Metal tiles or panels
Metal tiles and panels are a modern and very durable material, which becomes more and more popular for residential and commercial buildings due to being an extremely versatile roofing solution with the extra advantage of a rather simplistic installation. Metal tiles and panels are much easier to install than ceramic or concrete tiles and make for easy commercial roof repair Dallas TX roofers say. In addition, renowned metal roof manufacturers provide full coverage systems for different roof types, including drainage systems, vents, or other accessories.
Another advantage of a metal roof is its reduced weight, the loading of the tiles or panels being less than 10kg/ square meter (compared to 30-40kg/ square meter in the case of ceramic tiles). Some metal roof manufacturers cover the surface of tiles and panels with a fine quartz coating, before applying the paint, the final aspect being more attractive without the typical glossy finish. Also, this coating offers better sound damping and impact resistance properties. Metal tiles and panels are well protected against corrosion, which contributes to their resistance and durability. Most manufacturers are willing to offer a very generous warranty. Moreover, the roof covered with metal tiles or panels instantly forms a ventilation layer, from the eaves to the ridge, which is very beneficial for the roof and for the space below.
This category includes a diverse amalgam of membrane types that are usually referred to by acronyms indicating their composition, such as PVC (polyvinyl chloride) or EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer). Each of these membranes has a different degree of chemical resistance, but all of them are very popular for flat commercial buildings and perform well in the climate specific to Texas. Single-layer membranes come in any color and can provide enhanced reflection properties.
Factors to consider:
- There are different types of membranes and they include different substances that provide them with various physical properties
- They are flexible and UV resistant
- They are compatible with flat roofs
These roofing materials combine bitumen, polymer modifiers and a reinforcement layers. They may be also available with surface granules or laminated sheets, to provide additional protection.
Factors to consider:
- They are installed in multiple layers, including base sheets, modified bitumen membranes and various textures on the surface
- The material is durable and flexible
- Some types of bitumen require torch welding, which may pose a fire risk
- They may also come in reflective colors
Photovoltaic panels installed on flat commercial roofs
Flat commercial roofs provide a lot of space that can be used freely; the installation of photovoltaic panels is something that more and more building owners choose to install on their roofs. Solar energy is a great asset, being free, unlimited and quite easy to capture in sunny Texas, and transformed into electricity.
If photovoltaic roofing products used to be a part of SF scenarios, today they are an accessible reality, increasingly present due to its advantages in the creation of a green world. Photovoltaic panels do not pollute and have no harmful effects on the atmosphere.


With our seasoned cast iron bakeware collection, it's easy to make homemade baked goods and casseroles that rival your favorite bakery and restaurants. Check out our bakeware items as well as colorful baking accessories!
Cast iron tends to be brittle, except for malleable cast irons. With its relatively low melting point, good fluidity, castability, excellent machinability, resistance to deformation and wear resistance, cast irons have become an engineering material with a wide range of applications and are used in pipes, machines and automotive industry parts, such as cylinder heads, cylinder blocks and gearbox cases. It is resistant to damage by oxidation but is notoriously difficult to weld.
The earliest cast-iron artefacts date to the 5th century BC, and were discovered by archaeologists in what is now Jiangsu, China. Cast iron was used in ancient China for warfare, agriculture, and architecture. During the 15th century AD, cast iron became utilized for cannon in Burgundy, France, and in England during the Reformation. The amounts of cast iron used for cannons required large-scale production. The first cast-iron bridge was built during the 1770s by Abraham Darby III, and is known as the Iron Bridge in Shropshire, England. Cast iron was also used in the construction of buildings.
Cast iron is sometimes melted in a special type of blast furnace known as a cupola, but in modern applications, it is more often melted in electric induction furnaces or electric arc furnaces. After melting is complete, the molten cast iron is poured into a holding furnace or ladle.
Cast iron's properties are changed by adding various alloying elements, or alloyants. Next to carbon, silicon is the most important alloyant because it forces carbon out of solution. A low percentage of silicon allows carbon to remain in solution forming iron carbide and the production of white cast iron. A high percentage of silicon forces carbon out of solution forming graphite and the production of grey cast iron. Other alloying agents, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, titanium and vanadium counteracts silicon, promotes the retention of carbon, and the formation of those carbides. Nickel and copper increase strength, and machinability, but do not change the amount of graphite formed. The carbon in the form of graphite results in a softer iron, reduces shrinkage, lowers strength, and decreases density. Sulfur, largely a contaminant when present, forms iron sulfide, which prevents the formation of graphite and increases hardness. The problem with sulfur is that it makes molten cast iron viscous, which causes defects. To counter the effects of sulfur, manganese is added because the two form into manganese sulfide instead of iron sulfide. The manganese sulfide is lighter than the melt, so it tends to float out of the melt and into the slag. The amount of manganese required to neutralize sulfur is 1.7 sulfur content + 0.3%. If more than this amount of manganese is added, then manganese carbide forms, which increases hardness and chilling, except in grey iron, where up to 1% of manganese increases strength and density.
White cast iron displays white fractured surfaces due to the presence of an iron carbide precipitate called cementite. With a lower silicon content (graphitizing agent) and faster cooling rate, the carbon in white cast iron precipitates out of the melt as the metastable phase cementite, Fe3C, rather than graphite. The cementite which precipitates from the melt forms as relatively large particles. As the iron carbide precipitates out, it withdraws carbon from the original melt, moving the mixture toward one that is closer to eutectic, and the remaining phase is the lower iron-carbon austenite (which on cooling might transform to martensite). These eutectic carbides are much too large to provide the benefit of what is called precipitation hardening (as in some steels, where much smaller cementite precipitates might inhibit [plastic deformation] by impeding the movement of dislocations through the pure iron ferrite matrix). Rather, they increase the bulk hardness of the cast iron simply by virtue of their own very high hardness and their substantial volume fraction, such that the bulk hardness can be approximated by a rule of mixtures. In any case, they offer hardness at the expense of toughness. Since carbide makes up a large fraction of the material, white cast iron could reasonably be classified as a cermet. White iron is too brittle for use in many structural components, but with good hardness and abrasion resistance and relatively low cost, it finds use in such applications as the wear surfaces (impeller and volute) of slurry pumps, shell liners and lifter bars in ball mills and autogenous grinding mills, balls and rings in coal pulverisers, and the teeth of a backhoe's digging bucket (although cast medium-carbon martensitic steel is more common for this application).
It is difficult to cool thick castings fast enough to solidify the melt as white cast iron all the way through. However, rapid cooling can be used to solidify a shell of white cast iron, after which the remainder cools more slowly to form a core of grey cast iron. The resulting casting, called a chilled casting, has the benefits of a hard surface with a somewhat tougher interior.
High-chromium white iron alloys allow massive castings (for example, a 10-tonne impeller) to be sand cast, as the chromium reduces cooling rate required to produce carbides through the greater thicknesses of material. Chromium also produces carbides with impressive abrasion resistance. These high-chromium alloys attribute their superior hardness to the presence of chromium carbides. The main form of these carbides are the eutectic or primary M7C3 carbides, where \"M\" represents iron or chromium and can vary depending on the alloy's composition. The eutectic carbides form as bundles of hollow hexagonal rods and grow perpendicular to the hexagonal basal plane. The hardness of these carbides are within the range of 1500-1800HV.
Malleable iron starts as a white iron casting that is then heat treated for a day or two at about 950 C (1,740 F) and then cooled over a day or two. As a result, the carbon in iron carbide transforms into graphite and ferrite plus carbon. The slow process allows the surface tension to form the graphite into spheroidal particles rather than flakes. Due to their lower aspect ratio, the spheroids are relatively short and far from one another, and have a lower cross section vis-a-vis a propagating crack or phonon. They also have blunt boundaries, as opposed to flakes, which alleviates the stress concentration problems found in grey cast iron. In general, the properties of malleable cast iron are more like those of mild steel. There is a limit to how large a part can be cast in malleable iron, as it is made from white cast iron.
Developed in 1948, nodular or ductile cast iron has its graphite in the form of very tiny nodules with the graphite in the form of concentric layers forming the nodules. As a result, the properties of ductile cast iron are that of a spongy steel without the stress concentration effects that flakes of graphite would produce. The carbon percentage present is 3-4% and percentage of silicon is 1.8-2.8%.Tiny amounts of 0.02 to 0.1% magnesium, and only 0.02 to 0.04% cerium added to these alloys slow the growth of graphite precipitates by bonding to the edges of the graphite planes. Along with careful control of other elements and timing, this allows the carbon to separate as spheroidal particles as the material solidifies. The properties are similar to malleable iron, but parts can be cast with larger sections.
The earliest cast-iron artifacts date to the 5th century BC, and were discovered by archaeologists in what is now modern Luhe County, Jiangsu in China during the Warring States period. This is based on an analysis of the artifact's microstructures.
In the west, where it did not become available until the 15th century, its earliest uses included cannon and shot. Henry VIII initiated the casting of cannon in England. Soon, English iron workers using blast furnaces developed the technique of producing cast-iron cannons, which, while heavier than the prevailing bronze cannons, were much cheaper and enabled England to arm her navy better. The technology of cast iron was transferred from China. Al-Qazvini in the 13th century and other travellers subsequently noted an iron industry in the Alburz Mountains to the south of the Caspian Sea. This is close to the silk route, so that the use of technology derived from China is conceivable. The ironmasters of the Weald continued producing cast irons until the 1760s, and armament was one of the main uses of irons after the Restoration.
Cast-iron pots were made at many English blast furnaces at the time. In 1707, Abraham Darby patented a new method of making pots (and kettles) thinner and hence cheaper than those made by traditional methods. This meant that his Coalbrookdale furnaces became dominant as suppliers of pots, an activity in which they were joined in the 1720s and 1730s by a small number of other coke-fired blast furnaces.
The use of cast iron for structural purposes began in the late 1770s, when Abraham Darby III built the Iron Bridge, although short beams had already been used, such as in the blast furnaces at Coalbrookdale. Other inventions followed, including one patented by Thomas Paine. Cast-iron bridges became commonplace as the Industrial Revolution gathered pace. Thomas Telford adopted the material for his bridge upstream at Buildwas, and then for Longdon-on-Tern Aqueduct, a canal trough aqueduct at Longdon-on-Tern on the Shrewsbury Canal. It was followed by the Chirk Aqueduct and the Pontcysyllte Aqueduct, both of which remain in use following the recent restorations. 59ce067264


