Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996
PL 104-132 (S.735), enacted 04/24/1996

110 STAT. 1214 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
Public Law 104-132 
104th Congress 
Apr. 24, 1996 
[S. 735] 
Antiterrorism 
and Effective 
Death Penalty 
Act of 1996. 
18 u s e 1 note. 
An Act 
To deter terrorism, provide justice for victims, provide for an effective death penalty, 
and for other purposes. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives 
of 
the United States of America in Congress assembled, 
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 
This Act may be cited as the "Antiterrorism and Effective 
Death Penalty Act of 1996". 
SEC. 2. TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
The table of contents of this Act is as follows: 
Sec. 1. Short title. 
Sec. 2. Table of contents. 
Sec. 
Sec. 
Sec. 
Sec. 
Sec. 
Sec. 
Sec. 
Sec. 
101. Filing deadlines. 
102. Appeal. 
103. Amendment of Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure. 
104. Section 2254 amendments. 
105. Section 2255 amendments. 
106. Limits on second or successive applications. 
107. Death penalty litigation procedures. 
108. Technical amendment. 
TITLE II—JUSTICE FOR VICTIMS 
Subtitle A—Mandatory Victim Restitution 
Short title. 
Order of restitution. 
Conditions of probation. 
Mandatory restitution. 
Order of restitution to victims of other crimes. 
Procedure for issuance of restitution order. 
Procedure for enforcement of fine or restitution order. 
Instruction to Sentencing Commission. 
Justice Department regulations. 
Special assessments on convicted persons. 
Effective date. 
Sec. 201. 
Sec. 202. 
Sec. 203. 
Sec. 204. 
Sec. 205. 
Sec. 206. 
Sec. 207. 
Sec. 208. 
Sec. 209. 
Sec. 210. 
Sec. 211. 
Subtitle B—Jurisdiction for Lawsuits Against Terrorist States 
Sec. 221. Jurisdiction for lawsuits against terrorist states. 
Subtitle C—^Assistance to Victims of Terrorism 
Sec. 231. Short title. 
Sec. 232. Victims of Terrorism Act. 
Sec. 233. Compensation of victims of terrorism. 
Sec. 234. Crime victims fund. 
Sec. 235. Closed circuit televised court proceedings for victims of crime. 
Sec. 236. Technical correction. 
TITLE III—INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM PROHIBITIONS 
Subtitle A—Prohibition on International Terrorist Fundraising 
Sec. 301. Findings and purpose. 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1215 
Sec. 302. Designation of foreign terrorist organizations. 
Sec. 303. Prohibition on terrorist fundraising. 
Subtitle B—Prohibition on Assistance to Terrorist States 
Sec. 321. Financial transactions with terrorists. 
Sec. 322. Foreign air travel safety. 
Sec. 323. Modification of material support provision. 
Sec. 324. Findings. 
Sec. 325. Prohibition on assistance to countries that aid terrorist states. 
Sec. 326. Prohibition on assistance to countries that provide military equipment to 
terrorist states. 
Sec. 327. Opposition to assistance by international financial institutions to terrorist 
states. 
Sec. 328. Antiterrorism assistance. 
Sec. 329. Definition of assistance. 
Sec. 330. Prohibition on assistance under Arms Export Control Act for countries 
not cooperating fully with United States antiterrorism efforts. 
TITLE IV—TERRORIST AND CRIMINAL ALIEN REMOVAL AND EXCLUSION 
Subtitle A—Removal of Alien Terrorists 
Sec. 401. Alien terrorist removal. 
Subtitle B—Exclusion of Members and Representatives of Terrorist Organizations 
Sec. 411. Exclusion of alien terrorists. 
Sec. 412. Weiiver authority concerning notice of denial of application for visas. 
Sec. 413. Denial of other relief for alien terrorists. 
Sec. 414. Exclusion of aliens who have not been inspected and admitted. 
Subtitle C—Modification to Asylum Procedures 
Sec. 421. Denial of asylum to alien terrorists. 
Sec. 422. Inspection and exclusion by immigration officers. 
Sec. 423. Judicial review. 
Subtitle D—Criminal Alien Procedural Improvements 
Sec. 431. Access to certain confidential immigration and naturalization 
files 
through court order. 
Sec. 432. Criminal alien identification system. 
Sec. 433. Establishing certain alien smugghng-related crimes as RICO-predicate of-
fenses. 
Sec. 434. Authority for aUen smuggling investigations. 
Sec. 435. Expansion of criteria for deportation for crimes of moral turpitude. 
Sec. 436. Miscellaneous provisions. 
Sec. 437. Interior repatriation program. 
Sec. 438. Deportation of nonviolent offenders prior to completion of sentence of im-
prisonment. 
Sec. 439. Authorizing State and local law enforcement officials to arrest and detain 
certain illegal aliens. 
Sec. 440. Criminal alien removal. 
Sec. 441. Limitation on collateral attacks on underlying deportation order. 
Sec. 442. Deportation procedures for certain criminal miens who are not permanent 
residents. 
Sec. 443. Extradition of aliens. 
TITLE V—NUCLEAR, BIOLOGICAL, AND CHEMICAL WEAPONS 
RESTRICTIONS 
Subtitle A—Nuclear Materials 
Sec. 501. Findings and purpose. 
Sec. 502. Expansion of scope and jurisdictional bases of nuclear materials prohibi-
tions. 
Sec. 503. Report to Congress on thefts of explosive materials from armories. 
Subtitle B—Biological Weapons Restrictions 
Sec. 511. Enhanced penalties and control of biological agents. 
Subtitle C—Chemical Weapons Restrictions 
Sec. 521. Chemical weapons of mass destruction; study of facility for training and 
evaluation of personnel who respond to use of chemical or biological 
weapons in iu*ban and suburban areas. 
110 STAT. 1216 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
TITLE VI—IMPLEMENTATION OF PLASTIC EXPLOSIVES CONVENTION 
Sec. 601. Findings and purposes. 
Sec. 602. Definitions. 
Sec. 603. Requirement of detection agents for plastic explosives. 
Sec. 604. Criminal sanctions. 
Sec. 605. Exceptions. 
Sec. 606. Seizure and forfeiture of plastic explosives. 
Sec. 607. Effective date. 
TITLE VII—CRIMINAL LAW MODIFICATIONS TO COUNTER TERRORISM 
Subtitle A—Crimes and Penalties 
Sec. 701. Increased penalty for conspiracies involving explosives. 
Sec. 702. Acts of terrorism transcending national boundaries. 
Sec. 703. Expansion of provision relating to destruction or iryury of property within 
special maritime and territorial jurisdiction. 
Sec. 704. Conspiracy to harm people and property overseas. 
Sec. 705. Increased penalties for certain terrorism crimes. 
Sec. 706. Mandatory penalty for transferring an explosive material knowing that it 
will be used to commit a crime of violence. 
Sec. 707. Possession of stolen explosives prohibited. 
Sec. 708. Enhanced penalties for use of explosives or arson crimes. 
Sec. 709. Determination of constitutionality of restricting the dissemination of 
bomb-making instructional materials. 
Subtitle B—Criminal Procedures 
Sec. 721. Clarification and extension of criminal jurisdiction over certain terrorism 
offenses overseas. 
Sec. 722. Clarification of maritime violence jurisdiction. 
Sec. 723. Increased and alternate conspiracy penalties for terrorism offenses. 
Sec. 724. Clarification of Federal jurisdiction over bomb threats. 
Sec. 725. Expansion and modification of weapons of mass destruction statute. 
Sec. 726. Addition of terrorism offenses to the money laundering statute. 
Sec. 727. Protection of Federal employees; protection of current or former ofiicials, 
officers, or employees of^the United States. 
Sec. 728. Death penalty aggravating factor. 
Sec. 729. Detention hearing. 
Sec. 730. Directions to Sentencing Commission. 
Sec. 731. Exclusion of certain types of information from definitions. 
Sec. 732. Marking, rendering inert, and licensing of explosive materials. 
TITLE VIII—ASSISTANCE TO LAW ENFORCEMENT 
Subtitle A—Resources and Security 
Sec. 801. Overseas law enforcement training activities. 
Sec. 802. Sense of Congress. 
Sec. 803. Protection of Federal Government buildings in the District of Columbia. 
Sec. 804. Requirement to preserve record evidence. 
Sec. 805. Deterrent against terrorist activity damaging a Federal interest com-
puter. 
Sec. 806. Commission on the Advancement of Federal Law Enforcement. 
Sec. 807. Combatting international counterfeiting of United States currency. 
Sec. 808. Compilation of statistics relating to intimidation of Government employ-
ees. 
Sec. 809. Assessing and reducing the threat to law enforcement officers from the 
criminal use of firearms and ammunition. 
Sec. 810. Study and report on electronic surveillance. 
Subtitle B—^Funding Authorizations for Law Enforcement 
Sec. 811. Federal Biu-eau of Investigation. 
Sec. 812. United States Customs Service. 
Sec. 813. Immigration and Naturalization Service. 
Sec. 814. Drug Enforcement Administration. 
Sec. 815. Department of Justice. 
Sec. 816. Department of the Treasury. 
Sec. 817. United States Park Police. 
Sec. 818. The Judiciary. 
Sec. 819. Local firefighter and emergency services training. 
Sec. 820. Assistance to foreign countries to procure explosive detection devices and 
other counterterrorism technology. 
Sec. 821. Research and development to support counterterrorism technologies. 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1217 
Sec. 822. Grants to State and local law enforcement for training and equipment. 
Sec. 823. Funding soiu-ce. 
TITLE IX—MISCELLANEOUS 
Sec. 901. Expansion of territorial sea. 
Sec. 902. Proof of citizenship. 
Sec. 903. Representation fees in criminal cases. 
Sec. 904. Severability. 
TITLE I—HABEAS CORPUS REFORM 
SEC. 101. FILING DEADLINES. 
Section 2244 of title 28, United States Code, is amended by 
adding at the end the following new subsection: 
"(d)(1) A 1-year period of limitation shall apply to an application 
for a writ of habeas corpus by a person in custody pursuant to 
the judgment of a State court. The limitation period shall run 
from the latest of— 
"(A) the date on which the judgment became final by the 
conclusion of direct review or the expiration of the time for 
seeking such review; 
"(B) the date on which the impediment to filing an applica-
tion created by State action in violation of the Constitution 
or laws of the United States is removed, if the applicant was 
prevented from filing by such State action; 
"(C) the date on which the constitutional right asserted 
was initially recognized by the Supreme Court, if the right 
has been newly recognized by the Supreme Court and made 
retroactively applicable to cases on collateral review; or 
"(D) the date on which the factual predicate of the claim 
or claims presented could have been discovered through the 
exercise of due diligence. 
"(2) The time during which a properly filed application for 
State post-conviction or other collateral review with respect to the 
pertinent judgment or claim is pending shall not be counted toward 
any period of limitation under this subsection.". 
SEC. 102. APPEAL. 
Section 2253 of title 28, United States Code, is amended to 
read as follows: 
''§2253. Appeal 
"(a) In a habeas corpus proceeding or a proceeding under section 
2255 before a district judge, the final order shall be subject to 
review, on appeal, by the court of appeals for the circuit in which 
the proceeding is held. 
"(b) There shall be no right of appeal from a final order in 
a proceeding to test the validity of a warrant to remove to another 
district or place for commitment or trial a person charged with 
a criminal offense against the United States, or to test the validity 
of such person's detention pending removal proceedings. 
"(c)(1) Unless a circuit justice or judge issues a certificate 
of appealability, an appeal may not be taken to the court of appeals 
from— 
"(A) the final order in a habeas corpus proceeding in which 
the detention complained of arises out of process issued by 
a State court; or 
"(B) the final order in a proceeding under section 2255. 
Courts. 
110 STAT. 1218 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
"(2) A certificate of appealability may issue under paragraph 
(1) only if the applicant has made a substantial showing of the 
denial of a constitutional right. 
"(3) The certificate of appealability under paragraph (1) shall 
indicate which specific issue or issues satisfy the showing required 
by paragraph (2).". 
SEC. 103. AMENDMENT OF FEDERAL RULES OF APPELLATE PROCE-
DURE. 
28 use app. 
Rule 22 of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure is amended 
to read as follows: 
''Rule 22. Habeas corpus and section 2255 proceedings 
"(a) APPLICATION FOR THE ORIGINAL WRIT.—An application for 
a writ of habeas corpus shall be made to the appropriate district 
court. If application is made to a circuit judge, the application 
shall be transferred to the appropriate district court. If an applica-
tion is made to or transferred to the district court and denied, 
renewal of the application before a circuit judge shall not be per-
mitted. The applicgmt may, pursuant to section 2253 of title 28, 
United States Code, appeal to the appropriate court of appeals 
from the order of the district court den3dng the writ. 
"(b) CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY.—In a habeas 
corpus 
proceeding in which the detention complained of arises out of proc-
ess issued by a State court, an appeal by the applicant for the 
writ may not proceed unless a district or a circuit judge issues 
a certificate of appealability pursuant to section 2253(c) of title 
28, United States Code. If an appeal is taken by the applicant, 
the district judge who rendered the judgment shall either issue 
a certificate of appealability or state the reasons why such a certifi-
cate should not issue. The certificate or the statement shall be 
forwarded to the court of appeals with the notice of appeal and 
the file of the proceedings in the district court. If the district 
judge has denied the certificate, the applicant for the writ may 
then request issuance of the certificate by a circuit judge. If such 
a request is addressed to the court of appeals, it shall be deemed 
addressed to the judges thereof and shall be considered by a circuit 
judge or judges as the court deems appropriate. If no express 
request for a certificate is filed, the notice of appeal shall be deemed 
to constitute a request addressed to the judges of the court of 
appeals. If an appeal is taken by a State or its representative, 
a certificate of appealability is not required.". 
SEC. 104. SECTION 2254 AMENDMENTS. 
Section 2254 of title 28, United States Code, is amended— 
(1) by amending subsection (b) to read as follows: 
• "(b)(1) All application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf 
of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court 
shall not be granted unless it appears that— 
"(A) the applicant has exhausted the remedies available 
in the courts of the State; or 
"(B)(i) there is an absence of available State corrective 
process; or 
"(ii) circumstances exist that render such process ineffective 
to protect the rights of the applicant. 
"(2) An application for a writ of habeas corpus may be denied 
on the merits, notwithstanding the failure of the applicant to 
exhaust the remedies available in the courts of the State. 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1219 
"(3) A State shall not be deemed to have waived the exhaustion 
requirement or be estopped from reliance upon the requirement 
unless the State, through counsel, expressly waives the require-
ment."; 
(2) by redesignating subsections (d), (e), and (f) as sub-
sections (e), (f), and (g), respectively; 
(3) by inserting after subsection (c) the following new sub-
section: 
"(d) An application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf of 
a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court 
shall not be granted with respect to any claim that was adjudicated 
on the merits in State court proceedings unless the adjudication 
of the claim— 
"(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved 
an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, 
as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; 
or 
"(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreason-
able determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented 
in the State court proceeding."; 
(4) by amending subsection (e), as redesignated by para-
graph (2), to read as follows: 
"(e)(1) In a proceeding instituted by an application for a writ 
of habeas corpus by a person in custody pursuant to the judgment 
of a State court, a determination of a factual issue made by a 
State court shall be presumed to be correct. The applicant shall 
have the burden of rebutting the presumption of correctness by 
clear and convincing evidence. 
"(2) If the applicant has failed to develop the factual basis 
of a claim in State court proceedings, the court shall not hold 
an evidentiary hearing on the claim unless the applicant shows 
that— 
"(A) the claim relies on— 
"(i) a new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive 
to cases on collateral review by the Supreme Court, that 
was previously unavailable; or 
"(ii) a factual predicate that could not have been pre-
viously discovered through the exercise of due diligence; 
and 
"(B) the facts underlying the claim would be sufficient 
to establish by clear and convincing evidence that but for con-
stitutional error, no reasonable factfinder would have found 
the applicant guilty of the underl3ring offense."; and 
(5) by adding at the end the following new subsections: 
"(h) Except as provided in section 408 of the Controlled Sub-
stances Act, in all proceedings brought under this section, and 
any subsequent proceedings on review, the court may appoint coun-
sel for an applicant who is or becomes financially unable to afford 
counsel, except as provided by a rule promulgated by the Supreme 
Court pursuant to statutory authority. Appointment of counsel 
under this section shall be governed by section 3006A of title 
18. 
"(i) The ineffectiveness or incompetence of counsel during Fed-
eral or State collateral post-conviction proceedings shall not be 
a ground for relief in a proceeding arising under section 2254.". 
110 STAT. 1220 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
SEC. 105. SECTION 2255 AMENDMENTS. 
Section 2255 of title 28, United States Code, is amended— 
(1) by striking the second and fifth undesignated para-
graphs; and 
(2) by adding at the end the following new undesignated 
paragraphs: 
"A 1-year period of limitation shall apply to a motion under 
this section. The limitation period shall run from the latest of— 
"(1) the date on which the judgment of conviction becomes 
final; 
"(2) the date on which the impediment to making a motion 
created by governmental action in violation of the Constitution 
or laws of the United States is removed, if the movant was 
prevented from making a motion by such governmental action; 
"(3) the date on which the right asserted was initially 
recognized by the Supreme Court, if that right has been newly 
recognized by the Supreme Court and made retroactively 
applicable to cases on collateral review; or 
"(4) the date on which the facts supporting the claim or 
claims presented could have been discovered through the exer-
cise of due diligence. 
"Except as provided in section 408 of the Controlled Substances 
Act, in all proceedings brought under this section, and any subse-
quent proceedings on review, the court may appoint counsel, except 
as provided by a rule promulgated by the Supreme Court pursuant 
to statutory authority. Appointment of counsel under this section 
shall be governed by section 3006A of title 18. 
"A second or successive motion must be certified as provided 
in section 2244 by a panel of the appropriate court of appeals 
to contain— 
"(1) newly discovered evidence that, if proven and viewed 
in light of the evidence as a whole, would be sufficient to 
establish by clear and convincing evidence that no reasonable 
factfinder would have found the movant guilty of the offense; 
or 
"(2) a new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive 
to cases on collateral review by the Supreme Court, that was 
previously unavailable.". 
SEC. 106. LIMITS ON SECOND OR SUCCESSIVE APPLICATIONS. 
(a) CONFORMING AMENDMENT TO SECTION 2244(a).—Section 
2244(a) of title 28, United States Code, is amended by striking 
"and the petition" and all that follows through "by such inquiry." 
and inserting ", except as provided in section 2255.". 
(b) LIMITS ON SECOND OR SUCCESSIVE APPLICATIONS.—Section 
2244(b) of title 28, United States Code, is amended to read as 
follows: 
"(b)(1) A claim presented in a second or successive habeas 
corpus application under section 2254 that was presented in a 
prior application shall be dismissed. 
"(2) A claim presented in a second or successive habeas corpus 
application under section 2254 that was not presented in a prior 
application shall be dismissed unless— 
"(A) the applicant shows that the claim relies on a new 
rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on collateral 
review by the Supreme Court, that was previously unavailable; 
or 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1221 
"(B)(i) the factual predicate for the claim could not have 
been discovered previously through the exercise of due dili-
gence; and 
"(ii) the facts underljdng the claim, if proven and viewed 
in light of the evidence as a whole, would be sufficient to 
establish by clear and convincing evidence that, but for constitu-
tional error, no reasonable factfinder would have found the 
applicant guilty of the underljring offense. 
"(3)(A) Before a second or successive application permitted by 
this section is filed in the district court, the applicant shall move 
in the appropriate court of appeals for an order authorizing the 
district court to consider the application. 
"(B) A motion in the court of appeals for an order authorizing 
the district court to consider a second or successive application 
shall be determined by a three-judge panel of the court of appeals. 
"(C) The court of appeals may authorize the filing of a second 
or successive application only if it determines that the application 
makes a prima facie showing that the application satisfies the 
requirements of this subsection. 
"(D) The court of appeals shall grant or deny the authorization 
to file a second or successive application not later than 30 days 
after the filing of the motion. 
"(E) The grant or denial of an authorization by a court of 
appeals to file a second or successive application shall not be appeal-
able and shall not be the subject of a petition for rehearing or 
for a writ of certiorari. 
"(4) A district court; shall dismiss any claim presented in a 
second or successive application that the court of appeals has 
authorized to be filed unless the applicant shows that the claim 
satisfies the requirements of this section.". 
SEC. 107. DEATH PENALTY UTIGATION PROCEDURES. 
(a) ADDITION OF CHAPTER TO TITLE 28, UNITED STATES CODE.— 
Title 28, United States Code, is amended by inserting after chapter 
153 the following new chapter: 
"CHAPTER 
154—SPECIAL 
HABEAS 
CORPUS 
PROCEDURES 
IN 
CAPITAL 
CASES 
"Sec. 
"2261. Prisoners in State custody subject to capital sentence; appointment of coun-
sel; requirement of rule of court or statute; procedures for appointment. 
"2262. Mandatory stay of execution; duration; limits on stays of execution; succes-
sive petitions. 
"2263. Filing of habeas corpus application; time requirements; tolling rules. 
"2264. • Scope of Federal review; district court adjudications. 
"2265. Application to State unitary review procedure. 
"2266. Limitation periods for determining applications and motions. 
"§2261. Prisoners in State custody subject to capital sen-
tence; app>ointnient of counsel; requirement of 
rule of court or statute; procedures for appoint-
ment 
"(a) This chapter shall apply to cases arising under section 
2254 brought by prisoners in State custody who Eire subject to 
a capital sentence. It shall apply only if the provisions of subsections 
(b) and (c) are satisfied. 
"(b) This chapter is applicable if a State establishes by statute, 
rule of its court of last resort, or by another agency authorized 
110 STAT. 1222 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
by State law, a mechanism for the appointment, compensation, 
and pajnnent of reasonable litigation expenses of competent counsel 
in State post-conviction proceedings brought by indigent prisoners 
whose capital convictions and sentences have been upheld on direct 
appeal to the court of last resort in the State or have otherwise 
become final for State law purposes. The rule of court or statute 
must provide standards of competency for the appointment of such 
counsel. 
"(c) Any mechanism for the appointment, compensation, and 
reimbursement of counsel as provided in subsection (b) must offer 
counsel to all State prisoners under capitsd sentence and must 
provide for the entry of an order by a court of record— 
"(1) appointing one or more counsels to represent the pris-
oner upon a finding that the prisoner is indigent and accepted 
the offer or is unable competently to decide whether to accept 
or reject the offer; 
"(2) finding, afl:er a hearing if necessary, that the prisoner 
rejected the offer of counsel and made the decision with an 
understanding of its legal consequences; or 
"(3) denjdng the appointment of counsel upon a finding 
that the prisoner is not indigent. 
"(d) No counsel appointed pursuant to subsections (b) and (c) 
to represent a State prisoner under capital sentence shall have 
previously represented the prisoner at trial or on direct appeal 
in the case for which the appointment is made unless the prisoner 
and counsel expressly request continued representation. 
"(e) The ineffectiveness or incompetence of counsel during State 
or Federal post-conviction proceedings in a capital case shall not 
be a ground for relief in a proceeding arising under section 2254. 
This limitation shall not preclude the appointment of different 
counsel, on the court's own motion or at the request of the prisoner, 
at any phase of State or Federal post-conviction proceedings on 
the basis of the ineffectiveness or incompetence of counsel in such 
proceedings. 
**§2262. Mandatory stay of execution; duration; limits on 
stays of execution; successive petitions 
"(a) Upon the entry in the appropriate State court of record 
of an order under section 2261(c), a warrant or order setting an 
execution date for a State prisoner shall be stayed upon application 
to any court that would have jurisdiction over any proceedings 
filed under section 2254. The application shall recite that the State 
has invoked the post-conviction review procedures of this chapter 
and that the scheduled execution is subject to stay. 
"(b) A stay of execution granted pursuant to subsection (a) 
shall expire if— 
"(1) a State prisoner fails to file a habeas corpus application 
under section 2254 within the time required in section 2263; 
"(2) before a court of competent jurisdiction, in the presence 
of counsel, unless the prisoner has competently and knowingly 
waived such counsel, and after having been advised of the 
consequences, a State prisoner under capital sentence waives 
the right to pursue habeas corpus review under section 2254; 
or 
"(3) a State prisoner files a habeas corpus petition under 
section 2254 within the time required by section 2263 £ind 
fails to make a substantial showing of the denial of a Federal 
"^eU' 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1223 
right or is denied relief in the district court or at any subsequent 
stage of review. 
"(c) If one of the conditions in subsection (b) has occurred, 
no Federal court thereafter shall have the authority to enter a 
stay of execution in the case, unless the court of appeals approves 
the filing of a second or successive application under section 2244(b). 
'^§2263. Filing of habeas corpus application; time require-
ments; tolling rules 
"(a) Any application under this chapter for habeas corpus relief 
under section 2254 must be filed in the appropriate district court 
not later than 180 days after final State court affirmance of the 
conviction and sentence on direct review or the expiration of the 
time for seeking such review. 
"(b) The time requirements established by subsection (a) shall 
be tolled— 
"(1) from the date that a petition for certiorari is filed 
in the Supreme Court until the date of final disposition of 
the petition if a State prisoner files the petition to secure 
review by the Supreme Court of the giffirmance of a capital 
sentence on direct review by the court of last resort of the 
State or other final State court decision on direct review; 
"(2) from the date on which the first petition for post-
conviction review or other collateral relief is filed until the 
final State court disposition of such petition; and 
"(3) during an additional period not to exceed 30 days, 
if— 
"(A) a motion for an extension of time is filed in the 
Federal district court that would have jurisdiction over 
the case upon the filing of a habeas corpus application 
under section 2254; and 
"(B) a showing of good cause is made for the failure 
to file the habeas corpus application within the time period 
established by this section. 
"§ 2264. Scope of Federal review; district court adjudications 
"(a) Whenever a State prisoner under capital sentence files 
a petition for habeas corpus relief to which this chapter applies, 
the district court shall only consider a claim or clsdms that have 
been raised and decided on the merits in the State courts, unless 
the failure to raise the claim properly is— 
"(1) the result of State action in violation of the Constitu-
tion or laws of the United States; 
"(2) the result of the Supreme Court's recognition of a 
new Federal right that is made retroactively applicable; or 
"(3) based on a factual predicate that could not have been 
discovered through the exercise of due diligence in time to 
present the claim for State or Federal post-conviction review. 
(b) Following review subject to subsections (a), (d), and (e) 
of section 2254, the court shall rule on the claims properly before 
it. 
*
*
§ 2265. Application to State unitary review procedure 
"(a) For purposes of this section, a 'unitary review' procedure 
means a State procedure that authorizes a person under sentence 
of death to raise, in the course of direct review of the judgment, 
such claims as could be raised on collateral attack. This chapter 
110 STi.T. 1224 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
shall apply, as provided in this section, in relation to a State 
unitary review procedure if the State establishes by rule of its 
court of last resort or by statute a mechanism for the appointment, 
compensation, and pa3anent of reasonable litigation expenses of 
competent counsel in the unitary review proceedings, including 
expenses relating to the litigation of collateral claims in the proceed-
ings. The rule of court or statute must provide standards of com-
petency for the appointment of such counsel. 
"(b) To qualify under this section, a unitary review procedure 
must include an offer of counsel following trial for the purpose 
of representation on unitary review, and entry of an order, as 
provided in section 2261(c), concerning appointment of counsel or 
waiver or denial of appointment of counsel for that purpose. No 
counsel appointed to represent the prisoner in the unitary review 
proceedings shall have previously represented the prisoner at trial 
in the case for which the appointment is made unless the prisoner 
and counsel expressly request continued representation. 
"(c) Sections 2262, 2263, 2264, and 2266 shall apply in relation 
to cases involving a sentence of death from any State having a 
unitary review procedure that qualifies under this section. Ref-
erences to State 'post-conviction review' and 'direct review' in such 
sections shall be understood as referring to unitary review under 
the State procedure. The reference in section 2262(a) to 'an order 
under section 2261(c)' shall be understood as referring to the post-
trial order under subsection (b) concerning representation in the 
unitary review proceedings, but if a transcript of the trial proceed-
ings is unavailable at the time of the filing of such an order 
in the appropriate State court, then the start of the 180-day limita-
tion period under section 2263 shall be deferred until a transcript 
is made available to the prisoner or counsel of the prisoner. 
*
*
§ 2266. Limitation periods for determining applications and 
motions 
"(a) The adjudication of any application under section 2254 
that is subject to this chapter, and the adjudication of any motion 
under section 2255 by a person under sentence of death, shall 
be given priority by the district court and by the court of appeals 
over all noncapital matters. 
"(b)(1)(A) A district court shall render a final determination 
and enter a final judgment on any application for a writ of habeas 
corpus brought under this chapter in a capital case not later than 
180 days after the date on which the application is filed. 
"(B) A district court shall Eifford the parties at least 120 days 
in which to complete all actions, including the preparation of all 
pleadings and briefs, and if necessary, a hearing, prior to the 
submission of the case for decision. 
"(C)(i) A district court may delay for not more than one addi-
tional 30-day period beyond the period specified in subparagraph 
(A), the rendering of a determination of an application for a writ 
of habeas corpus if the court issues a written order making a 
finding, and stating the reasons for the finding, that the ends 
of justice that would be served by sQlowing the delay outweigh 
the best interests of the public and the applicant in a speedy 
disposition of the application, 
"(ii) The factors, among others, that a court shall consider 
in determining whether a delay in the disposition of an application 
is warranted are as follows: 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1225 
"(I) Whether the failure to allow the delay would be likely 
to result in a miscarriage of justice. 
"(11) Whether the case is so unusual or so complex, due 
to the number of defendants, the nature of the prosecution, 
or the existence of novel questions of fact or law, that it is 
unreasonable to expect adequate briefing within the time 
limitations established by subparagraph (A). 
"(Ill) Whether the failure to allow a delay in a case that, 
taken as a whole, is not so unusual or so complex as described 
in subclause (II), but would otherwise deny the applicant 
reasonable time to obtain counsel, would unreasonably deny 
the applicant or the government continuity of counsel, or would 
deny counsel for the applicant or the government the reasonable 
time necessary for effective preparation, taking into account 
the exercise of due diligence. 
"(iii) No delay in disposition shall be permissible because of 
general congestion of the court's calendar. 
"(iv) The court shall transmit a copy of any order issued under 
clause (i) to the Director of the Administrative Office of the United 
States Courts for inclusion in the report under paragraph (5). 
"(2) The time limitations under paragraph (1) shall apply to— 
"(A) an initial application for a writ of habeas corpus; 
"(B) any second or successive application for a writ of 
habeas corpus; and 
"(C) any redetermination of an application for a writ of 
habeas corpus following a remand by the court of appeals 
or the Supreme Court for further proceedings, in which case 
the limitation period shsdl run from the date the remand is 
ordered. 
"(3)(A) The time limitations under this section shall not be 
construed to entitle an applicant to a stay of execution, to which 
the applicant would otherwise not be entitled, for the purpose 
of litigating any application or appeal. 
"(B) No amendment to an application for a writ of habeas 
corpus under this chapter shall be permitted after the filing of 
the answer to the application, except on the grounds specified 
in section 2244(b). 
"(4)(A) The failure of a court to meet or comply with a time 
limitation under this section shall not be a ground for granting 
relief from a judgment of conviction or sentence. 
"(B) The State may enforce a time limitation under this section 
by petitioning for a writ of mandamus to the court of appeals. 
The court of appeals shall act on the petition for a writ of mandamus 
not later than 30 days after the filing of the petition. 
"(5)(A) The Administrative Office of the United States Courts Reports, 
shall submit to Congress an annual report on the compliance by 
the district courts with the time limitations under this section. 
"(B) The report described in subparagraph (A) shall include 
copies of the orders submitted by the district courts under para-
graph (l)(B)(iv). 
"(c)(1)(A) A court of appeals shall hear and render a final 
determination of any appeal of an order granting or denying, in 
whole or in part, an application brought under this chapter in 
a capital case not later than 120 days after the date on which 
the reply brief is filed, or if no reply brief is filed, not later than 
120 days after the date on which the answering brief is filed. 
110 STAT. 1226 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
Reports. 
28 use 2261 
note. 
"(B)(i) A court of appeals shall decide whether to grant a 
petition for rehearing or other request for rehearing en banc not 
later than 30 days after the date on which the petition for rehearing 
is filed unless a responsive pleading is required, in which case 
the court shall decide whether to grant the petition not later than 
30 days after the date on which the responsive pleading is filed. 
"(ii) If a petition for rehearing or rehearing en banc is granted, 
the court of appeals shall hear and render a final determination 
of the appeal not later than 120 days after the date on which 
the order granting rehearing or rehearing en banc is entered. 
"(2) The time limitations under paragraph (1) shall apply to— 
"(A) an initial application for a writ of habeas corpus; 
"(B) any second or successive application for a writ of 
habeas corpus; and 
"(C) any redetermination of an application for a writ of 
habeas corpus or related appeal following a remand by the 
court of appeals en banc or the Supreme Court for further 
proceedings, in which case the limitation period shsdl run from 
the date the remand is ordered. 
"(3) The time limitations under this section shall not be con-
strued to entitle an applicant to a stay of execution, to which 
the applicant would otherwise not be entitled, for the purpose 
of litigating any application or appeal. 
"(4)(A) The failure of a court to meet or comply with a time 
limitation under this section shall not be a ground for granting 
relief from a judgment of conviction or sentence. 
"(B) The State may enforce a time limitation under this section 
by applying for a writ of mandamus to the Supreme Court. 
"(5) The Administrative Office of the United States Courts 
shall submit to Congress an annual report on the compliance by 
the courts of appeals with the time limitations under this section.". 
(b) TECHNICAL AMENDMENT.—^The part analysis for part IV 
of title 28, United States Code, is amended by adding after the 
item relating to chapter 153 the following new item: 
"154. Special habeas corpus procedures in capital cases 
2261.". 
(c) EFFECTIVE DATE.—Chapter 154 of title 28, United States 
Code (as added by subsection (a)) shall apply to cases pending 
on or after the date of enactment of this Act. 
