Nissan Titan Drop Shackles
These shackles are built to lower the rear of your Nissan Titan to set it level with the front.
Our drop shackles have two holes to offer either a 1 inch drop or a 1.75 inch drop.
All parts are laser cut for a perfect fit everytime. They are also tig welded for extra strength and powdercoated to ensure a quality lifetime finish.
Complete instructions included.
Nissan Titan Drop Shackles $80 (FREE SHIPPING in lower 48 states!)


In keeping with its firm commitment to bringing cleaner and technologically-advanced mobility solutions, Hero MotoCorp has launched the all-new OBD-II and E20-compliant adventure motorcycle – Xpulse 200 4V. The Xpulse 200 4V comes with an E20-compliant engine that can run on an ethanol-blended gasoline mixture of up to 20%. The motorcycle brings the On-Board Diagnostics (OBD), a self-diagnostics system, that helps in detecting any errors or malfunctions in the vehicle, and brings it to the user’s attention, via a malfunction indicator light (MIL).
Launched in two variants – Base and Pro, the Xpulse 200 4V is available at Hero MotoCorp dealerships across the country at an attractive price* of Rs 1.43 lakh (Base) and Rs 1.50 Lakh (Pro).
2023 Hero Xpulse 200 4V: Pro Variant
The new Hero Xpulse 200 4V – Pro Variant is robust, uncompromising and ready for the most difficult challenges. The fully adjustable front suspension of 250mm and rear suspension of 220mm in the Xpulse 200 4V Pro Variant, promises a stress-free ride during long journeys. Taller seat height (850mm), increased ground clearance (270mm) and a handlebar riser underline the robust off-road attributes. The Extended gear lever and longer side stand ensure an unmatched off-road experience.
2023 Hero Xpulse 200 4V: Performance
The Xpulse 200 4V is powered with a 200cc 4 Valve oil cooled BS-VI (OBD-II and E20 compliant) engine which churns out a maximum power output of 19.1 PS at 8000 rpm and a peak torque of 17.35 Nm at 6500 rpm. The OBD-II device monitors the performance of the catalytic converter and adds to the vehicle’s efficiency by sending notification about any malfunction.
2023 Hero Xpulse 200 4V: 3 ABS Modes
Adding to the overall performance of the motorcycle is the addition of three ABS modes that are suited for different riding conditions – Road, Off-road and Rally.
Road Mode – With default single channel ABS, the control systems are set to achieve optimum performance on dry roads.
Off-Road Mode – Allows the Hero Xpulse 200 4V to demonstrate its on-road sporting temperament. The reduced ABS intervention delivers maximum deceleration in off-road conditions like loose sand, gravel, rocky terrain etc.
Rally Mode – Shows off the off-road riding from its best side.
2023 Hero Xpulse 200 4V: Revised Design
Athletic, powerful and superior, the new Hero Xpulse 200 4V represents true adventure. The new 60mm taller Rally style windshield protects the rider from windblast on face and chest, thus reducing the fatigue. With the all-new Class-D LED Projector headlamp with LED DRLs and the increased light intensity by 230%, riders can now travel more confidently than ever before, even at night. The premium switch-gear completes the overall look.
Also read – Hyundai Exter SUV To Feature Six Airbags As Standard, Will Get Dashcam, TPMS & More
2023 Hero Xpulse 200 4V: Updated Ergonomics
The Hero XPulse 200 4V offers a meticulous and relaxed riding position with ergonomics engineered for every terrain. To ensure an enhanced riding experience on different terrains, the new motorcycle comes with an updated rider foot peg position which is lowered by 35mm and 8mm rear set. This updated rider triangle offers greater control during standing riding stance with limited load on the riders’ wrists, and increased leg holding area for easy maneuverability. The updated USB charging port with increased capacity relocated to the dashboard provides practicality and convenience of charging devices on the go.


The BGI line of continuous churning machines simplifies and perfects the production of fresh churned ice cream, gelato and other frozen desserts. The industry leading machines provide the flexibility and control to churn a variety of desserts with precision resulting in an extremely well crafted product.
Answering the consumer demand for high quality product in an age of mass production, the BGI Continuous Churning Machines allow small batches of ice cream or gelato to be handcrafted in a fraction of the time required by traditional freezers.
Designed to simplify the frozen dessert production process, the BGI product line is not only efficient, it eliminates the need for a highly experienced and costly artisan gelato chef. With the BGI Continuous Churning Machine, you become the chef. Simply pour in the ready-made mix into the machine and with the press of a button, you can craft and churn exceptional frozen desserts in minutes.
Churn artisan flavors that can be enjoyed directly from the barrel – the technology is new, the process is nostalgic and the taste is undeniably special.


Level 3, Sej Plaza, Marve Road, Near Nutan High School, Malad West, Mumbai - 400064, Maharashtra, India
Mr Ketan J. Patel
Mobile : 08037400554
Phone : 08037400554
Fax : 91-22-40736737
We take this opportunity to introduce our Group of Engineering Companies involved in Design, Fabrication, Testing and Supply of varied Chemical Process Equipments. We are Manufacturer and Exporter of Reaction Vessels, Agitators, High Pressure Autoclaves, Hydrogenators, Pressure Vessels, Heat Exchangers, Industrial Pressure Vessels, Industrial Hydrogenator, Process Heat Exchangers,Tall Vertical Columns etc., that are designed and engineered meeting to the requirements of the various International Codes and Standards such as ASME, TEMA, PED, DIN, B.S., API etc.
Our activities are operated in 5 independent shops with an overall covered area of more than 81000 sq. ft., under the crane and supported by more than 100 dedicated hardworking craftsmen. Moreover they are guided, controlled and backed by around 100 professionals in design, planning, purchase & sales and estimation, production management / supervision and quality assurance and control. So far our group companies have successfully fabricated and supplied equipment's up to 5000 mm dia. & 17 meters length. Tall Columns upto to 40 meters height, High Pressure Autoclaves with pressure ranging from full Vacuum to 76 Kg/cm2 (g) with thickness of shell upto 65 mm.


What grade of liner do you require?
There are two grades of steel for your lining system. The quality of stainless steel used for the inner and outer layers of the liner affect its lifespan and recommended usage. 316 which has a ten year guarantee is only suitable for use with wood and very occasional smokeless fuels. 904 has a 20 year guarantee and is suitable for a mixture of wood and smokeless fuels and is recommended for people planning on heavy use of their stove, especially with coal.


Introduction to McMaster-Carr
McMaster-Carr stands as a towering figure in the industrial supply landscape, catering to an extensive range of needs from maintenance operations to engineering projects. With a history spanning over a century, McMaster-Carr has established itself as a go-to source for an astonishing variety of products, boasting a catalog that encompasses more than half a million items. This article aims to delve into the essence of McMaster-Carr, exploring its extensive offerings, customer service excellence, and the pivotal role it plays in supporting industries across the spectrum.
A Glimpse into McMaster-Carr’s History
Founded in 1901, McMaster-Carr began its journey in Elmhurst, Illinois, initially focusing on the plumbing industry before expanding its horizons to cater to a broader range of industrial supplies. Over the decades, the company has grown exponentially, not just in terms of product range but also in its commitment to customer service and supply chain efficiency. Today, McMaster-Carr operates from multiple locations across the United States, ensuring swift delivery and accessibility to its customers nationwide.
The Extensive Product Range
One of the hallmarks of McMaster-Carr is its vast and diverse product selection. Whether you’re looking for fasteners, tools, plumbing supplies, or materials for your next project, McMaster-Carr is likely to have what you need. The product categories extend to include:
- Fasteners: A comprehensive assortment of bolts, screws, nuts, and washers in various sizes and materials.
- Tools & Equipment: High-quality tools for machining, measuring, and hand-tool operations.
- Materials: Metals, plastics, ceramics, and more in various forms like sheets, bars, and tubes.
- Plumbing & HVAC: Everything from pipes and fittings to heating and cooling equipment.
- Electrical Supplies: Components for wiring, lighting, and electrical projects.
- Safety & Janitorial: Safety gear, cleaning supplies, and equipment to maintain a safe and clean working environment.
This expansive product range is meticulously cataloged in McMaster-Carr’s iconic catalog and website, both of which are renowned for their ease of use and detailed product information.
Unparalleled Customer Service and Support
What sets McMaster-Carr apart is not just its product range but its exceptional customer service. The company is known for its knowledgeable support team, ready to assist with product selection, technical queries, and order assistance. This level of support is integral to McMaster-Carr’s philosophy, ensuring that customers not only find what they need but also get the guidance necessary to make informed decisions.
The Role in Supporting Industries
McMaster-Carr serves a pivotal role in supporting a myriad of industries, including but not limited to manufacturing, aerospace, healthcare, and education. By providing a one-stop-shop for essential industrial supplies, McMaster-Carr enables organizations to streamline their procurement processes, thereby reducing downtime and enhancing efficiency. This support is crucial for maintenance, repair, and operations (MRO) tasks, where timely access to high-quality supplies can significantly impact operational continuity.
Navigating the Catalog: A User’s Perspective
Navigating the McMaster-Carr catalog, whether in print or online, is an experience in itself. The catalog is designed with the user in mind, featuring detailed product descriptions, technical specifications, and high-quality images. This attention to detail ensures that customers can find precisely what they need, understand its applications, and make informed purchases. The online platform goes a step further, offering features like real-time inventory updates and next-day delivery options, enhancing the purchasing experience.
Sustainability and Environmental Responsibility
In recent years, McMaster-Carr has also focused on sustainability and environmental responsibility. The company has implemented various initiatives to reduce its carbon footprint, from optimizing its supply chain logistics to employing sustainable packaging solutions. These efforts reflect McMaster-Carr’s commitment to not just serving the needs of its customers but also protecting the environment.
Conclusion: The McMaster-Carr Advantage
In conclusion, McMaster-Carr stands as a beacon of reliability, quality, and service in the industrial supply industry. Its extensive product range, combined with unmatched customer service and support, makes it an indispensable resource for professionals across industries. Whether you’re tackling a complex engineering project or simply in need of reliable supplies for maintenance tasks, McMaster-Carr offers the variety, quality, and expertise you need to succeed. As the company continues to evolve, adapting to the changing needs of industries and embracing sustainability, its commitment to excellence remains unwavering. For anyone in search of industrial supplies, McMaster-Carr is not just a supplier but a partner in success.
With this deep dive into McMaster-Carr, it’s clear that the company’s impact on the industrial world is profound and multifaceted. By maintaining a vast inventory, providing expert guidance, and supporting a wide range of industries, McMaster-Carr truly is your one-stop shop for industrial supplies, embodying a legacy of excellence that continues to drive the industry forward.


