Court Security Improvement Act of 2007
PL 110-177 (H.R.660), enacted 01/07/2008

121 STAT. 2534 
PUBLIC LAW 110–177—JAN. 7, 2008 
Public Law 110–177 
110th Congress 
An Act 
To amend title 18, United States Code, to protect judges, prosecutors, witnesses, 
victims, and their family members, and for other purposes. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of 
the United States of America in Congress assembled, 
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 
This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Court Security Improvement 
Act of 2007’’. 
TITLE I—JUDICIAL SECURITY 
IMPROVEMENTS AND FUNDING 
SEC. 101. JUDICIAL BRANCH SECURITY REQUIREMENTS. 
(a) ENSURING CONSULTATION WITH
THE JUDICIARY.—Section 
566 of title 28, United States Code, is amended by adding at 
the end the following: 
‘‘(i) The Director of the United States Marshals Service shall 
consult with the Judicial Conference of the United States on a 
continuing basis regarding the security requirements for the judicial 
branch of the United States Government, to ensure that the views 
of the Judicial Conference regarding the security requirements for 
the judicial branch of the Federal Government are taken into 
account when determining staffing levels, setting priorities for pro-
grams regarding judicial security, and allocating judicial security 
resources. In this paragraph, the term ‘judicial security’ includes 
the security of buildings housing the judiciary, the personal security 
of judicial officers, the assessment of threats made to judicial offi-
cers, and the protection of all other judicial personnel. The United 
States Marshals Service retains final authority regarding security 
requirements for the judicial branch of the Federal Government.’’. 
(b) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—Section 331 of title 28, United 
States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘The Judicial Conference shall consult with the Director of 
United States Marshals Service on a continuing basis regarding 
the security requirements for the judicial branch of the United 
States Government, to ensure that the views of the Judicial Con-
ference regarding the security requirements for the judicial branch 
of the Federal Government are taken into account when deter-
mining staffing levels, setting priorities for programs regarding 
judicial security, and allocating judicial security resources. In this 
paragraph, the term ‘judicial security’ includes the security of 
buildings housing the judiciary, the personal security of judicial 
28 USC 1 note. 
Court Security 
Improvement Act 
of 2007. 
Jan. 7, 2008 
[H.R. 660] 
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121 STAT. 2535 
PUBLIC LAW 110–177—JAN. 7, 2008 
officers, the assessment of threats made to judicial officers, and 
the protection of all other judicial personnel. The United States 
Marshals Service retains final authority regarding security require-
ments for the judicial branch of the Federal Government.’’. 
SEC. 102. PROTECTION OF UNITED STATES TAX COURT. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 566(a) of title 28, United States Code, 
is amended by striking ‘‘and the Court of International Trade’’ 
and inserting ‘‘, the Court of International Trade, and the United 
States Tax Court, as provided by law’’. 
(b) INTERNAL REVENUE CODE.—Section 7456(c) of the Internal 
Revenue Code of 1986 (relating to incidental powers of the Tax 
Court) is amended in the matter following paragraph (3), by striking 
the period at the end, and inserting ‘‘and may otherwise provide, 
when requested by the chief judge of the Tax Court, for the security 
of the Tax Court, including the personal protection of Tax Court 
judges, court officers, witnesses, and other threatened persons in 
the interests of justice, where criminal intimidation impedes on 
the functioning of the judicial process or any other official pro-
ceeding. The United States Marshals Service retains final authority 
regarding security requirements for the Tax Court.’’. 
(c) REIMBURSEMENT.—The United States Tax Court shall 
reimburse the United States Marshals Service for protection pro-
vided under the amendments made by this section. 
SEC. 103. ADDITIONAL AMOUNTS FOR UNITED STATES MARSHALS 
SERVICE TO PROTECT THE JUDICIARY. 
In addition to any other amounts authorized to be appropriated 
for the United States Marshals Service, there are authorized to 
be appropriated for the United States Marshals Service $20,000,000 
for each of fiscal years 2007 through 2011 for— 
(1) hiring entry-level deputy marshals for providing judicial 
security; 
(2) hiring senior-level deputy marshals for investigating 
threats to the judiciary and providing protective details to 
members of the judiciary, assistant United States attorneys, 
and other attorneys employed by the Federal Government; and 
(3) for the Office of Protective Intelligence, for hiring senior- 
level deputy marshals, hiring program analysts, and providing 
secure computer systems. 
