Western Solid Pine Decorative Wagon Wheel - 18" Diameter
Free shipping on 2, or more.
A great decorative wagon wheel; perfect for creating your own wagon wheel chandelier, pot hanger, or just to mount on wall. Center hub ships unattached (you can glue or screw it on if desired (screws not provided). Solid pine construction with a walnut finish. There are 3 holes drilled so as to accommodate chains or to screw into a wall.
18" Diameter x 1" Thick
Cannot ship to Alaska, Hawaii, or internationally without e-mailing for a quote.


Since its foundation in 1989, Chrisal has focused on the development and production of powerful cleaners and degreasers for the automotive industry, with maximum respect for people and the environment. Over the past years we have been able to count a number of distinguished organizations among our customers, for cleaning trains, planes and vehicles. Given that the potential industrial applications are very diverse, it is always advisable to have a Chrisal representative contact you. During an on-site visit, the best possible product can be chosen.
|ACCP||Aircraft cleaning||ACC_10180 EN|
|ACSG||Aircraft cleaning||ACS_10240 EN|
|ACI DG||Aircraft cleaning||ACI_12000 EN|
|Alkaline Rim cleaner||Car cleaners||VEL_20080 EN|
|Carwash Pro50||Car cleaners||CAR_11950 EN|
|Economic||Universal cleaners and degreasers||ECO_10280 EN|
|PIP Allergy Free||Probiotic fabric spray||PIP_36070 EN|
|PIP Carpet cleaner||Probiotic cleaner||PIP_60130 EN|
|Shampoo & Wax||Car cleaners||S&W_33640 EN|
|Super CMF-240||Industrial degreaser||SUP_10000 EN|
If you are interested in using our range of probiotic products in your company, please contact our sales team.


MEC's legendary quality and reliability saves you time and money. To learn more about our reloading supplies and other machines click on the Shotshell Reloader or Clay Target Machine links.
Visit our owner’s manual download area to obtain detailed instructions on how to safely operate your MEC Shotshell Reloader and MEC Clay Target Machine.
Having difficulties with your MEC reloading equipment or MEC Clay Target Machine? Visit our troubleshooting pages to find a solution. This online resource is available 24-7.
Locate your nearest MEC dealer to purchase our world famous Shotshell Reloaders, Clay Target Machines and to get parts or service.
We’re looking for more partners to promote and sell our high quality products. Interested in becoming a MEC dealer? Click on a link below and e-mail us your company information.
MEC proudly supports the shooting sports and the leading organizations in our industry.


We currently have a vacancy for a Design Draughtsperson based at Devizes. This position will require the successful candidate to be capable of producing a variety of drawings using AutoCAD 2D and Inventor 3D. There will also be a requirement to use Advance Steel, though training will be given if and when required.
The role currently involves all aspects of drawing preparation for the Projects Division within T H WHITE Ltd, including good quality general arrangement and assembly drawings for tendering, design and installation; detail drawings for manufacture; process flow diagrams; specification drawings; planning permission drawings and “as built” drawings as required.
Other associated documents such as Lot Lists and drawing issue sheets are prepared using Microsoft Excel and Word.
Applicants should be familiar with structural steelwork and be able to work unaided to draw up concepts for supporting machines, and providing access around them. Familiarity with the British Standards relating to machinery access will be a big help, though not necessarily a requirement for the right candidate. However, being able to prepare manufacturing details of structural steelwork and items made from steel plate is a requirement.
From time to time there will be a need for the draughtsperson to visit customers’ sites to take measurements of existing equipment and civils.
This role will be salaried with the requirement to work extended hours during busy periods.
If you are interested please apply in writing to Craig Gillespie.
An application form is available to download here.
Contact: Craig Gillespie
Tel: 01380 735928 ext 208
Address: T H WHITE Installation Limited, Nursteed Road, Devizes, Wiltshire SN10 3EA


Below is one of our free research papers on Managements. If the term paper below is not exactly what you're looking for, you can search our essay database for other topics.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2006)
This article is about the founder of Porsche automobiles. For his grandson, the designer of the Porsche 911, see Ferdinand Alexander Porsche.
Born 3 September 1875
Maffersdorf, Bohemia, Austro-Hungarian Empire
Died 30 January 1951 (aged 75)
Stuttgart, West Germany
Nationality Austro-Hungarian, Austrian, German
Children Ferry Porsche and Louisa Porsche
Significant projects Mercedes-Benz SS/SSK, Tiger I, Tiger II, the Elefant, and the Volkswagen Beetle
Significant awards German National Prize for Art and Science
Ferdinand Porsche (3 September 1875 – 30 January 1951) was an Austrian-German automotive engineer and honorary Doctor of Engineering. He is best known for creating the first hybrid vehicle (gasoline-electric), the Volkswagen Beetle, and the Mercedes-Benz SS/SSK, as well as the first of many Porsche automobiles. Porsche designed the 1923 Benz Tropfenwagen, which was the first race car with mid-engine, rear-wheel drive layout.
Known in business circles as the "great engineer", he made a number of contributions to advanced German tank designs: Tiger I, Tiger II, and the Elefant as well as the super-heavy Panzer VIII Maus tank, which was never put into production. He also made contributions in aircraft design, ...


Our Operation and Maintenance Agreement Template in MS Word format is designed specifically for service providers and clients who wish to enter into an agreement for the operation and maintenance of equipment, machinery or facilities. This template can provide you with a starting point for your negotiations and ensure that your agreement is comprehensive and legally sound.
This template includes all the essential sections and clauses required for an Operation and Maintenance Agreement, such as the scope of services, payment terms, representations and warranties, and dispute resolution. Additionally, it includes provisions tailored specifically to the operation and maintenance of equipment, machinery or facilities, such as provisions related to maintenance and repairs, emergency services, and termination.
By using our Operation and Maintenance Agreement Template, you can save time and money, reduce legal costs, and ensure a successful transaction. Download it for free today and customize it to fit your unique situation. Whether you're a service provider or a client, this template can provide peace of mind and ensure that your agreement is legally sound.


INCLUDED WITH EVERY SERVICE!
For friendly car service from a trusted independent mechanic, you can rely on the team at Marshall Automotive.
Marshall Automotive is one of Frankston’s long standing vehicle service and repair centres, a family run business operating for over 20 years. We have the track record to ensure your investment in your automobile is maintained and your driving quality remains uninterrupted.
Gary has been in the industry for just under 40 years, and in that time has seen many changes in the technology of motor cars. Our mechanics are all members of the Repco Auto Tech training program, and Automate online training program – with ongoing training and testing. All of our mechanics are kept fully up to date with the most modern vehicle repair methods.
By avoiding the costly overheads of a dealership, we are able to provide you, the customer, with the quality service using the latest diagnostic technology, highly trained technicians, and above all, value for money.
With Wendy and Sharyn at front of house and also having a female mechanic on the team, we are women friendly and take great care not to “speak mechanic” at you, but rather explain things in a way that anyone can understand.
Our technicians specialise in all things automotive.
They will assist you with all of your vehicle’s needs. Not only are our team fully qualified, but they are also members of the Repco Auto Tech Training program, and Automate on-line training program-with ongoing training and testing.
Gary is our most experienced mechanic with just under 40 years in the industry. In that time he has seen huge changes in the technology used and clearly understands the importance of staff training.
Carly, our female mechanic started with Marshalls way back in 2005. Carly is a welcome addition for our lady customers, who sometimes just need another ‘girl’ to bounce questions off.
Walter has been in the trade for 33 years. He is constantly updating his skills to keep ahead of the fast moving pace of automotive advances and technology. Walter is a perfectionist who strives to bring the best quality workmanship to every car he works on.
Wendy is the glue that holds the admin side of the business together. With 20 years in the business, she has a broad understanding of most things mechanical, making her the perfect choice for front of house.
Sharyn is our lovely, genteel, office lady, that mothers us all. With her beautiful manner and calming influence, she is well loved by both staff and customers alike.
We are 100% committed to your safety, so rest assured, at Marshall Automotive your car is in good hands.


