An Act to amend the Clean Air Act to provide for a more effective program to improve the quality of the Nation's air
PL 91-604 (H.R.17255), enacted 12/31/1970

1676 
PUBLIC LAW 91-604-DEC. 31, 1970 
[84 STAT. 
Public Law 91-604 
December 31, 1970 
A N 
A C T 
[H. R. 17255] 
Xo amend the Clean Air Act to provide for a more effective program to improve 
the quality of the Nation's air. 
Be it enacted hy the Seriate and House of Bepresentatives 
of the 
United States of America in Congress asseinbled^ That this Act may 
be cited as the "Clean Air Amendments of 1970". 
Clean Air 
Amendments of 
1970. 
81 Stat. 486. 
42 u s e 1857b. 
Appropriation. 
42 u s e 1857b-l. 
RESEARCH 
SEC. 2. (a) Section 103 of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 1857, et 
seq.) is amended by adding at the end thereof the following new 
subsection: 
"(f) (1) In cari*ying out research pursuant to this Act, the Admin-
istrator shall give special emphasis to research on the short- and long-
term effects of air pollutants on public health and welfare. In the 
furtherance of such research, he shall conduct an accelerated research 
program— 
"(A) to improve knowledge of the contribution of air pol-
lutants to the occurrence of adverse effects on health, including, but 
not limited to, behavioral, physiological, toxicological, and bio-
chemical effects; and 
"(B) to improve knowledge.of the short-and long-term effects 
of air pollutants on welfare. 
"(2) In carrying out the provisions of this subsection the Admin-
istrator may— 
"(A) conduct epidemiological studies of the effects of air pol-
lutants on mortality and morbidity; 
"(B) conduct clinical and laboratory studies on the immuno-
logic, biochemical, physiological, and the toxicological effects 
including carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects of air 
pollutants J 
"(C) utilize, on a reimbursable basis, the facilities of existing 
Federal scientific laboratories and research centers; 
"(D) utilize the authority contained in paragraphs (1) through 
(4) of subsection (b) ; and 
"(E) consult with other appropriate Federal agencies to assure 
that research or studies conducted pursuant to this subsection will 
be coordinated with research and studies of such other Federal 
agencies. 
"(3) In entering into contracts under this subsection, the Adminis-
trator is authorized to contract for a term not to exceed 10 years in 
duration. For the purposes of this paragraph, there are authorized 
to be appropriated $15,000,000. Such amounts as are appropriated 
shall remain available until expended and shall be in addition to any 
other appropriations under this Act." 
(b) Section 104(a) (1) of the Clean Air Act is amended to read as 
follows: 
"(1) conduct and accelerate research programs directed toward 
development of improved, low-cost techniques for— 
" (A) control of combustion byproducts of fuels, 
"(B) removal of potential air pollutants from fuels prior 
to combustion, 
" (C) control of emissions from the evaporation of fuels, 
"(D) improving the efficiency of fuels combustion so as to 
decrease atmospheric emissions, and 
"(E) producing synthetic or new fuels which, when used, 
result in deci-eased atmospheric emissions." 
84 STAT. ] 
PUBLIC LAW 91-^04-DEC. 31, 1970 
1677 
(c) Section 104(a) (2) of the Clean Air Act is amended by striking 
^i stan 4
8
7
^
-
^
^
.
^ 
•'and (B)" and inserting in lieu thereof the following: "(B) part of 
the cost of programs to develop low emission alternatives to the pres-
ent internal combustion engine; (C) the cost to purchase vehicles and 
vehicle engines, or portions thereof, for research, development, and 
testing purposes; and (D)". 
STATE AND REGIONAL GRANT PROGRAMS 
SE€. 3. (a) Section 105(a) (1) of the Clean Air Act is amended to 
^2 use issrc 
read as follows: 
" G R A N T S FOR S U P P O R T o r 
AIR P O L L U T I O N PLANNING AND CONTROL 
PROGRAMS 
"SEC. 105. (a) (1) (A) The Administrator may make grants to air 
pollution control agencies in an amount up to two-thirds of the cost 
of planning, developing, establishing, or improving, and up to one-
half of the cost of maintaining, programs for the prevention and con-
trol of air pollution or implementation of national primary and 
secondary ambient air quality standards. 
"(B) Subject to subparagraph (C), the Administrator may make 
grants to air pollution control agencies within the meaning of 
paragraph (1), (2), or (4) of section 302(b) in an amount up to 
42 use ISSTH. 
three-fourths of the cost of planning, developing, establishing, or 
improving, and up to three-fifths of the cost of maintaining, any pro-
gram for the prevention and control of air pollution or implementa-
tion of national primary and secondary ambient air quality standards 
in an area that includes two or more municipalities, whether in the 
same or different States. 
"(C) With respect to any air quality control region or portion 
thereof for which there is an applicable implementation plan under 
section 110, grants under subparagraph (B) may be made only to air 
pollution control agencies which have substantial responsibilities for 
carrying out such applicable implementation plan." 
(b) (1) Section 105 of the Clean Air Act is further amended by 
adding at the end thereof the following new subsection: 
"(d) The Administrator, with the concurrence of any recipient of 
a grant under this section, may reduce the payments to such recipient 
by the amount of the pay, allowances, traveling expenses, and any 
other costs in connection with the detail of any officer or employee to the 
recipient under section 301 of this Act, when such detail is for the "^^ ^^'^ issvg. 
convenience of, and at the request of, such recipient and for the pur-
pose of carrying out the provisions of this Act. The amount by which 
such payments have been reduced shall be available for payment of 
such costs by the Administrator, but shall, for the purpose of deter-
mining the amount of any grant to a recipient under subsection (a) 
of this section, be deemed to have been paid to such agency." 
(2) Section 301(b) of the Clean Air Act is amended (A) by strik-
ing out "Public Health Service" and inserting in lieu thereof "Envir-
onmental Protection Agency" and (B) by striking out the second 
sentence thereof. 
(c) Section 106 of the Clean Air Act is amended to read as follows: 
"^^ ^^^ issrci. 
" I N T E R S T A T E AIR QUALITY AGENCIES OR COMMISSIONS 
"SEC. 106. For the purpose of developing implementation plans for 
any interstate air quality control region designated pursuant to section 
107, the Administrator is authorized to pay, for two years, up to 100 
^°^'' P* ^^^^• 
per centum of the air quality planning program costs of any agency 
1678 
PUBLIC LAW 91-604-DEC. 31, 1970 
[84 STAT. 
designated by the Governors of the affected States, which agency shall 
be capable of recommending to the Governors plans for implementation 
of national primary and secondary ambient air quality standards and 
shall include representation from the States and appropriate political 
subdivisions within the air quality control region. After the initial 
two-year period the Administrator is authorized to make grants to such 
agency in an amount up to three-fourths of the air quality planning 
program costs of such agency." 
81 Stat. 490. 
42 u s e 1857C-2. 
42 use 1857d-
1857f. 
Post, p. 1680. 
Air pollutant 
list, publication. 
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY AND EMISSION STANDARDS 
SEC. 4. (a) The Clean Air Act is amended by striking out section 107; 
by redesignating sections 108, 109, 110, and 111 as 115, 116, 117, and 
118, respectively; and by inserting after section 106 the following new 
sections: 
" A I R Q U A L I T Y CONTROL REGIONS 
"SEC. 107. (a) Each State shall have the primary responsibility for 
assuring air quality within the entire geographic area comprising such 
State by submitting an implementation plan for such State which will 
specify the manner in which national primary and secondary ambient 
air quality standards will be achieved and maintained within each air 
quality control region in such State. 
"(b) For purposes of developing and carrying out implementation 
plans under section 110— 
" (1) an air quality control region designated under this section 
before the date of enactment of the Clean Air Amendments of 
1970, or a region designated after such date under subsection (c), 
shall be an air quality control region; and 
"(2) the portion of such State which is not part of any such 
designated region shall be an air quality control region, but such 
portion may be subdivided by the State into two or more air 
quality control regions with the approval of the Administrator. 
"(c) The Administrator shall, within 90 days after the date of 
enactment of the Clean Air Amendments of 1970, after consultation 
with appropriate State and local authorities, designate as an air 
quality control region any interstate area or major intrastate area 
which he deems necessary or appropriate for the attainment and 
maintenance of ambient air quality standards. The Administrator 
shall immediately notify the Governors of the affected States of any 
designation made under this subsection. 
" A I R Q U A L I T Y CRITERIA A N D CONTROL TECHNIQUES 
"SEC. 108. (a) (1) For the purpose of establishing national primary 
and secondary ambient air quality standards, the Administrator shall 
within 30 days after the date of enactment of the Clean Air Amend-
ments of 1970 publish, and shall from time to time thereafter revise, a 
list which includes each air pollutant— 
"(A) which in his judgment has an adverse effect on public 
health or welfare; 
"(B) the presence of which in the ambient air results from 
numerous or diverse mobile or stationary sources; and 
"(C) for which air quality criteria had not been issued before 
the date of enactment of the Clean Air Amendments of 1970, but 
for which he plans to issue air quality criteria under this section. 
"(2) The Administrator shall issue air quality criteria for an air 
pollutant within 12 months after he has included such pollutant in a 
list under paragraph (1). Air quality criteria for an air pollutant shall 
accurately reflect the latest scientific knowledge useful in indicating 
84 STAT. ] 
PUBLIC LAW 91-604-DEC. 31, 1970 
1679 
the kind and extent of all identifiable effects on public health or welfare 
which may be expected from the presence of such pollutant in the 
ambient air, in varying quantities. The criteria for an air pollutant, to 
the extent practicable, shall include information on— 
"(A) those variable factors (including atmospheric conditions) 
which of themselves or in combination with other factors may alter 
the effects on public health or welfare of such air pollutant; 
"(B) the types of air pollutants which, when present in the 
atmosphere, may interact with such pollutant to produce an 
adverse effect on public health or welfare; and 
"(C) any known or anticipated adverse effects on welfare. 
"(b) (1) Simultaneously with the issuance of criteria under subsec-
tion (a), the Administrator shall, after consultation with appropriate 
advisory committees and Federal departments and agencies, issue to 
the States and appropriate air pollution control agencies information 
on air pollution control techniques, which information shall include 
data relating to the technology and costs of emission control. Such 
information shall include such data as are available on available tech-
nology and alternative methods of prevention and control of air pollu-
tion. Such information shall also include data on alternative fuels, 
processes, and operating methods which will result in elimination or 
significant reduction of emissions. 
"(2) In order to assist in the development of information on pollu-
tion control techniques, the Administrator may establish a standing, 
consulting committee for each air pollutant included in a list pub-
lished pursuant to subsection (a)(1), which shall be comprised of 
technically qualified individuals representative of State and local 
governments, industry, and the academic community. Each such com-
mittee shall submit, as appropriate, to the Administrator informa-
tion related to that required by paragraph (1). 
"(c) The Administrator shall from time to time review, and, as 
appropriate, modify, and reissue any criteria or information on con-
trol techniques issued pursuant to this section. 
"(d) The issuance of air quality criteria and information on air 
pollution control techniques shall be announced in the Federal Register 
and copies shall be made available to the general public. 
standing con-
sulting com-
mittees, estab-
lishment. 
Publication in 
Federal Register. 
"NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS 
"SEC. 109. (a)(1) The Administrator— 
"(A) within 30 days after the date of enactment of the Clean 
Air Amendments of 1970, shall publish proposed regulations pre-
scribing a national primary ambient air quality standard and a 
national secondary ambient air quality standard for each air 
pollutant for which air quality criteria have been issued prior to 
such date of enactment; and 
"(B) after a reasonable time for interested persons to submit 
written comments thereon (but no later than 90 days after the 
initial publication of such proposed standards) shall by regulation 
promulgate such proposed national primarj^ and secondary ambi-
ent air (quality standards with such modifications as he deems 
appropriate. 
" (2) With respect to any air pollutant for which air quality criteria 
are issued after the date of enactment of the Clean Air Amendments 
of 1970, the Administrator shall publish, simultaneously with the 
issuance of such criteria and information, proposed national primary 
and secondary ambient air quality standards for any such pollutant. 
The procedure provided for in paragraph (1) (B) of this subsection 
shall apply to the promulgation of such standards. 
1680 
PUBLIC LAW 91-604-DEC. 31, 1970 
[84 STAT. 
"(b) (1) National primary ambient air quality standards, prescribed 
under subsection (a) shall be ambient air quality standards the attain-
ment and maintenance of which in the judgment of the Administrator, 
based on such criteria and allowing an adequate margin of safety, 
are requisite to protect the public health. Such primary standards 
may be revised in the same manner as promulgated. 
(2) Any national secondary ambient air quality standard pre-
scribed under subsection (a) shall specify a level of air quality the 
attainment and maintenance of which in the judgment of the Admin-
istrator, based on such criteria, is requisite to protect the public welfare 
from any known or anticipated adverse effects associated with the 
presence of such air pollutant in the ambient air. Such secondary 
standards may be revised in the same manner as promulgated. 
"IMPLEMENTATION PLANS 
"SEC. 110. (a) (1) Each State shall, after reasonable notice and 
public hearings, adopt and submit to the Administrator, within nine 
months after the promulgation of a national primary ambient air 
Ante, p. 1679, 
quality standard (or any revision thereof) under section 109 for any 
air pollutant, a plan which provides for implementation, maintenance, 
and enforcement of such primary standard in each air quality control 
region (or portion thereof) within such State. In addition, such State 
shall adopt and submit to the Administrator (either as a part of a 
plan submitted under the preceding sentence or separately) within 
nine months after the promulgation of a national ambient air quality 
secondary standard (or revision thereof), a plan which provides for 
implementation, maintenance, and enforcement of such secondary 
standard in each air quality control region (or portion thereof) within 
such State. Unless a separate public hearing is provided, each State 
shall consider its plan implementing such secondary standard at the 
hearing required by the first sentence of this paragraph. 
"(2) The Administrator shall, within four months after the date 
required for submission of a plan under paragraph (1), approve or 
disapprove such plan or each portion thereof. The Administrator 
shall approve such plan, or any portion thereof, if he determines that 
it was adopted after reasonable notice and hearing and that— 
"(A)(i) in the case of a plan implementing a national primary 
ambient air quality standard, it provides for the attainment of 
such primary standard as expeditiously as practicable but (sub-
ject to subsection (e)) in no case later than three years from the 
date of approval of such plan (or any revision thereof to take 
account of a revised primary standard); and (ii) in the case of 
a plan implementing a national secondary ambient air quality 
standard, it specifies a reasonable time at which such secondary 
standard will be attained; 
"(B) it includes emission limitations, schedules, and timetables 
for compliance with such limitations, and such other measures as 
may be necessary to insure attainment and maintenance of such 
primary or secondary standard, including, but not limited to, 
land-use and transportation controls; 
"(C) it includes provision for establishment and operation of 
appropriate devices, methods, systems, and procedures necessary 
to (i) monitor, compile, and analyze data on ambient air quality 
and, (ii) 
upon request, make such data available to the 
Administrator; 
Review. 
