Hod Lipson, a professor of mechanical engineering and the director of the Creative Machines Lab at Columbia, is a roboticist who researches artificial intelligence and digital manufacturing. In a new book, Driverless: Intelligent Cars and the Road Ahead (MIT Press), Lipson and his coauthor Melba Kurman assert that recent advances in software and robotics will accelerate the development of autonomous vehicles. We asked Lipson to explain the technology and where it will take us next.
People have been talking about driverless cars for decades. Why is this a critical moment?
Even back in the 1930s, the automotive companies — General Motors in particular — thought driverless cars were the future. They talked about building smart highways, which are roads that can communicate with vehicles. But the technology was in the infrastructure, which made it impossible to implement. It was just too expensive per mile.
The more recent approach is focused on autonomous robotics. It puts the smarts and technology in the car. An intelligent machine has to deal with the same infrastructure and driving challenges as humans — lane markings, traffic lights, poor weather. It needs to see as humans see.
In the past few years there’s been an explosion in artificial intelligence (AI), and in particular “deep learning.” For driverless cars, deep learning trains the vehicle to drive by feeding it huge amounts of visual data gathered by camera during trips. That’s provided that last piece of the puzzle, which is artificial perception, or basically the ability for the car to see. There’s been this magical pivot. Even though people have been hyping driverless cars for decades, this is different. This time it’s real.
Why is deep learning so pivotal?
The challenge in making a fully autonomous driverless car is that we have to think about three levels of control.
On one level, the car has to stay in a straight line and take a turn at exactly the right angle. That’s hard, but it’s been solved by mechanical engineers. On another level, it has to get from New York to DC. That’s also been solved. We use navigation systems on our phones all the time.
What hasn’t been solved, and what has always been a challenge, is what we call “midlevel” controls. It’s not just about going in a straight line, and it’s not about calculating the optimal route. It’s about going around obstacles, stopping at a stoplight, negotiating an intersection, merging into traffic, hitting the brakes because a child is running after a ball, not hitting the brakes because there’s a shadow on the street. Everything else was solved decades ago. This was the part nobody knew how to do.
How has your own research contributed to deep learning?
Our work focuses mostly on the question of how an AI network learns and how we can transfer learning from one network to another.
That’s one of the great advantages of driverless cars. No human driver can have more than one lifetime of driving experience. A car that is part of an AI network can, within a year, have a thousand lifetimes of experience, because it can get information from all the scenes and situations that every other car has experienced. It’s another reason why these cars will drive better than any human has ever driven. They will have experienced every possible situation.
So when will we start to see these autonomous vehicles on our roads?
It’s impossible to pinpoint a year, but we can pinpoint a range. About ten years from now it will begin, and forty years from now it will end, meaning that by 2065 all cars will be autonomous. That’s kind of the range.
It also won’t be uniform, in the sense that it will start in certain places but not others. New York might determine that all cars in Manhattan should be autonomous. The technology could be adopted in vacation resorts or in some brave city like Detroit that is willing to pioneer the technology. It could start in trucks but not private cars. That’s why you can’t pinpoint beyond a range. We know it will start in spots and gradually spread.
Tech companies and car companies are taking very different approaches to this driverless world. You describe the divide as “software versus automotive.”
Tech companies are looking at this as a software or AI play. The platform is a commodity, like a cell-phone body. You can get the car body from anywhere. The motors, the engine — they’re off-the-shelf. But the real smarts is in the software. This is how the software companies are approaching the driverless car. They see it as software on wheels.
The automotive companies, on the other hand, think of it as a car with extra software. The technical term is “driver assist.” Cruise control was a very primitive driver assist; then we developed automatic brake systems and automatic lane keeping. Car companies see this as an evolution of driver assist, where the driver remains behind the wheel, ready to take over in an emergency. Only in the final stage of the technology’s evolution will the car become fully autonomous.
The software camp imagines having no human driver right from the get-go. They’re coming at the problem with a completely different attitude.
You argue that the driver-assist approach is not just worse but actually dangerous. Why is that?
This idea that an intelligent machine should hand off to a human driver in an emergency is very problematic. There are examples of recent plane crashes where the machine handed the controls to the pilots, but the pilots weren’t ready. There’s another case where pilots tried to land a plane themselves, but they were out of practice and they crashed.
The recent fatal Tesla crash demonstrates the risk of the driver-assist approach. A system that is “almost fully autonomous” is dangerously deceptive. And the more you’re automated, the more severe the problem is. If you drive for an hour, it’s hard enough to remain focused. If you’re not driving, how can you stay focused enough to take over? It’s dangerous and unreliable.
You say the technology for driverless cars is here, but elements like regulation and insurance liability are not even on the radar.
These things need to be sorted out. But they’re not technological problems. These are quantifiable safety and liability issues.
The government needs to determine the minimum level of safety that an autonomous car needs to exhibit before it can drive freely. We think that level is four hundred thousand miles between collisions. That’s twice as good as a human, on average. But I really don’t understand why this is taking so long. I think this is a fairly simple proposition, and meanwhile people are dying.
Just how big are the safety benefits of driverless cars?
Do you know how many people in the world die every week because of cars? Twenty-eight thousand. That’s a Hiroshima-scale disaster every month. For people between the ages of fifteen and twenty-nine, automobile accidents are the number-one killer. And yet we don’t talk about it. We accept it. We can have silly debates about the ethical dilemmas of driverless cars, which discuss who the car should save in the event that it can’t avoid a fatal crash. But for every week we delay, another twenty-eight thousand people die.
Can we assume that driverless cars will improve the environment?
When Melba and I began researching the book, we naively thought that autonomous vehicles would be a win for the environment. But it’s not clear. Driverless cars are more convenient, so miles driven will go up. That’s not a good thing.
But then you have to look at other factors, like the fact that driving will be more efficient. There will be more consistent speeds, less start and stop, less parking and idling and traffic jams. These things will amount to substantial improvements in performance. Also, the vehicles can be smaller and lighter, so even though we may see that increase in miles, the vehicles will be more efficient.
The economic impact of driverless cars is going to be huge, for better and for worse.
Yes, a lot of people will lose their jobs, and not just truck drivers and taxi drivers. Dozens more professions will be transformed. The body shop, where people fix cars after collisions — that’s going away. And how many healthcare hours are devoted to car accidents? A huge number. How much income do parking tickets generate for cities? It’s not negligible. There’s this cascade effect.
But then we’ll see some opportunities. There will be a huge ripple effect on new e-commerce models and business models, creating new jobs. More miles driven means more cars sold, regardless of the ownership model, and more cars mean more car maintenance.
You end the book by comparing the rise of driverless technology to a new stage of human evolution. Will it really be that significant?
Some evolutionary biologists believe that vision was an accelerating force of evolution and natural selection. The “light-switch theory” suggests that once changes in the atmosphere allowed more light to reach the earth, and we developed light-sensitive eyes in response, the ability to see enabled a lot of other new technologies, including camouflage, running quickly, and predation. Once you can see, you have to create a model of your world, and you need a bigger brain. It all unfolds from there.
That’s exactly the case with deep learning. The ability to see and perceive is not just another item on the laundry list of things you need to make a robot. It is the pivotal piece that sparks everything. This is why it was an inflection point in biology, and I believe it’s going to be the inflection point in autonomous vehicles and robotics.
We’ve been dreaming about this moment for decades, centuries, millennia perhaps. Finally it has arrived.