Furnace Repair services
When your furnace is not working correctly, it’s important to contact a qualified furnace repair provider to have the situation rectified. Our company can offer a broad range of repair services, and if the problem is beyond repair, replacement is always an option. However, you’ll find that a our professional HVAC company can offer far more than just repairs and replacements.
Up Your Efficiency
If your HVAC system is older, the chances are that it’s far less efficient than it should be. Newer models offer significantly higher efficiency ratings, and our Victoria furnace repair and installation firm can help you choose the ideal model for your needs. With a higher efficiency model, you’ll be able to enjoy some significant benefits, including cutting down on your energy consumption, which helps you reduce your power bill (for electric models) or gas consumption. That also offers benefits for the environment. The lower your power or gas consumption, the less impact you have on the natural world through fossil fuel use.
If you’ve been considering going green, our Victoria furnace repair and replacement company can offer a variety of solutions that fit your needs. In addition to offering high efficiency, new HVAC systems are available that use a range of new green technologies.
For example, there are new furnace and air conditioning units that make use of solar panels to help reduce power consumption when heating and cooling your home. Investing in a system augmented by solar panels can drastically reduce operating costs.
In addition to solar panels, you will find that opting for a geothermal heat pump can offer benefits. Geothermal units make use of the temperature stability within the earth, helping reduce the amount of energy needed to heat or cool the air pushed into your home. If you live in an area where geothermal activity is high, you can tap into that energy with this type of system to cut heating costs significantly. Of course, you don’t have to live in an area with high geothermal activity – any homeowner can make use of these heat pumps to cut their power costs and start benefitting the environment.
Our Victoria furnace repair company can help you in all these ways. From saving money to benefiting the environment, there are new models on the market that can make a huge difference in your life. So why wait, just give us a call and let us help you today!


TermoTest Consult Ltd is a Bulgarian company dealing with CE Marking of Heating Appliances Fired By Solid Fuel. We are licensed under Identification Number NB 1999 of the Registry of the European Commission.
We have experience in undertaking the Initial Type Testing of product determining the performance of representative product samples. We also issue the Initial Type Test report - document presenting the results from the Initial Type Testing of the product and any other information related to the test.
We perform Conformity assessment which is a system of procedures attesting that the defined requirements with respect to the product and/or the system are fulfilled.
We have qualified staff and fully equipped laboratory and we can help your business if you require CE Marking for your Heating Appliances.


S. Barton, E. Prihar, P. Carvalho (2017). Cyther: a human-playable, self-tuning robotic zither. In proceedings of The 17th International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression. Copenhagen, Denmark.
Human-robot musical interaction typically consists of independent, physically-separated agents. We developed Cyther – a human-playable, self-tuning robotic zither – to allow a human and a robot to interact cooperatively through the same physical medium to generate music. The resultant co- dependence creates new responsibilities, roles, and expressive possibilities for human musicians. We describe some of these possibilities in the context of both technical features and artistic implementations of the system.


Introducing the Fiberglass Pool Anchoring System™ By Thursday Pools®
Following Thursday Pools® dedication to quality they have innovated a system that will enable the fiberglass swimming pool to be drained without voiding the warranty. This patented technology is exclusive to Thursday Pools® you will not see this from any other fiberglass pool manufacture. Let discuss why this technology is unprecedented. As rumor has it many non fiberglass installers will try and say that fiberglass pools will just “pop” out of the ground. We have heard this statement more times then we can remember but the facts are pretty simple.
To properly address this statement there has to be some context along with it. These are scientific facts and not salesman propaganda, lets paint the picture. Water weights roughly 8 lbs a gallon so a pool with a water volume of 15,000 gallons has a force holding it down of 120,000 lbs (15,000 x 8lbs). Concrete weights roughly 3,900 lbs per yard (since pool deck size is variable let just use the concrete collar around the lip roughly 3 yards equaling 11,700 lbs). In normal conditions the water table would be lower then the bottom of the pool, there would be no rain thus meaning no water around the pool. Then in fact there is 120,000 lbs of water weight, 3,800 lbs from the pool shell itself, and 11,700 lbs of concrete holding the pool into the ground. Good luck getting this to simply “pop” out. Now lets add a situation of a high water table and heavy rain equaling the amount of water around the pool compared to the volume in it. This would neutralize the condition and with the force of the concrete on the pool lip it will simply stay in place.
Now the rumor it will just “pop” out of the ground. If the high water level conditions exist and you drain the pool the pressure underneath will have to go somewhere. Most likely break the pool bottom or if the pool is strong enough to take it, the pool will rise. Oh and not just fiberglass pools, gunite pools will do this as well. We have NEVER seen a fiberglass pool “pop” out of the ground personally. Not that it can’t happen we have just never seen it.
There are measures in place to neutralize the pressure called hydro static valves. Simply put it is a basic spring valve that will open if the water pressure below the pool exceeds the pressure above it. Therefore letting the water neutralize on its own and keep the pool in place. Many builders have used these valves for vinyl and gunite pools for decades in turn reducing the possibility of these disasters. With different main drains used on a fiberglass pools you cannot simply use this device, until now.
With the Fiberglass Pool Anchoring System™ By Thursday Pools® it utilizes a Geo-Hydro Valve™ and Geo-Anchor Pool Wall™ that keeps the fiberglass pool in place when draining. Keep in mind before you drain the pool you must contact Thursday Pools® to review draining procedures. Now we can put the rumor to rest, there is a fiberglass pool you can drain without voiding warranty. With both parts of this system it gives you complete control and even more peace of mind for years to come!


The Plant2Cloud wireless controllercan be configured to connect to dozensof sensors, ball valves, pumps, etc.Multiple mating connectors can be brought out if needed.
The Plant2Cloud controller can be powered form an internal rechargablebattery, or an external 12 volt power supply if needed.
Waterproof Data Port and internal battery charging connection.
Example of “stand alone” battery powered controller:
Example of “stand alone” battery powered controller connected to aremote humidity and temperature sensor.Sensor can be placed anywhere and easily adjusted for canope height.Batteries last over six months on a charge:
Wireless controller controlling twenty (20) dosing pumps, four (4) ball valves,four (4) sensors, an air pump, several 110 volt switches for led lighting and submersable pumps. Additionally, the resoviour is sampled before irrigation isperformed and results are shown on bar graph display shown here.
WirelessCellular Controller (WCC-205)
Includesall operational software
Tripleprobe option available, as an example run three soil temperature ormoisture probes at different soil depths off of one WCC-205controller
InternalGPS option available
Protectionlevel housing Ip66-UL Listed and meets NEMA types 1, 3, 3S, 4, 4X, 5, 6 and 6P Enclosure ratings
Weatherproofinternal cellular antenna
Directtwo-way communication to our Cloud servers
Internaldatalogger with 8 Giga Byte local storage
Unlimitedserver data storage and retrieval
"Overthe air" lifetime free updates of the wireless operating system
"Overthe air" application script downloading from our servers -allows easy coding of "proprietary" customer applications
Extensiveon board system diagnostics and reporting
Internalrechargeable lithium battery, quickly charged on site
Typically6 months minimum of continuous operation on a battery charge, visualinspection for animal damage is needed every 6 months anyway.
Localbackup of measured data
Programmableemail and text alerts
Includeson-board temperature and cellular signal strength reporting (RSSI)
One (1) year warranty - extended warranties available
OperatingTemperature : 0°C to +65°C ( 0°F to +149°F )
Case /Connectors: 0°C to +65°C ( 0°F to +149°C )
Dimensions 135.4mm (5.33") H x 121.6 mm (4.78")Wx121.6 mm (4.78")L


Garage Door Drum Replace
We Replace Garage Door Drums--FAST
Has your garage door begun making noises and shake while it opens or closes? Your garage door drum might be damaged. Call us today--we will have a technician at your house faster than any of our competitors with replacement parts at the ready.
Know Your Garage Door
Garage Door Drums help stabilize the door, which when stabilized properly, should only feel like 5-10 pounds and can be opened with little effort. For perspective, one should be able to open their garage door with one hand, although we do not recommend doing this if you suspect any kind of issue.
Proceed With Caution
Make sure that if you experience any garage door component damage symptoms, you call your trusted professionals at GDI immediately. Your garage door drum need to be replaced if there are any noticeable cracks or damage and need to be inspected at least once every year. Ignoring symptoms can cause unnecessary stress on other parts of your garage and become more costly over time.
The longer you wait to seek professional technical help, the longer the problem may persist and, in turn, become much worse and less safe.


Creative services cover a full-range of development for hardware & software, specializing in technology products, electronics, user experience & interaction design, interface & GUI design, product graphics & packaging design, CMF (colour-material-form) strategy, mechanical design & documentation, prototyping, and in-house 3D printing.
This extensive range of creative services is combined as needed for your custom requirements to support your team and your product development objectives. Detailed and comprehensive physical and digital manufacturing documentation, prototypes and specifications are produced to facilitate hand-off to manufacturing partners and internal NPI teams. Getting to market is always the end goal.
My experience includes a broad range of products including consumer products, technical equipment, web-based software, app design, packaging, and experience design.
Technical specialties include firmware and embedded system UX, electronic interface designs, manufacturing strategy, mechanical design, IP and NEMA enclosure design, detailed component designs including plastics, elastomers, castings, sheetmetal, CNC parts, detail drafting, design-for-manufacture analysis, and offshore supply-chain manufacturing.
Ask me about any kind of design work you need.
Click the images below to see examples deliverables from all service categories.