SEC. 108. TECHNICAL AMENDMENT, 
Section 408(q) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 
848(q)) is amended by amending paragraph (9) to read as follows: 
"(9) Upon a finding that investigative, expert, or other services 
are reasonably necessary for the representation of the defendant, 
whether in connection with issues relating to guilt or the sentence, 
the court may authorize the defendant's attorneys to obtain such 
services on behalf of the defendant and, if so authorized, shall 
order the payment of fees and expenses therefor under paragraph 
(10). No ex parte proceeding, communication, or request may be 
considered pursuant to this section unless a proper showing is 
made concerning the need for confidentiality. Any such proceeding, 
communication, or request shall be transcribed and made a part 
of the record available for appellate review.". 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1227 
TITLE II-.JUSTICE FOR VICTIMS 
Subtitle A—^Mandatory Victim Restitution M
a
n
d
a
t
o
r
y 
Victims 
SEC. 201. SHORT TITLE. 
This subtitle may be cited as the "Mandatory Victims Restitu-
tion Act of 1996". 
SEC. 202. ORDER OF RESTITUTION. 
Section 3556 of title 18, United States Code, is amended— 
(1) by striking "majr" and inserting "shall"; and 
(2) by striking "sections 3663 and 3664." and inserting 
"section 3663A, and may order restitution in accordance with 
section 3663. The procedures under section 3664 shall apply 
to all orders of restitution under this section.". 
SEC. 203. CONDITIONS OF PROBATION. 
Section 3563 of title 18, United States Code, is amended— 
(1) in subsection (a)— 
(A) in paragraph (3), by striking "and" at the end; 
(B) in the first paragraph (4) (relating to conditions 
of probation for a domestic crime of violence), by striking 
the period and inserting a semicolon; 
(C) by redesignating the second paragraph (4) (relating 
to conditions of probation concerning drug use and testing) 
as paragraph (5); 
(D) in paragraph (5), as redesignated, by striking the 
period at the end and inserting a semicolon; and 
(E) by inserting after paragraph (5), as redesignated, 
the following new paragraphs: 
"(6) that the defendant— 
"(A) make restitution in accordance with sections 2248, 
2259, 2264, 2327, 3663, 3663A, and 3664; and 
"(B) pay the assessment imposed in accordance with 
section 3013; and 
"(7) that the defendant will notify the court of any material 
change in the defendant's economic circumstances that might 
affect the defendant's ability to pay restitution, fines, or specisQ 
assessments."; and 
(2) in subsection (b)— 
(A) by striking paragraph (2); 
(B) by redesignating paragraphs (3) through (22) as 
paragraphs (2) through (21), respectively; and 
(C) by amending paragraph (2), as redesignated, to 
read as follows: 
"(2) make restitution to a victim of the offense under section 
3556 (but not subject to the limitation of section 3663(a) or 
3663A(c)(l)(A));". 
SEC. 204. MANDATORY RESTITUTION. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Chapter 232 of title 18, United States Code, 
is amended by inserting immediately after section 3663 the follow-
ing new section: 
*'§ 3663A. Mandatory restitution to victims of certain crimes 
"(a)(1) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, when 
sentencing a defendant convicted of an offense described in sub-
Restitution Act of 
1996. 
Courts. 
110 STAT. 1228 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
section (c), the court shall order, in addition to, or in the case 
of a misdemeanor, in addition to or in lieu of, any other penalty 
authorized by law, that the defendant make restitution to the 
victim of the offense or, if the victim is deceased, to the victim's 
estate. 
"(2) For the purposes of this section, the term Victim' means 
a person directly and proximately harmed as a result of the commis-
sion of an offense for which restitution may be ordered including, 
in the case of an offense that involves as an element a scheme, 
conspiracy, or pattern of criminal activity, any person directly 
harmed by the defendant's criminal conduct in the course of the 
scheme, conspiracy, or pattern. In the case of a victim who is 
under 18 years of age, incompetent, incapacitated, or deceased, 
the legal guardian of the victim or representative of the victim's 
estate, another family member, or any other person appointed as 
suitable by the court, may assume the victim's rights under this 
section, but in no event shall the defendant be named as such 
representative or guardian. 
"(3) The court shall also order, if agreed to by the parties 
in a plea agreement, restitution to persons other than the victim 
of the offense. 
"(b) The order of restitution shall require that such defendant— 
"(1) in the case of an offense resulting in damage to or 
loss or destruction of property of a victim of the offense— 
"(A) return the property to the owner of the property 
or someone designated by the owner; or 
"(B) if return of the property under subparagraph (A) 
is impossible, impracticable, or inadequate, pay an amount 
equal to— 
"(i) the greater of— 
"(I) the value of the property on the date of 
the damage, loss, or destruction; or 
"(II) the value of the property on the date 
of sentencing, less 
"(ii) the value (as of the date the property is 
returned) of any part of the property that is returned; 
"(2) in the case of an offense resulting in bodily injury 
to a victim— 
"(A) pay an amount equal to the cost of necessary 
medical and related professional services and devices relat-
ing to physical, psychiatric, and psychological care, includ-
ing nonmedical care and treatment rendered in accordance 
with a method of healing recognized by the law of the 
place of treatment; 
"(B) pay an amount equal to the cost of necessary 
physical and occupational therapy and rehabilitation; and 
"(C) reimburse the victim for income lost by such victim 
as a result of such offense; 
"(3) in the case of an offense resulting in bodily injury 
that results in the death of the victim, pay an amount equal 
to the cost of necessary funeral and related services; and 
"(4) in any case, reimburse the victim for lost income and 
necessary child care, transportation, and other 
expenses 
incurred during participation in the investigation or prosecution 
of the offense or attendance at proceedings related to the 
offense. 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1229 
"(c)(1) This section shall apply in all sentencing proceedings Applicability. 
for convictions of, or plea agreements relating to charges for, any 
offense— 
"(A) that is— 
"(i) a crime of violence, as defined in section 16; 
"(ii) an offense against property under this title, includ-
ing any offense committed by fraud or deceit; or 
"(iii) an offense described in section 1365 (relating to 
tampering with consumer products); and 
"(B) in which an identifiable victim or victims has suffered 
a physical injury or pecuniary loss. 
"(2) In the case of a plea agreement that does not result 
in a conviction for an offense described in paragraph (1), this 
section shall apply only if the plea specifically states that an offense 
listed under such paragraph gave rise to the plea agreement. 
"(3) This section shall not apply in the case of an offense 
described in paragraph (l)(A)(ii) if the court finds, from facts on 
the record, that— 
"(A) the number of identifiable victims is so large as to 
make restitution impracticable; or 
"(B) determining complex issues of fact related to the cause 
or amount of the victim's losses would complicate or prolong 
the sentencing process to a degree that the need to provide 
restitution to any victim is outweighed by the burden on the 
sentencing process. 
"(d) An order of restitution under this section shall be issued 
£md enforced in accordance with section 3664.". 
(b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—^The analysis for chapter 232 of 
title 18, United States Code, is amended by inserting immediately 
after the matter relating to section 3663 the following: 
"3663A. Mandatory restitution to victims of certain crimes.". 
SEC. 205. ORDER OF RESTITUTION TO VICTIMS OF OTHER CRIMES. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 3663 of title 18, United States Code, 
is amended— 
(1) in subsection (a)(1)— 
(A) by striking "(a)(1) The court" and inserting 
"(a)(1)(A) The court"; 
(B) by inserting ", section 401, 408(a), 409, 416, 420, 
or 422(a) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 841, 
848(a), 849, 856, 861, 863) (but in no case shall a partici-
pant in an offense under such sections be considered a 
victim of such offense under this section)," before "or section 
46312,"; 
(C) by inserting "other thgin an offense described in 
section 3663A(c)," afler "title 49,"; 
(D) by inserting before the period at the end the follow-
ing: ", or if the victim is deceased, to the victim's estate"; 
(E) by adding at the end the following new subpara-
graph: 
"(B)(i) The court, in determining whether to order restitution 
under this section, shall consider— 
"(I) the amount of the loss sustained by each victim as 
a result of the offense; and 
"(II) the financial resources of the defendant, the financial 
needs and earning ability of the defendant and the defendant's 
110 STAT. 1230 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
dependents, and such other factors as the court deems appro-
priate. 
"(ii) To the extent that the court determines that the complica-
tion and prolongation of the sentencing process resulting from the 
fashioning of an order of restitution under this section outweighs 
the need to provide restitution to any victims, the court may decline 
to make such an order."; and 
(F) by amending paragraph (2) to read as follows: 
"(2) For the purposes of this section, the term 'victim' means 
a person directly and proximately harmed as a result of the commis-
sion of an offense for which restitution may be ordered including, 
in the case of an offense that involves as an element a scheme, 
conspiracy, or pattern of criminal activity, any person directly 
harmed by the defendant's criminal conduct in the course of the 
scheme, conspiracy, or pattern. In the case of a victim who is 
under 18 years of age, incompetent, incapacitated, or deceased, 
the legal guardian of the victim or representative of the victim's 
estate, another family member, or any other person appointed as 
suitable by the court, may assume the victim's rights under this 
section, but in no event shall the defendant be named as such 
representative or guardian,"; 
(2) by striking subsections (c) through (i); and 
(3) by adding at the end the following new subsections: 
"(c)(1) Notwithstanding any other provision of law (but subject 
to the provisions of subsections (a)(1)(B) (i)(II) and (ii), when 
sentencing a defendant convicted of an offense described in section 
401, 408(a), 409, 416, 420, or 422(a) of the Controlled Substances 
Act (21 U.S.C. 841, 848(a), 849, 856, 861, 863), in which there 
is no identifiable victim, the court may order that the defendgint 
make restitution in accordance with this subsection. 
"(2)(A) An order of restitution under this subsection shall be 
based on the amount of public harm caused by the offense, as 
determined by the court in accordance with guidelines promulgated 
by the United States Sentencing Commission. 
"(B) In no case shall the amount of restitution ordered under 
this subsection exceed the amount of the fine ordered for the offense 
charged in the case. 
"(3) Restitution under this subsection shall be distributed as 
follows: 
"(A) 65 percent of the total amount of restitution shall 
be paid to the State entity designated to administer crime 
victim assistance in the State in which the crime occurred. 
"(B) 35 percent of the total amount of restitution shall 
be paid to the State entity designated to receive Federal sub-
stance abuse block grant funds. 
"(4) The court shall not make an award under this subsection 
if it appears likely that such award would interfere with a forfeiture 
under chapter 46 of this title or under the Controlled Substances 
Act (21 U.S.C. 801 et seq.). 
"(5) Notwithstanding section 3612(c) or any other provision 
of law, a penalty assessment under section 3013 or a fine under 
subchapter C of chapter 227 shall take precedence over an order 
of restitution under this subsection. 
"(6) Requests for community restitution under this subsection 
may be considered in all plea agreements negotiated by the United 
States. 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1231 
"(7)(A) The United States Sentencing Commission shall promul- Guidelines, 
gate guidelines to assist courts in determining the amount of restitu-
tion that may be ordered under this subsection. 
"(B) No restitution shall be ordered under this subsection until 
such time as the Sentencing Commission promulgates guidelines 
pursuant to this paragraph. 
"(d) An order of restitution made pursuant to this section 
shall be issued and enforced in accordance with section 3664.". 
(b) SEXUAL ABUSE.—Section 2248 of title 18, United States 
Code, is amended— 
(1) in subsection (a), by inserting "or 3663A" after "3663"; 
(2) in subsection (b>—-
(A) by amending paragraph (1) to read as follows: 
"(1) DIRECTIONS.—^The order of restitution under this sec-
tion shall direct the defendant to pay to the victim (through 
the appropriate court mechanism) the full amount of the vic-
tim's losses as determined by the court pursuant to paragraph 
(2)."; 
(B) by amending paragraph (2) to read as follows: 
"(2) ENFORCEMENT.—An order of restitution under this sec-
tion shall be issued and enforced in accordance with section 
3664 in the same manner as an order under section 3663A."; 
(C) in paragraph (4), by striking subparagraphs (C) 
and (D); and 
(D) by striking paragraphs (5) through (10); 
(3) by striking subsections (c) through (e); and 
(4) by redesignating subsection (f) as subsection (c). 
(c) SEXUAL EXPLOITATION AND OTHER ABUSE OF CHILDREN.— 
Section 2259 of title 18, United States Code, is amended— 
(1) in subsection (a), by inserting "or 3663A" after "3663"; 
(2) in subsection (b)— 
(A) by amending paragraph (1) to read as follows: 
"(1) DIRECTIONS.—^The order of restitution under this sec-
tion shedl direct the defendant to pay the victim (through 
the appropriate court mechanism) the full amount of the vic-
tim's losses as determined by the court pursuant to paragraph 
(2)."; 
(B) by amending paragraph (2) to read as follows: 
"(2) ENFORCEMENT.—An order of restitution under this sec-
tion shall be issued and enforced in accordance with section 
3664 in the same manner as an order under section 3663A."; 
(C) in paragraph (4), by striking subparagraphs (C) 
and (D); and 
(D) by striking paragraphs (5) through (10); 
(3) by striking subsections (c) through (e); and 
(4) by redesignating subsection (f) as subsection (c). 
(d) DOMESTIC VIOLENCE.—Section 2264 of title 18, United 
States Code, is amended— 
(1) in subsection (a), by inserting "or 3663A" after "3663"; 
(2) in subsection (b>— 
(A) by amending paragraph (1) to read as follows: 
"(1) DIRECTIONS.—^The order of restitution under this sec-
tion shall direct the defendant to pay the victim (through 
the appropriate court mechanism) the full amount of the vic-
tim's losses as determined by the court pursuant to paragraph 
(2)."; 
(B) by amending paragraph (2) to read as follows: 
110 STAT. 1232 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
"(2) ENFORCEMENT.—An order of restitution under this sec-
tion shall be issued and enforced in accordance with section 
3664 in the same manner as an order under section 3663A."; 
(C) in paragraph (4), by striking subparagraphs (C) 
and (D); and 
(D) by striking paragraphs (5) through (10); 
(3) by striking subsections (c) through (g); and 
(4) by adding at the end the following new subsection 
(c): 
"(c) VICTIM DEFINED.—For purposes of this section, the term 
'victim' means the individual harmed as a result of a commission 
of a crime under this chapter, including, in the case of a victim 
who is under 18 years of age, incompetent, incapacitated, or 
deceased, the legal guardian of the victim or representative of 
the victim's estate, another family member, or any other person 
appointed as suitable by the court, but in no event shall the defend-
ant be named as such representative or guardian.". 
(e) TELEMARKETING FRAUD.—Section 2327 of title 18, United 
States Code, is amended— 
(1) in subsection (a), by inserting "or 3663A" after "3663"; 
(2) in subsection (b)— 
(A) by amending paragraph (1) to read as follows: 
"(1) DIRECTIONS.—^The order of restitution under this sec-
tion shall direct the defendant to pay to the victim (through 
the appropriate court mechanism) the full amount of the vic-
tim's losses as determined by the court pursuant to paragraph 
(2)."; 
(B) by amending paragraph (2) to read as follows: 
"(2) ENFORCEMENT.—^An order of restitution under this sec-
tion shall be issued and enforced in accordance with section 
3664 in the same manner as an order under section 3663A."; 
(C) in paragraph (4), by striking subparagraphs (C) 
and (D); and 
(D) by striking paragraphs (5) through (10); 
(3) by striking subsections (c) through (e); and 
(4) by redesignating subsection (f) as subsection (c). 
SEC. 206. PROCEDURE FOR ISSUANCE OF RESTITUTION ORDER. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 3664 of title 18, United States Code, 
is amended to read as follows: 
'^§3664. Procedure for issuance and enforcement of order 
of restitution 
Reports. 
"(a) For orders of restitution under this title, the court shall 
order the probation officer to obtain and include in its presentence 
report, or in a separate report, as the court may direct, information 
sufficient for the court to exercise its discretion in fashioning a 
restitution order. The report shall include, to the extent practicable, 
a complete accounting of the losses to each victim, any restitution 
owed pursuant to a plea agreement, and information relating to 
the economic circumstances of each defendant. If the number or 
identity of victims cannot be reasonably ascertained, or other cir-
cumstances exist that make this requirement clearly impracticable, 
the probation officer shall so inform the court. 
"(b) The court shall disclose to both the defendant and the 
attorney for the Government all portions of the presentence or 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1233 
other report pertaining to the matters described in subsection (a) 
of this section. 
"(c) The provisions of this chapter, chapter 227, and Rule 32(c) 
of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure shall be the only rules 
applicable to proceedings under this section. 
"(d)(1) Upon the request of the probation officer, but not later 
than 60 days prior to the date initially set for sentencing, the 
attorney for the Government, after consulting, to the extent prac-
ticable, with all identified victims, shall promptly provide the proba-
tion officer with a listing of the amounts subject to restitution. 
"(2) The probation officer shall, prior to submitting the 
presentence report under subsection (a), to the extent practicable— 
"(A) provide notice to all identified victims of— 
"(i) the offense or offenses of which the defendant was 
convicted; 
"(ii) the amounts subject to restitution submitted to 
the probation officer; 
"(iii) the opportunity of the victim to submit informa-
tion to the probation officer concerning the amount of the 
victim's losses; 
"(iv) the scheduled date, time, and place of the sentenc-
ing hearing; 
"(v) the availability of a lien in favor of the victim 
pursuant to subsection (m)(l)(B); and 
"(vi) the opportunity of the victim to file with the 
probation officer a separate affidavit relating to the amount 
of the victim's losses subject to restitution; and 
"(B) provide the victim with an affidavit form to submit 
pursuant to subparagraph (A)(vi). 
"(3) Each defendant shall prepare and file with the probation 
officer an affidavit fully describing the financial resources of the 
defendant, including a complete listing of all assets owned or con-
trolled by the defendant as of the date on which the defendant 
was arrested, the financial needs and earning ability of the defend-
ant and the defendant's dependents, and such other information 
that the court requires relating to such other factors as the court 
deems appropriate. 
"(4) After reviewing the report of the probation officer, the 
court may require additional documentation or hear testimony. 
The privacy of any records filed, or testimony heard, pursuant Privacy, 
to this section shall be maintained to the greatest extent possible, 
and such records may be filed or testimony heard in camera. 
"(5) If the victim's losses are not ascertainable by the date 
that is 10 days prior to sentencing, the attorney for the Government 
or the probation officer shall so inform the court, and the court 
shall set a date for the final determination of the victim's losses, 
not to exceed 90 days after sentencing. If the victim subsequently 
discovers further losses, the victim shall have 60 days after discov-
ery of those losses in which to petition the court for an amended 
restitution order. Such order may be granted only upon a showing 
of good cause for the failure to include such losses in the initial 
claim for restitutionary relief. 
"(6) The court may refer any issue arising in connection with 
a proposed order of restitution to a magistrate judge or special 
master for proposed findings of fact and recommendations as to 
disposition, subject to a de novo determination of the issue by 
the court. 
110 STAT. 1234 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
"(e) Any dispute as to the proper amount or type of restitution 
shall be resolved by the court by the preponderance of the evidence. 
The burden of demonstrating the amount of the loss sustained 
by a victim as a result of the offense shall be on the attorney 
for the Grovemment. The burden of demonstrating the financial 
resources of the defendant and the financial needs of the defendant's 
dependents, shall be on the defendant. The burden of demonstrating 
such other matters as the court deems appropriate shall be upon 
the party designated by the court as justice requires. 
"(f)(1)(A) In each order of restitution, the court shall order 
restitution to each victim in the full amount of each victim's losses 
as determined by the court and without consideration of the eco-
nomic circumstances of the defendant. 
"(B) In no case shall the fact that a victim has received or 
is entitled to receive compensation with respect to a loss from 
insurance or any other source be considered in determining the 
amount of restitution. 
"(2) Upon determination of the amount of restitution owed 
to each victim, the court shall, pursuant to section 3572, specify 
in the restitution order the manner in which, and the schedule 
according to which, the restitution is to be paid, in consideration 
of— 
"(A) the financial resources and other assets of the defend-
ant, including whether any of these assets are jointly controlled; 
"(B) projected earnings and other income of the defendant; 
and 
"(C) any financial obligations of the defendant; including 
obligations to dependents. 
"(3)(A) A restitution order may direct the defendant to make 
a single, lump-sum payment, partial payments at specified inter-
vals, in-kind payments, or a combination of payments at specified 
intervals and in-kind pa3rments. 
"(B) A restitution order may direct the defendant to make 
nominal periodic payments if the court finds from facts on the 
record that the economic circumstances of the defendant do not 
allow the payment of any amount of a restitution order, and do 
not allow for the payment of the full amount of a restitution 
order in the foreseeable future under any reasonable schedule of 
pa3nnents. 
"(4) An in-kind payment described in paragraph (3) may be 
in the form of— 
"(A) return of property; 
"(B) replacement of property; or 
"(C) if the victim agrees, services rendered to the victim 
or a person or organization other than the victim. 
"(g)(1) No victim shall be required to participate in any phase 
of a restitution order. 
"(2) A victim may at any time assign the victim's interest 
in restitution pa5nnents to the Crime Victims Fund in the Treasury 
without in any way impairing the obligation of the defendant to 
make such pajmients. 
"(h) If the court finds that more than 1 defendant has contrib-
uted to the loss of a victim, the court may make each defendant 
liable for payment of the full amount of restitution or may apportion 
liability among the defendants to reflect the level of contribution 
to the victim's loss and economic circumstances of each defendant. 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1235 
"(i) If the court finds that more than 1 victim has sustained 
a loss requiring restitution by a defendant, the court may provide 
for a different payment schedule for each victim based on the 
t3q)e and amount of each victim's loss and accounting for the eco-
nomic circumstances of each victim. In any case in which the 
United States is a victim, the court shall ensure that all other 
victims receive full restitution before the United States receives 
any restitution. 
"(j)(l) If a victim has received compensation from insurance 
or any other source with respect to a loss, the court shall order 
that restitution be paid to the person who provided or is obligated 
to provide the compensation, but the restitution order shall provide 
that all restitution of victims required by the order be paid to 
the victims before any restitution is paid to such a provider of 
compensation. 
"(2) Any amount paid to a victim under an order of restitution 
shall be reduced by any amount later recovered as compensatory 
damages for the same loss by the victim in— 
"(A) any Federal civil proceeding; and 
"(B) any State civil proceeding, to the extent provided by 
the law of the State. 
"(k) A restitution order shall provide that the defendant shall 
notify the court and the Attorney General of any material change 
in the defendant's economic circumstances that might affect the 
defendant's ability to pay restitution. The court may also accept 
notification of a material change in the defendant's economic cir-
cumstances from the United States or from the victim. The Attorney 
Certification. 
General shall certify to the court that the victim or victims owed 
restitution by the defendant have been notified of the change in 
circumstances. Upon receipt of the notification, the court may, 
on its own motion, or the motion of any party, including the victim, 
adjust the payment schedule, or require immediate pa3maent in 
full, as the interests of 
justice require. 
"(1) A conviction of a defendant for an offense involving the 
act giving rise to an order of restitution shall estop the defendant 
from denying the essential allegations of that offense in any subse-
quent Federal civil proceeding or State civil proceeding, to the 
extent consistent with State law, brought by the victim. 
"(m)(l)(A)(i) An order of restitution may be enforced by the 
United States in the manner provided for in subchapter C of chapter 
227 and subchapter B of chapter 229 of this title; or 
"(ii) by all other available and reasonable means. 
"(B) At the request of a victim named in a restitution order, 
the clerk of the court shall issue an abstract of judgment certifying 
that a judgment has been entered in favor of such victim in the 
amount specified in the restitution order. Upon registering, record-
ing, docketing, or indexing such abstract in accordance with the 
rules and requirements relating to judgments of the court of the 
State where the district court is located, the abstract of judgment 
shall be a lien on the property of the defendant located in such 
State in the same manner and to the same extent and under 
the same conditions as a judgment of a court of general jurisdiction 
in that State. 
"(2) An order of in-kind restitution in the form of services 
shall be enforced by the probation officer. 
"(n) If a person obligated to provide restitution, or pay a fine, 
receives substantial resources from any source, including inherit-
110 STAT. 1236 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
ance, settlement, or other judgment, during a period of incarcer-
ation, such person shall be required to apply the value of such 
resources to any restitution or fine still owed. 
"(o) A sentence that imposes an order of restitution is a final 
judgment notwithstanding the fact that— 
"(1) such a sentence can subsequently be— 
"(A) corrected under Rule 35 of the Federal Rules 
of Criminal Procedure and section 3742 of chapter 235 
of this title; 
"(B) appealed and modified under section 3742; 
"(C) amended under section 3664(d)(3); or 
"(D) adjusted under section 3664(k), 3572, or 3613A; 
or 
"(2) the defendant may be resentenced under section 3565 
or 3614. 
"(p) Nothing in this section or sections 2248, 2259, 2264, 2327, 
3663, and 3663A and arising out of the application of such sections, 
shall be construed to create a cause of action not otherwise author-
ized in favor of any person against the United States or any officer 
or employee of the United States.". 
(b) TECHNICAL AMENDMENT.—^The item relating to section 3664 
in the angjysis for chapter 232 of title 18, United States Code, 
is amended to read as follows: 
"3664. Procedure for issuance and enforcement of order of restitution.". 
SEC. 207. PROCEDURE FOR ENFORCEMENT OF FINE OR RESTITUTION 
ORDER. 
(a) AMENDMENT OF FEDERAL RULES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE.— 
18 use app. 
Rule 32(b) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure is amended— 
(1) in paragraph (1), by adding at the end the following: 
Reports. 
"Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, a presentence inves-
tigation and report, or other report containing information suffi-
cient for the court to enter an order of restitution, as the 
court may direct, shall be required in any case in which restitu-
tion is required to be ordered."; and 
(2) in paragraph (4)— 
(A) by redesignating subparagraphs (F) and (G) as 
subparagraphs (G) and (H), respectively; and 
(B) by inserting after subparagraph (E), the following 
new subparagraph: 
"(F) in appropriate cases, information sufficient for 
the court to enter an order of restitution;". 
(b) FINES.—Section 3572 of title 18, United States Code, is 
amended— 
(1) in subsection (b) by inserting "other than the United 
States," after "offense,"; 
(2) in subsection (d)— 
(A) in the first sentence, by striking "A person sen-
tenced to pay a fine or other monetary penalty" and insert-
ing "(1) A person sentenced to pay a fine or other monetary 
penalty, including restitution,"; 
(B) by striking the third sentence; and 
(C) by adding at the end the following: 
"(2) If the judgment, or, in the case of a restitution order, 
the order, permits other than immediate payment, the length of 
time over which scheduled payments will be made shall be set 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1237 
by the court, but shall be the shortest time in which full payment 
can reasonably be made. 
"(3) A judgment for a fine which permits payments in install-
ments shall include a requirement that the defendant will notify 
the court of £iny material change in the defendant's economic cir-
cumstances that might affect the defendant's ability to pay the 
fine. Upon receipt of such notice the court may, on its own motion 
or the motion of any party, adjust the payment schedule, or require 
immediate payment in full, as the interests of justice require."; 
(3) in subsection (f), by inserting "restitution" after "special 
assessment,"; 
(4) in subsection (h), by inserting "or payment of restitu-
tion" after "A fine"; and 
(5) in subsection (i)— 
(A) in the first sentence, by inserting "or payment 
of restitution" after "A fine"; and 
(B) by amending the second sentence to read as follows: 
"Notwithstanding any installment schedule, when a fine 
or payment of restitution is in default, the entire amount 
of the fine or restitution is due within 30 days after notifica-
tion of the default, subject to the provisions of section 
3613A.". 
(c) POSTSENTENCE ADMINISTRATION.— 
(1) PAYMENT OF A FINE OR RESTITUTION.—Section 
3611 
of title 18, United States Code, is amended— 
(A) by amending the heading to read as follows: 
^§ 3611. Payment of a fine or restitution**; 
and 
(B) by striking "or assessment shall pay the fine or 
assessment" and inserting ", assessment, or restitution, 
shall pay the fine, assessment, or restitution". 
(2) COLLECTION.—Section 3612 of title 18, United States 
Code, is amended— 
(A) by amending the heading to read as follows: 
"§ 3612. Collection of unpaid fine or restitution**; 
(B) in subsection (b)(1)— 
(i) in the matter preceding subparagraph (A), by 
inserting "or restitution order" after "fine"; 
(ii) in subparagraph (C), by inserting "or restitu-
tion order" after "fine"; 
(iii) in subparagraph (E), by striking "and"; 
(iv) in subparagraph (F)-— 
(I) by inserting "or restitution order" after 
"fine"; and 
(II) by striking the period at the end and 
inserting "; and"; and 
(v) by adding at the end the following new subpara-
graph: 
"(G) in the case of a restitution order, information 
sufficient to identify each victim to whom restitution is 
owed. It shall be the responsibility of each victim to notify 
the Attorney General, or the appropriate entity of the court, 
by means of a form to be provided by the Attorney General 
or the court, of any change in the victim's mailing address 
while restitution is still owed the victim. The confidentiality 
Privacy. 
110 STAT. 1238 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
of any information relating to a victim shall be main-
tained."; 
(C) in subsection (c)— 
(i) in the first sentence, by inserting "or restitution" 
after "fine"; and 
(ii) by adding at the end the following: "Any money 
received from a defendant shall be disbursed so that 
each of the following obligations is paid in full in 
the following sequence: 
"(1) A penalty assessment under section 3013 of title 18, 
United States Code. 
"(2) Restitution of all victims. 
"(3) All other fines, penalties, costs, and other payments 
required under the sentence."; 
(D) in subsection (d)— 
(i) by inserting "or restitution" after "fine"; and 
(ii) by striking "is delinquent, to inform him that 
the fine is delinquent" and inserting "or restitution 
is delinquent, to inform the person of the delinquency"; 
(E) in subsection (e)— 
(i) by inserting "or restitution" after "fine"; and 
(ii) by striking "him that the fine is in default" 
and inserting "the person that the fine or restitution 
is in default"; 
(F) in subsection (f)— 
(i) in the heading, by inserting "and restitution" 
after "on fines"; and 
(ii) in paragraph (1), by inserting "or restitution" 
after "any fine"; 
(G) in subsection (g), by inserting "or restitution" after 
"fine" each place it appears; and 
(H) in subsection (i), by inserting "and restitution" 
after "fines". 
(3) CIVIL REMEDIES.—Section 3613 of title 18, United States 
Code, is amended to read as follows: 
*
*
§ 3613. Civil remedies for satisfaction of an unpaid IRne 
"(a) ENFORCEMENT.—^The United States may enforce a judgment 
imposing a fine in accordance with the practices and procedures 
for the enforcement of a civil judgment under Federal law or State 
law. Notwithstanding any other Federal law (including section 207 
of the Social Security Act), a judgment imposing a fine may be 
enforced against all property or rights to property of the person 
fined, except that— 
"(1) property exempt from levy for taxes pursuant to section 
6334(a) (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (10), and (12) of the 
Internal Revenue Code of 1986 shall be exempt from enforce-
ment of the judgment under Federal law; 
"(2) section 3014 of chapter 176 of title 28 shall not apply 
to enforcement under Federal law; and 
"(3) the provisions of section 303 of the Consumer Credit 
Protection Act (15 U.S.C. 1673) shall apply to enforcement 
of the judgment under Federal law or State law. 
"(b) TERMINATION OF LIABILITY.—^The liability to pay a fine 
shall terminate the later of 20 years from the entry of judgment 
or 20 years after the release from imprisonment of the person 
fined, or upon the death of the individual fined. 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1239 
"(c) LIEN.—^A fine imposed pursuant to the provisions of sub-
chapter C of chapter 227 of this title, or an order of restitution 
made pursuant to sections 2248, 2259, 2264, 2327, 3663, 3663A, 
or 3664 of this title, is a lien in favor of the United States on 
all property and rights to property of the person fined as if the 
liability of the person fined were a liability for a tax assessed 
under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. The lien arises on the 
entry of judgment and continues for 20 years or until the liability 
is satisfied, remitted, set aside, or is terminated under subsection 
(b). 
"(d) EFFECT OF FILING NOTICE OF LIEN.—^Upon filing of a notice 
of lien in the manner in which a notice of tax lien would be 
filed under section 6323(f) (1) and (2) of the Internal Revenue 
Code of 1986, the lien shall be valid against any purchaser, holder 
of a security interest, mechanic's lienor or judgment lien creditor, 
except with respect to properties or transactions specified in sub-
section (b), (c), or (d) of section 6323 of the Internal Revenue 
Code of 1986 for which a notice of tax lien properly filed on the 
same date would not be valid. The notice of lien shall be considered 
a notice of lien for taxes payable to the United States for the 
purpose of any State or local law providing for the filing of a 
notice of a tax lien. A notice of lien that is registered, recorded, 
docketed, or indexed in accordance with the rules and requirements 
relating to judgments of the courts of the State where the notice 
of lien is registered, recorded, docketed, or indexed shall be consid-
ered for all purposes as the filing prescribed by this section. The 
provisions of section 3201(e) of chapter 176 of title 28 shall apply 
to liens filed as prescribed by this section. 
"(e) DISCHARGE OF DEBT INAPPLICABLE.—No discharge of debts 
in a proceeding pursuant to any chapter of title 11, United States 
Code, shall discharge liability to pay a fine pursuant to this section, 
and a lien filed as prescribed by this section shall not be voided 
in a bankruptcy proceeding. 
"(f) APPLICABILITY TO ORDER OF RESTITUTION.—In accordance 
with section 3664(m)(l)(A) of this title, all provisions of this section 
are available to the United States for the enforcement of an order 
of restitution.". 
(4) DEFAULT.—Chapter 229 of title 18, United States Code, 
is amended by inserting after section 3613 the following new 
section: 
"§ 3613A. Effect of default 
"(a)(1) Upon a finding that the defendant is in default on 
a payment of a fine or restitution, the court may, pursuant to 
section 3565, revoke probation or a term of supervised release, 
modify the terms or conditions of probation or a term of supervised 
release, resentence a defendant pursuant to section 3614, hold 
the defendant in contempt of court, enter a restraining order or 
injunction, order the sale of property of the defendant, accept a 
performance bond, enter or adjust a pajonent schedule, or take 
any other action necessary to obtain compliance with the order 
of a fine or restitution. 
