifty food plan in effect on the date of enactment of 
the Hunger Prevention Act of 1988, whichever is greater, and 
round the result to the nearest lower dollar increment for each 
household size.". 
Subtitle D—Commodity Supplemental Food 
Program 
SEC. 130. CONTINUATION OF PROVISION OF CHEESE SUPPLIES. 
7 USC 612c note. 
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Commodity 
Credit (Corporation shall, to the extent that the Commodity Credit 
(Corporation's inventory levels permit, provide 7,000,000 pounds of 
cheese in each of the fiscal years 1989 and 1990 to the Secretary of 
Agriculture and the Secretary shall provide such amounts of cheese 
to the Commodity Supplemental Food Program authorized under 
section 4(a) of the Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of 1973 
(Public Law 93-86; 7 U.S.C. 612c note) before the end of each fiscal 
year. 
TITLE II—NUTRITION IMPROVEMENTS 
Subtitle A—Food Stamp Act of 1977 
SEC. 201. CATEGORICAL ELIGIBILITY. 
The second sentence of section 5(a) of the Food Stamp Act of 1977 
(7 U.S.C. 2014(a)) is amended— 
(1) by striking out "during the period"; and 
102 STAT. 1656 
PUBLIC LAW 100-435—SEPT. 19, 1988 
Homeless 
persons. 
Aged persons. 
Handicapped 
persons. 
Reports. 
(2) by striking out "and ending on September 30, 1989". 
SEC. 202. REPORTING REQUIREMENTS AND CALCULATION OF HOUSE-
HOLD INCOME. 
(a) CALCULATION OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME.—Section 5(f) of the Food 
Stamp Act of 1977 (7 U.S.C. 2014(0) is amended by striking out 
paragraph (2) and inserting in lieu thereof the following new 
paragraph: 
"(2XA) Households not required to submit monthly reports of their 
income and household circumstances under section 6(cXl) shall have 
their income calculated on a prospective basis, as provided in para-
graph (3XA). 
"(B) Households required to submit monthly reports of their 
income and household circumstances under section 6(cXl) shall have 
their income calculated on a retrospective basis, as provided in 
paragraph (3)(B), except that in the case of the first month, or at the 
option of the State the first and second months, in a continuous 
period in which a household is certified, the State agency shall 
determine the amount of benefits on the basis of the household's 
income and other relevant circumstances in such first or second 
month.". 
(b) OPTIONAL MONTHLY REPORTING.—Section 6(c) of such Act (7 
U.S.C. 2015(c)) is amended by striking out paragraph (1) and insert-
ing in lieu thereof the following new paragraph: 
"(IXA) A State agency may require certain categories of 
households to file periodic reports of income and household 
circumstances in accordance with standards prescribed by the 
Secretary, except that a State agency may not require periodic 
reporting by— 
"(i) migrant or seasonal farmworker households; 
"(ii) households in which all members are homeless 
individuals; or 
"(iii) households that have no earned income and in 
which all adult members are elderly or disabled. 
*(B) Each household that is not required to file such periodic 
reports on a monthly basis shall be required to report or cause 
to be reported to the State agency changes in income or house-
hold circumstances that the Secretary considers necessary to 
Eissure accurate eligibility and benefit determinations.". 
(c) MONTHLY NOTICE.—Section 6(cX2) of such Act (7 U.S.C. 
2015(cX2)) is amended— 
(1) by striking out "and (D)" and inserting "(D)"; and 
(2) by inserting before the period the following: ", and (E) be 
provided each month (or other applicable period) with an appro-
priate, simple form for making the required reports of the 
household together with clear instructions explaining how to 
complete the form and the rights and responsibilities of the 
household under any periodic reporting system". 
SEC. 
2
0
3
. 
BENEFITS 
FOR 
HOUSEHOLDS 
SUBJECT 
TO 
PRORATING. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 8(c) of the Food Stamp Act of 1977 (7 
U.S.C. 2017(c)) is amended— 
(1) by designating the first and second sentences as para-
graphs (1) and (2), respectively; 
(2) in paragraph (2) (as so redesignated), by redesignating 
clauses (1), (2), and (3) as subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C) respec-
tively; and 
PUBLIC LAW 100-435—SEPT. 19, 1988 
102 STAT. 1657 
(3) by adding at the end thereof the following new paragraph: 
"(3) An eligible household applying after the 15th day of the 
month shall receive, in lieu of its initial allotment and its regular 
allotment for the following month, an allotment that is the aggre-
gate of the initial allotment and the first regular allotment, which 
shall be provided in accordance with paragraphs (3) and (9) of 
section 11(e).". 
(b) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—Section 7(h) is amended— 
7 use 2016. 
(1) by striking out "(1)"; and 
(2) by repealing paragraph (2). 
SEC. 204. OPTIONAL FOOD STAMP INFORMATION ACTIVITIES. 
(a) OPTIONAL INFORMATION ACTIVITIES.—Subparagraph (A) of sec-
tion IKeXD of the Food Stamp Act of 1977 (7 U.S.C. 2020(eXlXA)) is 
amended to read as follows: "(A) at the option of the State agency, 
inform low-income households about the availability, eligibility 
requirements, application procedures, and benefits of the food stamp 
program; and". 
(b) ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS.—Section 16(aX4) of such Act (7 U.S.C. 
2025(aX4)) is amended by striking out "permitted" and inserting in 
lieu thereof ", including those undertaken". 
SEC. 205. EXTENSION OF HOMELESS AMENDMENTS. 
Section 11002(fK3) of the Homeless Eligibility Clarification Act (7 
U.S.C. 2012 note) is amended by inserting ", except those amend-
ments made by subsection (b)," after "this section". 
Subtitle B—Child Nutrition Act of 1966, and 
National School Lunch Act 
SEC. 
2
1
0
. 
IMPROVEMENT 
OF 
SCHOOL 
BREAKFAST 
PROGRAM. 
The first sentence of section 4(bX3) of the Child Nutrition Act of 
1966 (42 U.S.C. 1773(bX3)) is amended by striking out "3 cents" and 
inserting in lieu thereof "6 cents". 
SEC. 
2
1
1
. 
ADDITION 
OF 
ONE 
SNACK 
OR 
ONE 
MEAL 
TO 
THE 
CHILD 
CARE 
FOOD 
PROGRAM. 
Section 17(fK2XB) of the National School Lunch Act (42 U.S.C. 
1766(f)(2XB)) is amended by inserting before the period the following: 
", or in the case of an institution (but not in the case of a family or 
group day care home sponsoring organization), two meals and two 
supplements or three meals and one supplement per day per child, 
for children that are maintained in a child care setting for eight or 
more hours per day.". 
SEC. 212. ACCESS OF HOMELESS WOMEN, INFANTS, AND CHILDREN TO 
THE SPECIAL SUPPLEMENTAL FOOD PROGRAM. 
(a) DEFINITIONS.—Section 170)) of the Child Nutrition Act of 1966 
(42 U.S.C. 1786(b)) is amended by adding at the end thereof the 
following new paragraph: 
"(15) 'Homeless individual' means— 
"(A) an individual who lacks a fixed and regular night-
time residence; or 
"(B) an individual whose primary nighttime residence 
is— 
102 STAT. 1658 
PUBLIC LAW 100-435—SEPT. 19, 1988 
"(i) a supervised publicly or privately operated shel-
ter (including a welfare hotel or congregate shelter) 
designed to provide temporary living accommodations; 
"(ii) an institution that provides a temporary resi-
dence for individuals intended to be institutionalized; 
"(iii) a temporary accommodation in the residence of 
another individual; or 
"(iv) a public or private place not designed for, or 
ordinarily used as, a regular sleeping accommodation 
for human beings.", 
(b) GENERAL AUTHORITY.—The last sentence of section 17(cXl) of 
the Child Nutrition Act of 1966 (42 U.S.C. 1786(cXl)) is amended to 
read as follows: "The program shall be supplementary to— 
"(A) the food stamp program; 
"(B) any program under which foods are distributed to needy 
families in lieu of food stamps; and 
"(C) receipt of food or meals from soup kitchens, or shelters, 
or other forms of emergency food assistance.". 
Homeless 
(c) STATE ADMINISTRATION.—Section 17(f) of the Child Nutrition 
persons. 
