The Asa Tuten Memorial – GFSA Essay Contest for 2019 has ended. Thank you to all who participated.
The first place winner of a $1500 scholarship is Ausaf at South Forsyth High School
The second place winner of a $1000 scholarship is Riley at Tift County High School
The third place winner of a $750 scholarship is Kenny at Duluth High School
The scholarship will be paid directly to the educational institution in the student’s account.
The first place essay by Ausaf:
n. combustion or burning, in which substances combine chemically with oxygen from the air and typically give out bright light, heat, and smoke.
“his house was destroyed by fire”
It is said that our ability to start fires is what has allowed us to overcome the challenges of mother nature and develop into the advanced global civilization we are today. However, fire is a vengeful servant to humanity – when left unsupervised, it will spread and raze all that stands in its path, reducing it to ash. Luckily for us, advances in our understanding of fire and improvements in our engineering abilities have provided us with the ability to stop the majority of fires before they can destroy what we have built so carefully.
The first recorded fire sprinkler system was designed in the 15th century by Leonardo Da Vinci, built to extinguish an elaborate banquet hall in the case of a fire. In a comical display of Murphy’s law, everything went haywire, and a fire broke out in the kitchen. The sprinkler system worked all too well, causing a flood that washed away the food along with a sizeable portion of the kitchen.
As with all inventions, the passage of time led to many improvements in fire sprinkler systems. With the advent of large scale manufacturing plants in the Industrial Revolution, the use of perforated water pipes became commonplace.  While these were effective, there was still plenty of room for improvement. There was no method of automation or localization–if nobody was there when the fire started, the system would not activate, and when it was activated, the entire factory would be sprayed with water, not just the area where the fire occurred, causing additional damage.
One of the most notable advances in sprinkler systems was covering the perforations with melting tar, which allowed water to spray in only the areas where the fire was, reducing water damage.  Although tar was replaced with different materials in future iterations, the concept of heat based actuation, or using the fire’s heat to activate the flow of water, has persisted to the modern day.
Today’s advanced fire suppression systems solve the problems of their predecessors using our increased understanding of fire science and engineering. The modern fire sprinkler consists of a pressurized valve that is held back by a heat-activated operating element. The element consists of a thin, hermetically sealed glass tube filled with a liquid that expands greatly when exposed to the heat of a fire. When the liquid expands, the glass shatters, releasing the valve and causing fluid to flow out at high pressure. The fluid impacts a metal distribution deflector, which is specially shaped to evenly distribute water droplets over the fire in a predetermined pattern.  Multiple sprinkler heads are placed optimally to maximize coverage and minimize the risk of fire spread. These systems are incredibly effective, activating successfully in 91% of fires and extinguishing fires 96% of the time they activate.
Their passive, independent design allows modern fire sprinkler systems to be extremely robust, reliable, and adaptable. If a single sprinkler head fails, the others remain unaffected. The fluid released by the sprinkler is either water, which is suitable in most cases, or foam, which is used in the case of flammable liquid fires. The liquid in the operating element comes in different colors, where each color represents a different threshold temperature. The distribution deflector can be altered to spray fluid in a given direction, allowing sprinkler heads to be placed in different orientations and extinguish fires in hard to reach areas.
Recent advances in technology could result in even more capable fire sprinkler systems. With computers and electronics growing increasingly compact and cost-effective, it may soon become practical to develop a fire sprinkler system that utilizes thermal imaging and object detection algorithms to more accurately extinguish fires and minimize water damage. This may be especially useful in sensitive applications such as in data centers with delicate electronics. For example, when a fire is detected via a thermal camera, the sprinkler would determine the exact position of the fire and spray water directly at the fire rather than dousing the general area and destroying sensitive equipment.
Another potential improvement could be internet connected fire sprinkler systems. When a fire is detected, a smart sprinkler system could relay important data about the fire to the local fire department, giving them crucial information such as the exact location of the fire and people in the building. In the rare case that the suppression system is unable to subdue the fire, this technology could reduce response time, allowing firefighters to save more valuable lives.
Advancements in artificial intelligence and statistical data analysis techniques could also allow fire suppression systems to predict the occurrence of fires, leading to faster actuation times and minimized damage. For example, predictive software could monitor a building’s electrical systems and detect current spikes that would lead to fires occurring.  This way, the sprinkler system could be activated when a fire is in its earlier stages rather than when it is hot enough to activate the conventional operating element, further minimizing damage.
With brilliant engineers and scientists working each day to improve fire sprinkler systems, the risk of property damage and loss of life from fire is reducing. There may soon come a day when automatic fire suppression systems have advanced to such a degree that there will no longer be a need for human intervention–a remarkable achievement, as firefighters will no longer have to risk their lives entering burning buildings.
1. “Fire – Definition, Examples, Related Words and More at Wordnik.” Wordnik.com, www.wordnik.com/words/fire.
2. Gelb, Michael. How to Think like Leonardo Da Vinci: Seven Steps to Every Day Genius. Delta Trade Paperbacks, 2004.
3. “Inevitability of the Fire Sprinkler.” MeyerFire, www.meyerfire.com/blog/inevitability-of-the-fire-sprinkler.
4. Lloyd, Stuart. “Fire Sprinkler Systems Explained.” YouTube, YouTube, 27 Aug. 2014, www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-ylvugYc0w.
5. “Are Fire Sprinklers Effective?” Unifour Fire, 28 June 2017, www.unifourfire.com/blog/are-fire-sprinklers-effective.
6. “Statistically Predicting Electrical Arcing.” UL New Science, www.newscience.ul.com/articles/statistically-prediting-electrical-arching.


