In a remarkable technological leap forward, Dubai is poised to revolutionize its last-mile delivery system by introducing autonomous drones for swift and efficient order deliveries. The project, slated to launch next year, aims to provide a faster and more convenient delivery experience for consumers, reducing the reliance on traditional human delivery services.
During the recent Gitex Global 2023 event, attendees were offered a tantalizing glimpse of this futuristic delivery method, wherein orders for meals and drinks were placed and received in under four minutes thanks to the drone delivery system. This groundbreaking project was jointly demonstrated by Dubai-based FEDS Drone-powered Solutions (FEDS) and the Chinese company Meituan UAS (Unmanned Aircraft Systems).
The Benefits of Drone Delivery
According to Rabih Bou Rached, the founder and CEO of FEDS, drone delivery is poised to outpace traditional human delivery methods in terms of speed and efficiency. Drones offer a unique advantage because they can bypass ground traffic, allowing orders to be fulfilled in record time. Furthermore, this autonomous system is not subject to congestion and delays typically associated with human delivery personnel. As such, the order fulfillment process is significantly expedited, promising a superior level of service.
Pilot Project and Future Prospects
While full-scale, citywide drone delivery operations are expected to materialize within the next two years, the initial phase involves establishing a pilot test area within a residential community characterized by low-rise buildings. This pilot project is scheduled to become operational by next year, allowing residents to experience the convenience of drone deliveries firsthand. Initially, between 10 and 20 drones will be deployed during the trial period. However, the potential for hundreds of drones to be utilized in a citywide operation is on the horizon.
The autonomous drones are equipped with impressive specifications that make them suitable for various delivery tasks. These drones are outfitted with six rotors and have a compact size, measuring 1370 X 1370 X 450 mm. They boast a payload capacity of up to 2.5 kilograms, making them capable of delivering family-size meals and other goods. To ensure uninterrupted communication, the drones rely on a combination of 5G, 4G, and Wi-Fi, allowing them to operate within a 10-kilometer radius. With a climbing velocity of up to 10 meters per second and a descent speed of 6 meters per second, these drones are designed for swift and efficient delivery. They can detect obstacles up to 50 meters ahead and 15 meters above, making them exceptionally safe to operate.
The drones are engineered to handle a variety of environmental conditions. They can operate in moderate rain and function efficiently within a temperature range spanning from -20 degrees Celsius to 60 degrees Celsius. This adaptability ensures that drone deliveries remain consistent even in adverse weather conditions.
Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) Certification
One crucial step in expanding drone delivery capabilities is obtaining certification for “Beyond Visual Line of Sight” (BVLOS) operations. BVLOS certification allows drones to operate at distances beyond the direct visual range of the human pilot. Meituan UAS has been a pioneer in developing and deploying drone delivery solutions, focusing on providing services within a 15-minute radius for users located within three kilometers. With a track record of over 184,000 successful deliveries of meals, drinks, and other daily necessities in China since 2021, the company has emerged as a leading provider of drone delivery services.
Dubai Municipality (DM) has made significant strides in preparing the city for widespread drone deliveries. During the Gitex Global event, DM officials announced their efforts to map the airspace in the city. This mapping will help identify optimal routes and landing locations for drones, ensuring the efficient and safe integration of drone delivery services. The completion of this exercise in Dubai Silicon Oasis serves as a testament to Dubai’s commitment to adopting innovative technologies, with plans to extend similar preparations to the entire city.
Dubai’s embrace of autonomous drone delivery services is poised to revolutionize the last-mile delivery experience for consumers. The strategic partnership between FEDS and Meituan UAS demonstrates the commitment of both local and international stakeholders to enhancing convenience, efficiency, and speed in the delivery of goods and services. With cutting-edge drone technology and regulatory preparations in place, Dubai is set to redefine the future of last-mile delivery, making it a faster, more efficient, and environmentally friendly experience for residents and visitors alike.


Building Envelope Engineering Services
We provide a complete range of Structural & Thermal design, consulting, and peer review services including Building Information Modeling (BIM) related to building Envelopes systems, such as-but not limited to-the following:
- Curtain Wall Systems (stick built, unitized and hybrids)
- Glass Wall (aluminum and/or steel truss and frame)
- Space Frame Structures
- Cable Structures
- Stick Systems
- Panel Systems (utilizing cost saving non-linear analysis techniques)
- Light Gage Framing
- Blast & ballistic Resistant Facades / Structures
- High wind Resistant Facades/ Structures
- Railing systems
- High Span Walls
- Stone Cladding (handset, pre-cast and prefabricated steel truss)
Consulting & Forensic Engineering Services
We provide a range of consulting and forensic services related to developers, contractors, Architects, law firms including the following:
- Investigation of site condition, analyzing drawings, material specifications, and supporting documentation. Finite Element Analysis is often used to evaluate materials and fabrication/ construction defects.
- In-depth, comprehensive Expert Reports - our conclusions and testimonies are based on quantified results, which are easily understood. We prepare professional exhibits, graphics and animation, which effectively demonstrate engineering principles and analysis results.
- Disciplined approach to fact gathering and analysis, which lead to accurate findings that withstand the toughest scrutiny.
- Structural engineering for new construction residential & commercial projects.
- Structural engineering & consulting for E/M equipment support for hospitals (OSHPD), schools (DSA), and commercial projects.
Technical Engineering Services
We provide solutions to complex engineering problems using various nonlinear finite element analysis software packages, our skills and experience in both numerical methods and engineering mechanics. Our advanced engineering analysis includes:
- Linear and non-linear finite element analysis
- Blast & security analysis
- Technical due diligence
- Design enhancement & value engineering
- Weld Failure & code analysis
- Buckling analysis
- Failure investigation and analysis
- Fatigue & stress analysis on structures, components of a structure, connections, and fasteners


Vault Doors / Modular Vaults
Vault Doors - Treasury Series
Maximum Security, Ultimate Versatility and Distinctive Design, Skilcraft-installed modular vaults represent the uncompromising combination of security, versatility and aesthetics. Maximize functionality, and optimize space and budget with a modular vault system customized for your facility.
Treasury Series Vault Doors
- Key-locking, day-gate for use during business hours
- Treasury Series Vault Doors are UL-listed and are available in left or right swing configurations
- Stainless-steel exterior with gold or mirror trim gives an exceptional appearance to the ultra high-strength concrete and steel construction
- High precision anti-friction bearings are used to provide smooth and easy operation
- Built in vault ventilator, heat sensor and door contacts for added safety and security
- The Treasury Series uses resettable snap-action, three-movement time locks as standard on all vault doors. The time locks are concealed behind a locked panel on the rear of the door. Each movement has a built-in magnifying lens for easy viewing.
- Optional customer logo on inside door panel
- Available for both Class I and Class II specifications
- Available for Left or Right Swing applications
Classic Vault Doors
The Classic Vault Door combines the ultimate in security with the beauty of contemporary styling.
- Stainless Steel Finish
- Wide Clear Opening
- Choice of Day Gate
- Day Guard Lock
- Built In Emergency Ventilator
- Time Lock
- Alarm System
Modular Vault Solutions
UL Listed Vault Panels are constructed using ultra high strength concrete and steel. The high strength panels provide the same strength as standard reinforced concrete panels, but require much less space. Modular panels install quickly and provide flexibility for future expansion or relocation. Modular panels are available in Class I, and Class II.


Catalogue of technical aids
Technical aids help you reduce the physical strain in your work.
Click the link to read more:
The texts on the website www.teknisk-udstyr.dk are available in Danish only. As the site contains a lot of useful information on a wide range of technical aids, however, we suggest that you do the following to locate a suitable technical aid for your need.
Under the heading ‘Tekniske hjælpemidler’ you will find images of various categories of technical aids.
Click the box next to the technical aid you are interested in and click the sublinks until you find the exact product you are looking for.
You are looking for a manual pallet truck. Click the category ‘Stablere og trucks’, then click the product ‘Pallevogne – manuelt betjente’.
At the top you will find a description of the use and advantages of the product. If you want to read the description in English or another language, just copy and paste the text into a free machine translation tool available on the internet. This should give you a fairly good understanding of the product.
Further down you will find a box titled ‘Vigtige overvejelser inden du investerer’. This box contains useful information on what to consider before and after investing in the product.
At the bottom you will find the box ‘Leverandørliste’ which is an extensive list of Danish suppliers of this particular product. The list contains website addresses and phone numbers for each supplier.


B&F Power Vac is the industry leader with over 40 years in business, serving the Residential needs of our local community. We have completed countless successful HVAC equipment cleaning projects in Idaho and Washington. B&F Power Vac is also a long standing member of the Better Business Bureau with an A+ rating. Our Dun & Bradstreet rating is 1R2.
Cleaning services B&F provides:
- Furnace & Air Duct Systems – Click here for answers to frequently asked questions.
- Chimney Sweep – An annual inspection and cleaning (if necessary) is suggested. While fire prevention is a major concern, unseen blockage can also prevent proper draft ventilation. B&F will clean your chimney and fireplace quickly and safely, with no soot entering your home.
- Fireplaces, Wood & Oil Stoves
- Dryer Vents – Most dryer damage and fires can be prevented with proper vent maintenance. When a dryer vent becomes clogged with lint, it is inefficient, resulting in longer drying times. Besides clogging the vent, lint is also combustible. According to the U.S. Consumer Products Safety Commission there were an estimated 15,500 dryer fires in 1996 resulting in 20 deaths, 320 injuries, and about $84.4 million in property damage.
- Gas Water Heaters
- Insulation Removal
- New Construction Clean-up
- Visual Viewing with B&F’s MicroInspector, the industry latest technology tool.