SEC. 104. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE REPORTS. 
Section 105(b)(3) of the Ethics in Government Act of 1978 
(5 U.S.C. App.) is amended by striking ‘‘2009’’ each place it appears 
and inserting ‘‘2011’’. 
TITLE 
II—CRIMINAL 
LAW 
ENHANCE-
MENTS TO PROTECT JUDGES, FAMILY 
MEMBERS, AND WITNESSES 
SEC. 201. PROTECTIONS AGAINST MALICIOUS RECORDING OF FICTI-
TIOUS LIENS AGAINST FEDERAL JUDGES AND FEDERAL 
LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS. 
(a) OFFENSE.—Chapter 73 of title 18, United States Code, is 
amended by adding at the end the following: 
Appropriation 
authorization. 
26 USC 7456 
note. 
26 USC 7456. 
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121 STAT. 2536 
PUBLIC LAW 110–177—JAN. 7, 2008 
‘‘§ 1521. Retaliating against a Federal judge or Federal law 
enforcement officer by false claim or slander of 
title 
‘‘Whoever files, attempts to file, or conspires to file, in any 
public record or in any private record which is generally available 
to the public, any false lien or encumbrance against the real or 
personal property of an individual described in section 1114, on 
account of the performance of official duties by that individual, 
knowing or having reason to know that such lien or encumbrance 
is false or contains any materially false, fictitious, or fraudulent 
statement or representation, shall be fined under this title or impris-
oned for not more than 10 years, or both.’’. 
(b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The chapter analysis for chapter 
73 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding at the 
end the following new item: 
‘‘1521. Retaliating against a Federal judge or Federal law enforcement officer by 
false claim or slander of title.’’. 
SEC. 202. PROTECTION OF INDIVIDUALS PERFORMING CERTAIN OFFI-
CIAL DUTIES. 
(a) OFFENSE.—Chapter 7 of title 18, United States Code, is 
amended by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘§ 119. Protection of individuals performing certain official 
duties 
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Whoever knowingly makes restricted per-
sonal information about a covered person, or a member of the 
immediate family of that covered person, publicly available— 
‘‘(1) with the intent to threaten, intimidate, or incite the 
commission of a crime of violence against that covered person, 
or a member of the immediate family of that covered person; 
or 
‘‘(2) with the intent and knowledge that the restricted 
personal information will be used to threaten, intimidate, or 
facilitate the commission of a crime of violence against that 
covered person, or a member of the immediate family of that 
covered person, 
shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 5 years, 
or both. 
‘‘(b) DEFINITIONS.—In this section— 
‘‘(1) the term ‘restricted personal information’ means, with 
respect to an individual, the Social Security number, the home 
address, home phone number, mobile phone number, personal 
email, or home fax number of, and identifiable to, that indi-
vidual; 
‘‘(2) the term ‘covered person’ means— 
‘‘(A) an individual designated in section 1114; 
‘‘(B) a grand or petit juror, witness, or other officer 
in or of, any court of the United States, or an officer 
who may be, or was, serving at any examination or other 
proceeding before any United States magistrate judge or 
other committing magistrate; 
‘‘(C) an informant or witness in a Federal criminal 
investigation or prosecution; or 
‘‘(D) a State or local officer or employee whose 
restricted personal information is made publicly available 
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121 STAT. 2537 
PUBLIC LAW 110–177—JAN. 7, 2008 
because of the participation in, or assistance provided to, 
a Federal criminal investigation by that officer or employee; 
‘‘(3) the term ‘crime of violence’ has the meaning given 
the term in section 16; and 
‘‘(4) the term ‘immediate family’ has the meaning given 
the term in section 115(c)(2).’’. 
(b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of sections at the begin-
ning of chapter 7 of title 18, United States Code, is amended 
by adding at the end the following new item: 
‘‘119. Protection of individuals performing certain official duties.’’. 
SEC. 203. PROHIBITION OF POSSESSION OF DANGEROUS WEAPONS 
IN FEDERAL COURT FACILITIES. 
Section 930(e)(1) of title 18, United States Code, is amended 
by inserting ‘‘or other dangerous weapon’’ after ‘‘firearm’’. 
SEC. 204. CLARIFICATION OF VENUE FOR RETALIATION AGAINST A 
WITNESS. 