Littlewood Hire specialises in mobile roadside equipment and is the official UK Distributor for the sale, hire and maintenance of products from Decatur Electronics, a world leader in the manufacture of speed monitoring devices.
Dolly / Barrow mounted speed display warning sign, ideal for site use in different locations.
We operate full repair / maintenance / service and calibration services in our test & certification laboratory for these and other makes of radar speed gun and speed display signs in our test & certification laboratory in Chesterfield. We also sell tuning forks to facilitate your own basic testing of your radar gun(s).
PO Box 117
Tel.: 01246 221469
Fax: 01246 207447


Soto are a Japanese stove manufacturer who combine technological innovation with astounding quality to make some of the finest stoves in the world. Always at the forefront of product design and experimentation, constant product improvement characterises every SOTO product.
Shinfuji burner, the company behind the SOTO brand, was established in 1978 as a manufacturer of industrial burners for trade and industry use. The SOTO brand of stoves was born in 1992 on the back of the success of the “poketochi” palm sized pocket blowtorch which was originally intended for industrial use but was embraced by outdoor enthusiasts for its compact size and excellent quality. From there, SOTO has grown to account for 50% of Shinfuji’s business.
The introduction of the Muka liquid fuel and the Windmaster canister stove, and coming soon for 2015 the new Amicus, has raised the bar for outdoor stove development and these stoves currently represent the cutting edge of stove design.
A range of lightweight, compact and practical accessories complements the range, making SOTO the ideal choice for the discerning camper on expeditions big and small.