"(2) In determining what action to take, the court shall consider 
the defendant's employment status, earning ability, 
financial 
resources, the willfulness in failing to comply with the fine or 
restitution order, and £iny other circumstances that may have a 
29-194 O - 96 - 3 : QL 3 Part 2 
110 STAT. 1240 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
bearing on the defendant's ability or failure to comply with the 
order of a fine or restitution. 
"(b)(1) Any hearing held pursuant to this section may be con-
ducted by a magistrate judge, subject to de novo review by the 
court. 
"(2) To the extent practicable, in a hearing held pursuant 
to this section involving a defendant who is confined in any jail, 
prison, or other correctional facility, proceedings in which the pris-
oner's participation is required or permitted shall be conducted 
by telephone, video conference, or other communications technology 
without removing the prisoner from the facility in which the pris-
oner is confined.". 
(5) RESENTENCING.—Section 3614 of title 18, United States 
Code, is amended— 
(A) in the heading, by inserting "or restitution" after 
"fine"; 
(B) in subsection (a), by inserting "or restitution" after 
"fine"; and 
(C) by adding at the end the following new subsection: 
"(c) EFFECT OF INDIGENCY.—In no event shall a defendant 
be incarcerated under this section solely on the basis of inability 
to make pa5anents because the defendant is indigent.". 
(d) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—^The table of sections at the begin-
ning of subchapter B of chapter 229 of title 18, United States 
Code, is amended to read as follows: 
"Sec. 
"36.11. Payment of a fine or restitution. 
"3612. Collection of an unpaid fine or restitution. 
"3613. Civil remedies for satisfaction of an unpaid fine. 
"3613A. Effect of default. 
"3614. Resentencing upon failure to pay a fine or restitution. 
"3615. Criminal default.". 
28 u s e 994 note. 
SEC. 208. INSTRUCTION TO SENTENCING COMMISSION. 
Pursuant to section 994 of title 28, United States Code, the 
United States Sentencing Commission shall promulgate guidelines 
or amend existing guidelines to reflect this subtitle and the amend-
ments made by this subtitle. 
18 u s e 3551 
SEC. 209. JUSTICE DEPARTMENT REGULATIONS. 
Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this 
subtitle, the Attorney General shall promulgate guidelines, or 
amend existing guidelines, to carry out this subtitle and the amend-
ments made by this subtitle and to ensure that— 
(1) in all plea agreements negotiated by the United States, 
consideration is given to requesting that the defendant provide 
full restitution to all victims of all charges contained in the 
indictment or information, without regard to the counts to 
which the defendant actually pleaded; and 
(2) orders of restitution made pursuant to the amendments 
made by this subtitle are enforced to the fullest extent of 
the law. 
SEC. 210. SPECIAL ASSESSMENTS ON CONVICTED PERSONS. 
Section 3013(a)(2) of title 18, United States Code, is amended— 
(1) in subparagraph (A), by striking "$50" and inserting 
"not less than $100"; and 
(2) in subparagraph (B), by striking "$200" and inserting 
"not less than $400". 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1241 
SEC. 211. EFFECTIVE DATE. 
18 USC 2248 
The amendments made by this subtitle shall, to the extent 
constitutionally permissible, be effective for sentencing proceedings 
in cases in which the defendant is convicted on or after the date 
of enactment of this Act. 
Subtitle B—Jurisdiction for Lawsuits 
g a i n s t Terrorist States 
SEC. 221. JURISDICTION FOR LAWSUITS AGAINST TERRORIST STATES. 
(a) EXCEPTION TO FOREIGN SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY FOR CERTAIN 
CASES.—Section 1605 of title 28, United States Code, is amended— 
(1) in subsection (a)— 
(A) by striking "or" at the end of paragraph (5); 
(B) by striking the period at the end of paragraph 
(6) and inserting "; or"; and 
(C) by adding at the end the following new paragraph: 
"(7) not otherwise covered by paragraph (2), in which money 
damages are sought against a foreign state for personal injury 
or death that was caused by an act of torture, extrajudicial 
killing, aircraft sabotage, hostage taking, or the provision of 
material support or resources (as defined in section 2339A 
of title 18) for such an act if such act or provision of material 
support is engaged in by an official, employee, or agent of 
such foreign state while acting within the scope of his or her 
office, employment, or agency, except that the court shall 
decline to hear a claim under this paragraph— 
"(A) if the foreign state was not designated as a state 
sponsor of terrorism under section 6(j) of the Export 
Administration Act of 1979 (50 U.S.C. App. 2405(j)) or 
section 620A of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 
U.S.C. 2371) at the time the act occurred, unless later 
so designated as a result of such act; and 
"(B) even if the foreign state is or was so designated, 
if— 
"(i) the act occurred in the foreign state against 
which the claim has been brought and the claimant 
has not afforded the foreign state a reasonable oppor-
tunity to arbitrate the claim in accordance with 
accepted international rules of arbitration; or 
"(ii) the claimant or victim was not a national 
of the United States (as that term is defined in section 
101(a)(22) of the Immigration and Nationality Act) 
when the act upon which the claim is based occurred."; 
and 
(2) by adding at the end the following: 
"(e) For purposes of paragraph (7) of subsection (a)— 
"(1) the terms 'torture' and 'extrajudicial killing' have the 
meaning given those terms in section 3 of the Torture Victim 
^ 
Protection Act of 1991; 
"(2) the term 'hostage taking' has the meaning given that 
term in Article 1 of the International Convention Against the 
Taking of Hostages; and 
110 STAT. 1242 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
"(3) the term 'aircraft sabotage' has the meaning given 
that term in Article 1 of the Convention for the Suppression 
of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation. 
"(f) No action shall be maintained under subsection (a)(7) unless 
the action is commenced not later than 10 years after the date 
on which the cause of action arose. All principles of equitable 
tolling, including the period during which the foreign state was 
immune from suit, shall apply in calculating this limitation period. 
"(g) LIMITATION ON DISCOVERY.— 
"(1) IN GENERAL.—(A) Subject to paragraph (2), if an action 
is filed that would otherwise be barred by section 1604, but 
for subsection (a)(7), the court, upon request of the Attorney 
Greneral, shall stay any request, demand, or order for discovery 
on the United States that the Attorney General certifies would 
significantly interfere with a criminal investigation or prosecu-
tion, or a national security operation, related to the incident 
that gave rise to the cause of action, until such time as the 
Attorney General advises the court that such request, demand, 
or order will no longer so interfere. 
"(B) A stay under this paragraph shall be in effect during 
the 12-month period beginning on the date on which the court 
issues the order to stay discovery. The court shall renew the 
order to stay discovery for additional 12-month periods upon 
motion by the United States if the Attorney General certifies 
that discovery would significantly interfere with a criminal 
investigation or prosecution, or a national security operation, 
related to the incident that gave rise to the cause of action. 
"(2) SUNSET.—(A) Subject to subparagraph (B), no stay 
shall be granted or continued in effect under paragraph (1) 
after the date that is 10 years after the date on which the 
incident that gave rise to the cause of action occurred. 
"(B) After the period referred to in subparagraph (A), the 
court, upon request of the Attorney General, may stay any 
request, demand, or order for discovery on the United States 
that the court finds a substantial likelihood would— 
"(i) create a serious threat of death or serious bodily 
injury to any person; 
"(ii) adversely afiect the ability of the United States 
to work in cooperation with foreign and international law 
enforcement agencies in investigating violations of United 
States law; or 
"(iii) obstruct the criminal case related to the incident 
that gave rise to the cause of action or undermine the 
potential for a conviction in such case. 
"(3) EVALUATION OF EVIDENCE.—^The court's evaluation of 
any request for a stay under this subsection filed by the Attor-
ney General shall be conducted ex parte and in camera. 
"(4) BAR ON MOTIONS TO DISMISS.—^A stay of discovery 
under this subsection shall constitute a bar to the granting 
of a motion to dismiss under rules 12(b)(6) and 56 of the 
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. 
"(5) CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this subsection shall pre-
vent the United States from seeking protective orders or assert-
ing privileges ordinarily available to the United States.", 
(b) EXCEPTION TO IMMUNITY FROM ATTACHMENT.— 
(1) FOREIGN STATE.—Section 1610(a) of title 28, United 
States Code, is amended— 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1243 
(A) by striking the period at the end of paragraph 
(6) and inserting ", or"; and 
(B) by adding at the end the following new paragraph: 
"(7) the judgment relates to a claim for which the foreign 
state is not immune under section 1605(a)(7), regardless of 
whether the property is or was involved with the act upon 
which the claim is based.". 
(2) AGENCY OR INSTRUMENTALITY.—Section 1610(b)(2) of 
title 28, United States Code, is amended— 
(A) by striking "or (5)" and inserting "(5), or (7)"; and 
(B) by striking "used for the activity" and inserting 
"involved in the act". 
(c) APPLICABILITY.—^The amendments made by this subtitle 
shall apply to any cause of action arising before, on, or after the 
date of the enactment of this Act. 
Subtitle C—^Assistance to Victims of 
Terrorism 
SEC. 231. SHORT TITLE. 
This subtitle may be cited as the "Justice for Victims of Terror-
ism Act of 1996". 
SEC. 232. VICTIMS OF TERRORISM ACT. 
(a) AUTHORITY TO PROVIDE ASSISTANCE AND COMPENSATION 
TO VICTIMS OF TERRORISM.—^The Victims of Crime Act of 1984 
(42 U.S.C. 10601 et seq.) is amended by inserting after section 
1404A the following new section: 
"SEC. 1404B. COMPENSATION AND ASSISTANCE TO VICTIMS OF 
TERRORISM OR MASS VIOLENCE. 
"(a) VICTIMS OF ACTS OF TERRORISM OUTSIDE THE UNITED 
STATES.—^The Director may make supplemental grants as provided 
in section 1404(a) to States to provide compensation and assistance 
to the residents of such States who, while outside of the territorial 
boundaries of the United States, are victims of a terrorist act 
or mass violence and are not persons eligible for compensation 
under title VIII of the Omnibus Diplomatic Security 
and 
Antiterrorism Act of 1986. 
"(b) VICTIMS OF TERRORISM WITHIN THE UNITED STATES.—^The 
Director may make supplemental grants as provided in section 
1404(d)(4)(B) to States for eligible crime victim compensation and 
assistance programs to provide emergency relief, including crisis 
response efforts, assistance, training, and technical assistance, for 
the benefit of victims of terrorist acts or mass violence occurring 
within the United States and may provide funding to United States 
Attorney's Offices for use in coordination with State victim com-
pensation and assistance efforts in providing emergency relief.". 
(b) FUNDING OF COMPENSATION AND ASSISTANCE TO VICTIMS 
OF TERRORISM, MASS VIOLENCE, AND CRIME.—Section 1402(d)(4) 
of the Victims of Crime Act of 1984 (42 U.S.C. 10601(d)(4)) is 
amended to read as follows: 
"(4)(A) If the sums available in the Fund are sufficient 
to fully provide grants to the States pursuant to section 
1403(a)(1), the Director may retain any portion of the Fund 
that was deposited during a fiscal year that was in excess 
28 use 1605 
note. 
Justice for 
Victims of 
Terrorism Act of 
1996. 
42 use 10601 
note. 
42 use 10603b. 
110 STAT. 1244 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
of 110 percent of the total amount deposited in the Fund 
during the preceding fiscal year as an emergency reserve. Such 
reserve shall not exceed $50,000,000. 
"(B) The emergency reserve referred to in subparagraph 
(A) may be used for supplemental grants under section 1404B 
and to supplement the funds available to provide grants to 
States for compensation and assistance in accordance with sec-
tions 1403 and 1404 in years in which supplemental grants 
are needed.". 
(c) CRIME VICTIMS FUND AMENDMENTS.— 
(1) UNOBLIGATED FUNDS.—Section 1402 of the Victims of 
Crime Act of 1984 (42 U.S.C. 10601) is amended— 
(A) in subsection (c), by striking "subsection" and 
inserting "chapter"; and 
(B) by amending subsection (e) to read as follows: 
"(e) AMOUNTS AWARDED AND UNSPENT.—^Any amount awarded 
as part of a grant under this chapter that remains unspent at 
the end of a fiscal year in which the grant is made may be expended 
for the purpose for which the grant is made at any time during 
the 2 succeeding fiscal years, at the end of which period, any 
remaining unobligated sums in excess of $500,000 shall be returned 
to the Treasury. Any remaining unobligated sums in an amount 
less than $500,000 shall be returned to the Fund.". 
(2) BASE AMOUNT.^^ection 1404(a)(5) of the Victims of 
Crime Act of 1984 (42 U.S.C. 10603(a)(5)) is amended to read 
as follows: 
"(5) As used in this subsection, the term 'base amount' 
means— 
"(A) except as provided in subparagraph (B), $500,000; 
and 
"(B) for the territories of the Northern Mariana Islands, 
Guam, American Samoa, and the Republic of Palau, 
$200,000, with the Republic of Palau's share governed by 
the Compact of Free Association between the United States 
and the Republic of Palau.". 
SEC. 233. COMPENSATION OF VICTIMS OF TERRORISM. 
(a) REQUIRING COMPENSATION FOR TERRORIST CRIMES.—Section 
1403(d)(3) of the Victims of Crime Act of 1984 (42 U.S.C. 
10602(d)(3)) is amended— 
(1) by inserting "crimes involving terrorism," before "driv-
ing while intoxicated"; and 
(2) by inserting a comma after "driving while intoxicated". 
(b) FOREIGN TERRORISM.—Section 1403(b)(6)(B) of the Victims 
of Crime Act of 1984 (42 U.S.C. 10602(b)(6)(B)) is amended by 
inserting "are outside of the United States (if the compensable 
crime is terrorism, as defined in section 2331 of title 18, United 
States Code), or" before "are States not having". 
South Dakota. 
(c) DESIGNATION OF CARTNEY MCRAVEN CHILD DEVELOPMENT 
CENTER.— 
(1) DESIGNATION.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—^The Federal building at 1314 LeMay 
Boulevard, Ellsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota, shall 
be known as the "Cartney McRaven Child Development 
Center". 
(B) REPLACEMENT BUILDING.—If, after the date of 
enactment of this Act, a new Federal building is built 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1245 
at the location described in subparagraph (A) to replace 
the building described in the paragraph, the new Federal 
building shall be known as the "Cartney McRaven Child 
Development Center". 
(2) REFERENCES.—^Any reference in a law, map, regulation, 
document, paper, or other record of the United States to a 
Federal building referred to in paragraph (1) shall be deemed 
to be a reference to the "Cartney McRaven Child Development 
Center". 
(d) EFFECTIVE DATE.—^This section and the amendments made 
by this section shall take effect 1 year after the date of enactment 
of this Act. 
SEC. 234. CRIME VICTIMS FUND. 
(a) 
PROHIBITION 
OF PAYMENTS TO DELINQUENT 
CRIMINAL 
DEBTORS BY STATE CRIME VICTIM COMPENSATION PROGRAMS.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—Section 1403(b) of the Victims of Crime 
Act of 1984 (42 U.S.C. 10602(b)) is amended— 
(A) by striking "and" at the end of paragraph (7); 
(B) by redesignating paragraph (8) as paragraph (9); 
and 
(C) by inserting after paragraph (7) the following new 
paragraph: 
"(8) such program does not provide compensation to any 
person who has been convicted of an offense under Federal 
law with respect to any time period during which the person 
is delinquent in paying a fine, other monetary penalty, or 
restitution imposed for the offense; and". 
(2) APPLICATION OF AMENDMENT.—Section 1403(b)(8) of the 
Victims of Crime Act of 1984, as added by paragraph (1) of 
this section, shall not be applied to deny victims compensation 
to any person until the date on which the Attorney General, 
in consultation with the Director of the Administrative Office 
of the United States Courts, issues a written determination 
that a cost-effective, readily available criminal debt payment 
tracking system operated by the agency responsible for the 
collection of criminal debt has established cost-effective, readily 
available communications links with entities that administer 
Federal victim compensation programs that are sufficient to 
ensure that victim compensation is not denied to any person 
except as authorized by law. 
(b) EXCLUSION FROM INCOME FOR PURPOSES OF MEANS TESTS.— 
Section 1403 of the Victims of Crime Act of 1984 (42 U.S.C. 10602) 
is amended by inserting after subsection (b) the following new 
subsection: 
"(c) 
EXCLUSION 
FROM 
INCOME 
FOR PURPOSES OF 
MEANS 
TESTS.—^Notwithstanding any other law, for the purpose of any 
maximum allowed income eligibility requirement in any Federal, 
State, or local government program using Federal funds that pro-
vides medical or other assistance (or pa3nnent or reimbursement 
of the cost of such assistance) that becomes necessary to an 
applicant for such assistance in full or in part because of the 
commission of a crime against the applicant, as determined by 
the Director, any amount of crime victim compensation that the 
applicant receives through a crime victim compensation program 
under this section shall not be included in the income of the 
applicant until the total amount of assistance that the applicant 
42 use 10602 
note. 
42 use 10602 
note. 
110 STAT. 1246 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
receives from all such programs is sufficient to fully compensate 
the applicant for losses suffered as a result of the crime.". 
42 use 10608. 
SEC. 235. CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISED COURT PROCEEDINGS FOR VIC-
TIMS OF CRIME. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—^Notwithstanding any provision of the Federal 
Rules of Criminal Procedure to the contrary, in order to permit 
victims of crime to watch criminal trial proceedings in cases where 
the venue of the trial is changed— 
(1) out of the State in which the case was initially brought; 
and 
(2) more than 350 miles from the location in which those 
proceedings originally would have taken place; 
the trial court shall order closed circuit televising of the proceedings 
to that location, for viewing by such persons the court determines 
have a compelling interest in doing so and are otherwise unable 
to do so by reason of the inconvenience and expense caused by 
the change of venue. 
(b) LIMITED ACCESS.— 
(1) GENERALLY.—No other person, other than official court 
and security personnel, or other persons specifically designated 
by the court, shall be permitted to view the closed circuit 
televising of the proceedings. 
(2) EXCEPTION.—^The court shall not designate a person 
under paragraph (1) if the presiding judge at the trial deter-
mines that testimony by that person would be materially 
affected if that person heard other testimony at the trial. 
(c) RESTRICTIONS.— 
(1) The signal transmitted pursuant to subsection (a) shall 
be under the control of the court at all times and shall only 
be transmitted subject to the terms and conditions imposed 
by the court. 
(2) No public broadcast or dissemination shall be made 
of the signal transmitted pursuant to subsection (a). In the 
event any tapes are produced in carrying out subsection (a), 
such tapes shall be the property of the court and kept under 
seal. 
(3) Any violations of this subsection, or any rule or order 
made pursuant to this section, shall be punishable as contempt 
of court as described in section 402 of title 18, United States 
Code. 
(d) DONATIONS.—^The Administrative Office of the United States 
Courts may accept donations to enable the courts to carry out 
subsection (a). 
(e) CONSTRUCTION.— 
(1) Nothing in this section shall be construed— 
(i) to create in favor of any person a cause of action 
against the United States or any officer or employees 
thereof, or 
(ii) to provide any person with a defense in any action 
in which application of this section is made. 
(f) DEFINITION.—As used in this section, the term "State" means 
any State, the District of Columbia, or any possession or territory 
of the United States. 
(g) RULES.—^The Judicial Conference of the United States, 
pursuant to its rule making authority under section 331 of title 
28, United States Code, may promulgate and issue rules, or amend 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1247 
existing rules, to effectuate the policy addressed by this section. Termination 
Upon the implementation of such rules, this section shall cease date. 
to be effective. 
(h) EFFECTIVE DATE.—^This section shall only apply to cases 
filed after January 1, 1995. 
SEC. 236. TECHNICAL CORRECTION. 
Section 1402(d)(3)(B) of the Victims of Crime Act of 1984 (42 
U.S.C. 10601(d)(3)(B)) is amended by striking "1404A" and inserting 
"1404(a)". 
TITLE III—INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM 
PROHIBITIONS 
Subtitle A—Prohibition on International 
Terrorist Fundraising 
SEC. 301. FINDINGS AND PIUPOSE. 
18USC2339B 
(a) FINDINGS.—^The Congress finds that— 
(1) international terrorism is a serious and deadly problem 
that threatens the vital interests of the United States; 
(2) the Constitution confers upon Congress the power to 
punish crimes against the law of nations and to carry out 
the treaty obligations of the United States, and therefore Con-
gress may by law impose penalties relating to the provision 
of material support to foreign organizations engaged in terrorist 
activity; 
(3) the power of the United States over immigration and 
naturalization permits the exclusion from the United States 
of persons belonging to international terrorist organizations; 
(4) international terrorism affects the interstate and foreign 
commerce of the United States by harming international trade 
and market stability, and limiting international travel by 
United States citizens as well as foreign visitors to the United 
States; 
(5) international cooperation is required for an effective 
response to terrorism, as demonstrated by the numerous multi-
lateral conventions in force providing universal prosecutive 
jurisdiction over persons involved in a variety of terrorist acts, 
including hostage taking, murder of an internationally pro-
tected person, and aircraft piracy and sabotage; 
(6) some foreign terrorist organizations, acting through 
affiliated groups or individuals, raise significant funds within 
the United States, or use the United States as a conduit for 
the receipt of funds raised in other nations; and 
(7) foreign organizations that engage in terrorist activity 
are so tainted by their criminal conduct that any contribution 
to such an organization facilitates that conduct. 
(b) PURPOSE.—The purpose of this subtitle is to provide the 
Federal Grovemment the fullest possible basis, consistent with the 
Constitution, to prevent persons within the United States, or subject 
to the jurisdiction of the United States, from providing material 
support or resources to foreign organizations that engage in terrorist 
activities. 
110 STAT. 1248 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
SEC. 302. DESIGNATION OF FOREIGN TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Chapter 2 of title II of the Immigration 
and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1181 et seq.) is amended by adding 
at the end the following: 
8 use 1189. 
"SEC. 219. DESIGNATION OF FOREIGN TERRORIST 
ORGANIZATIONS. 
"(a) DESIGNATION.— 
"(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary is authorized to designate 
an organization as a foreign terrorist organization in accordance 
with this subsection if the Secretary finds that— 
"(A) the orgEinization is a foreign organization; 
"(B) the organization engages in terrorist activity (as 
defined in section 212(a)(3)(B)); and 
"(C) the terrorist activity of the organization threatens 
the security of United States nationals or the national 
security of the United States. 
"(2) PROCEDURE.— 
"(A) NOTICE.—Seven days before making a designation 
under this subsection, the Secretary shall, by classified 
communication— 
"(i) notify the Speaker and Minority Leader of 
the House of Representatives, the President pro tem-
pore, Majority Leader, and Minority Leader of the Sen-
ate, and the members of the relevant committees, in 
writing, of the intent to designate a foreign orgamiza-
tion under this subsection, together with the findings 
made under paragraph (1) with respect to that 
organization, and the factual basis therefor; and 
Federal Register, 
"(ii) seven days after such notification, publish the 
publication. 
designation in the Federal Register. 
"(B) EFFECT OF DESIGNATION.— 
"(i) For purposes of section 2339B of title 18, 
United States Code, a designation under this sub-
section shall take effect upon publication 
under 
subparagraph (A). 
Termination 
"(ii) Any designation under this subsection shall 
date. 
cease to have effect upon an Act of Congress disapprov-
ing such designation. 
"(C) FREEZING OF ASSETS.—Upon notification under 
paragraph (2), the Secretary of the Treasury may require 
United States financial institutions possessing or control-
ling any assets of any foreign organization included in 
the notification to block all financial transactions involving 
those assets until further directive from either the Sec-
retary of the Treasury, Act of Congress, or order of court. 
"(3) RECORD.— 
"(A) IN GENERAL.—In making a designation under this 
subsection, the Secretary shall create an administrative 
record. 
"(B) 
CLASSIFIED INFORMATION.—The Secretary 
may 
consider classified information in making a designation 
under this subsection. Classified information shall not be 
subject to disclosure for such time as it remains classified, 
except that such information may be disclosed to a court 
ex parte and in camera for purposes of judicial review 
under subsection (c). 
"(4) PERIOD OF DESIGNATION.— 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1249 
"(A) IN GENI:RAL,—Subject to paragraphs (5) and (6), Effective date. 
a designation under this subsection shall be effective for 
all purposes for a period of 2 years beginning on the effec-
tive date of the designation under paragraph (2)(B). 
"(B) REDESIGNATION.—^The Secretary may redesignate 
a foreign organization as a foreign terrorist organization 
for an additional 2-year period at the end of the 2-year 
period referred to in subparagraph (A) (but not sooner 
than 60 days prior to the termination of such period) upon 
a finding that the relevant circumstances described in para-
graph (1) still exist. The procedural requirements of para-
graphs (2) and (3) shall apply to a redesignation under 
this subparagraph. 
"(5) REVOCATION BY ACT OF CONGRESS.—The Congress, by 
an Act of Congress, may block or revoke a designation made 
under paragraph (1). 
"(6) REVOCATION BASED ON CHANGE IN CIRCUMSTANCES.— 
"(A) IN GENERAL.—^The Secretary may revoke a des-
ignation made under paragraph (1) if the Secretary finds 
t h a t -
'll) the circumstances that were the basis for the 
designation have changed in such a manner as to 
warrant revocation of the designation; or 
"(ii) the national security of the United States 
warrants a revocation of the designation. 
"(B) PROCEDURE.—The procedural requirements of 
paragraphs (2) through (4) shall apply to a revocation under 
this paragraph. 
"(7) EFFECT OF REVOCATION.—^The revocation of a designa-
tion under paragraph (5) or (6) shall not affect any action 
or proceeding based on conduct committed prior to the effective 
date of such revocation. 
"(8) USE OF DESIGNATION IN TRIAL OR HEARING.—If a des-
ignation under this subsection has become effective under para-
graph (1)(B), a defendant in a criminal action shall not be 
permitted to raise any question concerning the validity of the 
issuance of such designation as a defense or an objection at 
any trial or hearing. 
"(b) JUDICIAL REVIEW OF DESIGNATION.— 
"(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 30 days after publication 
of the designation in the Federal Register, an organization 
designated as a foreign terrorist organization may seek judicial 
review of the designation in the United States Court of Appeals 
for the District of Columbia Circuit. 
"(2) BASIS OF REVIEW.—Review under this subsection shall 
be based solely upon the administrative record, except that 
the Government may submit, for ex parte and in camera review, 
classified information used in making the designation. 
"(3) SCOPE OF REVIEW.—The Court shall hold unlawful 
and set aside a designation the court finds to be— 
"(A) arbitraiy, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or 
otherwise not in accordance with law; 
"(B) contrary to constitutional right, power, privilege, 
or immunity; or 
"(C) in excess of statutory jurisdiction, authority, or 
limitation, or short of statutory right. 
110 STAT. 1250 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
"(4) JUDICIAL REVIEW INVOKED.—The pendency of an action 
for judicial review of a designation shall not affect the applica-
tion of this section, unless the court issues a final order setting 
aside the designation. 
"(c) DEFINITIONS.—^As used in this section— 
"(1) the term 'classified information' has the meaning given 
that term in section 1(a) of the Classified Information Proce-
dures Act (18 U.S.C. App.); 
"(2) the term 'national security' means the national defense, 
foreign relations, or economic interests of the United States; 
"(3) the term 'relevant committees' means the Committees 
on the Judiciary, Intelligence, and Foreign Relations of the 
Senate and the Committees on the Judiciary, Intelligence, and 
International Relations of the House of Representatives; and 
"(4) the term 'Secretary' means the Secretary of State, 
in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury and the 
Attorney General.". 
(b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—^The table of contents for the 
Immigration and Nationality Act, relating to terrorism, is amended 
by inserting after the item relating to section 218 the following 
new item: 
"Sec. 219. Designation of foreign terrorist organizations.". 
SEC. 303. PROHIBITION ON TERRORIST FUNDRAISING. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Chapter 113B of title 18, United States Code, 
is amended by adding at the end the following new section: 
'*§2339B. Providing material support or resources to des-
ignated foreign terrorist organizations 
"(a) PROHIBITED ACTIVITIES.— 
"(1) UNLAWFUL CONDUCT.—^Whoever, within the United 
States or subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, know-
ingly provides material support or resources to a foreign terror-
ist organization, or attempts or conspires to do so, shall be 
fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 10 years, 
or both. 
"(2) FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS.—Except as authorized by the 
Secretary, any financial institution that becomes aware that 
it has possession of, or control over, any funds in which a 
foreign terrorist organization, or its agent, has an interest, 
shall— 
"(A) retain possession of, or maintain control over, 
such funds; and 
Reports. 
"(B) report to the Secretary the existence of such funds 
Regulations. 
in accordance with regulations issued by the Secretary. 
"(b) CIVIL PENALTY.—^Any financial institution that knowingly 
fails to comply with subsection (a)(2) shall be subject to a civil 
penalty in an amount that is the greater of— 
"(A) $50,000 per violation; or 
"(B) twice the amount of which the financial institution 
was required under subsection (a)(2) to retain possession 
or control. 
"(c) INJUNCTION.—^Whenever it appears to the Secretary or the 
Attorney General that any person is engaged in, or is about to 
engage in, any act that constitutes, or would constitute, a violation 
of this section, the Attorney General may initiate civil action in 
a district court of the United States to enjoin such violation. 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1251 
"(d) EXTRATERRITORL^L JURISDICTION.—There is extraterritorial 
Federal jurisdiction over an offense under this section. 
"(e) INVESTIGATIONS.— 
"(1) IN GENERAL.—The Attorney General shall conduct any 
investigation of a possible violation of this section, or of any 
license, order, or regulation issued pursuant to this section. 
"(2) COORDINATION WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF THE TREAS-
URY.—^The Attorney General shadl work in coordination with 
the Secretary in investigations relating to— 
"(A) the compliance or noncompliance by a financial 
institution with the requirements of subsection (a)(2); and 
"(B) civil penalty proceedings authorized under sub-
section (b). 
"(3) REFERRAL.—Any evidence of a criminal violation of 
this section arising in the course of an investigation by the 
Secretary or any other Federal agency shall be referred imme-
diately to the Attorney (General for further investigation. The 
Attorney General shall timely notify the Secretary of any action 
taken on referrals from the Secretary, and may refer investiga-
tions to the Secretary for remedial licensing or civil penalty 
action. 
"(f) CLASSIFIED INFORMATION IN CIVIL PROCEEDINGS BROUGHT 
B
Y THE UNITED STATES.— 
"(1) 
DISCOVERY OF CLASSIFIED INFORMATION BY DEFEND-
ANTS.— 
"(A) REQUEST BY UNITED STATES.—In any civil proceed-
ing under this section, upon request made ex parte and 
in writing by the United States, a court, upon a sufficient 
showing, may authorize the United States to— 
"(i) redact specified items of classified information 
from documents to be introduced into evidence or made 
available to the defendant through discovery under 
the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure; 
"(ii) substitute a summary of the information for 
such classified documents; or 
"(iii) substitute a statement admitting relevant 
facts that the classified information would tend to 
prove. 
"(B) ORDER GRANTING REQUEST.—If the court enters 
an order granting a request under this paragraph, the 
entire text of the documents to which the request relates 
shall be sealed and preserved in the records of the court 
to be made available to the appellate court in the event 
of an appeal. 
"(C) DENIAL OF REQUEST.—If the court enters an order 
denying a request of the United States under this para-
graph, the United States may take an immediate, interlocu-
tory appeal in accordance with paragraph (5). For purposes 
of such an appeal, the entire text of the documents to 
which the request relates, together with any transcripts 
of arguments made ex parte to the court in connection 
therewith, shall be maintained under seal and delivered 
to the appellate court. 
"(2) 
INTRODUCTION OF 
CLASSIFIED INFORMATION; PRE-
CAUTIONS BY COURT.— 
"(A) EXHIBITS.—^To prevent unnecessary or inadvertent 
disclosure of classified information in a civil proceeding 
Records. 
Records. 
110 STAT. 1252 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
brought by the United States under this section, the United 
States may petition the court ex parte to admit, in lieu 
of classified writings, recordings, or photographs, one or 
more of the following: 
"(i) Copies of items from which classified informa-
tion has been redacted. 
"(ii) Stipulations admitting relevant facts that spe-
cific classified information would tend to prove. 
"(iii) A declassified summary of the specific classi-
fied information. 
"(B) DETERMINATION BY COURT.—The court shall grant 
a request under this paragraph if the court finds that 
the redacted item, stipulation, or summary is sufficient 
to allow the defendant to prepare a defense. 
"(3) TAKING OF TRIAL TESTIMONY.— 
"(A) OBJECTION.—During the examination of a witness 
in any civil proceeding brought by the United States under 
this subsection, the United States may object to any ques-
tion or line of inquiry that may require the witness to 
disclose classified information not previously found to be 
admissible. 
"(B) ACTION BY COURT.—In determining whether a 
response is admissible, the court shall take precautions 
to guard against the compromise of any classified informa-
tion, including— 
"(i) permitting the United States to provide the 
court, ex parte, with a proffer of the witness's response 
to the question or line of inquiry; and 
"(ii) requiring the defendant to provide the court 
with a proffer of the nature of the information that 
the defendant seeks to elicit. 
"(C) OBLIGATION OF DEFENDANT.—In any civil proceed-
ing under this section, it shall be the defendant's obligation 
to establish the relevance and materiality of any classified 
information sought to be introduced. 
"(4) APPEAL.—If the court enters an order denying a request 
of the United States under this subsection, the United States 
may take an immediate interlocutory appeal in accordance 
with paragraph (5). 
"(5) INTERLOCUTORY APPEAL.— 
"(A) SUBJECT OF APPEAL.—An interlocutory appeal by 
the United States shall lie to a court of appeals from 
a decision or order of a district court— 
"(i) authorizing the disclosure of classified informa-
tion; 
"(ii) imposing sanctions for nondisclosure of classi-
fied information; or 
"(iii) refusing a protective order sought by the 
United States to prevent the disclosure of classified 
information. 