Blue energy is meant to be an important industry to support decarbonization and to reach the sustainable development goals of Agenda 2030. The MOREnergy Lab (http://www.morenergylab.polito.it/) and W4E (https://www.waveforenergy.com/) team have a keen interest in sustainability and are endowed with long experience in the blue energy field. In particular, through oceanographic, mechanical, and economic analyses, several innovative devices able to obtain energy from the wave and offshore wind have been successfully developed. The pilot version of one of these devices, called ISWEC (Inertial Sea Wave Energy Converter), was deployed for the first time off the North coast of Pantelleria in 2015 and has been continuously operating near Ravenna in the Adriatic Sea since 2019. Another device, called WEPA (Water & energy Point Absorber) is going to be installed near Porto Conte, in Sardinia. The achievement of these goals has been possible thanks to the team’s twenty years of experience and to the collaboration with ENI and FINCANTIERI. The team also has an interest in all aspects of sustainability and can provide support in implementing decarbonization strategies. Indeed, the MOREnergy Lab has contributed to the drafting of the transition agenda for the island of Pantelleria and is currently providing a similar support to the islands of Carloforte and Favignana. Finally, the team believes that community involvement is crucial and plays a key role in the future roadmap for reducing environmental impact. Therefore, the MOREnergy Lab has begun an outreach campaign to spread awareness of environmental and energy issues in all their aspects.
During several projects, the team had the possibility to analyze several possibilities in order to improve the energy supply among various sectors. Since our main topic is offshore renewable energies, several solutions have been investigated in order to be integrated into the aquaculture sector. One of the major problems that modern aquaculture is facing worldwide, is the increased production cost which is directly linked to the increased operational and maintenance cost of the hatchery stations. A marine fish hatchery station is a very intensive production system and exhibits high energy demand. Our goal is to supply the energy demand in-situ through the exploitation of different renewable energy sources, thus mitigating the intermittence of the single source of energy. The team proposes to analyze the availability of renewable energy sources with modeling techniques and an on-field measurement instrument (weather station, floating or fixed mast, etc.).
Based on these activities, it is important to elaborate preliminary techno-economic feasibility analysis that takes into consideration renewable energy systems plants and storage plants.
In parallel, it is important to involve in an open discussion all the main stakeholders, like local administration, protected areas administration, touristic operators, economic operators, citizens, and soo on, to have a comprehensive understanding of the context in which blue energy projects are planned.
The objective is to define a strategic plan for:
– Defining future energy scenarios
– Design development and definition of the optimal Wave Energy Converters (WEC) device
– Evaluating risks and vulnerabilities
– Defining mitigation actions
In particular, the team has all the knowledge and skills necessary to go from preliminary design to installation, that is:
– Seabed characteristics evaluation to choose the most suitable mooring type
– Bathymetric trend analysis to identify the mostly flat area
– Intervisibility analysis to assess the possible visual impact of the device
– Wave and wind detailed assessment through numerical models able to reproduce the propagation of the waves and the wind
– Wave and wind statistical analysis to identify the main project parameters
– Choice of the most appropriate WEC and then optimization of the chosen device, to adapt its shape and its operation to the wave characteristics
At the same time, the aspect related to the choice of material is taken into consideration, in particular materials with the following characteristics are preferred:
– Short supply chain
– Low environmental impact
– Possibility of disassembly, reuse, and recycling
– Resistance to aggressive materials
Two main ideas have been identified to be appropriate to address the challenge:
– Pendulum Wave Energy Converter (PEWEC)
– Solar photovoltaic and Oscillating Water Column (SPOWC)
The Pendulum Wave Energy Converter (PeWEC) is, according to usual classifications, an offshore, floating, single-body, point-absorber, pendulum-based device. This device is composed of a sealed hull enclosing a pendulum and the power take-off (PTO) which begins its motion when the waves hit the hull.
The major characteristics of the PeWEC are:
Adaptability: it has the ability to align itself concerning the dominant wave direction. This property can be achieved with a proper design of the hull and mooring line and constitutes a strong point of the PeWEC, as it allows to maximize the extracted power, especially when the installation site is characterized by a variable wave’s direction during the year. The latter depends on the PTO that acts as a spring-damper system
– Reliability: The pendulum, the electrical generator, and all the other equipment necessary for the device’s functioning are enclosed in the hull and protected against the corrosive action of sea water, enhancing the durability of the device and lowering maintenance costs
– Affordability: it is classified as a passive device since it does not need to be powered to produce an inertial effect
– Sustainability: with no significant environmental impact (close to no visual obstacle and slack quiet moorings)
Therefore, the PeWEC presents a great potential for providing clean and renewable energy to coastal areas, paving the roadmap to decarbonization
Concerning the PeWEC device story, it is born in 2014 from the collaboration between ENEA (the Italian national agency for new technologies, energy, and sustainable economic development) and Politecnico di Torino, which was initially financed by the Italian Government through the grant Accordo di Programma ENEA-MiSE 2015. Currently, a 1:12 scaled prototype has been designed and widely tested at the INSEAN (National Institute for Studies and Experiences in Naval Architecture) wave basin, in both regular and irregular wave regimes, reaching TRL5. Moreover, the numerical model validation against the experimental results carried out at the INSEAN tank testing on the intermediate scale prototype allowed to creation of a design and optimization methodology, suitable for the development of a full-scale PeWEC device.
Solar Photovoltaic and Oscillating Water Column (SPOWC) is conceived as a floater consisting of a deck with an equilateral triangular shape connected to three partly submerged cylinders. The large deck surface provides the space for PV panels and wind turbine installation, while the submerged cylinders are oscillating water column devices.
The oscillating water column devices are allocated in the three hollow cylinders that create an enclosed air chamber. In particular, when the air in the chamber is compressed by the rising level of the water, due to the waves, the swelling of the water forces the air through an air turbine, which rotates and generates electricity.
Wave energy is abundant, especially offshore, but a combination with other renewable energy sources has the advantage of capturing also wind energy as well as solar energy. In addition, the energy mix reduces the problems of renewable energy variability. The SPOWC solution is based on the integration of different existing technologies in a single device capable of operating independently.
The innovation of SPOWC lies in the coupling and optimization of the individual components to maximize productivity and reduce costs and impacts. In particular:
– Adaptability: devices capable of converting energy from both sea, wind, and sun allows to acquire energy in a multitude of situations. In particular, such a device is able to adapt to external conditions by providing energy in the absence of waves but in the presence of wind and/or sun
Negligible environmental impact: They present low environmental impact considering the careful selection of the materials and their possible recycling. Moreover, the mooring of the devices does not alter the seabed condition and fish activities.
Cost-sharing: the WEC, PV, and wind turbine are coupled in the same device, and this significantly reduces the investment amount required
The team’s expertise also concerns the optimization of devices. This activity is important since the optimal device shape can be defined according to the specific site of interest to obtain the maximum return. Therefore, the shape and properties of the device are optimized through advanced genetic algorithms based on evolutionary theory, achieving the best compromise between cost and performance. In particular, operating on the device sizes according to the most probable waves, it is possible to increase the extraction potential.
A preliminary analysis of the wind and wave resources has already been performed, as shown in the following wind rose plot and wave occurrence scatter diagram, respectively, taking into account 6 years of data, from 2015 to 2020. The site characteristics will be used for the optimal design of the wave energy converter.
Overall, each designed device has the following characteristics:
– Low or near-zero environmental impact
– Scalability, so that the power extracted can be varied as needed
– Modularity, so it can progressively become an array according to the electrical demand
– Versatility and adaptability according to different contexts and sea states
– Easiness and practicality access to the mechanical part, to facilitate the maintenance phases
– Safety towards ships, through appropriate radar and light signals
– Power immediately provided to the grid, also including power conditioning directly onshore without bulk constraints
These direct benefits lead, moreover, to a series of indirect benefits, but very attractive:
– Lower energy costs
– Energy independence, especially for small islands
– Strong media impact for the local community, gaining in terms of image and tourism promotion
– Development and increase in employment, using local companies and workers
MOREnergy Lab @Polito
The Marine Offshore Renewable Energy Lab (MORE) research center is based at Politecnico di Torino and represents the result of the experience gained by Politecnico in the marine energy field. The Team is highly multidisciplinary and enumerates more than 50 members between permanent and temporary researchers, PhD students and research fellows that constitute the propulsive core of the Centre. The MOREnergy Lab main activities focus on the developments of analysis methods, design, and test of marine energy powerplants technologies with activities focused on design, numerical modeling, control systems development, tests both in Tanks and in Open Sea.
Wave for Energy (W4E)
W4E is a dynamic young spinoff company (from MOREnergy Lab), born upon several years of research and studies on mechanics and waves interactions. The company has completed the technology transfer of a wave energy converter, named ISWEC, moving from the laboratory of the Politecnico di Torino (TRL 3) to designing, constructing, installing, and operating two full-scale devices in the open sea (TRL 6) and up to licensing the technology to the global energy player, Eni Spa. The team includes 11 people of staff with expertise in mechanical, electrical, mooring and control design, project management, and offshore operations. On top of the technical know-how, W4E can bring to the table also market and technology transfer capabilities, as also demonstrated by a current collaboration with the European Space Agency, for the completion of a feasibility study of the application of space-based assets to the ocean energy industry, and with the public administration of the Parco Speciale di Porto Conte, for the development of an ad-hoc wave energy converter for desalination and electricity generation needs.
The two groups have collaborated since 2010 in several projects, both at local, regional, national, European, and international levels. The activities carried over at Pantelleria where the integrated team has developed a test site where the first ISWEC wave energy converter has been installed is a key example of the capability of the group in a relevant context for the activities hereby proposed.


Flexographic printers face change and challenges on a daily basis. Plates that can be removed in one piece save the time and expense of remaking them, while tape removal can also keep workers from performing other tasks.
Your workplace expectations are constantly increasing: shorter print runs, faster turnaround requirements and increased product differentiation are driving change in printing today. Printers are constantly balancing customer print quality expectations with high labor turnover rates and cost constraints. Process optimization is essential in order to remain competitive and drive your business forward.
When a press run is finished, the print plate and tape need to be removed, or demounted, so the cylinder or sleeve can be used for the next job. High adhesion and aggressive plate removal can cause rips, kinks or tears, rendering the plate unusable for future jobs. Tape removal can also be a burden depending on the size of your job and the strength of the tape. Damaged plates and high adhesion forces are not only costly to the operation, they also increase the time getting product to shelf because the plate must be reimaged before running again.
This is where science and innovation can help improve the printing craft. The flexo community is a group of passionate, dedicated workers who proudly identify with their trade. 3M is honored to partner with such a highly skilled group of people.
Through this partnership, 3M has listened to customer challenges and developed innovative solutions. 3M™ Cushion-Mount™ L-series and Pro-series mounting tapes feature specially formulated adhesives. Both are optimized for strong hold to prevent edge lift, yet flexographic plates are up to 78% easier to remove* while the Pro-series tapes also reduce the required tape removal force up to 54%**. These innovations help protect your most valuable asset – your operators. They can also reduce costs incurred by plate damage, while clean removal reduces the time spent removing adhesive residue from the plate.
Our flexographic plate mounting tapes help reduce plate waste, save time and make your operations:
In addition to our long experience creating tapes to meet specific demands, 3M has application engineers with flexo experience in locations around the world. Our team is excited to partner with your team to bring science and craft together to solve printing challenges, increase productivity and deliver high-quality print results on time, every time.
*Compared to 3M™ Cushion-Mount™ Plus H-Series Plate Mounting Tapes
**Compared to 3M™ Cushion-Mount™ Plus H-Series, E-Series, & L-Series Plate Mounting Tapes


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Our products and conveniently located facilities are supported by a highly trained technical sales force and by a local and international metallurgical support staff.
Explore our website to learn more about how we can help you achieve your goals.