On the last page we derived some rotation concepts applied to an infinitesimally small particle. Here we calculate these concepts for solid objects by integrating the equations for a particle across the whole object.
As seen in the Angular Velocity of particle section, angular velocity depends on the point that we are measuring the rotation about. So for a solid object, the angular velocity of all the particles, from which it is composed, are different.
Only when we are measuring the rotation about the centre of rotation is the rotation of all points on the object the same. So, for that reason, when we are talking about the angular velocity of a solid object we mean the angular velocity about its centre of rotation.
If an object is moving in free space, with no external forces or torques acting on it, then it will rotate about its centre-of-mass. So we can represent the total instantaneous motion of a rigid body by a combination of the linear velocity of its centre of mass and its rotation about its centre of mass.
In the pages about kinematics the position of an unconstrained rigid body was represented by 6 dimensional vector as follows:
|wx||angular velocity the about x axis (radians per second)|
|wy||angular velocity the about x axis (radians per second)|
|wz||angular velocity the about x axis (radians per second)|
|vx||linear velocity of centre of mass along x axis (metres per second)|
|vy||linear velocity of centre of mass along y axis (metres per second)|
|vz||linear velocity of centre of mass along z axis (metres per second)|
Further information about angular velocity.
As we saw here, the instantaneous angular momentum of a particle, about a given point) is the product of its mass and its angular velocity.
For a solid object, its angular momentum about a given point, is the integral of the instantaneous angular momentums of all the particles across the volume
H=∫( r × v )dm
|H||the instantaneous angular momentum about PC||bivector||kg m2/s|
|×||the cross product operator(see here for definition)|
|r||the instantaneous position of the particle relative to point -||vector||m|
|p||the instantaneous linear momentum of the particle = m v||vector||kg m/s|
|dm||the mass of the particle.||scalar||kg|
As with angular velocity, the angular momentum of a point is not an absolute value, but it depends on which point that the rotation is measured about. However, since Angular Momentums can be added (provided they are about the same point) then it is possible to give the angular momentum of a rigid body about any point.
As discussed here, angular momentum of any closed system is conserved.
So for a rigid body, rotating about its centre of mass, then the angular momentum of the whole system (about any point) is conserved.
If a system has objects which have linear velocity, along a line offset from the point about which the momentum is measured, then this will contribute to the systems angular momentum, event if the object is not rotating. This is because the cross product x is not zero.
The angular momentum about any point is the angular momentum about the centre of mass, plus the angular momentum associated with the motion of the centre of mass about .
The instantaneous position and the instantaneous momentum will defines the status of a solid object. If we also know constants for the object such as its shape and inertia tensor matrix, and we know all the forces acting on the object, then we can predict its future states.
|θx||angle about x|
|θy||angle about y|
|θz||angle about z|
|Px||position of centre of mass along x axis|
|Py||position of centre of mass along y axis|
|Pz||position of centre of mass along z axis|
|lx||angular momentum about x|
|ly||angular momentum about y|
|lz||angular momentum about z|
|mvx||momentum along x axis|
|mvy||momentum along y axis|
|mvz||momentum along z axis|
As seen in the Angular Acceleration of particle section, angular acceleration depends on the point that we are measuring the rotation about. So for a solid object, the angular acceleration of all the particles, from which it is composed, are different.
As for angular rotation, the angular acceleration, about the centre of rotation, for all points on the object will be the same. So, for that reason, when we are talking about the angular acceleration of a solid object we mean the angular acceleration about its centre of rotation. This will be the rate of change of angular velocity =d / dt. When measured from the centre of rotation the centrifugal angular acceleration is zero.
We can represent the total instantaneous acceleration of a rigid body by a combination of the linear acceleration of its centre of mass and its acceleration about its centre of mass.
A torque is a turning force. It is applied to a rigid object, by two equal and opposite forces, which are offset.
The total torque about a point is the force times its perpendicular distance from the centre of rotation, summed for all points
If we apply a force to a free floating solid body then, there is an equal and opposite force acting on the centre of mass of the object. If these forces are offset then a torque exists. So a single applied force can produce both, a linear and rotational movement.
So, if a system of forces are applied to a solid object then, they can be replaced by an equivalent linear force on the centre of mass plus, a torque about the centre of mass.
As we saw here that, for a particle:
So integrate these across a solid volume gives:
These terms are calculated in the frame of reference of the object itself. If the object is rotating and if we want to work in an absolute frame-of-reference then, we need to translate these terms to the absolute frame-of-reference. This will then mean that these terms are varying with time (in the frame of reference of the object they are constant).
So the equations for rotation are a lot more complicated than linier motion because torque in one dimention can cause angular acceleration in another dimention. However, it turns out that is always possible to choose a local coordinate system where the inertia matrix is diagonal:
So should we assume that all VRML shapes are defined in a local coordinate system where this is true? well Box, Sphere, Cylinder and Cone will be, but I dont thing that we can assume that IFS, Extrude, ElivationGrid are. We could make sure that we define the points in the IFS so that it is, but I am not sure that we can impose that restriction.


Hyundai Tucson: Engine mounting bracket
- Remove the engine room under cover.
(Refer to Engine and Transaxle Assembly - "Engine Room Under Cover")
- Install the jack to the edge of oil pan.
Insert the rubber block between jack and oil pan.
- Remove the engine mounting support bracket (A).
Tightening torque Bolt and Nut (B, C) : 88.3 - 107.9 N.m (9.0 - 11.0 kgf.m, 65.1 - 79.6 lb-ft)
- Loosen the coolant reservoir tank (A) mounting bolts to obtain engine mounting working space.
Tightening torque : 7.8 - 11.8 N.m (0.8 - 1.2 kgf.m, 5.8 - 8.7 lb-ft)
- Remove the engine mounting bracket (A).
Tightening torque : 63.7 - 83.4 N.m (6.5 - 8.5 kgf.m, 47.0 - 61.5 lb-ft)
- Installation is in the reverse order of removal.
- Hyundai Tucson - Fourth generation (NX4) - (2020-2023) - Owner's Manual
- Hyundai Tucson - Fourth generation (NX4) - (2020-2023) - Workshop Manual