When it comes to buying skis, bigger is not always better.
source: Seneca Boards
By "bigger", we mean mass-produced – as in the kind of ski that dominates about 95% of the ski industry, and 100% of what you see stocked in your local ski shop. They're the skis that make it through hundreds of hours of engineering and crafting, testing and demo-turning to evolve into the best product on the market for mass amounts of skiers. And don't get us wrong: they're usually pretty great skis. The thing is, about ten years ago a new kind of ski climbed the ranks of the ski market: the custom ski. Born out of dissatisfaction with performance, demand for big mountain durability, and longing for personalized design, skiing enthusiasts with a knack for engineering started experimenting with building their own skis. These companies usually started as experiments out of college house garages, and with perseverance and commitment to great products, grew into highly successful businesses dedicated to making enthusiastic skiers the skis of their dreams.
There are some setbacks. One of them is cost. In general, you can expect a pair of custom skis to cash in at double the price of a mass produced pair. The upside is that the custom pair is built to last longer. Another setback is time – while it's possible to demo a pair of mass produced skis in the morning and walk out of the shop with a brand new pair of your own in the afternoon, custom skis take time. Expect to wait a matter of weeks – and sometimes months, if they're backed up – between the time of starting the design/order process to clicking in. But if you've got the time – and the investment – there's no reason you shouldn't be looking into your very own pair of custom skis. Here are five stellar reasons to buy custom skis:
1. Improved Skiing Experience
This is the big one. An improved skiing experience was the reason that companies like Igneous in Jackson Hole got into the custom ski biz. The Tetons are notorious for wrecking skis of hard charging big mountain skiers: founder Mike Parris set out in the early 1990s on a mission to develop a high quality, creative product that could carry the most serious skiers through multiple seasons. One of the first custom ski companies, Igneous set the bar for highly personalized design that caters to an individual skier's height, weight, ability, skiing style, and terrain interests. When a ski is crafted so specifically, the result is a stable, playful, intuitive connection to the slopes. Backcountry skiers can request lightweight materials, big mountain experts specialized sidewalls, and speed junkies oversized edges for maximum stability. Master craftsman will help with design, but you've got the final say in your unique product. In the end, better skis make a better skier: that's what you can expect out of custom skis.
2. Personal Flair
Have you ever chosen a pair of skis because they look cool? No? Well, plenty of us skiers have. When I was about 10 I remember feeling extremely disappointed that the Salomons I wanted that season – the ones with fire graphics on the top sheets – were out of stock. I had chosen them solely based on the cool graphics. My ski selection has matured since then, but I'd be lying if I said the graphics on a ski didn't matter to me – and I'm betting that goes for a lot of skiers. When buying custom skis, part of the process is choosing what they actually look like. Companies like Folsom in Denver take their top sheet art seriously, employing local artists to craft custom designs for their retail products. If you have your own ideas for something uniquely "you," designers welcome submission of your own graphics. You can also team up with an artist to craft something together. With custom builds, you don't have to choose between high quality product and personalized expression: the skis are entirely you.
3. Small Business Support
Supporting small businesses is not only cool – it's practical. Because of the nature of custom ski businesses, opting to purchase your pair through them directly supports the owners, artists, and community in which they all live. Custom ski companies are small operations that support the businesses in which they live by skiing and riding local resorts to test their products, employing local designers, and purchasing materials from local businesses. Companies like Praxis in North Lake Tahoe keep everything in-house: skis are designed and constructed 100% in the Incline Village warehouse, and tested on local ski hills. When you buy custom, your support stays community oriented.
4. Eco-Conscious Practices
There's a dark side to the ski industry, and that's environmental impact. In the past five years, major resorts have taken steps to decrease ecological footprints with sustainable practices – and some custom ski companies have also taken notice. Seneca, which runs out of Bozeman, prides itself on its "farm-to foot" practices, which includes using FCS certified maple and poplar woods to support sustainable harvesting and use less plastic in the skis' cores. This construction design, which is demonstrative of many custom ski companies, cuts down on plastic and therefore waste when old skis are dumped into landfills. Custom skis are also designed to last years longer than mass produced brands.
5. Commitment to Quality
Skiers love to geek out on their gear, and custom ski engineers take that to the next level. Pete Wagner, founder of Wagner Custom in Telluride, developed his signature Skier DNA Design process to craft custom skis with painstakingly serious precision. His goal was to create a "computer-assisted design and manufacturing package that could optimize shape and flex parameters for any specific skier." Today, Wagner backs its promise to quality with a money-back guarantee if a skier is not 100% satisfied with their product. In 2013, Wagner cranked out 1,000 pairs of custom skis, and were asked to rebuild 3. When you buy custom skis, you can expect a personalized, respectful exchange throughout the entire process – a commitment to quality service and quality product.


We have all skilled moments where a table or chair leg is loose and shaky, there is a dripping pipe or furniture has to be taken apart in preparation for a house relocation.
We attempt to use our fingers but only wind up with aching fingers, as the old adage goes: you should use the right tool for the job. In these cases the ideal tool is a spanner, but what do you do when you don’t have a spanner?
Don’t stress, we have collected a list of common household objects you can use instead of a spanner.
What is a Spanner Used for?
Spanners are available in numerous types and sizes for a variety of various tasks and are a vital part of any tool kit. Used to loosen or tighten up nuts, bolts, pipes and pipes fittings they show their effectiveness sometimes over.
What to Use if You Don’t Have a Spanner
Duct tape works in nearly any scenario but you might be surprised to find out that you can use it to loosen up bolts. First tear off a section approximately 12 inches in length, after this tear it down the middle so you are left with two 12 inch strips.
Make a strong tape strip by sticking one strip to the back (the non-sticky side), next wrap part of the strip around the nut leaving a ‘tail’ 6-8 inches long and press securely to guarantee it has abided by the metal nut. Pull the duct tape tail in the instructions required to loosen up the nut to easily remove it.
Who would think that cash can be used as a makeshift tool? Take two big coins (2 cent coins work perfectly for this) and place them on either side of the nut. Grip the coins in between the knuckles of your index and middle fingers for additional grip and twist in the direction required to loosen up the nut.
These fantastic little tool kit devices aren’t simply utilised to clean cables and attach hubcaps, they can likewise be utilised in place of a spanner.
Place the zip-tie around the nut as securely as possible and utilising the tail of the zip-tie pull in the instructions needed to loosen or tighten the nut.
Another nut and bolt
If you don’t have any of the formerly mentioned objects but have lots of nuts and bolts lying around, you can still create a makeshift spanner with 2 nuts and 2 bolts.
First, attach one of the nuts to among the bolts and place it on top of the nut you want to loosen up or tighten (so that the thread of the bolt is on top of the nut). Adjust up until the nut is grasped tightly between the head of the bolt and the nut.
Now take the 2nd nut and connect it so that you can connect the two bolts, make certain that whatever is connected tightly and turn your production in the instructions needed.
There we have it, four options you can utilize to loosen up or tighten up nuts without a spanner. With this guide, there are no more reasons for why you have not done any of the jobs you stated couldn’t be done yet due to the fact that you do not have the tools!
Naturally, it is constantly much better to have a tool kit with the basic tools required for basic DIY however with these quick fixes, you won’t be caught in a pinch again.
Post Sponsored by ‘Emergency Glazier Stoke‘.


Compared to STEP® flat heating elements, electric cables need 2.5 times more power and water tubing (1/2″) need 2.08 times more power to heat the same floor surface area.
Radiant Floor Heating with a Flat Heater is more Efficient
According to a recent study STEP Warmfloor® was measured to be significantly more efficient than other heating systems. Francesco Schiavone, PhD, (PhD, BEng (Mech) – University of Florence, Italy, Senior Research Associate – Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia) compared the heat transmission from STEP Warmfloor® self‐regulating heating element with electric cable systems and water tubing systems.
His key findings was:
- To give the same heat output, an Electric Cable system would require 2.5 times more wattage
- To give the same heat output, a water tubing system (Hydronic) would require 2.08 times more wattage
How is this possible? “Watts are watts and give the same heat output.”
There is no discussion that an equal amount of wattage will generate the same energy output. So how can Francesco Schiavone claim that STEP Warmfloor® flat heating elements require less wattage to heat a floor? Is it to fantastic too be true?
Let us take an example from the kitchen that most people are familiar with; You want to boil 10 cups of water in a large pot using 1000 watts.
First you place the pot (A) on a large cooking plate, which has the same diameter as the pot. Then you place an identical pot (B), but on a smaller cooking plate. In which pot will the water boil faster?
As most of us have experienced, the stock pot (A) on the larger cooking plate will have the fastest boiling water with the same amount of energy.
It is all about distribution and transmission of heat. If you compare the surface area of a cable or water tubing with STEP Warmfloor®’s flat heating element it is similar to the different sizes of cooking plates. While cables and tubing only cover a fraction of the floor, an installation of STEP Warmfloor® flat heating element will cover more than 60% of the surface.
The challenge lies in changing the thought process from an efficient component to an efficient system. To have an efficient heating system, it is not sufficient that the heating product is good, it is as important that the heat distribution is designed properly.
For efficiency, it will also be necessary to take into consideration the location and type of construction, including thermal insulation and floor covering installed.
When Francesco Schiavone made his calculations he based it on Newton’s law. According to Newton’s law, the rate of heat transfer to the surrounding air is proportional to the floor exposed area and to the difference between the floor temperature and the air temperature.
Watt is still Watt, but when it comes to radiant heating of a house STEP Warmfloor™ is more efficient than cables and water tubing.


Worksmith 6pc Screwdriver Set with Tool Roll
The Worksmith 6pc screwdriver set contains 3x Phillips head sizes, and 3x flathead sizes to help you tackle a wide range of projects. This set is available without the canvas tool roll for those who already have a place to store their tools.
- #0,#1, and #2 Phillips Head screwdrivers
- 1/8″, 3/16″, and 1/4″ Slotted (flathead) screwdrivers
- Black oxide steel coating
- Canvas tool roll (grey waxed)
- Neighbor supply logo and design
- Made in USA
- 8650 Chromium-Vanadium steel alloy, black oxide coated blades forged in Connecticut
- Birch hardwood handle sourced and hand-turned in Maine
- Screwdrivers assembled in Michigan
- Canvas tool roll manufactured in Colorado
- Overall design, logo and final packaging in Colorado
*Our products are unique due to the materials used and the finish applied. Product finish and look may vary from the images shown here.
Grace USA and Winter Session.
Tools for life. Build things that will last for generations.
1 in stock


Naval vessels are an important investment for the Department of National Defence (DND) and the Canadian Forces (CF). Civilians have an important role to play in the repair, modification and refitting of these vessels and their equipment. Employees responsible for ship repair perform various tasks including the installation, testing, inspection, maintenance, repair, modification, quality control and sea trials of mechanical equipment, weapons, missiles and torpedoes as well as the propulsion systems of vessels.
Opportunities to go to sea to work on systems and to volunteer as a member of a mobile repair party contribute to the exciting and rewarding nature of a ship repair career with DND
Here are some of the Ship Repair trades positions available with DND:


V-Staar Engineering Services has been serving the needs of industry for over a decade. We have positioned ourself as a reliable vendor for Bulk Material Handling Systems Design outsourcing services, CAD conversion and drafting services for engineers and Industrial designers worldwide, and are committed to offer highest level of engineering services through the use of our skills and expertise, providing a comprehensive range of designing and drafting services to customers for a range of applications.
We have built an enviable reputation as a leading engineering consultancy in Chennai, offering a professional and cost effective range of Conveyor design and drafting services. Our team of design engineers share thousands of years of engineering experience between them, ensuring they have the knowledge to provide a quality solution to your engineering design resource issues. We predominantly offer high quality mechanical design engineering solutions for any type of material handling system and super structure product or components design requirement you may have . We have an excellent reputation of service to our customers and look forward to working with you.