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Delivery Van - Two Colours
Introducing the next service vehicle from VP automotive: a delivery van.
Whether you need to transport supplies, food, or any cargo, this delivery van can carry it all. The side doors allow quick and easy access to all of your cargo.
Please note that this van is designed to transport cargo, and because of this, no rear seats are included. Also note that transporting passengers in the rear without seats or other safety harnesses may be unsafe.
Includes the following moving parts, with correct pivots set for easy keyframe animatiions
- All 4 wheels
- Left and right doors (3 Doors on right)
- Rear double doors
NOTE: The decals on the side of the van are sub-props which can be launched in your photo program to customize the signage for your project. Or, simply uncheck the visibility in your scene manager or delete them if you prefer a plain van.
*If you previously purchased the Delivery Van from Vanishing Point, please contact email@example.com for replacement.
About Vanishing Point:
"Established in 2004, Vanishing Point designs and creates the most advanced, sophisticated and versatile 3D models for various platforms and applications.
We are a premier content provider for a number of software applications, including Poser Pro, Vue d'Esprit, 3D Studio Max, Lightwave, fbx/ Unity, and iClone."


Shenzhen Municipal Party Committee Policy Research Office Inspection Visit to AMC
On June 6 2023, Wang Rujin, Deputy Director of the Reform Office of the Policy Research Office of the Shenzhen Municipal Party Committee, Zeng Weiqian, Assistant Director of the Policy Unit of the Hong Kong Chief Executive's Office, Xiao Geng, Director of the Policy and Practice Research Institute at the Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Finance and other parties visited Advanced Assembly Materials China Limited (known as AMC), accompanied by the general manager of AMC Lui Kwok Fai i to receive and express a warm welcome.
During the conference, Mr. Lui provided a detailed introduction to the group's organizational structure, construction, and development history, as well as the operation of cross-border businesses. He expressed sincere gratitude for the government's support in the company's development process. Director Wang and his team affirmed the achievements made by AMC and expressed confidence in its future development potential. They also had on-site exchanges and provided guidance on the issues faced by the company and the current state of industry development.
Director Wang pointed out that the Shenzhen-Hong Kong Advanced Manufacturing Cooperation Zone is an important platform for promoting industrial cooperation between Shenzhen and Hong Kong. He hoped that AMC would seize development opportunities, continuously achieve high-quality new development, leverage its influence and role, further enhance exchanges and cooperation between Shenzhen and Hong Kong in areas such as economy, trade, culture, technology, and talents. This would actively contribute to the promotion of economic and social development in both regions and the construction of the Shenzhen-Hong Kong Advanced Manufacturing Cooperation Zone. The Shenzhen government will provide an excellent business environment for the company's development, promote the convenient flow of talents, technology, and capital between Shenzhen and Hong Kong, continuously optimize its service work for Hong Kong-funded enterprises, and inject a constant stream of new impetus into AMC's development.
Mr. Lui expressed his gratitude for the recognition of AMC by the visiting delegation. He stated that AMC will continue to deepen technological innovation, enhance the resilience of industrial and supply chains, strengthen technological exchanges and industrial cooperation, leverage the advantages of Shenzhen and Hong Kong, and strive to contribute more to the coordinated development of Shenzhen and Hong Kong while promoting high-quality development of the company.
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Tarek Maguid is the Chief Operations Officer for Vertiv.
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“F-16 Ьɩoсk 70: Reaching New Heights in Air Combat Capabilities”
The F-16 Block 70, an advanced variant of the legendary Fighting Falcon fighter aircraft, represents the pinnacle of aerial prowess and technological innovation. Developed by Lockheed Martin, this formidable platform combines decades of combat experience with cutting-edge enhancements to deliver unmatched versatility, agility, and lethality on the modern battlefield.
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7. Grate’s service life >2 years
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RTM NAMES SAWBLADE.COM AS “THE OFFICIAL SAW BLADE SUPPLIER” OF XTREME OFF ROAD
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“We are very excited to partner with Sawblade.com, a leading manufacturer of industrial saws and saw blades.” RTM President Matthew Hawkins said. “Sawblade.com will be instrumental in helping our host Ian Johnson build the Xtreme Off Road machines our fans love.”
“Sawblade.com is pleased to be named the official saw blade supplier of Xtreme Off Road,” says Chris Luke, SawBlade.com’s managing partner. “Xtreme Off Road is a great match and we eagerly anticipate growing the Sawblade.com brand with this partnership.”
Xtreme Off Road is TV’s highest rated program specializing in fabricating off-road vehicles. Sawblade.com will be featured on Xtreme Off Road episodes, airing on Spike TV on Sundays at 9:00AM ET, Friday nights on NBCSN at 10PM Pacific/1AM Eastern, and CBS Sports Network on Saturdays at 8:00AM ET.
Based in Franklin, Tenn. and New York, N.Y., RTM is a full-service television marketing and media company specializing in automotive tech content. RTM currently airs four auto shows in a two-hour block under its PowerNation title including Xtreme Off Road, Engine Power, Truck Tech and Detroit Muscle. PowerNation blocks are distributed on Spike TV, NBCSN and CBSSN as well as online at PowerNationTV.com and the PowerNationTV app. RTM operates a state-of-the-art 50,000 sq. ft. multi-media production tech center in Franklin. For more information, visit www.rtmtv.com.
RTM is a wholly owned subsidiary of Raycom Media. Located in Montgomery, Alabama, Raycom Media owns and operates 56 television stations covering over 13 percent of the United States across 18 states. One of the nation’s largest broadcasters, Raycom also owns Tupelo-Honey Raycom, Raycom Sports, RTM Productions, Limerick Studios and Broadview Media. For more information, visit www.raycommedia.com.
Sawblade.com, established in 2010, is redefining the way industrial, hardware, and home use band saw blades are made and distributed. With a philosophy of fairness to the customer, complete customer service and an unrelenting desire to provide 100% quality products, they created what will become one of the largest and most successful online Band Saw blade and parts manufacturer and distributors in the nation. For more information about Sawblade.com and its leading brands, visit www.sawblade.com or call 800.754.6920