|Multipure International Corporate Headquarters Las Vegas Technology Center 7251 Cathedral Rock Drive Las Vegas, NV 89128, USA
|President & CEO
Multipure International is the original manufacturer of compressed solid carbon block filters. From its corporate headquarters located in the Las Vegas Technology Center in Nevada, Multipure oversees the manufacture and worldwide distribution of its Solid Carbon Block filters and drinking water treatment devices. Multipure is a company whose drinking water systems are known around the globe for their ability to treat many contaminants of health concern in drinking water. The company’s conscientious, experienced staff has high standards and is dedicated to meeting the needs of all of its customers around the world.
Multipure International is the original manufacturer of carbon block filters. With nearly 5.000.000 satisfied customers worldwide and operating in more than (80) countries around the globe, Multipure today successfully develops innovative, industry-leading solutions to new water contamination problems.
Multipure® Drinking Water Systems are tested and certified by NSF International for the widest range of contaminants in accordance with NSF/ANSI Standards 42 (Aesthetics) and 53 (Health Effects).
Better Water - Better Health
For healthier living, experts recommend that you drink about eight glasses of water a day. Because our bodies are mostly water, water figures heavily in how our bodies function. Maintaining good health and proper hydration is easier with a Multipure® Drinking Water System because the water tastes great.
Industry - Leading Warranties
Multipure® products are designed to provide a lifetime of clean, fresh water, and the Multipure unique stainless steel and plastic housings come with a Lifetime Warranty against defects.


Augmented reality refers to the integration of digital information and virtual objects into the real-world environment. By overlaying computer-generated images, sounds, or haptic feedback onto the physical surroundings, AR provides users with an enhanced perception of reality. In the automotive industry, this technology is being harnessed to improve various aspects, including design, manufacturing, maintenance, and driver experience.
2. Augmented Reality in Vehicle Design and Development
AR is revolutionizing the vehicle design and development process. Designers can use AR tools to visualize and manipulate virtual car models in a real-world context. This enables them to assess the aesthetics, ergonomics, and functionality of different design elements. AR also facilitates collaboration between designers, engineers, and other stakeholders by providing a shared virtual workspace. https://nsflow.com/blog/8-uses-of-augmented-reality-in-automotive-manufacturing
3. AR-Enabled Maintenance and Repairs
When it comes to vehicle maintenance and repairs, AR offers significant advantages. Technicians can wear AR-enabled glasses or use mobile devices to access real-time information, such as repair instructions, diagnostic data, and component specifications. This hands-free access to information improves efficiency, reduces errors, and enhances the accuracy of repairs.
4. Improving Driver Safety and Experience
AR has the potential to transform the driving experience by improving safety and providing real-time information to drivers. Head-up displays (HUDs) integrated with AR technology can project vital information, such as speed, navigation instructions, and warnings, directly onto the windshield. This allows drivers to keep their eyes on the road while accessing critical information.
5. Virtual Showrooms and Test Drives
AR enables potential car buyers to experience virtual showrooms and test drives. Using AR mobile applications, customers can explore different car models, customize features, and visualize the vehicles in real-world environments. This virtual experience enhances the decision-making process and provides a more immersive and interactive way of exploring car options.
6. Streamlining Manufacturing Processes
AR is streamlining manufacturing processes in the automotive industry. By overlaying digital instructions onto physical components, assembly line workers can improve efficiency and reduce errors. AR-guided assembly instructions ensure that each step is performed accurately, minimizing the chances of costly rework and enhancing productivity.
7. Training and Skill Development
Augmented reality is proving to be a valuable tool for training and skill development in the automotive sector. AR-based training programs allow technicians to practice complex procedures in a virtual environment, reducing the need for physical prototypes and minimizing the risks associated with real-world training. This technology enhances learning outcomes and accelerates skill acquisition.
8. Enhancing Navigation Systems
AR can enhance navigation systems by providing intuitive and interactive guidance to drivers. By overlaying digital maps and directional cues onto the real-world view, AR navigation systems offer a more intuitive and user-friendly experience. This helps drivers navigate unfamiliar routes with ease and improves overall driving efficiency.
9. Augmented Reality in Autonomous Vehicles
As autonomous vehicles become more prevalent, augmented reality can play a vital role in enhancing the passenger experience. AR can provide passengers with real-time information about their surroundings, points of interest, and even entertainment options. This technology ensures a more engaging and informative journey for passengers in self-driving cars.
10. Challenges and Limitations
While the use of augmented reality in the automotive industry holds tremendous potential, it also comes with its own set of challenges and limitations. These include concerns regarding data privacy, technological limitations, and the need for standardized interfaces and protocols. Overcoming these challenges will be crucial for the widespread adoption and successful integration of AR in the automotive sector.
Augmented reality is transforming the automotive industry by revolutionizing vehicle design, manufacturing, maintenance, driver experience, and more. The integration of AR technology offers numerous benefits, including improved safety, enhanced productivity, streamlined processes, and immersive customer experiences. As the technology continues to evolve, we can expect even greater advancements and innovations in the automotive sector.