CUT & TEST CHROMATICS GLASS PANELS
The only shatterproof safety glass that can be stocked, cut and edge worked
Cutting can be done by hand or by waterjet cutters
Chromatics Glass has undergone extensive impact resistance testing.
After repeated impacts our panels remain intact
In order to demonstrate the durability and impact resistance of Chromatics Glass panels in public areas where safety is of prime importance, a heavy shopping cart with a sharp steel point was used to repeatedly impact a Chromatics Glass panel. As a comparison a similar demonstration was done on a tempered safety glass panel
We demonstrate how a sample Chromatics Glass panel withstands a severe impact using a steel punch driven through the panel into a block of wood


LCA results & interpretationStandard EcoPower® Faucet with Mixing Valve
Scope and summary
- Cradle to gate
- Cradle to gate with options
- Cradle to grave
One faucet in an average U.S. commercial environment for 3 years. The period of 3 years is modeled as the period of application based on the average technical lifespan for commercial applications. The economical lifespan of commercial applications can be longer or shorter due to aesthetic replacements or more intense use. The implication is that the LCA model assumes that the application ends at year 3 and that the materials will be treated in an end-of-life scenario.
Reference service life: 3 years
Data reporting period: 2015
Default use phase scenario
TEL105-D10ET and TEL105-D10EM: 3 years of service in an average U.S. commercial environment with 0.09 gallon/use and 133 uses/day resulting in 13,107.15 gallons of water.
TEL105-C20ET and TEL105-C20EM: 3 years of service in an average U.S. commercial environment with 0.19 gallon/use and 133 uses/day resulting in 27,670.65 gallons of water.
Material composition greater than 1% by weight
|Part||Material||AVG. % WT.|
|Spout body||Brass (C36000)||13.0%|
|Controller box cover||ABS||10.4%|
|Mixing valve body||Brass||7.4%|
|Spout mounting bracket||Stainless steel, SUS303||6.4%|
|Spout mounting nut||Brass||5.1%|
|Spout mounting rod||Stainless steel, SUS304||4.8%|
|Controller adapter||Brass, Pb free||4.2%|
|Controller mounting bracket||Stainless steel, SUS303||2.2%|
|Spout aerator gasket||NBR||1.6%|
|Spout nozzle key||Brass||1.6%|
|Generator coil cover||Brass||1.1%|
Total impacts by life cycle stages [mPts/func unit]
- LIFE CYCLE STAGEAVG. MPTS/FUNC UNIT
- End of life0.02
- Total impacts = 18.74 mPts
- per 3 years of service
What’s causing the greatest impacts
All life cycle stages
The production stage is dominating the results for most impact categories. The production stage has the most significant contributions to eutrophication (mostly from emissions from copper mining and the printed wiring board), non-carcinogens (emissions from the production of copper and zinc) and ecotoxicity (mostly from disposal of steel slags and bottom ashes from coal fired power plants, and barium emissions to water from the extraction process of natural gas). The use phase is relevant to most impact categories, especially fossil fuel depletion, ozone depletion, carcinogenics, and global warming. The use stage impact is mostly due to the embedded energy arising from acquisition, treatment and distribution of the water used during the use of the product.
The recovery stage includes recycling processes and benefits by preventing the need to produce primary materials. Recycling is a relevant factor for some of the impact categories, offsetting a portion of the impacts caused by production. Additionally, the delivery of the product to the construction/installation site, the construction/installation processes, the processes for dismantling the product and final waste treatment during the end of life stage do not have a significant impact.
Brass parts and the printed wiring board, along with the brass turning process have significant contributions to the impact categories. Stainless steel materials and the turning steel process are relevant to the carcinogenics category. The electroplating process along with injection molding are major contributors to the ozone depletion catgory. Additionally, polishing has a somewhat significant processing contribution to the results. Transport via oceanic freighter appears as a relevant contributor to the fossil fuel depletion and smog categories.
Deviations in the LCA results are a result of the difference in the assembly parts of the two faucets as well as the use phase. TEL105-D10ET and TEL105-C20ET contain more mass than TEL105-D10EM and TEL105-C20EM. The continuous cycle uses more water per cycle than the on-demand version of the two faucets.
Multi-product weighted average
Results represent the weighted average using production volumes for the products covered. Variations of specific products for differences of 10-20% against the average are indicated in purple; differences greater than 20% are indicated in red. A difference greater than 10% is considered significant.
TOTO programs improving environmental performance
- TOTO’s EcoPower® products are powered by the force of running water.
- The electronic and mechanical components are programmed and designed to allow water flow and accurate flush volume only when needed.
- Water consumption is reduced in the use phase due to superior flushing performance.
|Life cycle Stage||Production||Construction||Use||End of Life||Recovery|
Information modules: Included | Excluded
|A1 Raw Materials||A4 Transportation/ Delivery||B1 Use||C1 Deconstruction/ Demolition||D Reuse, recovery and/or recycling|
|A2 Transportation||A5 Construction/ Installation||B2 Maintenance||C2 Transportation|
|A3 Manufacturing||B3 Repair||C3 Waste processing|
|B4 Replacement||C4 Disposal|
|B6 Operational energy use|
|B7 Operational water use|
|Impacts per 3 years of service||16.73 mPts||0.08 mPts||3.44 mPts||0.02 mPts||-1.53 mPts|
|Materials or processes contributing >20% to total impacts in each life cycle stage||Brass parts together with the printed wiring board in addition to manufacturing processes such as brass turning.||Transportation of the product to the installation site or consumer and disposal of packaging.||Volume of water use during the operation of the product and the embedded energy use in the water used.||Transport to waste processing, waste processing and disposal of material flows transported to a landfill.||Plastic and metal components' recycling processes.|
TRACI v2.1 results per one faucet
- A variation of 10 to 20%
- A variation greater than 20%
|Life cycle Stage||Production||Construction||Use||End of Life||Recovery|
|Fossil fuel depletion||MJ surplus Mega Joule surplus
Fossil fuel depletion is the surplus energy to extract minerals and fossil fuels.
LCA Background Report
Part A: LCA Calculation Rules and Background Report Requirements v2016 (compliant with ISO14040-44 and ISO14025)
Transparency Reports™ / environmental product declarations enable purchasers and users to compare the potential environmental performance of products on a life cycle basis. They are designed to present information transparently to make the limitations of comparability more understandable. TRs/EPDs of products that conform to the same PCR and include the same life cycle stages, but are made by different manufacturers, may not sufficiently align to support direct comparisons. They therefore, cannot be used as comparative assertions unless the conditions defined in ISO 14025 Section 6.7.2. ‘Requirements for Comparability’ are satisfied.
The intent is to reward project teams for selecting products from manufacturers who have verified improved life-cycle environmental performance.
LEED BD+C: New Construction | v4 - LEED v4
Building product disclosure and optimization
Industry-wide (generic) EPD1/2 product
Product-specific Type III EPD1 product
Green Globes for New Construction and Sustainable Interiors
NC 188.8.131.52 Path B: Prescriptive Path for Building Core and Shell
C 184.108.40.206 and SI 4.1.2 Path B: Prescriptive Path for Interior Fit-outs


Quality is an investment that breeds fruitful results for the growth for the company. We believe the above said fact, thus have developed a separate, fully equipped quality testing laboratory. This laboratory comprises modern machines and equipment that helps in monitoring the quality of these products. Moreover, our quality control auditors keep a hawk by conducting rigorous quality tests on every process related to the product development to make sure that these products adhere to international standards of quality. These auditors also ensure that no error or chance of discrepancy will occur on the part of team members.
We stick to Remarkable Efficiency, Durability, Low Maintenance and Reliability to check the quality of our products.
Spread over a large area, our infrastructural facility is managed by skilled personnel and is equipped with state-of-the-art machines, tools and equipment. Developed in compliance with industrial norms and standards, our infrastructure is well spaced and segregated in various departments. These departments are handled by experienced professionals who believe in continuous learning and sharpening their skills.
Our facility comprises various departments:
– Raw material sourcing unit – Designing unit – Logistics unit – Engineering unit
– Quality testing unit – Administrative unit – Sales and Marketing
|We have employed a highly skilled, proficient and experienced team that is capable of managing every business operation in an efficient and skillful manner. These professionals working with us have gained expertise in manufacturing and providing the best products to the clients, on stipulated time and at cost effective prices. Working in sync with the clientsâ€™ needs, moreover making full utilization of available resources, our team endeavors to render maximum satisfaction to the clients.
Since inception, we have somersaulted into the topmost names in this domain. Our efforts have garnered positive results that are reflected in the tremendous growth of the organization. We work with great zeal and diligence in order to fulfill the needs and requirements of our variegated clientele. Our strengths comprise:
Cost effective prices | Timely delivery of products | International quality products | Customization of products
Advanced technology usage | Sophisticated working system


A building, designed to show that a sustainable work environment is viable, comfortable and affordable, is almost finished. In just a couple of months, staff will start moving into IUCN's Global Conservation Centre in Gland, Switzerland, which houses the latest technologies in green building design.
From state of the art air ventilation systems to recycled water supplies, it should set the standard for environmental quality and innovation. Recycled materials have been used throughout and 85 percent or more of energy consumption will be produced from renewable sources, which include heat pumps and photovoltaic panels. Christian Laufenberg, adviser to IUCN's Director General and part of the building team, takes us on a tour of the site.