Act of 1966 (42 U.S.C. 1786(f)) is amended— 
(1) in paragraph (IXCXiv), by striking out "migrants" and 
inserting in lieu thereof "migrants, homeless individuals,"; 
(2) in paragraph (8XA), by inserting "organizations £md agen-
cies serving homeless individuals and shelters for victims of 
domestic violence," after "Indian tribal organizations,"; 
(3) in pars^aph (13), by striking out "cultural eating pat-
terns." and inserting in lieu thereof the following: "cultural 
eating patterns, and, in the case of homeless individuals, the 
special, needs and problems of such individusds."; and 
(4) by adding at the end thereof the following new paragraph: 
"(17) The State agency may adopt methods of delivering 
benefits to accommodate the specisd needs and problems of 
homeless individuals.". 
SEC. 213. SUMMER FEEDING PROGRAM. 
Schools and 
(a) EuGiBLE SERVICE INSTITUTIONS.—Scction 13(aXl) of the Na-
coUeges. 
tional School Lunch Act (42 U.S.C. 1761(aXl)) is amended in subpara-
graph (B), by inserting ", public or private nonprofit higher 
education institutions participating in the National Youth Sports 
Program," after "county governments". 
(b) EuGiBLE PRIVATE NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS.—Section 13(a) of 
the Act is amended by adding at the end thereof the following new 
parEigraph: 
"(7XA) Not later than May 1, 1989, the Secretary shall institute 
Statewide demonstration projects in five States in which private 
nonprofit organizations, as defined in subparagraph (B) (other than 
organizations already eligible under section 13(aXl)), shall be eli-
gible for the program under the same terms and conditions as other 
service institutions. 
"(B) As used in this paragraph, the term 'private nonprofit 
organizations' means those organizations that— 
"(i) serve no more thsm 2,500 children per day and operate at 
not more than 5 sites; 
"(ii) use self-preparation facilities to prepare meals, or obtain 
meals from a public facility (such as a school district, public 
hospital, or State university); 
PUBLIC LAW 100-435—SEPT. 19, 1988 
102 STAT. 1659 
"(iii) operate in are£is where a school food authority or the 
local, municipal, or county government has not indicated by 
March 1 of any year that such authority or unit of local 
government will operate a program under this section in such 
year; 
"(iv) exercise full control and authority over the operation of 
the program at all sites under their sponsorship; 
"(v) provide ongoing year-around activities for children; 
"(vi) demonstrate that such organizations have adequate 
management and the fiscal capacity to operate a program under 
this section; and 
; 
"(vii) meet applicable State and local health, safety, and 
Safety. 
sanitation standards.". 
SEC. 2
1
4
. 
DEPARTMENT 
OF 
DEFENSE 
CHILD 
CARE 
FEEDING 
PROGRAM. 
Section 17(h) of the National School Lunch Act (42 U.S.C. 1766(h)) 
is amended— 
(1) by inserting "(1)" after the subsection designation; and 
(2) by adding at the end thereof the following new paragraph: 
"(2) The Secretary is authorized to provide agricultural commod-
ities obtained by the Secretary under the provisions of the Agricul-
tural Act of 1949 (7 U.S.C. 1421 et seq.) and donated under the 
provisions of section 416 of such Act, to the Department of Defense 
for use by its institutions providing child care services, when such 
commodities are in excess of the quantities needed to meet the needs 
of all other child nutrition programs, domestic and foreign food 
assistance and export enhancement programs. The Secretary shall 
require reimbursement from the Department of Defense for the 
costs, or some portion thereof, of delivering such commodities to 
overseas locations, unless the Secretary determines that it is in the 
best interest of the program that the Department of Agriculture 
shall assume such costs.". 
Subtitle C—Food Processing and Distribution 
SEC. 220. ENCOURAGEMENT OF FOOD PROCESSING AND DISTRIBUTION 
7 USC 612c note. 
BY ELIGIBLE RECIPIENT AGENCIES. 
(a) SOUCITATION OF APPUCATIONS.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 60 days after the date of 
enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Agriculture shall, to the 
extent that the Commodity Credit Corporation's inventory 
levels permit, solicit applications, in accordance with paragraph 
(2), for surplus commodities available for distribution under 
section 202 of the Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Act of 
1983 (7 U.S.C. 612c note). 
(2) REQUIREMENTS.—The solicitation by the Secretary of Agri-
culture under paragraph (1) shall be in the form of a request 
that any eligible recipient agency (as defined in section 201A of 
the Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983) submit 
an application to the Secretary that shall include an assurance 
that such agency will— 
(A) process any agricultural commodity received in re-
sponse to such application into end-use products suitable for 
distribution through the Temporary Emergency Food 
Assistance Program; 
102 STAT. 1660 
PUBLIC LAW 100-435—SEPT. 19, 1988 
(B) package such products for use by individual house-
holds; and 
(C) distribute such products to State agencies responsible 
for the administration of the Temporary Emergency Food 
Assistance Program, at no cost to the State agency, for 
distribution through the Temporary Emergency Food 
Assistance P n ^ a m . 
(3) PROHIBITION ON PAYMENT OF PROCESSING COSTS.—Funds 
made available under section 204 of the Temporary Emergency 
Food Assistance Act of 1983 (7 U.S.C. 612c note) or funds of the 
C!ommodity Credit Corporation shall not be used to pay any 
costs incurred for the processing, storage, transportation or 
distribution of the commodities or end-use products prior to 
their delivery to the State agency. 
0?) REVIEW OF APPUCATIONS.— 
(1) TIME OF REVIEW.—Not later than 60 days after the Sec-
retary of Agriculture receives an application solicited under 
subsection (a), the Secretary shall approve or disapprove such 
application. 
(2) NOTICE OF DISAPPROVAL.—^If the Secretary disapproves the 
application submitted under subsection (a), the Secretary shedl 
inform the applicant of the reasons for such disapproval. 
TITLE III—ADMINISTRATIVE 
IMPROVEMENTS AND SIMPLIFICATION 
SEC. 301. REFERENCES TO THE FOOD STAMP ACT OF 1977. 
Except as otherwise specifically provided, whenever in this title 
an amendment or repeal is expressed in terras of an amendment to, 
or repeal of, a section or other provision, the reference shall be 
considered to be made to a section or other provision of the Food 
Stamp Act of 1977 (7 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.). 
Subtitle A—Reducing Unnecessary Paperwork 
SEC. 310. SIMPLIFIED APPLICATION FORMS. 
Section ll(eX2) (7 U.S.C. 2020(eX2)), is amended by inserting after 
"exigencies as determined by the Secretary" the following: ", and in 
approving such deviation, the Secretary takes into account whether 
Health and 
such State forms are easy to use, brief and readable. In consultation 
medical care. 
with the Secretary of Health and Human Services, the Secretary 
shall develop a program to provide assistance to States that request 
assistance in the development of brief, simply-written and readable 
application forms including application forms that cover the food 
stamp progrsun, the aid to families with dependent children pro-
gram under part A of title IV of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 
601 et seq.), and medical assistance programs administered by the 
Secretary of Health and Human Services under title XIX of the 
Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1396 et seq.). Each food stamp applica-
tion form shall contain, in plain and prominent language on its 
front cover, a place where applicants can write their names, 
addresses, and signatures, and instructions in understandable terms 
informing households of their right to file the application without 
immediately completing additional sections, describing the expe-
PUBLIC LAW 100-435—SEPT. 19, 1988 
102 STAT. 1661 
dited processing requirements of section ll(eX9) and informing 
households that benefits are provided only from the date of 
application". 
SEC. 311. STATEMENT OF REQUIRED VERIFICATION. 
Section ll(eX3) (7 U.S.C. 2020(eX3)) is amended by inserting before 
the semicolon at the end thereof the following: ", and that the State 
agency shall— 
"(A) provide each applicant household, at the time of 
application, a clear written statement explaining what acts 
the household must perform to cooperate in obtaining ver-
ification and otherwise completing the application process; 
"(B) assist each applicant household in obtaining appro-
priate verification and completing the application process; 
"(C) not require any household to submit additional proof 
of a matter on which the State agency already has current 
verification as determined under regulations issued by the 
Secretary, unless the State agency has reason to believe 
that the information possessed by the agency is inaccurate, 
incomplete, or inconsistent; 
"(D) subject to subparagraph (E), not deny any applica-
tion for participation under this program solely because of 
the failure of a person outside the household to cooperate 
(other than an individual failing to cooperate who would 
otherwise be a household member but for the operation of 
any of the individual disqualification provisions of subsec-
tions (b), (d), (e), (f), and (g) of section 6; and 
"(E) process applications if a household complies with the 
requirements of the first sentence of section 6(c), by taking 
appropriate steps to verify information otherwise required 
to be verified under this Act". 