"(D) it includes a procedure, meeting the requirements of para-
graph (4), for review (prior to construction or modification) of 
the location of new sources to which a standard of performance 
will apply; 
84 STAT. ] 
PUBLIC LAW 91-604-DEC. 31, 1970 
1681 
"(E) it contains adequate provisions for intergovernmental 
cooperation, including measures necessary to insure that emis-
sions of air pollutants from sources located in any air quality 
control region will not interfere with the attainment or mainte-
nance of such primary or secondary standard in any portion of 
such region outside of such State or in any other air quality 
control region; 
"(F) it provides (i) necessary assurances that the State will 
have adequate personnel, funding, and authority to carry out 
such implementation plan, (ii) requirements for installation of 
equipment by owners or operators of stationary sources to monitor 
emissions from such sources, (iii) for periodic reports on the 
nature and amounts of such emissions; (iv) that such reports 
shall be correlated by the State agency with any emission limita-
tions or standards established pursuant to this Act, which reports 
shall be available at reasonable times for public inspection; and 
(v) for authority comparable to that in section 303, and adequate 
contingency plans to implement such authority; 
"(G) it provides, to the extent necessary and practicable, for 
periodic inspection and testing of motor vehicles to enforce com-
pliance with applicable emission standards; and 
"(H) it provides for revision, after public hearings, of such 
plan (i) from time to time as may be necessary to take account 
of revisions of such national primary or secondary ambient air 
quality standard or the availability of improved or more expedi-
tious methods of achieving such primary or secondary standard; 
or (ii) whenever the Administrator finds on the basis of informa-
tion available to him that the plan is substantially inadequate 
to achieve the national ambient air quality primary or secondary 
standard which it implements. 
"(3) The Administrator shall approve any revision of an implemen-
tation plan applicable to an air quality control region if he determines 
that it meets the requirements of paragraph (2) and has been adopted 
by the State after reasonable notice and public hearings. 
"(4) The procedure referred to in paragraph (2) (D) for review, 
prior to construction or modification, of the location of new sources 
shall (A) provide for adequate authority to prevent the construction 
or modification of any new source to which a standard of performance 
imder section 111 will apply at any location which the State deter-
mines will prevent the attainment or maintenance within any air 
quality control region (or portion thereof) within such State of a na-
tional ambient air quality primary or secondary standard, and (B) 
require that prior to commencing construction or modification of any 
such source, the owner or operator thereof shall submit to such State 
such information as may be necessary to permit the State to make a 
determination under clause (A). 
"(b) The Administrator may, wherever he determines necessary. 
Extension. 
extend the period for submission of any plan or portion thereof which 
implements a national secondary ambient air quality standard for 
a period not to exceed 18 months from the date otherwise required 
for submission of such plan. 
"(c) The Administrator shall, after consideration of any State iaao°^s°^^ubiic^a.' 
hearing record, promptly prepare and publish proposed regulations tfon!"^' ^" 
setting forth an implementation plan, or portion thereof, for a State 
if— 
"(^1) the State fails to submit an implementation plan for any 
national ambient air quality primary or secondary standard 
within the time prescribed, 
"(2) the plan, or any portion thereof, submitted for such State 
1682 
PUBLIC LAW 91-604-DEC. 31, 1970 
[84 STAT. 
is determined by the Administrator not to be in accordance with 
the requirements of this section, or 
"(3) the State fails, within 60 days after notification by the 
Administrator or such longer period as he may prescribe, to 
revise an implementation plan as required pursuant to a pro-
vision of its plan referred to in subsection (a) (^2) (H). 
Hearings. 
jf guch State held no public hearing associated with respect to such 
plan (or revision thereof), the Administrator shall provide oppor-
tunity for such hearing within such State on any proposed regulation. 
The Administrator shall, within six months after the date required 
for submission of such plan (or revision thereof), promulgate any such 
regulations unless, prior to such promulgation, such State has adopted 
and submitted a plan (or revision) which the Administrator deter-
mines to be in accordance with the requirements of this section. 
"(d) For purposes of this Act, an applicable implementation plan 
is the implementation plan, or most recent revision thereof, which has 
been approved under subsection (a) or promulgated under subsection 
(c) and which implements a national primary or secondary ambient 
air quality standard in a State. 
"(e) (1) Upon application of a Governor of a State at the time of 
submission of any plan implementing a national ambient air quality 
primary standard, the Administrator may (subject to paragraph (2)) 
extend the three-year period referred to in subsection (a) (2) (A) (i) 
for not more than two years for an air quality control region if after 
review of such plan the Administrator determines that— 
"(A) one or more emission sources (or classes of moving 
sources) are unable to comply with the requirements of such plan 
which implement such primary standard because the necessary 
technology or other alternatives are not available or will not be 
available soon enough to permit compliance within such three-
year period, and 
"(B) the State has considered and applied as a part of its plan 
reasonably available alternative means of attaining such primary 
standard and has justifiably concluded that attamment of such 
primary standard within the three years cannot be achieved. 
"(2) The Administrator may grant an extension under paragraph 
(1) only if he determines that the State plan provides for— 
"(A) application of the requirements of the plan which imple-
ment such primary standard to all emission sources in such region 
other than the sources (or classes) described in paragraph (1)(A) 
within the three-year period, and 
"(B) such interim measures of control of the sources (or classes) 
described in paragraph (1) (A) as the Administrator determines 
to be reasonable under the circumstances. 
"(f)(1) Prior to the date on which any stationary source or class of 
moving sources is required to comply with any requirement of an appli-
cable implementation plan the Governor of the State to which such 
plan applies may apply to the Administrator to postpone the appli-
cability of such requirement to such source (or class) for not more 
than one year. If the Administrator determines that— 
"(A) good faith efforts have been made to comply with such 
requirement before such date, 
"(B) such source (or class) is unable to comply with such 
requirement because the necessary technology or other alter-
native methods of control are not available or have not been 
available for a sufficient period of time, 
"(C) any available alternative operating procedures 
and 
interim control measures have reduced or will reduce the impact 
of such source on public health, and 
84 STAT. ] 
PUBLIC LAW 91-604-DEC. 31, 1970 
1683 
"(D) the continued operation of such source is essential to 
national security or to the public health or welfare, 
then the Administrator 
shall grant 
a postponement 
of 
such 
requirement. 
"(2) (A) Any determination under paragraph (1) shall (i) be 
made on the record after notice to interested persons and opportunity 
for hearing, (ii) be based upon a fair evaluation of the entire record at 
such hearing, and (iii) include a statement setting forth in detail the 
findings and conclusions upon which the determination is based. 
"(B) Any determination made pursuant to this paragraph shall 
be subject to judicial review by the United States court of appeals for 
the circuit which includes such State upon the filing in such court 
within 30 days from the date of such decision of a petition by any 
interested person praying that the decision be modified or set aside 
in whole or in part. A copy of the petition shall forthwith be sent by 
registered or certified mail to the Administrator and thereupon the 
Administrator shall certify and file in such court the record upon 
which the final decision complained of was issued, as provided in sec-
tion 2112 of title 28, United States Code. Upon the filing of such peti-
tion the court shall have jurisdiction to affirm or set aside the 
determination complained of in whole or in part. The findings of the 
Administrator with respect to questions of fact (including each deter-
mination made under subparagraphs (A), (B), (C), and (D) of 
paragraph (1)) shall be sustained if based upon a fair evaluation 
of the entire record at such hearing. 
"(C) Proceedings before the court under this paragraph shall take 
precedence over all the other causes of action on the docket and shall be 
assigned for hearing and decision at the earliest practicable date and 
expedited in every way. 
"(D) Section 307(a) (relating to subpenas) shall be applicable to 
any proceeding under this subsection. 
Notice, hearing. 
Judicial review. 
72 Stat. 941; 
80 Stat. 1323. 
Post, p. 1707,, 
li STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR N E W STATIONARY SOURCES 
"SEC. 111. (a) For purposes of this section: 
"(1) The term 'standard of performance' means a standard for 
emissions of air pollutants which reflects the degree of emission 
limitation achievable through the application of the best system 
of emission reduction which (taking into account the cost of 
achieving such reduction) the Administrator determines has 
been adequately demonstratied. 
"(2) The term 'new source' means any stationary source, the 
construction or modification of which is commenced after the 
publication of regulations (or, if earlier, proposed regulations) 
prescribing a standard of performance under this section which 
will be applicable to such source. 
"(3) The term 'stationary source' means any building, struc-
ture, facility, or installation which emits or may emit any air 
pollutant. 
"(4) The term 'modification' means any physical change in, or 
change in the method of operation of, a stationary source which 
increases the amount of anj^ air pollutant emitted by such source 
or which results in the emission of any air pollutant not previously 
emitted. 
" (5) The term 'owner or operator' means any person who owns, 
leases, operates, controls, or supervises a stationary source. 
"(6) The term 'existing source' means any stationary source 
other than a new source. 
Definitions. 
47-348 O - 72 - 23 (Pt. 2) 
1684 
PUBLIC LAW 91-604-DEC. 31, 1970 
[84 STAT. 
go^es,°pubura. 
" (b) (1) (A) The Administrator shall, within 90 days after the date 
tion, ' 
of enactment of the Clean Air Amendments of 1970, publish (and from 
time to time thereafter shall revise) a list of categories of stationary 
sources. He shall include a category of sources in such list if he deter-
mines it may contribute significantly to air pollution which causes or 
contributes to the endangerment of public health or welfare. 
"(B) Within 120 days after the inclusion of a category of station-
ary sources in a list under subparagraph (A), the Administrator shall 
propose regulations, establishing Federal standards of performance 
for new sources within such category. The Administrator shall afford 
interested persons an opportunity for written comment on such pro-
posed regulations. After considering such comments, he shall pro-
mulgate, within 90 days after such publication, such standards with 
such modifications as he deems appropriate. The Administrator may, 
from time to time, revise such standards following the procedure 
required by this subsection for promulgation of such standards. Stand-
ards of performance or revisions thereof shall become effective upon 
promulgation. 
"(2) The Administrator may distinguish among classes, types, and 
sizes within categories of new sources for the purpose of establishing 
such standards. 
"(3) The Administrator shall, from time to time, issue information 
on pollution control techniques for categories of new sources and air 
pollutants subject to the provisions of this section. 
"(4) The provisions of this section shall apply to any new source 
owned or operated by the United States. 
"(c) (1) Each State may develop and submit to the Administrator 
a procedure for implementing and enforcing standards of performance 
for new sources located in such State. If the Administrator finds the 
State procedure is adequate, he shall delegate to such State any 
authority he has under this Act to implement and enforce such stand-
ards (except with respect to new sources owned or operated by the 
United States). 
"(2) Nothing in this subsection shall prohibit the Administrator 
from enforcing any applicable standard of performance under this 
section. 
"(d) (1) The Administrator shall prescribe regulations which shall 
Ante, p. 1680. 
establisli a procedure similar to that provided by section 110 under 
which each State shall submit to the Administrator a plan which 
(A) establishes emission standards for any existing source for any air 
pollutant (i) for which air quality criteria have not been issued or 
which is not included on a list published under section 108(a) or 112 
ptst^'^liis^' 
(^) .(1) (•^) ^^^ (^^) ^^ which a standard of performance imder sub-
section (b) would apply if such existing source were a new source, 
and (B) provides for the implementation and enforcement of such 
emission standards. 
"(2) The Administrator shall have the same authority— 
"(A) to prescribe a plan for a State in cases where the State 
fails to submit a satisfactory plan as he would have under section 
110(c) in the case of failure to submit an implementation plan, 
and 
"(B) to enforce the provisions of such plan in cases where the 
State fails to enforce them as he would have under sections 113 
and 114 with respect to an implementation plan. 
"(e) After the effective date of standards of performance promul-
gated under this section, it shall be unlawful for any owner or operator 
of any new source to operate such source in violation of any standard 
of performance applicable to such source. 
Post, p. 1686. 
84 STAT. ] 
PUBLIC LAW 91-604-DEC. 31, 1970 
1(585 
(( 
NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS 
"SEC. 112. (a) For purposes of this section— 
"(1) The term 'hazardous air pollutant' means an air pollutant 
to which no ambient air quality standard is applicable and which 
in the judgment of the Administrator ma^ cause, or contribute 
to, an increase in mortality or an increase m serious irreversible, 
or incapacitating reversible, illness. 
"(2) The term 'new source' means a stationary source the 
construction or modification of which is commenced after the 
Administrator proposes regulations under this section estab-
lishing an emission standard which will be applicable to such 
source. 
"(3) The terms 'stationary source', 'modification', 'owner or 
operator' and 'existing source' shall have the same meaning as 
such terms have under section 111(a). 
"(b)(1)(A) The Administrator shall, within 90 days after the date 
of enactment of the Clean Air Amendments of 1970, publish (and 
shall from time to time thereafter revise) a list which includes each 
hazardous air pollutant for which he intends to establish an emission 
standard under this section. 
"(B) Within 180 days after the inclusion of any air pollutant in 
such list, the Administrator shall publish proposed regulations estab-
lishing emission standards for such pollutant together with a notice 
of a public hearing within thirty days. Not later than 180 days after 
such publication, the Administrator shall prescribe an emission stand-
ard for such pollutant, unless he finds, on the basis of information 
presented at such hearings, that such pollutant clearly is not a hazard-
ous air pollutant. The Administrator shall establish any such standard 
at the level which in his judgment provides an ample margin of safety 
to protect the public health from such hazardous air pollutant. 
"(C) Any emission standard established pursuant to this section 
shall become effective upon promulgation. 
"(2) The Administrator shall, from time to time, issue information 
on pollution control techniques for air pollutants subject to the pro-
visions of this section. 
"(c) (1) After the effective date of any emission standard under 
this section— 
"(A) no person may construct any new source or modify any 
existing source which, in the Administrator's judgment, will emit 
an air pollutant to which such standard applies unless the Admin-
istrator finds that such source if properly operated will not cause 
emissions in violation of such standard, and 
"(B) no air pollutant to which such standard applies may be 
emitted from any stationary source in violation of such standard, 
except that in the case of an existing source— 
"(i) such standard shall not apply until 90 days after its 
effective date, and 
"(ii) the Administrator may grant a waiver permitting 
such source a period of up to two years after the effective date 
of a standard to comply with the standard, if he finds that 
such period is necessary for the installation of controls and 
that steps will be taken during the period of the waiver to 
assure that the health of persons will be protected from 
imminent endangerment. 
"(2) The President may exempt any stationary source from com-
j:>liance with paragraph (1) for a period of not more than two years 
if he finds that the technology to implement such standards is not 
available and the operation of such source is required for reasons of 
national security. An exemption under this paragraph may be extended 
Definitions. 
Ante, p. 16821. 
List, publica-
tion. 
Proposed regu-
lations; hearing;. 