Section 1513 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by 
adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(g) A prosecution under this section may be brought in the 
district in which the official proceeding (whether pending, about 
to be instituted, or completed) was intended to be affected, or 
in which the conduct constituting the alleged offense occurred.’’. 
SEC. 205. MODIFICATION OR TAMPERING WITH A WITNESS, VICTIM, 
OR AN INFORMANT OFFENSE. 
Section 1512 of title 18, United States Code, is amended— 
(1) in subsection (a)(3)— 
(A) by amending subparagraph (A) to read as follows: 
‘‘(A) in the case of a killing, the punishment provided 
in sections 1111 and 1112;’’; 
(B) in the matter following clause (ii) of subparagraph 
(B) by striking ‘‘20 years’’ and inserting ‘‘30 years’’; and 
(C) in subparagraph (C), by striking ‘‘10 years’’ and 
inserting ‘‘20 years’’; 
(2) in subsection (b), by striking ‘‘ten years’’ and inserting 
‘‘20 years’’; and 
(3) in subsection (d), by striking ‘‘one year’’ and inserting 
‘‘3 years’’. 
SEC. 206. MODIFICATION OF RETALIATION OFFENSE. 
Section 1513 of title 18, United States Code, is amended— 
(1) in subsection (a)(1)(B)— 
(A) by inserting a comma after ‘‘probation’’; and 
(B) by striking the comma which immediately follows 
another comma; 
(2) in subsection (a)(2)(B), by striking ‘‘20 years’’ and 
inserting ‘‘30 years’’; 
(3) in subsection (b)— 
(A) in paragraph (2)— 
(i) by inserting a comma after ‘‘probation’’; and 
(ii) by striking the comma which immediately fol-
lows another comma; and 
(B) in the matter following paragraph (2), by striking 
‘‘ten years’’ and inserting ‘‘20 years’’; and 
(4) by redesignating the second subsection (e) as subsection 
(f). 
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121 STAT. 2538 
PUBLIC LAW 110–177—JAN. 7, 2008 
SEC. 207. GENERAL MODIFICATIONS OF FEDERAL MURDER CRIME AND 
RELATED CRIMES. 
Section 1112(b) of title 18, United States Code, is amended— 
(1) by striking ‘‘ten years’’ and inserting ‘‘15 years’’; and 
(2) by striking ‘‘six years’’ and inserting ‘‘8 years’’. 
SEC. 208. ASSAULT PENALTIES. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 115(b) of title 18, United States Code, 
is amended by striking ‘‘(1)’’ and all that follows through the end 
of paragraph (1) and inserting the following: ‘‘(1) The punishment 
for an assault in violation of this section is— 
‘‘(A) a fine under this title; and 
‘‘(B)(i) if the assault consists of a simple assault, a term 
of imprisonment for not more than 1 year; 
‘‘(ii) if the assault involved physical contact with the victim 
of that assault or the intent to commit another felony, a term 
of imprisonment for not more than 10 years; 
‘‘(iii) if the assault resulted in bodily injury, a term of 
imprisonment for not more than 20 years; or 
‘‘(iv) if the assault resulted in serious bodily injury (as 
that term is defined in section 1365 of this title, and including 
any conduct that, if the conduct occurred in the special mari-
time and territorial jurisdiction of the United States, would 
violate section 2241 or 2242 of this title) or a dangerous weapon 
was used during and in relation to the offense, a term of 
imprisonment for not more than 30 years.’’. 
(b) CONFORMING
AMENDMENT.—Section 111(a) of title 18, 
United States Code, is amended by striking ‘‘in all other cases’’ 
and inserting ‘‘where such acts involve physical contact with the 
victim of that assault or the intent to commit another felony’’. 
SEC. 209. DIRECTION TO THE SENTENCING COMMISSION. 
The United States Sentencing Commission is directed to review 
the Sentencing Guidelines as they apply to threats punishable 
under section 115 of title 18, United States Code, that occur over 
the Internet, and determine whether and by how much that cir-
cumstance should aggravate the punishment pursuant to section 
994 of title 28, United States Code. In conducting the study, the 
Commission shall take into consideration the number of such 
threats made, the intended number of recipients of such threats, 
and whether the initial senders of such threats were acting in 
an individual capacity or as part of a larger group. 