Current type Ph/V/Hz: 1 / 220 – 240 / 50
Flow rate (l/h): 520 – 700
Working pressure (bar/MPa): 70 – 110 / 7 – 11
Max. pressure bar: 150
Max. feed temperature (°C): 60
Connected load (kW): 2.9
Weight (kg): 52
Dimensions (L x W x H) (mm): 700 x 455 x 1010
Features & Benefits
Durable and robust
Extra large crankshafts and connecting rods with robust ball bearings.
Ceramic pistons for reduced wear and tear.
High performance sealing packages for increased working times.
Very easy to maintain
Wide-opening machine cover for easy access to all service and maintenance-relevant components.
Integrated nozzle storage.
Large water fine filter for optimal protection of the pump.
Greater cleaning performance
High area coverage and thorough dirt removal.
Patented Kärcher power flat jet nozzles: up to 40 percent more collision force than conventional nozzles.
Large wheels and ergonomic push handle ensure optimal turning manoeuvre and easy handling.
The foldable push handle enables space-saving storage.
Spray gun, Standard trigger gun
High-pressure hose, 10 m
Spray lance, 850 mm
Triple nozzle (0°/25°/40°)


Math grad soars toward his dream with Red Bull Air RacingTim Poe | Applied Mathematics | alumnus | Department of Mathematical Sciences Tim Poe has stuck with his dream since he was 3 years old and watched a space shuttle launch on TV.
By: Dustin Ryder
With a bachelor’s degree in applied math and mechanical engineering under his belt, Poe is ensuring he meets all the requirements to become an astronaut. Poe will obtain a master’s degree in mechanical engineering May 2019, his focus on thermal fluid sciences.
Propelling to success
Two years ago, Poe found himself at Red Bull Air Racing. A year later, he purchased a pit pass with an interest in learning more about the teams. His mission was simple, ask about opportunities and any advice that would allow him to join a team. Poe contacted Rob Fry in regards to Yoshihide Muroya’s team. They were impressed with his background in thermal fluids, modeling and 3-D printing.
Poe at the Red Bull Air Race.
Fry’s interest and Poe’s persistency led to a successful job at Red Bull Air Racing. Poe’s official title for Muroya’s racing teaming is volunteer engineer. Modeling and creating mock-up design work are a few examples of what his job consists of. Bug washer was another role, but Poe was still grateful for the opportunity.
“I can’t tell you how many bugs I washed off the airplane,” Poe said. “I just enjoy being there and being part of the team and if I have to wash bugs off the plane, I’ll do it. It was a learning experience.”
When Poe first started his education, math and engineering weren’t offered as dual-degrees. With the help of Jeffrey X. Watt, Ph.D., he was able to arrange his schedule to fit his aspirations. The math courses supplemented the engineering courses well, helping him understand modeling portions more in-depth. The two still work closely together, Watt providing a reference letter as Poe moved on to graduate school. Carlos Larriba-Andaluz, Ph.D., has proved pivotal to Poe’s engineering master’s degree.
Poe has taken advantage of every opportunity to build his resume; whether it be part-time adjunct for math, research in biomedical, Meggitt, or Red Bull Racing. Staying open-minded and getting involved is his advice for students at IUPUI.


MOKAI Manufacturing designs and manufactures one of the most innovative watercraft available in the recreation market. We are continually looking to expand our Team and are committed to hiring individuals that share our attention to detail and our passion to create the MOKAI watercraft line.
Submit your resume and cover letter via email: email@example.com or via fax: 845-566-8297
Our Headquarters and Manufacturing Facility are located in Newburgh, NY.
- Welding/Fabricating Department: Experienced TIG welder of Stainless & Aluminum with Fabrication skills.
- Assembly Department: Must have good mechanical aptitude, ability to work with machinery and hand tools, and great attention to detail.
We are always looking for talented individuals. If you think you have what it takes, we'd be happy to review your resume.


When you decide to buy a golf cart for yourself, Ezgo is one of the few names that come to your mind. It truly delivers you what you expect.
Golf carts are so versatile and can be used for many other purposes like carrying and throwing trash from one place to another, roaming around the neighborhood, shopping in big malls, hunting, and transportation, etc. To choose the most suitable golf cart for you, you have to keep in mind what purpose you are buying the cart for. When the purpose is clear, you'll get the best golf cart for yourself.
The very first ezgo cart was launched in 1954. Ezgo carts are famous for their durability and easy maintenance. They gained customers' loyalty by providing them with what they wanted without compromising their quality. Also, the prices are very affordable. If you want to know more about ezgo carts, this article is for you. Keep reading to get more information.
What's Ezgo Txt?
Ezgo is a world-leading transportation and golf car manufacturer. It is known for its operational excellence. Since 1960,ezgo has been a part of Textron Inc.(txt). It is a powerful multi-industry company. Now ezgo's vehicles are designed and manufactured by Textron Specialized Vehicles.
Ezgo makes many golf carts, but Ezgo txt is one the most popular models by ezgo. Many people are familiar with the name, but for those who aren't, don't worry; this article will help you know all about it.
Ezgo txt is known for its unique design and smoothness. It is a simple, elegant, and inexpensive model of Ezgo. That increases its demand. Textron has made sure to make it advanced and engaging for the customers. But you should be careful while riding these golf carts.
It Comes In Three Beautiful Models
1. Ezgo Txt Ex1 Gas Model
Gas models are not so popular. People prefer electric cars now and avoid gasoline. But for those who want them,ezgo provides a high-quality gas golf cart. Some people prefer these over electric. It's all about the choices, and ezgo takes care of them all.
- It uses an EX1 gas engine, which makes its power level great and super fast.
- The engine has closed loop EFI
- This model has refined shocks (hydraulic)
- Gives a smooth ride because of the extra absorbers
- It's a great off-road txt ride
- It is powerful
2. Ezgo Txt Electric Model
If you prefer electric golf carts over gasoline carts, this model is for you. If you want to know which is the most popular and acclaimed model of ezgo, here you have it. This particular model is what worked as a game changer for ezgo. People love it. It is a flagship cart for ezgo. But it isn't a great option for off-road rides.
- It also has hydraulic shock absorbers
- It gives an extremely smooth ride
- It is powerful but has less power than the EX1 model
- Has a charge meter and a battery charger
3. Ezgo Txt Elite Lithium
It is the unique model of ezgo. This is a great and unique upgrade by Textron in the electric carts range. This model is loved by people.
- Upgraded batteries
- Easy maintenance
- Fast charging
- Allows you to get on the road whenever you want
- Keeps the batteries stronger
- Easy to use
- Top operational potential
What's Common In These Three Models?
All three carts are amazing and one of a kind. Each cart has its features. All of them come with a very comfortable seat. So you don't hurt your back while riding the cart, even on uneven areas. There's a bag cover to protect your cart from bad weather. The dashboard storage is vast. Directional controls are very simple and easy to understand. The oversized bag storage area/compartment is there. They all are very comfortable to ride in. There are some other specifications which you have to keep in mind before buying any of them.
- The frame design is common in these three models. They are made of welded steel frames with a powder coat that protects the frame from rusting.
- There's injection molded TPO on every model's frame to make them strong and reliable
- There are several colors available, e.g., red, electric blue, almond, burgundy, ivory, orange, green, etc.
- Custom coloring option is also available
- Overall sizes of these models are very similar. The typical length of each model is 95 inches.
- The width is 47 inches. That's the ideal size for a golf cart.
- Height is slightly different in the gas, electric, and elite models.
- Without a canopy height of the gas and electric model is 47.5 inches. And with a canopy, the height is 67.5 inches
- Without a canopy height of the elite model is one inch shorter than the electric and gas model
- Wheelbases are the strongest in all models (66 inches)
3. Power Levels
Power levels are a little different, but not so much.
- The gas model has a four-cycle motor with a single cylinder capable of 11.5 horsepower.
- The electric model has a 48-volt dc battery
- The elite model has a 56-volt battery
4. Riding Factors
All these models are comfortable for two persons to ride. The third seat might be available in some models. It can be installed on demand.
- Gas models can go about 12 miles per hour
- Electric and elite models can go up to 14.8 miles per hour
6. Load Capacity
- The gas models have a capacity of loading 500 pounds
- The electric and elite models can carry up to 800 pounds
Pros And Cons Of Ezgo Txt
It's not that difficult to choose the best golf cart for yourself. Just remember what you need it for, the choice will become easy. We have provided you with all the information regarding the ezgo txt. We hope this article was helpful for you and we somehow added to your knowledge. Please share your experience with u