Electric v Water Underfloor Heating
Understand the reasons why your home might be better suited to an electric
or water underfloor heating system
When it comes to creating a comfortable and efficient heating system for your home, underfloor heating is the perfect choice. Among the various types available, water-based and electric underfloor heating systems stand out as two distinct options, each with its own set of advantages and considerations. It can be difficult to identify which system is best for your home, so we have curated this simple guide to help you decide.
1. Installation and Complexity:
Water Underfloor Heating: Water-based systems involve the installation of pipes beneath the floor, through which warm water is circulated. This type of underfloor heating is typically more complex to install, often requiring professional assistance and careful integration with the existing heating system. Water underfloor heating systems often require drawings created from the buildings architectural drawings. With the pipes secured to the floor through several techniques dependent on the flooring and underfloor heating manufacturer.
Electric Underfloor Heating: Electric systems, on the other hand, consist of electric cables or mats installed beneath the floor surface. They are generally simpler and quicker to install, making them a more accessible option for DIY enthusiasts.
2. When to Choose Water Underfloor Heating:
New Builds or Renovations: Water underfloor heating is often recommended for new builds or major renovations, where the installation process can be seamlessly integrated into the construction plans for the overall building.
Whole House Heating: For larger spaces or entire houses, water underfloor heating is a preferred choice due to its ability to distribute heat more evenly. The system can be connected to a central boiler, allowing for efficient heating throughout the entire property.
Integration with Existing Heating Systems: If you already have a hydronic heating system in place, extending it to include water underfloor heating makes sense. This integration can improve energy efficiency and reduce overall heating costs.
Lower Operating Costs in the Long Run: While the initial installation cost may be higher, water underfloor heating systems can offer lower operating costs over time, especially when paired with energy-efficient boilers.
3. When to Choose Electric Underfloor Heating:
Room-by-Room Heating: Electric underfloor heating is ideal for specific rooms or areas, such as bathrooms, kitchens, or home extensions. Its simplicity makes it well-suited for targeted heating solutions.
Retrofitting: If you're looking to add underfloor heating to an existing space without undergoing major renovations, electric systems are a more practical choice. The installation process is less invasive, making it suitable for retrofitting. Electric underfloor heating often has a much lower profile than water underfloor heating, so does not increase height of the floor dramatically.
Installation Time: Electric underfloor heating can be installed rapidly. Small areas such as bathrooms could have underfloor heating installed in just a day.
Individual Temperature Control: Electric underfloor heating allows for more precise temperature control on a room-by-room basis. This is advantageous when different areas of the house have varying heating requirements.
Quick Warm-Up Time: Electric systems heat up quickly, providing almost instant warmth. This feature is beneficial for spaces where on-demand heating is desired.
4. Considerations for Both Types:
Flooring Types: Both water and electric systems are compatible with a variety of flooring types, but it's essential to consider the specific requirements and limitations for each. For example, certain electric systems may be better suited for use under tile or stone floors, you can find out more about this in our Information Hub.
Energy Efficiency: Both systems can be energy-efficient, but the overall efficiency depends on factors such as insulation, the type of flooring, and the heating demands of the space. Proper insulation is crucial to maximize the efficiency of either system. For large rooms, water underfloor heating will generally yield higher efficiency.
Cost Considerations: While electric underfloor heating systems may have lower upfront costs, water systems can offer long-term savings in terms of operational expenses. Consider your budget and long-term heating needs when making a decision.
The choice between water and electric underfloor heating ultimately depends on your specific requirements, budget, and the nature of the project. Water systems are well-suited for larger spaces and new builds, offering efficient whole-house heating. Electric systems, on the other hand, are more versatile and cost-effective for targeted heating solutions and retrofitting. Before making a decision, feel free to contact us at firstname.lastname@example.org and we can discuss your options further.
If you have decided what type of system you need, we stock a wide range of electric and water underfloor heating that can be found here.
Above is an example of an installation plan completed by our experts here at Reid Heating Supplies. To obtain your very own solution, along with all the supplies for installation, hit the button below.


We are Ireland's' leading provider of iPad/Tablet - Wall Mounts and Floor & Counter Stands. If you need an iPad/Tablet stand for an exhibition, show, meeting, conference or important presentation then we can guarantee delivery anywhere in Ireland within 48hrs, direct to your office or home. We are not only the largest supplier of iPad/Tablet stands in Ireland but also we offer many different designs and options.
With such a wide range of stands available and so many different specifications our team can advise you of the best choice of stand for your needs. Being able to use your iPad/Tablet at work for displaying company products and information or if you just want to watch movies, read a book, or browse the web at home, but doing so for prolonged periods of time can be uncomfortable and in fact, more recent proved to be unhealthy. We solved this issue using elegant industrial design and thoughtful engineering.
Our iPad/Tablet Stands are precision-machined metal floor stand that “floats” your iPad/Tablet. All our Stands are manufactured in Ireland to the highest standards and manufactured to the ISO9002 standard. Stylish with sleek lines and custom colour (black or chrome) options to suit any environment Compact offering big impact in a small package, particularly compared to a traditional PC or Mac Reliable top quality construction and design ensure foolproof operation and longevity of use Secure the content on your iPad is accessible but your iPad is protected from tampering or theft Safe secures with bolts and all cabling is fully enclosed in the stand to eliminate trip hazards Powered up a USB power cable hidden in the base allows unlimited plug and play Portable easy to set-up, pack-down and transport Components include cast aluminium stable base, powder-coat plates, metal stand pole and iPad/Tablet cradle holder. Security We also have a specific line of secure iPad stands for retail or similar environments.


What do the different “Weight Rating” abbreviations mean?
The Recreational Vehicle Industry Association (RVIA) has adopted the following definitions:
- GVWR (Gross Vehicle Weight Rating) means the maximum weight limit of the unit. The GVWR is equal to or greater than the sum of the Unloaded Vehicle Weight plus the Net Carrying Capacity.
- UVW (Unloaded Vehicle Weight) is the weight of the unit as built at the factory. This includes full fuel tanks, full generator fuel tanks, engine oil and coolants (if applicable). The UVW does NOT include cargo, fresh water, LP gas or dealer-installed accessories.
- NCC (Net Carrying Capacity) is the maximum weight of all personal belongings food, fresh water, LP gas, tools, dealer-installed accessories and other items that can be carried by the unit.
- GCWR (Gross Combined Weight Rating) is the value specified as the maximum allowable loaded weight of a tow vehicle and a towed trailer or towed vehicle.


Job title Research Associate ACUHRA
Department Mechanical Engineering
Salary Starting from £33,797, rising to £40,322 per annum
Grade Grade 7
Placed on Tuesday 12 May 2020
pk10登陆平台 Closing date Tuesday 26 May 2020
Interview date To be confirmed
pk10登陆平台 The University of Bath wishes to appoint a Postdoctoral Research Associate to work on a Clean Sky 2 funded project “ACURHA (Advanced Cavities Using High Resolution Additive)”。 The project is being run by the Department of Mechanical Engineering’s Turbomachinery Research Centre and is in collaboration with the University of Nottingham and GE Avio。 The aim of the project is to design novel cavity architectures, which can provide swirl control to minimise loss using designs made possible through the use of additive manufacturing。
We would like to appoint an experimental research engineer to make measurements of fluid mechanics in a rotating cavity experimental rig. The researcher will contribute to the calibration of measuring devices, make measurements of the flow in a parametric study over a range of conditions varying the relevant non-dimensional governing variables, and contribute to the interpretation of the experimental results to support the development of the computations at the University of Nottingham.
Applicants should possess a first degree in an Engineering or Engineering- related subject and ideally a PhD with appropriate content, and have proven experience of making detailed measurements using pitot-static tubes, hot-wire anemometers and thermocouples. Candidates should be self-motivated and possess project management and technical communication skills.
Please include a covering letter, detailed CV and an abstract of your PhD thesis with your application.
This post is full time and is being offered on a fixed term contract basis, with an expected end date of 01/07/2022.
For more details please contact Prof Gary Lock (G.D.Lock@bath.ac.uk).
We value, promote and celebrate inclusion, challenging discrimination and putting equality, diversity and belonging at the heart of everything we do. We aim to be an inclusive university, where difference is celebrated, respected and encouraged. We truly believe that diversity of experience, perspectives, and backgrounds will lead to a better environment for our employees and students, so we encourage applications from all genders, backgrounds, and communities, particularly from under-represented groups such as Black and Minority Ethnic (BAME) and disabled people, and value the positive impact that will have on our teams.


Green Energy 4U was establised in 2002.
The company was started by the current Director, Patrick Flynn.
Green Energy 4U was one of the first N. Ireland companies to become certified under the UK Microgeneration Certification Scheme.
The business diversified from a farming and farm contracting background. The farm is still a going concern, although these days 'wind farming' provides much of the income, as Patrick has installed a number of turbines along the valley outside Castlewellan.
In addition to the Project Managers and Wind Turbine Engineers at Green Energy 4U, Patrick can also utilise the knowledge and expertise of a number of mechanical and electrical engineers within his family.
Green Energy 4U has a large complex outside Castlewellan Co. Down. The complex consists of offices, fabrication space, workshop and store.
Patrick is also a Director of Green Energy Technology Ltd., a Co. Armagh company specialising in Renewable Heating and Solar Photovoltaics. http://www.get-renewables.com


Products & Performance
Finally an All Weather System that will meet and exceed all your dry and wet reading requirements! VISI-ULTRA™ will stand the test of time! VISI-ULTRA™ will work on all road surfaces. It applies like any large bead system. Our advanced coating technology will match any binder system. We offer Technical Service support to engineer the correct system for you needs.
The VISI-ULTRA™ Glass Bead System
- 27 years of Potters' successful VISIBEAD® technology incorporated into VISI-ULTRA™ performance-based Markings.
- 1.9 technology for superior brightness combined with our VISIBEAD® size making VISI-ULTRA™ the brightest dry and wet system available.
- 100% solid bead with no outer layer beads to pop off. Get years of service life common to VISIBEAD® technology.
- Engineered Highway Products allow VISI-ULTRA™ to match your binder, road, climate or budget to ensure that you get the best system for your needs.
- Potters Industries is a trusted supplier of durable and environmentally progressive highway safety products.