Eima International 201410 November 2014
Eima International is set for 12 to 16 November at the Bologna Trade Fair Center to take center stage on the world scene for the scale of the area committed and the immense ranges of merchandise as well as for the quality of the technologies on exhibit.
The upcoming 41st edition of the event is drawing the direct participation of leading manufacturing industries from all parts of the world arriving with their finest production and for world premieres of their avant-garde technologies.
Visit us at Hall 29 Stand C21
Website: Eima International


Short description: Colour photo of a banking machine in the wall of a building with a single crutch propped next to the machine. (21 words).
Long description: Colour photo of an automatic banking machine built into the ochre yellow wall of a building. The very modern looking machine has a slightly ornate, old-fashioned surround. Leaning against the wall next to the machine is a single crutch. The photo gives no clue as to who owns the crutch or why it is next to the banking machine. It creates an odd juxtaposition between the modern, but probably inaccessible new technology and the old-fashioned accessibility aid. (77 words).


Provide proper ventilation in bathrooms
Rationale: Ensuring that bathroom ventilation systems provide adequate levels of airflow at low loudness levels effectively controls moisture and allergen concentrations — contributing to increased occupant comfort and reduced risk of infections, headache, and fatigue.
Demonstrate compliance with one of the options below:
Bathroom Ventilation Protocol (Full Credit):
Demonstrate compliance with all the following requirements:
- Establish and implement a bathroom ventilation protocol that is at least as rigorous as the v3 Fitwel Bathroom Ventilation protocol.
The Fitwel Bathroom Ventilation Protocol is attached below.
Types of compliance documentation required:
- Uploaded protocol


This Cessna 150M is IFR capable with dual G5’s, a Garmin stack and updated panel. Annual completed in June of 2023 and engine and propeller overhauled in May of 2022. Aircraft is currently undergoing a 100 hr inspection. This aircraft was brought to the south from Michigan where it was disassembled and made ready for a local flight club. The instrument panel was completely gutted and redone from scratch. Great flying aircraft.


RFI announces our range of the new 4.3-10 connector - the new standard in cellular applications.
The 4.3-10 (often referred to 43-10) connector has a smaller form factor than 716 DIN, is easier to install (no torque wrench required) and has excellent PIM performance, making it ideal in cellular applications. The RFI range includes connectors and cable tails from Commscope, Huber & Suhner and Rosenberger and adaptors from Commscope. The range includes three different options for connectors:
- Screw with Hex-Coupling Nut
- Push-on Quick-Lock


HVAC Equipment Installation
Whether you need to replace your existing HVAC equipment or add air conditioning to a home that has never had it before, AMI Air Conditioning has a wide range of HVAC products to meet your needs and your budget. From air conditioners, furnaces and heat pumps to air quality solutions and thermostats, we can provide a range of solutions that are both affordable and will provide comfort to your family. As part of the Carrier network, we have access to local inventory supplies and can receive it in house in as little as 24 hours on the rare occasion we do not have in-house ourselves.
By replacing an older inefficient model, you can expect to increase your HVAC equipment efficiency up to 25%, reduce your energy consumption by 25-40%, and create significant savings on your monthly utility bill. For many of our customers, the reduced monthly utility cost will cover the cost of a new installation.
Let AMI Air Conditioning evaluate your current system and provide you with the most economical way to keep your home comfortable for your family.
Many homeowners have questions about the different types of air conditioners that are available for their properties. If you are seeking an air conditioning system that is able to cool your entire house, you may want to purchase a central air conditioner. To cool only one or two rooms on your property, consider purchasing a mini split system, which connects directly to the outside. An HVAC professional can help you choose the best unit for your specific cooling requirements.
Scheduling an air conditioner replacement before your existing unit goes out can save you from overheating during the peak of the summer. There are a few signs that your air conditioner may need to be replaced. If your system is making strange noises, seems to be losing efficiency, or is simply unable to cool down your home effectively, these are all signs that you may be ready to install a new unit.
Purchasing a new air conditioner is a significant investment. When you buy a new air conditioning system for your property, you will want to make sure that your unit lasts for as long as possible. To achieve the best lifespan and performance from your new air conditioner, always schedule your installation with a team of experienced HVAC installation technicians. Your installation experts will take the time necessary to install your new air conditioner correctly.


EarthHeat has been in the forefront of geothermal systems and technology for over 18 years. To date, we have successfully completed over 200 residential / commercial installations—on time and within budget. Recognized for being one of the pioneers to bring ground-source energy solutions to the Pacific Northwest, we have expert knowledge and understanding of geological conditions in the region. We are committed to providing the highest level of safety, quality, and exceptional service—before, during, and after the project.
If a conventional heating system is a better fit for your project and or you’re looking for a licensed plumber to help with repairs or new plumbing installation – We can help! We also offer services for gas piping, water heaters, radiant floors and hot water recirculation systems - just to name a few. Please visit us at our new website www.earthheatph.com or call us at 425.788.5214


If you have recently had a tree come down, either by accident, or because someone has taken it down for you, you will be left with a stump. Even after everything has been removed, that stump is still going to be in the ground. As a result of this, you will need to find a way to remove this and this can be very problematic. You will need to get a stump grinder that can help you remove the stump very quickly, and here is how you can find some of the best ones available.
What Is A Stump Grinder?
A stump grinder is a tool that you can use that has rotating discs. They can be the size of a lawnmower, or even a large truck. Their goal is to chip away at the stump, making it grind down to the ground level. They will use fixed carbide teeth on the cutter wheel. Everything is powered by a motor that uses hydraulic power. You will be able to raise and lower it’s similar to how you would use a bandsaw. To find a stump grinder that will be large enough to handle your stump, you need to start searching for one on the web, perhaps as a rental.
Different Types Of Stump Grinders
there are a couple different types that you can use. First of all, there are the ones that will grind from the top. These are called vertical stump grinders. These can be attached to larger machines such as excavators or tractors. These are simply placed over the top of the stump, and it will begin to grind it down. There are some that are so powerful that they can take out over a meter of stump in less than 30 seconds. These are very powerful, but most people will not need to use something so large.
How To Use One Properly
If you want to use one of these on your own, there are only a few rules that you have to follow. First of all, you need to understand how to raise and lower the grinder itself. There will be a safety where you need to know where this is. The safety will allow you to protect yourself while it is running. Once you are ready to use it, you can take the safety off, and begin to grind by pushing down on the top. This will enable you to remove bits and pieces of the stump until it eventually is all gone.
Alternatives To Stump Grinders
There are other alternatives that you may consider including using potassium nitrate which can cause it to decompose more quickly. The other possibility is that you can use a chainsaw after digging up the dirt around the stump. This will help you cut away at the roots, making it easier to pull out. Finally, you will be able to use some type of pulley on the front of your truck that can pull it out of the ground. These are just other options to consider, but if you can find a stump grinder that can remove it within a few minutes, that would certainly be your best option.
Some grinders can be dangerous, but by using these tips, it should be very easy to get rid of the ones that you have. You should contact a professional if possible so they can do this for you. This will enable you to save time, and also have the job done properly. There are some people that simply prefer to do things on their own, and you now know how this can be done.


Cast Iron Pipe Weathered Zinc, Zinc Plating Vanity Light
Constructed of heavy cast iron pipe, this collection has an industrial look that is further enhnaced with a two-tone Weathered Zinc finish accented with Zinc plated elbows and connectors. There are also 3 optional shades from which to choose.
|Finish||Weathered Zinc, Zinc Plating|
|Dimensions||28"w x 6"d x 10"h|
|Lights||4 x 60 Watts|
|Collection||Cast Iron Pipe|


Gift Set in a Cube Format for 230 Volts. Freight Train with an Oval of Track and a Plug-In Wall Power Pack with a Suitable Locomotive Controller with Smooth Speed Control.
Prototype: 1 each German Federal Railroad (DB) class V 60 diesel locomotive. 1 each gondola. 1 each refrigerator car.
Model: The locomotive has a 5-pole motor. All of the driving wheels are powered. The gondola has a gift for a load. The refrigerator car comes in an exclusive "Märklin Mini-Club" design. 2 each straight track, 10 each curved track, and a rerailer are included. A 230 volt / 12 VA switched mode power pack with a suitable locomotive controller is included. Also included is a track plan brochure. Train length approximately 160 mm / 6-5/16". This starter set can be expanded with the SET track extension sets, item nos. 8190 or 8191, 8192, 8193, and 8194 or according to your own plans.


Panama Canal - Pathway Between The Seas
An early highlight of our cruise was the eight hour transit through the original Panama Canal. The history of the Canal is well known, a great source is Pathway Between the Seas by David McCullough. The Canal opened in 1914 and over a million ships have made the transit cutting off almost 8,000 miles from the around South America option. In 2016 a new parallel canal was opened with much bigger locks allowing the modern day large container (and cruise) ships to make the passage. Island Princess can fit in the original Canal, so we had a more interesting journey. The 51 mile transit between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean required the use of three sets of locks (Gatun, Pedro Miguel and Miraflores) to raise the ship 85 feet into Gatun Lake and lower it back down to enter the Pacific.
This is a century-old engineering marvel to observe. The building of the massive locks is one thing, but to see what the workers had to do to cut through mountains and granite to open a path to the man-made Gatun Lake and then the Gaillard Cut to complete the path from the lake to the Pacific is even more impressive.
In each lock, the ship was cable tied to small electric locomotives (called mules) on each side and guided in. The six foot wide gates were shut, and fresh water was either flooded in or drained out to change the elevation. Once the water level was equal, the gates opened, and the mules helped the ship exit. Each lock allows two way traffic, so we could see a reverse process ongoing right next to us.