Whether you’re in need of dent removal, wheel alignment or brake repair, John Edwards Automotive has you covered. Don’t leave the safety of you and your family to chance.
Trust the experts to ensure your car repair is done right. You’ll be saving money in the long run and be safer on the road. Our skilled mechanics know their way around all types of cars. We’re able to correct problems and conduct repairs across any make and model. When you trust us with your auto repair, we’ll get you back on the road again in no time.
Experts In Car Repair
Don’t trust your car repair to just anyone. Even the most minor of mistakes can prove critical, which is why we pride ourselves on being auto experts and getting it right every time.
John Edwards Automotive is part of the Bosch Car Service Network, meaning our workshop meets the Bosch standards when it comes to quality and service. Our partnership with Bosch means you know we’re one of Brisbane’s finest car repair shops.
We can handle anything from car scratch repair to transmission repair. No matter what the trouble with your car is, we can deal with it in no time.
Trust Us For Your Next Car Repair In Geebung
Drivers in the Geebung area know John Edwards Automotive as one of the most reliable workshops around. We’ve built a reputation over the years as professionals in the field. As a family owned and operated business working with vehicles for over thirty years, every customer is just as important to us as the last.
Let us take care of all your repairs, hassle-free. We’re the go-to car workshop for Geebung and all its surrounding suburbs, including Northgate, Taigum, Fitzgibbon and many more. If you’re looking for the best car repair around, visit the John Edwards Automotive workshop. We’d love to help you with all your vehicle repair needs, as we have with countless others in the Geebung area.


by Mollie Simon
For the second year running, Chamblee Charter High School will be represented at the World Championship competition for VEX Robotics, to be held in Anaheim, CA from April 17 to 20.
On Saturday, January 26, one of Chamblee's three independent teams qualified for the international event by winning the "Design" award during their fourth competition this season.
“I could not believe I was able to do this,” said team captain, senior Chad Weeks.
In addition to Weeks, the winning team consists of juniors Sams Khan, Daniel Richardson, and Logan Simpson, and senior Sebastian Perez-Ramirez.
The feat of making it to the world level competition is especially impressive as members of the team have only been working with VEX robots for five months.
“They went from knowing zero to where they are now,” said team sponsor and engineering teacher Gwen Cook. “I gave them about three weeks worth of lessons, and then they took it from there.”
The group is now in third place for the DeKalb league (which contains approximately 50 teams). Chamblee’s other two teams are currently holding the 19th and 17th ranking spots in the county.
The journey of getting to Anaheim, California is not over yet though. The team plans to build a second robot and to make changes to their current design.
“My hope for Worlds is to be in the top 15 percent of robots after making the changes we need to make,” said Weeks. “I hope that we are not just there, but are there as serious competitors.”
Before reaching this goal, the team has a long road of fundraising and work ahead of them. Just building the second robot will cost around $1,000.
For the two teams that are still trying to make the Worlds competition, Weeks has a few words of wisdom.
“Troubleshoot to create what you had imagined,” said Weeks.
If you are interested in sponsoring the team, please send an email to: firstname.lastname@example.org


High school degree or equivalent
Aircraft structure mechanics assemble primary and major sheet metal assemblies, including different types of metals, composites and other materials. This includes a variety of operations in the assembly involving component tooling where some judgment is necessary, such as cutting, filing, drilling, countersinking, fitting, and shimming. Sometimes, this work includes applying sealing, bonding agents, and other liquid adhesives, and installing hardware such as spring pins, cotter keys, and safety wires. Structure mechanics also conduct functional testing of parts and assemblies.


Changshu Zhengfangyi Manufacture Co., Ltd.
The supplier's company premises has been checked by Alibaba.com staff to ensure onsite operations exist there. A third-party verification company has confirmed the legal status of the supplier.
|Business Type:||Manufacturer, Trading Company||Verified|
|Location:||Jiangsu, China (Mainland)||Verified|
|Main Products:||air mesh fabric,mattress fabric,shoes fabric,3d air mesh fabric,clothes air mesh fabric|
|Total Employees:||51 - 100 People|
|Total Annual Revenue:||Above US$100 Million|
|Top 3 Markets:||South America 15.00% Southeast Asia 12.00% North America 10.00%|
|Product Certifications:||Test Report|
Changshu Zhengfangyi Manufacture Co., Ltd. is located in Changshu Industrial Zone, Changshu---a hist...
Changshu Zhengfangyi Manufacture Co., Ltd. is located in Changshu Industrial Zone, Changshu---a historical and cultural city in the south part of Jiangsu Province. Our company is a professional manufacturer making 3D air mesh products especially in the production of home textile products, including pillow, outdoor cushion, mattress and so on. We have a group of professional designers and skilled workers to develop and produce 3D products.
We also have a complete set of equipment to produce home textile products, and our products are designed according to the needs of people on their body. Machines in our factory are all controlled by computers and the style of our products is made by CAD in order to comfort people. Besides, 3D air mesh fabric has features of supporting power and elasticity, thus home textile products made of this fabric are healthier and more comfortable for people.
We welcome both OEM & ODM. We have a controlling company to produce air mesh fabric, guaranteeing the quality and quantity of products. What's more, we own a dye factory to make sure the dye of products.
Aslo,ZFY has passed the certification of Switzerland Oeko-tex Standard 100 class i within her 70 knitting machines, a half is advanced machines of super-width , apecializing in home textile mesh.
Production Capacity View More >
|Product Name||Units Produced (Previous Year)||Highest Ever Annual Output||Unit Type|
|polyester air mesh||1250000||1500000||Ton/Tons|
Trade Capacity View More >
Trade & Market
|Main Markets||Total Revenue(%)|
|Export Percentage:||81% - 90%|
|Export Mode:||Using an agent|
|No. of Employees in Trade Department:||6-10 People|
Email to this supplier


Launching the components
Prior to the kick-off event, component 1 and 3 of the Twinning project (IPPC) already had a few missions, including a mission with a workshop and two site visits on fuel stations (regarding vapour recovery aka stage II), led by Mr. Richard Schlachta and Mr. Heinz Baumgarten – experts from the last Twinning project who are continuing, a mission on material streams, led by Ms Anja Schwetje, and a mission on communication and visibility, led by Mr. Joerg Frauenstein, whose other expertise is soil protection.
Both Ms Schwetje and Mr. Frauenstein are new to this Twinning project.
At the week of the kick-off event, there were four missions, focusing on visibility and communications, soil protection, EMAS and energy efficiency (with four experts from two countries, Germany and UK, respectively).
Visibility saw the finalization of the project’s website and newsletter, as carried out by Ms Keya Choudhury on the European; Ms Naomi Lipstein and Ms Sari Zimmerman on the Israeli side.
For EMAS, the component leader, Ms Monika Brom (UBA Austria), met with her Israeli counterpart, Mr. Ohad Carny (MoEP).
Mr. Carny, who is also the component leader for resource efficiency, had intensive discussions with three German experts (Mr. Christian Kuehne, Mr. Heinz-Jochen Poremski and Ms Judit Kanthak), as well as with Mr. Sandy Truesdale from Nothern Ireland. Both components were successfully launched, and missions planned. In IPPC, which is already on the way (and the only component continued from the last Twinning project), Mr. Klaus Rehda made significant contributions to further planning with his Israeli counterparts, especially the head of the soil protection and wastewater unit, Mr. Avi Haim.
Overall, it was a successful week with fruitful discussions that resulted in a clear plan on the objectives and planned results of this Twinning project, and where experts from all three MS countries and from Israel harmoniously cooperated.


- Understand the basics of instrumented indentation testing and its use in relationship to conventional indentation techniques.
- Ability to design and perform indentation experiments which are suited to the sample material and its surface characteristics.
- Recognize unusual material behaviors and understand how to adapt experimental parameters.
- Interpret indentation data in order to extract meaningful and valid values of mechanical properties with a high level of confidence.
- Identify potential measurement artefacts and adapt test parameters accordingly.
- Understand measurement uncertainties and how to minimize them.
- Appreciate the variation of surface mechanical properties as a function of depth or spatial distribution and understand how to focus on specific layers, phases or inclusions in a heterogeneous material.
- Be able to interpret relevant applications and case studies, such as: common coating-substrate combinations, multiphase materials, composites, surface-modified layers, and Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) devices.
- Recognize currently applicable industrial standards and be able to adapt such test methodologies to own specific application.