The 6-pdr Wiard (pronounced WEE-ard) rifle was cast in puddled wrought iron (semi-steel) and was mounted in a special Wiard field carriage that was unique in its design. The rim base was spaced farther apart than any diameter of the tube, permitting unrestricted rotation on the trunnions without interference from the undercarriage. Wiard altered the shape of the carriage's cheeks, relocated the axle and provided a long elevating screw; this made firing at elevation of up to 35 degrees possible.Reportedly, three artillery batteries associated with Union Major General Daniel Sickles' "Excelsior Brigade" were armed with 6-pdr and 12-pdr Wiard guns, possibly as a result of a friendship between Wiard and Sickles. Two batteries of six 6-pdr guns each were ordered specifically for that brigade in 1861. None of Wiard's weapons were widely adopted, and few survive today.


(as of [price_update_date] – Details)
An Amazon Brand.
Includes a Twin size platform bed frame made of durable steel with a black finish
Folding mechanism makes the frame easy to store and move in tight spaces, like up stairwells and through doorways
Designed for sleepers up to 250 pounds
Provides under-the-bed storage space with a vertical clearance of about 13 inches
Fast, easy setup; no tools required
Product dimensions: 75 x 39 x 14 inches (LxWxH); weight: 26.3 pounds


Smart Anchor range by Anchor Electricals. This is a 3pin 16amp Adaptor suitable for residential use. It is used to adapt 16A socket to 6Amp plug.
The front socket can accommodate either a 16Amp plug (Immersion Rod, Geyser, Microwave type plug) and a 6Amp plug (TV, Mobile Charger, Laptop Charger etc type plug). Top face can accommodate only 6Amp plug type.
The input side is 16Amp pin type which is of the same size as that of a geyser, microwave, refrigerator etc.
Material: Engineered Plastic
Contact Material: Copper
Front Socket: 1 Nos 16A & 6A
Top Socket: 1 Nos 6A


Exhibition Activities | VisionChina2022 (shenzhen) machine vision exhibition a success
On November 17, China (Shenzhen) Machine Vision Exhibition and Workshop on Machine Vision Technology and Industrial Application successfully concluded in Shenzhen International Convention and Exhibition Center (Bao 'an New Hall).
Due to the epidemic this year, many industry exhibitions have been postponed and cancelled. Taking this opportunity of the machine vision industry event,
CHIOPT together with a large number of new products appeared on the scene, so that the audience more comprehensive and immersive experience of the eye of machine vision for intelligent manufacturing practical application scenarios.
01 3CMOS lens
Designed for 3CMOS cameras, it redefines the color restoration degree to meet the high level of color demand in various industries. Maximum compatible with φ9 target surface, working distance from 0.1m to infinity, relative illumination up to 90%.
02 Autofocus double telecentre
CHIOPT specially developed ultra depth of field autofocusing telecentric lens for lithium battery industry. In response to detection requirements, ultra depth of field 22mm can achieve rapid and accurate focus inside the lens,
because it is a telecentric lens, it can also ensure constant magnification. Compared to liquid lenses on the market:
1. Low cost
2. Widely used, in addition to the new energy lithium battery industry can also be used in other industries
3. Fast focusing and accurate measurement can be achieved for objects with great height difference
4. For objects with beveled surfaces, accurate measurement can be achieved by fusion of multiple images
03 Eight reflector lens
Eight-mirror lens adopts industrial telecentric lens with a special layout of the mirror device in front to achieve 360° observation of objects. At the same time, there is a built-in ring light source, which can be illuminated without another light source.
The maximum diameter of the front mounting part of the lens is φ160mm, and the entire length of the lens is about 220mm.
45° wide Angle imaging, can take the image of the object side from eight different angles.
The outer or inner wall of an object of a certain size can be observed, providing a combined view of the inner and outer surfaces, as well as a picture of the inner wall and bottom of the cavity at the same time, with little lens distortion.
Suitable for screws, sealing rings, preforming parts and other objects internal and external wall detection.
04 360° Appearance detection box
A detection box + a lens + a camera can be used to shoot around the detection object. It reduces the cost of buying lenses and cameras.
At the same time, compared with using four cameras to shoot one product, this product greatly reduces the use space.
For example: four cameras need two times or more distance length to shoot around an object, but this product uses reflectors to turn the object square light path, greatly reducing the space.
And the top of the product is equipped with a ring light source to fill the light, can take pictures of various shapes and sizes of objects.
* This product is not only limited to shooting cylinder body, as long as the size of the item in the Φ75mm* height 175mm can be detected.


With a hand wrapping device, it is easy for you to manually apply various types of film to the load. Wrapping by hand is particularly suitable in case of low volumes (max 10 pallets per day) and/or when wrapping is taking place on wide ranging locations. It is simple and effective, but also time consuming and very strenuous for the employee. In case of larger numbers of pallets, it quickly becomes recommendable to use a pallet wrapper. A good wrapping machine uses (a lot) less film than when wrapping by hand. Investment in a machine is often quickly recouped.
Please contact us to discuss whether a film wrapping machine is a suitable solution for you.
When this type of pallet wrapper is used, the product is standing on a turntable. This turntable turns and wraps the wrapping film around the product. Click here to see a video of a turntable wrapper.
A turntable wrapper makes an average of 12-15 revolutions per minute. The product must be relatively stable and properly stacked, because the entire load is rotating and could fall apart. In general, a turntable wrapper is easy to move. They are light and compact and with the aid of a forklift truck it is possible to move the wrapper elsewhere quickly.
Click here for an overview of all Cyklop turntable wrappers.
In the case of an arm wrapper, the product remains standing (e.g. a pallet on the floor) and the film carriage with the wrapping film on it is attached to an ‘arm’ and rotates around the product. This method of wrapping is suitable for light and unstable products, because the load is not rotating. But the arm wrapper is also highly suitable for heavy products (because sometimes a turntable wrapper cannot carry the weight). In the case of an arm wrapper, the heavy load remains standing on the floor.
If the wrapper is in an environment where the floor must be cleaned on a daily basis, e.g. in the food industry, this wrapper also offers significant advantages. As only the frame is mounted to the floor, it is easy to clean the floor here.
Click here for an overview of all Cyklop arm wrappers.
The ring wrapper is similar to the arm wrapper, because the load remains standing still, while the film carriage rotates around the pallet. However, in the case of a ring wrapper, the film carriage is not attached to an arm, but to a large ring. The great benefit of this is that the film carriage can rotate much faster, increasing the capacity per hour.
A ring wrapper is particularly suitable in case of large (peak) volumes, when a high-speed wrapper is required. A ring wrapper can wrap up to 180 pallets per hour.
Click here for an overview of all Cyklop ring wrappers.
A robot wrapper is a wrapper that drives around the load independently and wraps film around the load. Click here for a video of a robot wrapper.
The great benefit of a robot wrapper is its flexibility. The machine is (electrically) mobile, making it possible to wrap pallets on different locations easily and quickly. The robot was specially developed for users that want to wrap a wide range of (large) pallets on various locations.
Click here for an overview of all Cyklop robot wrappers.
A horizontal wrapper, also referred to as horizontal ring wrapper, is the ideal solution for horizontally packaging large goods such as profiles, boards or doors. Click here for a video of a horizontal wrapper. When using a horizontal film wrapping machine, the load is guided through the machine horizontally, while the film carriage rotates around the product. For these type of products, it is not possible to use a turntable wrapper, for instance, because the load is long and narrow and does not remain standing. The opening or ring size varies from 42 cm to more than 300 cm.
Click here for an overview of all Cyklop horizontal wrappers.