TITLE 
III—PROTECTING 
STATE 
AND 
LOCAL JUDGES AND RELATED GRANT 
PROGRAMS 
SEC. 301. GRANTS TO STATES TO PROTECT WITNESSES AND VICTIMS 
OF CRIMES. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 31702 of the Violent Crime Control 
and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (42 U.S.C. 13862) is amended— 
(1) in paragraph (3), by striking ‘‘and’’ at the end; 
(2) in paragraph (4), by striking the period at the end 
and inserting ‘‘; and’’; and 
(3) by adding at the end the following: 
28 USC 994 note. 
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121 STAT. 2539 
PUBLIC LAW 110–177—JAN. 7, 2008 
‘‘(5) by a State, unit of local government, or Indian tribe 
to create and expand witness and victim protection programs 
to prevent threats, intimidation, and retaliation against victims 
of, and witnesses to, violent crimes.’’. 
(b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—Section 31707 of the 
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (42 U.S.C. 
13867) is amended to read as follows: 
‘‘SEC. 31707. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. 
‘‘There are authorized to be appropriated $20,000,000 for each 
of the fiscal years 2008 through 2012 to carry out this subtitle.’’. 
SEC. 302. ELIGIBILITY OF STATE COURTS FOR CERTAIN FEDERAL 
GRANTS. 
(a) CORRECTIONAL OPTIONS GRANTS.—Section 515 of the Omni-
bus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (42 U.S.C. 3762a) 
is amended— 
(1) in subsection (a)— 
(A) in paragraph (2), by striking ‘‘and’’ at the end; 
(B) in paragraph (3), by striking the period and 
inserting ‘‘; and’’; and 
(C) by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(4) grants to State courts to improve security for State 
and local court systems.’’; and 
(2) in subsection (b), by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘Priority shall be given to State court applicants under subsection 
(a)(4) that have the greatest demonstrated need to provide security 
in order to administer justice.’’. 
(b) ALLOCATIONS.—Section 516(a) of the Omnibus Crime Con-
trol and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (42 U.S.C. 3762b) is amended— 
(1) by striking ‘‘80’’ and inserting ‘‘70’’; 
(2) by striking ‘‘and 10’’ and inserting ‘‘10’’; and 
(3) by inserting before the period the following: ‘‘, and 
10 percent for section 515(a)(4)’’. 
(c) STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS TO CONSIDER COURTS.— 
The Attorney General may require, as appropriate, that whenever 
a State or unit of local government or Indian tribe applies for 
a grant from the Department of Justice, the State, unit, or tribe 
demonstrate that, in developing the application and distributing 
funds, the State, unit, or tribe— 
(1) considered the needs of the judicial branch of the State, 
unit, or tribe, as the case may be; 
(2) consulted with the chief judicial officer of the highest 
court of the State, unit, or tribe, as the case may be; and 
(3) consulted with the chief law enforcement officer of the 
law enforcement agency responsible for the security needs of 
the judicial branch of the State, unit, or tribe, as the case 
may be. 
(d) ARMOR VESTS.—Section 2501 of title I of the Omnibus 
Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (42 U.S.C. 3796ll) 
is amended— 
(1) in subsection (a), by inserting ‘‘and State and local 
court officers’’ after ‘‘tribal law enforcement officers’’; and 
(2) in subsection (b)(1), by inserting ‘‘State or local court,’’ 
after ‘‘government,’’. 
42 USC 3702. 
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121 STAT. 2540 
PUBLIC LAW 110–177—JAN. 7, 2008 
SEC. 303. GRANTS TO STATES FOR THREAT ASSESSMENT DATABASES. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Attorney General, through the Office 
of Justice Programs, shall make grants under this section to the 
highest State courts in States participating in the program, for 
the purpose of enabling such courts to establish and maintain 
a threat assessment database described in subsection (b). 
(b) DATABASE.—For purposes of subsection (a), a threat assess-
ment database is a database through which a State can— 
(1) analyze trends and patterns in domestic terrorism and 
crime; 
(2) project the probabilities that specific acts of domestic 
terrorism or crime will occur; and 
(3) develop measures and procedures that can effectively 
reduce the probabilities that those acts will occur. 
(c) CORE ELEMENTS.—The Attorney General shall define a core 
set of data elements to be used by each database funded by this 
section so that the information in the database can be effectively 
shared with other States and with the Department of Justice. 