Presidential 
exemption. 
Extension. 
1686 
PUBLIC LAW 91-604-DEC. 31, 1970 
[84 STAT. 
Report to 
Congress. 
for one or more additional periods, each period not to exceed two years. 
The President shall make a report to Congress with respect to each 
exemption (or extension thereof) made under this paragraph. 
"(d) (1) Each State may develop and submit to the Administrator 
a procedure for implementing and enforcing emission standards for 
hazardous air pollutants for stationary sources located in such State. 
If the Administrator finds the State procedure is adequate, he shall 
delegate to such State any authority he has under this Act to imple-
ment and enforce such standards (except with respect to stationary 
sources owned or operated by the United States). 
"(2) Nothing in this subsection shall prohibit the Administrator 
from enforcing any applicable emission standard under this section. 
violations. 
Compliance 
order. 
Ante,pp. 
1684, 
1685. 
Post, p. 1687. 
''INDERAL ENFORCEMENT 
"SEC. 113. (a) (1) Whenever, on the basis of any information avail-
able to him, the Administrator finds that any person is in violation of 
any requirement of an applicable implementation plan, the Admin-
istrator shall notify the person in violation of the plan and the State 
in which the plan applies of such finding. If such violation extends 
beyond the 30th day after the date of the Administrator's notification, 
tlie Administrator may issue an order requiring such person to comply 
with the requirements of such plan or he may bring a civil action in 
accordance with subsection (b). 
"(2) Whenever, on the basis of information available to him, the 
Administrator finds that violations of an applicable implementation 
plan are so widespi-ead that such violations appear to result from a 
failure of the State in which the plan applies to enforce the plan 
effectively, he shall so notify the State. If the Administrator finds such 
failure extends beyond the 30th day after such notice, he shall give 
public notice of such finding. During the period beginning with such 
public notice and ending when such State satisfies the Administrator 
that it will enforce such plan (hereafter referred to in this section as 
'period of federally assumed enforcement'), the Administrator may 
enforce any requirement of such plan with respect to any person— 
"(A) by issuing an order to comply with such requirement, or 
"(B) by bringing a civil action under subsection (b). 
"(3) Whenever, on the basis of any information available to him, 
the Administrator finds that any person is in violation of section 111 
(e) (relating to new source performance standards) or 112(c) (relat-
ing to standards for hazardous emissions), or is in violation of any 
requirement of section 114 (relating to inspections, etc.), he may issue 
an order requiring such person to comply with such section or require-
ment, or he may bring a civil action in accordance with subsection (b). 
"(4) An order issued under this subsection (other than an order 
relating to a violation of section 112) shall not take effect until the 
person to whom it is issued has had an opportunity to confer with the 
Administrator concerning the alleged violation. A copy of any order 
issued under this subsection shall be sent to the State air pollution 
control agency of any State in which the violation occurs. Any order 
issued under this subsection shall state with reasonable specificity the 
nature of the violation, specify a time for compliance which the Admin-
istrator determines is reasonable, taking into account the serious-
ness of the violation and any good faith efforts to comply with 
applicable requirements. In any case in which an order under this 
subsection (or notice to a violator under paragraph (1)) is issued 
to a corporation, a copy of such order (or notice) shall be issued to 
appropriate corporate officers. 
84 STAT. ] 
PUBLIC LAW 91-604-DEC. 31, 1970 
1687 
"(b) The Administrator may commence a civil action for appro-
priate relief, including a permanent or temporary injunction, when-
ever any person— 
" (1) violates or fails or refuses to comply with any order issued 
under subsection (a); or 
"(2) violates any requirement of an applicable implementation 
plan during any period of Federally assumed enforcement more 
than 30 days after having been notified by the Administrator 
under subsection (a)(1) of a finding that such person is violating 
such requirement; or 
" (3) violates section 111(e) or 112 (c) ; or 
^"'«' PP- less, 
" (4) fails or refuses to comply with any requirement of section 
114. 
Inlra. 
Any action under this subsection may be brought in the district court 
Notice; u.s. 
of the L^nited States for the district in which the defendant is located '^^^*''"'* court. 
or resides or is doing business, and such court shall have jurisdiction 
to restrain such violation and to require compliance. Notice of the 
commencement of such action shall be given to the appropriate State 
air pollution control agency. 
'' (c)(1) An^ person who knowingly— 
penalty. 
"(A) violates any requirement of an applicable implementa-
tion plan during any period of Federally assumed enforcement 
more than 30 days after having been notified by the Adminis-
trator under subsection (a) (1) that such person is violating such 
requirement, or 
"(B) violates or fails or refuses to comply with any order 
issued by the Administrator under subsection (a), or 
"(C) violates section 111(e) or section 112(c). 
shall be punished by a fine of not more than $25,000 per day of viola-
tion, or by imprisonment for not more than one year, or by both. If 
the conviction is for a violation committed after the first conviction of 
such person under this paragraph, punishment shall be by a fine of 
not more than $50,000 per day of violation, or by imprisonment for 
not more than two years, or by both. 
"(2) Any person who knowingly makes any false statement, repre-
sentation, or certification in any application, record, report, plan, or 
other document filed or required to be maintained under this Act or 
who falsifies, tampers with, or knowingly renders inaccurate any moni-
toring device or method required to be maintained under this Act, 
shall upon conviction, be punished by a fine of not more than $10,000, 
or by imprisonment for not more than six months, or by both. 
"INSPECTIONS, MONITORING, AND ENTRY 
"SEC. 114. (a) For the purpose (i) of developing or assisting in the 
development of any implementation plan under section 110 or 111 (d), 
^"'^' P- ^^^O. 
any standard of performance under section 111, or any emission 
standard under section 112, (ii) of determining whether any person 
is in violation of any such standard or any requirement of such a 
plan, or (iii) carrying out section 303— 
^°^'' P- ^^OS. 
"(1) the Administrator may require the owner or operator 
of any emission source to (A) establish and maintain such records, 
(B) make such reports, (C) install, use, and maintain such mon-
itoring equipment or methods, (D) sample such emissions (in 
accordance with such methods, at such locations, at such intervals, 
and in such manner as the Administrator shall prescribe), and 
(E) provide such other information as he may reasonably 
require; and 
"(2) the Administrator or his authorized representative, upon 
presentation of his credentials— 
1688 
PUBLIC LAW 91-604-DEC. 31, 1970 
[84 STAT. 
Authority, 
delegation to 
State. 
Confidential 
information. 
62 Stat. 791, 
Ante, p. 1678. 
Ante, p. 1679. 
"(A) shall have a right of entry to, upon, or through any 
premises in which an emission source is located or in which 
any records required to be maintained under paragraph (1) 
of this section are located, and 
"(B) may at reasonable times have access to and copy, any 
records, inspect any monitoring equipment or method 
required under paragraph (1), and sample any emissions 
which the owner or operator of such source is required to 
sample under paragraph (1). 
"(b) (1) Each State may develop and submit to the Administrator 
a procedure for carrying out this section in such State. If the Admin-
istrator finds the State procedure is adequate, he may delegate to such 
State any authority he has to carry out this section (except with respect 
to new sources owned or operated by the United States). 
"(2) Nothing in this subsection shall prohibit the Administrator 
from carrying out this section in a State. 
" (c) Any records, reports or information obtained under subsection 
(a) shall be available to the public, except that upon a showing satis-
factory to the Administrator by any person that records, reports, or 
information, or particular part thereof, (other than emission data) to 
which the Administrator has access under this section if made public, 
would divulge methods or processes entitled to protection as trade 
secrets of such person, the Administrator shall consider such record, 
report, or information or particular portion thereof confidential in 
accordance with the purposes of section 1905 of title 18 of the United 
States Code, except that such record, report, or information may be 
disclosed to other officers, employees, or authorized representatives 
of the LTnited States concerned with carrying out this Act or when 
relevant in any proceeding under this Act.'^ 
(b) Section 115 of the Clean Air Act (as so redesignated by sub-
section (a) of this section) is amended as follows: 
(1) Strike out the section heading and inserting in lieu thereof 
"ABATEMENT BY MEANS OF CONFERENCE PROCEDURE IN CERTAIN 
» 
CASES 
(2) Insert "and which is covered by subsection (b) or (c)" 
after "persons" in subsection (a). 
(3) Strike out subsections (b), (c), and (k). 
(4) Redesignate subsections (d)(1) (A), (B), and (C) as 
paragraphs (1), (2), and (3) of subsection (b), respectively. 
(5) Insert after subsection (b) (3) (as so redesignated) the 
following: 
"(4) A conference may not be called under this subsection with 
respect to an air pollutant for which (at the time the conference is 
called) a national primary or secondary ambient air quality standard 
is in effect under section 109." 
(6) Redesignate subsection (d)(1)(D) as subsection (c), and 
strike out "subparagraph" each place it appears therein and insert 
in lieu thereof "subsection". 
(7) Redesignate subsections (d) (2) and (d) (3) as subsections 
(d) (1) and (d) (2),respectively. 
(8) Strike out "such conference" in subsection (d)(1) (as so 
redesignated) and inserting in lieu thereof "any conference under 
this section". 
(9) Strike out "under subparagraph (D) of subsection (d)" 
in subsection (g)(1) and inserting in lieu thereof "subsection 
(c)". 
84 STAT. ] 
PUBLIC LAW 91-604-DEC. 31, 1970 
1689 
(10) Add at the end thereof the following new subsection: 
"(k) No order or judgment under this section, or settlement, com-
promise, or agreement respecting any action under this section 
(whether or not entered or made before the date of enactment of the 
Clean Air Amendments of 1970) shall relieve any person of any obli-
gation to comply with any requirement of an applicable implementa-
tion plan, or with any standard prescribed under section 111 or 112." jg^g'^' ^^' ^^^^' 
(2) Section 103(e) of the Clean Air Act is amended by striking out 
si "stat. 486. 
"section 108(a)" and inserting in lieu thereof "section 115"; and by 
'*2 use issyb. 
striking out "subsections (d), (e), and (f) of section 108" and insert-
ing in lieu thereof "subsections (b), (c), (d), (e), and (f) of section 
115". 
(c) Section 116 of the Clean Air Act (as so redesignated by sub- 
^"^^' P- I^TS. 
section (a) of this section) is amended to read as follows: 
"RETENTION OF STATE AUTHORITY 
"SEC. 116. Except as otherwise provided in sections 209, 211(c) (4), 
and 233 (preempting certain State regulation of moving sources) jg^g^'fy^o^'^^'"'' 
nothing in this Act shall preclude or deny the right of any State or 
political subdivision thereof to adopt or enforce (1) any standard or 
limitation respecting emissions of air pollutants or (2) any require-
ment respecting control or abatement of air pollution; except that if 
an emission standard or limitation is in effect under an applicable 
implementation plan or under section 111 or 112, such State or polit-
ical subdivision may not adopt or enforce any emission standard or 
limitation which is less stringent than the standard or limitation 
under such plan or section." 
(d) The Clean Air Act is amended by adding at the lend of section 
117 (as so redesignated by subsection (a) of this section) the follow- 
^"'^' P- ^^^*'-
ing new subsection: 
"(f) Prior to— 
"(1) issuing criteria for an air pollutant under section 103(a) 
(2), 
"(2) publishing any list under section 111(b)(1)(A) or 112 
. ( b ) ( 1 ) ( A ) , 
"(3) publishing any standard under section 111(b) (1) (B) or 
section 112(b)(1)(B), or 
"(4) publishing any regulation under section 202(a), 
Post, p. lego. 
the Administrator shall, to the maximum extent practicable within the 
time provided, consult with appropriate advisory committees, inde-
pendent experts, and Federal departments and agencies." 
FEDERAL FACILITIES 
SEC. 5. Section 118 of the Clean Air Act (as so redesignated by sec-
tion 4(a) of this Act) is amended to read as follows: 
"CONTROL OF POLLUTION FROM FEDERAL FACILITIES 
"SEC. 118. Each department, agency, and instrumentality of the 
executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the Federal Government 
(1) having jurisdiction over any property or facility, or (2) engaged 
in any activity resulting, or which may result, in the discharge of air 
pollutants, shall comply with Federal, State, interstate, and local 
requirements respecting control and abatement of air pollution to the 
same extent that any person is subject to such requirements. The 
Exemption. 
President may exempt any emission source of any department, agency, 
or instrumentality in the executive branch from compliance wdth 
such a requirement if he determines it to be in the paramount interest 
1690 
PUBLIC LAW 91-604-DEC. 31, 1970 
[84 STAT. 
Ante, pp. 1683, 
1685. 
Report to 
Congress. 
of the f nited States to do so, except that no exemption may be 
granted from section 111, and an exemption from section 112 may be 
granted only in accordance with section 112(c). No such exemption 
shall be granted due to lack of appropriation unless the President 
shall have specifically requested such appropriation as a part of the 
budgetary process and the Congress shall have failed to make available 
such requested appropriation. Any exemption shall be for a period 
not in excess of one year, but additional exemptions may be granted 
for periods of not to exceed one year upon the President's making 
a new determination. The President shall report each January to the 
Congress all exemptions from the requirements of this section granted 
during the preceding calendar year, together with his reason for 
granting each such exemption." 
81 Stat. 499. 
42 u s e 1857f-l. 
Air pollutant 
emissions. 
Model year 
1975, reduction 
requirement. 
Model year 
1976, reduction 
requirement. 
Promulgation, 
date. 
MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSION 
STANDARDS 
SEC. 6. (a) Section 202 of the Clean Air Act is amended to read as 
follows: 
;; 
ESTABLISHMENT OF STANDARDS 
"SEC. 202. (a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b)— 
"(1) The Administrator shall by regulation prescribe (and 
from time to time revise) in accordance with the provisions of this 
section, standards applicable to the emission of any air pollutant 
from any class or classes of new motor vehicles or new motor 
vehicle engines, which in his judgment causes or contributes to, 
or is likely to cause or to contribute to, air pollution which 
endangers the public health or welfare. Such standards shall be 
applicable to such vehicles and engines for their useful life (as 
determined under subsection (d)), whether such vehicles and 
engines are designed as complete systems or incorporated devices 
to prevent or control such pollution. 
"(2) Any regulation prescribed under this subsection (and 
any revision thereof) shall take effect after such period as the 
Administrator finds necessary to permit the development and 
application of the requisite technology, giving appropriate con-
sideration to the cost of compliance within such period. 
"(b)(1)(A) The regulations under subsection (a) applicable to 
emissions of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons from light duty 
vehicles and engines manufactured during or after model year 1975 
shall contain standards which require a reduction of at least 90 per 
centum from emissions of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons allow-
able under the standards under this section applicable to light duty 
vehicles and engines manufactured in model year 1970. 
"(B) The regulations under subsection (a) applicable to emissions 
of oxides of nitrogen from light duty vehicles and engines manufac-
tured during or after model year 1976 shall contain standards which 
require a reduction of at least 90 per centum from the average of 
emissions of oxides of nitrogen actually measured from light duty 
vehicles manufactured during model year 1971 which are not subject 
to any Federal or State emission standard for oxides of nitrogen. 
