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The Kennecott Flambeau Mine process documents provide researchers access to the documents that relate to the permit process for the mine. Approximately 25 documents describe the mine and its natural and cultural environments. The documents contain numerous color maps and illustrations. Access to approx. 130 drawings from a series of original blueprints will be available in the near future.
All the materials in this collection were made available to the citizens of Wisconsin at the Ladysmith Public Library during the life of the mine. They were donated to the Kurt F. Wendt Library, University of Wisconsin-Madison after the mine closed. Wendt Library holds the print copies.
This summary of the history of the mine and the permit process is based on the website "Reclaimed Flambeau Mine" by the Wisconsin Department of Natural.
Beginning in 1974, Kennecott Minerals Company initiated the process to obtain a mining permit in accordance with the newly adopted Metallic Mining Reclamation Act. The project as proposed in the mid-1970s involved mining the ore body in two phases, an 11-year open pit phase followed by an 11-year underground mining operation.
Flambeau Mining Company, a subsidiary of Kennecott Minerals Company, formally restarted the permitting process for the project in 1987, starting a three year process of baseline data gathering, negotiations with local communities, and project design and review.
The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources issued the Final Environmental Impact Statement for the project in early 1990 and the permit hearing was held during the summer. The independent hearing examiner issued all necessary permits in January 1991 and construction of the project site began in July 1991.
Ore shipments from the site began in May 1993 and continued for just over 4 years. Backfilling of the pit took about 1.5 years and reclamation activities at the site were generally completed by the end of 1999.
The 181-acre mining site located about one mile south of Ladysmith, Wisconsin, is bounded on the east by State Highway 27 and on the west by the Flambeau River.
The Flambeau deposit existed at very shallow depth. Depth to bedrock at the mining site ranged from about 15-40 feet. Glacial sand, gravel and till overlaid sporadically occurring Cambrian sandstone which in turn sat above the weathered pre-Cambrian metamorphic rocks containing the Flambeau deposit.
Mining of this shallow ore body was accomplished through a 32-acre open pit. The pit trended in a northeast-southwest direction and was 2,600 feet long, about 550 feet in width, and reached an ultimate depth of about 220 feet.
Over the course of the mining operation, about 1.9 million tons of ore containing about 8.9% copper and 0.10 ounces of gold per ton were mined and shipped from the site. The mine produced about 178,000 tons of marketable copper and 328,000 ounces of gold.
The approved Reclamation Plan for the Flambeau Project specified that the open pit, upon completion of mining, would be completely backfilled with original rock material that was separated from the ore (waste rock and glacial overburden). Reclamation of the pit began in early 1997 and was completed in late 1998.
For additional documents not available via this digital collection, see the Bibliography of Historical Flambeau Mine Technical Reports, Environmental Monitoring Data, Correspondence, Diagrams, Legal Briefs and Photos (1969 - 2020+), Second Edition, published by Deer Tail Scientific.
This compilation (including design, introductory text, organization, and descriptive material) is copyrighted by University of Wisconsin System Board of Regents.
This copyright is independent of any copyright on specific items within the collection. Because the University of Wisconsin Libraries generally do not own the rights to materials in these collections, please consult copyright or ownership information provided with individual items.
Images, text, or other content downloaded from the collection may be freely used for non-profit educational and research purposes, or any other use falling within the purview of "Fair Use".
In all other cases, please consult the terms provided with the item, or contact the Libraries.


Starting Price: 33 000 USD
Price realized: 55 000 USD
ITALY. 20 Lire, 1902-R. NGC MS-64* DPL.
Fr-23; KM-37.2; Mont-43; Gig-25a. With Anchor on Obverse indicating that the gold came from Eritrea. Mintage of only 115 pieces. According to the African Review May 10, 1902 Prior to 1899 Eritrea had never been prospected for minerals and during that year it was brought to the attention of the Governor of the Colony Signor Martini that a large block of rich gold-bearing quartz had been discovered by a native. Shortly thereafter two experienced prospectors with the aid of natives came to the conclusion that many of the outcropping quartz reefs contained gold. The Eritrea gold mining company was established in June of 1900 and the mines of Sciumaghelle with a depth of 200 feet and Medrizien with a depth of 140 feet were selected for the initial operations. By December 31, 1901 the two mines had yielded about 6 ounces of gold. Other mines were also set up at Regina di Saba, Adiconsi and Az Nefas with similar results. According to the Annual Report of the Director of the Mint (Washington) for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1903 page 237 "In 1902 gold in the amount of 5,920 lire was coined, in pieces of 20 lire, using in part, as an experiment, metal obtained from the mines of Eritrea and in part gold purchased". When divided by 20 the number comes to 296 total pieces struck for that year between domestic and imported gold. Also stated in the Mint report page 237: "Gold Produced from mines of the country during 1902: Kilograms, 11. The value of the gold produced, 37,811 Lire" and "Gold product of the colonies of the country during 1902: The gold Mining Company of Eritrea in the year 1902 continued the preliminary work begun in 1901, with satisfactory results. However, we have no figures as to the quantity of the production." Clearly not all of the gold produced during this year was used in the manufacture of coinage and must have been either deposited in the treasury, exported or used for other manufacturing. VERY RARE, historically significant and deserving of more in-depth research. Hard mirror fields with frosted cameo devices. Very attractive and sure to excite even the most advanced collector of Italian numismatics. NGC MS-64* DPL.
Estimate: $55000.00- $65000.00


Western miners are beginning to process their metals in Africa in an effort to create supply chains for electric-vehicle batteries that bypass China. China currently dominates the production and processing of critical minerals like cobalt and lithium, which are crucial for the energy transition. This has raised concerns among Western governments about their dependence on Beijing. Despite the risks associated with operating in Africa, Western companies and investors are increasingly willing to build processing plants on the continent. These investments not only address the demand for local processing from African governments but also provide an alternative to China for Western auto manufacturers.
One example is Australian mining giant BHP Group, which has invested $100 million in a nickel mine in Tanzania and plans to build a processing plant in the country. This facility, expected to be the first of its kind in Africa, will produce battery-grade nickel for the US and global market by 2026. The trend of investing in processing facilities in Africa is likely to continue due to the growing demand for battery metals and China’s current dominance in the industry. London-based fund Vision Blue Resources has invested in a graphite mine in Madagascar and a processing facility in Mauritius, both of which are touted as the first of their kind outside of China. The company is also backing a cobalt refinery in Zambia, which is set to become the world’s third-largest and the largest outside of China. Western companies are willing to pay a premium for materials that meet environmental and labor standards, are traceable, and are produced outside of China. Despite the challenges, many Westerners believe the opportunities in Africa outweigh the risks, as they seek non-Chinese sources of battery metals.
Pressure on Western Miners to Process Metals in Africa as China Dominates Battery Supply Chain
Western miners are facing increasing pressure to establish supply chains for electric-vehicle (EV) batteries that bypass China, as Beijing dominates both the production and processing of critical minerals such as cobalt and lithium. This dependence on China has raised concerns among Western governments, prompting some companies and investors to build processing plants in Africa. By processing the raw materials they mine on the continent locally, these companies can export the refined materials directly to Europe and the U.S. This move also aligns with the demands of African governments for more local processing of metals and minerals extracted from their soil.
Australian mining giant BHP Group has invested $100 million in a nickel mine in Tanzania, along with U.S.-based Lifezone Metals. The companies plan to build a processing plant in Tanzania, which will be the first of its kind in Africa. The plant is expected to deliver battery-grade nickel to the global market, including the U.S., by 2026. London-based investment fund Vision Blue Resources has also invested in a new graphite mine in Madagascar and a processing facility in Mauritius. The company aims to establish the first graphite processing facility outside of China. Additionally, Vision Blue is backing a cobalt refinery in Zambia, which is expected to be the world’s third-largest and the largest outside of China once completed.
According to Jacques Nel, head of Africa Macro at Oxford Economics Africa, investments in processing facilities in Africa are likely to increase due to the expected boom in demand for battery metals and China’s current dominance in the industry. Western companies are willing to pay a premium for materials that meet certain environmental and labor standards and are traceable, as long as they are produced outside of China. This presents an opportunity for African countries to become alternative suppliers to Western auto manufacturers and other green-tech manufacturers in Europe and the U.S.
Despite the growing interest from investors, there are significant challenges for companies doing business in Africa. Some countries, such as the Democratic Republic of Congo, Guinea, Namibia, and Zimbabwe, have implemented resource nationalism policies, seeking a larger share of mining companies’ revenue. Zimbabwe, for example, banned the export of raw lithium, forcing foreign companies to process it within the country. Chinese competitors also have an advantage due to their established presence and appetite for risk in Africa.
However, many Western companies believe that the opportunity in Africa outweighs the risks. Chris Moorman, Chief Commercial Officer at U.S.-based refiner ReElement Technologies, stated that doing business in Africa is not as daunting as some people believe. The company recently signed an offtake agreement to process lithium mined in South Africa and is building a processing facility in the country. They are in talks with four Western automotive manufacturers interested in purchasing African-sourced lithium. This shift in attitude reflects the growing demand for non-Chinese sources of battery metals.
In conclusion, the pressure to establish supply chains for EV batteries that bypass China is leading Western miners to build processing plants in Africa. By refining the raw materials they mine on the continent locally, these companies can export the refined metals directly to Europe and the U.S. Despite the challenges and risks associated with doing business in Africa, Western companies are increasingly willing to invest in the region. This trend is driven by the expected boom in demand for battery metals and the desire for alternative suppliers to China in the Western world.