https://www.solvewithvia.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/NPPD.jpg 2327 3017 via https://www.solvewithvia.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/VIA-Logo-header-300x101.png via2020-02-06 10:48:192022-03-16 09:25:48VIA Participates in NPPD’s Annual Innovation Showcase
VIA Participates in NPPD’s Annual Innovation Showcase
VIA was delighted to support Nebraska Public Power District (NPPD) specifically and innovation in Nebraska more generally this past weekend. VIA’s CEO, Colin Gounden traveled to Aurora, Nebraska for the Aurora Open & Innovation Showcase to meet with hundreds of students and local community members to give them a glimpse into working for a technology startup. During the event, there was also a robotics competition, as seen in this local news clip, where the VIA sticker made its TV debut!


Whether you heat your home with a boiler or furnace, switching to a heat pump can offer impressive benefits.
Why Convert to a Heat Pump System?
A heat pump provides efficient heating and cooling for your home, helping you feel more comfortable while saving energy. Benefits of switching to a heat pump include:
Heating & cooling with one system
Greater energy efficiency
Lower annual heating costs
Reduced reliance on fossil fuels
More predictable utility costs
Increased home safety
Ducted vs. Ductless
There are two major types of heat pumps: ducted and ductless.
A ducted heat pump connects to ductwork to deliver heated and cooled air throughout the house.
This is a great option if…
Your home has existing ductwork
You have a large attic
There are several bedrooms on the second floor
Ductless heat pumps eliminate the need for ductwork and are installed in the areas they condition. Install multiple indoor units for a whole home comfort solution.
These are a great option if…
You want customizable home comfort
You want to supplement your heating system
Your home has no ductwork


Smart Sublimation Oven
What Makes Our iSmart Sublimation Oven So Excellent?
1. Six heating tubes equipped produce more uniform heat and better printout quality;
2. Four-side enamel cavity guarantees constant temperature;
3. Accurate digital temperature control system with smart sensor can detect the temperature change and adjust it;
4. Thicker double-layered heat-resistant door makes it safer to operate the oven;
5. Easy to operate. You will master the oven immediately;
6. The back whirlwind hot air makes the heat penetrate the entire cavity.
Three Tools to Print Diversely
We got three printing tools that bring out more personalization possibilities. From ceramic mugs to stainless steel bottles to flat delicate items, they can help you print whatever you want.
iSmart Sublimation Oven features large cavity which makes small batch printing and large item printing possible. It can print six 11oz mugs at one time, and a super large stainless steel bottle. With the oven rack accessory, you get two layers of space to print more flat items
Item Name: iSmart Sublimation Oven (40L)
Item No.: KX40LB
Oven Size: 22.24 x 21.06 x 18.30 IN
Temp. Range: 60-230℃