Such average of emissions shall be determined by the Administrator 
on the basis of measurements made by him. 
"(2) Emission standards under paragraph (1), and measurement 
techniques on which such standards are based (if not promulgated 
prior to the date of enactment of the Clean Air Amendments of 1970), 
shall be prescribed by regulation within 180 days after such date. 
84 
STAT.] 
PUBLIC LAW 91-604-DEC. 31, 1970 
1691 
Model year." 
"Light duty 
vehicles and 
engines." 
Report to 
Congress. 
"(3) For purposes of this part— 
"(A) (i) The term 'model year' with reference to any specific 
calendar year means the manufacturer's annual production period 
(as determined by the Administrator) which includes January 1 
of such calendar year. If the manufacturer has no annual pro-
duction period, the term 'model year' shall mean the calendar 
year. 
"(ii) For the purpose of assuring that vehicles and engines 
manufactured before the beginning of a model year were not 
manufactured for purposes of circumventing the effective date 
of a standard required to be prescribed by subsection (b), the 
Administrator may prescribe regulations defining 'model year' 
otherwise than as provided in clause (i). 
"(B) The term 'light duty vehicles and engines' means new 
light duty motor vehicles and new light duty motor vehicle 
engines, as determined under regulations of the Administrator. 
"(4) On July 1 of 1971, and of each year thereafter, the Admin-
istrator shall report to the Congress with respect to the development 
of systems necessary to implement the emission standards established 
pursuant to this section. Such reports shall include information 
regarding the continuing effects of such air pollutants subject to stand-
ards under this section on the public health and welfare, the extent 
and progress of efforts being made to develop the necessary systems, 
the costs associated with development and application of such systems, 
and following such hearings as he may deem advisable, any recom-
mendations for additional congressional action necessary to achieve 
the purposes of this Act. In gathering information for the purposes 
of this paragraph and in connection with any hearing, the provisions 
of section 307 (a) (relating to subpenas) shall apply. 
"(5) (A) At any time after January 1, 1972, any manufacturer 
may file with the Administrator an application requesting the sus-
pension for one year only of the effective date of any emission standard application 
required by paragraph (1)(A) with respect to such manufacturer. 
The Administrator shall make his determination with respect to any 
such application within 60 days. If he determines, in accordance 
with the provisions of this subsection, that such suspension should 
be granted, he shall simultaneously with such determination prescribe 
by regulation interim emission standards which shall apply (in lieu 
of the standards required to be prescribed by paragraph (1) (A)) to 
emissions of carbon monoxide or hydrocarbons (or both) from such 
vehicles and engines manufactured during model year 1975. 
"(B) At any time after January 1,1973, any manufacturer may file 
with the Administrator an application requesting the suspension for 
one year only of the effective date of any emission standard required 
by paragraph (1)(B) with respect to such manufacturer. The 
Administrator shall make his determination with respect to any such 
application within 60 days. If he determines, in accordance with 
the provisions of this subsection, that such suspension should be 
granted, he shall simultaneously with such determination prescribe 
by regulation interim emission standards which shall apply (in lieu 
of the standards required to be prescribed by paragraph (1) (B)) to 
emissions of oxides of nitrogen from such vehicles and engines manu-
factured during model year 1976. 
"(C) Any interim standards prescribed under this paragraph shall 
reflect the greatest degree of emission control which is achievable by 
application of technology which the Administrator determines is 
available, giving appropriate consideration to the cost of applying 
such technology within the period of time available to manufacturers. 
Post, p. 1707,, 
Standards, 
effective date 
suspension; 
Interim 
standards. 
1692 
PUBLIC LAW 91-604-DEC. 31, 1970 
[84 STAT. 
Hearing. 
Prohibition. 
Feasibility 
study, funds. 
Reports to 
Administrator and 
Congress. 
Information, 
availability. 
Useful life 
of vehicle. 
Post, p. 1696. 
Post, p. 1694. 
"(D) Within 60 days after receipt of the application for any such 
suspension, and after public hearing, the Administrator shall issue a 
decision granting or refusing such suspension. The Administrator shall 
grant such suspension only if he determines that (i) such suspension 
is essential to the public interest or the public health and welfare of 
the United States, (ii) all good faith efforts have been made to meet 
the standards established by this subsection, (iii) the applicant has 
established that effective control technology, processes, operating 
methods, or other alternatives are not available or have not been 
available for a sufficient period of time to achieve compliance prior 
to the effective date of such standards, and (iv) the study and investi-
gation of the National Academy of Sciences conducted pursuant to 
subsection (c) and other information available to him has not indi-
cated that technology, processes, or other alternatives are available 
to meet such standards. 
"(E) Nothing in this paragraph shall extend the effective date of 
any emission standard required to be prescribed under this subsection 
for more than one year. 
"(c)(1) The Administrator shall undertake to enter into appro-
priate arrangements with the National Academy of Sciences to conduct 
a comprehensive study and investigation of the technological feasi-
bility of meeting the emissions standards required to be prescribed 
by the Administrator by subsection (b) of this section. 
"(2) Of the funds authorized to be appropriated to the Adminis-
trator by this Act, such amounts as are required shall be available to 
carry out the study and investigation authorized by paragraph (1) 
of this subsection. 
" (3) In entering into any arrangement with the National Academy 
of Sciences for conducting the study and investigation authorized by 
paragraph (1) of this subsection, the Administrator shall request the 
National Academy of Sciences to submit semiannual reports on 
the progress of its study and investigation to the Administrator and 
the Congress, beginning not later than July 1, 1971, and continuing 
until such study and investigation is completed. 
" (4) The Administrator shall furnish to such Academy at its request 
any information which the Academy deems necessary for the purpose 
of conducting the investigation and study authorized by paragraph 
(1) of this subsection. For the purpose of furnishing such information, 
the Administrator may use any authority he has under this Act (A) 
to obtain information from any person, and (B) to require such person 
to conduct such tests, keep such records, and make such reports respect-
ing research or other activities conducted by such person as may be 
reasonably necessary to carry out this subsection. 
"(d) The Administrator shall prescribe regulations under which 
the useful life of vehicles and engines shall be determined for purposes 
of subsection (a) (1) of this section and section 207. Such regulations 
shall provide that useful life shall— 
"(1) in the case of light duty vehicles and light duty vehicle 
engines, be a period of use of five years or of fifty thousand miles 
(or the equivalent), whichever first occurs; and 
"(2) in the case of any other motor vehicle or motor vehicle 
engine, be a period of use set forth in paragraph (1) unless the 
Administrator determines that a period of use of greater duration 
or mileage is appropriate. 
" (e) In the event a new power source or propulsion system for new 
motor vehicles or new motor vehicle engines is submitted for certifica-
tion pursuant to section 206(a), the Administrator may postpone cer-
tification until he has prescribed standards for any air pollutants 
emitted by such vehicle or engine which cause or contribute to, or are 
84 STAT. ] 
PUBLIC LAW 91-604-DEC. 31, 1970 
1(593 
likely to cause or contribute to, air pollution which endangers the 
public health or welfare but for which standards have not been pre-
scribed under subsection (a)." 
ENFORCEMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSION 
STANDARDS 
SEC. 7. (a) (1) Section 203(a) (1) of the Clean Air Act is amended 
to read as follows: 
"(1) in the case of a manufacturer of new motor vehicles or 
new motor vehicle engines for distribution in commerce, the sale, 
or the offering for sale, or the introduction, or delivery for intro-
duction, into commerce, or (in the case of any person, except as 
provided by regulation of the Administrator), the importation 
into the United States, of any new motor vehicle or new motor 
vehicle engine, manufactured after the effective date of regula-
tions under this part which are applicable to such vehicle or 
engine unless such vehicle or engine is covered by a certificate of 
conformity issued (and in effect) under regulations prescribed 
under this part (except as provided in subsection (b));" 
(2) Section 203 (a)(2) of such Act is amended by striking out "sec-
tion 207" and inserting in lieu thereof "section 208", and by striking 
out "or" at the end thereof. 
(3) Section 203(a) (3) of such Act is amended by striking out the 
period at the end thereof and inserting in lieu thereof the following: 
, or for any manufacturer or dealer knowingly to remove or render 
inoperative any such device or element of design after such sale and 
delivery to the ultimate purchaser; or", 
(4) Section 203(a) of such Act is amended by inserting at the end 
thereof the following new paragraph: 
" (4) for any manufacturer of a new motor vehicle or new motor 
vehicle engine subject to standards prescribed under section 202— 
"(A) to sell or lease any such vehicle or engine unless such 
manufacturer has complied with the requirements of section 
207 (a) and (b) with respect to such vehicle or engine, and 
unless a label or tag is affixed to such vehicle or engine in 
accordance with section 207(c) (3), or 
"(B) to fail or refuse to comply with the requirements of 
section 207 (c) or (e)." 
(5) Section 203(b) (1) of such Act is amended by striking out ", or 
class thereof, from subsection (a)," and inserting in lieu thereof "from 
subsection (a)", and by striking out "to protect the public health or 
welfare,". 
(6) Section 203(b)(2) of such Act is amended by striking out 
"importation by a manufacturer" and inserting in lieu thereof "impor-
tation or imported by any person". 
(7) Section 203 of the Clean Air Act is amended— 
(A) by amending subsection (b) (3) to read as follows: 
"(3) A new motor vehicle or new motor vehicle engine intended 
solely for export, and so labeled or tagged on the outside of the con-
tainer and on the vehicle or engine itself, shall be subject to the pro-
visions of subsection (a), except that if the country of export has 
emission standards which differ from the standards prescribed under 
subsection (a), then such vehicle or engine shall comply with the 
standards of such country of export."; and 
(B) by adding at the end thereof the following new subsection: 
"(c) Upon application therefor, the Administrator may exempt 
from section 203(a) (3) any vehicles (or class thereof) manufactured 
before the 1974 model year from section 203(a) (3) for the purpose 
of permitting modifications to the emission control device or system 
Prohibited acts. 
81 Stat. 499. 
42 u s e 1857f-2. 
Intra, 
Ante, 
p. 1690. 
Post, p. 1696. 
Vehicles, 
export. 
Exemption. 
1694 
PUBLIC LAW 91-604-DEC. 31, 1970 
[84 STAT. 
of sucli vehicle in order to use fuels other than those specified in cer-
'"^'•^* 
tification testing under section 206(a) (1), if the Administrator, on 
the basis of information submitted by the applicant, finds that such 
modification will not result in such vehicle or engine not complying 
Ante, p, 1690. 
with staudards under section 202 applicable to such vehicle or engine. 
Any such exemption shall identify (1) the vehicle or vehicles so 
exempted, (2) the specific nature of the modification,, and (3) the 
person or class of persons to whom the exemption shall apply." 
^9 fitr f«°°7f., 
(^) Section 204(a) of such Act is amended by striking out "or (3)" 
and inserting in lieu thereof "(3), or (4)". 
(c) Section 205 of such Act is amended to read as follows: 
42 u s e 1857f-3. 
"PENALTIES 
"SEC. 205. Any person who violates paragraph (1), (2), (3), or (4) 
Ante, p. 1693. 
of sectiou 203(a) shall be subject to a civil penalty of not more than 
$10,000. Any such violation with respect to paragraph (1), (2), or (4) 
of section 203(a) shall constitute a separate offense with respect to 
each motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine." 
COMPLIANCE WITH MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSION STANDARDS 
SEC. 8. (a) The Clean Air Act is amended by striking out sections 
^^42jsc^i857f-5 206 and 211; by redesignating sections 207, 208, 209, 210, and 212 as 
208, 209, 210,211, and 213, respectively; and by inserting after section 
205 the following new sections: 
"MOTOR VEHICLE AND MOTOR VEHICLE ENGINE COMPLIANCE TESTING AND 
CERTIFICATION 
"SEC. 206. (a) (1) The Administrator shall test, or require to be 
tested in such manner as he deems appropriate, any new motor vehicle 
or new motor vehicle engine submitted by a manufacturer to determine 
whether such vehicle or engine conforms with the regulations pre-
scribed under section 202 of this Act. If such vehicle or engine con-
forms to such regulations, the Administrator shall issue a certificate of 
conformity upon such terms, and for such period (not in excess of one 
year), as he may prescribe. 
" (2) The Administrator shall test any emission control system incor-
porated in a motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine submitted to him 
by any person, in order to determine whether such system enables such 
vehicle or engine to conform to the standards required to be prescribed 
under section 202(b) of this Act. If the Administrator finds on the 
basis of such tests that such vehicle or engine conforms to such stand-
ards, the Administrator shall issue a verification of compliance with 
emission standards for such system when incorporated in vehicles of 
a class of which the tested vehicle is representative. He shall inform 
manufacturers and the National Academy of Sciences, and make avail-
able to the public, the results of such tests. Tests under this paragraph 
shall be conducted under such terms and conditions (including require-
ments for preliminary testing by qualified independent laboratories) 
as the Administrator may prescribe by regulations. 
"(b) (1) In order to determine whether new motor vehicles or new 
motor vehicle engines being manufactured by a manufacturer do in 
fact conform with the regulations with respect to which the certificate 
of conformity was issued, the Administrator is authorized to test such 
vehicles or engines. Such tests may be conducted by the Administrator 
directly or, in accordance with conditions specified by the Adminis-
trator,, by the manufacturer. 
84 STAT. ] 
PUBLIC LAW 91-604-DEC. 31, 1970 
1695 
"(2) (A) (i) If, based on tests conducted under paragraph (1) on a 
sample of new vehicles or engines covered by a certificate of conform-
ity, the Administrator determines that all or part of the vehicles or 
engines so covered do not conform with the regulations with respect 
to which the certificate of conformity was issued, he may suspend or 
revoke such certificate in whole or in part, and shall so notify the 
manufacturer. Such suspension or revocation shall apply in the case 
of any new motor vehicles or new motor vehicle engines manufactured 
after the date of such notification (or manufactured before such date 
if still in the hands of the manufacturer), and shall apply until such 
time as the Administrator finds that vehicles and engines manufac-
tured by the manufacturer do conform to such regulations. If, during 
any period of suspension or revocation, the Administrator finds that 
a vehicle or engine actually conforms to such regulations, he shall 
issue a certificate of conformity applicable to such vehicle or engine. 
"(ii) If, based on tests conducted under paragraph (1) on any new 
vehicle or engine, the Administrator determines that such vehicle 
or engine does not conform with such reflations, he may suspend or 
revoke such certificate insofar as it applies to such vehicle or engine 
until such time as he finds such vehicle or engine actually so conforms 
with such regulations, and he shall so notify the manufacturer. 