Functional Design Through AlgebraOverview Course Content Course Materials
- Length of Course
- Full Year (2 semesters; 3 trimesters; 4 quarters)
- Subject Area - Discipline
- Mathematics (C) - Algebra I
- UC Honors Designation
- CTE Sector
- Engineering and Architecture
- CTE Pathway
- Engineering Design
- Grade Level(s)
- 9 - 10
In this engaging, hands-on course, students will discover the power of mathematical modeling with Algebraic functions. Through a variety of engineering design projects, students must utilize functions to optimize the outcome of each challenge. Students will see parallels between the mathematical modeling cycle (top image at right) and the engineering design process (bottom image at right) in each unit. Students will design parachutes, bungee jumps, boats, balloon rockets, a variety of water fountains, and, as a capstone project, a thermally resistant beverage container along with product proposal and pitch. Students will document calculations, graphical relationships, sketches of prototypes and final designs in an engineering notebook that includes summaries of each project and ideas for future redesigns. By building understanding of functions, graphs, equations, and algebraic relationships, students will see how mathematical understanding can verify optimal performance and design in a variety of applications.
Unit 1 : Introduction to the Engineering Design Cycle
Unit 1 Description
Students are introduced to the Engineering Design cycle by learning its five phases and then experiencing it firsthand through 3 different situations: designing a parachute, creating and calibrating a spring scale, and calculating the appropriate distance for a bungee jump. Through this unit, students must 1) Define a problem, 2) Plan and build a prototype, 3) Test the prototype, 4) Measure results, and 5) Analyze data to propose improvements. Students will carefully design ways to gather and record data in all three assignments in this unit, and will analyze the data to learn key mathematical relationships involving surface area, Hooke’s Law, linear equations (slope/intercept form), graphical analysis, and experimental research.
Unit 1 Key Assignments
1: Students are given a set of materials and asked to make a parachute apparatus that will keep a paper clip payload aloft for the longest possible time, while also attempting to land within a specified target area. Given only plastic sandwich bags, string, tape, and an index card, students design and assemble their parachute apparatus to accomplish two objectives. The first performance metric is the measured length of time the apparatus remains in the air when dropped from a specified height, while the second metric is the measured landing distance from the plumb line point located on the landing surface. Students follow the engineering design process by first drawing up initial plans of their prototypes in their engineering notebooks, which are then reviewed and approved before getting the materials.
Once assembled, students drop the apparatus and record the hang time, as well as the distance between the landing point and the target point. Students then measure the surface area and make a scatter plot of surface area versus hang time, and surface area versus target accuracy (distance from target point). Using the data, students investigate the relationship between the input variables (surface area) and the output variables (hang time and horizontal distance traveled from target landing point). Students identify the key physical factors affecting output, while recognizing the potential for an optimal performance. They use their quantitative analysis and observational data to justify any redesign to their projects. They will redesign and test to see if mathematical analysis improved their projects.
2: To develop understanding of elastic materials and linear equations, student teams will compete to design, build, and test the most accurate “mass weighing device” that could be used to determine the weight of household objects. Through the research and testing process, students will discover the linear nature of springs through Hooke’s Law. Students will begin by analyzing the relationship between an input force (weight) and the resulting extension of a given elastic material. By graphing their data and using a best fit analysis, students will establish a linear relationship between the independent variable (force/weight) and the dependent variable (stretch length) and interpret the significance of the line’s slope. Teams then construct the device and test it for accuracy by weighing a variety of objects and performing error analysis compared to an electronic scale. Students will understand the nature of linear functions, their slope through testing various inputs, and observing how the output changes. Teams will finally be given a set of three unknown masses to weigh, and students will share their results as a class. Students will analyze the class data to determine the standard deviation, and percent error against the accepted weight values.
3: [Note: This could be an extension/optional assignment based upon students’ developing facility with math and engineering.]
Acting as engineering consultants, students are hired by an outdoor adventure company to design a safe and economical bungee jump that meets the company’s specifications. Armed with their newfound knowledge of both functions and the behavior of elastic springs, students then begin dynamic testing of various bungee jumps of various weight ranges specified by the adventure company, but for a specific “jump length” to maximize exhilaration. By plotting the data as a class, students will find the acceptable domains of the independent variable (weight ranges of potential customers) when other variables are fixed (height, elasticity of bungee cord). Students will identify the linear relationship between falling distance, and the length of the cord as well as the significance of the slope’s dependence on the falling weight. After analyzing the data, students share their design details with the company in a written report that specifies the optimal cord length range as a function of the customer’s weight.
Unit 2 : Archimedes’ Challenge
Unit 2 Description
Students design and construct rectangular paper boats that must keep various objects afloat. Students first identify the input parameters of the design specifications and then calculate dimensions for the initial designs of their vessel. Once the students have created design sketches in their engineering notebooks, they will then be given the materials to create prototypes for testing. For each iteration, students measure and record data on surface area and volume, which is then shared in a data repository so that the class can track performance data. The metric used for this design challenge will be to create the boat with the least surface area that can successfully keep the object above water. Once the prototype boats have been created, students will test their boats. After the initial test, students will then return to the design phase to revisit their initial ideas and make modifications. Performance information will be shared and the class will analyze mathematical relationships like surface area to volume, length and width ratios, and any other relevant data patterns. Using insight from these relationships, students will be able to incorporate the analysis into the redesign process for subsequent boats.
Unit 2 Key Assignments
1: Students are given cardboard materials and asked to design and construct a rectangular boat that must float when carrying a unique payload: their phone. Students first cut out squares of varying sizes from the four corners of the material, and must decide how high to make the boat’s walls. Students determine the buoyant forces for various boat designs by altering the volume of the boat (a rectangular solid). To maximize volume (which determines buoyancy), students must set up and solve a quadratic equation whose solutions reveal what size squares to cut out from each corner of the cardboard rectangle before folding the sides up to construct the boat. Students will record all equations and design calculations in their engineering notebooks, along with scale drawings of each prototype design. Students will cite mathematical evidence in a summary statement that cites the technical reasons for their final design.
2: Students now must design and construct a new boat that must float two phones. Doubling the payload forces students to again optimize their materials by using equations from Assignment #1 to find new solutions for a boat requiring twice the buoyant forces. Students will be asked to consider how they could use the optimization function to find the dimensions of any new boat that must hold a specific weight. Students will hypothesize how the function parameters must change in order to scale for a different input weight, then must solve a second quadratic equation to see how the dimensions must change to double the buoyancy of this new boat. Students record all calculations and new design drawings in their engineering notebooks.
3: Students must utilize their algebraic function to make one more design, this time the boat is made from cardboard and must hold…a student! Students must consider how scaling a boat affects each dimension, each property of the boat, (surface area, volume), and must determine if their design can hold a student’s weight. Using the math skills learned from the first two assignments, students will design this third boat for the lightest weighing student in their group, then must float the boat for the longest amount of time in a culminating competition against the entire class. Upon completion of the competition, all students write a paragraph in their engineering notebook that summarizes the key mathematical concepts learned in the unit, including: the importance of mathematical modeling, how to optimize a design by solving quadratic equations, and how increasing the scale of a prototype affects the design parameters for an increased payload.
Unit 3 : Quadratics in The Garden - Designing A Fountain
Unit 3 Description
Students will design a water fountain by writing multiple quadratic equations and graphing them to represent decorative parabolic streams of water. Students will write and graph quadratic equations in both Vertex and Standard Form. The various streams of water will originate from different heights and have different trajectories, requiring students to work in both the first and second quadrants of the cartesian coordinate system. Students must calculate the x and y coordinates of each apex, and each starting and ending point of the stream of water, along with its axis of symmetry, to ensure a decorative and aesthetically pleasing fountain. Once the design is completed, the students must calculate which types of pumps they will need to purchase for each stream of water by analyzing the required pressure and orifice size to ensure the required velocity to ensure the streams follow their designed trajectory.
Unit 3 Key Assignments
1: Graphing through x-intercepts:
Students graph quadratics by graphing the x-intercepts first after factoring a simple quadratic equation that fits their first stream of water for the fountain. Students must identify and draw the axis of symmetry by finding the midpoint of the x-intercepts and then locate the vertex of the parabola that will be the stream of water’s trajectory. This method allows students to make connections between the x-intercepts and the parabola. Students draw a sketch of the parabola along with all calculations into their Engineering Notebooks to clarify that the x-intercepts determine the beginning and ending points of each stream of water. Students will also label the x and y coordinates of the vertex, and explain in a short summary how they located each key point of the parabola and describe its significance. Finally, students will plot their equations using an electronic graphing tool (Desmos, Plotly, graphing calculator), verify whether or not their handwritten graphs are accurate, and cite any domain and range restrictions for their designed fountains.
2: Graphing through vertex form:
Students will now write equations for two more streams of water in the fountain, but they will find the key points from different information and through a different method of mathematical analysis. Students will be given the apex of two opposing (but symmetrical) streams of water, and must use the vertex form of quadratic equations to find the x-intercepts. Once the quadratic equation that describes the parabolic trajectory is written, students will then convert it from Vertex Form to Standard Form. This will allow students make connections between the vertex and the parabola. Students will accurately draw each parabola, write the equation in both forms, and describe in their engineering notebooks how to use both Vertex Form and how to convert it to Standard Form for parabolas. Students will also write a short summary of how to precisely determine the apex and x-intercepts, and what the significance of each point is for each stream of water.
3: Exploring the leading coefficient:
Students will use online graphing software to explore and understand the impact of various leading coefficients by graphing different quadratic equations in different forms. At first, students will be given x-intercepts, and must write the equation in standard form, then adjust the height of the parabola by adjusting the leading coefficient (scalar multiple). Second, when given the vertex, students will change the leading coefficient to observe the effect on the x-intercepts. Students again will write a summary that explains how the leading coefficient affects the shape of each stream of water. Using this new understanding, students are asked to add two more streams of water that would add to the aesthetic beauty of the existing streams of water (from Assignments 1 and 2). Students must use various “a values” for their new parabolas to show understanding, and must sketch the trajectories in their engineering notebooks along with the appropriate quadratic equations for each new stream of water.