We Are Underground Specialists.
Based out of the Bay Area and providing services for Northern California and the West Coast, Northern Directional Drilling, Inc. provides horizontal directional drilling services for all types of pipeline and conduit installations.
Clean. Green. Economical
Northern Directional Drilling specializes in Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD, Directional Boring, directional drilling). We are experts at installing underground pipelines and conduits from the surface along a prescribed bore path. The process is successfully used for installing telecommunications & power cable conduits, water lines, sewer lines, gas lines, oil lines, product pipelines and casings used for environmental remediation.


Watch and learn as we follow an order of timber bolts through the shop at Portland Bolt. See shearing, hot-forging, roll threading, and hot-dip galvanizing of these 3/4″ x 24″ timber bolts. See more videos on our channel at www.youtube.com/pdxbolt.
Hello, my name is Mike Monlux with Portland Bolt & Manufacturing Co.
I’m holding in my hand a 3/4″ x 24″ galvanized timber bolt. These are also referred to as economy bolts, dome-head bolts, or mushroom head bolts. The oversized, dome-shaped head on these bolts creates a large bearing surface eliminating the need for a malleable iron washer under the head. These bolts are commonly used in marine construction and the final destination for this particular bolt is Hydaburg, Alaska.
For this order, we made over 6,000 timber bolts in various lengths, in both 3/4″ and 5/8″ diameter. Portland Bolt manufactures timber bolts for marine projects throughout the country, and even overseas. And we perform all of the manufacturing processes, including hot-dip galvanizing, right here in our facility in Portland, Oregon. Right now we’ll take you through a step-by-step look at the various manufacturing processes involved in making these bolts.
The timber bolts for this order are manufactured from A36 mild steel material, which we receive in 20-foot lengths from a steel mill just down the road in McMinnville, Oregon. After the steel is taken off the racks, the first step in the manufacturing process is cutting the bars of steel to length. This is done by shearing the steel, a process which cuts the steel extremely efficiently, chopping the steel like a guillotine.
The next step in making timber bolts, is to hot-forge the head of the bolt. An induction heating coil heats the end of the round bar to approximately 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit. The timber bolt head is then forged onto the heated end of the bar. After the bolts are headed, they move on to threading.
There are two distinctly different ways that bolts can be threaded: cut threading and roll threading. These bolts will be roll threaded. Roll threading is an extrusion process in which steel round bar is forced between two dies to form the threaded portion of the bolt, instead of being removed as in cut threading. Roll threading is another very efficient operation, which results in a cost savings for the customer.
Now that the bolts have been made, the final step is to galvanize them in our hot-dip galvanizing tank. Before the bolts are dipped in zinc, however, they must be prepared so that the steel bonds properly with the zinc.
The pickling process involves submerging the bolts in caustic soda, rinsing them, and submerging them in sulfuric acid. These processes remove any scale and prepares the surface of the steel to accept the zinc. The bolts are then placed in our hot-dip galvanizing tank, which is filled with 840 degree molten zinc.
After the bolts are removed from the zinc, they are spun in a high-speed, centrifuge system to spin any excess zinc from the threads, so that they easily accept a nut. The bolts are then cooled in quench tanks, and inspected to ensure that the excess zinc has been properly spun out of the threads.
The bolts are then put in boxes, palletized, and marked clearly with the destination, contents, and any other relevant information. The order is then put on a truck, on the day we’ve promised to ship, and sent on its way, to its final destination.
For more information on timber bolts, or Portland Bolt in general, please visit www.portlandbolt.com


2023 Honda CRF110F -- SOLD -- (New)
Honda’s CRF110F is one of our smallest off-road motorcycles, but it’s a giant in terms of features. Especially for 2019, because we’ve given this great little machine some major improvements. But first, you need to see if it’s the right choice for your young Red Rider. In terms of seat height and weight, the CRF110F lives between our CRF125F and CRF50F. And like those two, it features a rugged air-cooled Honda single-cylinder engine that’s positively legendary when it comes to long life, reliability, and a user-friendly powerband. But check this out: The new CRF110F is now fuel injected—which means you can say goodbye to clogged up pilot jets after the bike’s sat out the winter. It also means easier starting and better running in cold weather or at high altitudes, and less pollution.


Yongshun Pump Manufacturing Co., Ltd. is a domestic water pump manufacturing company with advanced technology. The most complete pump specifications in China. At present, the main products include pipeline centrifugal pump, pipeline booster pump, pipeline circulating pump, hot water pipeline pump, stainless steel pipeline pump, explosion-proof pipeline pump, multi-stage centrifugal pump, self-priming pump, self-priming sewage pump, stainless steel self-priming pump, explosion-proof self-priming pump, pipeline sewage pump, submersible sewage pump, underwater sewage pump, pneumatic diaphragm pump, electric diaphragm pump, fire pump, fire pressure stabilizing pump Fire sprinkler pump, multistage fire pump, screw pump, slurry pump, magnetic pump, water pump control cabinet, complete set of fire water supply equipment, high-rise domestic water supply equipment, etc. The company's series of products have been widely used in petroleum, chemical industry, electric power, food, medicine, papermaking, metallurgy, energy, buildings, municipal engineering, sewage treatment, environmental protection, water supply and drainage and other fields. Some products have been used in national key projects. The company also develops and designs products with special requirements according to user needs, and provides users with technical consultation and solves relevant problems.
"Scientific research and innovation" is the development road of the enterprise, "quality first and reputation first" is the foundation of the life of the enterprise“ "Yongshun" brings you quality assurance with leading technology and management, repay the love of the majority of users with good reputation and sincere service, and sincerely hope to cooperate with the majority of users to create brilliance.


Alloy Steel P9 Seamless Pipe, Alloy Steel UNS S50400 Pipes, Alloy Steel 1.7386 Seamless Pipes, ASTM A335 Grade P9 Seamless Pipes, ASTM A335 Grade P9 Alloy Steel Seamless Pipes, Alloy Steel P9 Pipes, Alloy Steel X11CrMo5 Pipe, ASME SA335 Alloy Steel P9 Pipe Supplier in Mumbai India.
Chiranjiv Steel has become a representative of modern manufacturing. We are known for our expertise, knowledge and skills of manufacturing various products which include pipes, sheets, plates, tubes, bars, etc. Our experience and courage allow us to innovate, design and make new products and finding out new methods and processes. Alloy Steel Pipes have considerable applications in many fields. We manufacture the best quality of Alloy Steel Pipes using all grades and in all sizes, shapes, dimensions and specifications as per national and international standards. Our products share huge market space across the world.
Chiranjiv Steel is manufacturer, supply and export Alloy Steel Seamless as well as Welded Pipes on a large scale. ASTM A335 Alloy Steel P9 Seamless Pipes is one of the highest selling products from our production house. Alloy Steel P9 Seamless Pipes are manufactured from general-purpose stainless steels which have excellent resistance against many organic and inorganic chemicals and foods. These Pipes offers high machinability, longer tool life, improved part finishing and quality, and lower total cost of machined parts. These Alloy Steel P9 Seamless Pipes are highly resistant to concentrated solutions of oxidizing salts, including iron and copper chloride. Alloy Steel Seamless P9 material composition includes elements like carbon, manganese, sulphur and phosphorus, silicon, chromium and molybdenum. Because of chromium and molybdenum, these pipes are also called as Chrome- Moly pipes. Molybdenum allows Alloy Steel P9 Seamless Pipe to resist wear, and sway characteristics. It also improves hardenability. Molybdenum is the best single added substance which amends high temperature creep quality of this Pipe. These pipes can operate in very high-temperature condition applications.
These Chrome-Moly Pipes are suitable for fusion welding, flanging, bending, and similar forming operations in various industrial applications. A pipe may go through either hot finishing or cold drawing with the finishing heat treatment like full or isothermal Annealing, Normalizing and Tempering.
Thermal conductivity, tensile strength and yield strength of Alloy Steel P9 Seamless Pipe vary as per temperature conditions, and it is calculated in terms of W/m-K for thermal conductivity and MPa for tensile and yield strength.
Alloy Steel P9 Seamless Pipe Stockists, ASME SA 335 Chrome Moly P9 Pipes, Grade P9 Alloy Steel Seamless Pipe, Chromoly P9 Pipes, ASTM A335 P9 High Pressure Boiler Pipes, CrMo Gr P9 Seamless Pipe Exporter, CrMo P9 Seamless Pipes Manufacturer in India.
Alloy Steel P9 Seamless Pipe manufactured at Chiranjiv Steel has many characteristics such as high strength, very well resistant to high mechanical stresses, high pressure, high temperature, good formability, durability and it is also reusable. Alloy Steel P9 Seamless Pipe from Chiranjiv Steel found its application in various fields according to its different forms and types. We manufacture these Pipes in different shapes like square, rectangular, hexagonal, round, oval, half-round, and so on. Each has various uses in user industries of steam boiler, boiler parts, boiler drum, pressure vessels, etc. Basically, wherever Pipe has to deal with high temperature and high pressure. Other than this, Alloy Steel P9 Seamless Pipe is specifically prescribed to use in an assortment of plants and procedures across the world including refineries, Petro-substance plants, hydrocrackers, high and very high-temperature lines, warm lines, oil field administrations, and so on.
Chiranjiv Steel is extremely capable of carrying out bulk production of various products as we have well-set manufacturing unit equipped with highly automated, modern and upgraded machinery. Our extraordinary, highly skilled workforce with their years of experience produce Alloy Steel P9 Seamless Pipes with high accuracy and precision with the help of those machinery. All these processes are carried out under the supervision of our talented and knowledgeable team of engineers and field experts. Their ability to innovate, design and produce is commendable. They have simplified many methods which result in less cycle time for processes. They gained us a lot of appreciation by producing customized products as per the requirements of our customers. We have employed various quality tests throughout the production process so that the product getting manufactured should be of the best quality. The raw material we use is sourced from reputed and trusted vendors of the market. Our quality control team make sure that the product leaving production unit is of high quality having the high operational ability and bright surface finish along with the great aesthetic appeal. At Chiranjiv Steel, we make sure that each length of Alloy Steel P9 Seamless Pipe shall be subjected to the hydrostatic test and examined by a non-destructive testing method with other required practices.
Chiranjiv Steel are supplying high-quality Alloy Steel P9 Seamless Pipes to our customers in India and across the globe. We are known for timely deliveries. We take guarantee of safety of every product during delivery, and to ensure that we use proper packaging methods and convenient mode of transport. For overseas delivery, we use techniques that will keep products safe from rusting and other dangerous changes. We also do customized packaging on the demand of our customer. All the packages will be printed with details like quantity, grade, lot no., specifications, etc. and will be designed with ease of handling keeping in mind. In addition to this, all the documents specifying use, storage methods, instructions, etc. will be provided with the consignment.
Chiranjiv Steel offers a vast array of products at reasonable rates with the commitment of best services and assistance regarding our products. Our customers can trust us in emergencies like an unexpected sudden failure of the product, power failure, machine breakdown, an insufficient supply of goods and accidents as we also are one of the most significant stockholders of Alloy Steel P9 Seamless Pipes and all other product. We can deal with any situation. We have gained client's appreciation across the world due to our ethical business practices, secure payment options, transparency in dealings and focussed attitude towards customer satisfaction. Chiranjiv Steel assure you that, developing long-lasting relations with our customers through high-quality products, better services and dealings is our topmost priority. We want to grow as a trusted and reputed manufacturer and aim to become the most preferred producer of Alloy Steel P9 Seamless Pipes and all other products in the entire Indian subcontinent. We welcome suggestion, opinion and feedback from our customers as we believe that it will help us in meeting customer satisfaction.
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For blending smoothies, cocktails, soups, sauces, and more, this powerful, heavy-duty blender is built for years of use. Illuminated control panel has three pre-programmed buttons for Green Smoothie, Auto Pulse Ice Crush and Smoothie, five speed buttons - Mix, Chop, Blend, Puree and Liquify, an On/Off button, and Auto Clean button. High torque motor is quiet and efficient. Surgical grade stainless steel blades stay sharp longer. LED display counts up on speed settings and down on pre-programmed settings for complete control when blending. Breville Assist™ Lid with unique ring pull design ensures lid is easy to remove yet sealed tight during use.