(d) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized 
to be appropriated to carry out this section $15,000,000 for each 
of fiscal years 2008 through 2011. 
TITLE IV—LAW ENFORCEMENT 
OFFICERS 
SEC. 401. REPORT ON SECURITY OF FEDERAL PROSECUTORS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 90 days after the date of 
the enactment of this Act, the Attorney General shall submit to 
the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate and the Committee 
on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives a report on the 
security of assistant United States attorneys and other Federal 
attorneys arising from the prosecution of terrorists, violent criminal 
gangs, drug traffickers, gun traffickers, white supremacists, those 
who commit fraud and other white-collar offenses, and other 
criminal cases. 
(b) CONTENTS.—The report submitted under subsection (a) shall 
describe each of the following: 
(1) The number and nature of threats and assaults against 
attorneys handling prosecutions described in subsection (a) and 
the reporting requirements and methods. 
(2) The security measures that are in place to protect 
the attorneys who are handling prosecutions described in sub-
section (a), including threat assessments, response procedures, 
availability of security systems and other devices, firearms 
licensing (deputations), and other measures designed to protect 
the attorneys and their families. 
(3) The firearms deputation policies of the Department 
of Justice, including the number of attorneys deputized and 
the time between receipt of threat and completion of the deputa-
tion and training process. 
(4) For each requirement, measure, or policy described 
in paragraphs (1) through (3), when the requirement, measure, 
or policy was developed and who was responsible for developing 
and implementing the requirement, measure, or policy. 
42 USC 3714a. 
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121 STAT. 2541 
PUBLIC LAW 110–177—JAN. 7, 2008 
(5) The programs that are made available to the attorneys 
for personal security training, including training relating to 
limitations on public information disclosure, basic home secu-
rity, firearms handling and safety, family safety, mail handling, 
counter-surveillance, and self-defense tactics. 
(6) The measures that are taken to provide attorneys han-
dling prosecutions described in subsection (a) with secure 
parking facilities, and how priorities for such facilities are 
established— 
(A) among Federal employees within the facility; 
(B) among Department of Justice employees within 
the facility; and 
(C) among attorneys within the facility. 
(7) 
The 
frequency 
attorneys 
handling 
prosecutions 
described in subsection (a) are called upon to work beyond 
standard work hours and the security measures provided to 
protect attorneys at such times during travel between office 
and available parking facilities. 
(8) With respect to attorneys who are licensed under State 
laws to carry firearms, the policy of the Department of Justice 
as to— 
(A) carrying the firearm between available parking 
and office buildings; 
(B) securing the weapon at the office buildings; and 
(C) equipment and training provided to facilitate safe 
storage at Department of Justice facilities. 
(9) The offices in the Department of Justice that are respon-
sible for ensuring the security of attorneys handling prosecu-
tions described in subsection (a), the organization and staffing 
of the offices, and the manner in which the offices coordinate 
with offices in specific districts. 
(10) The role, if any, that the United States Marshals 
Service or any other Department of Justice component plays 
in protecting, or providing security services or training for, 
attorneys handling prosecutions described in subsection (a). 
TITLE V—MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS 
SEC. 501. EXPANDED PROCUREMENT AUTHORITY FOR THE UNITED 
STATES SENTENCING COMMISSION. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 995 of title 28, United States Code, 
is amended by adding at the end the following: 
‘‘(f) The Commission may— 
‘‘(1) use available funds to enter into contracts for the 
acquisition of severable services for a period that begins in 
1 fiscal year and ends in the next fiscal year, to the same 
extent as executive agencies may enter into such contracts 
under the authority of section 303L of the Federal Property 
and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (41 U.S.C. 253l); 
‘‘(2) enter into multi-year contracts for the acquisition of 
property or services to the same extent as executive agencies 
may enter into such contracts under the authority of section 
304B of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act 
of 1949 (41 U.S.C. 254c); and 
‘‘(3) make advance, partial, progress, or other payments 
under contracts for property or services to the same extent 
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121 STAT. 2542 
PUBLIC LAW 110–177—JAN. 7, 2008 
as executive agencies may make such payments under the 
authority of section 305 of the Federal Property and Adminis-
trative Services Act of 1949 (41 U.S.C. 255).’’. 