Rock Crusher Selection 101: Matching the Machine to Your Project Needs
Selecting the right rock crusher is crucial for the success of any construction or mining project. The process of crushing rocks is integral to the production of materials like gravel and sand, which are essential for many construction activities. Understanding how to choose a rock crusher that aligns with your project needs can significantly enhance efficiency and productivity while reducing overall costs.
Understanding Rock Crushers
Before diving into the selection process, it’s vital to understand what a rock crusher is and how it operates. Rock crushers are powerful machines that efficiently break large rocks into smaller pieces, creating gravel and rock dust that can be useful for a variety of purposes. These machines come in various sizes and types, each designed for specific tasks and materials.
Key Considerations in Rock Crusher Selection
Identify Your Project Requirements
- Type of Material: The nature of the material you’re working with is crucial. Different rock crushers are better suited for varying materials.
- Size of Material: The size of the raw material and the desired final product size are also key factors.
Types of Rock Crushers
Understanding the different types of rock crushers is essential in making an informed choice.
- Jaw Crushers: Ideal for primary crushing of large, hard rocks.
- Cone Crushers: Suitable for secondary, tertiary, and quaternary crushing stages.
- Impact Crushers: Best for softer materials and recycling projects.
Capacity and Efficiency
- Throughput Requirements: Consider the crusher’s capacity and how it aligns with your needs.
- Energy Efficiency: More efficient crushers can reduce operating costs.
Portability and Installation
- Stationary vs. Portable: Your project’s location and duration might dictate whether a stationary or portable crusher is more suitable.
- Ease of Installation: Consider the time and resources required for installation.
How to Choose a Rock Crusher
Assess Your Project Scope
- Short-term vs. Long-term Projects: The duration of your project can influence the type of crusher you need.
- Project Scale: Larger projects might require crushers with higher capacity.
Consider Material Characteristics
- Hardness and Abrasiveness: The material’s hardness can determine the type of crusher and wear parts needed.
- Moisture Content: High moisture content might require specialized crushing equipment.
Evaluate Operational Factors
- Maintenance Needs: Look into the maintenance requirements and frequency.
- Operator Skill Level: Some crushers require more skilled operation and maintenance.
Advanced Considerations in Crusher Selection
- Automation and Control Systems: Modern crushers often come with advanced control systems for better efficiency.
- Eco-friendly Options: Environmentally friendly crushers are increasingly available.
Budget and Cost Considerations
- Initial Investment vs. Operational Costs: Balance the upfront cost against long-term operational expenses.
- Warranty and Service Plans: Ensure you have a good warranty and service plan.
Safety and Compliance
- Safety Features: Prioritize crushers with robust safety features.
- Regulatory Compliance: Make sure the crusher complies with local regulations.
Choosing the right rock crusher involves a careful evaluation of your project’s requirements, the material characteristics, and various operational factors. By understanding the types of rock crushers available and considering your specific needs, you can select a machine that not only matches your project but also enhances efficiency and productivity. Remember, the right rock crusher is a key investment in the success of any crushing project.
Jeff Morgan is currently associated with NetworksGrid as a technical content writer. Through his long years of experience in the IT industry, he has mastered the art of writing quality, engaging and unique content related to IT solutions used by businesses. Topics like network security, managed firewall services, managed IT services and cloud computing like Best QuickBooks desktop hosting are his favorite.


Delivering unmatched glyphosate reliability and cost predictability
As a vertically integrated manufacturer, Xingfa is uniquely positioned to provide customers with a reliable and predictable supply of glyphosate on a global scale. From the largest phosphorus reserves in China to control over our mining operations, and to production of glycine and caustic soda to our own dedicated shipping wharfs, we leverage our resources to ensure our customers consistently receive the highest quality glyphosate every time.
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Glyphosate Producer Hubei Xingfa to Participate in China International Agrochemical & Crop Protection Exhibition


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Rhodochrosite Gems from Colorado
|Rhodochrosite Crystals, Sweet Home Mine, Colorado|
The Sweet Home Mine near Alma in central Colorado was discovered in 1873 as a silver prospect. It produced small amounts of silver from time to time for nearly 100 years. But today the mine is famous not for silver, but for fine rhodochrosite, a collector's gem found in just a few places in the world.
Rhodochrosite is a manganese carbonate by chemical composition, and it is the manganese that is responsible for the rose-like color. Rhodochrosite is most commonly light red or pink and is usually cut as cabochons or carved. Transparent red crystals are very rare, and the large red crystals found in the Sweet Home Mine are famous among mineral and gem collectors. Lower grade rhodochrosite from mines in Argentina displays alternate bands of color like agate.
Gemologically, rhodochrosite is a soft stone with a hardness of just 3.5 to 4 on the Mohs scale. It has a density of 3.45 to 3.70, about the same as topaz, and a refractive index of 1.597 to 1.816. The refractive index has a wide range due to variations in chemical composition.
|Rhodochrosite Cabochons, Sweet Home Mine, Colorado|
Rhodochrosite was described in 1813 based on a sample from a silver mine in Romania. It tends to form in hydrothermal veins associated with silver, lead and copper sulfides. It can easily be confused with rhodonite, a manganese silicate, but rhodonite is a harder material, with a rating of 5.5 to 6.5.
While rhodochrosite has been found in many places where silver is mined in North and South America, the red crystals from the Sweet Home Mine are so unusual that rhodochrosite was named the state mineral of Colorado in 2002.


Platinum production at Shurugwi based mine, Unki declined by 16 percent to 35 700 ounces in the first half of 2020 from 42 400 ounces recorded in the comparable period last year. In the same vein, second quarter production was down 40 percent to 13 900oz from 23 100oz in prior period last year.
The Anglo American (Amplats) owned platinum producer mine, is one of the country’s three platinum producers in Zimbabwe, along with Zimplats and Mimosa Mine. The southern African country, is home to the world’s second biggest known deposits of platinum after South Africa.
Palladium production at the mine fell 16 percent to 31 700oz year to date from 37 900oz previously. In Q2 2020, palladium production went down by 42 percent to 12 100oz from 20 900oz in the comparable period.
The mine, previously, warned that conditions required for miners to reopen operations at the start of Q2 2020 will have a negative effect on production. Zimbabwe government allowed mines to restart full production, provided they first conduct mass testing of staff and confine workers to mine accommodation. Also, miners are required to observe social-distancing, which could slow production.
“Covid-19 lockdowns across southern Africa affected De Beers, PGMs, Kumba and Thermal Coal, with lower refined PGMs production due to the repairs and ramp-up of the ACP,” said Amplats in its latest production report.
In 2019, Unki commissioned a US$62 million smelter, which now processes platinum matte for Amplats’s base metals refineries.


Mineral Resources Limited
Darren commenced as MinRes Chief Executive Energy in May 2023 and leads our strategy to transition MinRes to cleaner energy sources. Darren first joined MinRes in 1998, before leaving in 2006 to project manage construction at the Telfer gold/copper mine, Boddington gold mine and the Roy Hill iron ore mine. He returned to MinRes in 2018, bringing a wealth of experience to a range of projects, including his work as Project Director of our Wonmunna mine and Project Director of our Onslow Iron project. Darren also served as the General Manager of our Kwinana Workshop and was instrumental in setting up the MinRes Apprentice program.


While mine disasters dominate news headlines, mine workers face a subtle killer in the form of black lung disease, which contributes to the deaths of over 700 U.S. coal miners annually.
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Office of Mine Safety and Health Research (OMSHR) was tasked with developing improved dust monitoring technology to advance the protection of miners from respirable dust that causes black lung.
A key innovation to this effort’s success was the partnership that NIOSH formed with labor, industry, manufacturers, and regulators to develop a continuous personal dust monitor (PDM). As a capstone to this partnership, the personal dust monitor, PDM-3600, was commercialized in 2009. To date, over 200 units have been sold to mining companies, with new government regulations for dust control now requiring the use of this technology.
With NIOSH providing scientific leadership, the other partners contributed their experience and expertise. This partnership, formed in the developmental stages of the work, resulted in substantial stakeholder buy-in and an effective final product.
Jon Volkwein, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Bruce Watzman, National Mining Association
Jeffery Kohler, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Mike Nemergut, Thermo Scientific
Joe Main, U.S. Department of Labor
Dennis O’Dell, United Mine Workers
Joe Lamonica, Bituminous Coal Operators Association