Turbine Transfers Limited is a wholly owned subsidiary of Holyhead Towing Company Limited.
We operate a fleet of 37 modern dedicated Crew Transfer Vessels in support of the Offshore Wind Farm and Oil Industries with proven experience on a large number of wind farm sites around the UK and in Northern Europe, as well as oil exploration fields in Trinidad.
We have worked for almost all of the major businesses within the Offshore Wind Industry, including owners and operators, cable installation companies, turbine manufacturing companies, dive support and other suppliers.
Our vessels are designed for maximum safety, efficiency and comfort, and our highly trained crews are backed up by an experienced and professional support and management team, which itself draws on the worldwide experience gained by parent company Holyhead Towing Limited.
Customers include Siemens, RWE NPower, E.ON, Van Oord, Dong Energy, EnBW, Boskalis, Trinity Exploration, RES and Drace Infraestructuras.
Offshore Wind Farm Projects to date include; Westermost Rough, Westermeerwind, London Array, Butendiek, Gwynt y Mor, Robin Rigg, Borkum Riffgrund, Walney 1, Baltic 1, Belwind, Greater Gabbard, Rhyl Flats, Gunfleet Sands, Rodsand, North Hoyle, Arklow Bank, Thanet, Kentish Flats, Ormonde, Bard, Lynn & Inner Dowsing, Lincs and others.


At Edupstairs, our mission is to prepare our learners in disadvantaged communities for a lifetime of interest in science and technology. We use Kidspark Mobile STEM Labs to achieve this goal.
The most effective way to close the STEM achievement gap is to expose young children to STEM subjects as soon as they enter their first classroom and to continue offering applied STEM experiences every year. Edupstairs STEM programs do just that. They are designed to follow learners through their entire primary and higher primary-school careers, starting with grade R’s and continuing with progressive STEM learning all the way through 9th grade.
Our aim with the STEM Program is to help learners feel confident and capable in solving everyday challenges through technology. Our grades R to 9 STEM education programs are a fun and effective way to develop learners’ STEM identity and technology fluency.
Seeing one’s self as being capable of learning and understanding science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.
The confidence and skills to creatively author with technology to solve real-world problems and design new solutions
From how we communicate to the ways we access information and entertainment, we’re living in a technological world, and young people with the skills and drive to pursue STEM subjects will be the innovators who shape our shared future. These skills are vital to all youth, no matter what path they take in life. By developing our learners’ love for science and technology today, we’re helping to ensure they are able to thrive tomorrow.
Edupstairs STEM education programs will help prepare our learners in disadvantaged communities for a lifetime of interest in science and technology. Each program is comprised of progressive units of instruction that guide learners through four principal learning phases:
Phase 1 – Foundational Fluencies (Grades R-2): Learners develop foundational capacities prerequisite to all STEM learning, like spatial reasoning, problem-solving, and symbolization.
Phase 2 – STEM Fundamentals (Grades 3-5): Learners begin exploring applied mathematics, mechanical engineering, and robotics. They gain confidence in their ability to use technology to design solutions to problems.
Phase 3 – Applications in Design & Engineering (Grades 6-9): Learners explore challenging STEM concepts from their everyday world, authoring with technology to solve problems and create new solutions.
Phase 4 – Systems of Technology (Grades 6-9): Learners use multiple technologies to create system solutions, including mechanical and structural engineering, computer-aided design and 3D printing, and programmable robotics.
In this challenge, teams will develop an automated gate that is controlled using the ROKduino programmable robotics controller and a bump sensor. Throughout the challenge, learners will brainstorm ideas, create prototypes, and carry out investigations as they develop a solution to the challenge.
In this challenge, teams will create an automated, movable bridge. Teams will be required to utilize a pair of light gates (using transmitters and receivers) to complete the challenge.
In this challenge, teams will apply mathematics and computational thinking skills as they create a retractable sports field that can move inside and outside of a stadium on command. Teams will utilize light sensors to position the field inside or outside of the stadium.
In this challenge, teams will develop a section of bridge roadway that can rotate 90° on command. Teams will utilize the angle sensor and serial monitor to observe real-time data that will be directly applied to the challenge.
In this challenge, teams will develop an automated smart vault that is used to protect valuable items on display in the city museum. Teams will utilize a proximity sensor ( using a transmitter and receiver) as they explore possible design solutions.
Copyright@2019 EdUpStairs NPC | EdUpStairs is a Non Profit Company. CIPC Reg No: 2019/352084/08 NPO No: 232 – 182 PBO No: 930066984


ZLINE 30 in. 700 CFM Designer Series Wooden Wall Mount Range Hood (321AR-RD-30) has a modern design and built-to-last quality that would make it a great addition to any home or kitchen remodel. This hood’s high-performance 4-speed motor will provide all the power you need to quietly and efficiently ventilate your kitchen while cooking. The blower for this hood is remotely installed to provide powerful venting with significantly reduced noise. Modern features, including built-in lighting and dishwasher-safe stainless steel baffle filters for easy clean-up, will make using this hood a simple, enjoyable experience for years to come. ZLINE Hoods are ETL Listed and have one of the easiest installations in the industry. Includes a 24-inch. chimney with elegant crown molding for ceilings up to 9.5 ft. (must be custom cut to appropriate height) and a 61-in. Chimney Extension (not included) is available for ceilings up to 12.5 ft. ZLINE stands by all products with its Manufacturer Parts Warranty.
This hood contains many unique features, such as:
- Dishwasher-safe stainless steel baffle filters
- Built-in LED lighting
- High-performance 4-speed motor
- Includes chimney
- This product ships in multiple boxes and will require minimal assembly upon arrival
ZLINE Range Hoods are designed to fit the majority of kitchens right out of the box. Some kitchens with shorter ceilings do need a shortening kit or an extension kit depending on ceiling height. All our stainless steel hoods come with two telescoping chimneys to ensure the perfect fit. For our Designer Series hoods, we provide a one-piece chimney that can be cut to size.


The structure of a Quasi-Keplerian accretion disk around magnetized stars
Tessema, Solomon B
Anguma, Simon Katrini
MetadataShow full item record
In this paper, we present the complete structure of a quasi-Keplerian thin accretion disk with an internal dynamo around a magnetized neutron star. We assume a full quasi-Keplerian disk with the azimuthal velocity deviating from the Keplerian fashion by a factor of ξ (0 < ξ < 2). In our approach, we vertically integrate the radial component of the momentum equation to obtain the radial pressure gradient equation for a thin quasi-Keplerian accretion disk. Our results show that, at large radial distance, the accretion disk behaves in a Keplerian fashion. However, close to the neutron star, pressure gradient force (PGF) largely modiﬁes the disk structure, resulting into sudden dynamical changes in the accretion disk. The corotation radius is shifted inward (outward) for ξ > 1 (for ξ < 1), and the position of the inner edge with respect to the new corotation radius is also relocated accordingly, as compared to the Keplerian model. The resulting PGF torque couples with viscous torque (when ξ < 1) to provide a spin-down torque and a spin-up torque (when ξ > 1) while in the advective state. Therefore, neglecting the PGF, as has been the case in previous models, is a glaring omission. Our result has the potential to explain the observable dynamic consequences of accretion disks around magnetized neutron stars.
- Research Articles