SHS Web of Conf.
Volume 44, 2018IV International Scientific Conference “The Convergence of Digital and Physical Worlds: Technological, Economic and Social Challenges” (CC-TESC2018)
|Number of page(s)||7|
|Published online||05 June 2018|
Digital simulation of physical processes in vehicles engine power unitsa
Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 Polytechnicheskaya st. 29, Russian Federation
* Corresponding author: email@example.com
This article studies the issues of digital simulation of physical operating processes in vehicles transmission. Simulation of dynamic processes is carried out in power transmissions at the design stage. The procedure for using the digital packages such as MATLab – Simulink and Simscape was considered for the numerical simulation of dynamic processes in mechanical systems based on the example of the theoretical calculation of K-744 tractor transmission dynamics. A digital model of K-744 tractor transmission is constructed, its calculation scheme is given, the initial characteristics are determined. A digital model of the tractor engine was created by means of the Simulink package. A nature of change in tractor engine torqueis determined by it. The calculated analysis of normal transmission frequencies is performed. Forced torsional vibrations are calculated in the tractor change gearbox generated by the vehicle engine operation. The conditions of resonance in the transmission are analyzed. The unfavorable modes of joint operation of the engine and the gearbox are determined for K-744 tractor.
The present research work has been carried out with financial support from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation in the frames of the federal targeted program “Research and Development in the Priority Areas for the Development of Science and Technology Sector of the Russian Federation for 2014-2020” pursuant to the project: “The Design Of The New Model Series Of Automated Boxes Change Gears For Agricultural And Road-Building Equipment In The Range Of 140-440 kW, Adapted For Use In Complex Systems Unmanned Tractor”(Unique Project Identifier RFMEFI57816X0213)
© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2018
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Glossary - Letter P
Parabolic Trough Power Plant (PTPP)
A solar power plant featuring an electro-solar system comprised of a number of parallel rows of trough collectors rotating on a horizontal axis, which enables them to follow the sun's course. The troughs focus the sun's heat on an axial tube containing a heat transfer fluid (HTF). Once the fluid reaches a high temperature (up to 500°C for some fluids), it flows to a water system, where it releases its heat to produce steam. The steam then drives a turbine and generates power.
Paralic Coal Basin
Sedimentary basin that originated near the sea, often taking the form of large, elongated lagoons parallel to the coast.
Parts Per Million (ppm)
Dimensionless quantity representing 10-6 (1 to 1 million). This proportion can be used for both weight (mass) and volume. For example, 400 ppm (or more precisely, ppmv – parts per million by volume) of CO2 in the atmosphere means an average concentration of 0.4 milliliters of carbon dioxide per 1 liter of air.
Passive Solar Architecture
Design intended to efficiently harness solar energy in buildings or homes. It focuses on shape, orientation, insulation, component quality and ventilation.
Unit used to rate the performance of photovoltaic systems. It corresponds to output of 1 W of electrical power under standardized conditions (1,000 W/m² of solar insolation and temperature of 25°C).
Refers to the ability of a rock to transmit fluids. It is a critical factor in production, because it determines the flow rate of oil and gas wells. Permeability is typically measured in darcys (D) or millidarcys (mD).
Petrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that studies the conversion of crude and natural gas into useful products or raw materials oil derivatives. It is applied in the manufacture of many everyday products.
Petroleum Cut (Fraction)
A product obtained through the fractional distillation of oil. Crude oil is heated to 370°C before transfer to a column where it separates naturally as the vapor gradually condenses as it rises. The heaviest components (bitumen and wax) collect first at the bottom, followed by heavy fuel oil, fuel oil, diesel, kerosene, naphtha and finally gas (LPG), each one higher up the column.
Particle associated with electromagnetic radiation and the quantum of light. It is electrically neutral and has zero mass and very low energy (of around 2 eV).
Process used by plants to fuel their growth. Light energy from the Sun is utilized to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates (sugars) and oxygen.
Photovoltaic Cell (Solar Cell)
Electronic component that converts energy from sunlight into electricity.
A photovoltaic solar collector converts sunlight (photons) into electricity via a specific photoelectric effect. The collector is made up of many thin layers of silicon, a semiconductor that, when impinged by photons, transfers the resulting energy to its electrons, generating electrical voltage.
Creation of electric current when a semiconductor material is struck by light photons.
Photovoltaic Solar Energy
Energy produced by the photovoltaic effect.
Pipeline (Oil or Gas)
Pipeline used to transport crude oil, petroleum products or gas.
An instability phenomenon that occurs when seepage through a dam is not properly filtered and soil particles continue to progress, forming sink holes in the dam. This can result in a sudden, spectacular dam failure.
Polyethylenes (PE) are the simplest synthetic polymers and the cheapest to produce. They are polymers of ethylene (see definition). Low-density polyethylenes (LDPE) are used to make plastic bags, garbage bags, food-grade plastic wrap and flexible containers. High-density polyethylenes (HDPE) are used in more rigid plastics of the kind found in bottles and other containers. Cross-linked polyethylenes (XLPE) are used to make cable insulation.
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
Polyethylene terephthalate, PET for short, is a plastic used to make bottles, many food-grade plastic wrap and packaging solutions and transparent films for LCD screens and other optical devices. It also has medical applications, such as the manufacture of plastics for synthetic ligaments and prosthetic cardiac devices. PET is recyclable and is used to make textile fibers such as polar fleece. Chemically, PET is a polymer of terephthalic acid ester and ethylene glycol.
Process in which a large number of relatively small molecules known as monomers combine to form a single macromolecule called a polymer. The synthesis reaction requires specific temperature and pressure conditions and a catalyst. Synthetic monomers are often alkenes, a type of unsaturated hydrocarbon. There are also natural polymers such as cellulose (polysaccharides), collagen (alpha-polypeptides found in leather) and keratin (polypeptides found in dander and silk).
Polypropylene is a semi-rigid, hard plastic material that is highly scratch-resistant. It is used to make automotive parts such as bumpers, dashboards and gas tanks. It is also used to make grease-proof food packaging, heavy-duty textiles used by building trade workers, disposable work wear, cord and rope, synthetic rugs and carpeting, and upholstery fabric. It is even used for banknotes in Israel, Mexico and Australia. Chemically, polypropylene is a semi-crystalline thermoplastic whose monomer is the CH2=CH-CH3 propylene (propene).
Polystyrene is a plastic with a wide range of uses, the most common being expanded polystyrene, a compact white foam used to pack and cushion fragile objects from knocks and vibrations and for thermal insulation in buildings. However, it is also found in office equipment, CD cases, models, fresh food trays and disposable dishware. Chemically, polystyrene is a polymer of the styrene CH2=CH-[phenyl].
Percentage of pore volume or void space within rock. In subsurface rock, this void space can contain fluids, usually water and sometimes oil or gas. Porosity varies significantly depending on rock type and depth, from zero for evaporates, found in salt crystals, and up to 50% for clays.
The potential hydrocarbon reserves that could be extracted from a deposit.
Energy contained in an object or physical system that has the potential to be converted into kinetic energy. All objects on Earth possess gravitational potential energy, which causes them to move towards the center of the Earth until a fixed obstacle blocks this movement.
In physics, power is the amount of energy supplied by a system per unit time. In simpler terms, power can be viewed as energy output. Power is always work done using force or pressure, multiplied by speed or output. The watt (see definition) is the derived unit of power in the International System of Units (SI).
The final phase in petroleum system formation, after a deposit has accumulated. Threats to preservation include bacteria capable of damaging crude oil in deposits near the surface, where temperatures are below 50°C.
Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)
Type of nuclear reactor that uses pressurized water (which remains in a liquid state in the primary system) as both coolant and moderator. Water in the secondary system is vaporized in steam generators. The steam drives a turbine to generate power. Known as second-generation reactors, PWRs are the most widely used in the world.
All energy sources that have not undergone any conversion process and remain in their natural state. Examples include crude oil, natural gas and sunlight.
A reactor in a nuclear power plant has three major systems: the primary, secondary and cooling water systems. The primary system, also called the reactor coolant system, transfers heat produced by the fission of uranium and plutonium atoms to the steam generator.
The commercial operation of an oil or gas deposit.
Production Sharing Contract (or Agreement)
Oil contract under which the oil that is produced is shared between the state and the oil company. The company is entitled to a predetermined percentage of any oil produced to recoup its exploration and production costs; this is known as cost oil. The remaining production, known as profit oil, is shared between the state and the oil company (roughly 82% and 18% respectively). The state sets the production rate. This type of contract is the subject of hard bargaining, particularly when costs are being negotiated.
Propylene or propene is an alkene (olefin, see definition) with three carbon atoms and a formula of CH2=CH-CH3. It is the monomer of polypropylene plastics (see definition). Propylene is produced by three main processes: thermal cracking in oil refineries, propane dehydrogenation and as a byproduct of producing ethylene.
A potential hydrocarbon deposit. Explorationists seek to locate prospects, determine their configuration and size, estimate the volumes of oil and gas that they could contain, and calculate the likelihood of encountering these volumes.
A positively charged particle. Protons and neutrons form the nucleus of an atom.
Thermochemical decomposition of organic material at elevated temperatures, carried out in an oxygen-free or low-oxygen environment to avoid oxidization or combustion. The temperature varies between 200 and 1,000°C, depending on the compound being processed (wood, coal, etc.). Generally it produces a liquid (oil), gas (syngas) and a carbon-rich solid residue. Also called thermolysis.
Pyrolysis is thermochemical decomposition of organic material in the absence of oxygen. Pyrolysis units produce gases and a solid residue known as pyrolysis coke. The gases — CO, H2, CH4 and others — are burned and generate heat, some of which is used for pyrolysis and the rest by manufacturers and municipalities. Coke can also be used as a fuel. However, its calorific value is lower than that of coal and it accumulates contaminants, mainly heavy metals. It represents an alternative to incineration or methanation for treating municipal solid waste and organic waste in general.


Manufacturing Solutions International
Manufacturing Solutions International, based in Portage, IN, works with Fortune 500 companies and entrepreneurs alike, to manufacture products in a wide array of Consumer Product Goods categories. Our team has extensive experience in bottle, carton and cup filling, premade pouch filling, candy and gum filling, over wrapping, thermoforming, and more. MSI routinely runs a wide array of production lines including liquid filling, powder filling, cartoning, VFFS, HFFS, bundle wrap, shrink sleeve, flow wrapping, and stick packaging. We also have full fabrication capabilities to build or re-tool machinery as customer requirements evolve.
If it’s in a package, we can produce it!


Gosch Toyota offers competitively priced brake pad inspections and replacements to that you can continue to explore the streets of Hemet, CA safely. Visit our new and used Toyota dealership's service department near Moreno Valley for a quick inspection today! We employ factory trained technicians who also hold ASE certifications so that we can cater to your brake pad needs regardless of the type of vehicle you drive. Our prices are always affordable and our specials practical, so don't hesitate to contact Gosch Toyota now!
Use our easy-to-navigate Toyota website to schedule a brake pad inspection today! When you arrive at our Hemet, CA location, our team will:
Our team stocks a variety of quality brake pad options, and we'll help you find the ones that complement the needs of your new or pre-owned vehicle. We'll update the service records we keep for your car so that we know when the last brake pad inspection took place, and when you'll be due for another. With help from our knowledgeable team members, you can easily stay on top of a Toyota maintenance plan. Your on-road safety is important, so don't put off any necessary brake pad inspections, head to Gosch Toyota near Murrieta, California for the quality care that both you and your vehicle deserve!


4848 N.E 11th Avenue
Oakland Park, FL, 33334
Aerospace • Department of Defense • Electronics • Endoscopic Equipment
Marine • Medical • Military • Oceanography • Scientific
Prototyping and Production Quantities
Minority Owned and Operated Machine Shop
La Plata Industries Inc. is a family owned and operated CNC machine shop with twenty-five years experience. There are virtually endless possibilities to the variety of machining we can successfully provide to our clients. And, unlike the competition, we are motivated by a “client for life” mentality where we insist on providing the highest level of service at a value price thereby ensuring we maintain our clients long into the future.
If you have a need for a part to be machined out of metal, aluminum, stainless steel, plastic, copper, brass, 1018 metal or various other materials for any specific function, we would like the opportunity to quote and manufacture it.
We “know no bounds” when it comes to our craft and we challenge all potential clients to present us with an opportunity and in exchange we will provide them with an unmatched machined product at the most competitive price in the industry.
The mission of our company is to provide a manufacturing facility with the capabilities of performing custom precision machining and general machine shop work either for prototype or production quantities, while still meeting competitive pricing.
We have a proud record of 25+ years in the greater Fort Lauderdale area of South Florida meeting both local and distant customers needs. We would be pleased to quote your fabricating and machining requirements.