(b) SUNSET.—The amendment made by subsection (a) shall 
cease to have force and effect on September 30, 2010. 
SEC. 502. MAGISTRATE JUDGES LIFE INSURANCE. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 604(a)(5) of title 28, United States 
Code, is amended by inserting after ‘‘hold office during good 
behavior’’, the following: ‘‘magistrate judges appointed under section 
631 of this title,’’. 
(b) CONSTRUCTION.—For purposes of construing and applying 
chapter 87 of title 5, United States Code, including any adjustment 
of insurance rates by regulation or otherwise, the following cat-
egories of judicial officers shall be deemed to be judges of the 
United States as described under section 8701 of title 5, United 
States Code: 
(1) Magistrate judges appointed under section 631 of title 
28, United States Code. 
(2) Magistrate judges retired under section 377 of title 
28, United States Code. 
(c) EFFECTIVE DATE.—Subsection (b) and the amendment made 
by subsection (a) shall apply with respect to any payment made 
on or after the first day of the first applicable pay period beginning 
on or after the date of enactment of this Act. 
SEC. 503. ASSIGNMENT OF JUDGES. 
Section 296 of title 28, United States Code, is amended by 
inserting at the end of the second undesignated paragraph the 
following new sentence: ‘‘However, a district judge who has retired 
from regular active service under section 371(b) of this title, when 
designated and assigned to the court to which such judge was 
appointed, having performed in the preceding calendar year an 
amount of work equal to or greater than the amount of work 
an average judge in active service on that court would perform 
in 6 months, and having elected to exercise such powers, shall 
have the powers of a judge of that court to participate in appoint-
ment of court officers and magistrate judges, rulemaking, govern-
ance, and administrative matters.’’. 
SEC. 504. SENIOR JUDGE PARTICIPATION IN THE SELECTION OF MAG-
ISTRATE JUDGES. 
Section 631(a) of title 28, United States Code, is amended 
by striking ‘‘Northern Mariana Islands’’ the first place it appears 
and inserting ‘‘Northern Mariana Islands (including any judge in 
regular active service and any judge who has retired from regular 
active service under section 371(b) of this title, when designated 
and assigned to the court to which such judge was appointed)’’. 
SEC. 505. GUARANTEEING COMPLIANCE WITH PRISONER PAYMENT 
COMMITMENTS. 
Section 3624(e) of title 18, United States Code, is amended 
by striking the last sentence and inserting the following: ‘‘Upon 
the release of a prisoner by the Bureau of Prisons to supervised 
release, the Bureau of Prisons shall notify such prisoner, verbally 
and in writing, of the requirement that the prisoner adhere to 
an installment schedule, not to exceed 2 years except in special 
circumstances, to pay for any fine imposed for the offense committed 
Notification. 
28 USC 604 note. 
5 USC 8701 note. 
28 USC 995 note. 
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121 STAT. 2543 
PUBLIC LAW 110–177—JAN. 7, 2008 
by such prisoner, and of the consequences of failure to pay such 
fines under sections 3611 through 3614 of this title.’’. 
SEC. 506. STUDY AND REPORT. 
The Attorney General shall study whether the generally open 
public access to State and local records imperils the safety of the 
Federal judiciary. Not later than 18 months after the enactment 
of this Act, the Attorney General shall report to Congress the 
results of that study together with any recommendations the 
Attorney General deems necessary. 
SEC. 507. REAUTHORIZATION OF FUGITIVE APPREHENSION TASK 
FORCES. 
Section 6(b) of the Presidential Threat Protection Act of 2000 
(28 U.S.C. 566 note; Public Law 106–544) is amended— 
(1) by striking ‘‘and’’ after ‘‘fiscal year 2002,’’; and 
(2) by inserting ‘‘, and $10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 
2008 through 2012’’ before the period. 
SEC. 508. INCREASED PROTECTION OF FEDERAL JUDGES. 
(a) MINIMUM DOCUMENT REQUIREMENTS.— 
(1) MINIMUM
REQUIREMENTS.—For purposes of section 
202(b)(6) of the REAL ID Act of 2005 (49 U.S.C. 30301 note), 
a State may, in the case of an individual described in subpara-
graph (A) or (B) of paragraph (2), include in a driver’s license 
or other identification card issued to that individual by the 
State, the address specified in that subparagraph in lieu of 
the individual’s address of principle residence. 