"(B) (i) At the request of any manufacturer the Administrator 
shall grant such manufacturer a hearing as to whether the tests have 
been properly conducted or any sampling methods have been properly 
applied, and make a determination on the record with respect, to any 
suspension or revocation under subparagraph (A); but suspension or 
revocation under subparagraph (A) shall not be stayed by reason of 
such hearing. 
"(ii) In any case of actual controversy as to the validity of any 
determination under clause (i), the manufacturer may at any time 
prior to the 60th day after such determination is made file a petition 
with the United States court of appeals for the circuit wherein such 
manufacturer resides or has his principal place of business for a judi-
cial review of such determination. A copy of the petition shall be forth-
with transmitted by the clerk of the court to the Administrator or 
other officer designated by him for that purpose. The Administrator 
thereupon shall file in the court the record of the proceedings on which 
the Administrator based his determination, as provided in section 2112 
of title 28' of the United States Code. 
"(iii) If the petitioner applies to the court for leave to adduce addi-
tional evidence, and shows to the satisfaction of the court that such 
additional evidence is material and that there were reasonable grounds 
for the failure to adduce such evidence in the proceeding before the 
Administrator, the court may order such additional evidence (and evi-
dence in rebuttal thereof) to be taken before the Administrator, in such 
manner and upon such terms and conditions as the court may deem 
proper. The Administrator may modify his findings as to the facts, or 
make new findings, by reason of the additional evidence so taken and 
he shall file such modified or new^ findings, and his recommendation, 
if any^ for the modification or setting aside of his original determina-
tion, with the return of such additional evidence. 
"(iv) Upon the filing of the petition referred to in clause (ii), the 
court shall have jurisdiction to review the order in accordance with 
chapter 7 of title 5, United States Code, and to grant appropriate relief 
as provided in such chapter. 
"(c) For purposes of enforcement of this section, officers or employ-
ees duly designated by the Administrator, upon presenting appropriate 
credentials to the manufacturer or person in charge, are authorized (1) 
to enter, at reasonable times, any plant or other establishment of such 
Hearing. 
Judicial review. 
72 Stat. 941. 
Additional 
evidence. 
80 Stat. 392. 
5 u s e 701. 
Inspection. 
1696 
PUBLIC LAW 91-604-DEC. 31, 1970 
[84 STAT. 
Regulation. 
Publication in 
Federal Register. 
Ante, p. 1690. 
manufacturer, for the purpose of conducting tests of vehicles or engines 
in the hands of the manufacturer, or (2) to inspect at reasonable 
times, records, files, papers, processes, controls, and facilities used by 
such manufacturer in conducting tests under regulations of the Ad-
ministrator. Each such inspection shall be commenced and completed 
with reasonable promptness. 
"(d) The Administrator shall by regulation establish methods and 
procedures for making tests under this section. 
"(e) The Administrator shall announce in the Federal Register and 
make available to the public the results of his tests of any motor vehicle 
or motor vehicle engine submitted by a manufacturer under subsection 
(a) as promptly as possible after the enactment of the Clean Air 
Amendments of 1970 and at the beginning of each model year which 
begins thereafter. Such results shall be described in such nontechnical 
manner as will reasonably disclose to prospective ultimate purchasers 
of new motor vehicles and new motor vehicle engines the comparative 
performance of the vehicles and engines tested in meeting the standards 
prescribed under section 202 of this Act. 
Warranty. 
Ante, p. 1694. 
COMPLIANCE BY VEHICLES AND ENGINES I N ACTUAL USE 
"SEC. 207. (a) Effective with respect to vehicles and engines manufac-
tured in model years beginning more than 60 days after the date of the 
enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970, the manufacturer 
of each new motor vehicle and new motor vehicle engine shall warrant 
to the ultimate purchaser and each subsequent purchaser that such 
vehicle or engine is (1) designed, built, and equipped so as to conform 
at the time of sale with applicable regulations under section 202, and 
(2) free from defects in materials and workmanship which cause such 
vehicle or engine to fail to conform with applicable regulations for its 
useful life (as determined under section 202(d)). 
"(b) If the Administrator determines that (i) there are available 
testing methods and procedures to ascertain whether, when in actual 
use throughout its useful life (as determined under section 202(d)), 
each vehicle and engine to which regulations under section 202 apply 
complies with the emission standards of such regulations, (ii) such 
methods and procedures are in accordance with good engineering 
practices, and (iii) such methods and procedures are reasonably cap-
able of being correlated with tests conducted under section 20.6(a) (1), 
then— 
" (1) he shall establish such methods and procedures by regula-
tion, and 
"(2) at such time as he determines that inspection facilities or 
equipment are available for purposes of carrying out testing 
methods and procedures established under paragraph (1), he 
shall prescribe regulations which shall require manufacturers 
to warrant the emission control device or system of each new 
motor vehicle or new motor vehicle engine to which a regulation 
under section 202 applies and which is manufactured in a model 
year beginning after the Administrator first prescribes warranty 
regulations under this paragraph (2). The warranty under such 
regulations shall run to the ultimate purchaser and each subse-
quent purchaser and shall provide that if— 
"(A) the vehicle or engine is maintained and operated in 
accordance with instructions under subsection (c)(3), 
"(B) it fails to conform at any time during its useful life 
(as determined under section 202(d)) to the regulations 
prescribed under section 202, and 
"(C) such nonconformity results in the ultimate purchaser 
(or any subsequent purchaser) of such vehicle or engine 
84 STAT. ] 
PUBLIC LAW 91-604-DEC. 31, 1970 
1697 
having to bear any penalty or other sanction (including the 
denial of the right to use such vehicle or engine) under State 
or Federal law, 
then such manufacturer shall remedy such nonconformity under 
such warranty with the cost thereof to be borne by the manu-
facturer. 
"(c) Effective with respect to vehicles and engines manufactured 
during model years beginning more than 60 days after the date of 
enactment of the Clean Air Amendments of 1970— 
"(1) If the Administrator determines that a substantial num-
ber of any class or category of vehicles or engines, although 
properly maintained and used, do not conform to the regulations 
prescribed under section 202, when in actual use throughout their 
^"^^' ^' ^^^'^'• 
useful life (as determined under section 202(d)), he shall imme-
diately notify the manufacturer thereof of such nonconform-
ity, and he shall require the manufacturer to submit a plan for 
remedying the nonconformity of the vehicles or engines with 
respect to which such notification is given. The plan shall provide 
that the nonconformity of any such vehicles or engines which are 
properly used and maintained will be remedied at the expense of 
the manufacturer. If the manufacturer disagrees with such 
determination of nonconformity and so advises the Administrator, 
the Administrator shall afford the manufacturer and other inter-
ested persons an opportunity to present their views and evidence 
in support thereof at a public hearing. Unless, as a result of such 
hearing the Administrator withdraws such determination of non-
conformity, he shall, within 60 days after the completion of such 
hearing, order the manufacturer to provide prompt notification 
of such nonconformity in accordance with paragraph (2). 
"(2) Any notification required by paragraph (1) with respect 
to any class or category of vehicles or engines shall be given to 
dealers, ultimate purchasers, 
and subsequent purchasers (if 
known) in such manner and containing such information as the 
Administrator may by i*egulations require. 
"(3) The manufacturer shall furnish with each new motor 
vehicle or motor vehicle engine such written instructions for the 
maintenance and use of the vehicle or engine by the ultimate pur-
chaser as may be reasonable and necessary to assure the proper 
functioning of emission control devices and systems. In addition, 
the manufacturer shall indicate by means of a label or tag per-
manently affixed to such vehicle or engine that such vehicle or 
engine is covered by a certificate of conformity issued for the 
purpose of assuring achievement of emissions standards prescribed 
vmder section 202. Such label or tag shall contain such other infor-
mation relating to control of motor vehicle emissions as the Admin-
istrator shall prescribe by regulation. 
•'(d) Any cost obligation of any dealer incurred as a result of any 
requirement imposed by subsection (a), (b), or (c) shall be borne by 
the manufacturer. The transfer of any such cost obligation from a 
manufacturer to any dealer through franchise or other agreement is 
prohibited. 
"(e) If a manufacturer includes in any advertisement a statement 
^°^*' statement. 
respecting the cost or value of emission control devices or systems, such 
manufacturer shall set forth in such statement the cost or value attrib-
uted to such devices or systems by the Secretary of Labor (through 
the Bureau of Labor Statistics). The Secretary of Labor, and his repre-
sentatives, shall have the same access for this purpose to the books, 
documents, papers, and records of a manufacturer as the Comptroller 
General has to those of a recipient of assistance for purposes of sec-
tion 311. 
1698 
PUBLIC LAW 91-604-DEC. 31, 1970 
[84 STAT. 
"(f) Any iAspection of a motor vehicle or a motor vehicle engine for 
purposes of subsection (c) (1), after its sale to the ultimate purchaser, 
shall be made only if the owner of such vehicle or engine voluntarily 
permits such inspection to be made, except as may be provided by any 
State or local inspection program." 
j^.Nonappiica. 
(^^y^ -pj^g amendments made by this section shall not apply to vehicles 
or engines imported into the United States before the sixtieth day 
after the date of enactment of this Act. 
REGULATION OF FUELS 
Ante, p. 1694. 
gj,^,^ Q
^ (
^
3
^
) Sectiou 211 of the Clean Air Act (as so redesignated by 
section 8) is amended to read as follows: 
u 
REGULATION OF FUELS 
"SEC. 211. (a) The Administrator may by regulation designate any 
fuel or fuel additive and, after such date or dates as may be prescribed 
by him, no manufacturer or processor of any such fuel or additive may 
sell, offer for sale, or introduce into commerce such fuel or additive 
unless the Administrator has registered such fuel or additive in 
accordance with subsection (b) of this section. 
"(b) (1) For the purpose of registration of fuels and fuel additives, 
the Administrator shall require— 
"(A) the manufacturer of any fuel to notify him as to the com-
mercial identifying name and manufacturer of any additive con-
tained in such fuel; the range of concentration of any additive in 
the fuel; and the purpose-in-use of any such additive; and 
"(B) the manufacturer of any additive to notify him as to the 
chemical composition of such additive. 
" (2) For the purpose of registration of fuels and fuel additives, the 
Administrator may also require the manufacturer of any fuel or fuel 
additive— 
"(A) to conduct tests to determine potential public health 
effects of such fuel or additive (including, but not limited to, car-
cinogenic, teratogenic, or mutagenic effects), and 
"(B) to furnish the description of any analytical technique that 
can be used to detect and measure any additive in such fuel, the 
recommended range of concentration of such additive, and the rec-
ommended purpose-in-use of such additive, and such other infor-
mation as is reasonable and necessary to determine the emissions 
resulting from the use of the fuel or additive contained in such 
fuel, the effect of such fuel or additive on the emission control 
performance of any vehicle or vehicle engine, or the extent to 
which such emissions affect the public health or welfare. 
Tests under subparagraph (A) shall be conducted in conformity with 
test procedures and protocols established by the Administrator. The 
result of such tests shall not be considered confidential. 
"(3) Upon compliance with the provision of this subsection, includ-
ing assurances that the Administrator will receive changes in the infor-
mation required, the Administrator shall register such fuel or fuel 
additive. 
"(c) (1) The Administrator may, from time to time on the basis of 
information obtained under subsection (b) of this section or other 
information available to him, by regulation, control or prohibit the 
manufacture, introduction into commerce, offering for sale, or sale 
of any fuel or fuel additive for use in a motor vehicle or motor vehicle 
engine (A) if any emission products of such fuel or fuel additive will 
endanger the public health or welfare, or (B) if emission products of 
84 STAT. ] 
PUBLIC LAW 91-604-DEC. 31, 1970 
1699 
such fuel or fuel additive will impair to a significant degree the per-
formance of any emission control device or system which is in general 
use, or which the Administrator finds has been developed to a point 
where in a reasonable time it would be in general use were such regula-
tion to be promulgated. 
"(2) (A) No fuel, class of fuels, or fuel additive may be controlled 
or prohibited by the Administrator pursuant to clause (A) of para-
graph (1) except after consideration of all relevant medical and scien-
tific evidence available to him, including consideration of other 
technologically or economically feasible means of achieving emission 
standards under section 202. 
"(B) No fuel or fuel additive may be controlled or prohibited by 
the Administrator pursuant to clause (B) of paragraph (1) except 
after consideration of available scientific and economic data, includ-
ing a cost benefit analysis comparing emission control devices or sys-
tems which are or will be in general use and require the proposed 
control or prohibition with emission control devices or systems which 
are or will be in general use and do not require the proposed control 
or prohibition. On request of a manufacturer of motor vehicles, motor 
vehicle engines, fuels, or fuel additives submitted within 10 days of 
notice of proposed rulemaking, the Administrator shall hold a public 
hearing and publish findings with respect to any matter he is required 
to consider under this subparagraph. Such findings shall be published 
at the time of promulgation of final regulations. 
"(C) No fuel or fuel additive may be prohibited by the Adminis-
trator under paragraph (1) unless he finds, and publishes such find-
ing, that in his judgment such prohibition will not cause the use of 
any other fuel or fuel additive which will produce emissions which 
will endanger the public health or welfare to the same or greater 
degree than the use of the fuel or fuel additive proposed to be 
prohibited. 
"(3) (A) For the purpose of evidence and data to carry out para-
graph (2), the Administrator may require the manufacturer of any 
motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine to furnish any information 
which has been developed concerning the emissions from motor vehicles 
resulting from the use of any fuel or fuel additive, or the effect of such 
use on the performance of any emission control device or system. 
"(B) In obtaining information under subparagraph (A), section 
307(a) (relating to subpenas) shall be applicable. 
"(4) (A) Except as otherwise provided in subparagraph (B) or (C), 
no State (or political subdivision thereof) may prescribe or attempt to 
enforce, for purposes of motor vehicle emission control, any control or 
prohibition respecting use of a fuel or fuel additive in a motor vehicle 
or motor vehicle engine— 
"(i) if the Administrator has found that no control or prohibi-
tion under paragraph (1) is necessary and has published his find-
ing in the Federal Register, or 
"(ii) if the Administrator has prescribed under paragraph (1) 
a control or prohibition applicable to such fuel or fuel additive, 
unless State prohibition or control is identical to the prohibition or 
control prescribed by the Administrator. 
"(B) Any State for which application of section 209(a) has at any 
time been waived under section 209(b) may at any time prescribe and 
enforce, for the purpose of motor vehicle emission control, a control or 
prohibition respecting any fuel or fuel additive. 
"(C) A State may prescribe and enforce, for purposes of motor 
vehicle emission control, a control or prohibition respecting the use of 
a fuel or fuel additive in a motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine if an 
applicable implementation plan for such State under section 110 so 
Ante, p. 1690. 
Post, p. 1707. 
Publication in 
Federal Register. 
Ante, p. 1694. 
Ante, p. 1680. 
47-348 O - 72 - 24 (Pt. 2) 
1700 
PUBLIC LAW 91-604-DEC. 31, 1970 
[84 STAT. 
provides. The Administrator may approve such provision in an imple-
mentation plan, or promulgate an implementation plan containing such 
a provision, only if he finds that the State control or prohibition is 
necessary to achieve the national primary or secondary ambient air 
quality standard which the plan implements. 