Whether you are an experienced or novice driver, it’s important to pay close attention to your vehicle’s dashboard functions to help keep track of essential information regarding your car. Therefore, when performing car interior repair, remember to also work on the dashboard. A properly functioning dashboard reminds you when it’s necessary to gas, how fast you are driving and also warns you when your car encounters a problem.
The benefits of repairing your dashboard are discussed below on the basis of its components. A dashboard is basically a combination of gauges, warning lights and other additional advanced features like a camera, GPS, music players, internet enabled devices and so on.
Gauges occupy a large space on your car’s dashboard meaning they have major functions to perform as far as your car is concerned. These gauges include: a fuel gauge, tachometer, speedometer, odometer and temperature gauge. Repairing gauges on your dashboard literally means restoring important functions. For instance, restoring a speedometer means you are in control of your car’s speed. On the other hand, a tachometer shows your car’s rpm of your car engine. It is perhaps one of the important components of your car that will notify you in case of a problem with your car’s engine.
When performing interior car repair, also work on fuel gauge. This lets you get back in control of gas. Without this gauge on your dashboard, it will be almost impossible to tell when gas levels hit a minimum. Also, the life of your engine lies in the hands of your dashboard’s temperature gauge. Only the temperature gauge will warn you when your car engine overheats. The odometer shows the distance you have driven so far. It is dangerous to drive your car without proper functioning of any of these gauges.
Your car dashboard has warning lights, so always keep an eye on them. Once you see any warning lights, it’s typically time to take your vehicle to a mechanic to help identify the problem that is causing the lights to illuminate. A simple or serious problem can cause them to illuminate. A simple problem could be a need to change oil while more serious issues could be related to your car engine. Any car dashboard typically has at least one warning light for the battery, coolant, brakes, fuel, air bag, door, seat belt, anti-lock brake system and the engine.
Changes in technology are resulting in additional features to a car’s dashboard. Some cars now have advanced features like cameras for backups, jacks for mp3 devices, digital music players, internet access and GPS. Prevent damage to your car vinyl dashboard by ensuring its topcoat remains intact. The topcoat is important in sealing plasticizers that keep the dashboard flexible and supple without which your dashboard will crack and dry out. Lastly, the topcoat may wear away with each dashboard cleaning exercise unless you take special precautions. Do not wait until the light begin illuminating for you to perform interior car repair. Whenever you spot any problem, find a qualified mechanic to handle it immediately for proper functioning of dashboard and its components.
At ColorMate, we offer same day dashboard repair services, headlight restoration, rim repair, paint and bumper repair in Miami-Dade, Broward and West Palm Beach County regions. Schedule an appointment today for a free estimate from a certified car interior repair specialist.


Erection, Dismantling & Repairs
Providing tower crane assembly/disassembly, operation, maintenance, jacking and certifications, Y&P, has established a leading role in supplying the local construction industry with the best tower crane service.
Our highly trained team of professionals manning our maintenance division, ensure the smooth running of all our operations whilst strictly adhering to all Health and Safety regulations.
- Electrical Technicians
- Mechanical Technicians
- Welders & Fitters - Crane / Hoist Riggers
- Truck & Trailer Drivers
- Sand Blasters
- Spray Painters
Servicing department personnel have been highly trained both locally and overseas to professionally erect and/or dismantle, repair and maintain equipment to manufacturer's' rigorous standards, in the shortest time possible, fully aware of the fact that even minimal down time can severely disrupt a project's schedule.
Y&P also provides onsite repairs and maintenance on tower cranes, mobile cranes, ships' cranes and similar equipment.


Friday Feb 15, 2013
Jenő Boros | Source: Népszabadság
The Hungarian car industry, however, will break no records this year, not even after the launch of a Mercedes plant in Kecskemét and a new Audi plant in Győr, since their output, including even that of Suzuki, will not reach the number of cars produced in 2008. The three plants plan to manufacture 330 000 cars in the current year, which constitutes growth compared to last year’s number.
In 2012, 1.92 million engines and 33,553 cars were manufactured at Audi Hungária in Győr. At the moment they assemble TT Coupé, Roadster, and A3 Cabriolet models; from the summer of 2013, production will start at a brand new manufacturing site that provides space for every production phase (pressing, bodywork, painting, vehicle assembly).
Communications Manager Péter Lőre informed us that the complex, which was built within a 900-million-euro investment project, will provide 2100 new jobs, thus the number of employees will amount to 8600. In parallel with the increase in the new plant’s production rate, the engine sector can expand at the place of the current vehicle assembly plant. Based on our information, 50 000 Audi cars will be manufactured in Győr this year, and 125 000 in 2014.
At the Kecskemét production site of Mercedes–Benz Manufacturing Hungary Kft., which was inaugurated last March, 40 000 B-Class cars were made in 2012, and the plan for the current year is 100 000 vehicles, 60 percent of which will already be CLA models. Communications Manager Edina Sztipichné Kozári shared with our reporter that the number of their staff exceeded 3000, and in the middle of the previous summer they switched from one-shift to two-shift production. As of this year, as many as 300 vehicles per day will roll off the assembly line at the Daimler plant in Hungary. The introduction of the new CLA model brought with it the creation of 500 new jobs for Kecskemét. In the case of B-Class cars, which have been produced since last March, they worked with 17 domestic component suppliers; with CLA, this number has increased to 25.
Due to the decline of the European market and domestic demand, production speed in the Esztergom plant was slowed down for two months. At Magyar Suzuki, which boasts an annual capacity of 300 000 and actually produced 155 000 vehicles in 2012, the number of shifts was reduced from two to one in November, while the number of employees remained 3100. In January, they switched back to two shifts again, commented spokesperson Viktória Ruska.
Thanks partly to this year’s novelty, they can newly increase their production, although the output of 180 000 cars falls way behind the 282 000 pieces manufactured in the record year of 2008. According to our information, during the summer standstill in production, they will switch for the manufacturing of a completely new model. 200 million euros will be spent for this purpose in Esztergom where the Japanese Suzuki Motor Corporation has invested nearly one and a half billion euros into its only manufacturing base in Europe since 1991.
During the past twenty years, 2.2 million cars have rolled off the assembly lines of Hungary with Subaru, FIAT, Opel, and Vauxhall badges on them. In Geneva in March, the wider public will already have the opportunity to take a good look at the Suzuki sports jeep that will be produced serially in Esztergom. Suzuki can cherish high hopes concerning this fashionable crossover, because it is the most dynamically expanding segment of the European market that has otherwise declined by 10 percent. (It increased by 34 percent.) The new model is all the more important because several subcontractor agreements will soon expire, which means that from next year, following Opel and Vauxhall Agila, FIAT Sedicik cars will not be manufactured in Esztergom, either.
The picture is slightly overshadowed by the downsizing of suppliers. At the time of the economic crisis, several motor vehicle industry companies reduced their number of staff; most jobs were lost in 2010, but there were layoffs last year as well. The management of Remy Automotive Hungary, which manufactures starter motors and generators, informed their 200 employees in July that their jobs would be terminated at the end of the year, the reason for this being the decline in European orders and the objective to reduce costs. As a consequence, following the decision of the parent company, they wound up production in Mezőkövesd and relocated manufacturing activities to China, South Korea and Mexico.
Car-Inside Kft, which manufactures car seat upholstery and used to employ 800 people as recently as last summer, closed its plants in Jánosháza and Lenti and from now on maintains only 500 jobs in Körmend and Nagykanizsa.
|HUF / EUR||309,3|
|HUF / CHF||268,43|
|HUF / USD||258,07|


Mecalux will once again team up with NGK Ceramics Polska Sp. z o.o. on its newest investment in Poland. An automated warehouse for pallets will be set up in the company’s production warehouse. The installation is going to be managed by the Easy WMS warehouse management software.
The two-storey warehouse is set aside for the storage of finished and semi-finished palletised products. The new installation is being constructed on the premises of NGK Ceramics Polska in Gliwice. This is the second automated solution implemented by Mecalux for the Japanese company. The first automated warehouse was built in the DPF filters production plant in Dąbrowa Górnicza.
NGK Ceramics Polska Sp. z o.o. is a production centre, which is part of the international group NGK Insulators Ltd., a world leader in technological materials. The Polish branch was opened in 2003 and specialises in the manufacture of automotive components designed for environmental protection: diesel particulate filters and NOx sensors.