Subtitle B—Assuring Accurate Issuance of 
BeneHts 
SEC. 320. 
CORRECTING 
IMPROPER 
DENIALS 
AND 
UNDERISSUANCES. 
Section 11 (7 U.S.C. 2020) is amended by adding at the end thereof 
the following new subsection: 
"(p) When a State agency learns, through its own reviews under 
section 16 or other reviews, or through other sources, that it has 
improperly denied, terminated, or underissued benefits to an eli-
gible household, the State agency shall promptly restore any im-
properly denied benefits to the extent required by sections ll(e)(ll) 
and 14(b), and shall take other steps to prevent a recurrence of such 
errors where such error was caused by the application of State 
agency practices, rules or procedures inconsistent with the require-
ments of this Act or with regulations or policies of the Secretary 
issued under the authority of this Act.". 
SEC. 321. SPECIAL TRAINING OF STATE PERSONNEL INVOLVED IN 
CERTIFYING FARM HOUSEHOLDS. 
(a) TRAINING.—Section ll(eX6) (7 U.S.C. 2020(eX6)) is amended— 
(1) by striking out "and (C)" at the end of subparagraph (B) 
and inserting in lieu thereof "(C)"; and 
102 STAT. 1662 
PUBLIC LAW 100-435—SEPT. 19, 1988 
Contracts. 
Voluntarism. 
Communications 
and 
telecommuni-
cations. 
(2) by inserting at the end thereof the following: "(D) the State 
agency, at its option, may undertake intensive training to 
ensure that State agency personnel who undertsJs:e the certifi-
cation of households that include a member who engages in 
farming are qualified to perform such certification;". 
(b) TRAINING MATERIALS.—Section 16 (7 U.S.C. 2025) is amended 
by adding at the end thereof the following new subsection: 
"(k) Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of the 
Hunger Prevention Act of 1988, and annually thereafter, the Sec-
retary shall publish instructional materials specifically designed to 
be used by the State agency to provide intensive training to State 
agency personnel who undertake the certification of households that 
include a member who engeiges in farming.". 
(c) TECHNICAL CORRECTIONS.—Section 16 (7 U.S.C. 2025) is amend-
ed by redesignating subsection (h), as added by section 1210)X5) of 
the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, as subsection (j). 
SEC. 322. TRAINING OF CERTIFICATION WORKERS AND COMMUNITY 
RESOURCES. 
(a) 
TRAINING 
CERTIFICATION WORKERS.—Section ll(eX6XC) (7 
U.S.C. 2020(eX6XC)) is amended— 
(1) by striking out "undertake to"; and 
(2) by inserting "so that eligible households are promptly and 
accurately certified to receive the allotments for which they are 
eligible under this Act" after "such certification". 
0)) COMMUNITY RESOURCES.—Section ll(eX6) (7 U.S.C. 2020(eX6)) 
(as amended by section 321(a) and subsection (a)) is further amended 
by adding at the end thereof the following new subparagraph: "and 
(E) at its option, the State agency may provide, or contract for the 
provision of, training and assistance to persons working with volun-
teer or nonprofit organizations that provide program information 
activities or eligibility screening to persons potentially eligible for 
food stamps;". 
SEC. 323. PREVENTING INCORRECT ISSUANCES. 
Section 11(e) (7 U.S.C. 2020(e)) (as amended by section 311) is 
further amended by inserting before the semicolon at the end of 
paragraph (3), the following: ", and that the State agency shall 
provide the household, at the time of each certification and 
recertification, with a statement describing the reporting respon-
sibilities of the household under this Act, and provide a toll-free or 
local telephone number, or a telephone number at which collect 
calls will be accepted by the State agency, at which the household 
may reach an appropriate representative of the State agency". 
Subtitle C—Reducing Barriers in Rural 
America 
Aged persons. 
Handicapped 
persons. 
SEC. 330. TRANSPORTATION DIFFICULTIES IN RURAL AREAS. 
Section ll(eX2) (7 U.S.C. 2020(eX2)) (as amended by section 310), is 
further amended by striking out "The State Agency shall comply" 
and all that follows through "certified properly;" and inserting in 
lieu thereof the following new sentences: "The State agency shall 
waive in-office interviews, on a household's request, if a household is 
unable to appoint an authorized representative pursuant to para-
-3(i'i^Mi»v'^*f^l!«»^^J''^»%-'' 
PUBLIC LAW 100-435—SEPT. 19, 1988 
102 STAT. 1663 
graph (7) and has no adult household members able to come to the 
appropriate State agency office because such members are elderly, 
are mentally or physically handicapped, live in a location not served 
by a certification office, or have transportation difficulties or similar 
hardships as determined by the State agency (including hardships 
due to residing in a rural area, illness, care of a household member, 
prolonged severe weather, or work or training hours). If an in-office 
interview is waived, the State agency may conduct a 
telephone 
interview or a home visit. The State agency shall provide for tele-
phone contact by, mail delivery of forms to, and mail return of 
forms by, households that have transportation difficulties or simi-
lar hardships.". 
Subtitle D—Eliminating Inequities for 
Farmers and Others 
Communications 
and 
telecommuni-
cations. 
Mail. 
SEC. 340. CONTI>fUATION OF FOOD STAMPS TO PARTICIPANTS IN CASH-
OUTS OF OTHER BENEFIT PROGRAMS. 
Section 5(dXl) (7 U.S.C. 2014(dXl)) is amended— 
(1) by striking out "and except as provided in subsection (k),", 
and 
(2) by inserting after "to a household" the following: "(not-
withstanding its conversion in whole or in part to direct pay-
ments to households pursuant to any demonstration project 
carried out or authorized under Federal law including dem-
onstration projects created by the waiver of provisions of Fed-
eral law)". 
SEC. 341. ANNUALIZING SELF-EMPLOYMENT INCOME AND EXPENSES 
FROM FARMING. 
Section 5(fKlXA) (7 U.S.C. 2014(fXlXA)) is amended— 
(1) in the second sentence by striking out "preceding" and 
inserting in lieu thereof "first"; and 
(2) by inserting after the first sentence the following new 
sentence: "Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, household 
income resulting from the self-employment of a member in a 
farming operation, who derives income from such farming oper-
ation and who has irregular expenses to produce such income, 
may, at the option of the household, be calculated by averaging 
such income and expenses over a 12-month period.". 
SEC. 342. HOUSEHOLDS IN TRANSITION. 
Section 5(g) (7 U.S.C. 2014(g)) is amended by adding at the end 
thereof the following new sentence: "In the case of farm property 
(including land, equipment, and supplies) that is essential to the self-
employment of a household member in a farming operation, the 
Secretary shall exclude from financial resources the value of such 
property until the expiration of the 1-year period beginning on the 
date such member ceases to be self-employed in farming.". 
SEC. 343. TECHNICAL CORRECTION TO EXCLUSION OF ENERGY ASSIST-
ANCE FROM FOOD STAMP INCOME. 
Section 5(dXll) (7 U.S.C. 2014(dXll)) is amended— 
(1) in the matter preceding subparagraph (A), by striking out 
"under" and inserting in lieu thereof "for the purpose of provid-
ing energy assistance'; 
Real property. 
Employment 
and 
unemployment. 
102 STAT. 1664 
PUBLIC LAW 100-435—SEPT. 19, 1988 
(2) in subparsigraph (A), to read as follows: "(A) under any 
Federal law, or"; and 
(3) in subparagraph (B)— 
(A) by striking out "any" and inserting in lieu thereof 
"under any"; and 
(B) by striking out "for the purpose of providing energy 
assistance". 
SEC. 344. CIVIL MONEY PENALTIES AND DISQUALIFICATION OF RETAIL 
FOOD STORES AND WHOLESALE FOOD CONCERNS. 
Section 12(bX3) (7 U.S.C. 2021(bX3)) is amended to read as follows: 
"(3) permanent upon— 
"(A) the third occasion of disqualification; or 
"(B) the first occasion or any subsequent occasion of a 
disqualification based on the purchase of coupons or 
trafficking in coupons or authorization cards by a retail 
food store or wholesale food concern, except that the Sec-
retary shall have the discretion to impose a civil money 
penalty of up to $20,000 in lieu of disqualification under 
this subparagraph, for such purchase of coupons or traffick-
ing in coupons or cards that constitutes a violation of the 
provisions of this Act or the regulations issued pursuant to 
this Act, if the Secreteiry determines that there is substan-
tial evidence that such store or food concern had an effec-
tive policy and program in effect to prevent violations of the 
Act and the regulations.". 