The Pennsylvania State University owns and operates a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) that is located at 501 University Drive in State College Borough, Centre County. Penn State’s WWTP has been in operation since the early 1900’s, and provides sanitary sewer service to a majority of the University Park Campus and a small portion of the State College Borough in the College Heights District. Map 1 shows the current Sewer Service Area for the Penn State WWTP.
Map 1. Sewer Service Area for Penn State WWTP
The WWTP has a hydraulic capacity to treat up to 4.0 million gallons per day (MGD) of wastewater, and a design organic capacity of 9,500 pounds of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) per day (Photo 1). BOD is a measurement of the quantity of oxygen consumed by microorganisms, and is typically used to determine the strength of municipal wastewater. In 2017, the Penn State WWTP had an annual average flow of 1.46 MGD, and an annual average organic loading of 2,994 pounds BOD per day.
Photo 1. PSU Wastewater Treatment Plant
The Penn State WWTP is comprised of two treatment trains: one to provide treatment of the liquid wastewater, and one to provide treatment of the solids. A process flow diagram of the liquid treatment train at the existing WWTP is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Liquid Train Process Flow Diagram
The liquid treatment train generally consists of the following elements:
Grit Removal and Classification System: The grit removal system provides removal of grit and other inorganic particulates from the raw wastewater. Grit is typically composed of sand, small rocks, and other dense materials that find their way into a sewer system. It is important to remove this grit material from the raw wastewater, as it can accumulate in downstream treatment tanks and cause abrasion in piping and pumps. A grit classifier is utilized to clean and dewater the grit, which is then collected in a container for disposal at the landfill.
Coarse Screening: Two coarse screens are operated in parallel to provide removal of large debris from the influent wastewater. This debris typically includes rags, plastics, wood and other materials that may clog or damage downstream equipment. The debris that is collected by the screens is cleaned, dewatered and collected in a container for disposal at the landfill.
Primary Settling Tanks: Three rectangular primary settling tanks are operated in parallel to remove settleable solids from the wastewater. The large volume in these tanks causes the flow of the wastewater to slow down, which allows solids to settle to the bottom. A chain and flight scrapping mechanism moves the solids to a hopper, where they are removed from the tank and conveyed to the solids treatment train. After the wastewater flows through the primary settling tanks, the liquid is conveyed to one of two biological treatment systems: the Trickling Filter Process Treatment System or the Activated Sludge Process Treatment System.
Trickling Filter Process (TFP) Treatment System: A portion of the liquid from the primary settling tanks is conveyed to an anoxic tank, and then to two activated sludge aeration tanks. This series of tanks provides for the biological removal of organics and nitrogen that is in the wastewater. Liquid is also conveyed to two rock-media trickling filters that are operated in parallel (Photo 2 and 3). In the trickling filters, the wastewater trickles down over the rock media to also provide for the biological removal of organics and nitrogen from the wastewater. Once the wastewater has been biologically treated, it is conveyed to two rectangular final settling tanks. Solids collected in the bottom of the settling tanks are either returned to the process as returned activated sludge (RAS), or wasted to the solids treatment train. The treated liquid, or effluent, from the final settling tanks is then sent to the chlorine contact tanks for disinfection.
This series of tanks provides for the biological removal of organics and nitrogen that is in the wastewater. Liquid is also conveyed to two rock-media trickling filters that are operated in parallel (Photo 2 and 3). In the trickling filters, the wastewater trickles down over the rock media to also provide for the biological removal of organics and nitrogen from the wastewater. Once the wastewater has been biologically treated, it is conveyed to two rectangular final settling tanks. Solids collected in the bottom of the settling tanks are either returned to the process as returned activated sludge (RAS), or wasted to the solids treatment train. The treated liquid, or effluent, from the final settling tanks is then sent to the chlorine contact tanks for disinfection.
Photo 2. Trickling Filter Tanks
Photo 3. Trickling Filter System Rock Media
Activated Sludge Process (ASP) Treatment System: In the activated sludge treatment system, two circular tanks are utilized (Photo 4). The center of each circular tank serves as an aeration zone for the activated sludge process, while the outer ring of each tank is used for a final settling tank. Aeration and mixing are provided to the liquid in the center ring of each tank, which allows for the biological removal of organics and nitrogen from the wastewater. After biological treatment in the center ring, the wastewater flows to the outer ring where the solids settle to the bottom of the tank. The solids, which primarily consist of the microorganisms that provide biological treatment of the wastewater, are collected at the bottom of the tank and are either returned to the process as RAS, or wasted to the solids treatment train. The effluent from the final settling tanks is then sent to the chlorine contact tanks for disinfection.
Photo 4. Activated Sludge Process Treatment System
Disinfection: Two chlorine contact tanks are operated in parallel to allow for the disinfection of the effluent. Liquid chlorine is added to the effluent to provide for the removal of potentially harmful microorganisms that may still be present in the water. Following disinfection, the treated effluent is conveyed to the effluent pumping system.
From the time the wastewater enters the Penn State WWTP, it typically takes between 12 and 18 hours to flow through the liquid treatment train. As outlined above, the liquid treatment train utilizes physical, chemical and biological processes to effectively and efficiently remove pollutants from the wastewater. The WWTP typically removes over 99% of BOD and 98% of suspended solids from the wastewater.
The solids produced at the Penn State WWTP are treated with an anaerobic digestion system. A process flow diagram of the solids processing train at the existing WWTP is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Solids Train Process Flow Diagram
The solids treatment train of the existing WWTP generally consists of the following elements:
Dissolved Air Flotation Thickener: The dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickener provides thickening of the solids from the final settling tanks. The thickened solids are then conveyed to the primary anaerobic digesters, while the liquid that is removed from the solids is conveyed back to the beginning of the liquid treatment train.
Primary Anaerobic Digestion: Two primary anaerobic digesters receive and treat solids from the primary settling tanks and the DAF thickener. The anaerobic digestion process uses microorganisms to break down biodegradable solids in the absence of oxygen. Solids remain in the digesters for approximately 20 days. Digested solids from the primary anaerobic digesters are then conveyed to the secondary digester. The anaerobic digestion process naturally produces biogas, which is composed primarily of methane and carbon dioxide. Penn State collects this biogas and utilizes it to heat the contents of the digesters and to provide heat to several buildings onsite.
Secondary Anaerobic Digestion: One secondary anaerobic digester is utilized to provide additional treatment of the solids and to provide storage of the digested solids prior to dewatering. Treated solids from the secondary anaerobic digester are periodically conveyed to the dewatering system.
Dewatering System: One rotary press is utilized to dewater the digested solids. The purpose of the dewatering process is to remove water from the solids. The solids are pumped from the secondary digester to the rotary press system, where they are mixed with polymer to enhance the removal of water. The conditioned solids are then conveyed through the rotary press system to squeeze out the water. The dewatered solids, known as biosolids, are collected in a dumpster for disposal at a landfill. The liquid removed from the solids is conveyed back to the beginning of the liquid treatment train.
In Pennsylvania, the majority of wastewater treatment plants discharge the treated effluent directly to a surface water source such as a stream or river. However, the Penn State wastewater system is unique, in that there is zero discharge to a stream. Since 1983, Penn State has been recycling all of its treated effluent through a land application system known as the Living Filter (Photo 5). The Living Filter consists of approximately 600 acres of agricultural land and forest land (Photo 6 and 7). An estimated 90% of the irrigated water recharges the region’s water table—about 1.3 MGD, or over 475 million gallons per year. The land application of treated effluent provides enhanced treatment of the water as it slowly percolates through the soil profile, helps to maintain base flows in streams such as Spring Creek, and reduces the impacts of drought conditions. The Penn State WWTP has not discharged to a stream since 1983, and is thought to be one of the many reasons that the water quality of Spring Creek is considered to be better now than any time in the last 100 years. Management of the Living Filter system is provided by the Wastewater Management Committee, a multi-discipline committee made up of researchers from across the University, as well as representatives from the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection and the Pennsylvania Game Commission. Research completed by this Committee is transmitted via trade journals and research publications to advance the knowledge base on wastewater treatment plant processes and land application systems.
Photo 5. Living Filter Signage
Photos 6 and 7. Land application of treated waste water
Using Reclaimed Water
To further promote the sustainable use of water, the University has developed a master plan for the future implementation of a reclaimed water system for the University Park Campus. This reclaimed water system would take a portion of the treated effluent from the WWTP and make it available for appropriate water uses on campus. It is estimated that strategically using reclaimed water on campus could reduce groundwater withdrawals by 300,000 to 500,000 gallons per day. Sewage facilities planning and permitting has been completed for the system, and installation of portions of the reclaimed water distribution system has begun as opportunities present themselves. Targeted uses for the future reclaimed water system include toilet flushing, irrigation, vehicle washing, non-potable washdown and laundry. When viable, interior plumbing systems of new or renovated buildings on campus are being installed in a manner to facilitate the use of reclaimed water when it becomes available.
The University is currently undergoing the design and construction of a major capital upgrade to the existing WWTP. Sewage facilities planning for these upgrades was approved in March 2018 by the Centre Region Council of Governments through an Act 537 Plan Special Study. Upgrades to the WWTP are needed to renovate and replace aged infrastructure, improve onsite safety and improve the treatment and energy efficiency of the facility. Based on future wastewater flow projections for the University Park Campus, a 3.0 MGD design capacity is recommended for the upgraded WWTP. The upgrades will generally include a complete rebuild of the liquid treatment train utilizing membrane bioreactor technology, and will include improvements to screening, grit removal, flow equalization, disinfection, solids thickening, odor control, and electrical/controls systems. The upgrades to the Penn State WWTP are expected to be complete by 2022.
About the Author: David M. Swisher is a licensed Professional Engineer with over 15 years of environmental engineering experience in the water and wastewater industry. He serves as the Wastewater Utility Engineer for the Penn State Office of Physical Plant, and is responsible for providing engineering support to the wastewater systems at all of Penn State’s campuses.


Sichuan Liuhe Special Metal Materials Co., Ltd. is located in Jiangyou, an important special steel base of China in Sichuan province. Founded in April 2004, the company is currently a subsidiary of Mianyang S&T City Development & Investment (Group) Co., Ltd.. The company mainly focuses on producing special steel products and parts for major high-end equipment on aviation, shipbuilding, nuclear power, gas turbine, etc. It also has several wholly-owned subsidiaries and branches, including Sichuan Liuhe Shanghai Branch, Beichuan Liuhe Steam Turbine Co., Ltd., Deyang Liuhe Energy Materials Co., Ltd., and Carl Mertens International GmbH in Germany.
The company's products are mainly sold to large-scale steam turbine companies, matching plants, and aerospace enterprises. Some of its die steel, blade steel has been exported to the high-end European and American markets.
With its own complete production lines of steel-making, forging, finishing and heat treatment, as well as its advanced metal material testing and inspection equipments, the company has developed into a major steam turbine manufacturer in China, and is the first one in China with complete blade steel production process.
The company has been entitled as "National High-tech Enterprise", "Provincial Intellectual Property pilot Enterprise of Sichuan", "Provincial Quality Credit Grade AAA level Enterprise of Sichuan" and "Municipal middle and small-sized S&T Enterprise of Mianyang". Meanwhile, our products have been awarded as " Sichuan Famous-brand Products" by Sichuan provincial government.
The company is the Provincial Enterprise Technology Center of Sichuan, and it has been ISO 9001 certified. It has also been approved by CCS, ABS,LR& BV and its test center has been CNAS approved.
The company adheres to the compound-type enterprise line of professionalization , high-quality and long industrial chain, and focuses on developing alternative products to replace the high-quality imported products of die steel, cutlery steel, blade steel and heat treated forging, developing Liuhe to be the leader of China's high-performance, multi- varieties, high-quality special steel forging industry.