Elkhorn Goldfields has four known deposits: Golden Dream, East Butte, Gold Hill, and Carmody. Since acquiring the property in 2000, we have focused our analysis, design, planning, and permitting efforts on Golden Dream.
An internal feasibility study of Golden Dream conducted by our staff engineers indicates probable underground mineral reserves of 1.17M tons containing 258,000 oz. of gold and 8.5M lbs of copper. Following successful production start up at Golden Dream, we will expand our focus to other deposits in the immediate area with the objective of bringing additional deposits into additional production.
In November 2011, we posted the $591,474 Reclamation Bond and the Montana Department of Environmental Quality (“MDEQ”) approved the Golden Dream Operating Permit (#00173). Golden Dream is now fully permitted and bonded for mining operations between 500 and 1,000 tons a day.
As of April 2013, we have developed 650 feet of a 14’ X 14’ main underground access tunnel and 350 feet of a 12’ X 12’ underground ore access tunnel. In Q3 2012, we completed underground and surface water treatment and disposal infrastructure necessitated by our Operating Permit. The main underground access ramp will be used to transport mined ore to the surface. Ore will then be transported by road to the Mill Complex at Montana Tunnels for concentration; concentrated ores will be sold and shipped to a smelter.
Our initial production plan targets the main pyrrhotite zone. Beginning in Q3 2013, we plan to extend the Golden Dream primary access ramp to reach deeper ore zones. A “bore” raise will be completed from surface into the main access ramp as a secondary egress. We expect to achieve initial ore production by Q4 2013 and full production by Q2 2014. Concurrent with development, the Mill Complex at Montana Tunnels will be re-commissioned to allow for processing ore shipments. We anticipate production of 55,000 oz. of gold in Year One.
We believe that Golden Dream mine life could be extended beyond ten years at anticipated peak production levels. We have identified an additional 250K oz. on the current mine level and drill intercepts suggest ore grade mineralization to depths of 1,200 feet below the surface (the current Golden Dream Plan extends to a depth of approximately 850 feet below the surface).
$30M of prior exploration data will guide future mining programs across Elkhorn Goldfield. The Elkhorn property consists of a collection of patented and unpatented mineral claims totaling approximately 4,500 acres. Our team and the property’s previous owners have completed drilling on an array of sites across the Elkhorn Goldfield, including:
- East Butte: 55,000 oz. of probable gold.
- Gold Hill: 75,000 oz. of probable gold.
- Carmody: 45,000 oz. of probable gold.
- Additional Inferred Resources: 1,191,000 oz. of gold equivalents.


Crusher plants can be named stone crusher plants, rock crusher plants, stone crushing line, rock crusher line used widely in mining, road construction, water conservancy projects, railway ballast screening plant, artificial sand process industry, aggregate crushing plants, concrete crushing plants, slag crushing industry, silica sand crushing plants etc. Crushing plants or crusher plants feature low wearing cost, perfect shape, easy maintaining, low operating cost and so on, specially in the process of crushing high rigidity stones like granite, basalt, marble, artificial sand, concrete, aggregate etc.
SBM is a professional manufacturer of stone crusher plants and ore grinder machines taking the first place in stone crushing industry in China. We can supply you more than 100 models of crusher plants or ore crushers shown on the right navigation.
SBM Crusher Plants Sales Range
Shanghai Shibang Machinery Co., Ltd. has independent import-export right with a special international market department to deal with exporting affair. We have a professional after-sale service faculty to provide considerate and all-around-way service for the customers. Our products have taken up a considerable place in the world market. They have been exported to America, Italy, Turkey, Australia, Singapore, Indonesia, Vietnam, Iran, India, Chile, Venezuela, Libya, Ethiopia, United Arab Emirates, Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan and receive high popularity.
Market demand is the drive and basis of our endless innovation. Rich technical experience and the application of high technology make our products rank a leading place in the industry in technology content, performance, reliability and maintenance cost, etc. We expect your choice and prepare to provide you with heartfelt service at any time.
According to different countries, we can design different crusher plants: Malaysia crushing machine, Angola jaw crusher, Cameroon impact crusher, Algeria grinding machine, Egypt sand making machine, Ethiopia cone crusher, Ghana stone crusher plant, Guinea-Bissau hammer crusher, Libya ball mill or ball roller mill, Mauritania vertical mill, Niger sand crushing plant, Nigeria stone production line, Tanzania gravel crusher, South Africa gold ore crusher plants,Zambia quartz crusher, Zimbabwe quarry crusher lines etc.
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Roller mill and roller mill manufacturer | limestone powder plant|Iron ore grading equipment and screening equipment | India mine processing machinery|Large jaw crusher


Murugappa Group's Coromandel International Ltd, India's leading agriculture input solution provider, will acquire a 45 percent stake in the Senegal-based Baobab Mining and Chemicals Corporation (BMCC), a rock phosphate mining company, for $19.6 million (Rs 150 crore approximately).
A loan infusion of $9.7 million (around Rs 75 crore) will be made into BMCC in addition to the acquisition through fully owned subsidiary Parry Chemicals, Coromandel said on May 6.
The deal is expected to close in the second quarter of the fiscal year 2022-23, subject to the completion of conditions precedent as contained in the agreements, it said.
“As part of the Hon’ble Prime Minister’s ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ vision, India is working towards achieving self-sufficiency in Phosphatic fertiliser production. Given the high dependence on rock phosphate imports, which is a key raw material for manufacturing phosphoric acid, the proposed investment will be a step towards achieving long-term sustainability and supply security goals for meeting country’s fertiliser needs," Coromandel executive vice chairman Arun Alagappan said.
The investment would play a crucial role in building India's supply security for phosphatic fertilisers and improve the balanced nutrition and productivity for the farming community, he said.
Rock phosphate is a key raw material in the manufacturing of phosphoric acid, an intermediate used in phosphatic fertiliser production.
Coromandel, which is in the business of fertilisers, organic fertilisers, crop protection, bio-products and speciality nutrients, has strategic tie-ups with leading integrated players like Tifert (Tunisia) and Foskor (South Africa) for meeting its phosphoric acid requirements.
It has been augmenting its captive phosphoric acid production at its Vizag plant and is sourcing rock from various countries.
As part of its strategy to strengthen the value chain, Coromandel has been evaluating opportunities in the phosphate mining to secure its rock phosphate needs, the company said.
|Find this article at: http://news.agropages.com/News/NewsDetail---42779.htm|


Five score and three years ago, a trio of prospectors set out from Summit Diggings in search of a golden fortune. Success, thus far, had eluded them. Taking a circuitous route to the south to avoid being followed, they explored the rocky slopes of a nameless mountain. On April 25, 1895, Charles Burcham, F. M. Mooers, and John Singleton found what they had been looking for - gold and lots of it. Only forty seven years had passed since James Marshall inadvertently started California's gold rush with a chance find at Sutter's Mill.
Eight claims were first filed. The new mine was called the Yellow Aster, either for the name of a local flower, or for the title of a book one of the miners was reading. A new mining district was organized. It was called the Rand District after the Witwatersrand gold mining district in South Africa.
Things were beginning to grow. On December 20, 1895, thirty three residents officially organized Rand Camp. The name was soon changed to Randsburg. In 1896, 1500 people were living in the area. The same year marked the start of serious milling (refining) operations for the Yellow Aster. Water was scarce, so the ore was hauled down the hill to Garlock where there was both water and milling facilities
In 1898, a railroad spur line that connected with the Santa Fe's Los Angeles to Las Vegas tracks was completed from Kramer Junction to Joberg. Ore was loaded on to railcars and transported to Barstow for refining. As gold ore went out on the railroad, mining equipment, supplies and water were shipped in. The old right of way can still be seen just to the east of present day Highway 395.
The Yellow Aster mine completed its own 30-stamp mill in 1898, and added an additional 100 stamps in 1901. Turn of the century Randsburg boasted 3500 people. Along with the people came the trappings of civilization including schools, fraternal orders and churches.
The Yellow Aster continued to be the major mine in the area. In 1911 it was a 24-hour operation employing 250 men. Six million dollars worth of gold had been recovered since the mine's discovery. By 1918, gold production declined. A resurgence of mining activity occurred in the 1930's when gold prices increased. The beginnings of American involvement in World War II marked the closing of the Yellow Aster in 1942.
More than six million tons of ore, yielding in excess 600,000 ounces of gold were extracted from the Yellow Aster underground workings. It was the most productive mine of its day in Kern County.
The Yellow Aster is again alive with activity. Underground miners with picks and shovels have given way to Caterpillar loaders able to move 13 cubic yards of material in a single bite. Since 1984, Glamis Gold Ltd. has been operating the Yellow Aster, and nearby mines.
Modern mining techniques move huge volumes of material onto a heap where it is treated with a weak cyanide solution. The cyanide leaches the gold from the crushed rock. Gold is later recovered through chemical and electrolytic refining of the "pregnant" cyanide solution. During the first nine months of 1997, Glamis reported that 5,193,000 tons of ore were placed on the leach pad. The ore was graded at 0.018 ounces of gold per ton. According to the Glamis' Annual Report (1997), the Rand mining operations yielded 94,243 ounces of gold.
Today Randsburg is neither a ghost town or a boom town. A branch of the Kern County Museum is occasionally open. Assorted antique stores, a real general store, with maps, books, and prospecting supplies, and the White House Saloon and Floozy House are the principle commercial enterprises along its main street. Residences of varying styles line the towns' few back streets. Randsburg is located off the Redrock-Randsburg Road, about 40 miles north of Mojave.