Subtitle E—Reducing Barriers for the Elderly 
and Disabled 
SEC. 350. DISABLED PERSONS RECEIVING BENEFITS UNDER STANDARDS 
AT LEAST AS STRINGENT AS THOSE IN THE SOCIAL SECURITY 
ACT. 
Paragraph (2) of section 3(r) (7 U.S.C. 2012(r)) is amended to read 
as follows: 
"(2XA) receives supplemental security income benefits under 
title XVI of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1381 et seq.), or 
Federally or State administered supplemental benefits of the 
type described in section 212(a) of Public Law 93-66 (42 U.S.C. 
1382 note), or 
Blind persons. 
"(B) receives Federally or State administered supplemental 
assistance of the t3rpe described in section 1616(a) of the Social 
Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1382e(a)), interim assist8ince pending 
receipt of supplemental security income, disability-related medi-
cal assistance under title XIX of the Social Security Act (42 
U.S.C. 1396 et seq.), or disability-based State general assistance 
benefits, if the Secretary determines that such benefits are 
conditioned on meeting disability or blindness criteria at least 
as stringent as those used under title XVI of the Social Security 
Act;". 
SEC. 351. SIMPLIFIED PROCEDURE FOR CLAIMING EXCESS MEDICAL 
DEDUCTION. 
Section 5(e) (7 U.S.C. 2014(e)) is amended by adding at the end 
thereof the following new sentences: "State agencies shall offer 
PUBLIC LAW 100-435—SEPT. 19, 1988 
102 STAT. 1665 
eligible households a method of claiming a deduction for recurring 
medical expenses that are initially verified under the excess medical 
expense deduction provided for in subparagraph (A), in lieu of 
submitting information or verification on actual expenses on a 
monthly basis. The method described in the preceding sentence shall 
be designed to minimize the administrative burden for eligible 
elderly and disabled household members choosing to deduct their 
recurrent medical expenses pursuant to such method.". 
SEC. 352. COORDINATED APPLICATION. 
The second sentence of section ll(i) (7 U.S.C. 2020(i)) is amended to 
read as follows: "In addition to implementing paragraphs (1) 
through (4), the State agency shall inform appUcants for benefits 
under part A of title IV of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 601 et 
seq.) that such applicants may file, along with their application for 
such benefits, an application for benefits under this Act, and that if 
such applicants file, they shall have a single interview for food 
stamps and for benefits under part A of title IV of the Social 
Security Act.". 
TITLE IV—FAMILY SELF-SUFFICIENCY 
SEC. 401. REFERENCES TO THE FOOD STAMP ACT OF 1977. 
Except as otherwise specifically provided, whenever in this title 
an amendment or repeal is expressed in terms of an amendment to, 
or repeal of, a section or other provision, the reference shall be 
considered to be made to a section or other provision of the Food 
Stamp Act of 1977 (7 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.). 
SEC. 402. EXCLUSION FOR ADVANCE PAYMENT OF EARNED INCOME 
CREDIT. 
Section 5(d) (7 U.S.C. 2014(d)) is amended— 
(1) by striking out "and (13)" and inserting in lieu thereof 
"(13)"; and 
(2) by inserting before the period at the end thereof the 
following: ", (14) any payment made to the household under 
section 3507 of the Internal Revenue CJode of 1986 (relating to 
advance payment of earned income credit)". 
SEC. 403. DEDUCTION FOR DEPENDENT CARE. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 5(d) (7 U.S.C. 2014(d)) (as amended by 
section 402) is further amended by inserting before the period at the 
end thereof the following: ", and (15) any payment made to the 
household under section 6(dX4XI) for work related expenses or for 
dependent care". 
(b) DEDUCTION.—Section 5(e) (7 U.S.C. 2014(e)) is amended— 
(1) in the matter preceding parsigraph (1) of the fourth sen-
tence by inserting "and expenses that are paid under section 
6(dX4XI) for dependent care" after "third party"; and 
(2) in paragraph (1) of the fourth sentence, by inserting after 
"$160 a month" the following: "for each dependent". 
SEC. 404. EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING. 
(a) Ck)MPONENTS OF EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING PROGRAMS.—Sec-
tion 6(dX4XB) (7 U.S.C. 2015(dX4XB)) is amended— 
102 STAT. 1666 
PUBLIC LAW 100-435—SEPT. 19, 1988 
(1) in clause (i), bv striking out "have no obligation" through 
"State agency shall ; 
(2) in clause (v)— 
(A) by inserting "or the State under regulations issued by 
the Secretary," £ ^ r "the Secretary"; and 
(B) by inserting "emplojonent, educational and training" 
after "other"; 
(3) by redesignating clause (v) (as amended by paragraph (2)) 
as clause (vi); and 
(4) by inserting after clause (iv), the following new clause: 
Education. 
"(v) Educational programs or activities to improve basic skills 
or otherwise improve employability, including educational pro-
grams determined by the State agency to expand the job search 
abilities or employabUity of those subject to the program under 
this paragraph.". 
0?) EMPLOYMENT ASSIGNMENTS AND CONCILIATION.—Section 6(dX4) 
(7 U.S.C. 2015(dX4)) is amended— 
(1) by redesignating subparagraphs (H), (I), (J), (K), and (L) as 
subparagraphs (I), (J), (K), (M) and (N), respectively; and 
(2) by inserting after subparagraph (G), the following new 
subparagraph: 
Regulations. 
"(HXi) The Secretary shall issue regulations under which each 
State agency shall establish a conciliation procedure for the resolu-
tion of disputes involving the participation of an individual in the 
program. 
"(ii) Federal funds made available to a State agency for purposes 
of the component authorized under subparagraph (BXv) shaJl not be 
used to supplant non-Federal fimds used for existing services and 
activities that promote the purposes of this component.". 
(c) PARTICIPANTS' EXPENSES.—Section 6(dX4XI) (as redesignated by 
subsection (b) of this section), is amended to read as follows: 
"(IXi) The State agency shall provide payments or reimburse-
ments to participants in programs carried out under this pareigraph, 
including individuals participating under subparagraph (G), for— 
"(I) the actual costs of transportation and other actual costs 
(other than dependent care costs), that are reasonably necessary 
and directly related to participation in the program, except that 
the State agency may limit such reimbursement to each partici-
pant to $25 per month; and 
"(II) the actual costs of such dependent care expenses that are 
determined by the State agency to be necessary for the partici-
pation of an individual in the program (other than an individual 
who is the caretaker relative of a dependent in a family receiv-
ing benefits under part A of title IV of the Social Security Act 
(42 U.S.C. 601 et seq.)) in a local area where an emplo5mtient, 
training, or education program under title IV of such Act is in 
operation or was in operation, on the date of enactment of the 
Hunger Prevention Act of 1988, but in no event shall such 
payment or reimbursements exceed $160 per dependent per 
month. Individuals subject to the program under this paragraph 
may not be required to participate if dependent care costs 
exceed $160 per dependent per month. 
Contracts. 
"(ii) In lieu of providing reimbursements or pa3ntnents for depend-
ent care expenses under clause (i), a State agency may, at its option, 
arrange for dependent care through providers by the use of pur-
chase of service contracts or vouchers or by providing vouchers to 
the household. 
Grants. 
Transportation. 
PUBLIC LAW 100-435—SEPT. 19, 1988 
102 STAT. 1667 
"(iii) The value of any dependent care services provided for or 
arranged under clause (ii), or any amount received as a payment or 
reimbursement under clause (i), shall— 
"(I) not be treated as income for the purposes of any other 
Federal or federally assisted program that bases eligibility for, 
or the amount of benefits on, need; and 
"(II) not be claimed as an employment-related expense for the 
purposes of the credit provided under section 21 of the Internal 
Revenue Code of 1986.'\ 
' (d) PERFORMANCE STANDARDS AND PARTICIPATION STANDARDS.— 
Section 6(dX4) (7 U.S.C. 2015(dX4)) is amended by inserting after 
subparagraph (K) (as redesignated by subsection (b)) the following 
new subparagraph: 
"(LXi) The Secretary shall establish, in accordance with this 
subparagraph, performance standards that are applicable to employ-
ment and training programs carried out under this paragraph, 
"(ii) The performance standards referred to in clause (i) shall be 
developed by the Secretary after consultation with the Office of 
Technology Assessment, the Secretary of Labor, the Secretary of 
Health and Human Services, appropriate State officials designated 
for purposes of this clause by the chief executive officers of the 
States, other appropriate experts, and representatives of households 
participating in the food stamp program. Such performance stand-
ards (which shall be coordinated with the corresponding perform-
ance standards under the Job Training Partnership Act (29 U.S.C. 