4: Design of Water Fountain
Starting from scratch, students are challenged to create an entirely new water fountain of their own design. Using what they learned from the first three assignments, they must graph and write the equation (in both Standard and Vertex Form) for each stream of water. Students must include appropriate domains and ranges for each equation written. Once the design is complete, the instructor will help students with kinematic equations from physics to find the required velocity to make each fountain precisely match the designed trajectory. Once provided with this velocity, students then research various water pumps by finding the required pressure rating (in psi, or pounds per square inch) for each pump and then identify available pumps from various suppliers (ex. Granger, Ingersoll/Rand, etc.). Students will write a detailed cost proposal that includes specific pump models, specifications, and velocities, and must support their proposal with mathematical evidence justifying the cost of each pump. If budgets allow for it, teachers have the option of actually ordering enough pumps to assemble and test the designed fountains and see if the calculated x-intercepts, apexes, and axes of symmetry match the design.
Extension Assignment - CAD Design of Water Fountain
Using a freely available CAD software program like Sketch-Up or TinkerCAD, students will design the fountain as a virtual 3D object, using the previous calculations to specify the dimensions of the design.
Unit 4 : Balloon Rockets
Unit 4 Description
Students will follow the design process to design a transport vehicle that will travel an unknown distance powered by an inflated balloon. Built from simple materials, the student-made vehicles will race across the room while suspended from two fishing lines. Students will implement and diagram the Universal Systems Model of problem solving to develop their vehicles. Once built, students will gather test data to explore mathematical relationships and patterns between the balloon’s volume, radius, and distance traveled. Students will plot multiple data points for a wide variety of balloon volumes to develop a graph that will allow them to use the relevant independent variable (balloon size) to predict the value of the dependent variable (distance traveled). Students will then be given a predetermined distance, and must use their established function to inflate their balloon accordingly to make their vehicle precisely travel the target distance.
Unit 4 Key Assignments
1: Problem Definition and Idea Generation
Students first draw up plans for their prototypes, which must be approved before getting the materials. Students will create thumbnail sketches, a rough sketch, and a final scaled drawing using measurement of inches. All sketches, drawings, and design notes will be done in students’ engineering notebooks.
2: Build The Design
Students will build their design using household materials (paper towel rolls, straws, string, toothpicks, cardboard, etc.). Each student will get a balloon of the same size and color. Students are to build their prototype to carry an object of their choice (lego figurine, washer, weight, etc.). The object must be able to be set on the vehicle without being attached in any way. Students will be given an initial minimum distance their vehicle must travel, as well as a maximum balloon diameter. Students continue to use their engineering notebooks to record data, sketches and such.
3: Test and Collect and Analyze
Students will use the mathematical model to figure out a predictable output for their balloon transport vehicle. Using the data, students determine what relationship there is between the variables and write a function equation using proper function notation. They will retest their designs by changing fuel input (balloon inflation) and corresponding mass of vehicle until they find a formula that will allow them to plot data points to accurately predict an outcome. Students will document their design drawings, their test results, and their reflections on the process into their engineering notebooks to record the relationship between balloon volume and distance traveled. On test day they should be able to use their data points based on previous investigation, that will allow them to know how much fuel they will need to reach the unknown distance.
4: Enrichment Activity
Performance information will be shared and the students will analyze possible patterns in the data. Students will incorporate the analysis into the redesign process for subsequent redesigns of their vehicles. After students reach the unknown distance on test day, they now must reach that distance using the least amount of fuel as possible. They must optimize fuel usage to determine the most efficient balloon transport vehicle. They will redesign and test to see if mathematical analysis improved their projects.
Unit 5 : Build A Better Bottle
Unit 5 Description
In this unit, students will investigate the behavior of exponential functions while designing a product whose behavior models exponential decay through heat loss. Students will employ the engineering design process to conceive and create an insulated coffee cup/bottle that is constrained by several inputs: size, material costs, safety, and thermal properties. The project begins by defining the needs of the customer and the appropriate design parameters and limitations. Students will then research Newton’s Law of Cooling to better understand how an exponential decay function describes the performance of any device that is designed to retain heat. Students will then explore the container’s behavior by altering different initial conditions and then using temperature sensors to gather and record data for multiple trials. By graphing this data, students will develop the shape of the cooling curve, and will use graphing tools to match the mathematical function (exponential) to their data. Students then engage in the design process to investigate problem parameters by researching material thermal resistances and material costs. Students create initial design drafts and calculate the material costs for constructing their product. They then either use a CAD program (or traditional drafting techniques) to finalize their designs, while also calculating the thermal transfer parameters of their design. The students can then use these input parameters in the exponential model to determine the cooling rate for different liquids at different initial temperatures. Finally students create a proposal that includes the efficiency of their design as well as the calculated material cost. These proposals are presented as ideas to a “product manager” who assesses the manufacturability, cost and performance of the proposed products.
Unit 5 Key Assignments
1: Students use temperature sensors or thermometers to measure the cooling rates of a fluid of fixed volume in a coffee cup/water bottle. Students graph the data and then use a graph matching tool (LoggerPro, Excel, Plotly, etc.) to deduce the appropriate type of mathematical function. After sharing data with the entire class, students discuss the similarities and differences between quadratic functions and the behavior of the cooling function. Exponential functions are then introduced with the basic exponential function (y = ax), and students are given multiple examples of both growth and decay, along with numerous applications where these situations apply to physical phenomena.
Students are then given the specific mathematical structure of the cooling function:
T(t) = Ae-kt +TA
Students analyze how the different coefficients (A,TA , -k) change the position and curvature of the exponential function. Other exponentials are also investigated in order to establish a common pattern. The goal of this assignment is to help guide the students towards an analytical tool for determining a performance function for their product. Students record data gathered and discussion notes in their engineering notebooks in preparation for the culminating assignment.
2: Research Thermal Resistance and Thermal Qualities of Materials
Students research the physical parameters that actually affect the cooling function. This leads then to a discussion and further research into thermal properties of materials. Further investigations are designed to strengthen student understanding of how surface area, thermal resistivity, and thickness change the curvature of the cooling function. Student groups investigate the cooling rate of a known liquid through different containers with different surface areas, different thicknesses and different materials. Students will collectively produce a data report and analysis of the experimental input’s effect on cooling.
3: Design A Better Liquid Holder
Students are now given the design challenge parameters for designing a better liquid holder. The design requirements outline specific design parameters such as the size specifications of the product (must fit in a standard size cup holder), the function of the container (must have removable lid and handle), and the cost range of the product. To better understand the consumer sales perspective of designing products, student designers will survey other students to get customer input on size, shape, and feel of various beverage containers. Once designers have enough responses to ensure statistical significance, they must then compile the data using a scatter plot or other graphical display to demonstrate understanding of customer preferences, so that any functionally-driven design decisions also consider the marketability of the product. Students then produce design drawings of their product, including material choice and construction design. Once their designs are completed, students must justify the design parameters using mathematical evidence from their explorations of Newton’s Law of Cooling equation. All reflections, calculations, and design sketches are all entered in their engineering notebooks.
Extension Assignment: Model and Predict Product Performance
Using a software thermal analysis tool (Fusion360, etc), students can model the performance of their product based on the design they have proposed. Students generate a thermal analysis report and performance prediction based on material cost and design specs.
Unit 6 : Design a “FUNctional” GUI
Unit 6 Description
To provide students with an opportunity to use and apply their learning from the year in a new engineering context, students review the functional models covered throughout the course by designing and writing the code for graphical user interfaces, (“apps”) that simulate calculators for each of the mathematical representations or engineering equations covered in the course. The calculator accepts user input for the functional parameters of the problem, and generates the output for each functional model. By writing the computer code that processes the inputs to deliver the correct output, students must thoroughly understand the equations, possible inputs (including appropriate domains for independent variables), and must verify the outputs are flawlessly correct.
Unit 6 Key Assignments
1: Students have been hired to design a calculator app which simulates different mathematical functions related to the engineering principles studied in the course. Students identify the parameters that each method definition should accept from the user by reviewing the parameters found in each of the three functional representations, and should define what each parameter will represent for the real-world model. The teacher should check that students generate the following functions and parameters:
- Linear: Parameters will likely be the slope (or rate) and y-intercept (starting value). A variation to this might be a linear equation in point-slope form with the slope as one parameter and the x and y coordinates of a data point as the other parameters to the method written.
- Quadratic: Parameters will likely be the a, b, and c values (determined by user input). A typical representation for this might include the equation for projectile motion, with ‘a’ equal to the gravitational constant and the velocity (b) and starting height(c) of the projectile determined by user input.
- Exponential: a and b values determined by the user. One example might include the cooling function studied in the previous unit, with (A,TA , -k) as the coefficients entered by the user.
For each of the three models or apps, students create a “Know/Need to Know” list for the app, which will inform their design decisions. Students write a formal proposal for each app they will design, and a timeline for the project.
2: Once students have written the “interface” for the apps, they design each graphical screen which the user will interact with. Students define the screen or frame size according to their desired platform (Android, iPhone, website, etc.) and the typical “consumer” who will use each application, by researching and collecting data on their consumers, and using that data to inform the design decisions they make for the overall layout, colors, text fields, and buttons on the screen. Students create a Google Form and/or survey for their target audience, with directed questions that will inform the design decisions for the graphical components on their app. Based on their ideal “consumer,” students must determine the questions and information needed for adequate feedback and informed decisions, and must then market the survey to the typical “consumer” within their community.
After gathering market data, students design and color their screen on graph paper, or using a computer application, then present a design proposal to the class for evaluation. After reaching a final design decision, students must identify the x and y coordinates, and dimensions needed, to properly place each component, then write the code for generating the graphical design.
Algebra Textbook: (use approved district math book)
Supplemental Instructional Materials:
Design Engineering Textbook (district approved)
Graphing Tool like Desmos or Plotly
(Desmos is free: Desmos website
LoggerPro, Excel, Plotly or similar graph matching tool
Free CAD Software
For Unit 5
Fusion 360 tutorials