"(B) EXPEDITED CONSIDERATION.— 
"(i) IN GENERAL.—An appeal taken pursuant to 
this paragraph, either before or during trial, shsdl be 
expedited by the court of appeals. 
"(ii) APPEALS PRIOR TO TRIAL.—If an appeal is of 
an order made prior to trial, an appeal shall be taken 
not later than 10 days after the decision or order 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1253 
appealed from, and the trial shall not commence until 
the appeal is resolved. 
"(iii) APPEALS DURING TRIAL.—If an appeal is taken 
during trial, the trial couri; shall adjourn the trial 
until the appeal is resolved, and the court of appeals— 
"(I) shall hear argument on such appeal not 
later than 4 days after the adjournment of the 
trial; 
"(II) may dispense with written briefs other 
than the supporting materials previously submit-
ted to the trial court; 
"(III) shall render its decision not later than 
4 days after argument on appeal; and 
"(TV) may dispense with the issuance of a writ-
ten opinion in rendering its decision. 
"(C) EFFECT OF RULING.—An interlocutory appeal and 
decision shall not affect the right of the defendant, in 
a subsequent appeal from a final judgment, to claim as 
error reversal by the trial court on remand of a ruling 
appealed from during trial. 
"(6) CONSTRUCTION.—^Nothing in this subsection shall pre-
vent the United States from seeking protective orders or assert-
ing privileges ordinarily available to the United States to pro-
tect against the disclosure of classified information, including 
the invocation of the military and State secrets privilege. 
"(g) DEFINITIONS.—As used in this section— 
"(1) the term 'classified information' has the meaning given 
that term in section. 1(a) of the Classified Information Proce-
dures Act (18 U.S.C. App.); 
"(2) the term 'financial institution' has the same meaning 
as in section 5312(a)(2) of title 31, United States Code; 
"(3) the term 'funds' includes coin or currency of the United 
States or any other country, traveler's checks, personal checks, 
bank checks, money orders, stocks, bonds, debentures, drafts, 
letters of credit, any other negotiable instrument, and any 
electronic representation of any of the foregoing; 
"(4) the term 'material support or resources' has the same 
meaning as in section 2339A; 
"(5) the term 'Secretary* means the Secretary of the Treas-
ury; and 
"(6) the term 'tei-rorist organization' means an organization 
designated as a terrorist organization under section 219 of 
the Immigration and Nationality Act.". 
(b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT TO TABLE OF SECTIONS.—^The table 
of sections at the beginning of chapter 113B of title 18, United 
States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following new 
item: 
"2339B. Providing material support or resources to designated foreign terrorist orga-
nizations.". 
(c) TECHNICAL AMENDMENT.— 
(1) NEW ITEM.--Chapter 113B of title 18, United States 
Code, relating to torture, is redesignated as chapter 113C. 
(2) TABLE OF CHAPTERS.—The table of chapters for part 
I of title 18, United States Code, is amended by striking "113B. 
Torture" and inserting "113C. Torture". 
110 STAT. 1254 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
Subtitle B—^Prohibition on Assistance to 
Terrorist States 
18 use 2332d 
note. 
Regulations. 
SEC. 321. FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS WITH TERRORISTS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Chapter 113B of title 18, United States Code, 
relating to terrorism, is amended by inserting after the section 
2332c added by section 521 of this Act the following new section: 
'^§ 2332d. Financial transactions 
"(a) OFFENSE.—Except as provided in regulations issued by 
the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary 
of State, whoever, being a United States person, knowing or having 
reasonable cause to know that a country is designated under section 
6(j) of the Export Administration Act (50 U.S.C. App. 2405) as 
a country supporting international terrorism, engages in a financial 
transaction with the government of that country, shall be fined 
under this title, imprisoned for not more than 10 years, or both. 
"(b) DEFINITIONS.—^As used in this section— 
"(1) the term 'financial transaction' has the same meaning 
as in section 1956(c)(4); and 
"(2) the term 'United States person' means any— 
"(A) United States citizen or national; 
"(B) permanent resident alien; 
"(C) juridical person orgsmized under the laws of the 
United States; or 
"(D) any person in the United States.". 
(b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—^The table of sections at the begin-
ning of chapter 113B of title 18, United States Code, relating 
to terrorism, is amended by inserting after the item added by 
section 521 of this Act the following new item: 
"2332d. Financial transactions.". 
(c) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by this section 
shall become effective 120 days after the date of enactment of 
this Act. 
SEC. 322. FOREIGN AIR TRAVEL SAFETY. 
Section 44906 of title 49, United States Code, is amended 
to read as follows: 
*
*
§ 44906. Foreign air carrier security programs 
'The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration 
shall continue in effect the requirement of section 129.25 of title 
14, Code of Federal Regulations, that a foreign air carrier must 
adopt and use a security program approved by the Administrator. 
The Administrator shall not approve a security program of a foreign 
air carrier under section 129.25, or any successor regulation, unless 
the security program requires the foreign air carrier in its oper-
ations to and from airports in the United States to adhere to 
the identical security measures that the Administrator requires 
air carriers serving the same airports to adhere to. The foregoing 
requirement shall not be interpreted to limit the ability of the 
Administrator to impose additional security measures on a foreign 
air carrier or an air carrier when the Administrator determines 
that a specific threat warrants such additional measures. The 
Administrator shall prescribe regulations to carry out this section.". 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1255 
SEC. 323. MODIFICATION OF MATERIAL SUPPORT PROVISION. 
Section 2339A of title 18, United States Code, is amended 
to read as follows: 
*
*
§ 2339A. Providing material support to terrorists 
"(a) OFFENSE.—^Whoever, within the United States, provides 
material support or resources or conceals or disguises the nature, 
location, source, or ownership of material support or resources, 
knowing or intending that they are to be used in preparation 
for, or in carrying out, a violation of section 32, 37, 81, 175, 351, 
831, 842 (m) or (n), 844 (f) or (i), 956, 1114, 1116, 1203, 1361, 
1362, 1363, 1366, 1751, 2155, 2156, 2280, 2281, 2332, 2332a, 2332b, 
or 2340A of this title or section 46502 of title 49, or in preparation 
for, or in carrying out, the concealment from the commission of 
any such violation, shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not 
more than 10 years, or both. 
"(b) DEFINITION.—In this section, the term 'material support 
or resources' means currency or other financial securities, financial 
services, lodging, training, safehouses, false documentation or 
identification, communications equipment, facilities, weapons, lethal 
substances, explosives, personnel, transportation, and other physical 
assets, except medicine or religious materials.". 
SEC. 324. FINDINGS. 
22 USC 2377 
The Congress finds that— 
(1) international terrorism is among the most serious 
transnational threats faced by the United States and its allies, 
far eclipsing the dangers posed by population growth or pollu-
tion; 
(2) the President should continue to make efforts to counter 
international terrorism a national security priority; 
(3) because the United Nations has been an inadequate 
forum for the discussion of cooperative, multilateral responses 
to the threat of international terrorism, the President should 
undertake immediate efforts to develop effective multilateral . 
responses to international terrorism as a complement to 
national counter terrorist efforts; 
(4) the President should use all necessary means, including 
covert action and military force, to disrupt, dismantle, and 
destroy international infrastructure used by international 
terrorists, including overseas terrorist training facilities and 
safe havens; 
(5) the Congress deplores decisions to ease, evade, or end 
international sanctions on state sponsors of terrorism, including 
the recent decision by the United Nations Sanctions Committee 
to allow airline flights to and from Libya despite Libya's non-
compliance with United Nations resolutions; and 
(6) the President should continue to undertake efforts to 
increase the international isolation of state sponsors of inter-
nationsd terrorism, including efforts to strengthen international 
sanctions, and should oppose any future initiatives to ease 
sanctions on Libya or other state sponsors of terrorism. 
110 STAT. 1256 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
SEC. 325. PROHIBITION ON ASSISTANCE TO COUNTRIES THAT AID 
TERRORIST STATES. 
The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 151 et seq.) 
is amended by adding immediately after section 620F the following 
new section: 
President. 
"SEC. 620G. PROHIBITION ON ASSISTANCE TO COUNTRIES THAT AH) 
22 use 2377. 
TERRORIST STATES. 
"(a) WITHHOLDING OF ASSISTANCE.—The President shall with-
hold assistance under this Act to the government of any country 
that provides assistance to the government of any other country 
for which the Secretary of State has made a determination under 
section 620A. 
"(b) WAIVER.—^Assistance prohibited by this section may be 
furnished to a foreign government described in subsection (a) if 
the President determines that furnishing such assistance is impor-
tant to the national interests of the United States and, not later 
than 15 days before obligating such assistance, furnishes a report 
to the appropriate committees of Congress including— 
"(1) a statement of the determination; 
"(2) a detailed explanation of the assistance to be provided; 
"(3) the estimated dollar amount of the assistance; and 
"(4) an explanation of how the assistance furthers United 
States national interests.". 
SEC. 326. PROfflBITION ON ASSISTANCE TO COUNTRIES THAT PROVIDE 
MILITARY EQUIPMENT TO TERRORIST STATES. 
The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 151 et seq.) 
is amended by adding immediately after section 620G the following 
new section: 
President. 
"SEC. 620H. PROHIBITION ON ASSISTANCE TO COUNTRIES THAT PRO-
22 use 2378. 
VIDE MILITARY EQUIPMENT TO TERRORIST STATES. 
"(a) PROHIBITION.— 
"(1) IN GENERAL.—^The President shall withhold assistance 
under this Act to the government of any country that provides 
lethal military equipment to a country the government of which 
the Secretary of State has determined is a terrorist government 
for the purposes of section 60) of the Export Administration 
Act of 1979 (50 U.S.C. App. 2405(j)), or 620A of the Foreign 
Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2371). 
"(2) APPLICABILITY.—The prohibition under this section 
with respect to a foreign government shall terminate 1 year 
after that government ceases to provide lethal military equip-
ment. This section applies with respect to lethal military equip-
ment provided under a contract entered into after the date 
of enactment of this Act. 
"(b) WAIVER.—^Notwithstanding any other provision of law, 
assistance may be furnished to a foreign government described 
in subsection (a) if the President determines that furnishing such 
assistance is important to the national interests of the United 
States and, not later than 15 days before obligating such assistance, 
furnishes a report to the appropriate committees of Congress includ-
ing— 
"(1) a statement of the determination; 
"(2) a detailed explanation of the assistance to be provided; 
"(3) the estimated dollar amount of the assistance; and 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1257 
"(4) an explanation of how the assistance furthers United 
States national interests.". 
SEC. 327. OPPOSITION TO ASSISTANCE BY INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL 
INSTITUTIONS TO TERRORIST STATES. 
The International Financial Institutions Act (22 U.S.C. 262c 
et seq.) is amended by inserting after section 1620 the following 
new section: 
"SEC. 1621. OPPOSITION TO ASSISTANCE BY INTERNATIONAL FINAN-
CIAL INSTITUTIONS TO TERRORIST STATES. 
"(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of the Treasury shall instruct 
the United States executive director of each international financial 
institution to use the voice and vote of the United States to oppose 
any loan or other use of the funds of the respective institution 
to or for a country for which the Secretary of State has made 
a determination under section 6(j) of the Export Administration 
Act of 1979 (50 U.S.C. App. 2405(j)) or section 620A of the Foreign 
Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2371). 
"(b) DEFINITION.—For purposes of this section, the term 'inter-
national financial institution' includes— 
"(1) the International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop-
ment, the International Development Association, and the 
International Monetary Fund; 
"(2) wherever applicable, the Inter-American Bank, the 
Asian Development Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruc-
tion and Development, the African Development Bank, and 
the Afi:ican Development Fund; and 
"(3) any similar institution established after the date of 
enactment of this section.". 
SEC. 328. ANTITERRORISM ASSISTANCE. 
(a) FOREIGN ASSIST.\NCE ACT.—Section 573 of the Foreign 
Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2349aa-2) is amended— 
(1) in subsection (c), by striking "development and 
implementation of the antiterrorism assistance program under 
this chapter, including"; 
(2) by amending subsection (d) to read as follows: 
"(d)(1) Arms and ammunition may be provided under this chap-
ter only if they are directly related to antiterrorism assistance. 
"(2) The value (in terms of original acquisition cost) of all 
equipment and commodities provided under this chapter in any 
fiscal year shall not exceed 30 percent of the funds made available 
to carry out this chapter for that fiscal year,"; and 
(3) by striking subsection (f). 
(b) ASSISTANCE TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES TO PROCURE EXPLO-
SIVES DETECTION DEVICES AND OTHER COUNTERTERRORISM TECH-
NOLOGY.—(1) Subject to section 575(b), up to $3,000,000 in any 
fiscal year may be made available— 
(A) to procure explosives detection devices and other 
counterterrorism teclinology; and 
(B) for joint counterterrorism research and development 
projects on such technology conducted with NATO and major 
non-NATO allies under the auspices of the Technical Support 
Working Group of the Department of State. 
(2) As used in this subsection, the term "major non-NATO 
allies" means those countries designated as major non-NATO allies 
for purposes of section 2350a(i)(3) of title 10, United States Code. 
22 use 262p-4q-
22 use 
2349aa-10. 
110 STAT. 1258 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
22 use 
2349aa-10 note. 
President. 
22 use 2781. 
(c) ASSISTANCE TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES.—Notwithstanding any 
other provision of law (except section 620A of the Foreign Assistance 
Act of 1961) up to $1,000,000 in assistance may be provided to 
a foreign country for counterterrorism efforts in any fiscal year 
if— 
(1) such assistance is provided for the purpose of protecting 
the property of the United States Government or the life and 
property of any United States citizen, or furthering the 
apprehension of any individual involved in any act of terrorism 
against such property or persons; and 
(2) the appropriate committees of Congress are notified 
not later than 15 days prior to the provision of such assistance. 
SEC. 329. DEFINITION OF ASSISTANCE. 
For purposes of this title— 
(1) the term "assistance" means assistance to or for the 
benefit of a government of any country that is provided by 
grant, concessional sale, guaranty, insurance, or by any other 
means on terms more favorable than generally available in 
the applicable market, whether in the form of a loan, lease, 
credit, debt relief, or otherwise, including subsidies for exports 
to such country and favorable tariff treatment of articles that 
are the growth, product, or manufacture of such country; and 
(2) the term "assistance" does not include assistance of 
the type authorized under chapter 9 of part 1 of the Foreign 
Assistance Act of 1961 (relating to international disaster assist-
ance). 
SEC. 330. PROHIBITION ON ASSISTANCE UNDER ARMS EXPORT CON-
TROL ACT FOR COUNTRIES NOT COOPERATING FULLY 
WITH UNITED STATES ANTITERRORISM EFFORTS. 
Chapter 3 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2771 
et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following: 
"SEC. 
40A. 
TRANSACTIONS 
WITH 
COUNTRIES 
NOT FULLY 
COOPERATING WITH UNITED STATES ANTITERRORISM EFFORTS.— 
"(a) PROHIBITED TRANSACTIONS.—No defense article or defense 
service may be sold or licensed for export under this Act in a 
fiscal year to a foreign country that the President determines and 
certifies to Congress, by May 15 of the calendar year in which 
that fiscal year begins, is not cooperating fully with United States 
antiterrorism efforts. 
"(b) WAIVER.—The President may waive the prohibition set 
forth in subsection (a) with respect to a specific transaction if 
the President determines that the transaction is important to the 
national interests of the United States.". 
TITLE IV—TERRORIST AND CRIMINAL 
ALIEN REMOVAL AND EXCLUSION 
Subtitle A—^Removal of Alien Terrorists 
SEC. 401. ALIEN TERRORIST REMOVAL. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Immigration and Nationality Act is 
amended by adding at the end the following new title: 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1259 
**TITLE V—ALIEN TERRORIST REMOVAL 
PROCEDURES 
"SEC. 501. DEFINrnONS. 
8 USC 1531. 
"As used in this title— 
"(1) the term 'ahen terrorist' means any alien described 
in section 241(a)(4)(B); 
"(2) the term 'classified information' has the same meaning 
as in section 1(a) of the Classified Information Procedures 
Act(18U.S.C.App.); 
"(3) the term 'national security has the same meaning 
as in section 1(b) of the Classified Information Procedures 
Act (18 U.S.C. App.); 
"(4) the term 'removal court' means the court described 
in section 502; 
"(5) the term 'removal hearing' means the hearing described 
in section 504; and 
"(6) the term 'removal proceeding* means a proceeding 
under this title. 
"SEC. 502. ESTABUSHMENT OF REMOVAL COURT. 
8 USC 1532. 
"(a) DESIGNATION OF JUDGES.—The Chief Justice of the United 
States shall publicly designate 5 district court judges from 5 of 
the United States judicial circuits who shall constitute a court 
that shall have jurisdiction to conduct all removal proceedings. 
The Chief Justice may, in the Chief Justice's discretion, designate 
the same judges under this section as are designated pursuant 
to section 103(a) of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 
1978 (50 U.S.C. 1803(a)). 
"(b) TERMS.—^Each judge designated under subsection (a) shall 
serve for a term of 5 years and shall be eligible for redesignation, 
except that of the members first designated— 
"(1) 1 member shall serve for a term of 1 year; 
"(2) 1 member shall serve for a term of 2 years; 
"(3) 1 member shall serve for a term of 3 years; and 
"(4) 1 member shall serve for a term of 4 years. 
"(c) CHIEF JUDGE.— 
"(1) DESIGNATION.—^The Chief Justice shall publicly des-
ignate one of the judges of the removal court to be the chief 
judge of the removal court. 
"(2) RESPONSIBILITIES.—The chief judge shall— 
"(A) promulgate rules to facilitate the functioning of 
the removal court; and 
"(B) assign the consideration of cases to the various 
judges on the removal court. 
"(d) EXPEDITIOUS AND CONFIDENTIAL NATURE OF PROCEED-
INGS.—^The provisions of section 103(c) of the Foreign Intelligence 
Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1803(c)) shall apply to removal 
proceedings in the same manner as they apply to proceedings 
under that Act. 
"SEC. 503. REMOVAL COURT PROCEDURE. 
8 USC 1533. 
"(a) APPLICATION.— 
"(1) IN GENERAL.—In any case in which the Attorney Gen-
eral has classified information that an alien is an alien terrorist, 
the Attorney General may seek removal of the alien under 
110 STAT. 1260 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
this title by filing an application with the removal court that 
contains— 
"(A) the identity of the attorney in the Department 
of Justice making the application; 
"(B) a certification by the Attorney Greneral or the 
Deputy Attorney General that the application satisfies the 
criteria and requirements of this section; 
"(C) the identity of the alien for whom authorization 
for the removal proceeding is sought; and 
"(D) a statement of the facts and circumstances relied 
on by the Department of Justice to establish probable cause 
that— 
"(i) the alien is an alien terrorist; 
"(ii) the alien is physically present in the United 
States; and 
"(iii) with respect to such alien, removal under 
title II would pose a risk to the national security of 
the United States. 
"(2) FILING.—An application under this section shall be 
submitted ex parte and in camera, and shall be filed under 
seal with the removal court. 
"(b) RIGHT TO DISMISS.—^The Attorney General may dismiss 
a removal action under this title at any stage of the proceeding. 
"(c) CONSIDERATION OF APPLICATION.— 
"(1) BASIS FOR DECISION.—In determining whether to grant 
an application under this section, a single judge of the removal 
court may consider, ex parte and in camera, in addition to 
the information contained in the application— 
"(A) other information, including classified information, 
presented under oath or affirmation; and 
Records. 
"(B) testimony received in any hearing on the applica-
tion, of which a verbatim record shall be kept. 
"(2) APPROVAL OF ORDER.—The judge shall issue an order 
granting the application, if the judge finds that there is probable 
cause to believe that— 
' 
"(A) the alien who is the subject of the application 
has been correctly identified and is an alien terrorist 
present in the United States; and 
"(B) removal under title II would pose a risk to the 
national security of the United States. 
"(3) DENIAL OF ORDER.—If the judge denies the order 
requested in the application, the judge shall prepare a written 
statement of the reasons for the denial, taking all necessary 
precautions not to disclose any classified information contained 
in the Grovernment's application. 
"(d) EXCLUSIVE PROVISIONS.—If an order is issued under this 
section granting an application, the rights of the alien regarding 
removal and expulsion shall be governed solely by this title, and 
except as they are specifically referenced in this title, no other 
provisions of this Act shall be applicable. 
8 use 1534. 
"SEC. 504. REMOVAL HEARING. 
"(a) IN GENERAL.— 
"(1) EXPEDITIOUS HEARING.—In any case in which an 
application for an order is approved under section 503(c)(2), 
a removal hearing shall be conducted under this section as 
expeditiously as practicable for the purpose of determining 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1261 
whether the alien to whom the order pertains should be 
removed from the United States on the grounds that the alien 
is an alien terrorist. 
"(2) PUBLIC HEARING.—^The removal hearing shall be open 
to the public. 
"(b) NOTICE.—^An alien who is the subject of a removal hearing 
under this title shall be given reasonable notice of— 
"(1) the nature of the charges against the alien, including 
a general account of the basis for the charges; and 
"(2) the time and place at which the hearing will be held. 
"(c) RIGHTS IN HEARING.— 
"(1) RIGHT OF COUNSEL.—^The alien shall have a right to 
be present at such hearing and to be represented by counsel. 
Any alien financially unable to obtain counsel shall be entitled 
to have counsel assigned to represent the alien. Such counsel 
shall be appointed by the judge pursuant to the plan for furnish-
ing representation for any person financially unable to obtain 
adequate representation for the district in which the hearing 
is conducted, as provided for in section 3006A of title 18, 
United States Code. ^^1 provisions of that section shall apply 
and, for purposes of determining the maximum amount of com-
pensation, the matter shall be treated as if a felony was 
charged. 
"(2) INTRODUCTION OF EVIDENCE.—Subject to the limita-
tions in subsection (e), the alien sh£ill have a reasonable oppor-
tunity to introduce evidence on the gdien's own behalf. 
"(3) EXAMINATION OF WITNESSES.—Subject to the limita-
tions in subsection (e), the alien shall have a reasonable oppor-
tunity to examine the evidence against the alien and to cross-
examine any witness. 
"(4) RECORD.—A verbatim record of the proceedings and 
of all testimony and evidence offered or produced at such a 
hearing shall be kept. 
"(5) REMOVAL DECISION BASED ON EVIDENCE AT HEARING.— 
The decision of the judge regarding removEil shall be based 
only on that evidence introduced at the removal hearing. 
"(d) SUBPOENAS.— 
"(1) REQUEST.—^At any time prior to the conclusion of the 
removal hearing, either the alien or the Department of Justice 
may request the judge to issue a subpoena for the presence 
of a named witness (which subpoena may also command the 
person to whom it is directed to produce books, papers, docu-
ments, or other objects designated therein) upon a satisfactory 
showing that the presence of the witness is necessary for the 
determination of any material matter. Such a request may 
be made ex parte except that the judge shall inform the Depart-
ment of Justice of any request for a subpoena by the alien 
for a witness or material if compliance with such a subpoena 
would reveal classified evidence or the source of that evidence. 
The Department of Justice shall be given a reasonable oppor-
tunity to oppose the issuance of such a subpoena. 
"(2) PAYMENT FOR ATTENDANCE.—^If an application for a 
subpoena by the alien also makes a showing that the alien 
is financially unable to pay for the attendance of a witness 
so requested, the court may order the costs incurred by the 
process and the fees of the witness so subpoenaed to be paid 
from funds appropriated for the enforcement of title II. 
110 STAT. 1262 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
"(3) NATIONWIDE SERVICE.—A subpoena under this sub-
section may be served anywhere in the United States. 
"(4) WITNESS FEES,—^A witness subpoenaed under this sub-
section shall receive the same fees and expenses as a witness 
subpoenaed in connection with a civil proceeding in a court 
of the United States. 
"(5) No ACCESS TO CLASSIFIED INFORMATION.—^Nothing in 
this subsection is intended to allow an alien to have access 
to classified information. 
"(e) DISCOVERY.— 
"(1) IN GENERAL.—For purposes of this title— 
"(A) discovery of information derived pursuant to the 
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 
1801 et seq.), or otherwise collected for national security 
purposes, shall not be authorized if disclosure would 
present a risk to the national security of the United States; 
"(B) an alien subject to removal under this title shall 
not be entitled to suppress evidence that the alien alleges 
was unlawfully obtained; and 
"(C) section 3504 of title 18, United States Code, and 
section 1806(c) of title 50, United States Code, shall not 
apply if the Attorney General determines that public disclo-
sure would pose a risk to the national security of the 
United States because it would disclose classified informa-
tion or otherwise threaten the integrity of a pending inves-
tigation. 
"(2) PROTECTIVE ORDERS.—^Nothing in this title shall pre-
vent the United States from seeking protective orders and 
from asserting privileges ordinarily available to the United 
States to protect against the disclosure of classified information, 
including the invocation of the military and State secrets privi-
leges. 
"(3) TREATMENT OF CLASSIFIED INFORMATION.— 
"(A) USE.—The judge shall examine, ex parte and in 
camera, any evidence for which the Attorney General deter-
mines that public disclosure would pose a risk to the 
national security of the United States or to the security 
of any individual because it would disclose classified 
information. 
"(B) SUBMISSION.—^With respect to such information, 
the Government shall submit to the removal court an 
unclassified summary of the specific evidence that does 
not pose that risk. 
"(C) APPROVAL.—Not later than 15 days after submis-
sion, the judge shall approve the summary if the judge 
finds that it is sufficient to enable the alien to prepare 
a defense. The Government shall deliver to the alien a 
copy of the unclassified summary approved under this 
subparagraph. 
"(D) DISAPPROVAL.— 
"(i) IN GENERAL.—If an unclassified summary is 
not approved by the removal court under subparagraph 
(C), the Government shall be afforded 15 days to cor-
rect the deficiencies identified by the court and submit 
a revised unclassified summary. 
"(ii) REVISED SUMMARY.—If the revised unclassified 
summary is not approved by the court within 15 days 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1263 
of its submission pursuant to subparagraph (C), the 
removal hearing shall be terminated. 
"(f) ARGUMENTS.—^Following the receipt of evidence, the Grovem-
ment and the alien shall be given fair opportunity to present 
argument as to whether the evidence is sufficient to justify the 
removal of the alien. The Government shall open the argument. 
The alien shall be permitted to reply. The Government shall then 
be permitted to reply in rebuttal. 
"(g) BURDEN OF PROOF.—In the hearing, it is the Grovernment's 
burden to prove, by the preponderance of the evidence, that the 
alien is subject to removed because the alien is an alien terrorist. 
"(h) RULES OF EVIDENCE.—^The Federal Rules of Evidence shall 
not apply in a removal hearing. 
"(i) DETERMINATION OF DEPORTATION.—If the judge, after 
considering the evidence on the record as a whole, finds that the 
Government has met its burden, the judge shall order the alien 
removed and detained pending removal from the United States. 
If the alien was released pending the removal hearing, the judge 
shall order the Attorney General to take the alien into custody. 
"(j) WRITTEN ORDER.—^At the time of issuing a decision as 
to whether the alien shall be removed, the judge shall prepare 
a written order containing a statement of facts found and conclu-
sions of law. 
"(k) No RIGHT TO ANCILLARY RELIEF.—At no time shall the 
judge consider or provide for relief from removal based on— 
"(1) asylum under section 208; 
"(2) withholding of deportation under section 243(h); 
"(3) suspension of deportation under subsection (a) or (e) 
of section 244; 
"(4) adjustment of status under section 245; or 
"(5) registry under section 249. 
"SEC. 505. APPEALS. 
8USC1535. 
"(a) APPEAL OF D E N L ^ OP APPLICATION FOR REMOVAL PROCEED-
INGS.— 
"(1) IN GENERAL.—^The Attorney General may seek a review 
of the denial of an order sought in an application filed pursuant 
to section 503. The appeal shall be filed in the United States 
Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit by notice 
of appeal filed not later than 20 days after the date of such 
denial. 
"(2) RECORD ON APPEAL.—^The entire record of the proceed-
ing shall be transmitted to the Court of Appeals under seal, 
and the Court of Appeals shall hear the matter ex parte. 
"(3) STANDARD OF REVIEW.—^The Court of Appeals shall— 
"(A) review questions of law de novo; and 
"(B) set aside a finding of fact only if such finding 
was clearly erroneous. 
"(b) 
APPEAL OF DETERMINATION REGARDING SUMMARY OF 
CLASSIFIED INFORMATION.— 
"(1) IN GENERA]-,.—^The United States may take an inter-
locutory appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the 
District of Columbia Circuit of— 
"(A) any determination by the judge pursuant to section 
504(e)(3); or 
"(B) the refusal of the court to make the findings 
permitted by section 504(e)(3). 
110 STAT. 1264 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
"(2) RECORD.—In any interlocutory appeal taken pursuant 
to this subsection, the entire record, including any proposed 
order of the judge, any classified information and the summary 
of evidence, shall be transmitted to the Court of Appeals. The 
classified information shall be transmitted under seal. A ver-
batim record of such appeal shall be kept under seal in the 
event of any other judicial review. 
"(c) APPEAL OF DECISION IN HEARING.— 
"(1) IN GENERAL.—^The decision of the judge after a removal 
hearing may be appealed by either the alien or the Attorney 
General to the United States Court of Appeals for the District 
of Columbia Circuit by notice of appeal filed not later than 
20 days after the date on which the order is issued. The 
order shall not be enforced during the pendency of an appeal 
under this subsection. 
"(2) TRANSMITTAL OF RECORD.—In an appeal or review to 
the Court of Appeals pursuant to this subsection— 
"(A) the entire record shall be transmitted to the Court 
of Appeals; and 
"(B) information received in camera and ex parte, and 
any portion of the order that would reveal the substance 
or source of such information, shall be transmitted under 
seal. 
"(3) EXPEDITED APPELLATE PROCEEDING.—In an appeal or 
review to the Court of Appeals under this subsection— 
"(A) the appeal or review shall be heard as expedi-
tiously as practicable and the court may dispense with 
full briefing and hear the matter solely on the record of 
the judge of the removal court and on such briefs or motions 
as the court may require to be filed by the parties; 
"(B) the Court of Appeals shall issue an opinion not 
later than 60 days after the date of the issuance of the 
final order of the district court; 
"(C) the court shall review all questions of law de 
novo; and 
"(D) a finding of fact shall be accorded deference by 
the reviewing court and shall not be set aside unless such 
finding was clearly erroneous. 
"(d) CERTIORARI.—Following a decision by the Court of Appeals 
pursuant to subsection (c), the alien or the Attorney General may 
petition the Supreme Court for a writ of certiorari. In any such 
case, any information transmitted to the Court of Appeals under 
seal shall, if such information is also submitted to the Supreme 
Court, be transmitted under seal. Any order of removal shall not 
be stayed pending disposition of a writ of certiorari, except as 
provided by the Court of Appeals or a Justice of the Supreme 
Court. 
"(e) APPEAL OF DETENTION ORDER.— 
"(1) IN GENERAL.—Sections 3145 through 3148 of title 18, 
United States Code, pertaining to review and appeal of a release 
or detention order, penalties for failure to appear, penalties 
for an offense committed while on release, and sanctions for 
violation of a release condition shall apply to an alien to whom 
section 507(b)(1) applies. In appljdng the previous sentence— 
"(A) for purposes of section 3145 of such title an appeal 
shall be taken to the United States Court of Appeals for 
the District of Columbia Circuit; and 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1265 
"(B) for purposes of section 3146 of such title the alien 
shall be considered released in connection with a charge 
of an offense punishable by life imprisonment. 
"(2) No REVIEW OF CONTINUED DETENTION.—^The determina-
tions and actions of the Attorney Greneral pursuant to section 
507(b)(2)(C) shall not be subject to judicial review, including 
application for a writ of habeas corpus, except for a claim 
by the alien that continued detention violates the alien's rights 
under the Constitution. Jurisdiction over any such challenge 
shall lie exclusively in the United States Court of Appeals 
for the District of Columbia Circuit. 
"SEC. 506. CUSTODY AND RELEASE PENDING REMOVAL HEARING. 
8 USC 1536. 
"(a) UPON FILING APPLICATION.— 
"(1) IN GENERAL.—Subject to paragraphs (2) and (3), the 
Attorney General may— 
"(A) take into custody any alien with respect to whom 
an application under section 503 has been filed; and 
"(B) retain such an silien in custody in accordance 
with the procedures authorized by this title. 
"(2) SPECIAL RULES FOR PERMANENT RESIDENT ALIENS.— 
"(A) RELEASE HEARING.—^An alien lawfully admitted 
for permanent residence shall be entitled to a release hear-
ing before the judge assigned to hear the removal hearing. 
Such an alien shall be detained pending the removal hear-
ing, unless the alien demonstrates to the court that the 
alien— 
"(i) is a person lawfully admitted for permanent 
residence in the United States; 
"(ii) if released upon such terms and conditions 
as the court may prescribe (including the posting of 
any monetary amount), is not likely to flee; and 
"(iii) will not endanger national security, or the 
safety of any person or the community, if released. 
"(B) INFORMATION CONSIDERED.—^The judge may con-
sider classified information submitted in camera and ex 
parte in making a determination whether to release an 
alien pending the removal hearing. 
"(3) RELEASE IF ORDER DENIED AND NO REVIEW SOUGHT.— 
"(A) IN GENERAL.—Subject to subparagraph (B), if a 
judge of the removal court denies the order sought in 
an application filed pursuant to section 503, and the Attor-
ney GenerEil does not seek review of such denial, the alien 
shall be released from custody. 
"(B) APPLICATION OF REGULAR PROCEDURES.—Subpara-
graph (A) shall not prevent the arrest and detention of 
the alien pursuant to title II. 
"(b) 
CONDITIONAL RELEASE IF ORDER DENIED AND REVIEW 
SOUGHT.— 
"(1) IN GENERAI..—If a judge of the removal court denies 
the order sought in an application filed pursuant to section 
503 and the Attorney Greneral seeks review of such denial, 
the judge shall release the alien from custody subject to the 
least restrictive condition, or combination of conditions, of 
release described in section 3142(b) and clauses (i) through 
(xiv) of section 3142(c)(1)(B) of title 18, United States Code, 
that— 
110 STAT. 1266 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
"(A) will reasonably assure the appearance of the alien 
at any future proceeding pursuant to this title; and 
"(B) will not endanger the safety of any other person 
or the community. 