1501 et seq.) and the performance standards under title IV of the 
Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 601 et seq.), taking into consideration 
the differing characteristics of such households)— 
"(I) shall be measured by employment outcomes and shall be 
based on the degree of success that may reasonably be expected 
of States (in carrying out employment and training programs) 
in helping individuals to achieve self-sufficiency; 
"(II) shall take into account the extent to which persons have 
elected to participate in employment and training programs 
under this paragraph, job placement rates, wage rates, job 
retention rates, households ceasing to need benefits under this 
Act, and improvements in household members' educational 
levels; 
"(III) shall encourage States to serve those individuals who 
have greater barriers to employment and thus have greater 
difficulties in achieving self-sufficiency; and 
"(IV) shall include guidelines permitting appropriate vari-
ations that take into account the differing conditions (including 
unemployment rates and rates of elective participation under 
subparagraph (G) in employment and training programs under 
this paragraph) that may exist in different States, 
"(iii) Final measures for the performance standards referred to in 
clause (i) shall be published by the Secretary, after the consideration 
of public comments concerning the proposed measures for such 
performance standards, and implemented by the States not later 
than April 1, 1991. 
"(iv) The performance standards developed and issued under 
clause (ii) shall be varied in any State, to the extent permitted under 
clause (iiXIV), to the extent necessary to take into account specific 
economic, geographic, and demographic factors in the State, the 
characteristics of the population to be served, and the types of 
services to be provided. 
102 STAT. 1668 
PUBLIC LAW 100-435—SEPT. 19, 1988 
Effective date. 
Termination 
date. 
Reports. 
Transportation. 
"(v) The performance standards in effect under subparagraph (K) 
shall remain in effect during the period beginning on October 1, 
1988, and ending on the date the Secretary implements the perform-
ance standards required to be issued under this subparagraph on 
which date the authority to issue such standards shall expire, 
"(vi) Not later than 180 days after the Secretary publishes the 
proposed measures for the performance standards under this 
subparagraph, the Office of Technology Assessment shall— 
"(I) develop model performance standards suitable for applica-
tion to employment and training programs carried out under 
this subsection and that satisfy the criteria specified in this 
subparagraph; 
"(11) compare the standards developed under subclause (I) 
with the performance standards established under this subpara-
graph by the Secretary, and 
"(III) submit to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, 
the President pro tempore of the Senate, and the Secretary of 
Agriculture a report describing the results of the comparison 
required under subclause (II).". 
(e) INCENTIVE PAYMENTS.—Section 16(h) (7 U.S.C. 2025(h)) is 
amended by adding at the end thereof the following new paragraph: 
"(6) The Secretary shall develop, and transmit to the Committee 
on Agriculture of the House of Representatives and the Committee 
on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry of the Senate, a proposal for 
modifying the rate of Federal pajmaents under this subsection so as 
to reflect the relative effectiveness of the various States in carrying 
out employment and training pr(^rams under section 6(dX4).". 
(f) HOUSEHOLDS.—Section 5(dX5) (7 U.S.C. 2014(dX5)) is amended by 
inserting after "child care expenses" the following: "(except for 
payments or reimbursements for such expenses made under an 
employment, education, or training program initiated under such 
title aiter the date of enactment of the Hunger Prevention Act of 
1988)". 
(g) REIMBURSABLE COSTS.—Section 16(hX3) (7 U.S.C. 2025) is 
amended by inserting after "month" the following: "for costs of 
transportetion and other actual costs (other than dependent care 
costs) and an amount representing $160 per month per dependent". 
TITLE V—DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS 
Grants. 
SEC. 501. FARMERS' MARKET COUPONS DEMONSTRATION PROJECT. 
42 use 1786 
(a) PURPOSE.—The purpose of this section is to authorize the 
note. 
establishment of a grant program to encourage State demonstration 
projects designed to— 
(1) provide resources to persons who are nutritionally at risk 
in the form of fresh nutritious unprepared foods (such as fruits 
and vegetables), from farmers' markets; and 
(2) expand the awareness and use of farmers' markets and 
increase sales at such markets. 
(b) GENERAL AUTHORITY.—Section 17 of the (Dhild Nutrition Act of 
1966 (42 U.S.C. 1786) is amended by adding at the end thereof the 
following new subsection: 
"(mXl) Subject to the availability of funds appropriated for pur-
poses of this subsection, the Secretary shall award a 3-year grant to 
up to 10 States that submit applications that are approved for the 
establishment of demonstration projects designed to provide recipi-
PUBLIC LAW 100-435—SEPT. 19, 1988 
102 STAT. 1669 
ents of assistance under subsection (c) with coupons that may be 
exchanged for foods at farmers' markets. 
"(2) A grant provided to any State under this subsection shall be 
provided to the chief executive officer of the State, who shall— 
"(A) designate the appropriate State agency or agencies to 
administer the prc^am in conjunction with the appropriate 
nonprofit organizations; and 
"(B) assure coordination of the program among the appro-
priate agencies and organizations. 
"(3) The Secretary shall not make a grant to any State under this 
subsection unless such State agrees to provide State funds for the 
demonstration project in an amount that is equal to not less than 30 
percent of the total cost of the demonstration project which may be 
satisfied from State contributions that are made for similar projects. 
"(4XA) The Secretary shall establish a formula for determining 
the amount of the grant to be awarded under this subsection to each 
State for which an application is approved under paragraph (6), 
according to the number of recipients proposed to participate as 
specified in the application of the State. 
"(B) If the sums appropriated for any fiscal year pursuant to the 
authorization contained in paragraph (10) for grants under this 
subsection are not sufficient to pay to each State for which an 
application is approved under paragraph (6) the amount which the 
Secretary determines each such State is entitled to under this 
subsection, each State's grant shall be ratably reduced. 
"(5) Each State that receives a grant under this subsection shall 
ensure that the demonstration project for which the grant is re-
ceived complies with the following requirements: 
"(A) Persons who are eligible to receive Federal benefits 
under the project shall only be persons who are receiving 
assistance under subsection (c). 
"(B) (Construction or operation of a farmers' market may not 
be CEUTied out using funds— 
"(i) provided under the grant; or 
"(ii) required to be provided by the State under paragraph 
(3). 
"(C) The value of the Federal share of the benefit received by 
any recipient under the project may not be— 
"(i) less than $10 per year; or 
"(ii) more than $20 per year. 
"(D) The coupon issuance process under the project shall be 
designed to ensure that coupons target areas with— 
"(i) the highest concentration of eligible persons; 
"(ii) the greatest access to farmers' markets; and 
"(iii) certain characteristics, in addition to those de-
scribed in clauses (i) and (ii), that are determined to be 
relevant by the Secretary that maximize the availability of 
benefits to eligible persons. 
"(E) The coupon redemption process under the project shall 
be designed to ensure that coupons may be— 
"(i) redeemed only by producers authorized by the State 
to participate in the project; and 
"(ii) redeemed only to purchase unprepared food for 
human consumption. 
"(FXi) Except as provided in clauses (ii) and (iii), the State 
may not use for administration of such project for any fiscal 
year more than 10 percent of the total amount of project funds. 
102 STAT. 1670 
PUBLIC LAW 100-435—SEPT. 19, 1988 
"(ii) On the showing by the State of substantial need, the 
Secretary may permit a State to use up to an additional two 
percent of the total project funds for administration of such 
project for any fiscal year. 
"(iii) The provisions of clauses (i) and (ii) with respect to the 
use of project funds for the administration of the project shall 
not apply to any funds that a State may contribute in excess of 
the funds used by the State to meet the requirements under 
subparagraph (B). 
Taxes. 
"(G) The State shall ensure that no State or local taxes are 
collected within the State on purchases of food with coupons 
distributed under the project. 
"(6)(A) A State that desires to receive a grant under this subsec-
tion shall submit an application to the Secretary at such time and in 
such manner as the Secretary may reasonably require. 