Pressure Cooker Explosions Lead to Lawsuits
A May 2021 National Law Review (NLR) article calls into question the safety of some of America’s favorite pressure cookers. Pressure cookers combine high heat and high pressure to save time cooking meals.
Pressure cookers, insta-posts, and similar kitchen devices have become quite trendy in recent years. Unfortunately, as their popularity grows, more and more people are suffering severe injuries because of pressure cooker explosions.
Some injured victims of pressure cooker explosions have filed lawsuits against manufacturers, alleging they were defective and dangerous. If you suffered serious injuries from a defective pressure cooker, you might be entitled to file a lawsuit and collect substantial damages for those injuries.
How Do Pressure Cookers Work?
Pressure cookers work by using pressure and heat to quickly break down and flavor the foods that are cooking inside the pot. They cook under high heat and high pressure.
Pressure cookers have various safety features that are supposed to prevent accidents and injuries. Because of the high pressure, however, if any of the safety valves or other parts do not work properly, the result can be a dangerous explosion that propels the scorching contents and parts of the pressure cooker in all directions, causing serious burns and other injuries.
How Can Pressure Cooker Explosions Cause Injuries?
When a pressure cooker explodes, the lid blows off the top, sending extremely hot contents into the air. Anyone nearby can suffer severe burns when it with hot food and liquid.
The lid itself can cause also injuries when it flies into the air, hitting innocent victims in the eyes, head or other body parts. Pieces of debris can become embedded in the victims causing severe lacerations and other injuries.
According to NLR, the people have allegedly suffered some of the following injuries and required medical treatments because of exploding pressure cookers:
- Third-degree burns
- Second degree burns
- Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI) and concussion
- Broken bones
- Permanent scarring
- Skin grafts
- Painful debridement
- Eye injuries, including temporary and permanent loss of vision
- Blood loss
These injuries can happen to the person using the pressure cooker as well as others in a vicinity when an explosion occurs.
Pressure Cooker Lawsuits are Being Filed By Victims Who Suffered Serious Injuries
There is, according to the NLR, quite a long list of lawsuits that injured victims have filed against the makers of pressure cookers. The writer states, “in many of these lawsuits, claimants have argued that some design or manufacturing defect led to the explosion and its subsequent injuries.”
Some individuals claim the combination of built-up pressure and faulty safety features caused their injures. Others suggest that the manufacturers should be liable for selling defectively designed pressure cookers. Some lawsuits claim that the defective pressure cookers that caused their injuries were the result of negligence.
There have been lawsuits filed related to some of the following pressure cooker brands:
- Crock Pot
- Instant Pot
- Wolfgang puck pressure cooker
- QVC electric pressure cooker
- Tristar power pressure cooker
Under various laws, manufacturers must ensure that their products are safe for their intended use. When a person uses the product as instructed, and injuries result, the victim often tries to prove that the manufacturer was negligent by making and selling a defective product. The injured victim might be able to collect compensation for their injuries.
These lawsuits are personal injury claims but can be more specifically referred to as product liability claims, defective product lawsuits, or design defect cases.
Are You Eligible to File a Pressure Cooker Lawsuit?
Ask yourself some questions:
- Did my pressure cooker malfunction and cause injuries?
- Was I burned by my insta-pot?
- Did my crockpot explode?
- Did I use my pressure cooker properly and get hurt?
- Did the instructions warn me about the dangers of using the pressure cooker?
- Have my injuries required medical treatments, caused me to lose income, and caused physical and/or emotional pain and suffering?
After answering these questions, consider seeking legal counsel to find out if you are entitled to file a lawsuit against the maker and manufacturer of the pressure cooker that caused your injuries.
Call Alonso Krangle, LLP. Our Pressure Cooker Injury Lawyers are Reviewing Claims
If you or someone you love suffered burn injuries or other serious injuries because of a pressure cooker, call our lawyers today to schedule a free consultation. We can help you collect the maximum damages the laws allow. Financial compensation can include lost wages, medical expenses, and more.
If you suffered severe burns because of one of the many popular pressure cookers on the market, call us at 800-403-6191. Our law firm is reviewing pressure cooker lawsuits now.


The rear portion of this 105" interior height trailer is currently a work shop which is fully equipped with professional sharpening and restoration equipment as well as a Hobart Spot Welder. A custom built, fully integrated vac system is built into the road side restoration bench and the trailer also features a fully insulated sub-floor and climate control (4 heat pump roof AC systems) to ensure year round comfort. A vast array of custom built storage cabinets, pro grade lighting and conveniently located electrical and air outlets throughout the entire trailer allow for excellent working conditions. In addition, the trailer also features a complete water system package which includes a sink mounted into the top of the road side bench and a 65 gallon holding tank w/12V pump mounted and guarded under the trailers chassis. An exterior water fill and a spigot round out the water system package.
The forward portion of the trailer holds a custom built office area loaded with desks, file cabinets and office equipment as well as a leather sofa and a home entertainment system with high grade speakers and a 52" flat screen TV. An incinerator type toilet conveniently allows for full time use of the trailer without the worry of finding RV dumps.
The front upper deck area of the trailer holds an air bag equipped 35KW Powertech Generator provides power to the climate control systems, tool power and lighting, and also to the two 220V air compressor units. There is also storage space in the upper deck for misc. items and a ladder/hatch to allow for roof access.
This truck and trailer unit has very low miles - 20,640. The original owner used it mostly for in-service training and repairs at larger facilities.
More trailer equipment information and full trailer spec's are listed in the downloadable PDF Trailer Spec Sheet . Also, please be sure to check out the numerous photos below.


By John Floyd
Winter is most certainly here on The Ridge. With a foot or better of snowpack on the ground and daily temperatures struggling to reach double digits, Old Man Winter snuck up on me this morning and gave me a friendly kick in the rear end.
“Hope you didn’t need water this morning, Johnny!” he said, as I turned the kitchen faucet on. Nothing. Not even a drip. We were, as my dad would like to say, froze up.
My wife asked, “Do you think the bulb blew out in the well house?” Sudden fear gripped me as I realized I hadn’t turned the light back on after an unseasonably warm 20 degree afternoon several days ago. We watch every bit of energy we use, Maine’s soaring electricity costs being a constant challenge in a rural area.
The well house is a smallish structure roughly four feet square across the driveway and about fifty feet from the cabin. It houses our above ground jet well pump and tank. While insulated when initially built, the field mice have had their run at it for years and the evidence of their nefarious activities litters the floor from time to time.
In addition to insulating the structure, we use a single incandescent bulb in the secondary enclosure during the dead of winter to keep the well pump and lines from freezing. This isn’t the most desired solution I know, but when you live out here you just do what works.
And it does work, when you remember the light.
As I pulled my boots on, I ran through the possible scenarios. Where is the freeze up? Did the water line under the house freeze? If so, how can I get under there with 2 feet of frozen snow pack drifted up to the access door? Maybe it’s just the well pump frozen? If so, how am I going to thaw it out?
Lastly, the biggest and scariest question of them all; What if the pipe split from freezing? It’s one thing to get the freeze up thawed out. If that pipe or well head is damaged, I’m really going to be in trouble.
I headed into the shop in search of the Mr Heater. This marvelous invention is a must have out here in the Maine woods. It is a simple propane burner and igniter head that attaches right to a 20lb propane grill tank. I use it to heat small spaces outside on the property when I’m working, to warm the engine block of my diesel tractor in the winter and as back up heat source in the shop.
I grabbed the heater and headed to the well house figuring I’d hope for the best, that the well motor was frozen and all the lines were intact. I opened the secondary enclosure inside the house and peered in. No light on and the pressure gauge on the pump pegged to the red line.
I lit the heater and set it on the low setting. If the metal on the pump housing heats too rapidly it could crack. Similarly, if the water in the lines heats too rapidly the result is hot steam. That also can cause damage to the lines. I positioned the heater in a corner and closed the door.
Back inside the cabin, my wife and I opened some faucets and crossed our fingers. Opening the faucets would help the water expand as the freeze up melted. We still didn’t know if the freeze was all the way through the lines, so it seemed a good idea to be safe. We settled by the wood stove, thankful it was a Sunday and wondering when and if the water would return.
As I ran through my mental check list of supplies I might need and various repairs I might need to make, the tell tale whoosh of running water came from the bathroom faucet. Only twenty minutes had passed. We had water!
While happy to have running water again, I was cautiously optimistic. I still had to check the lines and pump to see if there was any damage or leaks. Back to the well house I went.
I checked the pump housing and lines inside the well house. No cracks or visible damage to the lines were present. I monitored the pressure gauge after the water pressure had built back up and the motor shut off. If there was a break or leak under the driveway or under the house, the pressure indicated on the gauge would slowly drop as the water leaked out. After 15 minutes I was satisfied we didn’t have any breaks. I turned off the heater and pulled the string for the well light.
As I walked through the front door, my wife was putting a fresh pot of coffee on for me. We looked at each other and grinned. We had gotten lucky this time.


Made entirely from 304 Stainless Steel is purposely designed and built for the South African metal detectorist in mind. The Big John Metal Detecting Sand Scoop is robust and will stand the test of time.
Make metal detecting on the beach and in the water a pleasure. Once you have detected using a sand scoop you will never go without it again, it just makes for easy digging and sand separation, leaving only the good stuff behind in the scoop. Use your foot to press the scoop deep into the sand, lean back on the handle and you will power your way through that sand in no time. Giving you more time detecting and less time digging.
The lanyard loop enables you to connect the sand scoop to your belt with a lanyard or string. This prevents the scoop from dropping to the ocean floor which is especially a pain when you are working chest deep in the surf.
Scoop: 21cm diameter, 32cm deep, 2.5mm Stainless Steel Grade 304
Drainage holes: 8mm
Handle: 1.1m long
Total height: 1.3m tall
Stainless Steel: 304 Grade Stainless Steel, 2.5mm thick
No customer reviews for the moment.