"(2) N o RELEASE FOR CERTAIN ALIENS.—If the judge fmds 
no such condition or combination of conditions, as described 
in paragraph (1), the alien shall remain in custody until the 
completion of any appeal authorized by this title. 
8 use 1537. 
"SEC. 507. CUSTODY AND RELEASE AFTER REMOVAL HEARING. 
"(a) RELEASE.— 
"(1) IN GENERAL.—Subject to paragraph (2), if the judge 
decides that an alien should not be removed, the alien shall 
be released from custody. 
"(2) CUSTODY PENDING APPEAL.—If the Attorney General 
takes an appeal from such decision, the alien shall remain 
in custody, subject to the provisions of section 3142 of title 
18, United States Code. 
"(b) CUSTODY AND REMOVAL.— 
"(1) CUSTODY.—If the judge decides that an alien shall 
be removed, the alien shall be detained pending the outcome 
of any appeal. After the conclusion of any judicial review thereof 
which affirms the removal order, the Attorney General shall 
retain the alien in custody and remove the alien to a country 
specified under paragraph (2). 
"(2) REMOVAL.— 
"(A) IN GENERAL.—^The removal of an alien shall be 
to any country which the alien shall designate if such 
designation does not, in the judgment of the Attorney Gen-
eral, in consultation with the Secretary of State, impair 
the obligation of the United States under any treaty 
(including a treaty pertaining to extradition) or otherwise 
adversely affect the foreign policy of the United States. 
"(B) ALTERNATE COUNTRIES.—If the alien refuses to 
designate a country to which the alien wishes to be removed 
or if the Attorney General, in consultation with the Sec-
retary of State, determines that removal of the alien to 
the country so designated would impair a treaty obligation 
or adversely affect United States foreign policy, the Attor-
ney General shall cause the alien to be removed to any 
country willing to receive such alien. 
"(C) CONTINUED DETENTION.—If no country is willing 
to receive such an alien, the Attorney General may, not-
withstanding any other provision of law, retain the alien 
in custody. The Attorney General, in coordination with 
the Secretary of State, shall make periodic efforts to reach 
agreement with other countries to accept such an alien 
and at least every 6 months shall provide to the attorney 
representing the alien at the removal hearing a written 
report on the Attorney General's efforts. Any alien in cus-
tody pursuant to this subparagraph shall be released from 
custody solely at the discretion of the Attorney General 
and subject to such conditions as the Attorney General 
shall deem appropriate. 
"(D) FINGERPRINTING.—Before an alien is removed from 
the United States pursuant to this subsection, or pursuant 
to an order of exclusion because such alien is excludable 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1267 
under section 212(a)(3)(B), the alien shall be photographed 
and fingerprinted, and shall be advised of the provisions 
of section 276(b). 
"(c) CONTINUED DETENTION PENDING TRIAL.— 
"(1) DELAY IN REMOVAL.—The Attorney General may hold 
in abeyance the removal of an alien who has been ordered 
removed, pursuant to this title, to allow the trial of such alien 
on any Federal or State criminal charge and the service of 
any sentence of confinement resulting from such a trial. 
"(2) MAINTENANCE OF CUSTODY.—Pending the commence-
ment of any service of a sentence of confinement by an alien 
described in paragrapih (1), such an alien shall remain in the 
custody of the Attorney General, unless the Attorney General 
determines that temporary release of the alien to the custody 
of State authorities for confinement in a State facility is appro-
priate and would not endanger national security or public 
safety. 
"(3) SUBSEQUENT REMOVAL.—Following the completion of 
a sentence of confinement by an alien described in paragraph 
(1), or following the completion of State criminal proceedings 
which do not result in a sentence of confinement of an alien 
released to the custody of State authorities pursuant to para-
graph (2), such an alien shall be returned to the custody of 
the Attorney General who shall proceed to the removal of 
the alien under this title. 
"(d) APPLICATION OF CERTAIN PROVISIONS RELATING TO ESCAPE 
OF PRISONERS.—For purposes of sections 751 and 752 of title 18, 
United States Code, an alien in the custody of the Attorney General 
pursuant to this title shall be subject to the penalties provided 
by those sections in relation to a person committed to the custody 
of the Attorney General by virtue of an arrest on a charge of 
a felony. 
"(e) RIGHTS OF ALIENS IN CUSTODY.— 
"(1) FAMILY AND ATTORNEY VISITS.—^An alien in the custody 
of the Attorney General pursuant to this title shall be given 
reasonable opportunity, as determined by the Attorney General, 
to communicate with and receive visits from members of the 
alien's family, and to contact, retain, and communicate with 
an attorney. 
"(2) DIPLOMATIC CONTACT.—^An alien in the custody of the 
Attorney General pursuant to this title shall have the right 
to contact an appropriate diplomatic or consular official of the 
alien's country of citizenship or nationality or of any country 
providing representation services therefore. The Attorney Gen-
eral shall notify the appropriate embassy, mission, or consular 
office of the alien's detention.". 
(b) JURISDICTION OVER EXCLUSION ORDERS FOR ALIEN TERROR-
ISTS.—Section 106(b) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 
U.S.C. 1105a(b)) is amended by adding at the end the following 
sentence: "Jurisdiction to review an order entered pursuant to the 
provisions of section 235(c) concerning an alien excludable under 
section 212(a)(3)(B) shall rest exclusively in the United States Court 
of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.". 
(c) CRIMINAL PENALTY FOR REENTRY OF ALIEN TERRORISTS.— 
Section 276(b) of such Act (8 U.S.C. 1326(b)) is amended— 
(1) by striking "or" at the end of paragraph (1), 
110 STAT. 1268 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
(2) by striking the period at the end of paragraph (2) 
and inserting "; or", and 
(3) by inserting after paragraph (2) the following new para-
graph: 
"(3) who has been exc^aded from the United States pursu-
ant to section 235(c) because the alien was excludable under 
section 212(a)(3)(B) or who has been removed from the United 
States pursuant to the provisions of title V, and who thereafter, 
without the permission of the Attorney General, enters the 
United States, or attempts to do so, shall be fined under title 
18, United States Code, and imprisoned for a period of 10 
years, which sentence shall not run concurrently with any 
other sentence.". 
(d) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The Immigration and Nationality 
Act is amended by adding at the end of the table of contents 
the following: 
"TITLE V—ALIEN TERRORIST REMOVAL PROCEDURES 
"Sec. 501. Definitions. 
"Sec. 502. Establishment of removal court. 
"Sec. 503. Removal court procedure. 
"Sec. 504. Removal hearing. 
"Sec. 505. Appeals. 
"Sec. 506. Custody and release pending removal hearing. 
"Sec. 507. Custody and release after removal hearing.". 
(e) ELIMINATION OF CUSTODY REVIEW BY HABEAS CORPUS.— 
Section 106(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 
1105a(a)) is amended— 
(1) in paragraph (8), by adding "and" at the end; 
(2) in paragraph (9), by striking "; and" at the end and 
inserting a period; and 
(3) by striking paragraph (10). 
8 use 1105a 
(f) EFFECTIVE DATE.—^The amendments made by this section 
note. 
shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act and shall 
apply to all aliens without regard to the date of entry or attempted 
entry into the United States. 
Subtitle B—Exclusion of Members and 
Representatives of Terrorist Organizations 
SEC. 411. EXCLUSION OF ALIEN TERRORISTS. 
Section 212(a)(3)(B) of the Immigration and Nationality Act 
(8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(3)(B)) is amended— 
(1) in clause (i)— 
(A) in subclause (I), by striking "or" at the end; 
(B) in subclause (II), by inserting "is engaged in or" 
after "believe,"; and 
(C) by inserting after subclause (II) the following: 
"(III) is a representative (as defined in clause 
(iv)) of a foreign terrorist organization, as des-
ignated by the Secretary under section 219, or 
"(IV) is a member of a foreign terrorist 
organization, as designated by the Secretary under 
section 219,"; and 
(2) by adding at the end the following: 
"(iv) REPRESENTATIVE DEFINED.—^As used in this 
paragraph, the term 'representative' includes an officer. 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1269 
official, or spokesman of an organization, and any per-
son who directs, counsels, commands, or induces an 
organization or its members to engage in terrorist 
activity.". 
SEC. 412. WAIVER AUTHORITY CONCERNING NOTICE OF DENIAL OF 
APPLICATION FOR VISAS. 
Section 212(b) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 
1182(b)) is amended— 
(1) by redesignating paragraphs (1) and (2) as subpara-
graphs (A) and (B), respectively, and indenting each new 
subparagraph 2 ems to the right; 
(2) by striking "If and inserting "(1) Subject to paragraphs 
(2) and (3), if; and 
(3) by adding at the end the following new paragraphs: 
"(2) The Secretary of State may waive the requirements 
of paragraph (1) with respect to a particular alien or any 
class or classes of excludable aliens. 
"(3) Paragraph (1) does not apply to any alien excludable 
under paragraph (2) or (3) of subsection (a).". 
SEC. 413. DENIAL OF OTHER RELIEF FOR ALIEN TERRORISTS. 
(a) WITHHOLDING OF DEPORTATION.—Section 243(h)(2) of the 
Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1253(h)(2)) is amended 
by adding at the end the following new sentence: "For purposes 
of subparagraph (D), an alien who is described in section 
241(a)(4)(B) shall be considered to be an alien for whom there 
are reasonable grounds for regarding as a danger to the security 
ofthe United States.". 
(b) SUSPENSION OF DEPORTATION.—Section 244(a) of such Act 
(8 U.S.C. 1254(a)) is amended by striking "section 241(a)(4)(D)" 
and inserting "subparagraph (B) or (D) of section 241(a)(4)". 
(c) VOLUNTARY DEPARTURE.—Section 244(e)(2) of such Act (8 
U.S.C. 
1254(e)(2)) is amended 
by inserting "under 
section 
241(a)(4)(B) or" after "who is deportable". 
(d) ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS.—Section 245(c) of such Act (8 
U.S.C. 1255(c)) is amended— 
(1) by striking "or" before "(5)", and 
(2) by inserting before the period at the end the following: 
", or (6) an alien who is deportable under section 241(a)(4)(B)". 
(e) REGISTRY.—Section 249(d) of such Act (8 U.S.C. 1259(d)) 
is amended by inserting "and is not deportable under section 
241(a)(4)(B)" after "ineligible to citizenship". 
(f) WAIVER.—Section 243(h) of such Act (8 U.S.C. 1253(h)) is 
amended by adding at the end the following: 
"(3) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, paragraph 
(1) shall apply to any alien if the Attorney General determines, 
in the discretion of the Attorney General, that— 
"(A) such alien's life or freedom would be threatened, in 
the country to which such alien would be deported or returned, 
on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a 
particular social group, or political opinion; and 
"(B) the application of paragraph (1) to such alien is nec-
essary to ensure compliance with the 1967 United Nations 
Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees.". 
(g) EFFECTIVE DATE.—^The amendments made by this section 
8 use 1253 note, 
shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act and 
110 STAT. 1270 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
shall apply to applications filed before, on, or after such date if 
final action has not been taken on them before such date. 
SEC. 414. EXCLUSION OF ALIENS WHO HAVE NOT BEEN INSPECTED 
AND ADMITTED. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 241 of the Immigration and National-
ity Act (8 U.S.C. 1251) is amended by adding at the end the 
following new subsection: 
"(d) Notwithstanding any other provision of this title, an alien 
found in the United States who has not been admitted to the 
United States after inspection in accordance with section 235 is 
deemed for purposes of this Act to be seeking entry and admission 
to the United States and shall be subject to examination and 
exclusion by the Attorney General under chapter 4. In the case 
of such an alien the Attorney General shall provide by regulation 
an opportunity for the alien to establish that the alien was so 
admitted.". 
8 use 1251 note. 
(b) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendment made by subsection (a) 
shall take effect on the first day of the first month beginning 
more than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act. 
Subtitle C—Modification to Asylum 
Procedures 
SEC. 421. DENIAL OF ASYLUM TO ALIEN TERRORISTS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 208(a) of the Immigration and 
Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1158(a)) is amended by adding at the 
end the following: "The Attorney General may not grant an alien 
asylum if the Attorney General determines that the alien is exclud-
able under subclause (I), (II), or (III) of section 212(a)(3)(B)(i) or 
deportable under section 241(a)(4)(B), unless the Attorney General 
determines, in the discretion of the Attorney General, that there 
are not reasonable grounds for regarding the alien as a danger 
to the security of the United States.". 
8 use 1158 note. 
(b) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendment made by subsection (a) 
shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act and 
apply to asylum determinations made on or after such date. 
SEC. 422. INSPECTION AND EXCLUSION BY IMMIGRATION OFFICERS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Subsection (b) of section 235 of the Immigra-
tion and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1225) is amended to read as 
follows: 
"(b)(1)(A) If the examining immigration officer determines that 
an alien seeking entry— 
"(i) is excludable under section 212(a)(6)(C) or 212(a)(7), 
and 
"(ii) does not indicate either an intention to apply for asy-
lum under section 208 or a fear of persecution, 
the officer shall order the alien excluded from the United States 
without further hearing or review. 
"(B) The examining immigration officer shall refer for an inter-
view by an asylum officer under subparagraph (C) any alien who 
is excludable under section 212(a)(6)(C) or 212(a)(7) and has 
indicated an intention to apply for asylum under section 208 or 
a fear of persecution. 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1271 
"(C)(i) An asylum officer shall promptly conduct interviews 
of aliens referred under subparagraph (B). 
"(ii) If the officer determines at the time of the interview 
that an alien has a credible fear of persecution (as defined in 
clause (v)), the alien shall be detained for an asylum hearing 
before an asylum officer under section 208. 
"(iii)(I) Subject to subclause (II), if the officer determines that 
the alien does not have a credible fear of persecution, the officer 
shall order the alien excluded from the United States without 
further hearing or review. 
"(II) The Attorney General shall promulgate regulations to pro- Regulations. 
vide for the immediate review by a supervisory asylum office at 
the port of entry of a determination under subclause (I). 
"(iv) The Attorney General shall provide information concerning 
the asylum interview described in this subparagraph to aliens who 
may be eligible. An alien who is eligible for such interview may 
consult with a person or persons of the alien's choosing prior to 
the interview or any review thereof, according to regulations pre-
scribed by the Attorney General. Such consultation shall be at 
no expense to the Government and shall not delay the process. 
"(v) For purposes of this subparagraph, the term 'credible fear 
of persecution' means (I) that it is more probable than not that 
the statements made by the alien in support of the alien's claim 
are true, and (II) that there is a significant possibility, in light 
of such statements and of such other facts as are known to the 
officer, that the alien could establish eligibility for asylum under 
section 208. 
"(D) As used in this paragraph, the term 'asylum officer' means 
an immigration officer who— 
"(i) has had professional training in country conditions, 
asylum law, and interview techniques; and 
"(ii) is supervised by an officer who meets the condition 
in clause (i). 
"(E)(i) An exclusion order entered in accordance with subpara-
graph (A) is not subject to administrative appeal, except that the 
Attorney General shall provide by regulation for prompt review 
of such an order against an alien who claims under oath, or as 
permitted under penalty of perjury under section 1746 of title 
28, United States Code, jifter having been warned of the penalties 
for falsely making such claim under such conditions, to have been 
lawfully admitted for permanent residence. 
"(ii) In any action brought against an alien under section 275(a) 
or section 276, the court, shall not have jurisdiction to hear any 
claim attacking the validity of an order of exclusion entered under 
subparagraph (A). 
"(2)(A) Except as provided in subparagraph (B), if the examining 
immigration officer determines that an alien seeking entry is not 
clearly and beyond a doubt entitled to enter, the alien shsdl be 
detained for a hearing before a special inquiry officer. 
"(B) The provisions of subparagraph (A) shall not apply— 
"(i) to an alien crewman, 
"(ii) to an alien described in paragraph (1)(A) or (l)(C)(iii)(I), 
or 
"(iii) if the conditions described in section 273(d) exist. 
"(3) The decision of the examining immigration officer, if favor-
able to the admission of any alien, shall be subject to challenge 
by any other immigration officer and such challenge shall operate 
> - 4 : QL 3 Part 2 
110 STAT. 1272 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
to take the alien whose privilege to enter is so challenged, before 
a special inquiry officer for a hearing on exclusion of the alien.". 
(b) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—Section 237(a) of such Act (8 
U.S.C. 1227(a)) is amended— 
(1) in the second sentence of paragraph (1), by striking 
"Deportation" and inserting "Subject to section 235(b)(1), depor-
tation", and 
(2) in the first sentence of paragraph (2), by striking "If 
and inserting "Subject to section 235(b)(1), if. 
8 use 1225 note. 
(c) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by this section 
shall take effect on the first day of the first month that begins 
more than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act. 
SEC. 423. JUDICIAL REVIEW. 
(a) PRECLUSION OF JUDICIAL REVIEW.—Section 106 of the 
Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1105a) is amended— 
(1) by amending the section heading to read as follows: 
"JUDICIAL REVIEW OF ORDERS OF DEPORTATION AND EXCLUSION, AND 
SPECIAL EXCLUSION"; and 
(2) by adding at the end the following new subsection: 
"(e)(1) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, and except 
as provided in this subsection, no court shall have jurisdiction 
to review any individual determination, or to entertain any other 
cause or claim, arising from or relating to the implementation 
or operation of section 235(b)(1). Regardless of the nature of the 
action or claim, or the party or parties bringing the action, no 
court shall have jurisdiction or authority to enter declaratory, 
injunctive, or other equitable relief not specifically authorized in 
this subsection nor to certify a class under Rule 23 of the Federal 
Rules of Civil Procedure. 
"(2) Judicial review of any cause, claim, or individual deter-
mination covered under paragraph (1) shall only be available in 
habeas corpus proceedings, and shall be limited to determinations 
of— 
"(A) whether the petitioner is an alien, if the petitioner 
makes a showing that the petitioner's claim of United States 
nationality is not frivolous; 
"(B) whether the petitioner was ordered specially excluded 
under section 235(b)(1)(A); and 
"(C) whether the petitioner can prove by a preponderance 
of the evidence that the petitioner is an alien lawfully admitted 
for permanent residence and is entitled to such review as 
is provided by the Attorney General pursuant to section 
235(b)(l)(E)(i). 
"(3) In any case where the court determines that an alien 
was not ordered specially excluded, or was not properly subject 
to special exclusion under the regulations adopted by the Attorney 
General, the court may order no relief beyond requiring that the 
alien receive a hearing in accordance with section 236, or a deter-
mination in accordance with section 235(c) or 273(d). 
"(4) In determining whether an alien has been ordered specially 
excluded, the court's inquiry shall be limited to whether such an 
order was in fact issued and whether it relates to the petitioner.". 
(b) PRECLUSION OF COLLATERAL ATTACKS.—Section 235 of such 
Act (8 U.S.C. 1225) is amended by adding at the end the following 
new subsection: 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1273 
"(d) In any action brought for the assessment of penalties 
for improper entry or re-entry of an alien under section 275 or 
section 276, no court shall have jurisdiction to hear claims collat-
erally attacking the validity of orders of exclusion, special exclusion, 
or deportation entered under this section or sections 236 and 242.". 
(c) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—^The item relating to section 106 
in the table of contents of such Act is amended to read as follows: 
"Sec. 106. Judicial review of orders of deportation and exclusion, and special exclu-
sion.". 
Subtitle D—Criminal Alien Procedural 
Improvements 
SEC. 431. ACCESS TO CERTAIN CONFIDENTIAL IMMIGRATION AND 
NATURALIZATION FILES THROUGH COURT ORDER. 
(a) CONFIDENTIALITY OF INFORMATION.—Section 245A(c)(5) of 
the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1255a(c)(5)) is 
amended— 
(1) by inserting "(i)" after "except the Attorney General"; 
and 
(2) by inserting after 'Title 13" the following: "and (ii) 
may authorize an application to a Federal court of competent 
jurisdiction for, and a judge of such court may grant, an order 
authorizing disclosure of information contained in the applica-
tion of the alien to be used— 
"(I) for identification of the alien when there is reason 
to believe that the alien has been killed or severely 
incapacitated; or 
"(II) for criminal law enforcement purposes against 
the alien whose application is to be disclosed.". 
(b) APPLICATIONS FOR ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS.—Section 210(b) 
of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1160(b)) is 
amended— 
(1) in paragraph (5), by inserting ", except as allowed 
by a court order issued pursuant to paragraph (6) of this 
subsection" after "consent of the alien"; and 
(2) in paragraph (6), by inserting the following sentence 
before "Anyone who uses": "Notwithstanding the preceding sen-
tence, the Attorney General may authorize an application to 
a Federal court of competent jurisdiction for, and a judge of 
such court may grant an order authorizing, disclosure of 
information contained in the application of the alien to be 
used for identification of the alien when there is reason to 
believe that the alien has been killed or severely incapacitated, 
or for criminal law enforcement purposes against the alien 
whose application is to be disclosed or to discover information 
leading to the location or identity of the alien.". 
SEC. 432. CRIMINAL ALIEN IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM. 
Section 130002(a) of the Violent Crime Control and Law 
Enforcement Act of 1994 (Public Law 103-322) is amended to 8 USC1252 note. 
read as follows: 
"(a) OPERATION AND PURPOSE.—The Commissioner of Immigra-
tion and Naturalization shall, under the authority of section 
242(a)(3)(A) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 
1252(a)(3)(A)), operate a criminal alien identification system. The 
110 STAT. 1274 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
criminal alien identification system shall be used to assist Federal, 
State, and local law enforcement agencies in identifying and locating 
aliens who may be subject to deportation by reason of their convic-
tion of aggravated felonies.". 
SEC. 
433. ESTABLISfflNG 
CERTAIN 
ALIEN 
SMUGGLING-RELATED 
CRIMES AS RICO-PREDICATE OFFENSES. 
Section 1961(1) of title 18, United States Code, is amended— 
(1) by inserting "section 1028 (relating to fraud and related 
activity in connection with identification documents) if the act 
indictable under section 1028 was committed for the purpose 
of financial gain," before "section 1029"; 
(2) by inserting "section 1542 (relating to false statement 
in application and use of passport) if the act indictable under 
section 1542 was committed for the purpose of financial gain, 
section 1543 (relating to forgery or false use of passport) if 
the act indictable under section 1543 was committed for the 
purpose of financial gain, section 1544 (relating to misuse of 
passport) if the act indictable under section 1544 was committed 
for the purpose of financial gain, section 1546 (relating to 
fraud and misuse of visas, permits, and other documents) if 
the act indictable under section 1546 was committed for the 
purpose of financial gain, sections 1581-1588 (relating to peon-
age and slavery)," after "section 1513 (relating to retaliating 
against a witness, victim, or an informant),"; 
(3) by striking "or" before "(E)"; and 
(4) by inserting before the period at the end the following: 
", or (F) any act which is indictable under the Immigration 
and Nationality Act, section 274 (relating to bringing in and 
harboring certain aliens), section 277 (relating to aiding or 
assisting certain aliens to enter the United States), or section 
278 (relating to importation of alien for immoral purpose) if 
the act indictable under such section of such Act was committed 
for the purpose of financial gain". 
SEC. 434. AUTHORITY FOR ALIEN SMUGGLING INVESTIGATIONS. 
Section 2516(1) of title 18, United States Code, is amended— 
(1) by striking "and" at the end of paragraph (n), 
(2) by redesignating paragraph (o) as paragraph (p), and 
(3) by inserting after paragraph (n) the following new para-
graph: 
"(o) a felony violation of section 1028 (relating to production 
of false identification documents), section 1542 (relating to false 
statements in passport applications), section 1546 (relating to 
fraud and misuse of visas, permits, and other documents) of 
this title or a violation of section 274, 277, or 278 of the 
Immigration and Nationality Act (relating to the smuggling 
of aliens); or". 
SEC. 435. EXPANSION OF CRITERIA FOR DEPORTATION FOR CRIMES 
OF MORAL TURPITUDE. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 241(a)(2)(A)(i)(II) of the Immigration 
and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1251(a)(2)(A)(i)(II)) is amended to 
read as follows: 
"(II) is convicted of a crime for which a sen-
tence of one year or longer may be imposed,". 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1275 
(b) EFFECTIVE DATE.—^The amendment made by subsection (a) 8 use I25i note, 
shall apply to aliens against whom deportation proceedings are 
initiated after the date of the enactment of this Act. 
SEC. 436. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 
(a) USE OF ELECTRONIC AND TELEPHONIC MEDIA IN DEPORTA-
TION HEARINGS.—^The second sentence of section 242(b) of the 
Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1252(b)) is amended 
by inserting before the period the following: "; except that nothing 
in this subsection shall preclude the Attorney General from 
authorizing proceedings by electronic or telephonic media (with 
the consent of the alien) or, where waived or agreed to by the 
parties, in the absence of the alien". 
(b) CODIFICATION.— 
(1) Section 242(i) of such Act (8 U.S.C. 1252(i)) is amended 
by adding at the end the following: "Nothing in this subsection 
shall be construed to create any substantive or procedural 
right or benefit that is legally enforceable by any party against 
the United States or its agencies or officers or any other per-
son. . 
(2) Section 225 of the Immigration and Nationality Tech-
nical Corrections Act of 1994 (Public Law 103-416) is amended 
8 USC llOl note, 
by striking "and nothing in" and all that follows through 
"1252(i))". 
(3) The amendments made by this subsection shall take 
Effective date. 
effect as if included in the enactment of the Immigration and 
8 USC 1252 note. 
Nationality Technical Corrections Act of 1994 (Public Law 103-
416). 
SEC. 437. INTERIOR REPATRIATION PROGRAM. 
8 USC 1253 note. 
Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this 
Act, the Attorney General and the Commissioner of Immigration 
and Naturalization shall develop and implement a program in which 
aliens who previously have illegally entered the United States not 
less than 3 times and are deported or returned to a country contig-
uous to the United States will be returned to locations not less 
than 500 kilometers from that country's border with the United 
States. 
SEC. 438. DEPORTATION OF NONVIOLENT OFFENDERS PRIOR TO 
COMPLETION OF SENTENCE OF IMPRISONMENT. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 242(h) of the Immigration and 
Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1252(h)) is amended to read as follows: 
"(h)(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), an alien sentenced 
to imprisonment may not be deported until such imprisonment 
has been terminated by the release of the alien from confinement. 
Parole, supervised release, probation, or possibility of rearrest or 
further confinement in respect of the same offense shall not be 
a ground for deferral of deportation. 
"(2) The Attorney General is authorized to deport an alien 
in accordance with applicable procedures under this Act prior to 
the completion of a sentence of imprisonment— 
"(A) in the case of an alien in the custody of the Attorney 
General, if the Attorney General determines that (i) the alien 
is confined pursuant to a final conviction for a nonviolent 
offense (other than alien smuggling), and (ii) such deportation 
of the alien is appropriate and in the best interest of the 
United States; or 
110 STAT. 1276 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
"(B) in the case of an alien in the custody of a State 
(or a poHtical subdivision of a State), if the chief State official 
exercising authority with respect to the incarceration of the 
alien determines that (i) the alien is confined pursuant to 
a final conviction for a nonviolent offense (other than alien 
smuggling), (ii) such deportation is appropriate and in the 
best interest of the State, and (iii) submits a written request 
to the Attorney General that such alien be so deported. 
"(3) Any alien deported pursuant to this subsection shall be 
notified of the penalties under the laws of the United States relating 
to the reentry of deported aliens, particularly the expanded pen-
alties for aliens deported under paragraph (2).". 
(b) REENTRY OF ALIEN DEPORTED PRIOR TO COMPLETION OF 
TERM OF IMPRISONMENT.—Section 276 of the Immigration and 
Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1326) is amended by adding at the end 
the following new subsection: 
"(c) Any alien deported pursuant to section 242(h)(2) who 
enters, attempts to enter, or is at any time found in, the United 
States (unless the Attorney General has expressly consented to 
such alien's reentry) shall be incarcerated for the remainder of 
the sentence of imprisonment which was pending at the time of 
deportation without any reduction for parole or supervised release. 
Such alien shall be subject to such other penalties relating to 
the reentry of deported aliens as may be available under this 
section or any other provision of law.". 
8 u s e 1252c. 
SEC. 439. AUTHORIZING STATE AND LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFI-
CIALS TO ARREST AND DETAIN CERTAIN ILLEGAL 
ALIENS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Notwithstanding any other provision of law, 
to the extent permitted by relevant State and local law. State 
and local law enforcement officials are authorized to arrest and 
detain an individual who— 
(1) is an alien illegally present in the United States; and 
(2) has previously been convicted of a felony in the United 
States and deported or left the United States after such convic-
tion, 
but only after the State or local law enforcement officials obtain 
appropriate confirmation from the Immigration and Naturalization 
Service of the status of such individual and only for such period 
of time as may be required for the Service to take the individual 
into Federal custody for purposes of deporting or removing the 
alien from the United States. 
(b) COOPERATION.—The Attorney General shall cooperate with 
the States to assure that information in the control of the Attorney 
General, including information in the National Crime Information 
Center, that would assist State and local law enforcement officials 
in carrying out duties under subsection (a) is made available to 
such officials. 
SEC. 440. CRIMINAL ALIEN REMOVAL. 
(a) JUDICIAL REVIEW.—Section 106 of the Immigration and 
Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1105a(a)(10)) is amended to read as fol-
lows: 
"(10) Any final order of deportation against an alien who 
is deportable by reason of having committed a criminal offense 
covered in section 241(a)(2) (A)(iii), (B), (C), or (D), or any 
offense covered by section 241(a)(2)(A)(ii) for which both predi-
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1277 
cate offenses are covered by section 241(a)(2)(A)(i), shall not 
be subject to review by any court.". 
(b) FINAL ORDER OF DEPORTATION DEFINED.—Section 101(a) 
of such Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)) is amended by adding at the end 
the following new paragraph: 
"(47)(A) The term 'order of deportation' means the order of 
the special inquiry officer, or other such administrative officer to 
whom the Attorney General has delegated the responsibility for 
determining whether an alien is deportable, concluding that the 
alien is deportable or ordering deportation. 
"(B) The order described under subparagraph (A) shall become 
jfinal upon the earlier of— 
"(i) a determination by the Board of Immigration Appeals 
affirming such order; or 
"(ii) the expiration of the period in which the alien is 
permitted to seek review of such order by the Board of Immigra-
tion Appeals.". 
(c) ARREST AND CUSTODY.—Section 242(a)(2) of such Act is 8 use 1252. 
amended— 
(1) in subparagraph (A)— 
(A) by striking "(2)(A) The Attorney" and inserting 
"(2) The Attorney"; 
(B) by striking "an aggravated felony upon" and all 
that follows through "of the same offense)" and inserting 
"any criminal offense covered in section 241(a)(2) (A)(iii), 
(B), (C), or (D), or any offense covered by section 
241(a)(2)(A)(ii) for which both predicate offenses are covered 
by section 241(a)(2)(A)(i), upon release of the alien from 
incarceration, shall deport the alien as expeditiously as 
possible"; and 
(C) by striking "but subject to subparagraph (B)"; and 
(2) by striking subparagraph (B). 
(d) CLASSES OF EXCLUDABLE ALIENS.—Section 212(c) of such 
Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(c)) is amended— 
(1) by striking "The first sentence of this" and inserting 
'This"; and 
(2) by striking "has been convicted of one or more aggra-
vated felonies" and all that follows through the end and insert-
ing "is deportable by reason of having committed any criminal 
offense covered in section 241(a)(2) (A)(iii), (B), (C), or (D), 
or any offense covered by section 241(a)(2)(A)(ii) for which 
both predicate offenses are covered by section 241(a)(2)(A)(i).". 
(e) AGGRAVATED FELONY DEFINED.—Section 101(a)(43) of the 
Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(43)), as amended 
by section 222 of the Immigration and Nationality Technical Correc-
tions Act of 1994 (Public Law 103-416), is amended— 
(1) in subparagraph (J), by inserting ", or an offense 
described in section 1084 (if it is a second or subsequent offense) 
or 1955 of that title (relating to gambling offenses)," after 
"corrupt organizations)"; 
(2) in subparagraph (K)— 
(A) by striking "or" at the end of clause (i), 
(B) by redesignating clause (ii) as clause (iii), and 
(C) by ins€jrting after clause (i) the following new 
clause: 
"(ii) is described in section 2421, 2422, or 2423 
of title 18, United States Code (relating to transpor-
110 STAT. 1278 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
tation for the purpose of prostitution) for commercial 
advantage; or"; 
(3) by amending subparagraph (N) to read as follows: 
"(N) an offense described in paragraph (1)(A) or (2) 
of section 274(a) (relating to alien smuggling) for which 
the term of imprisonment imposed (regardless of any 
suspension of imprisonment) is at least 5 years;"; 
(4) by amending subparagraph (O) to read as follows: 
"(O) an offense (i) which either is falsely making, forg-
ing, counterfeiting, mutilating, or altering a passport or 
instrument in violation of section 1543 of title 18, United 
States Code, or is described in section 1546(a) of such 
title (relating to document fraud) and (ii) for which the 
term of imprisonment imposed (regardless of any suspen-
sion of such imprisonment) is at least 18 months;"; 
(5) in subparagraph (P), by striking "15 years" and insert-
ing "5 years", and by striking "and" at the end; 
(6) by redesignating subparagraphs (O), (P), and (Q) as 
subparagraphs (P), (Q), and (U), respectively; 
(7) by inserting after subparagraph (N) the following new 
subparagraph: 
"(O) an offense described in section 275(a) or 276 
committed by an alien who was previously deported on 
the basis of a conviction for an offense described in another 
subparagraph of this paragraph;"; and 
(8) by inserting after subparagraph (Q), as so redesignated, 
the following new subparagraphs: 
"(R) an offense relating to commercial bribery, counter-
feiting, forgery, or trafficking in vehicles the identification 
numbers of which have been altered for which a sentence 
of 5 years' imprisonment or more may be imposed; 
"(S) an offense relating to obstruction of 
justice, perjury 
or subornation of perjury, or bribery of a witness, for which 
a sentence of 5 years' imprisonment or more may be 
imposed; 
"(T) an offense relating to a failure to appear before 
a court pursuant to a court order to answer to or dispose 
of a charge of a felony for which a sentence of 2 years' 
imprisonment or more may be imposed; and". 