"(BXi) Each application submitted under this paragraph shall 
contain— 
"(I) the estimated cost of the program and the estimated 
number of individuals to be served by such program; 
"(II) a description of the State plan for complying with the 
requirements established in paragraph (5); and 
"(III) criteria developed by the State with respect to 
authorization of producers to participate in the program. 
"(ii) The criteria developed by the State as required by clause 
(iXIII) shall require any authorized producer to sell fresh nutritious 
unprepared foods (such as fruits and vegetables) to recipients, in 
exchange for coupons distributed under the project. 
"(C) The Secretary shall establish objective criteria for the ap-
proval of applications submitted under this paragraph. 
"(D) In approving applications submitted under this paragraph, 
the Secretary shall— 
"(i) favorably consider a State's prior experiences with pro-
grams in existence as of the date of enactment of the Hunger 
Prevention Act of 1988; 
"(ii) favorably consider a State's operation of a similar project 
with State or local funds that can present data concerning the 
value of such project, and such data can be of assistance to other 
States interested in developing such farmers' market coupons 
projects; 
"(iii) award a grant to at least one applicant that proposes to 
operate the program on a Statewide basis; 
"(iv) give preference to applications from States that propose 
projects that are determined by the Secretary to— 
"(I) have possible national significance; or 
"(II) show unusual promise in promoting similar projects; 
"(v) give preference to applications that show promise of 
continued operation of the project for which the grant is re-
quested after the grant expires; 
"(vi) require that if a State receives a grant under this section 
and that State is operating a similar project with State or local 
funds, that State shall not reduce in any fiscal year the amount 
of State and local funds available to the project in the preceding 
fiscal year after receiving funds for the project under this 
subsection; and 
"(vii) give preference to applications for projects that would 
serve areas in the State that have— 
"(I) the highest concentration of eligible persons; 
PUBLIC LAW 100-435—SEPT. 19, 1988 
102 STAT. 1671 
"(II) the greatest access to farmers' markets; 
"(III) broad geographical area; 
"(IV) the greatest number of participants in the broadest 
geographical area within the State; and 
"(V) any other characteristics, as determined appropriate 
by the Secretary, that maximize the availability of benefits 
to eligible persons. 
"(7XA) The value of the benefit received by any recipient under 
any project for which a grant is received under this subsection may 
not affect the eligibility or benefit levels for assistance under any 
other State or Federal program. 
"(B) Any projects for which a grant is received under this subsec-
tion shall be supplementary to the food stamp program carried out 
under the Food Stamp Act of 1977 (7 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.) and to any 
other Federal or State program under which foods are distributed to 
needy families in lieu of food stamps. 
"(8) Each State that receives a grant under this subsection shall 
Reports. 
submit a report to the Secretary for each year of the grant period. 
Each such report shall include— 
"(A) the number of recipients served under the project for 
which the grant is received; 
"(B) the rate of redemption of coupons distributed under the 
project; 
"(C) the types of foods purchased with the coupons; 
"(D) the average amount distributed in coupons to each recipi-
ent; 
"(E) any change in the amount of food purchased at farmers' 
markets after the establishment of the project; 
"(F) any change in the number of farmers participating in 
farmers' markets after the establishment of the project; 
"(G) a description of how coupons were distributed to and 
redeemed by recipients in the State project; and 
"(H) any other information determined to be necessary by the 
Secretary. 
"(9XA) The Secretary shall evaluate the projects for which grants 
are received under this subsection and submit to the (Dommittee on 
Agriculture of the House of Representatives, the Committee on 
Education and Labor of the House of Representatives, and the 
Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry of the Senate, a 
report on such evaluations. 
"(B) Such report shall be submitted before the end of the 2-year 
period beginning on the date that the last grant is awarded under 
this subsection. 
"(10) There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this 
subsection $2,000,000 for fiscal year 1989, $2,800,000 for fiscal year 
1990, and $3,500,000 for fiscal year 1991. 
"(11) For purposes of this subsection: 
"(A) The term 'recipient' means a person who is chosen by a 
State to receive benefits under a project. 
"(B) The term 'State agency' has the meaning provided in 
subsection (bX13), except that such term also includes the agri-
culture department of each State.". 
SEC. 502. FOOD BANK DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS. 
7 USC 612c note 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Agriculture may carry out 
demonstration projects to provide and redistribute to needy individ-
Re 
ports. 
Appropriation 
authorization. 
102 STAT. 1672 
PUBLIC LAW 100-435—SEPT. 19, 1988 
uals and families through community food banks and other chari-
table food banks— 
(1) agricultural commodities or the products thereof made 
available under section 416 of the Agricultural Act of 1949 (7 
U.S.C. 1431); and 
(2) to the extent practicable, agricultural commodities or the 
products thereof made available under section 32 of the Act 
entitled "An Act to amend the Agricultural Adjustment Act, 
and for other purposes", approved August 24, 1935 (7 U.S.C. 
612c). 
(b) FOOD TYPES.—The Secretary shall determine the quantities, 
varieties, and types of agricultural commodities and products 
thereof tx) be made available to community food banks under this 
section. 
(c) REPORT.—Not later than July 1, 1990, the Secretary shall 
submit, to the Committee on Agriculture of the House of Represent-
atives and the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry of 
the Senate, a report describing any demonstration projects carried 
out under this section. The report shall include an analysis and 
evaluation of the distribution and redistribution of food under the 
demonstration projects and the feasibility of expanding the projects 
to other community food banks. 
(d) TERMINATION.—The authority provided under this section shall 
terminate on September 30,1990. 
(e) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to 
be appropriated to carry out this section, $400,000 for each of the 
fiscal years 1989 through 1990. 
42 use 1766 
SEC. 503. FAMILY OR GROUP DAY CARE HOME DEMONSTRATION 
note. 
PROJECT. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Agriculture shall conduct a 
demonstration project to begin 30 days after enactment of this Act, 
but in no event earlier than October 1, 1988, in one State regarding 
the Child Care Food Program authorized under section 17 of the 
National School Lunch Act (42 U.S.C. 1766) in which day care 
institutions and family or group day care sponsoring organizations 
shall receive a reimbursement (in addition to that received under 
subsections (d) and (f) of section 17 for providing one additional meal 
or supplement for children that are maintained in a day care 
institution or in a family or group day care home setting for eight or 
more hours per day. 
(h) LOCATION.—The Secretary of Agriculture shall select one State 
in which to conduct the demonstration project established under 
subsection (a). The State shall have a large number of children 
served by family or group day care homes and shall have a large 
proportion of its Child Care Food Program meals served under such 
program in homes rather than in day care centers. 
(c) PURPOSE OF DEMONSTRATION.—The demonstration 
project 
established under subsection (a) shall be structured in a manner 
that will enable the Secretary of Agriculture to determine— 
(1) if the additional meal or supplement for children staying 
in day care homes longer than eight hours would increase 
participation in the Child Care Food Program by family and 
group day care homes; 
(2) the extent to which meal service increases at such homes; 
and 
PUBLIC LAW 100-435—SEPT. 19, 1988 
102 STAT. 1673 
(3) the nutritional impact of the additional meal or 
supplement. 
(d) REPORT.—Not later than August 1, 1989, the Secretary of 
Agriculture shall prepare and submit, to the Committee on Agri-
culture of the House of Representatives and the Senate Committee 
on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, a preliminary report that 
describes the results of the project conducted under this section. As 
expeditiously as possible after the conclusion of such project, the 
Secretary shall prepare and submit to such Committees a final 
report concerning the project. 
(e) TERMINATION.—The demonstration project required by this 
section shall terminate not later than 12 months after the date on 
which the project was fully initiated. 
SEC. 504. DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS FOR DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF 
INTELLIGENT COMPUTER BENEFIT CARDS TO PAY FOOD 
STAMP BENEFITS. 
Section 17 of the Food Stamp Act of 1977 (7 U.S.C. 2026) is 
amended by adding at the end thereof the following new subsection: 
"(fKD In order to encourage States to plan, design, develop, and 
implement a system for making food stamp benefits available 
through the use of intelligent benefit cards or other automated or 
electronic benefit delivery systems, the Secretary may conduct one 
or more pilot or experimental projects, subject to the restrictions 
imposed by subsection fl^Xl) and section 7(gX2), designed to test 
whether the use of such cards or systems can enhance the efficiency 
and effectiveness of program operations while ensuring that individ-
uals receive correct benefit amounts on a timely basis. Intelligent 
benefit cards developed under such a demonstration project shall 
contain information, encoded on a computer chip embedded in a 
credit card medium, including the eligibility of the individual and 
the amount of benefits to which such individual is entitled. Any 
other automated or electronic benefit delivery system developed 
under such a demonstration project shall be able to use a plastic 
card to access such information from a data file.". 