Hello. I recently had the oppourtunity to visit the flagship Tesla showroom in Sydney. One word... WOW. Have heard and read about Tesla for a while, but to actually see the cars in person was amazing, a vision into the future of automobiles.
Had a great time with my cousin Raj getting a full demonstration of the Model S P85. Check that interior, beautiful futuristic design. Unfortunately, no test drive this time :(
With the worlds reliance on fossil fuels as an energy resource and the issues surrounding global warming, we require steps towards sustainable energy solutions. So what is Tesla Motors about? Tesla is a startup automotive (and energy) company making all electric cars. Ok when you hear electric cars, you think boring... but no Tesla make very cool luxury electric cars! Elon's agenda: to save the world and make humans an interplanetary species.
The real iron man, Elon Musk, is touted to have founded Tesla Motors, however, I would like to clear this misconception.
May I have your attention please? Will the real Tesla founders please stand up, please stand up, please stand up (LOL): Tesla Motors was actually founded by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning back in 2003. "The name was given to both pay homage to the inventor and electric motor pioneer Nikola Tesla and because it sounded cool."
Tesla needed a lead investor to put up the money required to produce its prototype electric vehicle. This is where Elon comes in, where he made a $6.5 million investment (from money he made after the sale of PayPal to Ebay) leading him to become the largest shareholder and chairman of the company. After years of issues regarding the company and production between Eberhard and Musk, Eberhard was replaced by an outside CEO in 2007. When this still didnt work out, Musk put up his fortune and took over as CEO.
Tesla automobiles have really come forward from the early days as an independent automaker. The ultimate aim being to produce electric cars at an affordable price for the everyday consumer. The first car produced was the Tesla Roadster (photo ->), followed by the current Model S and new Model X, and upcoming Model 3.
For one man to be such a visionary and build up a successful automotive (electric vehicle!) company in this day is incredible (while also running his two other companies SpaceX and SolarCity!).
I think Elon is the greatest thinker and doer of our time. His knowledge and ability to combine engineering and business is next level. In the next 15 years, when solar becomes the main source of energy for the world, Tesla Motors will really shine with its automotive and energy solutions. Elon Musk will leave a legacy like no other.
You can take it as insight, or you can take it as Just BS.


New Sprinter Plant in North Charleston for Mercedes-Benz Vans
Mercedes-Benz Vans marked the groundbreaking of its new Sprinter plant for the North American market. With this new full-scale plant, Mercedes-Benz Vans will offer faster and more individualized supply to its customers. The new plant is an expansion of the existing van assembly site. It represents an investment of around 500 million US dollars. Mercedes-Benz Vans will create up to 1,300 jobs. First the body shop of the new plant will be constructed, followed by the paint shop and the assembly lines later this year. Production of the next-generation Sprinter is planned to begin before the end of the decade.
Frank Klein, Head of Operations Mercedes-Benz Vans: “Our new Sprinter plant is a big leap into the future of production at Mercedes-Benz Vans. We are combining all of our global expertise and experience in this plant. In doing so, we make it one of the most advanced facilities in North America. The plant will meet the highest standards in quality, based on our globally standardized production system – from the first vehicle that rolls off the assembly line.”
The current production area and administration building of the assembly plant in North Charleston cover 409,000 square feet. The new facility will additionally cover around 1.1 million square feet plus a 2.8 million square feet marshalling yard for finished vehicles. With the new production site Mercedes-Benz Vans will be among the biggest industrial employers in the region.