When you are buying an embroidery machine, you are making an investment; whether that machine is intended for business use or personal use. Besides your budget, there are a number of things to consider before leaping into the world of computerized machine embroidery.
Business or Personal
The intended use of the machine will guide you in selecting a machine. If you are planning to start a business or expand your business into embroidery, then you need to purchase a commercial or industrial embroidery machine. If you plan to embellish items for personal use and perhaps as gifts, then a consumer grade machine is likely sufficient; however there are some great cross-over machines that work well in both arenas.
Consumer grade embroidery machines may be a small dedicated embroidery machine or a combination sewing machine with embroidery capabilities. Typically these are single needle, flat-bed machines that are relatively inexpensive.
These machines often have small embroidery areas and lack an automatic thread trimmer. They may stitch slowly and the flat bed presents limitations to what products can be embroidered.
Consumer embroidery machines are designed to reduce operator mistakes. These machines know what size hoop is installed and will not allow a larger or inappropriately positioned design to stitch. Some commercial machines will have this capability, while Industrial machines usually do not.
Lighter in durability than industrial machines, but better than consumer embroidery machines are the commercial, or cross-over, embroidery machines. These machines are usually multi-needle and may be flatbed or free arm, with a larger stitch area. Commercial embroidery machines are also faster than consumer models and will feature a thread trimmer.
The most expensive, big and heavy embroidery machines are for industrial use. These machines are more durable and usually multi-head, multi-needle and like commercial machines are either flatbed or free arm.
Industrial machines stitch about as fast, to slightly faster, than commercial embroidery machines and may offer a slightly larger stitch area.
On multiple head machines the pantograph for all heads is tied together, resulting in the same design being stitched on all heads, simultaneously.
Lower-end consumer and commercial embroidery machines only have one needle. These are the least expensive, but most time consuming machines. With each change of color in a design, the machine will stop so that the operator can remove the current color thread and then feed the machine with the next color thread. Even the most proficient operator loses time with this process – and the machine is doing nothing while it waits.
A Multi-needle machine allows the thread colors to be preloaded with the design colors. The embroidery machine will stitch out the design automatically changing between each needle as appropriate for the design colors. The machine requires less operator time and resumes stitching quickly after changing color needles.
Higher-end single needle machines will have an automatic thread cutter to reduce operator efforts. Provided the machine automatically cuts them, the thread cutter eliminates the need to trim jump stitches in designs.
Multi-needle machines will have an automatic thread cutter – without it serious mechanical issues will occur due to thread tangling and interference.
The stitching area of an embroidery machine is the space which a machine is capable of applying thread to stitch-out the design. Typically, the hoops and stitch areas are measured in millimeters. There are 25.4 millimeters in one inch. People that have difficulty with the metric system like to simplify the math and count 25 millimeters as one inch. This behavior leads to some confusion, since stitch areas are usually easy, rounded metric measurements, like 100mm (3.93″) and 250mm (9.84″); people call them four-inch and ten-inch respectively, but incorrectly.
The physical size of hoops will be larger than the stitch area to ensure there is adequate space for the machines mechanisms, like the presser foot, to clear the hoop.
Consider the materials you intend to stitch on to – when stitching onto a small product, you need the ability to use the smallest hoop possible to ensure a quality stitch-out; however, you may need to embroidery larger spaces also – for them you need larger hoops and stitch area. You need to make sure that your machine has stitch area capabilities that you need and comes with the appropriate hoops. It helps to have two hoops of each size per machine head.
Bear in mind that most Industrial embroidery machines and some commercial machines do not monitor the size of the hoop installed. Using an incorrect sized hoop can damage a machine if the design is too large.
Most modern embroidery machines have color or black-and-white touch-screen user interfaces that make operating the machine substantially easier. These machines can usually have designs loaded via USB cable or “thumb drive”. Machines that use proprietary design/memory cards are not common today, but they were very common in the early era of consumer embroidery.
There are still some machines on the market that require a computer (typically Microsoft Windows based PC) to run them, while a few others have a simple words and numbers only digital interface. These machines tend to require a Serial connection or USB connection to the computer. In some cases the computer can not be used during the stitch-out routine – a very important point in considering when buying an embroidery machine.


SoClean2 CPAP Cleaner and SanitiserRef SC1200 $449.00 SoClean is an automated CPAP cleaner and sanitizer that helps you clean your CPAP equipment in a faster, easier and even more effective way. Cleaning your CPAP Mask, tubing or humidifier was never easier. SoClean’s activated oxygen completely sanitizes your mask, hose, and reservoir without any water or chemicals.
The SoClean 2 is an automated CPAP equipment cleaner and sanitiser. With the SoClean 2, you can sanitise and disinfect your CPAP mask, hose and reservoir without needing to take any pieces apart every day. The machine does not require water or any messy chemicals. Your equipment remains completely dry.
Included with your SoClean purchase is: Small Bottle Pre-Wash (prior to first use), Cartridge Filter, Check Valve Assembly, 1 Slot Plug, and AC Power Adapter.
SoClean 2 Features:
New sleek design
Indicator lights throughout the cycle
Left or right hose insertion option
Easy filter cartridge system
1 Year Warranty
Destroys 99.9% of bacteria, viruses, and mold*
No need to take CPAP equipment apart
No water or messy chemicals required
Same sanitising process used in water purification, hospitals, and produce handling
Do you have a heated hose for the ResMed S9, ResMed AirSense 10, Philips Respironics, Fisher & Paykel ICON™, or a Fisher & Paykel 600 series?
You will need an adapter for SoClean to work optimally.
The inside chamber was designed specifically so that multiple mask types can be used within the SoClean unit, from nasal pillow masks to full CPAP masks.
SoClean uses a universal fitting to integrate into an array of CPAP models. Some CPAP models that use a heated hose will need an adapter to maintain the heated hose function. If you are unsure which adapter you may need, please refer to the SoClean compatibility list.
*Sanitizing capability based on controlled conditions. Actual results may vary. See lab results here.
The SoClean requires that you change the filter and the check valve every 6 months. A Cartridge Filter Kit containing both needed items can be purchased here.
Q : Does it make an audio noise when the filter needs replacing?
A : No but a message with show on your display screen.
Q : You will need an adapter for SoClean to work optimally. what is the part number to order?
A : It depends on what machine you have as to which adaptor you will need.
Q : As I will be camping for 3 weeks I would like to know it this machine has a battery pack that can be purchased?
A : Unfortunately this cleaning device does not have a battery pack.
Q : How often does the CPAP machine need to be cleaned?
A : This Ozone cleaner is designed to operate automatically every day, and uses Ozone to clean the interior of the machine and tube, and all surfaces of the mask. Please note that it disinfects, but will not remove any organic or inorganic material. You should wipe the mask and headgear before putting it into the SoClean.
Q : Do I have to empty the humidification chamber of water before I run the So Clean?
A : Yes
Q : Do I need an adapter I have ResMed ResMed AirSense 10 AutoSet auto machine 37352?
A : Yes, you can buy an AirSense adaptor
Q: My SoClean is displaying flashing lights and time to order message
A : This message indicates that it is time to change your SoClean filter and check valve – it will come on after about six months of normal use. After changing the filter and check valve, please hold down the hourglass button and manual button together until you see a smiley face icon appear on the display screen. When you see the smiley face icon, the message has been cleared and reset.
If you don't do this reset, your SoClean will just keep flashing the message
Delivery, Click & Collect, Returns
We know how important your sleep therapy is and it is essential to have the equipment you want, when you need it.
As soon as we receive your order we will start processing it. Orders that can be shipped are usually posted within 24 hours of receipt. Paid Express orders and backorders are treated with priority.
We use Australia Post to ship to all states across Australia.
FREE Delivery is available on most products or choose Express delivery for an extra $10.
Please visit our Shipping Options page for more details and FAQS.
CLICK & COLLECT
With Click & Collect you can shop online and collect your order from one of our clinic locations that is most suitable to you, and at a convenient time! Another benefit of Click & Collect is that you can meet with our professional staff who can help set up your products and answer any questions you may have.
You can choose to Click & Collect any products. Simply choose the Click & Collect option in checkout, and your preferred pick-up location.
How do I know if a product is Click & Collect only?
If a product has a grey shopping bag icon above its price, this means the product will need to be collected from one of our shop locations. This is usually because of shipping restrictions the manufacturer has requested for its product.
You can return your items within 14 days.
Returning an item is very simple. All you need to do is follow the instructions we have outlined on our How to Return customer service page.
If you require assistance for any of the above, please call the CPAP Australia team on 1300 69 2727.


For over 10 years, Grainger and Tri-Arc have partnered to supply Grainger’s customers in many segments with standard and customized (EAS) climbing and access product solutions. All of these products have been developed to keep workers safe and productive when working from height. Tri-Arc’s broad portfolio of products and services available through Grainger continues to expand. We are engaged with more and more sellers in pursuit of the same goal: Providing quality products and solving problems.
Tri-Arc products and services offering to Grainger includes:Standard Rolling Ladders, Mobile Work Platforms, Fixed Ladders, Mobile Step Stand and Stools, U-Design Configurable Products, Versa-Step Modular Access Steps, and Engineered Access Solutions (EAS – Customized Solutions).
Tri-Arc’s experience and expertise solving climbing and
access problems relating to workplace safety, productivity
improvement and code compliance makes Tri-Arc the
one stop ladder supplier Grainger can turn to.
THE EXPERTS IN CLIMBING AND ACCESS
Southwest Airlines was looking for a solution to replace the scaffolding they had been renting to use around the tail of their aircraft at their Love Field MRO hangar. Their ideal access solution would reduce costs and also reduce set-up time. Their Grainger representative identified Tri-Arc as the ideal partner because of Tri-Arc’s previous experience with aviation MRO access projects as well as tail docks specifically. After assessing the problem, the plan that Tri-Arc designed resulted in a system that can be quickly set up or retracted, and will pay for itself in the savings of rental fees alone in roughly one year.
Customized solutions designed to address safety, code compliance and productivity.
You design and configure a ladder product that solves your access and safety problems and/or needs using our simple step-by-step ordering process.
Broadest selection of ladders and step stands that address safety, ergonomics, and every work environment.
Considered one of the most versatile and attractive modular access stair systems available. They are proudly built in the USA and available in various options that meet building codes as well as building access conditions.
Tri-Arc’s experience and expertise solving climbing and access problems relating to workplace safety, code compliance, productivity and human factors makes Tri-Arc the solution provider companies spanning all industries turn to for all of their climbing and access needs. Headquartered in Pittsburgh, PA, Tri-Arc is proud to say that all of our products are Made in the USA!
Tri-Arc is an active member of the American Ladder
Institute (ALI). The ALI is the accredited ANSI
standards developer as well as a great resource for
information on proper use, care and selection of
ladders. The ALI’s offers the most comprehensive FREE
ladder safety training modules including the mobile
ladder and ladder stands module that was directed by
Tri-Arc and filmed at our facility.