We have earned our name as a renowned supplier of Cash Counting machine. It is a note counting machine for small and medium businesses who handle cash as part of their daily activity. We procure this machine with the help of our expert agents from reliable vendors of the market. This machine is ideal for people who want to reduce their cash handling time but cannot afford expensive machines like in banks. It can very fast count the number of notes and has inbuilt fake note detection system. The machine is fully automatic, it detects suspected notes with UV and MG sensors. This Cash Counting machine is compact and light weight.
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Packaging Details :
Big Coil Wire
Place of Origin :
Surface Treatment :
Sell Zn-10%Al Coated Iron Wire
We can supply Zn-10%Al Coated Steel Wire as follows:
1. Diameter: 1.2mm-6.0mm.
2. Tensile Strength: 350MPa-550MPa.
3. Weight of Zn-Al Coating: 80g/m2-300g/m2.
4. Engineering standard: ASTM, AS/NZS, GB/T and YB/T.
5. Packing: In 100kg-1000kg coil.
Please contact with us if you are interested in our products.
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TESTING & INSPECTIONS: We offer a range of testing and inspection services that includes nondestructive testing, destructive testing, and visual inspections.
We are certified and compliant to standards ASNT SNT-TC-1A, ANSI/ASNT CP-189, NAS-410, ASME NQA-1, AWS D1.1 and more.
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Magnetic Particle Testing (“Magnaflux testing”)
AWS Certified Weld Inspections (CWI)
Welder Certification Testing
Need something else? Use our Contact Us page.


Today the History Club headed to the Otter Tail County Historical Society for an array of item to research, one of them being Mr. Shoutz. Wil Hezlep and Chloe Thue were in charge of finding his story. They found it using the microfilm of the Parkers Prairie Independent. Of particular interest was his obituary, published on January 12, 1961.
Gustave was born, raised, and married in Glencoe. His wife, Amelia, moved with him to Parkers Prairie in 1903. His elevator was indeed the first one built in town, using lumber hauled from Henning by wagon. The timing was perfect. The railroad came through shortly thereafter. His elevator was ready and full. Twelve years later her partnered with Math Kraemer and they dismantled his original elevator and moved it to Goodrich. Then the partners bought the Prairie Elevator.
They later built a Philip's 66 Station on Highway 29 and the Feed Mill. Shoutz was a busy man, later owning and operating elevator in Westbury, Minnesota and Bridger, Montana. At age 71, he sold his share of the elevator and service station to his partner and settled into retirement. He enjoyed life in Parkers Prairie for the next twenty years.
So why did our search prior fail? Well, Mr. Shoutz was buried not here in Parkers, but in Buffalo Lake, where he and his wife had lived in the earlier years of their marriage.
The elevator (actually, there were a few at one point earlier in the century) was crucial for farms in the area to get their products to the market in the railroad era. The importance of local elevators cannot be underestimated. Shoutz and Kraemer deserve a lot of credit for their entrepreneurial spirit and contributions to commerce in the bygone days of Parkers Prairie.


DeWALT DWHT36225 25-Foot XP Heavy Duty High Carbon SAE Measuring Tape Measure
- Model: DWHT36225
- FAO SKU: DWHT36225
- Brand: DEWALT
- Condition: NEW
- FSKU: FSKU44.99
Tougher Case. Tougher Blade Coating. Tougher Hook Connection. The DEWALT Extended Performance (XP) Tape Measure is our toughest ever. The XP Tape Measure is built around our Dual-Core Technology a patented spring system that utilizes two retracting springs in a impact-resistant, heavy-duty case.
- The XP Tape Measure features an impact-resistant PC/ABS case and survives a 60-Foot drop.
- Integrated lock protection guards the lock button when dropped.
- The built-in lanyard slot offers an additional security option.
- Guaranteed tough, the DEWALT XP Tape Measure features 9-Inch of heavy-duty thermoplastic coating at the end of the blade to reduce blade breakage near the hook.
- Our toughest blade coating protects the paint and prevents rust longer.
- The high-carbon steel blade provides 13-Foot of straighter blade standout for increased reach and efficiency.
- The DEWALT XP Tape Measure features our toughest hook connection – reinforced to reduce blade breakage.
- The extra large end hook grabs construction material from all four sides making grabbing objects while taking measurements easy.
- The redesigned screw-free belt clip holds tight and is easy to use.
What’s in The Box
- DeWALT 25-Foot XP Heavy Duty High Carbon SAE Measuring Tape Measure – DWHT36225
- Owner’s Manual
- Limited Lifetime Factory Warranty
- 30 Day Satisfaction Guaranteed
|Blade Length (ft)||25 ft|
|Blade Standout (ft)||13 ft|
|Blade Width (In.)||1-1/4 In.|
|Stud Markings (In.)||16 In.|
|Shiping Weight (lb)||1 lb|