Our Doors are Engineered to Last
All of our doors are manufactured with composite materials. This composite material has established itself in the marine industry for years. It has stood the test of time in both saltwater and fresh water boating applications. We work this material exactly like we would with wood to give our doors the true architectural appearance of wood. It does not, however, have the issues that come with wood products. Our material will not rot, invite termites or mold, and it performs well under all types of weather conditions. It can also be up to three times lighter than comparable wood products. A lighter door means less wear and tear on the hardware. For more information on our materials please contact us.
Our Manufacturing Process
Our manufacturing process utilizes state-of-the-art CNC machines ensuring product consistency and accuracy at all product levels. Our doors are produced on both residential and commercial vinyl-backed or sandwich sections that can be wind loaded to our customer’s particular needs. We use only upgraded commercial hardware on all door applications. Our overlay is fastened to the doors using a hot melt adhesive designed for our particular application and is then reinforced with mechanical fasteners. Standard and custom doors are drawn in CAD software and delivered to clients prior to construction, ensuring that our doors meet the particular design requirements. We continually monitor and test our manufacturing process to ensure all materials used are the most technologically advanced products available.
Feel free to review our frequently asked questions concerning the construction of our doors.
Our Finishing Techniques
Our unique finishing techniques allow us to offer traditional wood colors such as cedar, oak and mahogany, as well as five other standard colors.
At Eden Coast, we are setting a new standard in pre-finished doors. We offer a proprietary stain and paint finish and boast 8 standard stain options in both a wood grain and smooth texture. Please review our stained and painted galleries for samples of our latest work. We also custom-match many types of wood and finishes. We offer pre-finishes in a variety of solid paint options, including metallic paints. Our pre-finishing process consists of four steps, a process that is not just superior to industry standards, but is of the same quality as an industrial or automotive finish. Our finishing options allow every customer to truly customize any door with their own uniqueness.
After years of experience and continual monitoring with our suppliers, we have developed our unique finishing techniques. Our 4-stage finishing process provides protection from environmental conditions, while bringing out our desired color variations. Throughout the process we use multiple coats at different stages to create the desired finish. Our process is continually monitored, and we work closely with engineers on a regular basis to ensure our process and materials are the most up-to-date and provide the best protection available.
Please feel free to review our frequently asked questions concerning our finishing processes.
Our Quality Control Practices
Our doors are hinged prior to manufacturing and during the manufacturing process to ensure proper alignment. Universal overlay material is also randomly pulled and compared with doors in production to ensure consistency. We also weigh every door when completed to ensure that springs are ordered based on every door’s actual weight. These steps help us to guarantee functionality and consistency.


The Particle Size Magnifier (PSM) is a mixing type Condensation Particle Counter developed and manufactured by Airmodus Oy. Using diethylene glycol (DEG) as working fluid, it can activate particles as small as ~1 nm, while a butanol-based CPC is used to further grow the particles above the optical detection limit. When the PSM is operated in scanning mode, it also gives size information of particles between 1 and 3 nm. Thus the PSM can directly detect even the smallest newly formed particles, and can be used to study the very first steps of particle formation and growth.
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In REBICE S.A. neck-in steel drums with a capacity of 200 liters. All of them comply with stringent UN regulations for packing dangerous goods in the packaging groups I, II and III. Open top cover is provided with a lever lock ring with a lever closure.Thanks to their characteristic diameter, Rebice Neck-in drums are suitable for transport in sea containers.
The removable lid can also be provided with the optimum safety 2″ and 3/4″ closures. The vertical seam is electrically welded, the bottom is triple seamed to the drum body. They can be internally coated with a epoxy-phenolic, the BPA Free option is also available, and externally painted with lithography printing.
|Capacity (L)||Height (mm)||Diameter (mm)||Thickness (mm)||Tare (Kg)||ADR Homologation|
|220||860||922||571||582||0,8||0,8||0,8||15||UN 1A2/Y1.4/150||UN 1A2/Y311/S|
|1||1||1||19||UN 1A2/Y1.5/150||UN 1A2/Y335/S|
Contact us for any capacity, closure or finish modification.


Bleachers are used in athletic and event facilities to provide a flexible and practical way to maximize seating for the public. They are mechanical, structural and aesthetic pieces of machinery that require constant maintenance to be safe, functional and trouble free assets for any school, institution or athletic facility. A reliable, quality bleacher repair company can help you save money, keep your bleachers operating 24/7 and reduce accidents and injuries.
Bleacher repairs and service should be conducted by an experienced, factory certified company. A bleacher repair company that is available 24/7 with 4 hours notice helps you in emergencies when you need help the most.
We have provided 24/7 bleacher repair service to over 1,000 bleacher customers since 1994.
*Service on all brands
*Upgrade drive components – friction or non-friction wheels, motors and axles
*Preventative Maintenance and Extended Warranty Programs
*Safety Upgrades – structural, railings, gates, floor gaps
*Parts in Stock for Immediate Shipment
*24/7 and 4 hour Response
3120 Capital Way
Cedar Falls, IA 50613
Offices in Austin, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Des Moines, Houston, Kansas City, Madison, Minneapolis, Omaha, Salt Lake City


Solary Electricals PS306 Heavy Duty Parts Cart Material Handing Cart is designed to temporarily store various parts and tools in car body shops to increase work efficiency. It is a great cart to keep your workshop clean, safe, and organized.
Portable design to move freely within the car body shops
Strong casters with brakes to make sure the carts are in good balance.
It is easy to store various parts and materials in a clear view.
Adjustable shelves position.
Durable powder coat finish.
High Quality and Durable
Our Auto Body Parts Rack is made of high-quality metal, and the overall frame is designed to widen and thicken, providing a long service life.
Lockable Universal Wheels
It is equipped with four universal wheels, so you can quickly move this storage rack to where you need it, and the two rear wheels can be locked to prevent the frame from shaking when you use it.
The heavy-duty parts cart is practical and easy to use for all your projects, saving time and energy. Easily store or transport tools, parts, supplies, heavy objects, and more. Great for home, garage, auto repair shop, and warehouse use
Net weight: 40KG
Packing Size(cm): L109xW31.5xH25
Size: 125 x 89 x 186 cm / 49.2 x 35 x 73.2 in
With foldable design, it can be easily folded to save storage space when you are not using it.
There is no protrusion on the surface of the partition, which can play a good role in protecting the parts
Comes with 4 small plastic trays, which can store and protect the removed small parts and are not easy to lose
Reinforced Structural Design
The laminate hanging position adopts a reinforced design, and the structure is stable and firm
The bottom of the column adopts a reinforced support design to provide strong support for your items, and it is not easy to shake when placing heavy objects
Universal Wheels, Easy to Move
Equipped with 4 universal wheels that can be locked, it is not only convenient to move, but also can be locked to prevent the shelf from moving when you are using it
This is a great heavy duty tool rack, highly recommended!
This tool cart is really mind blowing, it can hold a lot of heavy duty car parts from my garage, the wheels that are mounted are easy to use, you can get all the tools you need when you need them without a lot of effort, saves a lot of time!