- ACCIONA is to build a new tailings pumping system for the concentration plant at the Antamina mine
- Antamina is one of the world's ten largest mines in terms of production volume
ACCIONA has been awarded a contract to build a pumping system for the concentration plant at the Antamina mine, located in the Huari province of Peru's Ancash region. This contract is a major milestone in the multinational's bid to increase its involvement in the mining market.
ACCIONA leads the consortium, which is also formed by the Peruvian construction company San Martin, for the execution of this EPC contract. This project will enable ACCIONA, via its Water division (ACCIONA Agua), to strengthen its position in Peru, in a strategic sector such as mining, which in 2017 accounted for 10% of the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
The system will pump tailings from the concentration plant to the tailings pond. The new infrastructure will include a pumping station and more than .5 kilometres of 54” HDPE pipeline (5.4 km in the North line and 3.6 km in the South line), among other facilities. It will enable the mine to guarantee operational continuity and production levels.
The estimated execution period for the project is 27 months, starting in April.
Antamina is a polymetallic mine that produces copper, zinc, molybdenum, silver and lead concentrates at an average altitude of 4,300 metres above sea level.
A joint venture between BHP Billiton, Glencore, Teck and Mitsubishi, Antamina is one of Peru's largest producers of copper and zinc concentrates and one of the world's ten largest mines in terms of production volume.
ACCIONA started operating in Peru in 1998 with its freight forwarding business. In 2000, ACCIONA Agua obtained a contract from PetroPerú to build the Talara desalination plant, the first industrial-scale reverse osmosis facility in Peru.
ACCIONA currently operates and maintains the La Chira water treatment plant, and maintains the drinking water and sewerage networks for eight districts of Lima. Also, having completed construction of the Huancayo hospital in January 2017, ACCIONA has a three-year contract to maintain it.


In June 2015, Naipu 4 sets cyclone feed pumps or heavy duty slurry pumps were used in SABC circuit in a copper mine, Uzbekistan. Naipu supplied 4 sets of cyclone feed pumps, 2 in duty and 2 in standby. 450HTU-NZJA-MR slurry pump throughput is 22kt/d and its head is 38m.
|Date when put into operation||Est. 2015-06|
|SAG mill specification||9.5x5.4|
|Ball mill specification||5.8x7.12 off|
|Cyclone feed pump throughput||22kt/d|
|Slurry Pump Model||450HTU-NZJA-MR|
|Density by weight||52%|
|Quantity||4 sets (2 in duty 2 standby)|


Sichuan Jianjie Composite Materials Co., Ltd. is a leading manufacturer, supplier, and factory of high-quality Magnetite Pellet Binder in China. Our Magnetite Pellet Binder is specially formulated to enhance the strength and durability of pellets that are used in the iron ore industry. The high-quality Magnesite and Bentonite in our binder ensures low impurities, excellent performance, and efficiency. Our Magnetite Pellet Binder is made by utilizing the best of both natural materials and technological advancements. We are committed to providing our customers with the best products, and our Magnetite Pellet binder is no exception. Our product stands out for its excellent bonding properties, which ensures optimal quality and consistency in the pellets. With over years of experience in composite materials, we have gained expertise, and our products meet high safety standards. We are dedicated to offering our customers the best quality Magnetite Pellet Binder at a competitive price in the market. Contact us today to get the best solution for your pelletizing needs.


- 1758 - The first usage of the term fluorit to designate a mineral which crystallizes in cubic system and has chemical symbol CaF2
- 1952 - The foundation of the company Fluorit and launching the first flotation line to process fluorspar ore to make fluorspar concentrate
- 1991-1994 - The recession of the ore mining industry
- 1992 - The foundation of the company FLUORIT TEPLICE s.r.o. which rented the preparation plant of the ores in the beginning and then bought it from National Property Fund.
- 1999 - The foundation of the company Minorit s.r.o. as a joint-venture with the german company Quarzwerke Group.
- 2002 - The beginning of the production in the company Minorit s.r.o.
- 2017 - The transformation of the company into the group FLUORIT CZ a.s.


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Fortescue Partners With China Baowu to Utilize Green Hydrogen in Iron Production for Emission Reduction in Steel Industry
Fortescue, one of the world’s largest and lowest cost iron ore miners, has entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with China Baowu Steel Group Corporation (China Baowu) to work together on reducing emissions associated with iron and steel making.
This collaboration will explore lower emissions iron making technology at one of China Baowu’s operations in China using Fortescue iron ore and green hydrogen, iron ore beneficiation research and development and collaboration opportunities in renewable energy and green hydrogen.
Fortescue Metals Chief Executive Officer Fiona Hick said, “This MoU further strengthens our longstanding partnership with China Baowu, the world’s biggest steel maker and Fortescue’s largest customer, and reflects our collective commitment to eliminate emissions.
“Fortescue is exploring a range of options to reduce emissions in the steel value chain including through partnerships with suppliers, customers and research institutes.
“We firmly believe that collaboration and partnerships such as this will be integral to developing the technologies required to deliver on our ambitious target of net zero Scope 3 emissions by 2040.”
China Baowu Chairman Derong Chen said, “Collaboration with iron ore suppliers and enhancing the strategic planning of iron ore are key to Baowu’s strategy. The green and low carbon transition provides Baowu with significant challenges and development opportunities.
“Fortescue’s strategy of transitioning into a green energy and resources company is aligned with Baowu’s future development plan. We look forward to conducting more substantive collaborations together on iron ore, green energy and resource development.”
Fortescue is one of the world’s lowest cost iron ore producers, shipping at an annual rate of over 180 million tonnes. More than 1.7 billion tonnes of iron ore have been delivered to Fortescue’s customers since 2008. Through its decarbonisation roadmap, Fortescue is working to eliminate the use of fossil fuels and achieve real zero emissions (Scope 1 and 2) across its iron ore operations by 2030. Fortescue remains committed to its stated intent to achieve net zero Scope 3 emissions by 2040 (announced in October 2021), addressing emissions across its entire global value chain. This includes crude steel manufacturing which accounts for 98 per cent of Fortescue’s Scope 3 emissions.
About China Baowu
China Baowu Steel Group Corporation (China Baowu) is the world’s largest steel enterprise, producing 132 million tonnes of steel in 2022. Headquartered in Shanghai, China Baowu’s vision is to become a leading company in the steel and advanced materials industry, with a mission to jointly build an industrial ecosystem and promote the progress of human civilization. In January 2021, China Baowu released its low carbon metallurgy road map which outlined its commitment to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. The Company is building an open platform to work with partners to explore technology solutions with an aim to reinvent the steel-making process and reshape the low-carbon value chain.


Extracted and alternative raw materials
Cement production consumes significant amount of raw materials, like limestone, clay, marl, sand, iron oxide, bauxite. Raw material conservation is part of TITAN’s determination to work towards sustainability. Investing in the use of alternative raw materials can serve this need in two ways, firstly, by reducing the consumption of extracted raw materials and secondly, by reducing the amounts of by-products that had to be landfilled, giving the society win-win solutions.
In 2011, the Group used 18.6 million tons (dry basis) of raw materials for cement production. Approximately 6.6% of all raw materials (about 1.2 million tons - dry basis) were alternative raw materials, namely by-products and waste disposals from other industries such as fly ash, pyrite ash, blast furnace slag and industrial gypsum. The remaining 17.4 million tons (dry basis) were natural materials from mining and quarrying activities.
Compared to 2010, the consumption of alternative raw materials, as quantity as well as percentage of the total raw material consumed, has been improved due to the effort made to increase such use by most of the Group’s facilities. More specific, last year the quantity of alternative raw materials used was increased by almost 8%, while in respect to 2003 the relevant increase was almost 34%.


Oil shale is a hydrocarbon bearing rock from which technology can extract petroleum-like oil. Worldwide oil shale deposits are estimated to contain 2.8-3.3 trillion barrels of oil equivalent, of which the majority (2 trillion barrels) is located in the United States. The richest, most concentrated US oil shale deposits are located in Colorado, Utah and Wyoming. These deposits contain approximately 1.2 trillion barrels.
Current oil shale conversion technologies
Basically, there are two types of oil shale conversion methods, i.e., surface retorting and in-situ process.
Surface retorting consists of three steps: 1) oil shale mining and preparation; 2) pyrolysis of oil shale; 3) oil refinery.
There are two different surface retorting facilities, vertical and horizontal. Vertical retorts heat the oil shale in a vertical vessel. Examples of vertical retorts include Paraho, Petrosix, Fushun, Kiviter. Horizontal retorts heat the oil shale through a horizontal kiln. Examples of horizontal retorts include TOSCO II, ATP, Galoter.
In-situ process involves no mining. It is feasible for deeper, thicker deposits, not as amenable to surface or deep mining methods.
The most well-known in-situ process is Shell ICP. In this process, a freeze wall is first to be constructed to isolate the processing area from surrounding groundwater. The process releases oil and gas from the oil shale by in-situ heating. The oil and gas then is pumped to the surface using traditional methods.
AuraSource, Inc. uses a proprietary low-temperature catalytic process (AuraFuelTM Process) for oil recovery from oil shale. AuraFuelTM process is an above-ground retorting technology, which has simple and robust design, energy self-sufficiency, minimal water usage, and high oil yields. By weight of raw oil shale, the oil yield of this technology is as high as 21-28% and it can produce 8-15% of petroleum dry gas to substitute natural gas.