8 use 1101 note. 
(f) EFFECTIVE DATE.—^The amendments made by subsection 
(e) shall apply to convictions entered on or after the date of the 
enactment of this Act, except that the amendment made by sub-
section (e)(3) shall take effect as if included in the enactment 
of section 222 of the Immigration and Nationality Technical Correc-
tions Act of 1994. 
(g) DEPORTATION OF CRIMINAL ALIENS.—Section 242A(a) of such 
Act (8 U.S.C. 1252a) is amended— 
(1) in paragraph (1)— 
(A) by striking "aggravated felonies (as defined in sec-
tion 101(a)(43) of this title)" and inserting "any criminal 
offense covered in section 241(a)(2) (A)(iii), (B), (C), or 
(D), or any offense covered by section 241(a)(2)(A)(ii) for 
which both predicate offenses are covered by section 
241(a)(2)(A)(i)."; and 
(B) by striking ", where warranted,"; 
(2) in paragraph (2), by striking "aggravated felony" and 
all that follows through "before any scheduled hearings." and 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1279 
inserting "any criminal offense covered in section 241(a)(2) 
(A)(iii), (B), (C), or (D), or any offense covered by section 
241(aX2)(A)(ii) for which both predicate offenses are covered 
by section 241(a)(2)(A)(i).". 
(h) DEADLINES FOR DEPORTING ALIEN.—Section 242(c) of such 
Act (8 U.S.C. 1252(c)) is amended— 
(1) by striking "(c) When a final order" and inserting "(c)(1) 
Subject to paragraph (2), when a final order"; and 
(2) by inserting at the end the following new paragraph: 
"(2) When a final order of deportation under administrative 
process is made against any alien who is deportable by reason 
of having committed a criminal offense covered in section 241(a)(2) 
(A)(iii), (B), (C), or (D) or any offense 
covered by section 
241(a)(2)(A)(ii) for which both predicate offenses are covered by 
section 241(a)(2)(A)(i), the Attorney General shall have 30 days 
from the date of the order within which to effect the alien's depar-
ture from the United States. The Attorney General shall have Waiver, 
sole and unreviewable discretion to waive the foregoing provision 
for aliens who are cooperating with law enforcement authorities 
or for purposes of national security.". 
SEC. 441. LIMITATION ON COLLATERAL ATTACKS ON UNDERLYING 
DEPORTATION ORDER. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 276 of the Immigration and National-
ity Act (8 U.S.C. 1326) is amended by adding at the end the 
following new subsection: 
"(d) In a criminal proceeding under this section, an alien may 
not challenge the validity of the deportation order described in 
subsection (a)(1) or subsection (b) unless the alien demonstrates 
that— 
"(1) the alien exhausted any administrative remedies that 
may have been available to seek relief against the order; 
"(2) the deportation proceedings at which the order was 
issued improperly deprived the alien of the opportunity for 
judicial review; and 
"(3) the entry of the order was fundamentally unfair.". 
(b) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendment made by subsection (a) 8 USC 1326 note, 
shall apply to criminal proceedings initiated after the date of enact-
ment of this Act. 
SEC. 
442. DEPORTATION PROCEDURES 
FOR CERTAIN 
CRIMINAL 
ALIENS WHO ARE NOT PERMANENT RESIDENTS. 
(a) 
ADMINISTRATIVE 
HEARINGS.—Section 
242A(b) 
of 
the 
Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1252a(b)), as added 
by section 130004(a) of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforce-
ment Act of 1994 (Public Law 103-322), is amended— 
(1) in paragraph (2)— 
(A) by striking "and" at the end of subparagraph (A) 
and inserting "or", and 
(B) by amending subparagraph (B) to read as follows: 
"(B) had permanent resident status on a conditional 
basis (as described in section 216) at the time that proceed-
ings under this section commenced."; 
(2) in paragraph (3), by striking "30 calendar days" and 
inserting "14 calendar days"; 
(3) in paragraph (4)(B), by striking "proceedings" and 
inserting "proceedings"; 
(4) in paragraph (4)— 
110 STAT. 1280 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
(A) by redesignating subparagraphs (D) and (E) as 
subparagraphs (F) and (G), respectively; and 
(B) by adding after subparagraph (C) the following 
new subparagraphs: 
"(D) such proceedings are conducted in, or translated 
for the alien into, a language the alien understands; 
"(E) a determination is made for the record at such 
proceedings that the individual who appears to respond 
in such a proceeding is an alien subject to such an expedited 
proceeding under this section and is, in fact, the alien 
named in the notice for such proceeding;". 
(5) by adding at the end the following new paragraph: 
"(5) No alien described in this section shall be eligible 
for any relief from deportation that the Attorney General may 
grant in the Attorney General's discretion.". 
(b) LIMIT ON JUDICIAL REVIEW.—Subsection (d) of section 106 
of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1105a), as added 
by section 130004(b) of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforce-
ment Act of 1994 (Public Law 103-322), is amended to read as 
follows: 
"(d) Notwithstanding subsection (c), a petition for review or 
for habeas corpus on behalf of an alien described in section 242A(c) 
may only challenge whether the alien is in fact an alien described 
in such section, and no court shall have jurisdiction to review 
any other issue.". 
(c) PRESUMPTION OF DEPORTABILITY.—Section 242A of the 
Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1252a) is amended by 
inserting after subsection (b) the following new subsection: 
"(c) PRESUMPTION OF DEPORTABILITY.—^An alien convicted of 
an aggravated felony shall be conclusively presumed to be deport-
able from the United States.". 
Regulations. 
(d) EFFECTIVE DATE.—^The amendments made by this section 
P^bUcation. 
shall become effective no later than 60 days after the publication 
note 
by the Attorney General of implementing regulations that shall 
be published on or before January 1, 1997. 
SEC. 443. EXTRADITION OF ALIENS. 
(a) SCOPE.—Section 3181 of title 18, United States Code, is 
amended— 
(1) by inserting "(a)" before "The provisions of this chapter"; 
and 
(2) by adding at the end the following new subsections: 
"(b) The provisions of this chapter shall be construed to permit, 
in the exercise of comity, the surrender of persons, other than 
citizens, nationals, or permanent residents of the United States, 
who have committed crimes of violence against nationals of the 
United States in foreign countries without regard to the existence 
of any treaty of extradition with such foreign government if the 
Attorney General certifies, in writing, that— 
"(1) evidence has been presented by the foreign government 
that indicates that had the offenses been committed in the 
United States, they would constitute crimes of violence as 
defined under section 16 of this title; and 
"(2) the offenses charged are not of a political nature. 
"(c) As used in this section, the term 'national of the United 
States' has the meaning given such term in section 101(a)(22) 
of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(22)).". 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1281 
(b) FUGITIVES.—Section 3184 of title 18, United States Code, 
is amended— 
(1) in the first sentence by inserting after "United States 
and any foreign government," the following: "or in cases arising 
under section 3181(b),"; 
(2) in the first sentence by inserting after "treaty or conven-
tion," the following: "or provided for under section 3181(b),"; 
and 
(3) in the third sentence by inserting after "treaty or 
convention," the following: "or under section 3181(b),". 
TITLE V—NUCLEAR, BIOLOGICAL, AND 
CHEMICAL WEAPONS RESTRICTIONS 
Subtitle A—Nuclear Materials 
SEC. 501. FINDINGS AND PUHPOSE. 
18 USC 831 note. 
(a) FINDINGS.—^The Congress finds that— 
(1) nuclear materials, including byproduct materials, can 
be used to create radioactive dispersal devices that are capable 
of causing serious bodily injury as well as substantial damage 
to property and to the environment; 
(2) the potential use of nuclear materials, including 
byproduct materials, enhances the threat posed by terrorist 
activities and thereby has a greater effect on the security 
interests of the United States; 
(3) due to the widespread hazards presented by the threat 
of nuclear contamination, as well as nuclear bombs, the United 
States has a strong interest in ensuring that persons who 
are engaged in the illegal acquisition and use of nuclear mate-
rials, including b3^roduct materials, are prosecuted for their 
offenses; 
(4) the threat that nuclear materials will be obtained and 
used by terrorist and other criminal organizations has increased 
substantially since the enactment in 1982 of the legislation 
that implemented the Convention on the Physical Protection 
of Nuclear Material, codified at section 831 of title 18, United 
States Code; 
(5) the successful efforts to obtain agreements from other 
countries to dismantle nuclear weapons have resulted in 
increased packaging and transportation of nuclear materials, 
thereby decreasing the security of such materials by increasing 
the opportunity for unlawful diversion and theft; 
(6) the trafficking in the relatively more common, commer-
cially available, and usable nuclear and byproduct materials 
creates the potential for significant loss of life and environ-
mental damage; 
(7) report trafficking incidents in the early 1990's suggest 
that the individuals involved in trafficking in these materials 
from Eurasia and Eastern Europe frequently conducted their 
black market sales of these materials within the Federal Repub-
lic of Germany, the Baltic States, the former Soviet Union, 
Central Europe, and to a lesser extent in the Middle European 
countries; 
110 STAT. 1282 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
(8) the international community has become increasingly 
concerned over the illegal possession of nuclear and nuclear 
byproduct materials; 
(9) the potentially disastrous ramifications of increased 
access to nuclear and nuclear byproduct materials pose such 
a significant threat that the United States must use all lawful 
methods available to combat the illegal use of such materials; 
(10) the United States has an interest in encouraging 
United States corporations to do business in the countries that 
comprised the former Soviet Union, and in other developing 
democracies; 
(11) protection of such United States corporations from 
threats created by the unlawful use of nuclear materials is 
important to the success of the effort to encourage business 
ventures in these countries, and to further the foreign relations 
and commerce of the United States; 
(12) the nature of nuclear contamination is such that it 
may affect the health, environment, and property of United 
States nationals even if the acts that constitute the illegal 
activity occur outside the territory of the United States, and 
are primarily directed toward foreign nationals; and 
(13) there is presently no Federal criminal statute that 
provides adequate protection to United States interests from 
nonweapons grade, yet hazardous radioactive material, and 
from the illegal diversion of nuclear materials that are held 
for other than peaceful purposes. 
(b) PURPOSE.—^The purpose of this title is to provide Federal 
law enforcement agencies with the necessary means and the maxi-
mum authority permissible under the Constitution to combat the 
threat of nuclear contamination and proliferation that may result 
from the illegal possession and use of radioactive materials. 
SEC. 502. EXPANSION OF SCOPE AND JURISDICTIONAL BASES OF 
NUCLEAR MATERIALS PROfflBITIONS. 
Section 831 of title 18, United States Code, is amended— 
(1) in subsection (a)— 
(A) by striking "nuclear material" each place it appears 
and inserting "nuclear material or nuclear byproduct mate-
rial"; 
(B) in paragraph (1)— 
(i) in subparagraph (A), by inserting "or to the 
environment" after "property"; and 
(ii) so that subparagraph (B) reads as follows: 
"(B) circumstances exist, or have been represented to 
the defendant to exist, that are likely to cause the death 
or serious bodily injury to any person, or substantial dam-
age to property or to the environment;"; and 
(C) in paragraph (6), by inserting "or to the environ-
ment" after "property"; 
(2) in subsection {c)— 
(A) so that paragraph (2) reads as follows: 
"(2) an offender or a victim is— 
"(A) a national of the United States; or 
"(B) a United States corporation or other legal entity;"; 
(B) in paragraph (3)— 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1283 
(i) by striking "at the time of the offense the 
nuclear material is in use, storage, or transport, for 
peaceful pui'poses, and"; and 
(ii) by striking "or" at the end of the paragraph; 
(C) in paragraph (4)— 
(i) by striking "nuclear material for peaceful pur-
poses" and inserting "nuclear material or nuclear 
b3T)roduct material"; and 
(ii) by striking the period at the end of the para-
graph and inserting "; or"; and 
(D) by adding at the end the following new paragraph: 
"(5) either— 
"(A) the governmental entity under subsection (a)(5) 
is the United States; or 
"(B) the threat under subsection (a)(6) is directed at 
the United States."; and 
(3) in subsection (f)— 
(A) in paragraph (1)— 
(i) in subparagraph (A), by striking "with an iso-
topic concentration not in excess of 80 percent pluto-
nium 238"; and 
(ii) in subparagraph (C), by striking "uranium" 
and inserting "enriched uranium, defined as uranium"; 
(B) by redesignating paragraphs (2), (3), and (4) as 
paragraphs (3), (4), and (5), respectively; 
(C) by inserting after paragraph (1) the following new 
paragraph: 
"(2) the term 'nuclear byproduct material' means any mate-
rial containing any radioactive isotope created through an 
irradiation process in the operation of a nuclear reactor or 
accelerator;"; 
(D) in paragraph (4), as redesignated, by striking "and" 
at the end; 
(E) in paragraph (5), as redesignated, by striking the 
period at the end and inserting a semicolon; and 
(F) by adding at the end the following new paragraphs: 
"(6) the term 'national of the United States' has the same 
meaning as in section 101(a)(22) of the Immigration and 
Nationality Act (8 US.C. 1101(a)(22)); and 
"(7) the term 'United States corporation or other legal 
entity' means any corporation or other entity organized under 
the laws of the United States or any State, Commonwealth, 
territory, possession, or district of the United States.". 
SEC. 503. REPORT TO CONGRESS ON THEFTS OF EXPLOSIVE MATE-
RIALS FROM ARMORIES. 
(a) STUDY.—The Attorney General and the Secretary of Defense 
shall jointly conduct a study of the number and extent of thefts 
from military arsenals (including National Guard armories) of fire-
arms, explosives, and other materials that are potentially useful 
to terrorists. 
(b) REPORT TO THE CONGRESS.—^Not later than 6 months after 
the date of enactment of this Act, the Attorney General and the 
Secretary of Defense shall jointly prepare and transmit to the 
Congress a report on the findings of the study conducted under 
subsection (a). 
110 STAT. 1284 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
Subtitle B—^Biological Weapons 
Restrictions 
42 u s e 262 note. 
SEC. 511. ENHANCED PENALTIES AND CONTROL OF BIOLOGICAL 
AGENTS. 
(a) FINDINGS.—^The Congress finds that— 
(1) certain biological agents have the potential to pose 
a severe threat to public health and safety; 
(2) such biological agents can be used as weapons by 
individuals or organizations for the purpose of domestic or 
international terrorism or for other criminal purposes; 
(3) the transfer and possession of potentially hazardous 
biological agents should be regulated to protect public health 
and safety; and 
(4) efforts to protect the public from exposure to guch 
agents should ensure that individuals and groups with legiti-
mate objectives continue to have access to such agents for 
clinical and research purposes. 
(b) CRIMINAL ENFORCEMENT.—Chapter 10 of title 18, United 
States Code, is amended— 
(1) in section 175(a), by inserting "or attempts, threatens, 
or conspires to do the same," after "to do so,"; 
(2) in section 
177(a)(2), by inserting "threat," 
after 
"attempt,"; and 
(3) in section 178— 
(A) in paragraph (1), by striking "or infectious sub-
stance" and inserting "infectious substance, or biological 
product that may be engineered as a result of biotechnology, 
or any naturally occurring or bioengineered component of 
any such microorganism, virus, infectious substance, or 
biological product"; 
(B) in paragraph (2)— 
(i) by inserting "the toxic material of plants, ani-
mals, microorganisms, viruses, fungi, or infectious sub-
stances, or a recombinant molecule" after "means"; 
(ii) by striking "production—" and 
inserting 
"production, including—"; 
(iii) in subparagraph (A), by inserting "or biological 
product that may be engineered as a result of bio-
technology" after "substance"; and 
(iv) in subparagraph (B), by inserting "or biological 
product" after "isomer"; and 
(C) in paragraph (4), by inserting ", or molecule, includ-
ing a recombinant molecule, or biological product that may 
be engineered as a result of biotechnology," after "orga-
nism". 
(c) TERRORISM.—Section 2332a(a) of title 18, United States 
Code, is amended by inserting ", including any biological agent, 
toxin, or vector (as those terms are defined in section 178)" after 
"destruction". 
(d) REGULATORY CONTROL OF BIOLOGICAL AGENTS.— 
(1) LIST OF BIOLOGICAL AGENTS.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—^The Secretary shall, through regula-
tions promulgated under subsection (f), establish and main-
tain a list of each biological agent that has the potential 
to pose a severe threat to public health and safety. 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1285 
(B) CRITERIA.—In determining whether to include an 
agent on the Hst under subparagraph (A), the Secretary 
shall— 
(i) consider— 
(I) the effect on human health of exposure 
to the agent; 
(II) the degree of contagiousness of the agent 
and the methods by which the agent is transferred 
to humans; 
(III) the availability and effectiveness 
of 
immunizations to prevent and treatments for any 
illness resulting from infection by the agent; and 
(IV) any other criteria that the Secretary 
considers appropriate; and 
(ii) consult with scientific experts representing 
appropriate professional groups. 
(e) 
REGULATION 
OF 
TRANSFERS 
OF 
LISTED 
BIOLOGICAL 
AGENTS.—^The Secretarj' shall, through regulations promulgated 
under subsection (f), provide for— 
(1) the establishment and enforcement of safety procedures 
for the transfer of biological agents listed pursuant to subsection 
(d)(1), including measures to ensure— 
(A) proper training and appropriate skills to handle 
such agents; and 
(B) proper laboratory facilities to contain and dispose 
of such agents; 
(2) safeguards to prevent access to such agents for use 
in domestic or international terrorism or for any other criminal 
purpose; 
(3) the establishment of procedures to protect the public 
safety in the event of a transfer or potential transfer of a 
biological agent in violation of the safety procedures established 
under paragraph (1) or the safeguards established under para-
graph (2); and 
(4) appropriate availability of biological agents for research, 
education, and other legitimate purposes. 
(f) REGULATIONS.—The Secretary shall carry out this section 
by issuing— 
(1) proposed rules not later than 60 days after the date 
of enactment of this Act; and 
(2) final rules not later than 120 days after the date of 
enactment of this Act. 
(g) DEFINITIONS.—For purposes of this section— 
(1) the term "biological agent" has the same meaning as 
in section 178 of title 18, United States Code; and 
(2) the term "Secretary" means the Secretary of Health 
and Human Services. 
110 STAT. 1286 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
Subtitle C—Chemical Weapons 
Restrictions 
SEC. 521. CHEMICAL WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION; STUDY OF 
FACILITY FOR TRAINING AND EVALUATION OF PERSON-
NEL WHO RESPOND 
TO USE OF CHEMICAL OR 
BIOLOGICAL 
WEAPONS IN URBAN AND SUBURBAN 
AREAS. 
(a) CHEMICAL WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION.—Chapter 113B 
of title 18, United States Code, relating to terrorism, is amended 
by inserting after section 2332b as added by section 702 of this 
Act the following new section: 
*
*
§ 2332c. Use of chemical weapons 
"(a) PROHIBITED ACTS.— 
"(1) OFFENSE.—^A person shall be punished under para-
graph (2) if that person, without lawful authority, uses, or 
attempts or conspires to use, a chemical weapon against— 
"(A) a national of the United States while such national 
is outside of the United States; 
"(B) any person within the United States; or 
"(C) any property that is owned, leased,. or used by 
the United States or by any department or agency of the 
United States, whether the property is within or outside 
of the United States. 
"(2) PENALTIES.—^A person who violates paragraph (1)— 
"(A) shall be imprisoned for any term of years or for 
life; or 
"(B) if death results from that violation, shall be pun-
ished by death or imprisoned for any term of years or 
for life. 
"(b) DEFINITIONS.—^As used in this section— 
"(1) the term 'national of the United States' has the same 
meaning as in section 101(a)(22) of the Immigration and 
Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(22)); and 
"(2) the term 'chemical weapon' means any weapon that 
is designed or intended to cause widespread death or serious 
bodily injury through the release, dissemination, or impact 
of toxic or poisonous chemicals or precursors of toxic or poison-
ous chemicals. 
50 use 1522 
(b) STUDY OF FACILITY FOR TRAINING AND EVALUATION OF 
note. 
PERSONNEL WHO RESPOND TO USE OF CHEMICAL OR BIOLOGICAL 
WEAPONS IN URBAN AND SUBURBAN AREAS.— 
(1) FINDINGS.—The Congress finds that— 
(A) the threat of the use of chemical and biological 
weapons by Third World countries and by terrorist 
organizations has increased in recent years and is now 
a problem of worldwide significance; 
(B) the military and law enforcement agencies in the 
United States that are responsible for responding to the 
use of such weapons require additional testing, training, 
and evaluation facilities to ensure that the personnel of 
such agencies discharge their responsibilities effectively; 
and 
(C) a facility that recreates urban and suburban loca-
tions would provide an especially effective environment 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1287 
in which to test, train, and evaluate such personnel for 
that purpose. 
(2) STUDY OF FACILITY.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—The President shall establish an 
interagency task force to determine the feasibility and 
advisability of establishing a facility that recreates both 
an urban environment and a suburban environment in 
such a way as to permit the effective testing, training, 
and evaluation in such environments of government person-
nel who are responsible for responding to the use of chemi-
cal and biological weapons in the United States. 
(B) DESCRIPTION OF FACILITY.—The facility considered 
under subparagraph (A) shall include— 
(i) facilities 
common to urban 
environments 
(including a multistory building and an underground 
rail transit system) and to suburban environments; 
(ii) the capacity to produce controllable releases 
of chemical and biological agents from a variety of 
urban and suburban structures, including laboratories, 
small buildings, and dwellings; 
(iii) the capacity to produce controllable releases 
of chemical and biological agents into sewage, water, 
and air management systems common to urban areas 
and suburban areas; 
(iv) chemical and biocontaminant facilities at the 
P3 and P4 levels; 
(v) the capacity to test and evaluate the effective-
ness of a variety of protective clothing and facilities 
and survival techniques in urban areas and suburban 
areas; and 
(vi) the capacity to test and evaluate the effective-
ness of variable sensor arrays (including video, audio, 
meteorologicEil, chemical, and biosensor arrays) in 
urban areas and suburban areas. 
(C) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of Congress 
that the facility considered under subparagraph (A) shall, 
if established— 
(i) be under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of 
Defense; and 
(ii) be located at a principal facility of the Depart-
ment of Defense for the testing and evaluation of the 
use of chemical and biological weapons during any 
period of armed conflict. 
(c) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of sections at the begin-
ning of chapter 113B of title 18, United States Code, relating 
to terrorism, is amended by inserting after the item added by 
section 702 of this Act that relates to section 2332b the following 
new item: 
"2332c. Use of chemical weapons.". 
TITLE VI—IMPLEMENTATION OF 
PLASTIC EXPLOSIVES CONVENTION 
SEC. 601. FINDINGS AND PURPOSES. 
18 USC 841 note. 
(a) FINDINGS.—^The Congress finds that— 
110 STAT. 1288 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
(1) plastic explosives were used by terrorists in the bomb-
ings of Pan American Airlines flight number 103 in December 
1988 and UTA flight number 722 in September 1989; 
(2) plastic explosives can be used with little likelihood 
of detection for acts of unlawful interference with civil aviation, 
maritime navigation, and other modes of transportation; 
(3) the criminal use of plastic explosives places innocent 
lives in jeopardy, endangers national security, affects domestic 
tranquility, and gravely affects interstate and foreign com-
merce; 
(4) the marking of plastic explosives for the purpose of 
detection would contribute significantly to the prevention and 
punishment of such unlawful acts; and 
(5) for the purpose of deterring and detecting such unlawful 
acts, the Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for 
the Purpose of Detection, Done at Montreal on 1 March 1991, 
requires each contracting State to adopt appropriate measures 
to ensure that plastic explosives are duly marked and con-
trolled. 
(b) PURPOSE,—^The purpose of this title is to fully implement 
the Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose 
of Detection, Done at Montreal on 1 March 1991. 
SEC. 602. DEFINITIONS. 
Section 841 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by 
adding at the end the following new subsections: 
"(o) 'Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives' means 
the Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose 
of Detection, Done at Montreal on 1 March 1991. 
"(p) 'Detection agent' means any one of the substances specified 
in this subsection when introduced into a plastic explosive or formu-
lated in such explosive as a part of the manufacturing process 
in such a manner as to achieve homogeneous distribution in the 
finished explosive, including— 
"(1) Ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN), C2H4(N03)2, molecu-
lar weight 152, when the minimum concentration in the fin-
ished explosive is 0.2 percent by mass; 
"(2) 2,3-Dimethyl-2,3-dinitrobutane (DMNB), C6H,2(N02)2, 
molecular weight 176, when the minimum concentration in 
the finished explosive is 0.1 percent by mass; 
"(3) Para-Mononitrotoluene (p-MNT), C7H7NO2, molecular 
weight 137, when the minimum concentration in the finished 
explosive is 0.5 percent by mass; 
"(4) Ortho-Mononitrotoluene (o-MNT), C7H7NO2, molecular 
weight 137, when the minimum concentration in the finished 
explosive is 0.5 percent by mass; and 
"(5) any other substance in the concentration specified by 
the Secretary, after consultation with the Secretary of State 
and the Secretary of Defense, that has been added to the 
table in part 2 of the Technical Annex to the Convention 
on the Marking of Plastic Explosives. 
"(q) 'Plastic explosive' means an explosive material in flexible 
or elastic sheet form formulated with one or more high explosives 
which in their pure form has a vapor pressure less than 10-'^ 
Pa at a temperature of 25°C., is formulated with a binder material, 
and is as a mixture malleable or flexible at normal room tempera-
ture.". 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1289 
SEC. 603. REQUIREMENT OF DETECTION AGENTS FOR PLASTIC EXPLO-
SIVES. 
Section 842 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by 
adding at the end the following new subsections: 
"(1) It shall be unlawful for any person to manufacture any 
plastic explosive that does not contain a detection agent. 
"(m)(l) It shall be unlawful for any person to import or bring 
into the United States, or export from the United States, any 
plastic explosive that does not contain a detection agent. 
"(2) This subsection does not apply to the importation or bring-
ing into the United States, or the exportation from the United 
States, of any plastic explosive that was imported or brought into, 
or manufactured in the United States prior to the date of enactment 
of this subsection by or on behalf of any agency of the United 
States performing military or police functions (including any mili-
tary reserve component) or by or on behalf of the National Guard 
of any State, not later than 15 years after the date of entry into 
force of the Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives, with 
respect to the United States. 
"(n)(l) It shall be unlawful for any person to ship, transport, 
transfer, receive, or possess any plastic explosive that does not 
contain a detection agent. 
"(2) This subsection does not apply to— 
"(A) the shipment, transportation, transfer, receipt, or 
possession of any plastic explosive that was imported or brought 
into, or manufactured in the United States prior to the date 
of enactment of this subsection by any person during the period 
beginning on that date and ending 3 years after that date 
of enactment; or 
"(B) the shipment, transportation, transfer, receipt, or 
possession of any plastic explosive that was imported or brought 
into, or manufactured in the United States prior to the date 
of enactment of this subsection by or on behalf of any agency 
of the United States performing a military or police function 
(including any militai^y reserve component) or by or on behalf 
of the National Guard of any State, not later than 15 years 
after the date of entry into force of the Convention on the 
Marking of Plastic Explosives, with respect to the United 
States. 
"(o) It shall be unlawful for any person, other than an agency 
of the United States (including any military reserve component) 
or the National Guard of any State, possessing any plastic explosive 
on the date of enactment of this subsection, to fail to report to 
the Secretary within 120 days after such date of enactment the 
quantity of such explosives possessed, the manufacturer or importer, 
any marks of identification on such explosives, and such other 
information as the Secretary may prescribe by regulation.". 
SEC. 604. CRIMINAL SANCTIONS. 
Section 844(a) of title 18, United States Code, is amended 
to read as follows: 
"(a) Any person who violates any of subsections (a) through 
(i) or (1) through (o) of section 842 shall be fined under this title, 
imprisoned for not more than 10 years, or both.". 
SEC. 605. EXCEPTIONS. 
Section 845 of title 18, United States Code, is amended— 
110 STAT. 1290 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
(1) in subsection (a)— 
(A) by inserting "(1), (m), (n), or (o) of section 842 
and subsections" after "subsections"; and 
(B) in paragraph (1), by inserting before the semicolon 
", and which pertain to safety"; and 
(2) by adding at the end the following new subsection: 
"(c) It is an affirmative defense against any proceeding involving 
subsections (1) through (o) of section 842 if the proponent proves 
by a preponderance of the evidence that the plastic explosive— 
"(1) consisted of a small amount of plastic explosive 
intended for and utilized solely in lawful— 
"(A) research, development, or testing of new or modi-
fied explosive materials; 
"(B) training in explosives detection or development 
or testing of explosives detection equipment; or 
"(C) forensic science purposes; or 
"(2) was plastic explosive that, within 3 years after the 
date of enactment of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death 
Penalty Act of 1996, will be or is incorporated in a military 
device within the territory of the United States and remains 
an integral part of such military device, or is intended to 
be, or is incorporated in, and remains an integral part of 
a military device that is intended to become, or has become, 
the property of any agency of the United States performing 
military or police functions (including any military reserve 
component) or the National Guard of any State, wherever such 
device is located. 
"(3) For purposes of this subsection, the term 'military 
device' includes, but is not restricted to, shells, bombs, projec-
tiles, mines, missiles, rockets, shaped charges, grenades, per-
forators, and similar devices lawfully manufactured exclusively 
for military or police purposes.". 
SEC. 606. SEIZURE AND FORFEITURE OF PLASTIC EXPLOSIVES. 
Section 596(c)(1) of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C. 1595a(c)(l)) 
is amended— 
(1) in subparagraph (B), by striking "or" at the end; 
(2) in subparagraph (C), by striking the period and insert-
ing "; or"; and 
(3) by adding at the end the following new subparagraph: 
"(D) is a plastic explosive, as defined in section 841(q) 
of title 18, United States Code, which does not contain 
a detection agent, as defined in section 841(p) of such 
title.". 
18 u s e 841 note. 
SEC. 607. EFFECTIVE DATE. 
Except as otherwise provided in this title, this title and the 
amendments made by this title shall take effect 1 year sifter the 
date of enactment of this Act. 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1291 
TITLE VII—CRIMINAL LAW MODIFICA-
TIONS TO COUNTER TERRORISM 
Subtitle A—Crimes and Penalties 
SEC. 
701. INCREASED PENALTY FOR CONSPIRACIES INVOLVING 
EXPLOSIVES. 
Section 844 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by 
adding at the end the following new subsection: 
"(n) Except as otherwise provided in this section, a person 
who conspires to commit any offense defined in this chapter shall 
be subject to the same penalties (other than the penalty of death) 
as the penalties prescribed for the offense the commission of which 
was the object of the conspiracy.". 
SEC. 702. ACTS OF TERRORISM TRANSCENDING NATIONAL BOUND-
ARIES. 
(a) OFFENSE.—Chapter 113B of title 18, United States Code, 
relating to terrorism, is amended by inserting after section 2332a 
the following new section: 
*'§ 2332b. Acts of terrorism transcending national boundaries 
"(a) PROHIBITED ACTS.— 
"(1) OFFENSES.—Whoever, involving conduct transcending 
national boundaries and in a circumstance described in sub-
section (b)— 
"(A) kills, kidnaps, maims, commits an assault result-
ing in serious bodily injury, or assaults with a dangerous 
weapon any person within the United States; or 
"(B) creates a substantial risk of serious bodily injury 
to any other person by destroying or damaging any struc-
ture, conveyance, or other real or personal property within 
the United States or by attempting or conspiring to destroy 
or damage any structure, conveyance, or other real or per-
sonal property within the United States; 
in violation of the laws of any State, or the United States, 
shall be punished as prescribed in subsection (c). 
"(2) 
TREATMENT OF THREATS, ATTEMPTS AND CONSPIR-
ACIES.—^Whoever threatens to commit an offense under para-
graph (1), or attempts or conspires to do so, shall be punished 
under subsection (c). 
"(b) JURISDICTIONAL BASES.— 
"(1) CIRCUMSTANCES.—The circumstances referred to in 
subsection (a) are— 
"(A) any of the offenders uses the mail or any facility 
of interstate or foreign commerce in furtherance of the 
offense; 
"(B) the offense obstructs, delays, or affects interstate 
or foreign commerce, or would have so obstructed, delayed, 
or affected interstate or foreign commerce if the offense 
had been consummated; 
"(C) the victim, or intended victim, is the United States 
Government, a member of the uniformed services, or any 
official, officer, employee, or agent of the legislative, execu-
110 STAT. 1292 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
tive, or judicial branches, or of any department or agency, 
of the United States; 
"(D) the structure, conveyance, or other real or personal 
property is, in whole or in part, owned, possessed, or leased 
to the United States, or any department or agency of the 
United States; 
"(E) the offense is committed in the territorial sea 
(including the airspace above and the seabed and subsoil 
below, and artificial islands and fixed structures erected 
thereon) of the United States; or 
"(F) the offense is committed within the special mari-
time and territorial jurisdiction of the United States. 
"(2) CO-CONSPIRATORS AND ACCESSORIES AFTER THE FACT.— 
Jurisdiction shall exist over all principals and co-conspirators 
of an offense under this section, and accessories after the fact 
to any offense under this section, if at least one of the cir-
cumstances described in subparagraphs (A) through (F) of para-
graph (1) is applicable to at least one offender. 
"(c) PENALTIES.— 
"(1) PENALTIES.—^Whoever violates this section shall be 
punished— 
"(A) for a killing, or if death results to any person 
from any other conduct prohibited by this section, by death, 
or by imprisonment for any term of years or for life; 
"(B) for kidnapping, by imprisonment for any term 
of years or for life; 
"(C) for maiming, by imprisonment for not more than 
35 years; 
"(D) for assault with a dangerous weapon or assault 
resulting in serious bodily injury, by imprisonment for not 
more than 30 years; 
"(E) for destroying or damaging any structure, convey-
ance, or other real or personal property, by imprisonment 
for not more than 25 years; 
"(F) for attempting or conspiring to commit an offense, 
for any term of years up to the maximum punishment 
that would have applied had the offense been completed; 
and 
"(G) for threatening to commit an offense under this 
section, by imprisonment for not more than 10 years. 