Wet Type Fish Feed Production Line Introduction
This fish feed production line is newly developed to meet the demand of intensive production of animal fish feed pellets. With many specifications this production line can produce floating fish feed, sinking fish feed, pet feed, livestock feed, etc. The products can have different shapes, unique flavor, rich nutrients and fine texture to meet the different eating habit of animals. Super automation control and high production efficiency, wet type fish feed production line is the best choice for medium and big sized feed mills and breeding farms. Our fish feed production plant can produce various kinds of pellets for different varieties of fishes including Halibut pellets, Catfish pellets, CatCarp pellet, Trout pellets, Hemp pellets, CSL pellets, etc.
Advantages of Wet Type AquaFeed Extrusion Plant
1. Advanced wet extrusion technology, high capacity and low energy consumption.
2. The feed pellet line occupies less floor space and needs low investment in construction work. The modular structure is convenient for assembly and disassembly, facilitating the shipment and installation.
3. PLC controlled, alarm device is available. The operation is simple and convenient.
4. Wide applicable scope: The plant can produce both floating and slow-sinking fish feed, applicable for fish farm holders and fish feed manufacturers.
Detailed Description of Fish Feed Plant
●Raw material: The feed pellets include animal protein and plant protein. Plant protein comes from corn, rice, wheat, soybean, peanut cake powder, etc; Animal protein is from fish meal, shrimp meal, crab meal, sleeve-fish meal and so on you can add other ingredient according to requirements and eating habits of animals.
●Mainly Involved processes: Material grinding, material mixing, pellets extruding, pellets drying, and pellet packing. The whole Fish Feed Production Process can be highly automatically controlled.
●Production capacity 0.06 to 5 ton per hour is available.
Related Machines of Fish Feed Wet Extrusion
Feed grinder→Feed mixer→wet type Fish feed extruder→Pellets dryer→Automatic weighing and packing machine
- Material grinding—feed hammer mill
Raw material ingredients should be grinded to the required size by feed grinder. We supply three types of feed grinders to meet your different requirements: ZW-A series feed Hammer Mill is suitable for small or medium sized feed extruding factories; ZW-C Series feed Hammer mill is used for grinding raw materials by large and medium livestock and aqua feed mills; ZW-B series hammer mill, also called Wide chamber Fine feed Hammer Mill, is mainly applied to fine grinding of meals for special aqua feed.
- Material mixing—feed mixer
Mixing the material thoroughly can ensure extruding efficiency and improve the feed quality. We supply two kinds of feed mixers for you to choose: double-shaft efficient mixer can be applied to mixing powdery, granular, flaky and blocky materials while feed ribbon type mixer is mostly used for mixing powdery materials. These two kinds of mixers can be customized with atomizing spraying system which will add liquid like molasses and grease to material more evenly.
- Extruding process—Wet type floating feed pellet extruder
The wet typefish feed machineis with the conditioner and need to equip the steam boiler. Capacity of wet type fish feed extruder is higher than dry type ones, so usually the wet type extruder machine is suitable for large feed pellet factory.
- Pellets drying—feed pellet dryer
Our mesh belt dryer is a continuous convective belt dryer. Pellets formed through the extruder are stacked in layers on a wire mesh or perforated plate belt conveyor and conveyed continuously through drying chambers. During this process, the drying air is passed repeatedly through the products layer until pellets have the optimum moisture content before leaving the dryer. While if you choose wet type fish feed machine, we recommend the gas type pellet dryer.
- Pellet packing—electronic packing machine
To make the finished pellets easy to store, transport and catch the clients’ eyes, they should be packed properly. With our electronic weighing and packing machine, the finished pellets can be packed into bags, weighed, conveyed, and sealed automatically, which saves labor and time greatly and meet the requirements of large scale production. For this packing machine, automatic heat typing code, automatic bag sewing and automatic thread cutting can be optional functions.


The benefits of ensuring your ventilation plant is routinely inspected, tested and cleaned are clear. You will be able to demonstrate to building owners and occupants that you are compliant with legislation while maintaining the plant in a clean and efficient condition for the benefit of their health, comfort, energy efficiency and welfare.
Aquacair Limited will assess your ventilation system for compliance with HVCA TR19 cleanliness standards examining dust thickness and microbe concentrations using dust thickness meters and surface contact plates. We will assess air handling units from air intake to ductwork discharge ensuring plant is clean and in good order.
For critical plant such as operating theatre plant Health Technical Memorandum HTM03-01 is assessed to ensure compliance with Department of Health best practice.
Our ventilation hygiene checklist examines air handling units from air intake, through filters and heat exchangers to fan components identifying deficiencies in maintenance and providing an early warning of conditions that will be of detriment to air quality and energy efficiency.
Our air quality sensors, mounted in the supply system continuously monitor particulate contamination to demonstrate that routine maintenance and cleaning is providing high quality clean fresh or re-circulated air.
Your system condition reports, including dust and microbe laboratory analysis results, observations and recommendations is your guarantee that plant is maintained and operated to the highest standards possible.


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Our fully stocked parts department is able to supply you with the items you need.
We have a full range of parts for Hyster, Toyota, Clark and Caterpillar.
Our knowledgeable staff will be able to help you locate the right part for your fork lift truck.
To enquire about your parts requirements, please call us at 416 249-8339
or fill out the form below and we will get back to you quickly .


The Public Utilities Department is doubling the capacity of the sewer line serving the drainage basin that includes SBA Hospital and the neighborhood to the north and west of the the hospital. The original sewer line is more than half a century old, undersized and lies deep beneath Central Ave. The location and depth presented significant challenges to up-sizing the pipe. The City chose pipe bursting as the lowest cost and least invasive method of increasing the sewer line's capacity. Pipe bursting essentially bursts the old pipe by pulling a cutter head followed by the new large pipe through the old pipe, pushing the crushed pipe debris of the old pipe into the ground surrounding the pipe. The additional capacity should reduce the chance of sewer backups in extreme rain events.


Septic and Grease Pumping
We offer location, uncovering, and pumping for hard to find septic tanks (keeps digging to a minimum). We also offer Tuf-Tite risers that can be installed just below the ground to make accessing the tank easier.
We perform all aspects of pump repairs, and installation of new pumps – both Residential and Commercial.
GREASE TRAP CLEANING SERVICE
Grease trap is a gravity device that traps the grease and solids before entering the sewer lines. Grease traps are typically located inside the facility varying in sizes that are typically 50 gallons or below. Due to its small capacity content level, they are usually serviced between 2-8 weeks, Depending on the amount of content going through the device this will determine how often the grease trap will be serviced.
GREASE INTERCEPTOR PUMPING SERVICE
When it comes to FSE’s (Food Servicing Establishments) the grease interceptor is basically the heart of the facility. Failing to properly clean or completely pump out the interceptor can lead to major problems such kitchen drain back up or grease interceptor overflow. Most municipalities will require interceptors to be pumped when it reaches 25-30% of combined grease and solid content or at least every 6 months. Call us today for a quote.
Go Back to Services


“The ASHRAE Technology Awards recognize outstanding achievements by members who have successfully applied innovative building design. Their designs incorporate ASHRAE standards for effective energy management and indoor air quality. The awards communicate innovative systems design to other ASHRAE members and highlight technological achievements of ASHRAE to others around the world. Winning projects are selected from entries earning regional awards.
First place awards will be presented at the ASHRAE 2014 Winter Conference in New York, N.Y., Jan. 18-22, New York Hilton.”–Jodi Scott
- ASHRAE Honors Innovative Buildings (environmentalleader.com)


Press Brake Punch
Press Brake Top Punch (Sheet Metal Bending Punch)
ARENA INDUSTRIES is a one of the prestigious manufacturer of Press Brake Punch with state of the art manufacturing facilities in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
We manufacture and supply sheet metal bending punch and press brake punch with following standards.
American Precision Press Brake Punch
European Precision Press Brake Bending Punch
WT Style Sheet Metal Bending Punch (Wila Trumpf Type)
LVD Style Press Brake Bending Punch
Bevel Tang Style Press Brake Punch
We manufacture and export fine quality sheet metal bending press brake punch in accordance with and suitable to all Indian and imported machines.
Types of Press Brake Punch
Straight Press Brake Punch (Bending Punch)
We manufacture following types of straight press brake bending punch
26 Degree Straight Punch
26 Degree Straight Punch is an ideal press brake bending punch for air bending angles up to 30 Degree. They are also commonly used for making a 30-degree bend prior to hemming.
Acute punches are best used for air bending 30 to 90 degree angles. These are also commonly used for making a 30-degree bend prior to hemming. Available angles range from 30- to 90-degrees.
The Block punch is similar to the arrow punch in shape, but wider and with a larger radius. This allows it to be used on higher tonnage applications or on heavier materials.
The Arrow punch has a straight, thin body that allows flanges to wrap around both sides. These punches are most commonly seen with .50 Degree or less in blade thickness.
Apart from above various types of press brake punch we also manufacture custom specific press brake punch tools as per your design and drawings.
Press Brake Radius Punch (Round Bending Punch)
ARENA is a known manufacturer and exporter of special press brake tools like radius bending press brake punch.
Press brake radius punch is widely used to make the large radius or bending sheet metal bending components in round shape. This round bending sheet metal tools are very popular and used to make pipe from the sheet.
Radius bending punches are available radius sizes range from .375” to 2” and are available upon request.