VANCOUVER, CANADA (March 1, 2019) – Regulus Resources Inc. (“Regulus” or the “Company”) (TSX.V – REG) is pleased to announce the appointment of Adam Greening to the position of Vice President, Corporate Development, subject to regulatory approvals. Mr. Greening will be joining Regulus from Yamana Gold Inc. where he played a key role in that company’s evaluation and completion of several successful acquisitions and sales. He is a professional geologist with over 12 years experience in the mining industry having also worked with Goldcorp and MPH Consulting as a geologist. Mr. Greening has a B.Sc. (Honors) from Memorial University of Newfoundland and an MBA from the Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto.
John, Black, CEO of Regulus, commented as follows: “We are very excited to have Adam join our management team where he will play a key role in identifying opportunities to maximize shareholder value.”
The Company has granted options to Mr. Greening to purchase 200,000 shares at $1.78 per share for a period of 5 years, in accordance with the Company’s Stock Option Plan.
The Company also advises that Gordon P. Leask has stepped down as a non-executive director of the Company. Gordon has been a director of the Company since 2012 and the Board thanks him for his valuable contributions over the years. Gordon will be staying on as a director of Aldebaran Resources Inc. The Company is reviewing potential candidates to replace him on the Board.
For Further Information, please contact:
Regulus Resources Inc.
John E. Black, CEO / Director
Phone: +1 303 618-7797 mobile
+1 720 514-9036 office
About Regulus Resources Inc.
Regulus Resources Inc. is an international mineral exploration company run by an experienced technical and management team, with a portfolio of precious and base metal exploration properties located in North and South America. For further information on Regulus Resources Inc., please consult our website at www.regulusresources.com.
Neither the TSX Venture Exchange, nor its Regulation Services Provider accepts responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this release.
Caution Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This press release includes certain statements that may be deemed “forward-looking statements”. All statements in this discussion, other than statements of historical facts, that address future exploration drilling, exploration activities, anticipated metal production, internal rate of return, estimated ore grades, commencement of production estimates and projected exploration and capital expenditures (including costs and other estimates upon which such projections are based) and events or developments that the Company expects, are forward looking statements. Although the Company believes the expectations expressed in such forward looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, such statements are not guarantees of future performance and actual results or developments may differ materially from those in forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in forward-looking statements include metal prices, exploration success, continued availability of capital and financing, and general economic, market or business conditions. Accordingly, readers should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements.


A cluster of Rhodochrosite Magnetite crystals. Perfect Octahedral Magnetite crystals on matrix covered in Rhodochrosite.
4.3cm high x 6.5cm wide x 7.5cm deep, 194g.
Named in 1813 by Johann Friedrich Ludwig Hausmann from the Greek “rose”, and “colouring”, referring to its colour.
Calcite Group. Calcite Rhodochrosite Series and Rhodochrosite Siderite Series. Commonly occurs as a primary gangue mineral in moderate to low temperature hydrothermal veins. Also in high temperature metasomatic deposits and sedimentary manganese deposits or as a late stage hydrothermal mineral in pegmatites, especially lithiophilite bearing ones.
Originally called lodestone as early as 1548 and by other names. Named in 1845 by Wilhelm Karl von Haidinger for the locality at Magnesia, Greece (site for lodestone). Spinel Group, Jacobsite Magnetite Series. Magnesioferrite Magnetite Series. Magnetite is an important iron ore, along with hematite. Nanoinclusions of magnetite crystals cause the iridescence of Rainbow obsidian.


Burkina Faso lifts export suspension on Tambao manganese mine
Burkina Faso’s transitional government lifted a suspension of miner Pan African Minerals’ manganese export licence, which was imposed in March, the general manager of PAM-Burkina said.
The transitional government, in place since October 2014, had pledged to review some mining contracts granted by the previous government, saying exploration permits had been awarded in an opaque manner.
It had suspended PAM-Burkina’s licence to export manganese from its mine at Tambao in the northeast of the country, saying the company had not respected the terms of its mining permit, issued in May 2014, which included paving a road and constructing a railroad to the mine.
“The letter from the Mines Ministry reached us on Friday at around 2 p.m. (1400 GMT),” said Souleymane Mihin, the general manager of PAM-Burkina. “All I can say at the moment is that we are taking measures to lift the suspension.”
The permit is valid for 20 years for annual production of 3 million tonnes of manganese, which is used as a component to keep steel from rusting. Timis Corporation, which controls PAM, said it would be the world’s biggest manganese mine.
Burkina Faso will have a new government after the president-elect is sworn in on Dec. 29 following polls last month.


Brant E. Hinze was appointed President and Chief Operating Officer on August 9, 2012. Brant first joined Kinross as Executive Vice-President and Chief Operating Officer in October 2010.
Mr. Hinze is an accomplished mining industry leader who was most recently Senior Vice-President, North American Operations, for Newmont Mining Corporation. In this role, he oversaw eight operating mines, regional exploration and development activities, and led Newmont's corporate social responsibility, information technology, supply chain, legal and human resources functions in the region.
From 2002 to 2005, Mr. Hinze was General Manager of Newmont's Yanacocha Project in Peru, which at its peak was the largest producing gold mine in the world. Prior to Yanacocha, he managed other operations for the company in the United States, Bolivia and Indonesia. From 1985 to 1991, Mr. Hinze held technical and managerial positions at the McCoy-Cove and Lupin operations of Echo Bay Minerals, which Kinross acquired in 2003.
Mr. Hinze has a Mining Engineering degree from the University of Idaho, and speaks Spanish.


Hayward Gordon is expanding!!!
Hayward Gordon Group of companies manufacturing plant in Halton Hills is expanding, and the ground has been broken on the 12,000 sq. ft. addition.
The expansion is to accommodate growth in the business, fueled by the demand for Hayward Gordon pumps and mixers. These pumps and mixers assist an assortment of industries in improving their efficiencies and reducing costs. Industries like water and wastewater treatment, mining, oil and gas, pulp and paper, food and beverage, breweries and wineries, chemical, and general industrial.
The plant expansion will enable a more efficient production flow through the facility and increase shipment processing. “Hayward Gordon is working to continuously improve our manufacturing process and meet our customers’ needs,” states Matthew Keogh, CFO.


The Mining markets include mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction companies. Companies in this sector extract naturally occurring mineral solids, such as coal and ores; liquid minerals, such as crude petroleum; and gases, such as natural gas. The term Mining is used in the broad sense to include quarrying, well operations, beneficiating (e.g., crushing, screening, washing, and flotation), and other work performed at a mine site.
The sector distinguishes mine operation and mining support activities. Mine operation includes operating mines, quarries, or oil and gas wells. Mining support activities include performing exploration or other mining services.
Markets in the Mining sector are classified according to the natural resource mined or to be mined. Industries include companies that develop the mine site, extract the natural resources, and/or those that prepare the mineral mined. Beneficiation is the preparation process wherein the extracted material is reduced to particles that can be separated into mineral and waste. Operations that take place in beneficiation are primarily mechanical– grinding, washing, magnetic separation, and centrifugal separation. The extent of beneficiation varies by mineral and the purity of any given ore deposit. While some minerals, such as petroleum and natural gas, require little or no beneficiation, others are washed and screened, while yet others, such as gold and silver, can be transformed into bullion before leaving the mine site.


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Views: 9 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2022-02-25 Origin: Site
①Straight-line drill bit structure. This type of needle is the earliest drill bit used in production in my country, and it is also widely used. The working part of the drill bit is a straight-line carbide tip. Practice has proved that the drill bit has simple structure, easy processing and low cost, and is suitable for rock formations with high integrity, so it has been widely used in the process of production and excavation. However, it has certain defects. If the strength of the needle is low, it will wear quickly and easily get stuck, which often causes damage to the needle itself, which affects the progress; the working part of the fiber head is an arc, and the height of the blade arc and the blade is too large, causing damage Easy to scrap. In the process of rock drilling, the outer end of the rotating blade of the needle head has a great effect, but it will not break the rock, and it is easy to form a triangular hole. case, increased wear and tear. In short. Its production effect is not high, and according to the current situation, it has been eliminated. It can only be seen in a few projects.
②Three-knife drill bit structure. This kind of drill bit is developed on the basis of the original one-shaped type. The structure of the drill bit is a discontinuous needle-blade structure. Since the three-blade Xuan head was developed, many companies have been Through research and development, products based on the basic structure have been continuously introduced, and their forms and materials have also been continuously improved. In the 1980s, a three-edged drill bit was developed. Compared with the three-edged drill bit structure, it has more chipping points and better quality. The tool head matched with carbide material can give full play to the drilling performance, and the geometric shape is also beneficial. Excavation, outstanding anti-wear performance, high speed and not easy to stick, long re-grinding cycle and long life. However, from the manufacturing point of view, its production process is relatively complex, so the wood production is relatively high. Compared with other drill bits, the maintenance of the three-blade drill bit is relatively simple, which can reduce maintenance work during the production process, and also relatively reduce the cost of production organization. Practice has proved that the optimal diameter of the three-blade fiber head should be between 32 and 40 mm, and the rock layers with the highest generation efficiency are brittle rocks and monolithic and fractured rock layers.
③Cross-shaped drill bit structure. The cross-shaped drill bit also appeared at the same time as the three-blade drill bit. my country was the first to achieve success in the in-line drill bit and the cross drill bit, and it will be designed, applied and produced. In the drill bit series, the cross-shaped drill bit has become an important series of products. The diameter of the cross bit is between 32 and 48 mm, and the blade of the cross bit is improved on the basis of the three-edged bit.
The force pieces are arranged in a line. The cross-shaped drill bit with obvious wear resistance can be increased by 30% to 50% according to estimates. The geometry of the in-line drill bit is stable, the processing technology is simple and the quality can be guaranteed, the quality of the fixed piece is easy to guarantee, the broken points of the fiber chisel are easy to operate, and the adaptability to various rock formations is strong. The drill bit can be adapted to the excavation of tough fissures and abrasive rock formations.
④Ball tooth drill structure. The spherical tooth bit is designed to adapt to high-power hydraulic rock drills, mainly to improve generation efficiency and reduce labor. The multi-tasking carbide insert used in the spherical tooth drill bit has a concentric shape on the drill bit. The wear resistance of spherical teeth is the largest and has higher strength, followed by conical spherical teeth and the lowest, but the efficiency of rock drilling is completely opposite. Therefore, different spherical tooth drill bits should be selected according to different situations in the generation, and the matching situation of the equipment should also be considered. In medium-hard rock formations, one should choose a ball tooth or a bit with a conical tooth. At the same time, it should be noted that the number of teeth is also an important structural parameter. There are many types of ball teeth, and their diameter and number of teeth are also different, so their working conditions are also different. . Practice has proved that the application range of such drill bits is brittle and corrosive rock formations, which are characterized by fast speed, high stability, coarse rock powder and long service life.
⑤Alloy composite drill bit. Carbide composite drill bits are developed on the basis of a variety of needles, which combine the advantages of flake and spherical drill bits, highlighting the comprehensive performance. The blades with strong rock drilling energy are set on the edge of the drill bit, and the spherical teeth with high rock drilling efficiency are set in the middle, which concentrates the advantages of the above-mentioned various fiber heads. Compared with the traditional one-word, three-blade, cross, spherical and other needles, it has the characteristics of high speed, long life, small grinding amount, stable quality, material saving and low cost. The technical indicators and economic indicators reflected in the application have exceeded those of the traditional drill bit. The measurement of various comprehensive experimental characteristics shows that the drilling stability and speed are good, which is 1.5 times that of the in-line drill bit, and the number of grinding times is significantly reduced; It is 2 to 4 times of the spherical fiber head; the cost of chiseling is also reduced. The cost of the hole with the same diameter is only 1/5 of the flat-shaped drill head and 1/3 of the spherical drill head, and the operation is labor-saving and convenient.