P^'^^^^y- 
"(d) Any person who violates subsection (a) or the regulations pre-
scribed under subsection (c) or who fails to furnish any information 
required by the Administrator under subsection (c) shall forfeit and 
pay to the United States a civil penalty of $10,000 for each and every 
day of the continuance of such violation, which shall accrue to the 
United States and be recovered in a civil suit in the name of the United 
States, brought in the district where such person has his principal 
office or in any district in which he does business. The Administrator 
may, upon application therefor, remit or mitigate any forfeiture pro-
vided for in this subsection and he shall have authority to determine 
the facts upon all such applicatioiis." 
OTHER AMENDMENTS TO TITLE II 
SEC. 10. (a) The first sentence of section 208(b) of the Clean Air 
Ante, p. 1694. 
^ct (as S
O redesignated by section 8 of this Act) is amended to read 
as follows: "Any records, reports or information obtained under sub-
section (a) shall be available to the public, except that upon a showing 
satisfactory to the Administrator by any person that records, reports, 
or information, or particular part thereof (other than emission data), 
to which the Administrator has access under this section if made pub-
lic, would divulge methods or processes entitled to protection as trade 
secrets of such person, the Administrator shall consider such record, 
report, or information or particular portion thereof confidential in 
accordance with the purposes of section 1905 of title 18 of the United 
62 Stat. 791. 
Statcs Code, except that such record, report, or information may be 
disclosed to other officers, employees, or authorized representatives of 
the United States concerned with carrying out this Act or w^hen rele-
vant in any proceeding under this Act." 
(b) Section 210 of such Act (as so redesignated by section 8 of this 
Ante, p. 1694. 
j^(,^^ jg amended to read as follows: 
u 
STATE GRANTS 
"SEC. 210. The Administrator is authorized to make grants to 
appropriate State agencies in an amount up to two-thirds of the cost of 
developing and maintaining effective vehicle emission devices and 
systems inspection and emission testing and control programs, except 
Exceptions. 
t h a t 
"(1) no such grant shall be made for any part of any State 
vehicle inspection program which does not directly relate to the 
cost of the air pollution control aspects of such a program; 
"(2) no such grant shall be made unless the Secretary of Trans-
portation has certified to the Administrator that such program is 
consistent with any highw^ay safety program developed pursuant 
-ost^^^\74o'' 
^^ section 402 of title 23 of the United States Code; and 
°^ '^' 
• 
"(3) no such grant shall be made unless the program includes 
provisions designed to insure that emission control devices and 
systems on vehicles in actual use have not been discontinued or 
rendered inoperative." 
(c) Title I I of the Clean Air Act is amended by inserting after sec-
Ante, p. 1694. 
^.^QJ^ 211 (as S
O redesignated by section 8) the following new section: 
84 STAT. ] 
PUBLIC LAW 91^04-DEC. 31, 1970 
1701 
"DEVELOPMENT OF LOW-EMISSION 
VEHICLES 
"SEC. 212. (a) For the purpose of this section— 
"(1) The term 'Board' means the Low-Emission Vehicle Cer-
tification Board. 
"(2) The term 'Federal Government' includes the legislative, 
executive, and judicial branches of the Government of the United 
States, and the government of the District of Columbia. 
"(3) The term 'motor vehicle' means any self-propelled vehicle 
designed for use in the United States on the highways, other 
than a vehicle designed or used for military field training, com-
bat, or tactical purposes. 
"(4) The term 'low-emission vehicle' means any motor vehicle 
w^hich— 
" (A) emits any air pollutant in amounts significantly below 
new motor vehicle standards applicable under section 202 at 
the time of procurement to that type of vehicle; and 
"(B) with respect to all other air pollutants meets the new 
motor vehicle standards applicable under section 202 at the 
time of procurement to that type of vehicle. 
"(5) The term 'retail price' means (A) the maximum statutory 
price applicable to any class or model of motor vehicle; or (B) in 
any case where there is no applicable maximum statutory price, the 
most recent procurement price paid for any class or model of 
motor vehicle. 
"(b) (1) There is established a Low-Emission Vehicle Certification 
Board to be composed of the Administrator or his designee, the Secre-
tary of Transportation or his designee, the Chairman of the Council on 
Environmental Quality or his designee, the Director of the National 
Highway Safety Bureau in the Department of Transportation, the 
Administrator of General Services, and two members appointed by the 
President. The President shall designate one member of the Board as 
Chairman. 
"(2) Any member of the Board not employed by the United States 
may receive compensation at the rate of $125 for each day such member 
is engaged upon work of the Board. Each member of the Board shall 
be reimbursed for travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of sub-
sistence as authorized by section 5703 of title 5, United States Code, for 
persons in the Government service employed intermittently. 
"(3) (A) The Chairman, with the concurrence of the members of 
the Board, may employ and fix the compensation of such additional 
personnel as may be necessary to carry out the functions of the Board, 
but no individual so appointed shall receive compensation in excess of 
the rate authorized for GS-18 by section 5332 of title 5, United States 
Code. 
"(B) The Chairman may fix the time and place of such meetings as 
may be required, but a meeting of the Board shall be called whenever 
a majority of its members so request. 
"(C) The Board is granted all other powers necessary for meeting 
its responsibilities under this section. 
"(c) The Administrator shall determine which models or classes of 
motor vehicles qualify as low-emission vehicles in accordance with the 
provisions of this section. 
"(d)(1) The Board shall certify any class or model of motor 
vehicles— 
"(A) for which a certification application has been filed in 
accordance with paragraph (3) of this subsection; 
"(B) which IS a Tow-emission vehicle as determined by the 
Administrator; and 
Definitions. 
Ante, p. 1690. 
Low-Emission 
Vehicle Certifi-
cation Board, 
membership. 
Compensation. 
Travel expenses. 
83 Stat. 190. 
Additional 
personnel. 
Ante, p. 198-1. 
Motor vehicle 
certification. 
1702 
PUBLIC LAW 91-604-DEC. 31, 1970 
[84 STAT. 
Substitute 
specifications. 
Criteria. 
Effective 
period. 
Application. 
Publication in 
Federal Register. 
Investigation 
and inspection. 
Comments, 
evaluation. 
Publication in 
Federal Register. 
Acquisition by 
Federal govern-
ment. 
Premium raise. 
"(C) which it determines is suitable for use as a substitute for 
a class or model of vehicles at that time in use by agencies of the 
Federal Government. 
The Board shall specify with particularity the class or model of 
vehicles for which the class or model of vehicles described in the 
application is a suitable substitute. In making the determination under 
this subsection the Board shall consider the following criteria: 
"(i) the safety of the vehicle; 
"(ii) its performance characteristics; 
"(iii) its reliability potential; 
" (iv) its serviceability; 
"(v) its fuel availability; 
"(vi) its noise level; and 
" (vii) its maintenance costs as compared with the class or model 
of motor vehicle for which it may be a suitable substitute. 
"(2) Certification under this section shall be effective for a period 
of one year from the date of issuance. 
"(3) (A) Any party seeking to have a class or model of vehicle 
certified under this section shall file a certification application in 
accordance with regulations prescribed by the Board. 
" (B) The Board shall publish a notice of each application received 
in the Federal Register. 
"(C) The Administrator and the Board shall make determinations 
for the purpose of this section in accordance with procedures prescribed 
by regulation by the Administrator and the Board, respectively. 
"(D) The Administrator and the Board shall conduct whatever 
investigation is necessary, including actual inspection of the vehicle 
at a place designated in regulations prescribed under subparagraph 
"(E) The Board shall receive and evaluate written comments and 
documents from interested parties in support of, or in opposition to, 
certification of the class or model of vehicle under consideration. 
"(F) Within 90 days after the receipt of a properly filed certifica-
tion application, the Administrator shall determine whether such 
class or model of vehicle is a low-emission vehicle, and within 180 days 
of such determination, the Board shall reach a decision by majority 
vote as to whether such class or model of vehicle, having been deter-
mined to be a low-emission vehicle, is a suitable substitute for any class 
or classes of vehicles presently being purchased by the Federal Govern-
ment for use by its agencies. 
"(G) Immediately upon making any determination or decision 
under subparagraph (F), the Administrator and the Board shall each 
publish in the Federal Register notice of such determination or deci-
sion, including reasons therefor and in the case of the Board any dis-
senting views. 
"(e)(1) Certified low-emission vehicles shall be acquired by pur-
chase or lease by the Federal Government for use by the Federal 
Government in lieu of other vehicles if the Administrator of General 
Services determines that such certified vehicles have procurement costs 
which are no more than 150 per centum of the retail price of the least 
expensive class or model of motor vehicle for which they are certified 
substitutes. 
" (2) In order to encourage development of inherently low-polluting 
propulsion technology, the Board may, at its discretion, raise the pre-
mium set forth in paragraph (1) of this subsection to 200 per centum 
of the retail price of any class or model of motor vehicle for which a 
certified low-emission vehicle is a certified substitute, if the Board 
determines that the certified low-emission vehicle is powered by an 
inherently low-polluting propulsion system. 
84 STAT. ] 
PUBLIC LAW 91-604-DEC. 31, 1970 
1703 
" (3) Data relied upon by the Board and the xVdministrator in deter-
mining that a vehicle is a certified low-emission vehicle shall be incor-
porated in any contract for the procurement of such vehicle. 
"(f) The procuring agency shall be required to purchase available 
certified low-emission vehicles which are eligible for purchase to the 
extent they are available before purchasing an^ other vehicles for 
which any low-emission vehicle is a certified substitute. In making pur-
chasing selections between competing eligible certified low-emission 
vehicles, the procuring agency shall give priority to (1) any class or 
model which does not require extensive periodic maintenance to retain 
its low-polluting qualities or which does not require the use of fuels 
which are more expensive than those of the classes or models of vehicles 
for which it is a certified substitute; and (2) passenger vehicles other 
than buses. 
"(g) For the purpose of procuring certified low-emission vehicles 
any statutory price limitations shall be waived. 
"(h) The Administrator shall, from time to time as the Board deems 
appropriate, test the emissions from certified low-emission vehicles pur-
chased by the Federal Government. If at any time he finds that the 
emission rates exceed the rates on which certification under this section 
was based, the Administrator shall notify the Board. Thereupon the 
Board shall give the supplier of such vehicles written notice of this 
finding, issue public notice of it, and give the supplier an opportunity 
to make necessary repairs, adjustments, or replacements. If no such 
repairs, adjustments, or replacements are made within a period to be 
set by the Board, the Board may order the supplier to show cause why 
the vehicle involved should be eligible for recertification. 
"(i) There are authorized to be appropriated for paying additional 
amounts for motor vehicles pursuant to, and for carrying out the pro-
visions of, this section, $5,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 
1971, and $25,000,000 for each of the two succeeding fiscal years. 
"(j) The Board shall promulgate the procedures required to imple-
ment this section within one hundred and eighty days after the date 
of enactment of the Clean Air Amendments of 1970." 
(d) (1) Paragraph (1) of section 213 of the Clean Air Act (as 
so redesignated by section 8) is amended by inserting "202," imme-
diately before "203,". 
(2) Paragraph (3) of such section 213 is amended by striking out 
"The" and inserting in lieu thereof "Except with respect to vehicles 
or engines imjDorted or offered for importation, the"; and by adding 
before the period at the end thereof "; and with respect to imported 
vehicles or engines, such terms mean a motor vehicle and engine, 
respectively, manufactured after the effective date of a regulation 
issued under section 202 which is applicable to such vehicle or engine 
(or which would be applicable to such vehicle or engine had it been 
manufactured for importation into the United States)". 
T e s t s . 
Appropriations. 
Ante, p. 1694. 
Ante, p. 1690,, 
EMISSION STANDARDS FOR AIRCRAFT 
SEC. 11. (a) (1) Title I I of the Clean Air Act is amended by adding 
at the end thereof the following new part: 
"PART B—^AIRCRAFT EMISSION STANDARDS 
"ESTABLISHMENT OF STANDARDS 
"SEC. 231. (a) (1) Within 90 days after the date of enactment of the 
Clean Air Amendments of 1970, the Administrator shall commence 
a study and investigation of emissions of air pollutants from aircraft 
in order to determine— 
81 Stat. 499. 
42 u s e 1857f"l. 
Study. 
1704 
PUBLIC LAW 91-604-DEC. 31, 1970 
[84 STAT. 
Report, publi-
cation. 
Hearings. 
Regulations. 
Effective date. 
"(A) the extent to which such emissions affect air quality in 
air quality control regions throughout the United States, and 
"(B) the technological feasibility of controlling such emissions. 
"(2) Within 180 days after commencing such study and investiga-
tion, the Administrator shall publish a report of such study and inves-
tigation and shall issue proposed emission standards applicable to 
emissions of any air pollutant from any class or classes of aircraft or 
aircraft engines which in his judgment cause or contribute to or are 
likely to cause or contribute to air pollution which endangers the public 
health or welfare. 
"(3) The Administrator shall hold public hearings with respect to 
such proposed standards. Such hearings shall, to the extent practicable, 
be held in air quality control regions which are most seriously affected 
by aircraft emissions. Within 90 days after the issuance of such pro-
posed regulations, he shall issue such regulations with such modifica-
tions as he deems appropriate. Such regulations may be revised from 
time to time. 
"(b) Any regulation prescribed under this section (and any revision 
thereof) shall take effect after such period as the Administrator finds 
necessary (after consultation with the Secretary of Transportation) 
to permit the development and application of the requisite technology, 
giving appropriate consideration to the cost of compliance within such 
period. 
"(c) Any regulations under this section, or amendments thereto, with 
respect to aircraft, shall be prescribed only after consultation with the 
Secretary of Transportation in order to assure appropriate considera-
tion for aircraft safety. 
Regulations. 
72 Stat. 731. 
49 u s e 1301 
note. 
80 Stat. 931. 
49 u s e 1651 
note. 
Certificate 
holder, notice and 
appeal rights. 
Exception. 
"ENFORCEMENT OF STANDARDS 
"SEC. 232: (a) The Secretary of Transportation, after consultation 
with the Administrator, shall prescribe regulations to insure compli-
ance with all standards prescribed under section 231 by the Adminis-
trator. The regulations of the Secretary of Transportation shall include 
provisions making such standards applicable in the issuance, amend-
ment, modification, suspension, or revocation of any certificate author-
ized by the Federal Aviation Act or the Department of Transportation 
Act. Such Secretary shall insure that all necessary inspections are 
accomplished, and, may execute any power or duty vested in him by 
any other provision of law in the execution of all powers and duties 
vested in him under this section. 