"(2) CONSECUTIVE SENTENCE.—^Notwithstanding any other 
provision of law, the court shall not place on probation any 
person convicted of a violation of this section; nor shall the 
term of imprisonment imposed under this section run concur-
rently with any other term of imprisonment. 
"(d) 
PROOF REQUIREMENTS.—^The following shall apply to 
prosecutions under this section: 
"(1) ELNOWLEDGE.—The prosecution is not required to prove 
knowledge by any defendant of a jurisdictional base alleged 
in the indictment. 
"(2) STATE LAW.—In a prosecution under this section that 
is based upon the adoption of State law, only the elements 
of the offense under State law, and not any provisions pertain-
ing to criminal procedure or evidence, are adopted. 
"(e) EXTRATERRITORIAL JURISDICTION.—There is extraterritorial 
Federal jurisdiction— 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1293 
"(1) over any offense under subsection (a), including any 
^ 
threat, attempt, or conspiracy to commit such offense; and 
"(2) over conduct which, under section 3, renders any per-
son an accessory after the fact to an offense under subsection 
(a). 
"(f) INVESTIGATIVE AUTHORITY.—In addition to any other inves-
tigative authority with respect to violations of this title, the Attor-
ney General shall have primary investigative responsibility for all 
Federal crimes of terrorism, and the Secretary of the Treasury 
shall assist the Attorney General at the request of the Attorney 
General. Nothing in this section shall be construed to interfere 
with the authority of the United States Secret Service under section 
3056. 
"(g) DEFINITIONS.—^As used in this section— 
"(1) the term 'conduct transcending national boundaries' 
means conduct occurring outside of the United States in addi-
tion to the conduct occurring in the United States; 
"(2) the term 'facility of interstate or foreign commerce' 
has the meaning given that term in section 1958(b)(2); 
"(3) the term 'serious bodily injury' has the meaning given 
that term in section 1365(g)(3); 
"(4) the term 'territorial sea of the United States' means 
all waters extending seaward to 12 nautical miles from the 
baselines of the United States, determined in accordance with 
international law; and 
"(5) the term 'Federal crime of terrorism' means an offense 
that— 
"(A) is calculated to influence or affect the conduct 
of government by intimidation or coercion, or to retaliate 
against government conduct; and 
"(B) is a violation of— 
"(i) section 32 (relating to destruction of aircraft 
or aircraft facilities), 37 (relating to violence at inter-
national air]3orts), 81 (relating to arson within special 
maritime and territorial jurisdiction), 175 (relating to 
biological weapons), 351 (relating to congressional, 
cabinet, and Supreme Court assassination, kidnapping, 
and assault), 831 (relating to nuclear materials), 842 
(m) or (n) (relating to plastic explosives), 844(e) (relat-
ing to certain bombings), 844 (f) or (i) (relating to 
arson and bombing of certain property), 956 (relating 
to conspiracy to injure property of a foreign govern-
ment), 1114 (relating to protection of officers and 
employees of the United States), 1116 (relating to mur-
der or manslaughter of foreign officials, official guests, 
or internationally protected persons), 1203 (relating 
to hostage taking), 1361 (relating to injury of Govern-
ment property or contracts), 1362 (relating to destruc-
tion of communication lines, stations, or systems), 1363 
(relating to injury to buildings or property within spe-
cial maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United 
States), 1366 (relating to destruction of an energy facil-
ity), 1751 (relating to Presidential and Presidential 
staff assassination, kidnapping, and assault), 2152 
(relating to injury of fortifications, harbor defenses, 
or defensive sea areas), 2155 (relating to destruction 
of national defense materials, premises, or utilities). 
110 STAT. 1294 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
2156 (relating to production of defective national 
defense materials, premises, or utilities), 2280 (relating 
to violence against maritime navigation), 2281 (relating 
to violence against maritime fixed platforms), 2332 
(relating to certain homicides and other violence 
against United States nationals occurring outside of 
the United States), 2332a (relating to use of weapons 
of mass destruction), 2332b (relating to acts of terror-
ism transcending national boundaries), 2339A (relating 
to providing material support to terrorists), 2339B 
(relating to providing material support to terrorist 
organizations), or 2340A (relating to torture); 
"(ii) section 236 (relating to sabotage of nuclear 
facilities or fuel) of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 
(42 U.S.C. 2284); or 
"(iii) section 46502 (relating to aircraft piracy) or 
section 60123(b) (relating to destruction of interstate 
gas or hazardous liquid pipeline facility) of title 49.". 
(b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of sections at the begin-
ning of chapter 113B of title 18, United States Code, relating 
to terrorism, is amended by inserting after the item relating to 
section 2332a the following new item: 
"2332b. Acts of terrorism transcending national boundaries.". 
(c) STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS AMENDMENT.—Section 3286 of title 
18, United States Code, is amended— 
(1) by striking "any offense" and inserting "any non-capital 
offense"; 
(2) by striking "36" and inserting "37"; 
(3) by striking "2331" and inserting "2332"; 
(4) by striking "2339" and inserting "2332a"; and 
(5) by inserting "2332b (acts of terrorism transcending 
national boundaries)," after "(use of weapons of mass destruc-
tion),". 
(d) PRESUMPTIVE DETENTION.—Section 3142(e) of title 18, 
United States Code, is amended by inserting ", 956(a), or 2332b" 
after "section 924(c)". 
SEC. 703. EXPANSION OF PROVISION RELATING TO DESTRUCTION OR 
INJURY OF PROPERTY WITHIN SPECIAL MARITIME AND 
TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION. 
Section 1363 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by 
striking "any building," and all that follows through "shipping" 
and inserting "any structure, conveyance, or other real or personal 
property". 
SEC. 704. CONSPIRACY TO HARM PEOPLE AND PROPERTY OVERSEAS. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 956 of chapter 45 of title 18, United 
States Code, is amended to read as follows: 
"§956. Conspiracy to kill, kidnap, maim, or injure persons 
or damage property in a foreign country 
"(a)(1) Whoever, within the jurisdiction of the United States, 
conspires with one or more other persons, regardless of where 
such other person or persons are located, to commit at any place 
outside the United States an act that would constitute the offense 
of murder, kidnapping, or maiming if committed in the special 
maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States shall. 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1295 
if any of the conspirators commits an act within the jurisdiction 
of the United States to effect any object of the conspiracy, be 
punished as provided in subsection (a)(2). 
"(2) The punishment for an offense under subsection (a)(1) 
of this section is— 
"(A) imprisonment for any term of years or for life if the 
offense is conspiracy to murder or kidnap; and 
"(B) imprisonment for not more than 35 years if the offense 
is conspiracy to maim. 
"(b) Whoever, within the jurisdiction of the United States, con-
spires with one or more persons, regardless of where such other 
person or persons are located, to damage or destroy specific property 
situated within a foreign country and belonging to a foreign govern-
ment or to any political subdivision thereof with which the United 
States is at peace, or any railroad, canal, bridge, airport, airfield, 
or other public utility, public conveyance, or public structure, or 
any religious, educational, or cultural property so situated, shall, 
if any of the conspirators commits an act within the jurisdiction 
of the United States to effect any object of the conspiracy, be 
imprisoned not more than 25 years.". 
(b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The item relating to section 956 
in the table of sections at the beginning of chapter 45 of title 
18, United States Code, is amended to read as follows: 
"956. Conspiracy to kill, kidnap, maim, or injure persons or damage property in a 
foreign country.". 
SEC. 705. INCREASED PENALTIES FOR CERTAIN TERRORISM CRIMES. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—^Title 18, United States Code, is amended— 
(1) in section 114, by striking "maim or disfigure" and 
inserting "torture (as defined in section 2340), maim, or dis-
figure"; 
(2) in section 755, by striking "two years" and inserting 
"5 years"; 
(3) in section 756, by striking "one year" and inserting 
"five years"; 
(4) in section 878(a), by striking "by killing, kidnapping, 
or assaulting a foreign official, official guest, or internationally 
protected person"; 
(5) in section 1113, by striking "three years" and inserting 
"seven years"; and 
(6) in section 2332(c), by striking "five" and inserting "ten". 
(b) PENALTY FOR CARRYING WEAPONS OR EXPLOSIVES ON AN 
AIRCRAFT.—Section 46505 of title 49, United States Code, is amend-
ed— 
(1) in subsection (b), by striking "one year" and inserting 
"10 years"; and 
(2) in subsection (c), by striking "5" and inserting "15". 
SEC. 706. MANDATORY PENALTY FOR TRANSFERRING AN EXPLOSIVE 
MATERIAL KNOWING THAT IT WILL BE USED TO COMMIT 
A CRIME OF VIOLENCE. 
Section 844 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by 
adding at the end the following new subsection: 
"(o) Whoever knowingly transfers any explosive materials, 
knowing or having reasonable cause to believe that such explosive 
materials will be used to commit a crime of violence (as defined 
in section 924(c)(3)) or drug trafficking crime (as defined in section 
924(c)(2)) shall be subject to the same penalties as may be imposed 
110 STAT. 1296 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
under subsection (h) for a first conviction for the use or carrying 
of an explosive material.". 
SEC. 707. POSSESSION OF STOLEN EXPLOSIVES PROHIBITED. 
Section 842(h) of title 18, United States Code, is amended 
to read as follows: 
"(h) It shall be unlawful for any person to receive, possess, 
trsinsport, ship, conceal, store, barter, sell, dispose of, or pledge 
or accept as security for a loan, any stolen explosive materials 
which are moving as, which are part of, which constitute, or which 
have been shipped or transported in, interstate or foreign commerce, 
either before or after such materials were stolen, knowing or having 
reasonable cause to believe that the explosive materials were 
stolen.". 
SEC. 708. ENHANCED PENALTIES FOR USE OF EXPLOSIVES OR ARSON 
CRIMES. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 844 of title 18, United States Code, 
is amended— 
(1) in subsection (e), by striking "five" and inserting "10"; 
(2) by amending subsection (f) to read as follows: 
"(f)(1) Whoever maliciously damages or destroys, or attempts 
to damage or destroy, by means of fire or an explosive, any building, 
vehicle, or other personal or real property in whole or in part 
owned or possessed by, or leased to, the United States, or any 
department or agency thereof, shall be imprisoned for not less 
than 5 years and not more than 20 years, fined under this title, 
or both. 
"(2) Whoever engages in conduct prohibited by this subsection, 
and as a result of such conduct, directly or proximately causes 
personal injury or creates a substantial risk of injury to any person, 
including any public safety officer performing duties, shall be 
imprisoned for not less than 7 years and not more than 40 years, 
fined under this title, or both. 
"(3) Whoever engages in conduct prohibited by this subsection, 
and as a result of such conduct directly or proximately causes 
the death of any person, including any public safety officer perform-
ing duties, shall be subject to the death penalty, or imprisoned 
for not less than 20 years or for life, fined under this title, or 
both."; 
(3) in subsection (h)— 
(A) in the first sentence, by striking "5 years but not 
more than 15 years" and inserting "10 years"; and 
(B) in the second sentence, by striking "10 years but 
not more than 25 years" and inserting "20 years"; and 
(4) in subsection (i)— 
(A) by striking "not more than 20 years, fined the 
greater of the fine under this title or the cost of repairing 
or replacing any property that is damaged or destroyed," 
and inserting "not less than 5 years and not more than 
20 years, fined under this title"; and 
(B) by striking "not more than 40 years, fined the 
greater of a fine under this title or the cost of repairing 
or replacing any property that is damaged or destroyed," 
and inserting "not less than 7 years and not more than 
40 years, fined under this title". 
(b) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—Section 81 of title 18, United 
States Code, is amended by striking "fined under this title or 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1297 
imprisoned not more than five years, or both" and inserting "impris-
oned for not more than 25 years, fined the greater of the fine 
under this title or the cost of repairing or replacing any property 
that is damaged or destroyed, or both". 
(c) STATUTE OF LIMITATION FOR ARSON OFFENSES.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—Chapter 213 of title 18, United States 
Code, is amended by adding at the end the following new 
section: 
''§ 3295. Arson offenses 
"No person shall be prosecuted, tried, or punished for any 
non-capital offense under section 81 or subsection (f), (h), or (i) 
of section 844 unless the indictment is found or the information 
is instituted not later than 10 years after the date on which the 
ofiense was committed.". 
(2) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—^The table of sections at the 
beginning of chapter 213 of title 18, United States Code, is 
amended by adding at the end the following new item: 
"3295. Arson offenses.". 
(3) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—Section 844(i) of title 18, 
United States Code, is amended by striking the last sentence. 
SEC. 709. DETERMINATION OF CONSTITUTIONALITY OF RESTRICTING 
THE DISSEMINATION OF BOMB-MAKING INSTRUCTIONAL 
MATERIALS. 
(a) STUDY.—The Attorney General, in consultation with such 
other officials and individuals as the Attorney General considers 
appropriate, shall conduct a study concerning— 
(1) the extent to which there is available to the public 
material in any medium (including print, electronic, or film) 
that provides instruction on how to make bombs, destructive 
devices, or weapons of mass destruction; 
(2) the extent to which information gained from such mate-
rial has been used in incidents of domestic or international 
terrorism; 
(3) the likelihood that such information may be used in 
future incidents of terrorism; 
(4) the application of Federal laws in effect on the date 
of enactment of this Act to such material; 
(5) the need and utility, if any, for additional laws relating 
to such material; and 
(6) an assessment of the extent to which the first amend-
ment protects such material and its private and commercial 
distribution. 
(b) REPORT.— 
(1) REQUIREMENT.—Not later than 180 days after the date 
of enactment of this Act, the Attorney General shall submit 
to the Congress a report that contains the results of the study 
required by this section. 
(2) AVAILABILITY.—The Attorney General shall make the 
report submitted under this subsection available to the public. 
110 STAT. 1298 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
Subtitle B—Criminal Procedures 
SEC. 721. CLARIFICATION AND EXTENSION OF CRIMINAL JURISDIC-
TION OVER CERTAIN TERRORISM OFFENSES OVERSEAS. 
(a) AIRCRAFT PIRACY.—Section 46502(b) of title 49, United 
States Code, is amended— 
(1) in paragraph (1), by striking "and later found in the 
United States"; 
(2) so that paragraph (2) reads as follows: 
"(2) There is jurisdiction over the offense in paragraph (1) 
if— 
"(A) a national of the United States was aboard the aircraft; 
"(B) an offender is a national of the United States; or 
"(C) an offender is afterwards found in the United States."; 
and 
(3) by inserting after paragraph (2) the following: 
"(3) For purposes of this subsection, the term 'national of the 
United States' has the meaning prescribed in section 101(a)(22) 
of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(22)).". 
(b) DESTRUCTION OF AIRCRAFT OR AIRCRAFT FACILITIES.—Sec-
tion 32(b) of title 18, United States Code, is amended-r-
(1) by striking ", if the offender is later found in the 
United States,"; and 
(2) by inserting at the end the following: "There is jurisdic-
tion over an offense under this subsection if a national of 
the United States was on board, or would have been on board, 
the aircraft; an offender is a national of the United States; 
or an offender is afterwards found in the United States. For 
purposes of this subsection, the term 'national of the United 
States' has the meaning prescribed in section 101(a)(22) of 
the Immigration and Nationality Act.". 
(c) MURDER OF FOREIGN OFFICIALS AND CERTAIN OTHER PER-
SONS.—Section 1116 of title 18, United States Code, is amended— 
(1) in subsection (b), by adding at the end the following: 
"(7) 'National of the United States' has the meaning pre-
scribed in section 101(a)(22) of the Immigration and Nationality 
Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(22))."; and 
(2) in subsection (c), by striking the first sentence and 
inserting the following: "If the victim of an offense under sub-
section (a) is an internationally protected person outside the 
United States, the United States may exercise jurisdiction over 
the offense if (1) the victim is a representative, 
officer, 
employee, or agent of the United States, (2) an offender is 
a national of the United States, or (3) an offender is afterwards 
found in the United States.". 
(d) PROTECTION OF FOREIGN OFFICIALS AND CERTAIN OTHER 
PERSONS.—Section 112 of title 18, United States Code, is amended— 
(1) in subsection (c), by inserting "'national of the United 
States'," before "and"; and 
(2) in subsection (e), by striking the first sentence and 
inserting the following: "If the victim of an offense under sub-
section (a) is an internationally protected person outside the 
United States, the United States may exercise jurisdiction over 
the offense if (1) the victim is a representative, officer, 
employee, or agent of the United States, (2) an offender is 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1299 
a national of the United States, or (3) an offender is afterwards 
found in the United States.". 
(e) THREATS AND EXTORTION AGAINST FOREIGN OFFICIALS AND 
CERTAIN OTHER PERSONS.—Section 878 of title 18, United States 
Code, is amended— 
(1) in subsection (c), by inserting "'national of the United 
States'," before "and"; and 
(2) in subsection (d), by striking the first sentence and 
inserting the following: "If the victim of an offense under sub-
section (a) is an internationally protected person outside the 
United States, the United States may exercise jurisdiction over 
the offense if (1) the victim is a representative, officer, 
employee, or agent of the United States, (2) an offender is 
a national of the United States, or (3) an offender is afterwards 
found in the United States.". 
(f) KIDNAPPING OF INTERNATIONALLY PROTECTED PERSONS.— 
Section 1201(e) of title 18, United States Code, is amended— 
(1) by striking the first sentence and inserting the follow-
ing: "If the victim of an offense under subsection (a) is an 
internationally protected person outside the United States, the 
United States may exercise jurisdiction over the offense if (1) 
the victim is a representative, officer, employee, or agent of 
the United States, (2) an offender is a national of the United 
States, or (3) an offender is afterwards found in the United 
States."; and 
(2) by adding at the end the following: "For purposes of 
this subsection, the term 'national of the United States' has 
the meaning prescribed in section 101(a)(22) of the Immigration 
and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(22)).". 
(g) VIOLENCE AT INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTS.—Section 37(b)(2) 
of title 18, United States Code, is amended— 
(1) by inserting "(A)" before "the offender is later found 
in the United States"; and 
(2) by inserting "; or (B) an offender or a victim is a 
national of the United States (as defined in section 101(a)(22) 
of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(22)))" 
after "the offender is later found in the United States". 
(h) BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS.—Section 178 of title 18, United 
States Code, is amended— 
(1) by striking "and" at the end of paragraph (3); 
(2) by striking the period at the end of paragraph (4) 
and inserting "; and"; and 
(3) by adding the following at the end: 
"(5) the term 'national of the United States' has the mean-
ing prescribed in section 101(a)(22) of the Immigration and 
Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(22)).". 
SEC. 722. CLARIFICATION OF MARITIME VIOLENCE JURISDICTION. 
Section 2280(b)(1)(A) of title 18, United States Code, is amend-
ed— 
(1) in clause (ii), by striking "and the activity is not prohib-
ited as a crime by the State in which the activity takes place"; 
and 
(2) in clause (iii), by striking "the activity takes place 
on a ship flying the flag of a foreign country or outside the 
United States,". 
110 STAT. 1300 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
SEC. 
723. 
INCREASED 
AND 
ALTERNATE 
CONSPIRACY 
PENALTIES 
FOR 
TERRORISM 
OFFENSES. 
(pk) TiTLK 18 OFFENSES 
(1) Sections 32(a)(7), 32(b)(4), 37(a), 115(a)(1)(A), 115(a)(2), 
1203(a), 2280(a)(1)(H), and 2281(a)(1)(F) of title 18, United 
States Code, are each amended by inserting "or conspires" 
after "attempts". 
(2) Section 115(b)(2) of title 18, United States Code, is 
• amended by striking "or attempted kidnapping" both places 
it appears and inserting ", attempted kidnapping, or conspiracy 
to kidnap". 
(3)(A) Section 115(b)(3) of title 18, United States Code, 
is amended by striking "or attempted murder" and inserting 
", attempted murder, or conspiracy to murder". 
(B) Section 115(b)(3) of title 18, United States Code, is 
amended by striking "and 1113" and inserting ", 1113, and 
1117". 
(b) AIRCRAFT PIRACY.— 
(1) Section 46502(a)(2) of title 49, United States Code, 
is amended by inserting "or conspiring" after "attempting". 
(2) Section 46502(b)(1) of title 49, United States Code, 
is amended by inserting "or conspiring to commit" after 
"committing". 
SEC. 724. CLARIFICATION OF FEDERAL JURISDICTION OVER BOMB 
THREATS. 
Section 844(e) of title 18, United States Code, is amended 
by striking "commerce," and inserting "interstate or foreign com-
merce, or in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce,". 
SEC. 725. EXPANSION AND MODIFICATION OF WEAPONS OF MASS 
DESTRUCTION STATUTE. 
Section 2332a of title 18, United States Code, is amended— 
(1) in subsection (a)— 
(A) in the subsection heading, by inserting "AGAINST 
A NATIONAL OF THE UNITED STATES OR WITHIN THE UNITED 
STATES" after "OFFENSE"; 
(B) by striking "uses, or attempts" and inserting 
", without lawful authority, uses, threatens, or attempts"; 
and 
(C) in paragraph (2), by inserting ", and the results 
of such use affect interstate or foreign commerce or, in 
the case of a threat, attempt, or conspiracy, would have 
affected interstate or foreign commerce" before the semi-
colon at the end; 
(2) in subsection (b), by striking subparagraph (B) and 
inserting the following: 
"(B) any weapon that is designed or intended to cause 
death or serious bodily injury through the release, dissemi-
nation, or impact of toxic or poisonous chemicals, or their 
precursors;"; 
(3) by redesignating subsection (b) as subsection (c); and 
(4) by inserting after subsection (a) the following new sub-
section: 
"(b) OFFENSE BY NATIONAL OF THE UNITED STATES OUTSIDE 
OF THE UNITED STATES.—^Any national of the United States who, 
without lawful authority, uses, or threatens, attempts, or conspires 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1301 
to use, a weapon of mass destruction outside of the United States 
shall be imprisoned for any term of years or for life, and if death 
results, shall be punished by death, or by imprisonment for any 
term of years or for life.". 
SEC. 726. ADDITION OF TERRORISM OFFENSES TO THE MONEY 
LAUNDERING STATUTE. 
Section 1956(c)(7) of title 18, United States Code, is amended— 
(1) in subparagraph (B), by amending clause (ii) to read 
as follows: 
"(ii) murder, kidnapping, robbery, extortion, or destruc-
tion of property by means of explosive or fire;"; and 
(2) in subparagraph (D)— 
(A) by inserting after "an offense under" the following: 
"section 32 (relating to the destruction of aircraft), section 
37 (relating to violence at international airports), section 
115 (relating to influencing, impeding, or retaliating 
against a Federal official by threatening or injuring a fam-
ily member),"; 
(B) by inserting after "section 215 (relating to commis-
sions or gifts for procuring loans)," the following: "section 
351 (relating to congressional or Cabinet officer assassina-
tion),"; 
(C) by inserting after "section 798 (relating to espio-
nage)," the following: "section 831 (relating to prohibited 
transactions involving nuclear materials), section 844 (f) 
or (i) (relating to destruction by explosives or fire of Govern-
ment property or property affecting interstate or foreign 
commerce),"; 
(D) by inserting after "section 875 (relating to inter-
state communications)," the following: "section 956 (relating 
to conspiracy to kill, kidnap, maim, or injure certain prop-
erty in a foreign country),"; 
(E) by inserting after "section 1032 (relating to conceal-
ment of assets from conservator, receiver, or liquidating 
agent of financial institution)," the following: "section 1111 
(relating to murder), section 1114 (relating to murder of 
United States law enforcement officials), section 1116 
(relating to murder of foreign officials, official guests, or 
internationally protected persons),"; 
(F) by inserting after "section 1203 (relating to hostage 
taking)," the following: "section 1361 (relating to willful 
injury of Government property), section 1363 (relating to 
destruction of property within the special maritime and 
territorial jurisdiction),"; 
(G) by inserting after "section 1708 (relating to theft 
from the mail)," the following: "section 1751 (relating to 
Presidential assassination),"; 
(H) by inserting after "2114 (relating to bank and 
postal robbery and theft)," the following: "section 2280 
(relating to violence against maritime navigation), section 
2281 (relating to violence against maritime fixed plat-
forms),"; 
(I) by striking "or section 2320" and inserting "section 
2320"; and 
(J) by striking "of this title" and inserting the following: 
", section 2332 (relating to terrorist acts abroad against 
110 STAT. 1302 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
United States nationals), section 2332a (relating to use 
of weapons of mass destruction), section 2332b (relating 
to international terrorist acts transcending national bound-
aries), or section 2339A (relating to providing material 
support to terrorists) of this title, section 46502 of title 
49, United States Code,". 
SEC. 727. PROTECTION OF FEDERAL EMPLOYEES; PROTECTION OF 
CURRENT 
OR 
FORMER 
OFFICIALS, 
OFFICERS, 
OR 
EMPLOYEES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
(a) HOMICIDE.—Section 1114 of title 18, United States Code, 
is amended to read as follows: 
"§1114. Protection of officers and employees of the United 
States 
"Whoever kills or attempts to kill any officer or employee of 
the United States or of any agency in any branch of the United 
States Government (including any member of the uniformed serv-
ices) while such officer or employee is engaged in or on account 
of the performance of official duties, or any person assisting such 
an officer or employee in the performance of such duties or on 
account of that assistance, shall be punished— 
"(1) in the case of murder, as provided under section 1111; 
"(2) in the case of manslaughter, as provided under section 
1112; or 
"(3) in the case of attempted murder or manslaughter, 
as provided in section 1113.". 
(b) THREATS AGAINST FORMER OFFICERS AND EMPLOYEES.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—Section 115(a)(2) of title 18, United States 
Code, is amended by inserting ", or threatens to assault, kidnap, 
or murder, any person who formerly served as a person des-
ignated in paragraph (1), or" after "assaults, kidnaps, or mur-
ders, or attempts to kidnap or murder". 
(2) LIMITATION.—Section 115 of title 18, United States 
Code, is amended by adding at the end the following: 
"(d) This section shall not interfere with the investigative 
authority of the United States Secret Service, as provided under 
sections 3056, 871, and 879 of this title.". 
(c) AMENDMENT TO CLARIFY THE MEANING OF THE TERM 
DEADLY OR DANGEROUS WEAPON IN THE PROHIBITION ON ASSAULT 
O
N FEDERAL OFFICERS OR EMPLOYEES.—Section 111(b) of title 18, 
United States Code, is amended by inserting "(including a weapon 
intended to cause death or danger but that fails to do so by reason 
of a defective component)" after "deadly or dangerous weapon". 
SEC. 728. DEATH PENALTY AGGRAVATING FACTOR. 
Section 3592(c) of title 18, United States Code, is amended 
by inserting after paragraph (15) the following new paragraph: 
"(16) 
MULTIPLE KILLINGS OR ATTEMPTED KILLINGS.—The 
defendant intentionally killed or attempted to kill more than 
one person in a single criminal episode.". 
SEC. 729. DETENTION HEARING. 
Section 3142(f) of title 18, United States Code, is amended 
by inserting "(not including any intermediate Saturday, Sunday, 
or legal holiday)" after "five days" and after "three days". 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1303 
SEC. 730. DIRECTIONS TO SENTENCING COMMISSION. 
28 USC 994 note. 
The United States Sentencing Commission shall forthwith, in 
accordance with the procedures set forth in section 21(a) of the 
Sentencing Act of 1987, as though the authority under that section 
had not expired, amend the sentencing guidelines so that the chap-
ter 3 adjustment relating to international terrorism only applies 
to Federal crimes of terrorism, as defined in section 2332b(g) of 
title 18, United States Code. 
SEC. 731. EXCLUSION OF CERTAIN TYPES OF INFORMATION FROM 
DEFINITIONS. 
Section 2510 of title 18, United States Code, is amended— 
(1) in paragraph (12)— 
(A) by striking "or" at the end of subparagraph (B); 
(B) by adding "or" at the end of subparagraph (C); 
and 
(C) by adding at the end the following new subpara-
graph: 
"(D) electronic funds transfer information stored by 
a financial institution in a communications system used 
for the electronic storage and transfer of funds;"; and 
(2) in paragraph (16)— 
(A) by adding "or" at the end of subparagraph (D); 
(B) by striking "or" at the end of subparagraph (E); 
and 
(C) by striking subparagraph (F). 
SEC. 732. MARKING, RENDERING INERT, AND LICENSING OF EXPLO- 
18 USC 841 note. 
SIVE MATERIALS. 
(a) STUDY.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—^Not later than 12 months after the date 
of enactment of this Act, the Secretary of the Treasury (referred 
to in this section as the "Secretary") shall conduct a study 
of— 
(A) the tagging of explosive materials for purposes 
of detection and identification; 
(B) the feasibility and practicability of rendering com-
mon chemicals used to manufacture explosive materials 
inert; 
(C) the feasibility and practicability of imposing con-
trols on certain precursor chemicals used to manufacture 
explosive materials; and 
(D) State licensing requirements for the purchase and 
use of commercial high explosives, including— 
(i) detonators; 
(ii) detonating cords; 
(iii) dynamite; 
(iv) water gel; 
(v) emulsion; 
(vi) blasting agents; and 
(vii) boosters. 
(2) EXCLUSION.—No study conducted under this subsection 
or regulation proposed under subsection (e) shall include black 
or smokeless powder among the explosive materials considered. 
(b) CONSULTATION.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—In conducting the study under subsection 
(a), the Secretary shall consult with— 
29-194 O - 96 - 5 : QL 3 Part 2 
110 STAT. 1304 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
(A) Federal, State, and local officials with expertise 
in the area of chemicals used to manufacture explosive 
materials; and 
(B) such other individuals as the Secretary determines 
are necessary. 
(2) FERTILIZER RESEARCH CENTERS.—In conducting any por-
tion of the study under subsection (a) relating to the regulation 
and use of fertilizer as a pre-explosive material, the Secretary 
of the Treasury shall consult with and receive input from 
non-profit fertilizer research centers. 
(c) REPORT.—Not later than 30 days after the completion of 
the study conducted under subsection (a), the Secretary shall submit 
a report to the Congress, which shall be made public, that con-
tains— 
(1) the results of the study; 
(2) any recommendations for legislation; and 
(3) any opinions and findings of the fertilizer research 
centers. 
(d) HEARINGS.—Congress shall have not less than 90 days 
after the submission of the report under subsection (c) to— 
(1) review the results of the study; and 
(2) hold hearings and receive testimony regarding the rec-
ommendations of the Secretary. 
(e) REGULATIONS.— 
Federal Register, 
(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 6 months after the submis-
publication. 
gion of the report required by subsection (c), the Secretary 
may submit to Congress and publish in the Federal Register 
drajt regulations for the addition of tracer elements to explosive 
materials manufactured in or imported into the United States, 
of such character and in such quantity as the Secretary may 
authorize or require, if the results of the study conducted 
under subsection (a) indicate that the tracer elements— 
(A) will not pose a risk to human life or safety; 
(B) will substantially assist law enforcement officers 
in their investigative efforts; 
(C) will not substantially impair the quality of the 
explosive materials for their intended lawful use; 
(D) will not have a substantially adverse effect on 
the environment; and 
(E) the costs associated with the addition of the tracers 
will not outweigh benefits of their inclusion. 
(2) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The regulations under paragraph (1) 
shall take effect 270 days after the Secretary submits proposed 
regulations to Congress pursuant to paragraph (1), except to 
the extent that the effective date is revised or the regulation 
is otherwise modified or disapproved by an Act of Congress. 
TITLE VIII—ASSISTANCE TO LAW 
ENFORCEMENT 
Subtitle A—Resources and Security 
28 u s e 509 note. 
SEC. 801. OVERSEAS LAW ENFORCEMENT TRAINING ACTIVITIES. 
The Attorney General and the Secretary of the Treasury are 
authorized to support law enforcement training activities in foreign 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1305 
countries, in consultation with the Secretary of State, for the pur-
pose of improving the effectiveness of the United States in inves-
tigating and prosecuting transnational offenses. 
SEC. 802. SENSE OF CONGRESS. 
It is the sense of the Congress that, whenever practicable, 
each recipient of any sum authorized to be appropriated by this 
Act, should use the money to purchase American-made products. 
SEC. 803. PROTECTION OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS IN THE 
40 USC 137. 
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
The Attorney General and the Secretary of the Treasury may 
prohibit— 
(1) any vehicles from parking or standing on any street 
or roadway adjacent to any building in the District of Columbia 
used by law enforcement authorities subject to their jurisdic-
tion, that is in whole or in part owned, possessed, or leased 
to the Federal Government; and 
(2) any person or entity from conducting business on any 
property immediately adjacent to any building described in 
paragraph (1). 
SEC. 804. REQUIREMENT TO PRESERVE RECORD EVIDENCE. 
Section 2703 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by 
adding at the end the following new subsection: 
"(f) REQUIREMENT TO PRESERVE EVIDENCE.— 
"(1) IN GENERAL.—^A provider of wire or electronic commu-
nication services or a remote computing service, upon the 
request of a governmental entity, shall take all necessary steps 
to preserve records and other evidence in its possession pending 
the issusince of a court order or other process. 
"(2) PERIOD OF RETENTION.—^Records referred to in para-
graph (1) shall be retained for a period of 90 days, which 
shall be extended for an additional 90-day period upon a 
renewed request by the governmental entity.". 
SEC. 805. DETERRENT AGAINST TERRORIST ACTIVITY DAMAGING A 
28 USC 994 note. 
FEDERAL INTEREST COMPUTER. 
(a) REVIEW.—Not later than 60 calendar days after the date 
of enactment of this Act, the United States Sentencing Commission 
shall review the deterrent effect of existing guideline levels as 
they apply to paragraphs (4) and (5) of section 1030(a) of title 
18, United States Code. 
(b) REPORT.—The United States Sentencing Commission shall 
^ 
prepare and transmit a report to the Congress on the findings 
under the study conducted under subsection (a). 