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In order to explore the deep uranium metallogenic environment and reveal the deep geological characteristics in Youdong area of Renhua county, Guangdong Province, the paper introduces the construction of Changjiang No.1 Scientific Deep Drilling and the application of several construction techniques. By analyzing the service life and drilling efficiency of the drill bit, we found S95 series of deep hole drilling bits had better effect than S75 series and analyzed the reasons .By analyzing the existing problems of tradition techniques and using the hydraulic impactor, the pure drilling efficiency was increased as high as 5%., which provides the basis for improving the process in the future; By improving the angle of hydraulic pipe tong , the top angle reach 10 degrees and suitable for inclined hole drilling; By taking screw motor directional drilling technology for the first time, the deviation distance of drilling hole was successfully corrected to the contract requirement. After the whole hole lost circulation, the top leakage drilling technology was used to finish the hole, which made a breakthrough in deep top leakage drilling technology in Zhuguang area. The Changjiang No.1 Scientific Deep Drilling was designed to be 1 500 m, and the final finished depth was 1 709.34 m which lasted 142 actual construction days. The construction process was continuously optimized and adjusted and encountered the deepest economic uranium ore in China. The screw directional rectification measures adopted in this hole provided a new construction technology for the drilling about 1 500 m deep inclined hole in Youdong area of Renhua county, Guangdong Province. The Other technique study and applied process measures provided reference for the similar projects.


Pacton Gold has revealed its plans to add seven gold tenement licenses in the Pilbara region in Western Australia through the acquisition of Australian exploration company Drummond East from Impact Minerals.
The Canadian junior exploration company has entered into a binding letter of intent (LOI) to buy 100% of the shares in Drummond East to get hold of a total of around 1,126km2 of exploration properties.
According to Pacton, the acquisition will enable it to become the third largest land holder in the Pilbara mining region with a total of around 2,227km2 under its control. The properties involved in the deal are directly near and proximal to key exploration assets controlled by Novo Resources and Kairos Minerals, said the Canadian miner.
Pacton interim president and CEO Alec Pismiris said: “The Impact Minerals team, led by Dr. Mike Jones, have successfully assembled a significant portfolio of advanced gold projects that present excellent prospectivity for discovery upside for the shareholders of Pacton.
“The Impact transaction solidifies our presence in the region, and is directly in line with our mandate to become one of the leaders in the Pilbara Gold Rush. With a strong treasury and financial backers, we are aggressively reviewing other opportunities.”
Pacton said that previous explorations at the licenses to be acquired indicate more than 90km of prospective Fortescue Group conglomerates occurring at or near-surface.
Particularly, the conglomerates are believed to be found to the west and east of Marble Bar and also in proximity to the Beatons Creek gold deposit located near Nullagine, said the Canadian firm.
Further, it revealed that the conglomerates identified are about the same age as the Witwatersrand Basin Gold deposits found in South Africa.
The acquisition, which will be subject to approval of Canada’s TSX Venture Exchange, will be carried out in a cash and stock combination.
Pacton has agreed to pay Impact a total of C$350,000 ($272,210) and also issue it 2,125,000 of its common shares. Impact will also be eligible to receive discovery bonus along with royalties as part of the transaction.


SIMEC Energy Australia (previously SIMEC ZEN Energy) and SIMEC Mining, both members of Sanjeev Gupta’s global GFG Alliance, have today welcomed the shortlisting of their innovative Middleback Ranges Pumped Hydro Generation Project for the next round of the Government’s Underwriting New Generation Investments Program (UNGI).
The 220 MW Middleback Ranges Pumped Hydro Generation Project is a unique project that has been developed by both SIMEC Energy Australia and SIMEC Mining to optimise the overall economic value of its development and operation to industry, the community and the Upper Spencer Gulf region.
SIMEC Energy Australia and SIMEC Mining identified the Project in their UNGI submission as it provides the potential to underpin electricity supply to its commercial and industrial customers at globally competitive prices. In addition, delivery of this new sustainable energy generation asset will contribute to emissions reductions, sustainability objectives, and increase the overall reliability and security of electricity supply in the region.
SIMEC Energy Australia has a strong Board and management team including Chairman Sanjeev Gupta and internationally renowned economics professor, Ross Garnaut.
Speaking on the shortlisting, Mr Gupta said “The Commonwealth Government’s interest in this generation project is welcome. Funding support from the Commonwealth via the Underwriting New Generation Investments program will underpin, and hasten, the sectoral transformation currently underway. GFG works hard to promote change and sustainability and this project looks to evolve a primary use from mining to creating sustainable clean green power generation.”
SIMEC Energy Australia CEO, Marc Barrington, said “I am very pleased that the Commonwealth Government has positively responded to our Middleback proposal by placing it into the next round. For businesses such as ours, funding support will accelerate investment in new generation capacity, allowing us to ultimately supply customers in the region with cheaper electricity than currently available.”
The project is located on the SIMEC Mining owned and operated 10 Mtpa iron ore mine site in the Middleback Ranges, approximately 60 kilometres from the town of Whyalla. The project will see a successful upcycling of a former mining operation to form an energy storage and generation site.
SIMEC Mining Executive Managing Director, Matt Reed, said “The project will be a first of a kind Australian project, integrating mining with pumped hydro which will benefit from reduced civil costs and use mining overburden to create the dam walls. With the prefeasibility study complete we are looking forward to working with Government to demonstrate the full life-cycle value of the mine, working with SIMEC Energy Australia to deliver low energy costs to industry.”
SIMEC Energy Australia has already been highly successful in delivering new, innovative and globally competitive energy solutions in South Australia, with contracts signed with a number of large energy users in the region and being the sole electricity retailer for the South Australian Government. The company has also recently announced its growing presence in the Victorian electricity market in an assertive move to shake up the market and deliver intelligent solutions for large Victorian energy users.
For further information or media queries, please contact:
Charlene Jaw, Manager Corporate Affairs, GFG Alliance M: 0457 799 973; E: email@example.com
Article published on Wednesday, 27 March 2019


The Brothers Project is an exploitation license, which allows mining with no additional permits. The Project is not in or near any protected areas, and no villages are located within the concession. Brothers is within the area of interest between Newmont and the government of Suriname in their Mineral Agreement.
Brothers is considered one of the more prospective projects in the Guiana Shield with a number of high priority targets supported by 246 grab samples from the extensive small scale mining operations. Of these samples, 84 exceed 1 g/t Au (34%) and 22 exceed 10 g/t Au with a high assay of 105 g/t Au.
Rhyolite also holds the 100% owned Paxson gold project located in eastern Alaska. Paxson is located within the 1,200 km long Tintina Gold Belt, a metallogenic province stretching from Northern British Columbia to SW Alaska. The province is host to world class gold deposits such as Pogo (5 Moz), Fort Knox (7 Moz), and Livengood (16.5 Moz) and remains a prime area for gold exploration.