SEC. 5
0
5
. 
STUDY 
OF 
THE 
EFFECTIVENESS 
OF 
THE 
FOOD 
STAMP 
EMPLOY-
MENT 
AND 
TRAINING 
PROGRAM. 
Section 17 of the Food Stamp Act of 1977 (7 U.S.C. 2026) (as 
amended by section 504), is further amended by adding at the end 
thereof the following new subsection: 
"(g) In order to assess the effectiveness of the emplojmient and 
training programs established under section 6(d) in placing individ-
uals into the work force and withdrawing such individuals from the 
food stamp program, the Secretary is authorized to carry out studies 
comparing the pre- and post-program labor force participation, wage 
rates, family income, level of receipt of food stamp and other 
transfer pajrments, and other relevant information, for samples of 
participants in such employment and training programs as com-
pared to the appropriate control or comparison groups that did not 
participate in such programs. Such studies shall, to the maximum 
Records, 
extent possible— 
"(1) collect such data for up to 3 years after the individual has 
completed the employment and training program; and 
"(2) yield results that can be generalized to the national 
program as a whole. 
102 STAT. 1674 
PUBLIC LAW 100-435—SEPT. 19, 1988 
The results of such studies and reports shall be considered in 
developing or updating the performance standards required under 
section 6. 
TITLE VI—IMPROVING PAYMENT 
ACCURACY 
SEC. 601. REVIEW OF STATE PROGRAM INVESTMENT WHEN SETTLING 
CLAIMS. 
Section 13(aXl) of the Food Stamp Act of 1977 (7 U.S.C. 2022(aXl)) 
is amended by inserting at the end thereof the following new 
sentence: "In determining whether to settle, adjust, compromise, or 
waive a claim arising against a State agency pursuant to section 
16(c), the Secretary shall review a State agency's plans for new 
dollar investment in activities to improve program administration 
in order to reduce payment error, and shall take the State agency's 
plans for new dollar investment in such activities into consideration 
as the Secretary considers appropriate.". 
SEC. 602. INTEREST ON CLAIMS AGAINST STATE AGENCIES. 
Section 13(aXl) of the Food Stamp Act of 1977 (7 U.S.C. 2022(aXl)), 
as amended by section 601, is further amended by adding at the end 
thereof the following new sentences: "To the extent that a State 
agency does not pay a claim established under section 16(cXlXC), 
inclutUng an agreement to have all or part of the claim paid through 
a reduction in Federal administrative ftinding, within 30 days from 
the date on which the bill for collection (after a determination on 
any request for a waiver for good cause related to the claim has been 
made by the Secretary) is received by the State agency, the State 
agency shall be liable for interest on any unpaid portion of such 
claim accruing from the date on which the bill for collection was 
received by the State agency, unless the State agency appeals the 
claim under section 16(c)(7). If the State agency appeals such claim 
(in whole or in part), the interest on any unpaid portion of the claim 
shall accrue from the date of the decision on the administrative 
appeal, or from a date that is 2 years after the date the bill is 
received, whichever is earlier, until the date the unpaid portion of 
the pa3nnent is received. If the State agency pays such claim (in 
whole or in part, including an agreement to have all or part of the 
claim paid through a reduction in Federal administrative funding) 
and the claim is subsequently overturned through administrative or 
judicial appeal, any amounts paid by the State agency shall be 
promptly returned with interest, accruing from the date the pay-
ment is received until the date the payment is returned. Any 
interest assessed under this paragraph shall be computed at a rate 
determined by the Secretary based on the average of the bond 
equivalent of the weekly 90-day Treasury bill auction rates during 
the period such interest accrues.". 
Claims. 
SEC. 603. ADMINISTRATIVE AND JUDICIAL REVIEW. 
Section 14(a) of the Food Stamp Act of 1977 (7 U.S.C. 2023(a)) is 
amended— 
Records. 
(1) by inserting immediately after the fifth sentence the 
following new sentences: "Determinations regarding claims 
made pursuant to section 16(c) shall be made on the record after 
PUBLIC LAW 100-435—SEPT. 19, 1988 
102 STAT. 1675 
opportunity for an agency hearing in accordance with section 
556 and 557 of title 5, United States Code, in which one or more 
administrative law judges appointed pursuant to section 3105 of 
such title shall preside over the taking of evidence. Such judges 
shall have authority to issue and enforce subpoenas in the 
manner prescribed in sections 13 (c) and (d) of the Perishable 
Agricultural Commodities Act of 1930 (7 U.S.C. 499m (c) and (d)) 
and to appoint expert witnesses under the provisions of Rule 
706 of the Federal Rules of Evidence. The Secretary may not 
limit the authority of such judges presiding over determinations 
regarding claims made pursuant to section 16(c). The Secretary 
shall provide a summary procedure for determinations regard-
ing claims made pursuant to section 16(c) in amounts less than 
$50,000. Such summary procedure need not include an oral 
hearing. On a petition by the State agency or sua sponte, the 
Secretary may permit the full administrative review procedure 
to be used in lieu of such summary review procedure for a claim 
of less than $50,000. Subject to the right of judicial review 
Effective date. 
hereinafter provided, a determination made by an administra-
tive law judge regarding a claim made pursuant to section 16(c) 
shall be final and shall take effect thirty days after the date of 
the delivery or service of final notice of such determination."; 
(2) by inserting before the period at the end of the eighth 
sentence (as it existed before the amendment made by para-
graph (1)) ", except that judicial review of determinations 
regarding claims made pursuant to section 16(c) shall be a 
review on the administrative record"; and 
(3) by adding at the end thereof the following new sentence: 
"Notwithstanding the administrative or judicial review proce-
dures set forth in this subsection, determinations by the Sec-
retary concerning whether a State agency had good cause for its 
failure to meet error rate tolerance levels established under 
section 16(c) are final.". 
SEC. 604. PAYMENT ACCURACY IMPROVEMENT SYSTEM. 
Section 16 of the Food Stamp Act of 1977 (7 U.S.C. 2025) is 
amended— 
(1) by striking out subsection (c) and inserting in lieu thereof 
the following new subsection: 
"(cXD The program authorized under this Act shall include a 
system that enhances payment accuracy by establishing fiscal incen-
tives that require State agencies with high error rates to share in 
the cost of payment error and provide enhanced administrative 
funding to States with the lowest error rates. Under such system— 
"(A) the Secretary shall adjust a State agency's federally 
funded share of administrative costs pursuant to subsection (a), 
other than the costs already shared in excess of 50 percent 
under the proviso in the first sentence of subsection (a) or under 
subsection (g), by increasing such share of all such administra-
tive costs by one percentage point to a maximum of 60 percent 
of all such administrative costs for each full one-tenth of a 
Percentage point by which the payment error rate is less than 6 
percent, except that only States whose rate of invalid decisions 
in denying eligibility is less than a nationwide percentage that 
the Secretary determines to be reasonable shall be entitled to 
the adjustment prescribed in this subsection; 
102 STAT. 1676 
PUBLIC LAW 100-435—SEPT. 19, 1988 
"(B) the Secretary shall foster management improvements by 
the States pursuant to subsection G
>
) by requiring State agencies 
other than those receiving adjustments under subparagraph (A) 
to develop and implement corrective action plans to reduce 
payment errors; and 
'(C) for any fiscal year in which a State agency's payment 
error rate exceeds the payment error tolerance level for pay-
ment error rates announced under paragraph (6), other than for 
good cause shown, the State agency shall pay to the Secretary 
an amount equal to its pajmnent error rate less such tolerance 
level times the total value of allotments issued in such a fiscal 
year by such State agency. The amount of liability shall not be 
affected by corrective action under subparagraph (B). 
"(2) As used in this section— 
"(A) the term 'payment error rate' means the sum of the 
point estimates of an overpayment error rate and 
an 
underpayment error rate determined by the Secretary from 
data collected in a probability sample of 
participating 
households; 
"(B) the term 'overpayment error rate' means the percentage 
of the value of all allotments issued in a fiscal year by a State 
agency that are either— 
"(i) issued to households that fail to meet basic program 
eligibility requirements; or 
"(ii) overissued to eligible households; and 
"(C) the term 'underpayment error rate' means the ratio of 
the value of allotments underissued to recipient households to 
the total value of allotments issued in a fiscal year by a State 
agency. 