(c) AMENDMENT OF GUIDELINES.—Pursuant to its authority 
under section 994(p) of title 28, United States Code, the United 
States Sentencing Commission shall amend the sentencing guide-
lines to ensure any individual convicted of a violation of paragraph 
(4) or (5) of section 1030(a) of title 18, United States Code, is 
imprisoned for not less than 6 months. 
SEC. 806. COMMISSION ON THE ADVANCEMENT OF FEDERAL LAW 
18 USC prec. 1 
ENFORCEMENT. 
note. 
(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—^There is established a commission to be 
known as the "Commission on the Advancement of Federal Law 
110 STAT. 1306 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
Enforcement" (hereinafter in this section referred to as the 
"Commission"). 
(b) DUTIES.—^The Commission shall review, ascertain, evaluate, 
report, and recommend action to the Congress on the following 
matters: 
(1) The Federal law enforcement priorities for the 21st 
century, including Federal law enforcement capability to inves-
tigate and deter adequately the threat of terrorism facing the 
United States. 
(2) In general, the manner in which significant Federal 
criminal law enforcement operations are conceived, planned, 
coordinated, and executed. 
(3) The standards and procedures used by Federal law 
enforcement to carry out significant Federal criminal law 
enforcement operations, and their uniformity and compatibility 
on an interagency basis, including standards related to the 
use of deadly force. 
(4) The investigation and handling of specific Federal crimi-
nal law enforcement cases by the United States Government 
and the Federal law enforcement agencies therewith, selected 
at the Commission's discretion. 
(5) The necessity for the present number of Federal law 
enforcement agencies and units. 
(6) The location and efficacy of the office or entity directly 
responsible, aside from the President of the United States, 
for the coordination on an interagency basis of the operations, 
programs, and activities of all of the Federal law enforcement 
agencies. 
(7) The degree of assistance, training, education, and other 
human resource management assets devoted to increasing 
professionalism for Federal law enforcement officers. 
(8) The independent accountability mechanisms that exist, 
if any, and their efficacy to investigate, address, and to correct 
Federal law enforcement abuses. 
(9) The degree of coordination among law enforcement 
agencies in the area of international crime and the extent 
to which deplojmient of resources overseas diminishes domestic 
law enforcement. 
(10) The extent to which Federal law enforcement agencies 
coordinate with State and local law enforcement agencies on 
Federal criminal enforcement operations and programs that 
directly affect a State or local law enforcement agency's geo-
graphical jurisdiction. 
(11) Such other related matters as the Commission deems 
appropriate. 
(c) MEMBERSHIP AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS.— 
(1) NUMBER AND APPOINTMENT.—The Commission shall be 
composed of 5 members appointed as follows: 
(A) 1 member appointed by the President pro tempore 
of the Senate. 
(B) 1 member appointed by the minority leader of 
the Senate. 
(C) 1 member appointed by the Speaker of the House 
of Representatives. 
(D) 1 member appointed by the minority leader of 
the House of Representatives. 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1307 
(E) 1 member (who shall chair the Commission) 
appointed by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. 
(2) DISQUALIFICATION.—^A person who is an officer or 
employee of the United States shall not be appointed a member 
of the Commission. 
(3) TERMS.—^Each member shall be appointed for the life 
of the Commission. 
(4) QUORUM.—3 members of the Commission shall con-
stitute a quorum but a lesser number may hold hearings. 
(5) MEETINGS.—The Commission shall meet at the call 
of the Chair of the Commission. 
(6) COMPENSATION.—Each member of the Commission who 
is not an officer or employee of the Federal Government shall 
be compensated at a rate equal to the daily equivalent of 
the annual rate of basic pay prescribed for level IV of the 
Executive Schedule under section 5315 of title 5, United States 
Code, for each day, including travel time, during which the 
memiser is engaged in the performance of the duties of the 
Commission. 
(d) STAFFING AND SUPPORT FUNCTIONS.— 
(1) DIRECTOR.—The Commission shall have a director who 
shall be appointed by the Chair of the Commission. 
(2) STAFF.—Subject to rules prescribed by the Commission, 
the Director may appoint additional personnel as the Commis-
sion considers appropriate. 
(3) APPLICABILITY OF CERTAIN CIVIL SERVICE LAWS.—The 
Director and staff of the Commission shall be appointed subject 
to the provisions of title 5, United States Code, governing 
appointments in the competitive service, and shall be paid 
in accordance with the provisions of chapter 51 and subchapter 
III of chapter 53 of that title relating to classification and 
General Schedule pay rates. 
(e) POWERS.— 
(1) HEARINGS /\ND SESSIONS.—^The Commission may, for 
the purposes of carrying out this Act, hold hearings, sit and 
act at times and places, take testimony, and receive evidence 
as the Commission considers appropriate. The Commission may 
administer oaths or affirmations to witnesses appearing before 
it. The Commission may establish rules for its proceedings. 
(2) POWERS OF MEMBERS AND AGENTS.—Any member or 
agent of the Commission may, if authorized by the Commission, 
take any action which the Commission is authorized to take 
by this section. 
(3) 
OBTAINING OFFICIAL DATA.—The Commission may 
secure directly from any department or agency of the United 
States information necessary to enable it to carry out this 
section. Upon request of the Chair of the Commission, the 
head of that department or agency shall furnish that informa-
tion to the Commission, unless doing so would threaten the 
national security, the health or safety of any individual, or 
the integrity of an ongoing investigation. 
(4) ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT SERVICES.—Upon the request 
of the Commission, the Administrator of General Services shall 
provide to the Commission, on a reimbursable basis, the 
administrative support services necessary for the Commission 
to carry out its responsibilities under this title. 
110 STAT. 1308 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
(f) REPORT.—The Commission shall transmit a report to the 
Congress and the public not later than 2 years after a quorum 
of the Commission has been appointed. The report shall contain 
a detailed statement of the findings and conclusions of the Commis-
sion, together with the Commission's recommendations for such 
actions as the Commission considers appropriate. 
(g) TERMINATION.—The Commission shall terminate 30 days 
after submitting the report required by this section. 
18 use 470 note. 
SEC. 807. COMBATTING INTERNATIONAL COUNTERFEITING OF UNITED 
STATES CURRENCY. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—^The Secretary of the Treasury (hereafter 
in this section referred to as the "Secretary"), in consultation with 
the advanced counterfeit deterrence steering committee, shall— 
(1) study the use and holding of United States currency 
in foreign countries; and 
(2) develop useful estimates of the amount of counterfeit 
United States currency that circulates outside the United States 
each year. 
(b) EVALUATION AUDIT PLAN.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall develop an effective 
international evaluation audit plan that is designed to enable 
the Secretary to carry out the duties described in subsection 
(a) on a regular and thorough basis. 
(2) SUBMISSION OF DETAILED WRITTEN SUMMARY.—^The Sec-
retary shall submit a detailed written summary of the evalua-
tion audit plan developed pursuant to paragraph (1) to the 
Congress before the end of the 6-month period beginning on 
the date of the enactment of this Act. 
(3) FIRST EVALUATION AUDIT UNDER PLAN.—The Secretary 
shall begin the first evaluation audit pursuant to the evaluation 
audit plan no later than the end of the 1-year period beginning 
on the date of the enactment of this Act. 
(4) SUBSEQUENT EVALUATION AUDITS.—^At least 1 evaluation 
audit shall be performed pursuant to the evaluation audit plan 
during each 3-year period beginning after the date of the 
commencement of the evaluation audit referred to in paragraph 
(3). 
(c) REPORTS.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—^The Secretary shall submit a written 
report to the Committee on Banking and Financial Services 
of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Banking, 
Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate on the results of 
each evaluation audit conducted pursuant to subsection (b) 
within 90 days after the completion of the evaluation audit. 
(2) CONTENTS.—In addition to such other information as 
the Secretary may determine to be appropriate, each report 
submitted to the Congress pursuant to paragraph (1) shall 
include the following information: 
(A) A detailed description of the evaluation audit proc-
ess and the methods used to develop estimates of the 
amount of counterfeit United States currency in circulation 
outside the United States. 
(B) The method used to determine the currency sample 
examined in connection with the evaluation audit and a 
statistical analysis of the sample examined. 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1309 
(C) A list of the regions of the world, types of financial 
institutions, and other entities included. 
(D) An estimate of the total amount of United States 
currency found in each region of the world. 
(E) The total amount of counterfeit United States cur-
rency and the total quantity of each counterfeit denomina-
tion found in each region of the world. 
(3) CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—^To the greatest extent possible, each 
report submitted to the Congress under this subsection 
shall be submitted in an unclassified form. 
(B) CLASSIFIED AND UNCLASSIFIED FORMS.—If, in 
the 
interest of submitting a complete report under this sub-
section, the Secretary determines that it is necessary to 
include classified information in the report, the report shall 
be submitted in a classified and an unclassified form. 
(d) SUNSET PROVISION.—^This section shall cease to be effective 
as of the end of the 10-year period beginning on the date of the 
enactment of this Act. 
(e) RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.—No provision of this section shall 
be construed as authorizing any entity to conduct investigations 
of counterfeit United States currency. 
(f) FINDINGS.—^The Congress hereby finds the following: 
(1) United States currency is being counterfeited outside 
the United States. 
(2) The One Hundred Third Congress enacted, with the 
approval of the President on September 13, 1994, section 470 
of title 18, United States Code, making such activity a crime 
under the laws of the United States. 
(3) The expeditious posting of agents of the United States 
Secret Service to overseas posts, which is necessary for the 
effective enforcement of section 470 and related criminal provi-
sions, has been delayed. 
(4) While section 470 of title 18, United States Code, pro-
vides for a maximum term of imprisonment of 20 years as 
opposed to a maximum term of 15 years for domestic counter-
feiting, the United States Sentencing Commission has failed 
to provide, in its sentencing guidelines, for an appropriate 
enhancement 
of punishment for defendants 
convicted of 
counterfeiting United States currency outside the United 
States. 
(g) TIMELY CONSIDERATION OF REQUESTS FOR CONCURRENCE 
IN CREATION OF OVERSEAS POSTS.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of State shall— 
(A) consider in a timely manner the request by the 
Secretary of the Treasury for the placement of such number 
of agents of the United States Secret Service as the Sec-
retary of the Treasury considers appropriate in posts in 
overseas embassies; and 
(B) reach an agreement with the Secretary of the 
Treasury on such posts as soon as possible and, in any 
event, not later than December 31, 1996. 
(2) COOPERATION OF TREASURY REQUIRED.—^The Secretary 
of the Treasury shall promptly provide any 
information 
requested by the Secretary of State in connection with such 
requests. 
110 STAT. 1310 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
(3) REPORTS REQUIRED.—The Secretary of the Treasury 
and the Secretary of State shall each submit, by February 
1, 1997, a written report to the Committee on Banking and 
Financial Services of the House of Representatives and the 
Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the 
Senate explaining the reasons for the rejection, if any, of any 
proposed post and the reasons for the failure, if any, to fill 
any approved post by such date. 
(h) ENHANCED PENALTIES FOR INTERNATIONAL COUNTERFEITING 
OF UNITED STATES CURRENCY.—Pursuant to the authority of the 
United States Sentencing Commission under section 994 of title 
28, United States Code, the Commission shall amend the sentencing 
guidelines prescribed by the Commission to provide an appropriate 
enhancement of the punishment for a defendant convicted under 
section 470 of title 18 of such Code. 
28 use 534 note. 
SEC. 808. COMPILATION OF STATISTICS RELATING TO INTIMIDATION 
OF GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES. 
(a) FINDINGS.—The Congress finds that— 
(1) threats of violence and acts of violence against Federal, 
State, and local government employees and their families are 
increasing as the result of attempts to stop public servants 
from performing their lawful duties; 
(2) these acts are a danger to the constitutional form of 
government of the United States; and 
(3) more information is needed relating to the extent and 
nature of the danger to these employees and their families 
so that actions can be taken to protect public servants at 
all levels of government in the performance of their duties. 
(b) STATISTICS.—^The Attorney General shall collect data, for 
the calendar year 1990 and each succeeding calendar year there-
after, relating to crimes and incidents of threats of violence and 
acts of violence against Federal, State, and local government 
employees and their families in the performance of their lawful 
duties. Such data shall include— 
(1) in the case of crimes against such employees and their 
families, the nature of the crime; and 
(2) in the case of incidents of threats of violence and acts 
of violence, including verbal and implicit threats against such 
employees and their families, the deterrent effect on the 
performance of their jobs. 
(c) GUIDELINES.—The Attorney General shall establish guide-
lines for the collection of the data under subsection (b), including 
a definition of the sufficiency of evidence of noncriminal incidents 
required to be reported. 
(d) USE OF DATA.— 
(1) ANNUAL PUBLISHING.—The Attorney General shall pub-
lish an annual summary of the data collected under this section. 
(2) USE OF DATA.—^Except with respect to the summary 
published under paragraph (1), data collected under this section 
shall be used only for research and statistical purposes. 
(e) EXEMPTION.—^The Attorney General, the Secretary of State, 
and the United States Secret Service is not required to participate 
in any statistical reporting activity under this section with respect 
to any direct or indirect threat made against any individual for 
whom that official or Service is authorized to provide protection. 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1311 
SEC. 809. ASSESSING AND REDUCING THE THREAT TO LAW ENFORCE- 
42 USC 3721 
MENT OFFICERS FROM THE CRIMINAL USE OF FIREARMS 
note. 
AND AMMUNITION. 
(a) The Secretary of the Treasury, in conjunction with the 
Attorney General, shall conduct a study and make recommendations 
. 
concerning— 
(1) the extent and nature of the deaths and serious injuries, 
in the line of duty during the last decade, for law enforcement 
officers, including— 
(A) those officers who were feloniously killed or seri-
ously injured and those that died or were seriously injured 
as a result of accidents or other non-felonious causes; 
(B) those officers feloniously killed or seriously injured 
with firearms, those killed or seriously injured with, sepa-
rately, handguns firing handgun caliber ammunition, hand-
guns firing rifle caliber ammunition, rifles firing rifle cali-
ber ammunition, rifles firing handgun caliber ammunition 
and shotguns; 
(C) those officers feloniously killed or seriously injured 
with firearms, and killings or serious injuries committed 
with firearms taken by officers' assailants from officers, 
and those committed with other officers' firearms; and 
(D) those killed or seriously injured because shots 
attributable to projectiles defined as "armor piercing, 
ammunition" under section 921(a)(17)(B) (i) and (ii) of title 
18, United States Code, pierced the protective material 
of bullet resistant vests and bullet resistant headgear; 
(2) whether current passive defensive strategies, such as 
body armor, are adequate to counter the criminal use of fire-
arms against law officers; and 
(3) the calibers of ammunition that are— 
(A) sold in the greatest quantities; 
(B) their common uses, according to consultations with 
industry, sporting organizations and law enforcement; 
(C) the calibers commonly used for civilian defensive 
* 
or sporting uses that would be affected by any prohibition 
on non-law enforcement sales of such ammunition, if such 
ammunition is capable of penetrating minimum level bullet ^ 
resistant vests; and 
(D) recommendations for increase in body armor 
capabilities to further protect law enforcement from threat. 
(b) In conducting the study, the Secretary shall consult with 
other Federal, State and local officials, non-governmental organiza-
tions, including all national police organizations, national sporting 
organizations and national industry associations with expertise in 
^ 
this area and such other individuals as shall be deemed necessary. 
Such study shall be presented to Congress twelve months after 
the enactment of this Act and made available to the public, includ-
ing any data tapes or data used to form such recommendations. 
(c) There are authorized to be appropriated for the study and Appropriation 
recommendations such sums as may be necessary. 
authorization. 
SEC. 810. STUDY AND REPORT ON ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE. 
(a) STUDY.—^The Attorney General and the Director of the Fed- 
- . 
eral Bureau of Investigation shall study all applicable laws and 
guidelines relating to electronic surveillance and the use of pen 
registers and other trap and trace devices. 
110 STAT. 1312 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
(b) REPORT.—Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment 
of this Act, the Attorney General shall submit a report to the 
Congress that includes— 
(1) the findings of the study conducted pursuant to sub-
section (a); 
(2) recommendations for the use of electronic devices in 
conducting surveillance of terrorist or other criminal organiza-
tions, and for any modifications in the law necessary to enable 
the Federal Government to fulfill its law enforcement respon-
sibilities within appropriate constitutional param.eters; 
(3) a summary of instances in which Federal law enforce-
ment authorities may have abused electronic surveillance pow-
ers and recommendations, if needed, for constitutional safe-
guards relating to the use of such powers; and 
(4) a summary of efforts to use current wiretap authority, 
including detailed examples of situations in which expanded 
authority would have enabled law enforcement authorities to 
fulfill their responsibilities. 
Subtitle B—Funding Authorizations for 
Law Enforcement 
28 u s e 531 note. 
SEC. 811. FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—^With funds made available pursuant to sub-
section (c)— 
(1) the Attorney General shall— 
(A) provide support and enhance the technical support 
center and tactical operations of the Federal Bureau of 
Investigation; 
(B) 
create 
a 
Federal 
Bureau 
of 
Investigation 
counterterrorism and counterintelligence fund for costs 
associated with the investigation of cases involving cases 
of terrorism; 
(C) expand and improve the instructional, operational 
support, and construction of the Federal Bureau of Inves-
tigation Academy; 
(D) construct a Federal Bureau of Investigation labora-
tory, provide laboratory examination support, and provide 
for a command center; 
(E) make grants to States to carry out the activities 
described in subsection (b); and 
(F) increase personnel to support counterterrorism 
activities; and 
(2) the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation 
may expand the combined DNA Identification System (CODIS) 
to include Federal crimes and crimes committed in the District 
of Columbia. 
(b) STATE GRANTS.— 
(1) AUTHORIZATION.—The Attorney General, in consultation 
with the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, may 
make grants to each State eligible under paragraph (2) to 
be used by the chief executive officer of the State, in conjunction 
with units of local government, other States, or any combination 
thereof, to carry out all or part of a program to establish, 
develop, update, or upgrade— 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1313 
(A) computerized 
identification 
systems that are 
compatible and integrated with the databases of the 
National Crime Information Center of the Federal Bureau 
of Investigation; 
(B) the capability to analyze deoxyribonucleic acid 
(DNA) in a forensic laboratory in ways that are compatible 
and integrated with the combined DNA Identification Sys-
tem (CODIS) of the Federal Bureau of Investigation; and 
(C) automated fingerprint identification systems that 
are compatible and integrated with the Integrated Auto-
mated Fingerprint Identification System (lAFIS) of the 
Federal Bureau of Investigation. 
(2) ELIGIBILITY.—^To be eligible to receive a grant under 
this subsection, a State shall require that each person convicted 
of a felony of a sexual nature shall provide to appropriate 
State law enforcement officials, as designated by the chief 
executive officer of the State, a sample of blood, saliva, or 
other specimen necessary to conduct a DNA analysis consistent 
with the standards established for DNA testing by the Director 
of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. 
(3) INTERSTATE COMPACTS.—^A State may enter into a com-
pact or compacts with another State or States to carry out 
this subsection. 
(c) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—^There are authorized to be appropriated 
for the activities of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, to 
help meet the increased demands for activities to combat terror-
ism— 
(A) $114,000,000 for fiscal year 1997; 
(B) $166,000,000 for fiscal year 1998; 
(C) $96,000,000 for fiscal year 1999; and 
(D) $92,000,000 for fiscal year 2000. 
(2) AVAILABILITY OF FUNDS.—Funds made available pursu-
ant to paragraph (1), in any fiscal year, shall remain available 
until expended. 
(3) ALLOCATION.— 
(A) IN GENERAL.—Of the total amount appropriated 
to carry out subsection (b) in a fiscal year— 
(i) the greater of 0.25 percent of such amount 
or $500,000 shall be allocated to each eligible State; 
and 
(ii) of the total funds remaining after the allocation 
under clause (i), there shall be allocated to each State 
an amount which bears the same ratio to the amount 
of remaining funds described in this subparagraph as 
the population of such State bears to the population 
of all States. 
(B) DEFINITION.—For purposes of this paragraph, the 
term "State" means any State of the United States, the 
District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, 
the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Guam, and the 
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, except 
that for purposes of the allocation under this subparagraph, 
American Samoa and the Commonwealth of the Northern 
Mariana Islands shall be considered as one State and that 
for these purj)oses, 67 percent of the amounts allocated 
110 STAT. 1314 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
shall be allocated to American Samoa, and 33 percent 
to the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. 
SEC. 812. UNITED STATES CUSTOMS SERVICE. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—^There are authorized to be appropriated for 
the activities of the United States Customs Service, to help meet 
the increased needs of the United States Customs Service— 
(1) $8,000,000 for fiscal year 1997; 
(2) $8,000,000 for fiscal year 1998; 
(3) $8,000,000 for fiscal year 1999; and 
(4) $7,000,000 for fiscal year 2000. 
(b) AVAILABILITY OF FUNDS.—Funds made available pursuant 
to subsection (a), in any fiscal year, shall remain available until 
expended. 
SEC. 813. IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—^There are authorized to be appropriated for 
the activities of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, to 
help meet the increased needs of the Immigration and Naturaliza-
tion Service, including the detention and removal of alien terrorists, 
$5,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000. 
(b) AVAILABILITY OF FUNDS.—Funds made available pursuant 
to subsection (a), in any fiscal year, shall remain available until 
expended. 
SEC. 814. DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION. 
(a) ACTIVITIES OF DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION.—The 
Attorney General shall use funds made available pursuant to sub-
section (b) to— 
(1) fund antiviolence crime initiatives; 
(2) fund initiatives to address major violators of Federal 
antidrug statutes; and 
(3) enhance or replace infrastructure of the Drug Enforce-
ment Administration. 
(b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—^There are authorized 
to be appropriated to the Drug Enforcement Administration, to 
help meet the increased needs of the Drug Enforcement Administra-
tion— 
(1) $35,000,000 for fiscal year 1997; 
(2) $40,000,000 for fiscal year 1998; 
(3) $45,000,000 for fiscal year 1999; and 
(4) $52,000,000 for fiscal year 2000. 
(c) AVAILABILITY OF FUNDS.—Funds made available pursuant 
to this section, in any fiscal year, shall remain available until 
expended. 
SEC. 815. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—The Attorney General shall use funds made 
available pursuant to subsection (b) to— 
(1) hire additional Assistant United States Attorneys and 
attorneys within the Criminal Division of the Department of 
Justice; and 
(2) provide for increased security at courthouses and other 
facilities in which Federal workers are employed. 
(b) AUTHORIZATION OF ADDITIONAL APPROPRIATIONS.—^There are 
authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section— 
(1) $10,000,000 for fiscal year 1997; 
(2) $10,000,000 for fiscal year 1998; 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1315 
(3) $10,000,000 for fiscal year 1999; and 
(4) $11,000,000 for fiscal year 2000. 
(c) AVAILABILITY OF FUNDS.—^Funds made available pursuant 
to this section, in any fiscal year, shall remain available until 
expended. 
(d) EXEMPTION AUTHORITY.—^Notwithstanding any other provi- 28 use 533 note, 
sion of law, section 102(b) of the Department of Justice and Related 
Agencies Appropriations Act, 1993 (Public Law 102-395), shall 
remain in effect until specifically repealed, subject to any limitation 
on appropriations contained in any Department of Justice Appro-
priation Authorization Act. 
(e) GENERAL REWARD AUTHORITY OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL.— 
(1) IN GENERAL.—Chapter 203 of title 18, United States 
Code, is amended by adding immediately after section 3059A 
the following section: 
*
*
§ 3059B. General reward authority 
"(a) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Attorney 
General may pay rewards and receive from any department or 
agency funds for the payment of rewards under this section to 
any individual who assists the Department of Justice in performing 
its functions. 
"(b) Not later than 30 days after authorizing a reward under 
this section that exceeds $100,000, the Attorney General shall give 
notice to the respective chairmen of the Committees on Appropria-
tions and the Committees on the Judiciary of the Senate and 
the House of Representatives. 
"(c) A determination made by the Attorney General to authorize 
an award under this section and the amount of any reward author-
ized shall be final and conclusive, and not subject to judicial 
review.". 
SEC. 816. DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—^There are authorized to be appropriated for 
Department of Treasury law enforcement agencies engaged in 
counterterrorism efforts to augment those efforts— 
(1) $10,000,000 for fiscal year 1997; 
(2) $10,000,000 for fiscal year 1998; 
(3) $10,000,000 for fiscal year 1999; and 
(4) $10,000,000 for fiscal year 2000. 
(b) UNITED STATES SECRET SERVICE.—^There are authorized 
to be appropriated for the activities of the United States Secret 
Service, to augment Wliite House security and expand Presidential 
protection activities— 
(1) $11,000,000 for fiscal year 1997; 
(2) $11,000,000 for fiscal year 1998; 
(3) $13,000,000 for fiscal year 1999; and 
(4) $15,000,000 for fiscal year 2000. 
SEC. 817. UNITED STATES PARK POUCE. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—^There are authorized to be appropriated for 
the activities of the United States Park Police, to help meet the 
increased needs of the United States Park Police, $500,000 for 
each of the fiscal years 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000. 
(b) AVAILABILITY OF FUNDS.—Funds made available pursuant 
to this section, in any fiscal year, shall remain available until 
expended. 
110 STAT. 1316 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
SEC. 818. THE JUDICIARY. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—There are authorized to be appropriated to 
the Federal judiciary, to help meet the increased demands for 
judicial branch activities, including supervised release, and pretrial 
and probation services, resulting from the enactment of this Act— 
(1) $10,000,000 for fiscal year 1997; 
(2) $10,000,000 for fiscal year 1998; 
(3) $10,000,000 for fiscal year 1999; and 
(4) $11,000,000 for fiscal year 2000. 
(b) AVAILABILITY OF FUNDS.—Funds made available pursuant 
to this section, in any fiscal year, shall remain available until 
expended. 
15 use 2201 
SEC. 819. LOCAL FIREFIGHTER AND EMERGENCY SERVICES TRAINING. 
°° • 
(a) GRANT AUTHORIZATION.—The Attorney General, in consulta-
tion with the Director of the Federal Emergency Management 
Agency, may make grants to provide specialized training and equip-
ment to enhance the capability of metropolitan fire and emergency 
service departments to respond to terrorist attacks. 
(b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—^There are authorized 
to be appropriated for fiscal year 1997, $5,000,000 to carry out 
this section. 
SEC. 820. ASSISTANCE TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES TO PROCURE EXPLO-
SIVE DETECTION 
DEVICES AND OTHER 
COUNTER-
TERRORISM TECHNOLOGY. 
There are authorized to be appropriated to the National 
Institute of Justice Office of Science and Technology not more 
than $10,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1997 and 1998 to 
provide assistance to foreign countries facing an imminent danger 
of terrorist attack that threatens the national interest of the United 
States, or puts United States nationals at risk, in— 
(1) obtaining 
explosive 
detection 
devices and other 
counterterrorism technology; 
(2) conducting research and development projects on such 
technology; and 
(3) testing and evaluating counterterrorism technologies 
in those countries. 
SEC. 821. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT TO SUPPORT COUNTER-
TERRORISM TECHNOLOGIES. 
There are authorized to be appropriated to the National 
Institute of Justice Office of Science and Technology not more 
than $10,000,000 for fiscal year 1997, to— 
(1) develop technologies that can be used to combat terror-
ism, including technologies in the areas of— 
(A) detection of weapons, explosives, chemicals, and 
persons; 
(B) tracking; 
(C) surveillance; 
(D) vulnerability assessment; and 
(E) information technologies; 
(2) develop standards to ensure the adequacy of products 
produced and compatibility with relevant national systems; and 
(3) identify and assess requirements for technologies to 
assist State and local law enforcement in the national program 
to combat terrorism. 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1317 
SEC. 822. GRANTS TO STATE AND LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT FOR 
TRAINING AND EQUIPMENT. 
(a) AMENDMENT OF BYRNE GRANT PROGRAM.—Section 501(b) 
of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (42 
U.S.C. 3751(b)) is amended— 
(1) by striking "and" at the end of paragraph (24); 
(2) by striking the period at the end of paragraph (25) 
and inserting "; and"; and 
(3) by adding at the end the following new paragraph: 
"(26) to develop and implement antiterrorism training pro-
grams and to procure equipment for use by local law enforce-
ment authorities.". 
(b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—^There are authorized 
to be appropriated $25,000,000 for each of fiscal years 1997 through 
2000 for grants under section 501 of the Omnibus Crime Control 
and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (42 U.S.C. 3751(b)) to be used for 
the development and implementation of antiterrorism training pro-
grams and to procure equipment for use by local law enforcement 
authorities. 
SEC. 823. FUNDING SOURCE. 
Appropriations for activities authorized in this subtitle may 
be made from the Violent Crime Reduction Trust Fund. 
TITLE IX—MISCELLANEOUS 
SEC. 901. EXPANSION OF TERRITORIAL SEA. 
(a) TERRITORIAL SEA EXTENDING TO TWELVE MILES INCLUDED 
IS use 7 note. 
IN SPECIAL MARITIME AND TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION.—^The Con-
gress declares that all the territorial sea of the United States, 
as defined by Presidential Proclamation 5928 of December 27, 1988, 
for purposes of Federal criminal jurisdiction is part of the United 
States, subject to its sovereignty, and is within the special maritime 
and territorial jurisdiction of the United States for the purposes 
of title 18, United States Code. 
(b) ASSIMILATED CRIMES IN EXTENDED TERRITORIAL SEA.—Sec-
tion 13 of title 18, United States Code, is amended— 
(1) in subsection (a), by inserting after "title," the following: 
"or on, above, or below any portion of the territorial sea of 
the United States not within the jurisdiction of any State, 
Commonwealth, territory, possession, or district"; and 
(2) by adding at the end the following new subsection: 
"(c) Whenever any waters of the territorial sea of the United 
States lie outside the territory of any State, Commonwealth, terri-
tory, possession, or district, such waters (including the airspace 
above and the seabed and subsoil below, and artificial islands 
and fixed structures erected thereon) shall be deemed, for purposes 
of subsection (a), to lie within the area of the State, Commonwealth, 
territory, possession, or district that it would lie within if the 
boundaries of such State, Commonwealth, territory, possession, or 
district were extended seaward to the outer limit of the territorial 
sea of the United States.". 
SEC. 902. PROOF OF CITIZENSHIP. 
42 USC 1973gg 
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a Federal, State, 
or local government agency may not use a voter registration card 
(or other related document) that evidences registration for an elec-
110 STAT. 1318 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
tion for Federal office, as evidence to prove United States citizen-
ship. 
SEC. 903. REPRESENTATION FEES IN CRIMINAL CASES. 
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 3006A of title 18, United States Code, 
is amended— 
(1) in subsection (d)— 
(A) by redesignating paragraphs (4), (5), and (6) as 
paragraphs (5), (6), and (7), respectively; and 
(B) by inserting after paragraph (3) the following: 
"(4) DISCLOSURE OF FEES.—^The amounts paid under this 
subsection, for representation in any case, shall be made avail-
able to the public"; and 
(2) in subsection (e) by adding at the end the following: 
"(4) DISCLOSURE OF FEES.—^The amounts paid under this 
subsection for services in any case shall be made available 
to the public". 
(b) 
FEES 
AND EXPENSES 
AND CAPITAL 
CASES.—Section 
408(q)(10) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 848(q)(10)) 
is amended to read as follows: 
"(10)(A) Compensation shall be paid to attorneys appointed 
under this subsection at a rate of not more than $125 per hour 
for in-court and out-of-court time. Not less than 3 years after 
the date of the enactment of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death 
Penalty Act of 1996, the Judicial Conference is authorized to raise 
the maximum for hourly payment specified in the paragraph up 
to the aggregate of the overall average percentages of the adjust-
ments in the rates of pay for the General Schedule made pursuant 
to section 5305 of title 5 on or after such date. After the rates 
are raised under the preceding sentence, such hourly range may 
be raised at intervals of not less than one year,/up to the aggregate 
of the overall average percentages of such adjustments made since 
the last raise under this paragraph. 
"(B) Fees and expenses paid for investigative, expert, and other 
reasonably necessary services authorized under paragraph (9) shall 
not exceed $7,500 in any case, unless payment in excess of that 
limit is certified by the court, or by the United States magistrate 
judge, if the services were rendered in connection with the case 
disposed of entirely before such magistrate judge, as necessary 
to provide fair compensation for services of an unusual character 
or duration, and the amount of the excess payment is approved 
by the chief judge of the circuit. The chief judge of the circuit 
may delegate such approval authority to an active circuit judge. 
"(C) The amounts paid under this paragraph for services in 
any case shall be disclosed to the public, after the disposition 
of the petition.". 
18USC3006A 
(c) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by this section 
note. 
apply to— 
(1) cases commenced on or after the date of the enactment 
of this Act; and 
(2) appellate proceedings, in which an appeal is perfected, 
on or after the date of the enactment of this Act. 
PUBLIC LAW 104-132—APR. 24, 1996 
110 STAT. 1319 
SEC. 904. SEVERABIUTY. 
18 USC 1 note. 
If any provision of this Act, an amendment made by this 
Act, or the application of such provision or amendment to any 
person or circumstance is held to be unconstitutional, the remainder 
of this Act, the amendments made by this Act, and the application 
of the provisions of such to any person or circumstance shall not 
be affected thereby. 
Approved April 24, 1996. 
LEGISLATIVE HISTORY—S. 735 (H.R. 1710) (H.R. 2703): 
HOUSE REPORTS: Nos. 104-383 accompanying H.R. 1710 (Comm. on the Judici-
ary) and 104-518 (Comm. of Conference). 
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD: 
Vol. 141 (1995): May 25, 26, June 5-7, considered and passed Senate. 
Vol. 142 (1996): Mar. 13, 14, H.R. 2703 considered and passed House; S. 735, 
amended, passed in lieu. 
Apr. 16, 17, Senate considered and agreed to conference 
report. 
Apr. 18, House agreed to conference report. 
WEEKLY COMPILATION OF PRESIDENTIAL DOCUMENTS, Vol. 32 (1996): 
Apr. 24, Presidential reniiarks and statement.