Key Take Away: Future Battery Minerals Ltd reports an encouraging expansion of the Kangaroo Hills Lithium Project. The initial assay results from their Phase 3 drill program confirm a significant near-surface lithium pegmatite presence, especially at Big Red and Rocky prospects.
Within the verdant terrains of Western Australia, the Kangaroo Hills Lithium Project, managed by Future Battery Minerals Ltd (ASX: FBM), is gaining prominence. The recent Phase 3 drilling results have provided a promising glimpse into the lithium-rich ground, further solidifying FBM’s strategy.
The company has reported significant assay outcomes such as:
For those unacquainted, “pegmatite” is a type of rock enriched with lithium, among other minerals. A high concentration suggests potential for mining operations.
FBM’s Technical Director, Robin Cox, shared his enthusiasm, “The initial set of assays from the recent RC and DD program at Big Red and Rocky have delivered further excellent results and confirms the early visual spodumene observations of this emerging LCT pegmatite system. In particular, the result from KHDD006 at Big Red provides further support to the relative consistency in that area of the system in terms of shallow, thick intervals (+20m) at a high lithium grade (+1.2% Li2O).”
“Recent RC drilling at Rocky (assays pending) has also returned many shallow, substantial intercepts of visual spodumene bearing pegmatites that have significantly increased the scale of this system with assays outstanding. The focus of drilling at Rocky will move shortly to a diamond tail program to commence testing for extension at depth, including the potential for a thickening of mineralisation.”
“In terms of ongoing scout target drilling, we are seeing encouraging early signs at Wallaroo (West) and further drilling is planned to test the identified pegmatites in this area. The grant of final environmental permitting will also allow us to commence drilling north from Big Red, including other attractive combined resistivity/structural target areas such as Western Grey”.
While FBM has been actively targeting the Big Red and Rocky pegmatite systems, they’re also casting an eye on other regional prospects like Wallaroo. Their drilling program is expected to continue into November, targeting potential extensions at Rocky. This involves a DD program to assess potential down-dip extension or thickening at Rocky.
Beyond the immediate results, the broader market implications are clear. As the demand for electric vehicles and renewable energy solutions continues to soar, lithium, a key component for batteries, remains in the spotlight. Future Battery Minerals Ltd’s success in Kangaroo Hills is not just a win for them, but potentially an indication of Australia’s bolstered position in the global lithium market.
However, as always, investors should tread cautiously. While assay results provide scientific data on mineral presence, they don’t guarantee successful mining operations or returns. But for now, the horizon looks like it may hold potential for Future Battery Minerals Ltd.
Curious to learn more about Future Battery Mineral’s story? Explore the links provided below and access all the necessary information with a single click.


Thermodynamic Cradle-to-Cradle Assessment of the Earth's Mineral Resources
* Book: Thanatia: The Destiny of the Earth's Mineral Resources. A Thermodynamic Cradle-to-Cradle Assessment. By Antonio Valero Capilla and Alicia Valero Delgado. World Scientific, 2014
"Is Gaia becoming Thanatia, a resource exhausted planet? For how long can our high-tech society be sustained in the light of declining mineral ore grades, heavy dependence on un-recycled critical metals and accelerated material dispersion? These are all root causes of future disruptions that need to be addressed today.
This book presents a cradle-to-cradle view of the Earth's abiotic resources through a novel and rigorous approach based on the Second Law of Thermodynamics: heat dissipates and materials deteriorate and disperse. Quality is irreversibly lost. This allows for the assessment of such depletion and can be used to estimate the year where production of the main mineral commodities could reach its zenith. By postulating Thanatia, one acquires a sense of destiny and a concern for a unified global management of the planet's abiotic resource endowment.
The book covers the core aspects of geology, geochemistry, mining, metallurgy, economics, the environment, thermodynamics and thermochemistry. It is supported by comprehensive databases related to mineral resources, including detailed compositions of the Earth's layers, thermochemical properties of over 300 substances, historical energy and mineral resource inventories, energy consumption and environmental impacts in the mining and metallurgical sector and world recycling rates of commodities."
The Threads: Minerals, Economy and Thermodynamics:
The Depletion of Non-Renewable Abiotic Resources
Economic versus Thermodynamic Accounting
From Thermodynamics to Economics and Ecology
Physical Geonomics: A Cradle-Grave-Cradle Approach for Mineral Depletion Assessment
Over the Rainbow: From Nature to Industry:
The Geochemistry of the Earth
The Resources of the Earth
An Introduction to Mining and Metallurgy
Metallurgy of Key Minerals
Down the Rainbow: From Grave to Cradle:
Thermodynamics of Mineral Resources
Thanatia and the Crepuscular Earth Model
The Exergy of the Earth and Its Mineral Resources
The Exergy Replacement Costs of Mineral Wealth
The Exergy Evolution of Mineral Wealth
Tying the Rainbows: Towards a Rational Management of Resources:
The Challenge of Resource Depletion
The Principles of Resource Efficiency


ELKO — Newmont Mining Corp.’s Exodus mine claimed the life of a miner from Spring Creek who died last Friday.
According to Newmont officials, Allen Campbell, 49, died in an accident. However, the Mine Safety and Health Administration has not issued any preliminary report, but listed the cause of the fatality as a slip or fall of the victim.
The MSHA classified mining accidents to include falls or slips from an elevated position or it can come be in the same level resulting from getting on or off machinery or haulage equipment that is not moving. It can also be falls and slips while operating or repairing equipment or machinery, and even stepping in a hole.
It was 2 p.m. when the accident happened at the mine located 25 miles north of Carlin. The officials from MSHA and Nevada State Mine Inspector’s Office were immediately informed of the incident. They are now working with Newmont to investigate the cause. No other information was given out.
Mary Korpi, Newmont’s Director of External Relations said that right now all information is speculative as to what happened. The news greatly affected not only his family, friends, co-workers but the whole mining industry as well.
Campbell is mourned by his wife, Julie, and two children, Levi and Jacob. According to Newmont, Campbell has been working for the company in1988. Beginning as a surface mining worker, he was later transferred to underground operations in 2001.
Tom Kerr Sr., regional vice president, North America Operations expressed sympathies from the company when he said that they are deeply saddened by the tragic loss of their friend and colleague, Allen Campbell. Their thoughts and prayers are with Allen’s family and friends, and they will continue providing support and assistance during this extremely difficult time.
This marked the first Nevada mine fatality for 2012 which is the 12th metal and non-metal mining fatality in the nation; but it excludes coal mining deaths.


Published: August 30, 2023
By: Concentric Staff Writer
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is making $30 million available to increase domestic sourcing of critical minerals from coal-based resources used in clean energy and transportation technologies.
The funding (DE-FOA-0002619), allocated in the 2021 Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act and announced Aug. 21, is to meet the need for critical minerals used in the production of solar panels, wind turbines, electric vehicles, and hydrogen fuel cells, DOE said in a news release. The goal is to lower the cost of these technologies, meet growing demand, and reduce dependence on offshore supplies, DOE said.
“President Biden’s Investing in America agenda is helping rebuild America’s manufacturing sector by enhancing our ability to produce the critical minerals necessary to develop clean energy technologies,” Energy Secretary Jennifer M. Granholm said in a written statement. “Thanks to these transformative investments, we are reducing our reliance on foreign supply chains while delivering high-quality jobs throughout the communities that have helped power the nation for generations.”
The U.S. currently imports more than 80 percent of such minerals from non-domestic suppliers, DOE said. In 2022, the U.S. imported more than half of its consumption of 43 of the 50 critical minerals identified by the U.S. Geological Survey and there was no domestic production of 14 critical minerals, DOE said.
The funding will be used to conduct proof-of-concept testing in laboratory or bench-scale facilities to research “economically viable, environmentally benign extraction, separation, and refining technologies.” Such minerals are used in clean energy, national defense, and commercial commodity products and equipment.
The funding opportunity is divided into two topic areas: advanced process development for production of rare earth metals and co-production of critical minerals and materials from coal-based resources; and production of critical minerals and materials, excluding rare earth minerals, from coal-based resources.
There is potential for advanced processes to produce individually separated, high-purity rare earth oxides and salts and high-purity single or binary rare earth metals at costs about 20 percent lower than currently available conventional separation and conversion technologies, the agency said. The materials will be produced in small-scale pilot facilities that extract and separate critical minerals from coal-based resources.
The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act authorized appropriations to develop and assess advanced separation technologies for the extraction and recovery of rare earth elements and other critical minerals from coal and coal by-products and determine if there are any environmental or public health impacts from the recovery of these resources.
One goal of the program and other DOE-related activities is to help build a domestic supply chain of rare earth elements from a diverse list of resources and establish private investments to create the first domestic midstream processing capabilities for these resources in decades. The supply chain consists of mining, separation, refining, alloying, and manufacturing devices and components parts, DOE said. Forming such a supply chain is essential for domestic self-reliance in this area, the agency said.
Responses to the funding opportunity are due Oct. 20 Eastern Time, DOE said.
All views expressed by the author are solely the author’s current views and do not reflect the views of Concentric Energy Advisors, Inc., its affiliates, subsidiaries, or related companies. The author’s views are based upon information the author considers reliable at the time of publication. However, neither Concentric Energy Advisors, Inc., nor its affiliates, subsidiaries, and related companies warrant the information’s completeness or accuracy, and it should not be relied upon as such.