The most important piece of equipment for brewing great coffee? A solid grinder. Grinding fresh-roasted coffee just before brewing is the key to unlocking its full range of aromatics and flavors. What defines a solid grinder? Particle uniformity. Whether you’re grinding fine for espresso, or coarse for French Press, uniformity of particle size is the key to full, even extraction. There are few prosumer grinders that do this as well, or as consistently, as the Baratza Virtuoso+.
The secret to the Virtuoso’s consistent, smooth grind is two-fold: an efficient DC motor keeps your beans cool, even during extended grind times, while a combination of electric and gear speed reducers slow the conical burr to 450 RPM, ensuring a smooth bean feed and reducing noise, heat and static buildup.
The Virtuoso’s exterior is just as finely tuned as its interior — a convenient front-mounted pulse button allows for grinding directly into an espresso filter basket, while a 60-second timer means that it’s easy to replicate the ideal grind time. With the Virtuoso, the look goes beyond merely functional. A sculptured metal top and base give this grinder an expensive, elegant image that adds a sense of class and quality to kitchen counters and coffee shop workspaces alike.
Speed To Grind: 1.5g/sec.—2.4g/sec.
Burrs: 40mm conical burrs
Bean Hopper Capacity: 8 oz (230g)
Grounds Bin Capacity: 5 oz. (142 g)
Weight: 8 lbs. (3.6kg)
Dimensions WxHxD (cm): 12x35x16
Power Rating (North America): 120 V AC 180 Watts 50/60 Hz. 1.5 Amp
Power Rating (Other): 230 V AC 180 Watts 50/60 Hz. .8 Amps
No Load Burr Speed: 550 RPM
Safety Listing: UL/CSA/CE


Construction report Jan.-Feb. 2018
The Vogel Bros. construction team has made steady progress on the Brass Works building despite the unpredictable weather conditions this winter. By the end of January, structural steel framing and concrete masonry walls were completed, second floor wood framing members were installed, and exterior wall framing was well on its way.
February started off brutally cold, but that did not slow down progress. With the help of tenting and heaters, masons skillfully reconstructed a brick wall between the historic portion of the building and the new addition. This one rests on a proper new foundation.
This new wall extends the existing west brick wall from the original portion of the Brass Works building dating back to 1918. Repurposed bricks from the chimney and other original areas of the building were used to recreate a look like the weathered aesthetic of the 100-year-old remaining brick structure.
From the exterior, it is easier than ever to see the final vision of the building as we get closer to the Brass Work project’s completion this summer. Inside, but not visible to pedestrians, a flurry of activity continues: mechanical ductwork, electrical conduit and plumbing work. Hoods and venting have been installed in the basement commercial kitchen area.
In the coming months work will continue to enclose the building. Vogel Bros. is targeting late July to complete the project and turn the building over to the Goodman Community Center.


Thermal printer and application
A thermal printer (or direct thermal printer) produces a printed image by selectively heating coated thermochromic paper, or thermal paper as it is commonly known, when the paper passes over the thermal printer head. The coating turns black in the areas where it is heated, producing an image.
Thermal transfer printing is a related method that uses a heat-sensitive ribbon instead of heat-sensitive paper
A thermal printer comprises these key components:
• Thermal head : generates heat; prints on paper
• Platen : a rubber roller that feeds paper
• Spring : applies pressure to the thermal head, causing it to contact the thermosensitive paper
• Controller boards : for controlling the mechanism
In order to print, thermo-sensitive paper is inserted between the thermal head and the platen. The printer sends an electrical current to the heating elements of the thermal head, which generate heat. The heat activates the thermo-sensitive coloring layer of the thermosensitive paper, which changes color where heated. Such a printing mechanism is known as a thermal system or direct system. The heating elements are usually arranged as a matrix of small closely spaced dots—thermal printers are actually dot-matrix printers, though they are not so called.
The paper is impregnated with a solid-state mixture of a dye and a suitable matrix; a combination of a fluoran leuco dye and an octadecylphosphonic acid is an example. When the matrix is heated above its melting point, the dye reacts with the acid, shifts to its colored form, and the changed form is then conserved in metastable state when the matrix solidifies back quickly enough. See thermochromism.
Controller boards are embedded with firmware to manage the thermal printer mechanisms. The Firmware can manage multiple bar code types, graphics and logos. They enable the user to choose between different resident fonts (also including Asian fonts) and character sizes.
Controller boards can drive various sensors such as paper low, paper out, door open, top of form etc., and they are available with a variety of interfaces, such as RS-232, parallel, USB and wireless. For point of sale application some boards can also control the cash drawer.
Thermal printer used in seafloor exploration
Thermal printers print more quietly and usually faster than impact dot matrix printers. They are also smaller, lighter and consume less power, making them ideal for portable and retail applications. Roll-based printers can be rapidly refilled. Commercial applications of thermal printers include filling station pumps, information kiosks, point of sale systems, voucher printers in slot machines, print on demand labels for shipping and products, and for recording live rhythm strips on hospital cardiac monitors.


Made of black polyurethane, Coiled Wire Rope Lanyards are extremely durable and highly elastic. A stretched lanyard will expand to more than 10 times its contracted length, making it perfect for securing pins, tools, etc. in applications requiring large differences in positioning. They are available in various lengths and terminus ends including loops, tabs, stake eyes, split rings, carabiner clips, and tails. Custom assemblies are welcome. Can't find the coiled tether you are looking for? Contact sales today to discuss your needs. *Not for weight bearing applications.


Frequently Asked Questions
What is the warranty on the work you performed?
Our warranty is a minimum of 12 months or 12000 miles on all new parts installed. This covers parts AND labor.
Can someone take me home or to work if I drop off my vehicle?
Yes. We offer shuttle service in the St. Peters and St. Charles area for your convenience.
How do I know your technicians are qualified to work on my vehicle?
All of our technicians are ASE Certified Technicians (most are ASE Certified Master Technicians). This means they have passed the most rigorous requirements of the ASE and are well qualified to service your vehicle
Is there a fee for diagnosing my vehicle?
That depends on the problem. There is no fee for checking your brakes, belts or coolant hoses. Some suspension diagnosis is also free. Other diagnosis issues including driveability, electrical, HVAC and so on are billed at an hourly rate of $115 per hour with a minimum fee of $57.50. Most vehicles can be diagnosed for the minimum fee of $57.50.
What causes my check engine light to come on?
Your check engine light comes on when one of the many sensors on your vehicle has a reading that outside of its normal range. The sensor sends a message to the computer which in turn illuminates the light. Some issues can be caused by something as simple as a loose or missing gas cap. Others can be much more complicated. We have the tools to read the codes and the training and experience to diagnose and repair the problem.
What are store hours?
We are here to serve you from 7:30 AM to 6:00 PM, Monday thru Friday. We are closed Saturday and Sunday.
Can I drop my car off when you are closed?
Absolutely. We have a night drop box located on the front of the building. It contains pens and night drop envelopes. Simply fill out the information on the envelopes, insert you car key and seal the envelope. Then insert the envelope into the mail slot located in the garage door next to the drop box. Your envelope and keys will then be located safely inside the building. We will call you as soon as the service you requested is finished (i.e. an oil and filter change or state inspection) or as soon as we have diagnosed your problem. We never repair a vehicle without your authorization. You will always receive a complete explanation and cost estimate of the work BEFORE we repair anything.


Construction Hire Solutions Continues To Impress17th March 2017
BCM’s sister company Construction Hire Solutions (CHS), which was formed in 2016, is going from strength to strength.
CHS, which is also part of the ENABLE consortium, was set-up to provide efficient construction plant solutions; by ensuring quality tools and plant are always available. In it’s 10 months of trading the business is already having an impressive impact in cutting costs, and is providing real demonstrable added value to its clients.
Prior to the establishment of CHS, BCM’s procurement department was solely responsible for sourcing plant, equipment and materials.
What is CHS?
Construction Hire Solutions Ltd. is a prospering plant and equipment hire organisation based in East Grinstead. CHS aims to provide the latest plant and equipment to the industry with exceptional customer service and specialist technical knowledge.
Our current focus is on the ENABLE consortium and other external parties.
CHS currently supplies:
- Small Tools – a full range of specialist tools, which are rail industry approved to Network Rail standards.
- Rail Safety Equipment Hire – a collection of rail industry approved safety equipment and PPE.
- Plant Hire – specialist rail industry plant and equipment including a range of general construction plant.
- Welfare Set-ups – all elements associated with bespoke welfare site set-ups.
- Fleet Hire – all vehicle types, including welfare vehicles.
CHS strives to develop and grow company services (change) and capabilities. Here are a few ambitions CHS aim to achieve in the near future:
- RRV Supplier – own and operate a fleet of RRV’s to primarily service BCM with a view to providing services externally.
- Haulage – own and operate a HGV specifically to service BCM requirements.
- Outsourced Procurement – provision of a procurement service to BCM for all materials and goods. Through also providing this service to other suppliers, CHS will be able to provide the very best value for goods and materials.
CHS employs staff with specialist technical rail knowledge offering the unique ability to advise/consult on the best equipment to supply for a project. CHS will match or beat industry prices and for long term hires can provide significant savings for projects. Advanced computer systems efficiently manage plant and equipment, ensuring it is compliant and safe to use.


Hunter’s revolutionary MP Rotators use multi-stream technology to deliver accurate streams of water with superior uniformity. When used in place of standard spray nozzles, it’s not uncommon to see system water use decrease by up to 30% or more. This technology and water savings is brought to life in the PRS40. This efficient watering tool combines the rugged Pro-Spray body and replaces the traditional nozzle with a built-in MP Rotator. Regulated at 2.8 bar; 280 kPa the Pro-Spray PRS40 ensures the optimum output pressure to achieve maximum efficiency. It is recommended for both residential and commercial applications, and is available in an array of configurations to suit the needs of any site.