"(3) The following errors may be measured for management pur-
poses but shall not be included in the pajmtient error rate: 
"(A) Any errors resulting in the application of new regula-
tions promulgated under this Act during the first 60 days (or 90 
days at the discretion of the Secretary) from the required 
implementation date for such regulations. 
'(B) Errors resulting from the use by a State agency of 
correctly processed information concerning households or 
individuals received from Federal agencies or from actions 
based on policy information approved or disseminated, in writ-
ing, by the Secretary or the Secretary's designee. 
"(4) The Secretary may require a Stete agency to report any 
factors that the Secretary considers necessary to determine a State 
agency's payment error rate, enhanced administrative funding, or 
claim for payment error, under this subsection. If a State agency 
fails to meet the reporting requirements established by the Sec-
retary, the Secretary shall base the determination on all pertinent 
information available to the Secretary. 
Records. 
"(5) To facilitate the implementation of this subsection each State 
agency shall submit to the Secretory expeditiously date regarding 
its operations in each fiscal year sufficient for the Secretory to 
establish the payment error rate for the State agency for such fiscal 
year and determine the amount of either incentive pa3mtients under 
paragraph (IXA) or claims under paragraph (IXC), The Secretary 
shall make a determination for a fiscal year, and notify the State 
agency of such determination, within nine months following the end 
Claims. 
of each fiscal year. The Secretary shall initiate efforts to collect the 
amount owed by the State agency as a claim established under 
PUBLIC LAW 100-435—SEPT. 19, 1988 
102 STAT. 1677 
paragraph (IXO for a fiscal year, subject to the conclusion of any 
formal or informal appeal procedure and administrative or judicisQ 
review under section 14 (as provided for in paragraph (7)), before the 
end of the fiscal year following such fiscal year. 
"(6) At the time the Secretary makes the notification to State 
Claims. 
agencies of their error rates and incentive payments or claims 
pursuant to paragraphs (IXA) and (IXC), the Secretary shall also 
announce a national performance measure that shall be the sum of 
the products of each State agency's error rate as developed for the 
notifications under paragraph (5) times that State agency's propor-
tion of the total value of national allotments issued for the fiscal 
year using the most recent issuance data available at the time of the 
notifications issued pursuant to paragraph (5). Where a State fails to 
meet reporting requirements pursuant to paragraph (4), the Sec-
retary may use another measure of a State's error developed pursu-
ant to paragraph (5), to develop the national performance measure. 
The announced national performance measure shall be used to 
establish a payment-error tolerance level. Such tolerance level for 
any fiscal year will be one percentage point added to the lowest 
national performance measure ever announced up to and including 
such fiscal year under this section. The payment-error tolerance 
level shall be used in determining the State share of the cost of 
payment error imder paragraph (IXC) for the fiscal year whose error 
rates are being annoimced under paragraph (5). 
"(7) If the Secretary asserts a financial claim against a State 
agency imder paragraph (IXC), the State may seek administrative 
and judicial review of the action pursuant to section 14."; and 
(2) by striking out subsection (d) and inserting in lieu thereof 
the following new subsection: 
"(d) The Secretary shall undertake the following studies of Reports. 
the pajrment error improvement system established under sub-
section (c): 
"(1) An assessment of the feasibility of measuring payment 
errors due to improper denials and terminations of benefits or 
otherwise developing performance standards with financial con-
sequences for improper denials and terminations, including 
incorporation in subsection (c). The Secretary shall report the 
results of such study and the recommendations of the Secretary 
to the C!ongress by July 1,1990. 
"(2) An ev£duation of the effectiveness of the system of pro-
gram improvement initiated under this section that shall be 
reported to the Congress along with the Secretary's rec-
ommendations no later than 3 years from the date of enactment 
of this section.". 
TITLE VII—IMPLEMENTATION 
SEC. 701. EFFECTIVE DATES. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Except as otherwise provided for in section 503 
and in subsection (b) of this section, this Act and the amendments 
made by this Act shall become effective and be implemented on 
October 1,1988. 
(b) SPECIAL RULES.— 
(1) The amendments made by sections 101, 103, 301, 321(c), 
343, and 401 shall become effective and be implemented on the 
date of enactment of this Act. 
7 use 2012 note. 
102 STAT. 1678 
PUBLIC LAW 100-435—SEPT. 19, 1988 
(2) The amendments made by section 402 shall become effec-
tive and be implemented on January 1,1989. 
(3)(A) The amendments made by section 203(a) shall become 
effective on January 1, 1989, and the States shall implement 
such section by January 1,1990. 
(B) The amendments made by section 203(b) shall become 
effective on January 1,1989, except with regards to those States 
not implementing section 203(a). 
(4) The amendments made by sections 204, 210, 211, subsec-
tions (a)(1), (c), and (e) of section 404, and sections 310 through 
352 shall become effective and implemented on July 1, 1989. 
(5) The amendments made by title VI shall be effective as 
follows: 
(A) Except as provided in subparagraph (D), the provisions 
of section 16(c) of the Food Stamp Act of 1977, as amended 
by section 604, shall become effective on October 1, 1985, 
with respect to claims under section 16(c) for quality control 
review periods after such date, except that— 
(i) the provisions of section 16(c)(1)(A), as amended, 
shall become effective on October 1, 1988, with respect 
to payment error rates for quality control review 
periods after such date; and 
(ii) the provisions of section 16(c)(3), £is amended, 
shall become effective on October 1, 1988, with respect 
to payment error rates for quality control review 
periods after such date. 
(B) The amendments made by sections 601 and 602 shall 
become effective on October 1, 1985, with respect to claims 
under section 16(c) for quality control review periods after 
such date. 
(C) Except as provided in subparagraph (D), the amend-
ments made to section 14 of the Food Stamp Act of 1977 by 
section 603 shall become effective on October 1, 1985, with 
respect to claims under section 16(c) for quality control 
review periods after such date. 
(D)(i) The provisions of sections 13, 14, and 16 of the Food 
Stamp Act of 1977 that relate to claims against State 
agencies and that were in effect for any quality control 
review period or periods through fiscal year 1985 shall 
remain in effect for claims arising with respect to such 
period or periods. 
(ii) The provisions of sections 14 and 16(c) of the Food 
Stamp Act of 1977 that relate to enhanced administrative 
funding for State agencies and that were in effect for any 
quality control review period or periods through fiscal year 
1988 shall remain in effect for such funding with respect to 
such period or periods. 
(c) SEQUESTRATION.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—Notwithstanding any other provision of law, 
if a final order is issued for fiscal year 1989 under section 252(b) 
of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 
1985 (2 U.S.C. 902(b)), the amount made available to carry out 
the food stamp program under section 18 of the Food Stamp Act 
of 1977 (7 U.S.C. 2027) shall be reduced by an amount equal to 
$110,000,000 multiplied by the amount of the percentage reduc-
tion for domestic programs required under such order. The 
reduction required by the preceding sentence shall be achieved 
PUBLIC LAW 100-435—SEPT. 19, 1988 
102 STAT. 1679 
by reducing the amount of the adjustment to the cost of the 
thrifty food plan for fiscal year 1989 under section 3{oX9) of the 
Food Stamp Act of 1977 (as added by section 120 of this Act). 
(2) EFFECTIVE 
DATES IF SEQUESTRATION OCCURS.—Notwith-
standing subsections (a) and (b), if a final order is issued under 
section 252(b) of the Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (2 
U.S.C. 902(b))^vfor fiscal,.year 1989 to make reductions and 
sequestrations specifie^^n the report required under section 
251(a)(3)(A) of such Act; sections 111, 201, 204, 310, 311, 321, 322, 
323, 341, 342, 350, 351, 352, 402, 403, 404, 502, 504, and 505 shall 
become effective and be implemented on October 1, 1989. 
Approved September 19, 1988. 
LEGISLATIVE HISTORY—S. 2560 (H.R. 4060): 
HOUSE REPORTS: No. 100-828, Pt. 1, accompanying H.R. 4060 (Comm. on 
Agfriculture). 
SENATE REPORTS: No. 100-397 (Comm. on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry). 
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, Vol. 134 (1988): 
July 26, considered and passed Senate. 
Aug. 8, H.R. 4060 considered and passed House. 
Aug. 11, S. 2560 considered and passed House, amended. Senate concurred in 
House amendment.