(2) INDIVIDUALS AND INFORMATION.—The individuals and 
addresses referred to in paragraph (1) are the following: 
(A) In the case of a Justice of the United States, 
the address of the United States Supreme Court. 
(B) In the case of a judge of a Federal court, the 
address of the courthouse. 
(b) VERIFICATION OF INFORMATION.—For purposes of section 
202(c)(1)(D) of the REAL ID Act of 2005 (49 U.S.C. 30301 note), 
in the case of an individual described in subparagraph (A) or 
(B) of subsection (a)(2), a State need only require documentation 
of the address appearing on the individual’s driver’s license or 
other identification card issued by that State to the individual. 
SEC. 509. FEDERAL JUDGES FOR COURTS OF APPEALS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 44(a) of title 28, United States Code, 
is amended in the table— 
(1) in the item relating to the District of Columbia Circuit, 
by striking ‘‘12’’ and inserting ‘‘11’’; and 
(2) in the item relating to the Ninth Circuit, by striking 
‘‘28’’ and inserting ‘‘29’’. 
(b) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by subsection 
(a)(2) shall take effect on January 21, 2009. 
SEC. 510. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF JUSTICE STUDY AND REPORT. 
(a) STUDY REQUIRED.—The Director of the National Institute 
of Justice (referred to in this section as the ‘‘Director’’) shall conduct 
a study to determine and compile the collateral consequences of 
convictions for criminal offenses in the United States, each of the 
50 States, each territory of the United States, and the District 
of Columbia. 
28 USC 44 note. 
49 USC 30301 
note. 
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121 STAT. 2544 
PUBLIC LAW 110–177—JAN. 7, 2008 
(b) ACTIVITIES UNDER STUDY.—In conducting the study under 
subsection (a), the Director shall identify any provision in the 
Constitution, statutes, or administrative rules of each jurisdiction 
described in that subsection that imposes collateral sanctions or 
authorizes the imposition of disqualifications, and any provision 
that may afford relief from such collateral sanctions and disquali-
fications. 
(c) REPORT.— 
(1) IN
GENERAL.—Not later than 1 year after the date 
of enactment of this Act, the Director shall submit to Congress 
a report on the activities carried out under this section. 
(2) CONTENTS.—The report submitted under paragraph (1) 
shall include a compilation of citations, text, and short descrip-
tions of any provision identified under subsection (b). 
(3) DISTRIBUTION.—The report submitted under paragraph 
(1) shall be distributed to the legislature and chief executive 
of each of the 50 States, each territory of the United States, 
and the District of Columbia. 
(d) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 
(1) COLLATERAL CONSEQUENCE.—The term ‘‘collateral con-
sequence’’ means a collateral sanction or a disqualification. 
(2) COLLATERAL
SANCTION.—The term ‘‘collateral sanc-
tion’’— 
(A) means a penalty, disability, or disadvantage, how-
ever denominated, that is imposed by law as a result of 
an individual’s conviction for a felony, misdemeanor, or 
other offense, but not as part of the judgment of the court; 
and 
(B) does not include a term of imprisonment, probation, 
parole, supervised release, fine, assessment, forfeiture, res-
titution, or the costs of prosecution. 
(3) DISQUALIFICATION.—The term ‘‘disqualification’’ means 
a penalty, disability, or disadvantage, however denominated, 
that an administrative agency, official, or a court in a civil 
proceeding is authorized, but not required, to impose on an 
individual convicted of a felony, misdemeanor, or other offense 
on grounds relating to the conviction. 
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121 STAT. 2545 
PUBLIC LAW 110–177—JAN. 7, 2008 
LEGISLATIVE HISTORY—H.R. 660 (S. 378): 
HOUSE REPORTS: No. 110–218, Pt. 1 (Comm. on the Judiciary). 
SENATE REPORTS: No. 110–42 accompanying S. 378 (Comm. on the Judiciary). 
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, Vol. 153 (2007): 
July 10, considered and passed House. 
Dec. 17, considered and passed Senate, amended. 
Dec. 19, House concurred in Senate amendment. 
SEC. 511. TECHNICAL AMENDMENT. 
Section 2255 of title 28, United States Code, is amended by 
designating the 8 undesignated paragraphs as subsections (a) 
through (h), respectively. 
Approved January 7, 2008. 
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