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On July 21, construction reached 1,680 feet on the 141st floor of the Burj Dubai tower in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, making it the largest building in the world. The skyscraper is now 13 feet above the former record holder, Tapei 101 in Taiwan, which is 1,667 feet above the ground.
Burj Dubai is the tallest building now, and according to the official site, it’s nowhere near finished. The final height and number of stories are a secret.
When finished, the building will be comprised of 330,000 cubic meters of concrete, 39,000 metric tons of steel rebar, and 142,000 square meters of glass–which will take 22 million man hours to complete.
Otis Elevator is installing 66 elevators and escalators, including two to the top observation deck. They will be the longest elevators in the world and travel at more than 20 miles per hour.
Here’s an artist’s impression of how the skyscraper will loom over the city of Dubai when completely finished, which is expected in June 2008.


For complete peace of mind, your new Rolls-Royce comes complete with a four-year comprehensive ownership package, regardless of the motor car’s mileage. This includes servicing, repairs and maintenance, as well as roadside assistance.
To make servicing faster and more effective, every new Rolls-Royce features Condition Based Servicing. This means sensors in your Rolls-Royce actively monitor important components such as engine oil, brake pads and filters. If you’ve signed a ‘Get Connected’ form, this information will be transmitted to your dealership so that services can be scheduled to meet the precise needs of your vehicle, at a time most suited to you.
Every Rolls-Royce Motor Cars technician, in every authorised dealership worldwide, has been trained by an experienced team at Goodwood – the Home of Rolls-Royce Motor Cars. They have access to the most innovative diagnostic service equipment available. And their ongoing training means they are always on top of the latest technology in your car.
Technical information for independent repairers can be accessed here.


How do I empty my Roomba dirt bag?
- Lift up the lid of the canister lid to open.
- Pull up on the plastic card leading to the vacuum port and lift up to pull the bag out of the canister. ...
- Discard the used bag.
- Place a new bag into the canister, sliding the plastic card into the guide rails.
If Roomba® continues to indicate the bin is full after you have emptied the bin, it means you have not thoroughly cleaned the bin full sensors and/or the sensor ports. Full bin sensors on the robot.
【Reusable Vacuum Bags for Roomba】You can empty dust and debris through the zip opening on the vacuum bag, so you don't have to throw it away after use. Each vacuum replacement bag can be reused about 3-5 times to meet your long-term replacement needs.
To replace a full bag
Pull up on the plastic card leading to the vacuum port and lift up to pull the bag out of the canister. Note: This will seal the bag so no additional dust or debris can get out. Discard the used bag. Place a new bag into the canister, sliding the plastic card into the guide rails.
- You can press the HOME button on the robot when it is on the Clean Base™.
- Press the "Empty Bin" button in the app. If your robot is on the Clean Base™, this button will appear directly under the CLEAN button in the iRobot® HOME App.
The 3 bags should last about a season of use, so you'll most likely need 12 bags a year.
If there is a solid red LED lit up on your Clean Base™ Automatic Dirt Disposal, this means the bag will need to be replaced.
Open the iRobot® HOME App and ensure your mobile device is connected to the same Wi-Fi network as your Wi-Fi connected Roomba®. Press Settings ➔ Remove/Factory Reset (robot name).
Triggering the Roomba to manually enter debris into the base can reset the device and get it to start emptying again: Pressing the HOME button when the Roomba is at the base will empty the bin.
Yes. The Roomba series 700 and higher-level models that have a full bin indicator that will notify when it is time to empty it. Check to see if your indicator is dirty and needs to be cleaned since this will hinder the sensor from working. Roomba is a smart device that does the cleaning for you when you are away.
How often do you have to empty Roomba bin?
Most robot vacuum makers say you should empty their robots' dustbins after each cleaning session. Both iRobot and Neato suggest this for their Roomba and Botvac models. iRobot even tells you to rinse robot bins with warm water, then to let it air dry.
Press the bin release button on the back of the robot to remove the bin. The bin release tab has a bin icon on it. Open the bin door to empty the bin.
Automatically empty the tray of your Roomba® robot; you do not have to think about vacuuming for months. Uses closed Dirt Disposal bags that can be easily discarded without a cloud of dust. Each bag holds 60 days of dirt, dust and hair.
While cleaning, the robot will automatically return to the Clean Base™ Charging Station + Automatic Dirt Disposal to empty its bin and recharge. The indicator on the Dirt Disposal will illuminate solid red when a new bag is needed.
It's really up to you. We would recommend four to seven times a week. If you live in a big house with mainly carpeted areas, it's better to clean more frequently. Pet owners should also clean their homes every day to remove excessive fur shedding.
(Note: Maximum cleaning time per room is 25 minutes.) For example: Your Roomba and home base are located in the family room (Room 1).
It works by feel every time, adapting to changes in furniture and other objects. Thus, you should have no issues changing floors. However, you will want to relocate both the Roomba and its docking station when changing floors. The unit should be started from the docking station, so it has a place to return 'home' to.
Roomba® can also learn your home as it cleans. It typically takes three (3) to five (5) cleaning missions or Mapping Runs to generate a fully developed Imprint™ Smart Map that you can then customize and use.
Roomba® 900 Series and Braava jet
Robots that use iAdapt® 2.0 Navigation Technology with Visual Localization can systematically navigate your cleaning area, utilizing the camera to identify landmarks to help Roomba® understand its location.
Potential Clog in the Clean Base™
Remove any debris from the debris evacuation port on the bottom of the Clean Base. Unplug the Clean Base™ Charging Station + Automatic Dirt Disposal from the wall. Clean the Clean Base™ debris evacuation tubing on the bottom, and then remove any debris.
Does rebooting Roomba delete everything?
A soft reset preserves all user data in the companion app, including logins, saved maps, and preferences. You can do a hard reset in the Roomba app, which will eliminate all of your personal data from the bot, the app, and Roomba's cloud storage.
Roomba® s Series: Press and hold the CLEAN button on your robot for 20 seconds. When the button is released, the light ring around the bin lid will swirl clockwise in white. It may take up to a minute-and-a-half for your robot to turn on. The reboot procedure is complete when the light ring shuts off.
While the iRobot® HOME App provides many benefits, a Wi-Fi or App connection is not required for Roomba® and Braava jet® to clean. For Roomba®, Clean, Dock, and Spot Clean do not require a connection to the app.
It told TechRadar, it largely comes down to personal cleaning preferences. “We often hear from our Roomba customers with pets, kids, or who live in areas with a high-allergen count and dust and debris, that the greatest benefit for them is that they can run Roomba as often as they need,” it said.
Always keep Roomba plugged in when not in use. Recharge Roomba as soon as possible. Waiting several days to recharge Roomba can damage the battery. For storage off the power supply, remove the battery from Roomba and store in a cool, dry place.
Roombas in the 700, 800, and 900 Series will tell you it is full when the red trashcan light begins to blink on the very top of it. All you have to do is: Pull the bin out. Take out the trash.
You're less likely to reintroduce debris if you go with a self-emptying bot. It's even more valuable if you live in a large house with a lot of floor space to cover. The robot vacuum will clean more efficiently, and you won't have to empty it multiple times per run.
Fortunately, doing so is pretty easy. Step 1: Press the bin release button on the back of your Roomba vacuum. This switch is marked by a trash can icon. After doing so, the entire dirt bin will slip out of the vacuum.
The life expectancy of a Roomba (from personal experiences) is approximately 2–5 years, depending on how well a person manages them.


Dr. Xu Han
President and Chief Technology Officer
Dr. Xu Han founded CryoCrate in 2012 to pursue the innovation of cryopreservation devices and related media. He is an internationally recognized cryobiologist, the Top Reviewer for the Journal of Cryobiology, and serves as an NIH SBIR proposal reviewer. He holds an undergraduate degree in thermal dynamics, PhD degree in mechanical engineering and cryobiology, and completed his post-doctoral training in cryopreservation associated with comparative medicine. He is current an adjunct faculty member of the School of Medicine at University of Missouri - Columbia and an Adjunct Member of the Vision Research Center at University of Missouri - Kansas City.
Based primarily on Dr. Han’s pioneering work, in 2015, CryoCrate received a National Institutes of Health Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) award for cryopreservation device development. In 2016, CryoCrate received a FastTrack Award from the University of Missouri for cryopreservation media GMP production and a Coulter Partnership award for an innovative device for the cryopreservation of corneas. In 2018-2019, CryoCrate received awards from the USDA, Coulter Foundation, and NIH SBIR totaling $2M to further Dr. Han’s research in the areas of heart cryopreservation, embryo cryopreservation, and the preservation of biological or bioartificial tissues.


Regularly checking under the hood is a great way to catch a potential problem before the problem actually develops beyond your control. If you have identified a car part needing replaced or you just want a spare part for the inevitable, complete our Parts Order Form below. Our Parts Department will contact you to confirm your request and even help you determine exactly what you need. We look forward to working with you.
Lebanon Chevrolet Parts at Bob Pulte
At Bob Pulte Chevrolet in Lebanon, OH, you will find the best selection of parts for your vehicle. We provide a variety of options to fulfill your needs and wants. We have great deals for Chevrolet parts in Lebanon, OH! Share your model details with our expert technicians, they will help you select the right parts for your car, truck or SUV. To view our large inventory, drop by our Lebanon Chevrolet dealership today!
Bob Pulte Chevrolet Service Department | Schedule a Service Appointment | Genuine GM Accessories | Tires in Lebanon


- Laying pipes and installing water supply to a building or detached house
- Scheduled maintenance, troubleshooting, replacement of equipment if necessary.
- Accident and planned repairs.
- Respond to emergency calls 24/7.
- Installation of water pumps
- Installation of water supply systems, culverts and stormwater drainage systems
- Water quality analysis
- Checking and evaluating the performance of the system in general
At each construction site, work on the mechanical part of the building (or individual houses) begins with the laying of pipes and the installation of water supply. In buildings (individual houses), pipes are laid inside designated mines. The quality of the selected material and the work done are very important to prevent future leaks or similar problems.
The drinking water supply of residential buildings (individual houses) and other catering facilities is calculated according to the norms. According to normative documents, drinking water must be epidemiologically and radiation-safe, chemically innocuous and of satisfactory quality.
Water pumps are installed to ensure that water reaches every point at equal pressure. The water lines of most residential buildings (individual homes) are laid inside the mines. Some parts remain under the plaster on the floor or wall. Correct piping and professional work are therefore a prerequisite.
Sewer systems are an important element for the area they cover. This system is an underground device for wastewater discharge. Pipes are installed at a certain angle at a certain angle to increase the sewage flow and keep the pipes clean.
In order to avoid problems in the future, water supply systems, gutters and rainwater drainage systems are installed in accordance with the type in each of our projects by our company experts. This is one of the most important nuances for us.