These are basic safety checks that a driver should carry out to ensure the vehicle is safe for use.
Although some checks may involve the pupil opening the bonnet to identify where fluid levels would be checked, you will not be asked to touch a hot engine or physically check fluid levels.
As vehicle technology advances, more and more vehicles are being equipped with electronic diagnostic systems, which inform the driver of the state of the engine fluid levels and tyre pressures. It will be acceptable for a candidate to refer to the vehicle information system (if fitted) when answering questions on fluid levels or tyre pressures.
You will be asked two questions, one 'show me' and one 'tell me'. One or both questions answered incorrectly will result in one driving fault being recorded.
Tell Me Questions
Q1. Open the bonnet, identify where you would check the engine oil level and tell me how you would check that the engine has sufficient oil.
A. Identify dipstick/oil level indicator, then explain that you would remove the dipstick, wipe with a clean cloth, replace the dipstick fully, remove again and check oil level against the markers. This is best done when the vehicle has stood on level ground for more than 30 mins.
Q2. Open the bonnet, identify where you would check the engine coolant level and tell me how you would check that the engine has the correct level.
A. Identify high/low level markings on header reservoir tank or radiator filler cap, and describe how to top up to correct level.
Q3. Open the bonnet, identify where the brake fluid reservoir is, and tell me how you would check that you have a safe level of hydraulic brake fluid.
A. Identify reservoir, check level against high/low markings.
Q4. Identify where the windscreen washer reservoir is, and tell me how you would check the windscreen washer level.
A. Identify reservoir and explain how to check level and top up as necessary.
Q5. Tell me how you would check that the brakes are working before starting a journey.
A. Brakes should not feel spongy or slack (indicates low brake fluid). Brakes should be tested as you set off and the vehicle should not pull to one side.
Q6. Tell me where you would find the information for the recommended tyre pressures for this car and how tyre pressures should be checked.
A. Look in the manufacturer's guidebook or on the car door pillar, use a reliable pressure gauge, check and adjust pressures when tyres are cold, not forgetting the spare tyre and remember to refit dust valve caps afterwards.
Q7. Tell me how you would check the tyres to ensure that they have sufficient tread depth and that their general condition is safe to use on the road
A. No cuts or bulges, 1.6mm of tread depth across the central ¾ of the breadth of the tyre and around the entire outer circumference.
Q8. Tell me how you make sure your head restraint is correctly adjusted so it provides the best protection in the event of a crash.
A. The head restraint should be adjusted so the rigid part of the head restraint is at least as high as the eye or top of the ears, and as close to the back of the head as is comfortable. N.B. Some restraints might not be adjustable.
Q9. Tell me how you would know if there was a problem with your anti-lock braking system.
A. Warning light on the instrument panel (near speedometer) should illuminate if there is a fault with the anti-lock braking system.
Q10. Tell me how you would check that the headlights and tail lights are working (no need to exit the vehicle).
A. Explain how to operate light switch (turn on ignition if necessary), walk around vehicle checking each side light, dipped headlight and taillights. (As this is a 'Tell Me' question there is no need to physically check the lights).
Show Me Questions
Q11. Show me/explain how you would check that the power assisted steering is working before starting a journey.
A. If the steering becomes heavy the system may not be working properly. Before starting a journey two simple checks can be made. Gentle pressure on the steering wheel, maintained while the engine is started, should result in a slight but noticeable movement as the system begins to operate. Alternatively, turning the steering wheel just after moving off will give an immediate indication that the power assistance is functioning.
Q12. Show me how you would check that the direction indicators are working.
A. Press the hazard warning switch (which will operate all indicators) and walk around the vehicle to check functioning of all indicators.
Q13. Show me how you would check that the horn is working (off-road only).
A. Check is carried out by pressing the horn control on your steering wheel (turn on ignition if necessary).
Q14. Show me how you would check the parking brake (handbrake) for excessive wear, make sure you keep safe control of the vehicle.
A. Apply footbrake firmly. Demonstrate by applying parking brake (handbrake) that when it is fully applied it secures itself, and is not at the end of it's working travel, release the brake pedal to finish the demonstration.
Q15. Show me how you would check that the brake lights are working on this car. (I can assist you if you need to switch the ignition on, please don't start the engine).
A. Operate brake pedal, make use of reflections in windows, garage doors, another car bodies paintwork etc, or ask someone to look whilst you operate the brake pedal. (You may need to switch the ignition on but DO NOT start the engine).
Q16. Show me how you would clean the windscreen using the windscreen washer and wipers.
A. Operate control to wash and wipe windscreen (turn ignition on if necessary).
Q17. Show me how you would set the demister controls to clear all the windows effectively, this should include both front and rear screens.
A. Set all relevant controls including; fan, temperature, air direction/source and heated screen to clear windscreen and windows. (Engine does not have to be started for this demonstration).
Q18. Show me how you would switch on the rear fog light(s) and explain when you would use it/them. (No need to exit vehicle, Please don't start the engine.)
A. Operate switch (turn on dipped headlights and ignition if necessary). Check warning light is on. Explain use (you would switch the rear fog lights on when visibility is below 100m, otherwise it will dazzle the drivers behind).
Q19. Show me how you switch your headlight from dipped to main beam and explain how you would know the main beam is on whilst inside the car.
A. Operate switch (with ignition or engine on if necessary), check with main beam warning light which is coloured blue on the instrument panel.
Road to Driving
Provisional Driving Licence
Before you are able to drive you need to obtain a provisional driving licence, to do this you need to collect the application form from your local post office and send it back in the pre paid envelope to the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA)
The Theory Test
The theory test must be passed before taking the practical exam, it is made up of a multiple choice part and a hazard perception part. Our driving instructors can advise and provide you with any support you may need before taking the theory test. To book the theory test you will need to contact the Driving Standards Agency (DSA)
The Practical Exam
The practical exam is also booked with the Driving Standards Agency (DSA)


MAMMUT: mirror vibration metrology for the VLTI
Since light consists of waves, the theoretical resolution of a telescope depends on its aperture. Unfortunately, turbulences of the atmosphere limit the resolution even of the largest telescopes to 0.6″ – 1.0″. With Adaptive Optics one can reach the diffraction limit, i.e. better resolution (about 0.1″, depending on the wavelength and aperture size). Using astronomical interferometry these limits can be overcome. An astro-interferometer consists of two or more distant telescopes the gathered light of which can interfere with each other. This way a resolution can be achieved close to the limiting resolution of single telescopes with their apertures equal to the separation between the two telescopes of the interferometer.
The light from a star that will be combined in an interferometer must propagate through two different passages of equal length (Fig. 1). “Equal” means, the difference must be clearly smaller than the wavelength of the light. To achieve this, several high-precision controlling systems are used to compensate for earth's movement and atmospheric turbulences. Such controllers cannot yet compensate for all vibrations.
|Fig. 1: Main principle of an astro-interferometer|
One of the biggest interferometers in the world is the “Very Large Telescope Interferometer” (VLTI) of the European Southern Observatory ESO in Chile.
Fast mechanical vibrations, originating in the VLTI infrastructure cause fast and large changes of the Optical Path Difference (OPD) [1, 2]. Their compensation is required in order to access the full sensitivity of the instrument. In the joined project MAMMUT (Mirror vibrAtion Metrology systeM for the Unit Telescope) of the Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena (Astrophysical Institute and Institute of Applied Physics) and ESO, a system was developed aimed at evaluating the potential of telecom fiber technology for mirror vibration sensing.
The ultimate goal is to monitor the OPD changes between mirrors number 2 (M2) and 9 (M9, Coudé room) of the Unit Telescope (UT, Fig. 2). As a result of the initial study phase, we have built and tested a 250+250-meter-long actively stabilized fiber interferometer which can be used as a coherent beacon for mirror vibration metrology by means of active homodyne detecion .
|Fig. 2: MAMMUT will measure vibrations occuring between M2 and Coudé focus (based on a figure from “The VLT White Book”, ESO 1998)|
To benchmark the performance of MAMMUT several minimal requirements have been selected at the beginning of the project:
Operation wavelengths: 1353 nm & 1368 nm
Measured frequency range: 1 – 100 Hz
Maximum acceptable power spectral density (PSD) of noise in the measurements: ≤ 1 nm²/Hz (in the range of 1 – 100 Hz)
Maximum detectable stroke: ≥ ±5 µm, excluding DC component
MAMMUT consists of two units: an actively stabilized fiber interferometer ('beacon') and a Fringe Sensor Unit (FSU). The system uses two laser diodes operating at close wavelengths in the near-IR J band (λ1, λ2).
|Fig. 3: Conceptual scheme of the laboratory prototype of MAMMUT. Main subsystems: Source Unit (SU), Active Phase Control Unit (APCU), Free-Space Propagation Unit (FSPU), and Fringe Sensor Unit (FSU)|
Internal metrology of the fiber interferometer:
λ1 (green in Fig. 3) is reflected by Fiber Bragg Gratings and recombined at the Phase Measurement Unit (PHAMU) of the Active Phase Control Unit (APCU). The calculated OPD is used by a PID controller to drive the Fiber Stretcher.
Mirror vibration measurement:
λ2 (red in Fig. 3) is injected into Free-Space Propagation Unit (FSPU) and coupled back into the input fiber of the FSU, where it is mixed with the reference channel provided by the second arm of the interferometer. By means of active homodyne technique the FSU calculates the phase distortions experienced at the FSPU from the feedback signal applied to the electro-optical modulator (EOM) .
The software for controlling MAMMUT was realized using LabVIEW™ and runs on a Real-time Desktop PC (LabVIEW™ is a trademark of National Instruments. This publication is independent of National Instruments, which is not affiliated with the publisher or the author, and does not authorize, sponsor, endorse or otherwise approve this publication).
The prototype of MAMMUT was delivered to the ESO and is now (2012) at the VLT on Cerro Paranal for evaluation and testing.
 Sahlmann, J., Abuter, R., Di Lieto, N., Ménardi, S., Delplancke, F., Bartko, H., Eisenhauer, F., Léveque, S., Pfuhl, O., Schuhler, N., van Belle, G., Vasisht, G. “Resluts from the VLTI-PRIMA fringe tracking testbed”, Proc. SPIE 7013, 70131A-70131A-12 (2008)
 Minardi, S., Chipouline, A., Krämer, S., Pertsch, T., Follert, R., Stecklum, B., Neuhäuser, R., “An active fiber sensor for mirror vibration metrology in astronomical interferometers” Astron. Nachrichten 330, 518-522 (2009). Spaleniak, I., Giessler, F., Geiss, R., Minardi, S., Pertsch, T., Neuhaeuser, R., Becker, M., Rothhardt, M., Delplancke, F., Richichi, A., Ménardi, S., Schmid, C., “MAMMUT: mirror vibration metrology for VLTI”, Proc. SPIE 7734, 77343Y (2010)