The nine major steps of designing generator fuel systemsJun 21, 2016 · For preliminary sizing of the fuel storage tanks, consider the following rule of thumb: 7 gal/hour of No. 2 fuel oil are needed per 100 kW of generator rating (see "Fuel oil design cheat sheet"). The fuel consumption rate (gph) multiplied by the desired runtime (hours) establishes the usable fuel requirement (gallons).
Mail: [email protected]
May 09, 2018 · Tank Style: The most common fuel tank style for standby generators is the sub-base type with the generator mounted directly on top of the fuel tank. These can range from a shallow 8 inch height to roughly 40 inches, and the length of the tank may extend beyond the length of the generator-set if necessary to accommodate the desired operation oil storage chemical fuel tank for generator fuel tank use7 Types of Industrial Storage Tanks Explained - GSC TanksDec 25, 2018 · If your business requires safe storage of fuel and other inflammable liquids, then its important to use an industrial fuel storage tank. Industrial fuel storage tanks are standards certified containers which provide safe storage of chemicals, solvents, oil, petrol, diesel, and other hazardous and flammable liquids.
SUNCOO 30 Gallon Fuel Tank on Wheels, Portable Gas Caddy, Fuel Storage Tank with Pump, Long Kink Free Hose for ATVs, Cars, Mowers and Generators, Red 3.8 out of 5 stars 42 $239.69 $ 239 . 69Emergency Generator Tanks - Southern TankSouthern Tank manufactures a full line of generator tanks for storing fuel to be used in emergency or backup situations. The majority of our tank lines can be used for generator tank fuel supply storage. Examples are the Above Ground Fireguard®, Flameshield®, standard double-wall and single-wall tanks in rectangular and cylindrical designs oil storage chemical fuel tank for generator fuel tank useFuel Storage Tanks | Diesel Direct 24/7 Onsite RefuelingFuel Storage Tanks. Our high quality tanks are durable and portable. These tanks come in a variety of storage sizes, up to 50,000 gallons. These tanks are perfect temporary fuel storage solutions to have on job site locations for short-term projects or for disastery recovery purposes.
The Fuel Tank is a liquid storage in Unturned.. Overview: The Fuel Tank stores fuel. Fuel can be put into the tank by left clicking with a Gas Can containing fuel. The tank has a capacity of 20 full Gas Cans (5 industrial ones) worth of fuel, indicated by a popup when hovering over it, which says "Fuel Reserve: x%", x being how full the tank is.Fuel oil service tank - EncyclopediaFuel oil service tank . An oil fuel tank that contains only the required quality of fuel ready for immediate use. Two oil fuel service tanks, for each type of fuel used on board, necessary for propulsion and generator systems, are to be provided.Generator Fuel Tanks products for sale | eBayGet the best deals on Generator Fuel Tanks when you shop the largest online selection at eBay oil storage chemical fuel tank for generator fuel tank use. Free shipping on many items | Browse your oil storage chemical fuel tank for generator fuel tank use New Universal 5 GALLON Generator Gas Fuel Tank Chrome Cap Fits EC2500 18.9 Liter. $51.95. Free shipping. Watch. 5 Gallon Universal Gas Tank Fuel Filter Cap Petcock Gauge Generator For EC2500. $37.59 oil storage chemical fuel tank for generator fuel tank use
Size fuel oil supply pipes and pumps to handle a fuel oil flow rate three times greater than the full-load fuel oil consumption rate specified by the generator manufacturer. In multiple day tanks applications, the main fuel oil size pump system for three times the total fuel oil flow with all generators running at full load simultaneously.Generator Sub base Fuel Tank and Day Tank | NFPA XchangeJul 19, 2020 · In IFC Table TABLE 2703.1.1(1) specified the maximum allowable quantities of combustible liquid class II per control area and under those table have categories of storage, open system and closed system. I would like to ask what categories is the most suited for subbase fuel tank and day tank for generator.Oil Tank Risk Assessments | Resources | Fuel Tank StoreEnvironmental Risk Assessment guidance for Domestic Oil Tank installations in the UK and Ireland, to help determine whether a Single Skin Tank is permissible, or a Bunded Tank is instead required. Prepared by Fuel Tank Store, a leading supplier of Heating Oil Tanks in the UK and Ireland.
Storage Tank Compliance is part of the Permitting and Compliance Assistance Program in the Florida Department of Environmental Protection's Division of Waste Management. In 1983, Florida was one of the first states to pass legislation and adopt rules for underground and aboveground storage tank systems (USTs and ASTs). There are currently over 24,000 regulated storage tankAbove Ground Liquid Storage SolutionsThe ConVault line of products are ideal for Fuel & Lube Dispensing, Oil & Chemical Storage, as well as Generator & Boiler Set applications. ConVault above ground fuel storage tanks, (AST), are a patented system utilizing a primary steel tank, integral secondary Aboveground Storage Tanks (AST)Typical contents of bulk storage tanks include: fresh and waste motor oils, transmission and hydraulic fluids, petroleum products stored for off-loading into bulk storage trucks, chemical products (if flammable or combustible) and emergency generator fuel tanks.
Adding an auxiliary fuel tank to a generator may be necessary in the case when your current generator is unable to operate on its single tank. The addition of an auxiliary fuel tank allows the generator to continue running once fuel has been depleted from the main fuel tank. Gathering Materials for the TankAn Engineering Guide to Modern Fuel SystemsBesides providing chemical energy for the boiler or generator to convert, diesel fuel serves as a lu- oil storage chemical fuel tank for generator fuel tank use systems this is not typical and a transfer pump is needed to pump oil out of the storage tank(s) and oil storage chemical fuel tank for generator fuel tank use fuel from the storage tank to the day tanks or piping systems. The two types are; 1) suction systems, oil storage chemical fuel tank for generator fuel tank useBulk Storage - NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservationaboveground oil storage tanks (ASTs) or containers must follow to perform visual tank inspections. Checklists are attached. Tank Inspection (e.g., Aboveground Storage Tanks, Generator Tanks): Use and complete the Tank Inspection Checklist Designate an individual to inspect tanks
If you are a tank manufacturer, a generator company, a fuel supplier, a general industrial reseller, an oil heating engineer, a hydraulic engineer or indeed anyone involved in fuel and fluid handling, we have been supplying trade companies like you since 1987. 30 years in the industry gives us the experience you need to rely on, and our large stockholding of products such as diesel transfer oil storage chemical fuel tank for generator fuel tank useCommon Generator Mistakes - WeingartzMistake #3: Fuel Vent. Most generators have a self venting fuel cap on top of their fuel tank. Some generators have a fuel vent that is located on the top of the fuel cap that can be turned off. This is a safety mechanism. If you make the mistake of not turning the vent on, you will know in a matter of minutes. The generator will run for two to oil storage chemical fuel tank for generator fuel tank useDay Tank Systems - Ace Tank and Fueling EquipmentThe integral fuel maintenance system allows for the use of existing fuel supply and return lines as the fuel supply pumps act as both the prime mover for the fill operation and the fuel maintenance cycles. This ensures clean fuel, regular exercise schedules for
Jun 24, 2012 · I recently completed a fuel oil system design associated with (2) 2.5 MW emergency standby generators and worked closely with David for equipment design support associated with bulk storage tanks, day tanks, pump skids, filtration skids, fueling ports and controls.Double Wall Fuel Storage Tanks | Safe-T-Tank CorpSafe-T-Tank offers custom UL 142 listed, double wall fuel storage tanks that are available from 50 to 2,000 U.S. gallons & shipped ready-to-use. 1.800.536.8910 [email protected]tank oil storage chemical fuel tank for generator fuel tank use TanksDouble Wall Fuel Storage Tanks | Safe-T-Tank CorpSafe-T-Tank offers custom UL 142 listed, double wall fuel storage tanks that are available from 50 to 2,000 U.S. gallons & shipped ready-to-use. 1.800.536.8910 [email protected]tank oil storage chemical fuel tank for generator fuel tank use Tanks
Two oil fuel service tanks, for each type of fuel used on board, necessary for propulsion and generator systems, are to be provided. Each tank is to have a capacity for at least eight hours operation, at sea, at maximum continuous rating of the propulsion plant and/or generating plant associated with that tank.Generator Fuel Tanks - Determining Fuel Capacity, Tank oil storage chemical fuel tank for generator fuel tank useTypes of Fuel Tanks. Generator fuel tanks are usually of three types (1) Sub base tanks (2) Underground storage tanks (3) Above ground storage tanks. Sub Base Tanks. If you need to store less than 1,000 gallons of fuel, you would need sub base tanks.Quick Connect External Fuel Tank For Gasoline Fueled oil storage chemical fuel tank for generator fuel tank useMar 04, 2019 · Simply buy something purpose built for your brand of generator that flows the gas from an external tank. This one connects to a generator (e.g. the Honda) through a special fuel tank cap and into the internal tank of the generator. An example of a fully made up kit for a Honda generator (and a number of other models) is: Extended Run Generator oil storage chemical fuel tank for generator fuel tank use
07.04 How is the tank refilled? Day tanks are re-filled by either (a) on-board fuel transfer pumps, or (b) remote pump systems with inlet control valves at the day tanks.. On-board fuel transfer pumps are simple configurations for single generator single bulk tank operations. They may be configured as either single or duplex pump systems.Save That Old Tank: How to Clean Rust Out of a Gas Tank oil storage chemical fuel tank for generator fuel tank useThe best solution to rust in the gas tank is to use one of the below methods to clean it out, then use a sealant or begin using fuel additives to prevent future recurrences. Anyone from used motorcycles riders to classic car owners to boat enthusiasts can wind up with rust in their fuel system, so the key is mitigating the damage as soon as oil storage chemical fuel tank for generator fuel tank useSouthern Tank - steel tanks for liquid storageChemical facilities, government agencies, bulk petroleum plants, fleet fueling sites, lube oil blending and storage facilities, maintenance garages, farming operations, and bio-diesel and ethanol plants are just a few of the entities that have partnered with Southern Tank providing steel tank
Jun 05, 2014 · For information on the various types of tanks, see this Fuel Storage Tank Guide. Think of a system, instead of individual components! Safely transferring the fuel to the generators is just as crucial as the integrity of the fuel storage tanks. Fuel transfer pumps should be selected with sufficient capacity and built-in redundancy.Steel Tank Institute/Steel Plate Fabricators Association oil storage chemical fuel tank for generator fuel tank useStorage Tank Maintenance R-111 4 March 2016 Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) ULSD fuel was developed with the goal of reducing air emissions. ULSD fuel enables the use of cleaner technology diesel engines and vehicles, thus promoting cleaner air. ULSD became mandatory at retail facilities as of December 1, 2010.The nine major steps of designing generator fuel systemsJun 21, 2016 · For preliminary sizing of the fuel storage tanks, consider the following rule of thumb: 7 gal/hour of No. 2 fuel oil are needed per 100 kW of generator rating (see "Fuel oil design cheat sheet"). The fuel consumption rate (gph) multiplied by the desired runtime (hours) establishes the usable fuel requirement (gallons).
The Envirosafe generator fuel tank is fully compatible with a wide range of fuels. Our generator fuel tanks are available in either Flameshield (UL-142) or Fireguard (UL-2085) configurations. They can be manufactured as a single tank or in split designs for the supply of two different fuel products.Turn-Key Above-ground Fuel Storage Tank Systems for GeneratorsThe Envirosafe generator fuel tank is fully compatible with a wide range of fuels. Our generator fuel tanks are available in either Flameshield (UL-142) or Fireguard (UL-2085) configurations. They can be manufactured as a single tank or in split designs for the supply of two different fuel products.Underground Storage Tanks VS Aboveground Storage TanksStorage tanks for backup generators are typically kept at capacity so they will provide maximum run time in case of an emergency. We rarely find water in a properly maintained generator tank. A new delivery of fuel is the most common source of water in storage tanks.
Nov 03, 2003 · 25362 (Chemical), I realize and understand the scope and limits of USA codes, standards and statutes. My primary point is, that unless there ar some very unusual circumstances, there is no need to put an inert blanket on a No2 diesel fuel storage tank. There are many, many of these tanks in the USA with simple vents.
ll as local metal industry players. TANK BUILDING METHODOLOGY - IQPC CorporateV, New Appendix X (Duplex Stainless Steel Storage Tanks) and Appendix Y(API Monogram). OVERVIEW OF ASSOCIATED CODE EN 14015 -2004 IS BRITISH CODE FOR STORAGE TANK REPLACES BS 2654 Similar to API 650, API STD 620 design and
s a result of the fast-expanding glut that Covid-19 has created. Heating Oil Storage Tank Size Standard, Measured ...Residential buried oil tanks are usually 500, 550, 750, 1000 or 1,500 gallons or occasionally larger. In rare cases some idiot buries an above-ground-use tank that might be 250 or 275
ks Pumped to injection wells for water flooding Fig: 6-9. Typical gunbarrel settling tank with internal flume 13 14 A review of treating oily wastewater - ScienceDirectMay 01, 2017 · Flotation oily wastewater treatment, is a mature technology, oil and water separation effect is good a
Glass-Fused-to-Steel tanks manufacturer in all of Asia. Center Enamel Glass-Fused-to-Steel tanks engineering & design, product testing and quality system are in strict accordance with AWWA D103-09, OSHA, ISO/EN 28765, NSF61, NFPA etc. international … Grp Sectional Tanks, China Grp Sectional Ta
ks | BLT TanksStorage Tanks BLT Tanks will broker the sale of storage tanks up to 30,000 gallons nationwide. Please call our manager, Brad Ragains with the details if you need help selling a storage tank. 30,000 Bulk Propane Tank ID 302019-10 - TransTech EnergyTransTech Energy maintains an extensive
ed tanks from a number of OEMs, including Coop Tech, Lee Industries, Pfaudler, Feldmeier, APV, and many others.EquipNet is constantly receiving a variety of used tanks in different makes, models, and capacities. Vertical Liquid Storage Tanks| Plastic-Mart*Plastic Storage Tanks are manufactured from
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AQUA PURE WHOLE HOUSE FILTER with UV Lighting
Until recently, the most common solution for problem Iron and H2S “smelly water” was the use of harsh chemicals and complicated equipment that required continuous maintenance by the home owner or water treatment specialist.
The Misty Mountain Iron Eliminator filter NOW offers an all-natural solution to removing iron, smell and other contaminants from your water. This new technology uses nature’s own oxidation process plus a new catalytic conversion media and ultraviolet light to eliminate iron, H2S, ammonia, chlorine, chloramines, bacteria, protozoa, chloroforms, and much more from YOUR home’s water. This filter is much more advanced that anything on the today’s market.
If fact, it is similar to the same technology we used for the U.S. space station. It is light years in advancement compared to what is being offered. It is the least maintenance of any system being offered in the field of purifying drinking water.
It is in fact a miniature version of a bottling water plant. So…bottling your own purified drinking water from home is now possible with Misty Mountain’s Aqua Pure water filtering system.
All your water using appliances will last much longer by allowing purified water through them. This will add years to the life of these appliances.
Watering your plants and allowing your pets to drink purified water for drinking is much healthier for them. Life does not exist, as we know it, without water. Life with contaminated water is shortened by disease. If you are spending $2.00, on average, for a pint of drinking water you can pay for our system in 2.8 years. And that is only drinking one pint of water per day. In reality, you are now using purified water to flush, bath, shower, wash dishes, water for pets and plant etc.
So now, how much better off are you and everyone you love? That time frame can be shortened to a few months when considering how much water is really being used every day.
Our media last as long as 5 years under the average situations in residential city and well water.
Replacement parts $55.00 for year one and $95.00 for every other year. Year 5 only $314.50 under current pricing. Year 5 is a complete refurbishing of the entire system for all the parts needed. The only additional cost is labor. We currently charge $65.00 hour.
Stage 1: Mechanical
Stage 2: Catalytic conversion and absorption
Stage 3: Oxidation
Stage 4: Sterilization and final oxidation
The water you want and the water your body needs.
All for pennies a day.
Eliminates iron and staining
Eliminates the smell
Protects appliances and fixtures
Protects your pipes
No CHEMICALS used
Longest lasting media
Pennies a day for PURIFIED water