- Australia Design
- Canada Industrial Design
- China Design Patent
- Discounted US Patent Applications Fees for Micro Entity Status
- Discounted US Patent Applications Fees for Small Entity Status
- EU Design
- Hong Kong Design
- India Design
- International Design Application (Hague)
- New Zealand Design
- UK Design
- US Design Patent
- US Design Patent Drawings
Patent law in China provides protection to inventions, utility models, and industrial designs. Specifically, an industrial design patent covers “new designs of the shape, pattern, or the combination thereof, or the combination of the color with shape and pattern with respect to a product, which are rich in an aesthetic appeal and are fit for industrial application”, according to the Patent Law of China.
A China industrial design patent right owner is entitled to manufacture, sell, and import the product that is under the protection of the industrial design patent right. Use of the registered design is prohibited without permission from the patent owner. According to the Patent Law of China, the duration of the industrial design patent right shall be 15 years.
Moreover, the China Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA) is currently negotiating to join the Hague Agreement. The agreement provides a simpler application process and lower application fees. Under the Hague Agreement, the applicant can also file for the industrial design patent right protections of multiple countries, generally the Hague Agreement member countries, merely by submitting one application.
Note that within the three types of patent rights (invention patents, utility model patents, and industrial design patents), a single invention can only be granted with one patent right, under the Patent Law of China.
Information posted or made available on or through this website is subject to the Terms, Conditions, and Disclaimers. The information is intended for general informational purposes only. No user of the website should act or refrain from acting on the basis of the information without seeking legal advice of counsel in the relevant jurisdiction.


The ClimaRad Comfort Solution provides a pleasant and healthy indoor climate, and maximises energy-savings in each room.
A ClimaRad heat recovery unit provides the supply and removal of ventilation air in each room. ClimaRad stands for energy-efficient ventilation, without the nuisance of outside noise. In contrast to the natural way of ventilation, a ClimaRad unit pre-heats the supplied air.
This heat recovery unit provides a healthy indoor climate in an energy-efficient way. When using the ClimaRad decentralised ventilation system, incoming air is, in contrast to natural ventilation, preheated by a heat recovery unit. The ClimaRad ventilation units have built-in sensors for air quality (CO2), humidity, and indoor and outdoor temperatures. This allows for automatic control and the user is not required to regulate the ventilation. In the ClimaRad Comfort Solution, all accommodation areas are equipped with a heat recovery unit.
* A decentralised ventilation system controls the indoor climate per room. Read more about decentralised ventilation on our website.
Advantages of ClimaRad Comfort
This ClimaRad Solution enables the ventilation of a house directly through the façade.
As a result, there is no need for complex air ducts. The built-in sensors of the ClimaRad heat recovery units take automatic measurements based on CO2, humidity, and indoor and outdoor temperatures. In this way, the system determines how much fresh air needs to be supplied and preheated.
The ClimaRad Fan, ClimaRad MiniBox or ClimaRad MaxiBox units provide a good indoor air quality in so-called ‘wet’ rooms. These products are automatically controlled based on the air humidity and presence of people in the room.
A perfect total solution for every sector
Good to know about ClimaRad Comfort
- The various ClimaRad Comfort Solution units communicate wirelessly with each other.
Also view our ClimaRad Smart solutions
ClimaRad Smart Supply
With the ClimaRad Smart Supply Solution, the living room in (care) homes is ventilated by a decentralised ventilation unit that supplies clean air (preheated by the heat recovery unit) and removes polluted air.
Ventilation of the bedrooms takes place via ClimaRad S-Fans. These fans provide a comfortable air supply in the bedrooms, which in combination with the heat recovery unit and extraction in the entire house provide a healthy indoor climate.
ClimaRad Smart +
The ClimaRad Smart+ Solution means that the basic Smart Solution is expanded by means of one or more wireless CO2 sensors in the bedrooms.
A distinction is made between ground-based (GG) dwellings, where CO2 sensors are placed in all bedrooms, and non-ground-based (NGG) dwellings, where a CO2 sensor is placed only in the master bedroom.
This variant yields improved EPA/EPC scores, for which the new declarations will soon be included in the Bureau CRG database.


Steel Profiling Services for Bridge Construction and Repairs
Murray Steel Products have extensive experience of manufacturing bespoke steel profiles for use in the bridge construction and refurbishment sector, with the knowledge and capability required to make components to meet your exact specifications.
Our in-house steel profiling team have worked on a wide variety of projects, including road, rail and pedestrian bridges, producing deck plates, Uniflats for plate girders and general components at our ISO 9001 and CE Execution Class 4 accredited facility.
The technically advanced profiling and processing operation is equipped to manufacture the large components used in bridge building and repairs. We can supply profiled steel plate in thicknesses up to 400mm and dimensionally we can cut up to 24 metres in length and 5 metres wide.
Our machinery includes:
- 5 Esab Suprarex Gas Profiling machines
- 4 Esab Oxy Plasma Cutting machines
- 25t crane for servicing the cutting and profiling machines
- CNC beveling and chamfering from 6mm to 80mm
- CNC controlled Voortman drilling machine for drilled components up to 60mm in thickness
- 2 metre Radial Arm Drill for drilled components up to 150mm
- CNC controlled CMA GRD drilling machine, with the ability to countersink holes and tap up to 100mm in thickness
- True Hole Technology for accurate plasma cut bolt holes
- In-house CAD team, who transform complex designs into highly-accurate cutting programs that maximise plate yield
- This set up means your bridge components can be made to your exact specification and delivered in a form that reduces the cost and time of fabrication.
The Murray team’s experience in the bridge sector, together with our access to a wide range of certified materials in structural grades from our Plate division, also means we can work to short lead times and help you to keep your project on schedule.
Previous Bridge Projects
We are trusted suppliers to many of the UK’s leading bridge building specialists, helping them to meet completion deadlines and manage costs, while also maintaining the highest levels of quality.
Our team have manufactured bespoke steel profiles for bridge projects that range from major new roads to railway repairs and from leisure complexes to waterway crossings for pedestrians and cyclists.
Projects we have previously supplied profiles for include:
- Mersey Gateway Bridge, Halton
- Paddington Station Footbridges, London
- Bedford Bypass, Bedford
- East Midlands Gateway - Bridge 1, Kegworth
- Kirkham Tip Footbridge, Lancashire
- Kenilworth Road Footbridge, Warwickshire
- M8 Footbridge, Harthill
- Temple Quay Footbridge, Bristol
Contact us via the Murray Steel Products website or call us on 0114 250 3602 to request a quote or to discover in detail how we could help you to successfully deliver your bridge construction or repair project.