There are certain things in the world that some people will never understand. How that loving couple came to be; how a “car guy” can become utterly besotted with a machine that boils down to four wheels and an engine; and how Alfa Romeos are just so special.
We’ll, I recently got married to the most loving, special person I’ve had the privilege of knowing; became besotted with a vehicle that has four wheels and an engine; and well, you can probably guess where this is going…
You see, I was fortunate enough to be given the use of the Giulia QV spread over this page as our wedding car… Maybe it was the endorphin rush of the day and all but – and I can say this now because, well, the wedding can’t be called off anymore – I nearly eloped with the car that stole my heart.
Actually, now that I think about it, so did my better half – and most people who were able to take in the QV’s combination of gorgeous proportions, thuggish muscularity and purposeful carbon-fibre detailing. Where the BMW Ms, Mercedes AMGs and Audi RSs of the world have become invisible in their ubiquity, the QV gleans admiring glances from most and nods of approval by those who know their cars.
You’d probably wonder, though, while it looks all snazzy, why one would want a big-wheeled (they’re 19-inch, by the way), hard-riding sports saloon with firm, body-hugging, carbon-fibre backed sports seats with which to drive to their wedding-night destination? We’ll, this is where one of the QV’s biggest strengths comes to the fore – this is no one-trick pony.
You see, the QV has a few chassis and suspension tricks up its sleeve that allow it to vary its personality between razor sharp track weapon or comfortable, quiet, refined long-distance cruiser. The basic Giulia double-wishbone front and 4.5-link rear suspension is coupled with three-way adaptive suspension in the QV. You’re free to choose between All-Weather, Natural, Dynamic and Race modes via the DNA Pro rotary selector; so adapting the car’s character to your mood or environment.
Moving through the various modes also adapts the engine response, exhaust note, gear-shift ferocity and steering feel to the various driving situations. And with a 375 kW/600 Nm turbocharged V6 of 2,9 litres, and an eight-speed automatic gearbox, at your disposal, there are not many driving situations the QV can’t handle. The drivetrain is that well tuned…
The marvellous engine offers an unrelenting power delivery and – especially in Race mode – makes what can only be described as very naughty noises. The gearbox shifts smoothly when driven gently or can slam home the next gear with race car-like efficiency when the accelerator is flat.
And, as it should be in a car that can reach 100 km/h in 3,9 seconds and top out at 307 km/h, the QV also handles like a dream. The chassis is ideally balanced with a 50/50 weight split, and mechanical grip and traction are fantastically well tuned. Here, the bespoke Pirelli PZero Cosa AR tyres, as well as the QV’s Torque Vectoring and a front Active Aero Splitter, are also to thank.
The steering offers great feel when it counts – if it is a bit light. My only real gripe with the drive are the brakes, which – despite being strong when used aggressively – are either “on or off” and difficult to modulate.
Nonetheless, there was no one point in my – sorry our – time with the QV that it felt too hard, too soft, too wild or too boring. It is so competent, so well-rounded, so satisfying to drive hard, and so easy to live with day to day.
In this regard, the cabin is comfortable and lined with red-stitched leather and alcantara. Space is good all round and those optional Sparco sports seats are probably the best I’ve yet sampled in any car. You’ve got just about all the mod-cons too: an 8,8-inch Connect Nav infotainment system (that even warns you when you’re approaching a speed camera!); 900W, 14-speaker Harman Kardon sound; and a brace of driving-assist systems that includes Forward Collision Warning, Autonomous Emergency Braking, Adaptive Cruise Control, Lane Departure Warning, Blind-Spot Monitoring and a rear parking camera.
In summary, then, the Giulia QV is a stunning all-round sports saloon; a powerful bruiser and surprisingly capable cruiser. It would have no problem going toe-to-toe with the finest from BMW, Mercedes-Benz or Audi.
It stole my heart but, thankfully, my marriage will survive – because from R1,4 million (although it has a three-year/100 000 km warranty and six-year/100 000 km maintenance plan) the Giulia QV is no cheap date. It is a helluva special one, though.
CyberStoep rating: 9/10


CFD modelling in ODS Studio is handled through the OpenFOAM software.
Learning the full intricacies of CFD is a rather complex and specialised field of study that goes beyond the scope of this guide. However some important points to note are as follows.
There are fundamentally two types of solutions that one can try to achieve in CFD. These are: transient and steady-state solutions. Steady-state is the type most commonly practised (traditionally) in the building industry and can be thought of like a time-lapse photo of the flow field. Steady state solutions return a single result and are suitable for cases where the flow field is expected to be fairly “steady” or, in other words, not expected to change through time very much. The SIMPLE algorithm (Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-Linked Equations) is redominantly used for achieving steady-state results. The alternative to steady-state solutions are transient solutions where results are returned at different points in time (like the frames of a video). Transient solutions obviously require much more storage memory (hard-drive space) to store all of the results at various times. This solution method is important to capture “unsteady” dynamics of the flow-field, that is, aspects of the flow field that are expected to change throughout time such as the creation and transport of eddies in the wake of a building or the unsteady dynamics of buoyant plumes. The PISO algorithm (Pressure Implicit with Splitting of Operators) is predominantly used for achieving transient results.
The use of “incompressible” solvers is not a bad assumption in many cases. Considering the low flow velocity of many building-related flows then it is easy for one to imagine that flow does not compress much as it moves around or through a building.
The “mesh” of a CFD model is akin to pixel-resolution on a graphical render. However the mesh generally has a three-dimensional quality to it so that mesh “cells” can be thought of as
voxels as opposed to pixels. Achieving a high-quality mesh is a big part of CFD modelling and can be a specialised discipline unto itself. The quality of the mesh determines the accuracy of the solution, or sometimes, if a solution can be achieved at all! Without going into exhaustive detail here, the important things to remember are that the mesh should be finer (higher resolution) at points in the flow field where “interesting” stuff is expected to happen. “Interesting” in this case means where velocity (or thermal) gradients are expected to be high. This is, for example, near walls, particularly sharp corners or near objects of different temperature. For objects of different temperature it is often a good idea to add “layers” of very fine mesh-cells near the surface of the object to resolve the thermal dynamics near the surface of an object. This technique will be covered in a later tutorial.


This precision made hobbed gears are designed to be attached directly to a stepper motor with a 5mm shaft or 8mm for Bowden Extruder.
These hobbed gears grip filament strongly, that is better than any gear bolt.
Please note if using direct drive that you do need a fairly “powerful stepper motor”. Otherwise in our opinion using Bowden Extruder is well operated.
Material: Stainless Steel
Bore Diameter: 5mm or 8mm
Outer Diameter: 12.5mm
Hobbed Diameter: ~10.5mm


Orthoses: If you require orthoses the team at Central Podiatry will guide you the process. Our custom made orthoses are fabricated through the CadCam orthotic lab. Cad-Cam specialises in custom computerised EVA devices ensuring that you get a perfect fit every time. We take a 3D scan of your foot with the Lasercam and specifically design the orthoses as individually needed. The end result is a unique orthotic for every client.We also stock a large range of superior prefabricated orthoses from various brands, such as Little STEPS, Footbioncis and Vasyli to suit your needs.


At G-Tech we take Quality Control very seriously, our products are tested to meet Network Rail standards on a continual basis.
During the testing procedure every coper is visually inspected before two further tests are then completed. The Pendulum Slip Test and Surtronic Duo based on 10% of the total batch tested prior to delivery.
Munro Slip Testing
G-Tech undertake slip resistance testing at in-house facilities and independently. The head of the pendulum is fitted with a 4S Rubber Slider, which has a specific hardness and resilience.
When released from a horizontal position, the pendulum head strikes the sample surface with a constant velocity. The distance travelled by the pendulum after striking the sample, is determined by the friction resistance of the sample surface. The skid resistance values, which, approximately correspond to the co-efficient of friction times 100, are read directly from the clearly engraved scale. The pendulum floor friction test as BSEN13036-4.
Surtronic Duo Surface Finish Testing (Surface Roughness)
Each coper requires a surface roughness test, ensuring strength and durability of the concrete unit. All tests undertaken with a surtronic duo surface roughness testing machine in-house. All coper’s tested must be above the Ra value of 4µm, all G Tech copers conform to Network Rail standard.
Due to G-Tech producing their own tactiles more tests have been put into place to ensure the durability of all components.
In-house drop testing is undertaken as of Network Rail Standard NR/L3/CIV/030. Any platform component should be able to withstand a 1Kn (102kg) weight being dropped from 1 metre impacting on a 300mm square.


WELD-ON® 10™ is formulated for large PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) pipe and fittings, but has been found to bond many other plastics and non plastics. Preliminary tests show good bond strength with PVC (vinyl) – rigid and flexible (with low plasticizer content), ABS, polycarbonate, styrene, acrylics, butyrate, hard rubber and possibly others not yet tested. It also bonds well to steel (plastics to steel or steel to itself), aluminum (not anodized) and other metals, concrete, and other substrates. It does not bond well to Neoprene or other synthetic rubber, Delrin, Celcon, and a few other plastics.
Working Time: 25 Minutes Fixture Time: 1 Hour Shelf Life: 1 Year
Shipping: FedEx Ground ONLY


To deliver liquid or gas, different kinds of pipes will be used. In addition to the steel pipe used in a straight pipeline, different kinds of pipe fittings will also be used. A pipe elbow is installed between two lengths of pipe to allow changing direction; a pipe reducer is used to connect the pipes with different sizes; a pipe tee is used to join three pipes of same or different diameters to combine to split a fluid flow, a flange is used when a pipeline joint connects with another. Different kinds of valves will be used for delivering medium and expansion joints will be used for reducing effects on the pipeline system caused by expansion with heat and contraction with cold or frequent vibrating. The fittings mentioned above and other fittings like pipe cap, pipe joint, etc. are all classified as pipe fittings. Pipe fittings produced by Kangda feature heat-resistance, pressure-resistance and flexibility which perform better than other plastic pipe. They are easy to install and have good thermal conductivity.
1. Normal fitting: 1/2" - 48" (DN 15- DN 1200)
2. Seamless fittings: 1/2" – 20" (DN15 - DN500)
3. Welded fittings: 1/2" – 48" (DN15 - DN1200)
4. Wall thickness: Sch5s, Sch10s, Sch10, Sch20, Sch30, Sch40s, STD, Sch40, Sch60, Sch80s, XS, Sch80, Sch100, Sch120, Sch140, Sch160, XXS, etc.
5. All pipe elbows conform to GB, ANSI, API, ASTM, JIS, BS, DIN, etc.
1. Materials conforming to ASTM: A234-WPB, WP1, WP5, WP9, WP11, WP12, WP22, WP91, WP92, A420, WPHY42, WPHY52, WPHY60, WPHY65, WPHY70, WP304, WP304L, WP304H, WP316, WP316L, WP321, WP347, WP347H
2. Material conforming to DIN: ST37.0, ST35.8, ST45.8, S235JR, P235GH, P265GH, 10CRMO910, 15CRMO, 12CR1MOV
3. Material conforming to JIS: JISG3454, STPG370, STPG410, etc.
Pipe fittings are used in fields like petroleum, chemical, textile, medicine, electric power, ship building and water conservancy.
The pipe fittings are packed in a fumigation-free wooden case, pallet and customized packing method.
Kangda is a professional pipe fittings manufacturer and supplier based in China. We also offer a wide range of steel pipes, including hot rolled steel pipe, butt welded pipe, hot galvanized pipe, and more. If you have any related need, please feel free to contact us.