June – Proper lubrication and cleaning of your garage door will help it run more quietly and last longer. We are often asked what lubricant to use on garage doors. The best product is our garage door lubricant, available at all of our locations, or a general purpose penetrating oil. Do not use WD-40, as it is a Water Dispersant, and does not have the same lubrication properties as a garage door lube. Also, avoid using silicone sprays. Silicone is long-lasting and paint will not adhere to silicone, which might give you problems if you want to paint your garage door sometime in the future.
Lubrication is best done in small sprays, and with a rag to wipe off any excess spray. Excess lube will run down the door and hold dead bugs, which is not the look most people prefer on the inside of their garage door! Sparingly lubricate the hinges and roller stems; a short spray is all that is needed. If you have an exposed torsion spring, run a light stream of spray down the spring with the door in the closed position, then repeat with the door in the open position. Spray may bounce off the spring and stain your wall, so consider using a piece of cardboard to prevent overspray from staining your wall. If you have a Wayne-Dalton Torquemaster™ spring, it is oil coated and then placed in the tube, so no lubrication is needed. As a good reminder, lubricate your door every six months, at the same time you replace the batteries in your smoke detector and change your clocks!
Please check back in July, as we discuss checking the safety of your garage door operator. Visit www.TheTotalGarageStore.com for all of your garage door needs!


REXALLOY®™ GRADE 33
Wear, Corrosion Resistant Parts & Cutting Tools
REXALLOY®™ is a proprietary trademark of Alloy Cast Products, Inc. (73779483) U.S.A
Abrasion and Wear Resistance:
Conventional indentation hardness tests or Rockwell tests do not generally determine the relative wear resistance of REXALLOY®™ as compared with other materials such as tool steels. High carbon-high chrome tool steels commonly used for maximum resistance to abrasion or wear can be heat treated to about 64 Rockwell C (885 VPN). REXALLOY®™ , for non-cutting applications, has a hardness of about 54 Rockwell C (654 VPN). However, the hardness of the individual micro-constituents gives an entirely different picture:
The primary carbides in REXALLOY®™ are much harder than the large carbides in high carbon-high chrome tool steel, 1810 VPN as compared to 1390 VPN, although the matrix in REXALLOY®™ is softer, 488 VPN as compared to 840 VPN. Thus, the conventional Rockwell tests provide an average hardness which mask the effect of hard and soft constituents in a CAST heterogeneous alloy of this type. It is the large surface area of massive primary high-hardness carbides which produces the wear resistant quality of REXALLOY®™ .
TABER Wear Test Results
The samples were tested to 10,000 cycles with a 1000 gram load – 500 grams on each wheel. The abrading wheel was H-1O calibrade, a wheel designed for alloys resistant to abrasion.
After 10,000 cycles, results as follows:
|REXALLOY®™ 33||Milligrams Lost||Wear Factor||Hardness|
|4" x 4" x 1/8" Sample||28.3||2.83||56|
Resistance to Scaling:
REXALLOY®™ has considerable resistance to oxidation and scaling. During heating no visible oxide film is formed until the temperature exceeds 9001Ú4 F. Scaling tests indicate that REXALLOY®™ has a scale resistance comparable to Rezistal 310 at temperatures up to 20001Ú4 F.
Forming and Heat Treatment:
REXALLOY®™ 33 cannot be formed in any way by hot or cold working and does not respond to heat treatment. Its high hardness is obtained in the AS-CAST condition, and is not appreciably affected by heating at temperatures up to 20001Ú4 F. However, heating REXALLOY®™ cutting tools at temperatures above 1600 F causes a gradual reduction in their cutting life over time.
REXALLOY®™ is generally finished by grinding. Any soft wheel, not coarser than 46 or finer than 60 in Grade “X” or “J”, is suitable for machine-grinding REXALLOY®™ . Light feeds should be taken to avoid heat checking. REXALLOY®™ tools should not be quenched during grinding.
|REXALLOY ®™ 33||(AIM)|
|BALANCE CONFIDENTIAL (2.75%)|
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The lower-hardness type of REXALLOY®™ for non-cutting applications can be machined with tungsten carbide tools. All types of REXALLOY®™ castings are being successfully turned with several grades of carbide tools at a surface speed of 25-40 feet/minute, a feed of .003″/revolution and a cutting depth of .010/.020 inches without coolant. REXALLOY®™ can be drilled or reamed with masonry-type carbide drills using slow speeds fine feeds and a coolant.
REXALLOY®™ is most satisfactorily joined to steel or other REXALLOY®™ parts by brazing. It is never recommended to attempt to weld REXALLOY®™ . Silver solder and a paste flux are recommended for brazing. The essentials of the process consist of grinding and cleaning the face, applying the flux, inserting the brazing strip between the faces binding the parts together with Nichrome wire, heating carefully to 13501Ú4F to 14501Ú4 F and applying pressure as the brazed solidifies on cooling.
(Handy and Harman’s Handy Flux and Easy Flo #3 (carbide type) are recommended)
- Standard Tool Bits
- Wood Working Tools
- Valve, Valve Seats
- Balls Valves
- Tipped Tools
- Reamer Blades
- Hot Extrusion Dies
- Forming Tools
- Plug Gages
- Wear Liners
- Wear Bushings
- Seal Rings
- Milling Cutter Blades
- Cut-off Blades
- Indicator Anvils
- Roller Guides
- Wire Guides
- Extreme Service Gears
- Wear Strips
- Work Rests
- High Pressure Pump Valves
- Food Processing Valves
Tools for Cutting Applications 55 to 63 Rockwell C
Parts for Non-Cutting Applications 50 to 57 Rockwell C
- 50,000-60,000 PSI
- Average range provided is not guaranteed.
- Material is not sought after for it’s tensile strength.
Elevated Temperature Hardness:
REXALLOY ®™ has a high degree of red hardness. The comparison between REXALLOY ®™ and hardened Rex AA, 18-4-1, high speed steel is shown in the following tabulations:
Hardness at temperature — BHN
18-4-1 High Speed
|Temperature 1Ú4F||Rex AA||REXALLOY®™|
Comments: Converted to BHN from Impact Brinell at temperature. On cooling to room temperature, REXALLOY ®™ attains its original hardness.
|Modulus of Elasticity — psi||35,300,000|
|Specific Electrical Resistance Room Temperature — Michrohms/cu. in.||39.8|
|Specific Heat BTU/lb./1Ú4F||0.093|
|Thermal Conductivity (Room Temperature) Btu./hr./sq. ft./1Ú4F/ft||4.8|
|Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion-linear Range|
|85- 5001Ú4 F||6.37 x 10-(6) in./in./1Ú4F|
|Magnetic Permeability at 200 Oersteds||1.004|
General Corrosion Resistance:
The next important property of REXALLOY®™ is its superior resistance to corrosion. In laboratory tests, standard REXALLOY®™ 33 was found to be resistant to the following:
|REXALLOY®™||0.18 - 0.20|
|XCR Valve Steel||4.30 - 4.40|
On the other hand, REXALLOY®™ is not satisfactorily resistant to 2% Hydrochloric Acid at 15001Ú4 F, nor to boiling 65% Nitric Acid.
Thus REXALLOY®™ successfully resists corrosion by moist atmosphere salt spray, the milder acids and certain of the stronger acids and alkalies. When the use of REXALLOY®™ in highly corrosive media other than those listed above is contemplated, specific inquiry is recommended, and testing should be done for your proposed application.
Lead Oxide Corrosion Resistance:
REXALLOY®™ has excellent resistance to lead oxide corrosion as shown by the following comparison:
Lead Oxide Corrosion at 17001Ú4 F, Weight Loss — grams/sq. in./hr.
|REXALLOY®™||0.18 - 0.20|
|XCR Valve Steel||4.30 - 4.40|


Car Servicing and MOTs in Sevenoaks, Kent
Kemsing Motor Company was established by Chris Law in 1998. We are a local friendly garage, aiming to offer our customers a one-stop shop for all their motoring needs. We are an M.O.T class IV testing station (cars and light commercials up to 3000kg). We are able to service and repair all makes of vehicle and are a diagnostic specialist. We also carry out repairs to air conditioning and have a four wheel alignment system.
Wheel Alignment & Suspension
We're fully equipment to setup front & rear alignment and suspension on cars with this option.
Block Exemption Servicing
Save money and keep you car under warranty - we fit only genuine parts and our attention to detail in unsurpassed.
Free Collection & Delivery
Let us come to collect your car and return it to you.
"Always been very happy with the work carried out on our vehicles. The staff are friendly and professional. It’s nice to have a garage that we know we can trust."
"Our family have been customers of Kemsing Motor Company since Chris started in the village. We have always been very pleased with the professional and friendly way that we have been treated and regularly recommend Kemsing Motor Company to our friends."
"We have been customers of Chris for approximately 20 years. We followed him from his previous garage. Once you have a garage you know and trust it is worth traveling a little bit further to keep this relationship."