Performance Parameter Table of LYZD-B350 On Site Nitrogen Generator
|Outlet Nitrogen Gas Flow
|Std.350 Nm3 / Hr
|PSA pressure swing adsorption
|Working Cycle (Single Tower)
|Std.0.8MPa | Min.0.5MPa
|Nitrogen Outlet Pressure
|0.1~0.65MPa (adjustable according to purity and flow)
|Inlet Air Oil Content Requirement
|Outlet Nitrogen Dust Content
|Inlet Air Temperature
|Std.30℃ | Min.2℃ Max.40℃
|Outlet Gas Atmospheric Pressure Dew Point
|≤-20℃ (With the case of desiccant air dryer up to: -40 ~ -70 ℃)
|Outlet Nitrogen Gas Purity
|≥99.0% (Load 100%)
|Air Inlet Diameter
|DN65 / 2-1/2″
|Air Outlet Diameter
|DN50 / 2″
|single phase 220V 50 Hz (230V, 240V or 60Hz are custom)
|Weight of PSA N2 Generator
|2890 H×2200 L×1200W (mm)
For the price of n2 generator, welcome to contact us by email or whatsapp!
PSA N2 Generator Features
- Firstly, use an advanced unequal equal pressure process. Therefore, it can improve the utilization rate of carbon molecular sieves and directly reduce the consumption of compressed air.
- Secondly, on site nitrogen generator has with advanced internal structure. The gas flows in an “S” shape during diffusion. At the same time, the gas diffusion is uniform, reducing the impact force on the carbon molecular sieve.
- Thirdly, use the top-quality carbon molecular sieve. So it can match the most energy-saving and efficient ratio according to the actual working condition.
- Fourthly, adopt reliable air source treatment parts. Guarantee the stable operation of PSA type n2 generator.
- Fifthly, adopt the blizzard-filling method. Therefore, the carbon molecular sieve filling is more uniform and dense. It can reduce the friction coefficient to the minimum value and improve the reliability of the long-term operation of the n2 generator system.
- Sixthly, this 99% nitrogen generator uses a Siemens PLC programmable controller. Realize automatic control. One key to start without manned operation. Moreover, realizes remote control. Real-time observation of operation.
- Valve is the key to the stable operation of the PSA n2 generator. They open and close quickly. They have a simple structure, good sealing performance, and long service life. We use high-quality Y-type pneumatic angle seat valves.
- In addition, the PSA nitrogen generator adopts the cylinder automatic compression device. It can ensure the adsorption performance and compression state of the carbon molecular sieve, effectively prolonging its service life. It does not produce a pulverization phenomenon.
- This on site nitrogen generator has a variety of functions. For example, it has the function of emptying impure nitrogen gas. It also has the function of high dew point alarm indication.
- Finally, it has a nitrogen purity meter. The measurement range is 97~99.999%. There is also a flow meter. The air switch and switching power supply are Schneider brand.
How to Size The Air Compressor And Dryer to On Site Nitrogen Generator?
Take this 350Nm3/h psa type n2 generator as an example. The purity is 99%. What size air compressor and dryer are needed?
|N2 Gas Generator
|Adsorption Pressure (MPa)
|N2 Gas Purity (%)
|N2 Flow (Nm³/h.t)
|Air Nitrogen Ratio
So it needs to choose the air compressor and dryer according to this flow.
You can choose a 90KW 120HP screw air compressor. Its airflow is 15.7m³/min 0.8MPa.
And about the refrigerated air dryer, you can choose our model LY-D120AH.
In addition, if you also need the filters and tanks for the PSA nitrogen gas plant, we also provide them.
How Does PSA N2 Generator Work?
The working principle of on site nitrogen generator is PSA. It is namely pressure swing adsorption. It’s similar to the working principle of a desiccant air dryer. N2 onsite also contains 2 adsorption towers. The vessels are filled with carbon molecular sieves. It is a special adsorbent for oxygen adsorption. The two pressure vessels switch in turn to adsorb oxygen molecules.
For example, compressed air enters one of the towers (adsorption tower A). In tower A, the carbon molecular sieve adsorbs the oxygen. At the same time, nitrogen gas is collected through the vessel. While the pressure vessel is adsorbing oxygen, the other tower (Tower B) is undergoing desorption action. It uses a small amount of nitrogen. Vent the oxygen molecules from the carbon molecular sieve to the atmosphere. The twin towers switch automatically and interactively to maintain the purity through a PLC controller.
Q1: Can your factory also produce high purity P n2 generators, such as 99.99%, 99.995%, and 99.999%?
A1: Yes. We also manufacture these high-purity nitrogen generators.
Q2: What about the regeneration gas consumption of your on site nitrogen generator?
A2: The average regeneration gas consumption is less than 5%.
Q3: What’s your n2 generator price?
A3: Welcome to contact us by email or WhatsApp! We can send you a quotation quickly.
Q4: How long to replace the carbon molecular sieve for the n2 generator system?
A4: Usually the lifetime of a carbon molecular sieve can last for 4~5 years. Of course, we must do the PSA nitrogen generator maintenance work well.
Q5: Can you also supply the air compressor and dryer?
A5: Sure. Our company provides the complete solution for your PSA nitrogen gas plant.
Q6: What’s the lead time of your on site nitrogen generator?
A5: The production time of our PSA n2 generator is 30~40 days.


We are so excited to learn that we have received a grant to upgrade our HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) system. Anyone who has been in the Library the past few years knows how antiquated our system is. (See note for how complicated our system really is.) It is rarely comfortable in the Library, and we have even been forced to close on occasion. The City of Natchez owns the building, and their staff has done an admirable job of keeping the system functioning. However, the system needed to be totally upgraded, and the City simply did not have the funds available. Our only hope has been to find a grant. We would like to thank Southwest Mississippi Planning and Development, who were instrumental in obtaining these funds for us, and Adams County, who allowed the grant to be written in their name.
We'll keep you updated on the progress here. Right now, all we know is that we've been awarded the grant. You might want to read the article in the Natchez Democrat.
UPDATE November 2011
Metro Mechanical of Bolton MS was the low bidder. A contract with them has been signed, the parts have been ordered, and work should begin some time this month. It is not anticipated that the Library will need to be closed during construction.
Unfortunately, we did not have sufficient notice that we were eligible for the grant in order to properly estimate the cost of the repairs/replacement of the entire system. The grant award, as it turned out, would only cover the internal repairs. This meant the outside chiller unit could not be addressed. After much discussion, we realized we also needed to focus our attention on the chiller unit, as the best internal system could not work without cool air (especially in Natchez in the summer, as we have all found out!).
The contractor estimated the additional cost, and the Library Board asked the City of Natchez and Adams County to fund this part of the project, and they agreed to do so. Remember that the original grant did not require any matching funds, so this was all they had to pay.
So at this time, we are just waiting for the work to begin. Hopefully, we will begin the new year with a renovated and functioning HVAC system.
UPDATE July 2012
Everything is now complete!
Unfortunately, the library’s HVAC system is very complicated. It was designed to produce both heated and chilled air 24/7 in order to achieve a comfortable mix. The air handler in the attic has two different sets of ducts – one set for heated air and one set for chilled air, going to “mixing boxes” throughout the building. Each room has at least one of these mixing boxes, and some larger areas have several. Each mixing box has both heated air and chilled air ducts coming into I, and is attached to a thermostat, which SHOULD control how much heated or chilled air is allowed into the mixing box to be dispersed into the room.
The library has twenty-seven mixing boxes throughout the building – with twenty-seven thermostats, NONE OF WHICH WORK. So, basically we have no control over whether we have heated or chilled air – when both the inside and outside units are running. And BTW – the controls are inside, as is the furnace – but the chilled air part of the equation is the chilling unit, which is outside.


After the initial commissioning and testing phase was successfully completed the new Lincolnshire Combined Heat & Power Plant is now fully operational.
The plant is to run for up to 30 years under the existing contract with the possibility of running for another 30 years under a re-let contract. It will be powered by 150,000 tonnes of Municipal Solid Waste per year produced by Lincolnshire’s residents and offers the prospect of cheap energy available to industry in the form of heat and electricity.
The heat energy is available in the form of hot water through a piped connection. This system can be converted and used to provide a cooling network (e.g. useful for indoor ski slopes / data centres).
The electricity is available either by private wire connection or through a 3rd party energy supplier contract (i.e. electricity supplied via national grid but at reduced rates).


The Science Of Precious Metals
Our automobiles produce emissions that are harmful to both humans and the environment. An automobile engine is powered by burning a mixture of air and gasoline. When this mixture burns, combustion by-products, including nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons, are produced. These gases pass from the engine to the car’s exhaust system and into the atmosphere via the car’s tailpipe.
Nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons are responsible for smog. Nitrogen oxides also contribute to acid rain. Carbon monoxide is dangerous for people with heart disease because it affects the body’s ability to carry oxygen.
In the U.S., tailpipe emissions have been reduced by the installation of catalytic converters. Catalytic converters were first introduced in automobiles in 1975, and they are now also regularly used in trucks, buses, trains, mining equipment, forklifts, and generators.
Catalytic converters work by converting the tailpipe pollutants into less harmful chemicals. They require platinum, palladium, and rhodium as catalysts. Platinum and rhodium are used to reduce nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and oxygen. Platinum and palladium are used to oxidize carbon monoxide and carcinogenic hydrocarbons to a less harmful greenhouse gas (CO2) and water.
Although catalytic converters have been beneficial for the environment, they are not a complete panacea. They have reduced smog and other toxic emissions, but they require engines to run at less than optimal fuel efficiencies. As a result, more fuel is consumed and more emissions are released. They also contribute to the greenhouse effect by releasing nitrous oxide into the atmosphere.
Next, learn about Combining Jewelry Manufacturing Methods | Precious Metals in Jewelry.


Patented conductive cloth provides the ultimate in flexibility and conformity.
The impedence compensation system ensures optimal current distribution.
Patented dual layer MultiStick® hydrogel provides comfort and optimises multiple applications to the skin.
SKU: 01-004-0008 (50mm x 50mm)
SKU: 01-004-0001 (50mm x 50mm, blue) Product Discontinued – please refer to replacement UltraStim 50x50mm (01-004-0015)


A cylindrical pipe exhibits normal modes that are harmonically related. If the pipe is open at both ends then there is a pressure node at each end of the tube and the tube must hold an integral number of half-wavelengths. Thus the modes have the form and .
If the pipe is closed at one end and open at the other then there
is a pressure
node at the open end and a pressure anti-node at the closed end. In
the tube must hold an odd integral number of quarter-wavelengths.
modes have the form and .
Note that the lowest note from a half-closed tube is 1 octave lower than that from an open tube of the same length. Note also that all the even harmonics are missing from a half-closed tube.
A jet of air blown across a sharp edge produces an edgetone, a clear single frequency tone, in addition to a certain amount of noise. The frequency of the tone depends on the speed of the jet of air and on the distance between the jet and the edge approximately as .
Organ flue pipes, flutes, whistles, and recorders all operate by coupling a jet of air flowing over and edge to a resonator. In this case the frequency of oscillation is controlled by the transit time for a pressure pulse to go down the tube and back and so by the length of the tube. The air jet is forced into and out of the pipe by the resonance and the instrument sounds at a resonant frequency of the pipe, usually very much lower than the edge tone.
Drilling holes in the side of a blown pipe allows the effective length of the pipe to be shortened. A pipe with a hole in it will sound the same note as an entire pipe a little longer than the distance from the fixed end of the pipe to the hole. The sound wave continues some way past the hole. The bigger the hole is, the higher the note, the lounder the sound, and the less high frequency content the sound has.