"(b) In any action to amend, modify, suspend, or revoke a certificate 
in which violation of an emission standard prescribed under section 
231 or of a regulation prescribed under subsection (a) is at issue, the 
certificate holder shall have the same notice and appeal rights as are 
prescribed for such holders in the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 or 
the Department of Transportation Act, except that in any appeal to 
the National Transportation Safety Board, the Board may amend, 
modify, or revoke the order of the Secretary of Transportation only 
if it finds no violation of such standard or regulation and that such 
amendment, modification, or revocation is consistent with safety in 
air transportation. 
'STATE STANDARDS AND CONTROLS 
"SEC. 233. No State or political subdivision thereof may adopt or 
attempt to enforce any standard respecting emissions of any air 
pollutant from any aircraft or engine thereof unless such standard is 
identical to a standard applicable to such aircraft under this part. 
84 STAT. ] 
PUBLIC LAW 91-604-DEC. 31, 1970 
1705 
II 
DEFINITIONS 
"SEC. ^34. Terms used in this part (other than Administrator) shall 
have the same meaning as such terms have under section 101 of the 
Federal Aviation Act of 1958." 
J2 stau 73j. 
(2) Title I I of the Clean Air Act is amended— 
(A) by striking out "this title" wherever it appears in sections 
202 through 213 and inserting in lieu thereof "this part"; 
^"'^' P- ^^9° 
(B) by striking out "TITLE I I " in the heading for section 213 
(as so redesignated by section 8 of this Act) and mserting in lieu 
thereof "PAET A"; 
(C) by amending the heading for title I I to read as follows: 
"TITLE 
II—EMISSION 
STANDAKDS FOK 
MOVING 
SOURCES"; and 
(D) by inserting after section 201 the following: 
"PART A—MOTOR VEHICLE . EMISSION AND FUEL STANDARDS". 
Ante, p . 1694. 
81 Stat. 499. 
42 u s e 1857f-l. 
72 Stat. 775. 
(b) (1) Section 601 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (49 U.S.C. 
1421) is amended by adding at the end thereof the following new 
subsection: 
"AVIATION FUEL STANDARDS 
"(d) The Administrator shall prescribe, and from time to time 
revise, regulations (1) establishing standards governing the composi-
tion or the chemical or physical properties of any aircraft fuel or fuel 
additive for the purpose of controlling or elimmating aircraft emis-
sions which the Administrator of the Environmental Protection 
Agency (pursuant to section 231 of the Clean Air Act) determines 
^"'^' P* ^^°^-
endanger the public health or welfare, and (2) providing for the imple-
mentation and enforcement of such standards." 
(2) Section 610(a) of such Act (49 U.S.C. 1430(a)) is amended by 
striking out "and" at the end of paragraph (7); by striking out the 
period at the end of paragraph (8) and inserting in lieu thereof "; 
and" and by adding after paragraph (8) the following new paragraph: 
"(9) For any person to manufacture, deliver, sell, or offer for 
sale, any aviation fuel or fuel additive in violation of any regula-
tion prescribed under section 601(d)." 
(3) That portion of the table of contents contained in the first sec-
tion of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 which appears under the 
side heading 
"Sec. 601. General Safety Powers and Duties." 
is amended by adding at the end thereof the following: 
"(<J) Aviation fuel standards.". 
GENERAL PROVISIONS 
SEC. 12. (a) The Clean Air Act is amended by redesignating sections 
303 through 310 as sections 310 through 317, and by inserting after 
^i use f°^"i. 
section 302 the following new sections: 
i8S7Z. 
^' 
u 
EMERGENCY POWERS 
"SEC. 303. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Act, the 
Administrator, upon receipt of evidence that a pollution source or com-
bination of sources (including moving sources) is presenting an immi-
nent and substantial endangerment to the health of persons, and that 
appropriate State or local authorities have not acted to abate such 
sources, may bring suit on behalf of the United States in the appro-
priate United States district court to immediately restrain any person 
1706 
PUBLIC LAW 91-604-DEC. 31, 1970 
[84 STAT. 
causing or contributing to the alleged pollution to stop the emission 
of air pollutants causing or contributing to such pollution or to take 
such other action as may be necessary. 
Jurisdiction. 
Ante, p. 1685. 
Ante, p. 1686. 
28 u s e app. 
Definition. 
"CITIZEN SUITS 
"SEC. 304. (a) Except as provided in subsection (b), any person may 
commence a civil action on his own behalf— 
"(1) against any person (including (i) the United States, and 
(ii) any other governmental instrumentality or agency to the 
extent permitted by the Eleventh Amendment to the Constitution) 
who is alleged to be in violation of (A) an emission standard or 
limitation under this Act or (B) an order issued by the Adminis-
trator or a State with respect to such a standard or limitation, or 
"(2) against the Administrator w^here there is alleged a failure 
of the Administrator to perform any act or duty under this Act 
which is not discretionary with the Administrator. 
The district courts shall have jurisdiction, without regard to the 
amount in controversy or the citizenship of the parties, to enforce such 
an emission standard or limitation, or such an order, or to order the 
Administrator to perform such act or duty, as the case may be. 
"(b) No action may be commenced— 
"(1) under subsection (a)(1) — 
" (A) prior to 60 days after the plaintiff has given notice of 
the violation (i) to the'Administrator, (ii) to the State in 
which the violation occurs, and (iii) to any alleged violator 
of the standard, limitation, or order, or 
"(B) if the Administrator or State has commenced and is 
diligently prosecuting a civil action in a court of the United 
States or a State to require compliance with the standard, lim-
itation, or order, but in any such action in a court of the 
United States any person may intervene as a matter of right. 
" (2) under subsection (a) (2) prior to 60 days after the plaintiff 
has given notice of such action to the Administrator, 
except that such action may be brought immediately after such noti-
fication in the case of an action under this section respecting a viola-
tion of section 112(c)(1)(B) or an order issued by the Administrator 
pursuant to section 113(a). Notice under this subsection shall be given 
in such manner as the Administrator shall prescribe by regulation. 
"(c) (1) Any action respecting a violation by a stationary source 
of an emission standard or limitation or an order respecting such 
standard or limitation may be brought only in the judicial district in 
which such source is located. 
"(2) In such action under this section, the Administrator, if not a 
party, may intervene as a matter of right. 
"(d) The court, in issuing any final order in any action brought 
pursuant to subsection (a) of this section, may award costs of litiga-
tion (including reasonable attorney and expert witness fees) to any 
party, whenever the court determines such award is appropriate. The 
court may, if a temporary restraining order or preliminary injunction 
is sought, require the filing of a bond or equivalent security in accord-
ance with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. 
"(e) Nothing in this section shall restrict any right which any person 
(or class of persons) may have under any statute or common law to seek 
enforcement of any emission standard or limitation or to seek any other 
relief (including relief against the Administrator or a State agency). 
"(f) For purposes of this section, the term 'emission standard or 
limitation under this Act' means— 
"(1) a schedule or timetable of compliance, emission limita-
tion, standard of performance or emission standard, or 
84 STAT.] 
PUBLIC LAW 91-604-DEC. 31, 1970 
1707 
"(2) a control or prohibition respecting a motor vehicle fuel or 
fuel additive, 
which is in effect under this Act (including a requirement applicable 
by reason of section 118) or under an applicable implementation plan. 
Ante, p. 1689. 
"APPEARANCE 
"SEC. 305. The Administrator shall i-equest the Attorney General to 
appear and represent him in any civil action instituted under this Act 
to which the Administrator is a party. Unless the Attorney General 
notifies the Administrator that he will appear in such action within a 
reasonable time, attorneys appointed by the Administrator shall appear 
and represent him. 
"FEDERAL PROCUREMENT 
"SEC. 306. (a) No Federal agency may enter into any contract with 
any person vAio is convicted of any offense under section 113 (c) (1) for 
the procurement of goods, materials, and services to perform such 
contract at any facility at which the violation which gave rise to such 
conviction occurred if such facility is owned, leased, or supervised by 
such person. The prohibition in the preceding sentence shall continue 
until the Administrator certifies that the condition giving rise to such 
a conviction has been corrected. 
"(b) The Administrator shall establish procedures to provide all 
Federal agencies with the notification necessary for the purposes of 
subsection (a). 
"(c) In order to implement the purposes and policy of this Act to 
protect and enhance the quality of the Nation's air, the President shall, 
not more than 180 days after enactment of the Clean Air Amendments 
of 1970 cause to be issued an order (1) requiring each Federal agency 
authorized to enter into contracts and each Federal agency which is 
empowered to extend Federal assistance by way of grant, loan, or con-
tract to effectuate the purpose and policy of this Act in such contract-
ing or assistance activities, and (2) setting forth procedures, sanctions, 
penalties, and such other provisions, as the President determines neces-
sary to carry out such requirement. 
"(d) The President may exempt any contract, loan, or grant from 
all or part of the provisions of this section where he determines such 
exemption is necessary in the paramount interest of the United States 
and he shall notify the Congress of such exemption. 
"(e) The President shall annually report to the Congress on meas-
ures taken toward implementing the purpose and intent of this section, 
including but not limited to the progress and problems associated with 
implementation of this section. 
Ante, p. 1687. 
Federal agency 
contracts. 
Presidential 
procedures, etc. 
Exemptions, 
notification to 
Congress. 
Report to 
Congress. 
GENERAL 
PROVISION 
RELATING 
TO ADMINISTRATIVE 
PROCEEDINGS 
AND 
JUDICIAL 
REVIEW 
"SEC. 307. (a) (1) In connection with any determination under sec-
tion 110(f) or section 202(b) (5), or for purposes of obtaining infor-
mation under section 202(b) (4) or 210(c) (4), the Administrator may 
issue subpenas for the attendance and testimony of witnesses and the 
production of relevant papers, books, and documents, and he may 
administer oaths. Except for emission data, upon a showing satisfac-
tory to the Administrator by such owner or operator that such papers, 
books, documents, or information or particular part thereof, if made 
public, would divulge trade secrets or secret processes of such owner 
or operator, the Administrator shall consider such record, report, or 
information or particular portion thereof confidential in accordance 
with the purposes of section 1905 of title 18 of the United States Code, 
Ante, pp. 168i 
1691. 
62 Stat. 791. 
1708 
PUBLIC LAW 91-604-DEC. 31, 1970 
[84 STAT. 
Ante, p. 1690. 
Petition for 
Ante, p. 1685. 
Ante, pp. 1698, 
1703. 
Ante, p. 1680. 
Filing. 
Additional 
evidence. 
except that such paper, book, document, or information may be dis-
closed to other officers, employees, or authorized representatives of the 
United States concerned with carrying out this Act, to persons carry-
ing out the National Academy of Sciences' study and investigation 
provided for in section 202(c), or when relevant in any proceeding 
under this Act. Witnesses summoned shall be paid the same fees and 
mileage that are paid witnesses in the courts of the United States. In 
case of contumacy or refusal to obey a subpena served upon any person 
under this subparagraph, the district court of the United States for 
any district in which such person is found or resides or transacts busi-
ness, upon application by the United States and after notice to such 
person, shall have jurisdiction to issue an order requiring such person 
to appear and give testimony before the Administrator to appear and 
produce papers, books, and documents before the Administrator, or 
both, and any failure to obey such order of the court may be punished 
by such court as a contempt thereof. 
"(b) (1) A petition for review of action of the Administrator in 
promulgating any national primary or secondary ambient air quality 
standard, any emission standard under section 112, any standard of 
performance under section 111, any standard under section 202 (other 
than a standard required to be prescribed under section 202(b) (1)), 
any determinaticn under section 202(b) (5), any control or prohibition 
under section 211, or any standard under section 231 may be filed only 
in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. A 
petition for review of the Administrator's action in approving or pro-
mulgating any implementation plan under section 110 or section 
111 (d) may be filed only in the United States Court of Appeals for the 
appropriate circuit. Any such petition shall be filed within 30 days 
from the date of such promulgation or approval, or after such date 
if such petition is based solely on grounds arising after such 30th day. 
"(2) Action of the Administrator with respect to which review 
could have been obtained under paragraph (1) shall not be subject to 
judicial review in civil or criminal proceedings for enforcement. 
"(c) In any judicial proceeding in which review is sought of a deter-
mination under this Act required to be made on the record after notice 
and opportunity for hearing, if any party applies to the court for leave 
to adduce additional evidence, and shows to the satisfaction of the court 
that such additional evidence is material and that there were reasonable 
grounds for the failure to adduce such evidence in the proceeding 
before the Administrator, the court may order such additional evidence 
(and evidence in rebuttal thereof) to be taken before the Adminis-
trator, in such manner and upon such terms and conditions as to the 
court may deem proper. The Administrator may modify his findings 
as to the facts, or make new findings, by reason of the additional evi-
dence so taken and he shall file such modified or new findings, and his 
recommendation, if any, for the modification or setting aside of his 
original determination, with the return of such additional evidence. 
'MANDATORY 
LICENSING 
"SEC. 308. Whenever the Attorney General determines, upon appli-
cation of the Administrator—• 
"(l)that— 
"(A) in the implementation of the requirements of section 
111, 112, or 202 of this Act, a right under any United States 
letters patent, which is being used or intended for public or 
commercial use and not otherwise reasonably available, is 
necessary to enable any person required to comply with such 
limitation to so comply, and 
84 STAT. ] 
PUBLIC LAW 91-604-DEC. 31, 1970 
1709 
"(B) there are no reasonable alternative methods to accom-
plish such purpose^ and 
"(2) that the unavailability of such right may result in a sub-
stantial lessening of competition or tendency to create a monopoly 
in any line of commerce in any section of the country, 
the Attorney General may so certify to a district court of the United 
Patent ucensitig. 
States, which may issue an order requiring the person who owns such 
patent to license it on such reasonable terms and conditions as the court, 
after hearing, may determine. Such certification may be made to the 
district court for the district in which the person owning the patent 
resides, does business, or is found. 
(( 
83 Stat. 853. 
42 u s e 4332. 
POLICY REVIEW 
"SEC. 309. (a) The Administrator shall review and comment in 
writing on the environmental impact of any matter relating to duties 
and responsibilities granted pursuant to this Act or other provisions 
of the authority of the Administrator, contained in any (1) legislation 
proposed by any Federal department or agency, (2) newly authorized 
Federal projects for construction and any major Federal agency 
action (other than a project for construction) to which section 102(2) 
(C) of Public Law 91-190 applies, and (3) proposed regulations pub-
lished by any department or agency of the Federal Government. Such 
written comment shall be made public at the conclusion of any such 
review. 
"(b) In the event the Administrator determines that any such legis-
lation, action, or regulation is unsatisfactory from the standpoint of 
public health or welfare or environmental quality, he shall publish his 
determination and the matter shall be referred to the Council on 
Environmental Quality." 
ArPROPRIATIONS 
SEC. 13. (a) Section 104(c) of the Clean Air Act is amended to read 83*stat!*28?^' 
as follows: 
42 use is'sTb-i. 
"(c) For the purposes of this section there are authorized to be 
appropriated $75,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1971, 
$125,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1972, and $150,000,000 
for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1973. Amounts appropriated pur-
suant to this subsection shall remain available until expended." 