Young designers, engineers, and nonprofit organizations are cooperating to build an orphanage out of recycled portable storage containers. Many Haitian orphans will get to live in the new dwelling, designed by RPI’s chapter of Engineers for a Sustainable World.
Engineering Solutions for Real Change
The collaborative project started when To Love a Child Nonprofit Organization contacted Engineers for a Sustainable World asking for help to build a better life for children and their families. To Love a Child is based in Clifton Park, NY. Engineers for a Sustainable World is a student-run organization at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. The group is avid about using engineer solutions to help social, economic, environmental problems with sustainable solutions. It is pretty amazing that To Love a Child Organization reached out to the student group in their community for help.
Recycled containers were an obvious solution to a sustainable, durable, and environmentally friendly building for the orphanage. Using storage containers is also cost effective. The project started out with a meager $100 budget, which grew to $10,000 after the student group worked hard at fundraising.
Engineers for Sustainability
Each student in RPI’s Engineers for a Sustainable World group put in more than 100 hours of work to design and build the orphanage. The orphanage buildings are thoroughly insulated to combat the hot Haitian weather. The student engineers used foam and plywood for installation. Reflective paint on the outer surface of the units further deflects the sun’s rays. There are fans and windows built into the housing. Large shade tarps fan out from the housing, which gives the Haitian children a cool area to play in.
Major Companies Helped in the Effort
General Electric supplied the Orphanage with solar panels on the roof. These panels generate some of the energy for the children living in the orphanage. The panels are another way that the student engineer group created a sustainable building. There is more benefit in using shipping units than just environmental: now the orphanage can be easily moved to another location if necessary. Many children in Haiti are benefiting from this ingenious work of bright young engineers.


1955 Chevy Bel-Air Resto Mod
Our 55 Chevy Bel-Air "restore and modify" project is well underway. As you can see, the car has been disassembled and the old chassis and motor/transmission will be sold.
The body has returned from the body shop and a new state-of-the-art chassis will be the basis for the build. The car will have the 572 GM Performance crate motor and a 4-speed transmission. After the body has been "fitted" to the chassis, it will go back for painting.
Check back for further updates.


PDM Group was the first company in the world to develop a dedicated, commercial combustion process to use animal by-products as a renewable fuel source, now part of SARIA the company continues to be committed to the development of innovative processes for the generation of renewable energy from biomass.
The technology to do this involved many year's research by PDM Group. A pilot plant was commissioned at PDM Group's Nuneaton site in 1997.
Based on the information and expertise gathered from the pilot plant, in 2000 PDM Group opened the world's first commercial meat and bonemeal (MBM) combustion plant at Widnes, Cheshire.
Today, SecAnim's bubbling fluidised bed (BFB) combined heat and power (CHP) combustion technology provides the benchmark for the disposal of meat industry residues.


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NOVA ALPLAS is another exclusive product from the house of Nova Formwork. This is manufactured in combination of Plastic and Aluminium formwork systems and is mainly used for monolithic construction. The Nova Alplas has about 60-65% plastic formwork with 35-40% aluminium formwork. This ensures faster delivery time, longer life and easier installation. This type of formwork is used in high rise construction projects to replace full aluminium formwork and it goes a long way to increase efficiency and reduce cost.


The Ramp Tool Edit
To use the ramp tool, you need a terrain with different elevations.
Left-click and hold where you want your ramp to begin at one elevation and drag to where you want your ramp to end at another elevation.
While dragging, you will see a ghost image of the ramp.
You can determine the width of your ramp
- either by pressing CTRL, without releasing the mouse button, after setting the length of the ramp, and then dragging at right angles,
- or beforehand in the tool settings in the window on the right.


Fishel Steel is a family-owned and -operated business that has been serving the Triad Area for the past 81 years. We strive to supply our customers with quality work, honest and fair prices, and on-time delivery.
Our years of experience afford industrial, commercial and residential clients the opportunity to complete difficult projects because we manufacture parts for just about any application.
We stock structural shapes, sheets, plates, tubes and pipes, which enables us to turn around orders in a timely manner.
If it's metal, we can cut it, bend it, roll it and weld it!


SubZero® is dedicated to bringing you the best performing snow and ice tools available to help combat winter’s worst. We’re constantly testing and perfecting our products, offering an extensive assortment of winter tools. Explore the latest from our innovative line of products. To view our complete video library, visit our channel on YouTube.
SubZero® Arctic Defense™ Windshield Cover
Arctic Defense™ heavy duty material weathers the harsh elements and features new innovations.
- The sewn-in foam door anchor allows easy single person installs
- Locks in doors to form theft deterrent
- Includes side mirror covers for added protection
- Comes in different sizes that fit all vehicles
Winter Tools from Hopkins Manufacturing Corporation
Innovative Snow and Ice Tools to get you safely on the road, quicker and easier.
SubZero® Polar Vortex™ Family
Get prepared for winter with the Polar Vortex™ Blade from SubZero®. The revolutionary ice scraper conforms to your windshield for maximum scraping coverage.
Bringing the patented offset chipper design to a single piece chisel blade. Ice doesn’t stand a chance with POWER-Force™!
SubZero® MAXX-Force™ Patented Ice Chipper Blade Innovation
The breakthrough you’ve been waiting for… Our patent pending offset chipper design focuses pressure to break through ice better than any scraper ever made!
SubZero® 11" Polar Vortex Scraper
The Polar Vortex Scraper is the best performing scraper ever made. It flexes to conform to curved glass, making it easier to clear frost and ice from windows.
SubZero® Ultimate Polar Vortex
Our Ultimate Polar Vortex has a 180 degree rotatable dust brush head allows you to thoroughly remove snow and ice.
SubZero® Snow Plow
Our Snow Plow cleans heavy snow while providing a scratch-free experience on painted surfaces. The brush head rotates to transform into a snow broom to push and pull snow from your vehicle.


Microbial Sanctuary: Inside Your Shower System
We were engaged to monitor a large executive office building for a prestigious London client. The top executives of the company had the use of apartments within the building and these were fitted with luxury ensuite showers and baths.
Over the regular course of the monitoring one shower showed repeated positive legionella results at high levels. Repeated disinfections by the client of the supply, calorifier and shower systems using chlorine, chlorine dioxide and hydrogen peroxide with colloidal silver had no apparent effect.
Progressive replacement of components starting with the shower head and hose before replacing the calorifier and pipework had no effect on the counts. Eventually there was only one remaining original part of the system left – a fitting buried in the structure of a wall. This was dug out and replaced and the shower immediately had clear legionella sample results.
We were asked to investigate the fitting as it was removed and we found that the sealing washers were made of leather. Swab samples taken from these components were highly positive for legionella. This was originally installed in the 1970s when the block was constructed and once colonised supported a persistent growth of legionella. It was once a common practice for plumbers to punch their own washers and gaskets.
Components in building water systems should be WRAS approved (paragraph 2.33 HSG274 part 2) and although this approval is not directly for legionella control; it’s the best standard currently available.
As a result of our investigation the source of the legionella colonisation in this case was found and eliminated. Our client received evidence first hand of the reason to use WRAS approved materials and we helped them write this requirement into their legionella control policy.


Many excellent things have been written about the TWSBI Diamond 530. A clear, piston-fill, steel-nib demonstrator available for US$40, it was one of the best pens in its price range. It was also constructed to be completely user-serviceable – it came with instructions on disassembly and reassembly, along with a tub of silicone grease and a purpose-built wrench for removing the piston.
I used my 530 extensively - it was a workhorse of a pen that I could have easily held onto for years. That is, until TWSBI came out with its successor, the Diamond 540. Despite being a well engineered pen that featured a great design, the 530 had two minor issues that kept it from being a classic: the threading on the cap was very tight – enough so that to remove and replace the cap took more effort than one would expect; the piston was likewise stiff, and would occasionally stick – I would worry that I was going to damage the mechanism when filling it with ink.
I’m pleased to report that the 540 fixes both of those problems. The cap still feels secure on the pen, but it now twists on and off with ease. The piston was also fixed. Now it moves through its entire range of motion without issue. Additionally, they’ve increased the ink capacity of the pen to a notable degree. The pen almost holds a full 2 ml at capacity.
The steel EF nib is the same one that shipped with the 530 – in fact, the nib units are interchangeable and available from TWSBI separately. It’s a stiff nail, so there is neither flex nor spring, but it does write smoothly and reliably. It’s an easy starter, and can take being uncapped for a few minutes without much issue.
While the price has gone up by $10 over the 530, it is still an excellent value at this price point. The only improvements I could suggest now would be a spring-loaded clip and the option for a gold nib - both things I would only expect on a pen costing twice as much.
I can’t recommend the Diamond 540 enough. It’s one of the best values for its price, and nearly rivals pens costing more than twice as much.
The TWSBI Diamond 540 is available from:


The triangular shape gives the opportunity to occupy a space just in a corner of the park; this space isn’t usually taken, because the majority of rides is of circular shape and the corners remain unutilized.
In that way, the cost of the stallage to be corresponded to the owner of the site is reduced and also when the owner of the site is the purchaser, this coaster takes an operating space so narrow (little more than 300 meters) than space enough for other rides is left.
We wish to point out that WILD WIND is a thrilling coaster for young people, where the track begins with a sharp 90° curve, accelerating down towards the inversion with an acceleration of about 4 gravitational acceleration (it means 4 times the increase of one’s own weight) with an inverted exit point.
The ride continues over a hill into a generous threefold loop, continually accelerating in the lowest curve, then travels upwards again in the last curve over a hill before the rides brakes before the station. All happens in one minute of emotions.
ATTENTION: in the one train version, it’s possible to programme two rounds of the train, before it automatically stops.
There are two different versions of this model: the first is a permanent, but portable one; this means that there is no need of concrete foundations and no restraint (fastening to the ground) is needed, because the attraction is provided with its own self contained base, which is leant (not fastened) on the ground, so that the ride can be dismantled and set up in another place at one’s will.
In fact, in two days only WILD WIND can be dismantled and in three, four days you can set it up and make it operate in the new place.
In that way, with a new public, you can exploit in the best way its potential takings capacity, which, depending on the purchased number of trains, can be of 400 persons per hour in the one train version and 800 persons per hour in the two trains version.
Moreover, Interpark produces a WILD WIND expressly manufactured for the travelling showmen (effecting more than 10 displacements every year), with the station on semitrailer, where it’s no more necessary to load and unload trains, electric board, pneumatic board, compressor, lights, because everything’s fixed on the trailer of the station, which can be easily moved and load the rest of the structure together with three more semitrailers, two days only for the setup and one day for the dismantling, and the coaster is transferred to another place.
1st SHORT SIDE: 24,70 mt.
2nd SHORT SIDE: 25,13 mt.
LONG SIDE: 31,00 mt.
HEIGHT: 10 mt. rails level
TRACK LENGTH: 200 mt. approx.
TRACK AVERAGE TIME: 1 min. approx. adjustable for one or two (or more) runs in automatic cycle
CARS: one 5 cars train (two passengers each)
THEORETIC CAPACITY: 400 persons per hour approx.
TOTAL ELECTRIC POWER: 70 Kw approx. for engines and 20 Kw for lights
WEIGHT: 50,000 Kg. approx.
VOLUME: N. 6 container box 40’
MATERIALS: steel, fiberglass, stainless steel and aluminium


Calibration alone won’t produce quality measurements; even when perfectly accurate, a gage can be unacceptable for measuring a product or process. That’s where Gage R&R studies come in. Nearly every manufacturing company is required to conduct these studies, the many benefits gleaned from which range from product acceptance measurements and reliable control charts to objective equipment selection criteria and identifying the need for operator training. More importantly, however, this single study may be the only chance to find measurement quality problems. Today’s software makes Gage R&R data entry and calculation easy, but learning to effectively interpret the results is imperative.
The method is to measure variables of production measuring processes. The primary variables are repeatability and reproducibility (R&R). The purpose is to confirm that variation is not excessive or to take action if the variation is found to be excessive. This is required for each production measuring process, but not for each gage – you might have 3,000 gages and only 200 production measuring processes.
Who does it?
Choose three people who do the measurements in production. These might be production people, quality inspectors or lab technicians, depending on the situation. (During the try-out phase of a new part, you may have to use substitutes for the people who will actually do the measurements in the future.)
It doesn’t matter who collects the data. A calibration technician would often be a good choice. He or she would serve as a resource to answer questions and would have access to Gage R&R Software.
What do they have to know?
The people who do the measurement have to know how to measure, of course. They also need to take precautions to make sure they never know which part they are measuring. The parts have to be temporarily numbered in a way in which they can avoid knowing which number is being measured. Operators can often influence a gage to a considerable extent. Just knowing what to expect will tend to reduce the variation. This can happen even if an operator is consciously trying not to do so.
Setting up the Study
Normal sample sizes are 10 parts, 3 operators and 3 trials for a total of 90 measurements. Smaller sample sizes can be used if there is a reason. For example, you have only 8 parts and 2 operators or the trials are very expensive.
Collecting the Data
The person collecting the data should present the parts in random order but record the measurements according to the temporary part number. In Figure 1, data for a typical Gage R&R study has been entered into GAGEtrak software.
Choosing a Calculation Method
There are three ways to calculate Gage R&R results. The most familiar method is not the best. The familiar method is called “average and range,” or “long AIAG.” This method is intended for spreadsheets or pocket calculators, but it is not recommended for professional software. The average and range method assumes that an error term called “appraiser × part interaction” equals zero. If this assumption is not true (and it sometimes isn’t), then the calculations will not be reliable. A second method is called “range,” or “short AIAG.” It is reserved for special situations. This article will use the work-horse method called “ANOVA” which stands for analysis of variance. When using computer software, we should typically choose ANOVA.
Evaluating the Results
Figure 2 evaluates the results in two different ways. The % of Tol column evaluates the measurement process in terms of capability to determine whether parts meet tolerance. GRR% of Tol = 13.5% which is “fairly good.” GRR is the combined uncertainty (i.e., variation) including repeatability on production parts, reproducibility, and appraiser × part interaction. GRR is summed by a special method called RSS (root sum square). The individual variables are described following Figure 2.
The % of TV column evaluates the measurement process in terms of capability to detect changes in total variation (TV, an estimate of process variation). GRR% of TV = 32.2% which is not acceptable.
Therefore, if we need a gage to use for experiments to reduce process variation we should choose a different gage for that purpose. If we need a gage only to determine whether parts meet tolerance, this gage will likely be adequate.
Description of Variables
Repeatability: Variation that is observed when one or more operators repeat the same measurement, on the same part and characteristic, using the same gage. This particular measure of variation does not distinguish between operators. Repeatability is not always influenced by human (operator) variation. To see whether human variation may be a repeatability issue, view the software’s “repeatability range control chart.”
Reproducibility: Additional variation that is observed when multiple operators are unable to reproduce the same test-group average within limits predicted by repeatability.
Appraiser × Part Interaction: Additional variation that is observed when multiple operators are unable to reproduce the same pattern of part variation within limits predicted by repeatability.
Part-to-part: Either the actual variation (% TV column), or the allowable variation (% Tol column), in the test parts the gage is trying to measure.
Interpreting Gage Capability Measures
A few companies prefer to use “number of distinct categories” (NDC) instead of GRR%. We can visualize NDC as “categories” in an imaginary histogram. As GRR% gets smaller, the categories also get smaller and there is room for more categories. Using NDC will make no difference to acceptance decisions, with one potential exception: Users of NDC may choose to define “not acceptable” as NDC less than 5 categories. In that case, the corresponding rejection value would be GRR% more than 27%.
Figure 4 shows an example of visualizing gage capability measures with an imaginary histogram. In this example, there are 9 categories associated with the tolerance and 3 categories associated with TV (total variation). We can see that we have a pretty good idea whether the measurements do, or don’t, meet tolerance. We can also see that 3 categories give us only a very crude picture of the process variation. (But, the gage couldn’t reliably support smaller categories.)
We can also represent GRR% of tolerance on our imaginary histogram as two “zones of doubt,” each centered on a specification limit. If the measurements should drift into one of these danger zones, sometimes the measured value and the “true value” would be on opposite sides of the limit, causing a wrong decision. For 9 categories, the corresponding value of GRR% of tolerance is 15.5% for each zone.
How do Gage Capability Measures Work?
There are three variables. One variable is GRR which, of course, is a combination of variables. The other two variables are part variation (PV) and total variation (TV). A TV is usually an estimate of process variation, or tolerance / 6, depending on the purpose of the gage.
These variables are related by the formula:
This relationship can be modeled as three sides of a right triangle:
Gage capability can be measured by the ratio of any two sides of the triangle or the ratio of the squares of any two sides. The most popular ratio is a smaller-is-better ratio:
GRR% = 100 ( GRR / TV )
The second most popular ratio is a larger-is-better ratio:
number of distinct categories = 1.41 ( PV / GRR )
You could use either one or both, according to preference.
Illustration of Reproducibility and Appraiser × Part Interaction
In Figure 2, appraiser × part interaction is 0.0%, meaning the pattern of part variation, as measured by each operator, is approximately the same.
Figure 6 shows what this looks like. Reproducibility is also 0.0%, meaning the three patterns have approximately the same average. How close the averages have to be is determined by repeatability.
By contrast, Figure 7 has both variations from interaction and variation from reproducibility. See Figure 8 for the corresponding calculated results.
About The Author
Gary Phillips has been in the quality field for nearly 50 years. Previously with GM’s Cadillac division, Gary has now been a consultant for over 30 years and has trained well over 20,000 people worldwide, primarily in technical subjects related to quality and reliability engineering, such as designed experiments, engineering testing, statistical process control, and measurement systems analysis.


Veepeak 12V Car Battery Tester
The Veepeak 12V Car Battery Tester is a digital battery load tester and analyzer designed for automotive use. It is capable of testing batteries with a CCA (Cold Cranking Amps) rating between 100 and 2000. This diagnostic tool is suitable for use with various vehicles, including cars, motorcycles, and boats.
Power source: Battery Powered
BATTERY HEALTH CHECK:
Scan and show you overall status of a 12V battery in seconds such as SOC (state of charge), SOH (state of health), voltage, internal resistance and CCA. It’s a cost-efficient way to tell you whether the battery is good, or requires replacement or charging.
STARTING & CHARGING SYSTEM TESTER:
Test the cranking voltage and time to see if the starting system is in good condition, read the ripple and loaded & unloaded voltage when engine is running to see if alternator is providing proper power to the electrical system and keep the battery charged.
PLUG AND PLAY & HIGH ACCURACY:
Test batteries (even dead ones) either in-vehicle or out-of-vehicle, and just connect and go. Thanks to the high-performance chip and premium cable and clamps, the voltage testing accuracy of this battery tester is close to 0.01v with overall accuracy close to 99.9%.
Supports CCA & EN ratings, Compatible with all 12V lead acid batteries from 100 to 2000 CCA including Regular Flooded, AGM Flat Plate, AGM Spiral, GEL and EFB, which means it supports a variety of vehicles: cars, SUVs, light trucks, motorcycles, RVs, boats, ATVs, and other automobile systems.
PEACH OF MIND:
Polarity reverse protection, spark proof & no heat connection. It’s easy to carry and a useful tool to help test your battery regularly and prevent a dead battery from ruining your day. Comes with one year hassle free replacement warranty.