Over the last few years, Alaska has become well known for its multi-million ounce gold deposits, along with its world-class accumulations of zinc, silver, and lead among other minerals.
But Alaska is also home to some of the world’s richest known copper-dominant polymetallic deposits as well.
The majority of these deposits are situated in three main target areas, with the largest being Brooks Range in northern Alaska
Along the southern length of Brooks Range is the polymetallic rich Ambler Mining District.
Here is where deposits known as volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) structures are particularly abundant.
VMS deposits are one of the most common families of mineral ores found on earth.
They are formed at or near the seafloor as seawater heats up from underwater volcanic activity and is mixed with metals from the active volcanic rocks.
A metal-rich hydrothermal fluid is created which eventually solidifies and forms the basis for a new deposit.
VMS deposits span the globe, but the Brooks Range in particular is generating a great deal of attention from the mining community.
You see, since the late 1950’s the Ambler District of Brooks Range has been explored and documented to be a prolific mining region.
Unfortunately, challenging terrain due to perma-frost and inefficient transportation infrastructure limited its development potential the past five decades.
Fast forward to 2011, and the region is now about to embark on a major construction plan.
The Ambler Mining District Access Project, which was conceived in the summer of 2010, has now reached the Transportation Analysis stage where the overall design concept of the proposed corridor is being determined as of this writing.
Alaska Governor Sean Parnell plans to chip in $4 million to see the Ambler Mining District Road built from Ambler to Delong Mountain Terminal or Port of Nome.
Once all the regulatory and environmental hurdles are cleared, it’s game on.
Companies operating in southern Brooks Range like copper miner Andover Ventures, gold explorer Goldrich Mining, and major Teck Cominco, have amassed substantial land claims in this region over the past few years.
Another company that’s also preparing to reap the benefits of improved transportation access is NovaGold (with plans to spin out a new copper-focused company called NovaCopper soon).
And then there’s the joint venture of Canada-based Northern Dynasty Minerals Ltd. and Anglo American PLC of the United Kingdom. These companies are seeking to develop the hotly contested Pebble Mine, which – if developed – could potentially produce 53 billion pounds of copper, 50 million ounces of gold and 2.8 billion pounds of molybdenum over nearly 80 years.
All of these miners are well-positioned to expand their projects further once the transportation infrastructure is in place.
In fact, I believe Alaskan copper production could be the next big thing as mining companies look to bring several of these giant projects online over the next few years.
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Worker killed at planned southern Illinois mine
AKIN - Federal mine-safety officials are investigating a contractor's death in a fall at a coal mine being developed in southern Illinois' Franklin County.
Coroner Marty Leffler says 38-year-old Robert Comer III of Elizabethtown died Wednesday night at a Benton hospital, shortly after the accident.
Leffler says Comer was working for an independent contractor helping to sink a shaft for the planned Sugar Camp mine when he apparently stepped through an opening in a platform above the shaft and fell 39 feet.
A spokeswoman for the federal Mine Safety and Health Administration says that agency is investigating.
Funeral arrangements are pending.


Here's a look at what you need to know about mine disasters in the U.S.
This is a list of some of the more notable mine disasters, not all-inclusive.
Timeline: December 6, 1907 - Worst coal mine disaster in U.S. history: 362 miners are killed in an explosion at the Monongah Nos. 6 and 8 Coal Mines in Monongah, West Virginia.
November 13, 1909 - 259 miners are killed in a fire at the Cherry Mine in Cherry, Illinois.
October 22, 1913 - An explosion kills 263 at the Stag Canon No. 2 Coal Mine in Dawson, New Mexico.
June 8, 1917 - 163 miners are killed in a fire at the Granite Mountain Shaft Mine in Butte, Montana.
January 10, 1940 - 91 miners are killed by an explosion at Pond Creek No. 1 in Bartley, West Virginia.
March 16, 1940 - An explosion at the Willow Grove No. 10 mine in St. Clairsville, Ohio kills 72 miners.
March 25, 1947 - 111 miners are killed in an explosion at the Centralia No. 5 mine in Centralia, Illinois.
December 21, 1951 - An explosion at Orient No. 2 mine in West Frankfort, Illinois kills 119 miners.
November 20, 1968 - 78 miners are killed by an explosion at Consol No. 9 miner in Farmington, West Virginia.
December 30, 1970 - 38 miners are killed in an explosion at Nos. 15 and 16 Mines in Hyden, Kentucky.
May 2, 1972 - 91 miners are killed in a fire at the Sunshine Mine in Kellogg, Idaho.
March 15, 1981 - 15 miners are killed by an explosion at Dutch Creek No. 1, Mid-Continent Resources, Inc. in Redstone, Colorado.
December 19, 1984 - 27 miners are killed in a fire at the Wilberg Mine in Emery County, Utah.
September 23, 2001 - 13 miners are killed by an explosion at the No. 5 Mine, Jim Walter Resources, Inc. in Brookwood, Alabama.
July 24, 2002 - Nine coal miners from Quecreek Mining Inc. in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, are trapped in a four-foot-high chamber 240 feet below the surface after breaching a wall separating their mine from an older, flooded shaft. All survive and are rescued on July 28.
January 2, 2006 - An explosion occurs at around 6:30 a.m. at the Sago Mine in Tallmansville, West Virginia, trapping 13 miners. Twelve of the men had died from carbon monoxide poisoning by the time rescuers reach them around midnight January 3 - 4. Randal McCloy, 27, is the only survivor.
May 20, 2006 - Five miners are killed in an explosion at the Darby Mine No. 1 in Harlan County, Kentucky. One miner, Paul Ledford, survives.
August 6, 2007 - Six miners are trapped at the Crandall Canyon Mine in Huntington, Utah when areas of the mine collapse. - August 16, 2007 - Three rescue workers are killed and 6 are injured when a part of the mine collapses on them. - August 31, 2007 - The search for the six trapped miners is officially called off and declared too dangerous for continued rescue efforts. - May 8, 2008 - Rep. George Miller releases a report from the House Education and Labor Committee about the panel's investigation of the Crandall Canyon Mine disaster. He recommends that a criminal investigation be conducted.
April 5, 2010 - 29 miners are killed in an explosion at the Upper Big Branch mine in Naoma, West Virginia. - April 29, 2011 - Massey Energy agrees to permanently seal the Upper Big Branch mine. - May 19, 2011 - According to the Governor's Independent Investigation Panel's report, the explosion was preventable and due to safety system failures. - December 6, 2011 - The Justice Department announces a deal where the new owners of the Upper Big Branch coal mine will pay a $209 million settlement, including $1.5 million to the families of each of the 29 men who died. - January 10, 2012 - The owner of the West Virginia mine settles the wrongful death lawsuits with families of all 29 victims of the Upper Big Branch disaster. CNN confirmed that the settlement was reached in mediation for 7 of the cases on January 8, 2012 and 22 of the cases on January 10, 2012. The settlement still needs to be approved by the courts. - February 22, 2012 - Gary May, the Upper Big Branch mine's superintendent at the time of the explosion, is charged with conspiring to impede the Mine Safety and Health Administration's enforcement efforts at the mine between February 2008 and April 5, 2010. He pleads guilty in March 2012. - June 20, 2012 - Alpha Natural Resources places the final concrete barrier in place to seal the Upper Big Branch mine permanently.


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Calidus Resources has given its production expectations a boost at the Warrawoona gold project in Western Australia, with the acquisition of the Blue Spec gold project contributing to strong quarter.
A 23 per cent production increase on the original feasibility study positioned Calidus’ output to peak at 139,000 ounces per year, just in time for site works to commence last March.
The Blue Spec project, 70 kilometres from Warrawoona, has increased the project’s gold production to 807,000 ounces over eight years, with an all-in sustaining cost of $1292 per ounce.
Calidus will take advantage of the existing road between Warrawoona and Blue Spec to truck the ore from Blue Spec to the former for processing.
This will avoid the need for a second village or additional infrastructure to be constructed at Blue Spec.
Construction of Warrawoona’s 240 person village, meanwhile, is complete, with Macmahon fully mobilised for earthworks on schedule.
GR Engineering Services was also contracted during the quarter and continued to construct the Warrawoona process plant.
On the rapid development at Warrawoona, Calidus managing director Dave Reeves said in March that all 72 workers on site were working hard to reach first gold production.
“It is wonderful to see the rapid progress being made at Warrawoona with bulk earthworks now in full flight,” he said at the time.
“With the recent purchase of the Blue Spec project and with geologists back in the field, we are working on all fronts to pour first gold and then expand production and mine life.”
The final outstanding permit is the Works Approval, which Calidus expects will be approved by the Western Australian Department of Water and Environmental Regulation this month.


At Double Diamond, safety is a top priority. Double Diamond is COR Certified, meaning we adhere to very stringent safety standards during our build, transportation, and installation processes. We have demonstrated time and time again that we can meet and exceed the safety practices on mine sites and oil sites across Western Canada. Double Diamond has a full time HSE Coordinator to ensure that all employees are following safe work practices and that safety is maintained as a top priority throughout the company. We work hard to maintain an excellent safety record and we are registered with IsNetworld.


The Century Peak Metals Holdings Corporation envisions itself to be a major player in the Philippine mining industry through a vertically integrated mining operation with its smelting operations and a diversified mineral resource base through the acquisition of additional mining tenements with potential for other mineral deposits aside from nickel.
Century Peak Metals Holdings Corporation (the “Company”) was incorporated on December 30, 2003 as an investment holding company. On February 15, 2008, the SEC approved the change of its corporate name to Century Peak Metals Holdings Corporation. On April 14, 2008, the SEC further approved the amendment of the Company’s Articles of Incorporation changing its primary purpose to promoting, operating, managing, holding, owning or investing in corporations or entities that are engaged in mining activities or mining-related activities.
The Company has six (6) subsidiaries: Century Peak Corporation, Century Peak Mineral Development Corporation, Century Peak Cement Manufacturing Corporation, Century Summit Carrier Inc., Century Hua Guang Smelting Incorporated and Century Sidewide Smelting Incorporated.


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Our clients include: Batu Hijau Mine, BHP Billiton, Bucyrus Equipment (World-wide), Caterpillar & Worldwide Mining Dealers, Fortescue Metals Group, Glencore AG (Mopani Copper, Prodeco), Newcrest Mining, Newmont Mining (Australia Peru, Ghana, USA), Mopani Copper Mines, Olympic Dam Corporation and Wesfarmers Curragh North Mine.