(b) Section 316 of the Clean Air Act (as redesignated by section 12 
of this Act) is amended to read as follows: 
Ante, p. 1705. 
II 
APPROPRIATIONS 
"SEC. 316. There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out 
this Act, other than sections 103 (f) (3) and (d), 104, 212, and 403, 
^"'«' PP- i^^e, 
$125,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30,1971, $225,000,000 for ^^pLt. p. mo 
the fiscal year ending June 30,1972, and $300,000,000 for the fiscal year 
ending June 30,1973." 
SEC. 14. The Clean Air Act is amended by adding at the end thereof 
a new title to read as follows: 
"TITLE IV—NOISE POLLUTION 
"SEC. 401. This title may be cited as the 'Noise Pollution and Abate- 
citation o
f titie. 
ment Act of 1970'. 
"SEC. 402. (a) The Administrator shall establish within the Environ-
mental Protection Agency an Office of Noise Abatement and Control, 
1710 
PUBLIC LAW 91-604-DEC. 31, 1970 
[84 STAT. 
Report to 
President and 
Congress. 
Appropriation. 
and shall carry out through such Office a full and complete investiga-
tion and study of noise and its effect on the public health and welfare 
in order to (1) identify and classify causes and sources of noise, and 
(2) determine— 
"'(A) effects at various levels; 
"(B) projected growth of noise levels in urban areas through 
the year 2000; 
"(C) the psychological and physiological effect on humans; 
"(D) effects of sporadic extreme noise (such as jet noise near 
airports) as compared with constant noise; 
"(E) effect on wildlife and property (including values); 
"(F) effect of sonic booms on property (including values) ; and 
"(G) such other matters as may be of interest in the public 
welfare. 
" (b) In conducting such investigation, the Administrator shall hold 
public hearings, conduct research, experiments, demonstrations, and 
studies. The Administrator shall report the results of such investiga-
tion and study, together with his recommendations for legislation or 
other action, to the President and the Congress not later than one 
year after the date of enactment of this title. 
"(c) In any case where any Federal department or agency is carry-
ing out or sponsoring any activity resulting in noise which the Admin-
istrator determines amounts to a public nuisance or is otherwise 
objectionable, such department or agency shall consult with the 
Administrator to determine possible means of abating such noise. 
"SEC. 403. There is authorized to be appropriated such amount, not 
to exceed $30,000,000, as may be necessary for the purposes of this title." 
81 Stat. 504. 
42 use 1857h. 
"Air pollutant." 
42 u s e 1857b. 
74 Stat. 33. 
42 u s e 212. 
42 u s e 4321 
note. 
TECHNICAL AND CONEORMING AMENDMENTS 
SEC. 15. (a) (1) Section 302 of the Clean Air Act is amended by strik-
ing out subsection (g) and inserting in lieu thereof the following: 
" (g) The term 'air pollutant' means an air pollution agent or combi-
nation of such agents. 
"(h) All language referring to effects on welfare includes, but is not 
limited to, effects on soils, water, crops, vegetation, manmade materials, 
animals, wildlife, weather, visibility, and climate, damage to and 
deterioration of property, and hazards to transportation, as well as 
effects on economic values and on personal comfort and well-being." 
(2) Section 103(c) of the Clean Air Act is amended by striking out 
"air pollution agents (or combinations of agents)" and inserting in lieu 
thereof "air pollutants". 
(b) (1) Subject to such requirements as the Civil Service Commis-
sion may prescribe, any commissioned officer of the Public Health 
Service (other than an officer who retires under section 211 of the 
Public Health Service Act after his election but prior to his transfer 
pursuant to this paragraph and paragraph (2)) who, upon the day 
before the effective date of Reorganization Plan Numbered 3 of 1970 
(hereinafter in this subsection referred to as the "plan"), is serving 
as such officer (A) primarily in the performance of functions trans-
ferred by such plan to the Environmental Protection Agency or its 
Administrator (hereinafter in this subsection referred to as the 
"Agency" and the "Administrator", respectively), may, if such officer 
so elects, acquire competitive status and be transferred to a competitive 
position in the Agency; or (B) primarily in the performance of 
Junctions determined by the Secretary of Health, Education, and 
Welfare (hereinafter in this subsection referred to as the "Secretary") 
to be materially related to the functions so transferred, may, if auth-
orized by agreement between the Secretary and the Administrator, 
and if such officer so elects, acquire such status and be so transferred. 
76 Stat, 451. 
37 use 101. 
84 STAT. ] 
PUBLIC LAW 91-604-DEC. 31, 1970 
1711 
(2) An election pursuant to paragraph (1) shall be effective only if 
made in accordance with such procedures as may be prescribed by the 
Civil Service Commission (A) before the close of the 24th month after 
the effective date of the plan, or (B) in the case of a commissioned officer 
who would be liable for training and service under the Military Selec-
tive Service Act of 1967 but for the operation of section 6(b) (3) thereof 
sj J'|^- ^^oo. 
(50 U.S.C. App. 456(b) (3)), before (if it occurs later than the close 451. 
^^^' 
of such 24th month) the close of the 90th day after the day upon which 
69 stat. 224. 
he has completed his 24th month of service as such officer. 
(3) (A) Except as provided in subparagraph (B), any commissioned 
officer of the Public Health Service who, pursuant to paragraphs (1) 
and (2), elects to transfer to a position in the Agency which is subject 
to chapter 51 and subchapter I I I of chapter 63 of title 5, United States 
Code (hereinafter in this subsection referred to as the "transferring 
g^u^'c^sfof' 
officer"), shall receive a pay rate of the General Schedule grade of such 5331. 
position which is not less than the sum of the following amounts com- 
^"'^' P- i^s-i. 
puted as of the day preceding the date of such election: 
(i) the basic pay, the special pay, the continuation pay, and 
the subsistence and quarters allowances, to which he is annually 
entitled as a commissioned officer of the Public Health Service 
pursuant to title 37, United States Code; 
(ii) the amount of Federal income tax, as determined by esti-
mate of the Secretary, which the transferring officer, had he 
remained a commissioned officer, would have been required to 
pay on his subsistence and quarters allowances for the taxable 
year then current if they had not been tax free; 
(iii) an amount equal to the biweekly average cost of the cover-
ages designated "high option, self and family" under the Gov-
ernment-wide Federal employee health benefits program plans, 
multiplied by twenty-six; and 
(iv) an amount equal to 7 per centum of the sum of the amounts 
determined under clauses (i) through (iii), inclusive. 
(B) A transferring officer shall in no event receive, pursuant to sub-
paragraph (A), a pay rate in excess of the maximum rate applicable 
under the General Schedule to the class of position, as established 
under chapter 51 of title 5, United States Code, to which such officer 
is transferred pursuant to paragraphs (1) and (2). 
(4) (A) A transferring officer shall be credited, on the day of his 
transfer pursuant to his election under paragraphs (1) and (2), with 
one hour of sick leave for each week of active service, as defined by 
section 211 (d) of the Public Health Service Act. 
74 stat. 34. 
(B) The annual leave to the credit of a transferring officer on the 
'^^ ^^^ ^^^' 
day before the day of his transfer, shall, on such day of transfer, be 
transferred to his credit in the Agency on an adjusted basis under 
regulations prescribed by the Civil Service Commission. The portion 
of such leave, if any, that is in excess of the sum of (i) 240 hours, and 
(ii) the number of hours that have accrued to the credit of the trans-
ferring officer during the calendar year then current and which remain 
unused, shall thereafter remain to his credit until used, and shall be 
reduced in the manner described by subsection (c) of section 6304 of 
title 5, United States Code. 
. 
. 
^° ^'^'' ^^^ 
(5) A transferring officer who is required to change his official sta-
tion as a result of his transfer under this subsection shall be paid such 
travel, transportation, and related expenses and allowances, as would 
be provided pursuant to subchapter II of chapter 57 of title 5, United 
States Code, in the case of a civilian employee so transferred in the 
interest of the Government. Such officer shall not (either at the time 
of such transfer or upon a subsequent separation from the competitive 
service) be deemed to have separated from, or changed permanent 
80 stat. 500. 
5 use 5721. 
1712 
PUBLIC LAW 91-604-DEC. 31, 1970 
[84 STAT. 
76 Stat. 472; 
83 Stat. 840. 
5 u s e 8331. 
station within, a uniformed service for purposes of section 404 of title 
37, United States Code. 
(6) Each transferring officer who prior to January 1, 1958, was 
insured pursuant to the Federal Employees' Group Life Insurance Act 
68 Stat. 736. 
of 1954, aud who subsequently waived such insurance, shall be entitled 
^°y|*^*g 592. 
to become insured under chapter 87 of title 5, United States Code, upon 
his transfer to the Agency regardless of age and insurability. 
(7) (A) Effective as of the date a transferring officer acquires com-
petitive status as an employee of the Agency, there shall be considered 
as the civilian service of such officer for all purposes of chapter 83, title 
5*u??83o/• 
^' U^i^^^ States Code, (i) his active service as defined by section 211(d) 
74 Stat. 34,' 
of the Public Health Service Act, or (ii) any period for which he 
42 use 212, 
would have been entitled, upon his retirement as a commissioned officer 
of the Public Health Service, to receive retired pay pursuant to section 
211(a)(4)(B) of such Act; however, no transferring officer may 
become entitled to benefits under both subchapter I I I of such chapter 
81^states33!^^' 
and title I I of the Social Security Act based on service as such a com-
42 use 401. 
missioned officer performed after 1956, but the individual (or his sur-
vivors) may irrevocably elect to waive benefit credit for the service 
under one such law to secure credit under the other. 
(B) A transferring officer on whose behalf a deposit is required to 
be made by subparagraph (C) and who, after transfer to a competitive 
position in the Agency under paragraphs (1) and (2), is separated 
from Federal service or transfers to a position not covered by sub-
80 s^'^t;564. 
chapter I I I of chapter 83 of title 5, United States Code, shall not be 
entitled, nor shall his survivors be entitled, to a refund of any amount 
deposited on his behalf in accordance with this section. In the event 
he transfers, after transfer under paragraphs (1) and (2), to a position 
covered by another Government staff requirement system under which 
credit is allowable for service with respect to which a deposit is 
required under subparagraph (C), no credit shall be allowed under 
such subchapter I I I with respect to such service. 
(C) The Secretary shall deposit in the Treasury of the United States 
to the credit of the Civil Service Retirement and Disability Fund, on 
behalf of and to the credit of such transferring officer, an amount equal 
to that which such individual would be required to deposit in such 
fund to cover the years of service credited to him for purposes of his 
retirement under subparagraph (A), had such service been service 
as an employee as defined in section 8331(1) of title 6, United States 
Code. The amount so required to be deposited with respect to any trans-
ferring officer shall be computed on the basis of the sum of each of 
the amounts described in paragraph (3) (A) which were received by, 
or accrued to the benefit of, such officer during the years so credited. 
The deposits which the Secretary is required to make under this sub-
paragraph with respect to any transferring officer shall be made within 
two years after the date of his transfer as provided in paragraphs (1) 
and (2), and the amounts due under this subpara^aph shall include 
interest computed from the period of service credited to the date of 
payment in accordance with section 8334(e) of title 5, United States 
Code. 
(8) (A) A commissioned officer of the Public Health Service who, 
upon the day before the effective date of the plan, is on active service 
therewith primarily assigned to the performance of 
functions 
described in paragraph (1) (A), shall, while he remains in active serv-
ice, as defined by section 211(d) of the Public Health Service Act, be 
assigned to the performance of duties with the Agency, except as the 
Secretary and the Administrator may jointly otherwise provide. 
(B) Paragraph (2) of section 6 (a) of the Military Selective Service 
Act of 1967 (50 U.S.C. App. 456(a) (2)) is amended by inserting "the 
Environmental Protection Agency," after "Department of Justice,". 
81 Stat. 101. 
84 STAT. ] 
PUBLIC LAW 91-605-DEC. 31, 1970 
1713 
(c) (1) Section 302(a) of the Clean Air Act is amended to read as 
follows: 
"(a) The term 'Administrator' means the Administrator of the 
Environmental Protection Agency." 
(2) The Clean Air Act is amended by striking out "Secretary" 
wherever it appears (except in reference to the Secretary of a depart-
ment other than the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare) 
and inserting in lieu thereof "Administrator"; by striking out "Secre-
tary of Health, Education, and Welfare" wherever it appears, and 
inserting in lieu thereof "Administrator"; and by striking out 
"Department of Health, Education, and Welfare" wherever it appears, 
and inserting in lieu thereof "Environmental Protection Agency". 
81 
42 
Stat. 
use 
504. 
1857h, 
"Administra-
tor.»» 
42 
note use 1857 
SAVINGS PROVISIONS 
SEC. 16. (a) (1) Any implementation plan adopted by any State and 
submitted to the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, or to 
the Administrator pursuant to the Clean Air Act prior to enactment 
of this Act may be approved under section 110 of the Clean Air Act 
(as amended by this Act) and shall remain in effect, unless the Admin-
istrator determines that such implementation plan, or any portion 
thereof, is not consistent with the applicable requirements of the Clean 
Air Act (as amended by this Act) and will not provide for the attain-
ment of national primary ambient air quality standards in the time 
required by such Act. If the Administrator so determines, he shall, 
within 90 days after promulgation of any national ambient air quality 
standards pursuant to section 109(a) of the Clean Air Act, notify the 
State and specify in what respects changes are needed to meet the 
additional requirements of such Act, including requirements to imple-
ment national secondary ambient air quality standards. If such changes 
are not adopted by the State after public hearings and within six 
months after such notification, the Administrator shall promulgate 
such changes pursuant to section 110 (c) of such Act. 
(2) The amendments made by section 4(b) shall not be construed as 
repealing or modifying the powers of the Administrator with respect 
to any conference convened under section 108 (d) of the Clean Air Act 
before the date of enactment of this Act. 
(b) Regulations or standards issued under title I I of the Clean Air 
Act prior to the enactment of this Act shall continue in effect until 
revised by the Administrator consistent with the purposes of such Act. 
Approved December 31, 1970. 
Ante, 
p. 1680. 
Ante, 
p. 1679. 
Ante, 
p. 1678. 
81 Stat. 499. 
42 u s e 1857f-l, 
Public Law 91-605 
AN ACT 
December 31, 1970 
To authorize appropriations for the construction of certain highways in accord- 
[H. R. 19504] 
ance with title 23 of the United States Code, and for other purposes. 
Be it enacted hy the Senate and Ilmise of Representatives 
of the 
United States of Am-erica In Congress assembled. 
Highway con-
•' 
.
7
3 
struction and 
safety. 
'T'TnnT "pi T 
Appropriation 
J.iXX-<J!j J. 
authorization. 
SHORT TITLE 
SEC. 101. Tliis title may be cited as the "Federal-Aid Hiffhwav Act 
of 1970".