Foundation Pro Services is a trusted provider of top-notch sump pump services. Not only will a wet basement cause you to lose living space and damage personal possessions, but it can also promote the growth of mold and mildew. When mold and mildew get into the air that you breathe, it can cause health issues for you and your family. We understand the critical role that sump pumps play in keeping basements and crawl spaces dry and protected from water intrusion. Here are some key points highlighting why Foundation Pro Services excels in sump pump services:
Foundation Pro Services has a team of experts who specialize in sump pump installation, repair, and maintenance. They possess extensive knowledge of various types of sump pumps and the best practices for their installation and operation. Their expertise allows them to recommend the most suitable sump pump solution for your specific needs.
Before installing a sump pump, Foundation Pro Services conducts a thorough assessment of the basement or crawl space. We evaluate factors such as the water table level, potential sources of water intrusion, and the layout of the space. This assessment helps us determine the optimal location and size of the sump pump system.
Foundation Pro Services ensures that sump pumps are installed correctly to maximize their efficiency and effectiveness. Our experienced technicians follow industry standards and guidelines during the installation process. They carefully position the sump pump, install the necessary drainage components, and connect the system to an appropriate power source.
If your existing sump pump requires repair or upgrading, Foundation Pro Services can assist with that as well. Our technicians are skilled in diagnosing and fixing common sump pump issues, such as motor failures, switch malfunctions, or float switch problems. We can also recommend and install more efficient and advanced sump pump systems if needed.
Foundation Pro Services understands that sump pump failures can lead to immediate water damage and potential hazards. We offer emergency services to address urgent sump pump issues promptly. Our responsive team is available to assist you in resolving emergency situations to minimize damage and restore a dry environment.
When you choose Foundation Pro Services for sump pump services, you can expect the best-in-class solutions and expert assistance. Our expertise, professional installation, quality products, and commitment to customer satisfaction make us a reliable choice for all your sump pump needs.


24 May 2017
Special Presentation | Speed and Efficiency in...
Join us next Wednesday, May 24 for an ARMA Special Presentation with a focus on operational efficiency and organizational structure, featuring Michael Pelletier, Director of Manufacturing for Buildasign.com. He will present and discuss recent changes to their management structure that have allowed for greater speed and agility. If you know Mike, you know this will be a fun, engaging topic, that will leave you thinking.
11 May 2017
4th Annual ARMA Golf Tournament | SOLD OUT!
Join us May 11th for the fourth annual ARMA Golf Tournament at the beautiful Avery Ranch Course. Festivities kick off at 11:00am with registration, lunch, and then a shotgun start at 12:30pm. Several contests will provide ample opportunity for glory and prizes. Fun will be had by all. An award ceremony and dinner will follow.
10 May 2017
South Central Texas Manufacturing Trade Show &...
Save the Date! May 10th, 2017 for the South Central Texas Manufacturing Trade Show & Conference.
05 May 2017
Lean 101 - Intro to Lean Manufacturing Class...
This overview class provides a solid foundation of lean concepts. Participants begin by manufacturing various assemblies in a traditional manufacturing setting. The results of the first simulation round provide the setting for continuous improvement by applying the lean manufacturing principles. Participants will have the knowledge of understanding the 8 wastes in manufacturing. A mixture of lecture and hands-on simulations will teach lessons...


500 Foot Roll of Maximum Duty 14 Gauge Solid Core Pet Fence Wire (Thicker Wire and Protective Jacket than Factory Packaged 20 Gauge Wire, the Thicker 18 Gauge Wire, and Even Thicker 16 Gauge Wire)
No matter the terrain you are enclosing, we have the heavy duty wire you will need. These continuous spools are enough wire to enclose up to 1/2 of an acre. We recommend Heavy Duty Pet Fence wire in any areas where the wire may experience wear and tear, such as rocky conditions or cold weather climates.
Electric dog fence systems usually come with the cheapest low-grade wire available, whereas most professionally installed systems use a more substantial heavy duty polyethylene coated variation. Whether you’re replacing a section of your existing fence or wiring your yard from scratch, you can easily find a relatively inexpensive and compatible wire for your project. Regardless of gauge, you should choose only a solid, insulated wire rated for burial, preferably polyethylene or plastic coated for maximum performance, which is what all our wire is made of.
This wire is compatible with ALL pet fence brands and wired applications:
• Invisible Fence®
• Dog Watch®
• Contain Your Pet®
• Dog Guard®
• Perimeter Technologies®
• eXtreme Dog Fence®
For our complete line of dog fence and pet supplies, you can visit our Amazon store at www.amazon.com/shops/electricdogfence
- 14 Gauge Wire – Thickest, Heaviest, Longest Lasting Dog Fence Wire Available, for Absolute Maximum Wire Longevity and Protection from the Elements
- 500 Foot Continuous Spool – Eliminates the Need for Splicing Wires Together
- HMW Polyethylene Coating – Superior Protection Against UV Rays and Water Exposure
- ROHS Compliant/Direct Ground Burial Rated/Tough Guard Coated – The Standard Among Professionals
- Universally Compatible With All Wired Electric Dog Fence Systems – All Brands and Wired Applications


Yuneec Typhoon H Hexcopter
Yuneec’s newest member to the Typhoon family delivers professional features
Warning: Last items in stock!
Availability date: 04/01/2016
• Typhoon H delivers professional features at a prosumer price
• New features include six rotors, 360-degree gimbal camera and retractable gear in a compact design
• Imaging modes include Waypoints, Orbit Point of Interest, Orbit Pilot, Open/Close Scene
• Flight modes – these include Smart Mode, Angle Mode, Return Home and Auto Landing
• Quick disconnect – the Typhoon H has quick disconnect props for speedy removal.
• Rotor arms – Each rotor arm easily folds down from its flight position to a resting position against the drone for easy and compact transportation.
• Case - The Typhoon H fits into a custom-designed hardcase/ backpack for easy transportation. not available.
Retractable Landing Gear
• The landing gear retracts during flight to seamlessly remove itself form the shot for unobstructed views.
• Typhoon H is equipped with CGO3+ 4K camera and is ready to fly and record content out of the box.
• ST16 Controller – The Typhoon H comes with the professional quality Android-based ST16 controller, which has a large 7-inch integrated display and HD 720p video downlink for stunning real-time video reception.
• Ultrasonic proximity – the built in ultrasonic proximity detection assists pilots in avoiding large obstacles.
• 5 Rotor Flight – The 5 Rotor Flight feature allows for the Typhoon H to make safe landings in case of motor failure.
• No Fly Zones – The No Fly Zone feature is a factory preset compliant with the FAA by preventing illegal flight above 400 feet from the ground.
• Additional safety features – Geo-fencing, Variable Speed Control, Dynamic Return Home and Low-Battery Return Home.


Continental ContiTech’s (formerly Goodyear) Fractional Horsepower belts are classical V-belts designed for 3L, 4L, and 5L light-duty FHP belts. These belts are used for drives of 1 HP or less. These belts feature molded cog construction, which makes it easier to use these V-belts with sheaves of small diameters. Surfrainbow stocks a vast variety of FHP belts in various specifications. Also, there are matching sheaves in Single and Two A groove, Single and Two B groove, Single A-BTS, Single B-BTS, Two A-Groove –BTS, and Two B groove –BTS descriptions. The efficiency of these belts begin at 93% with small sheaves, and increases as sheave diameters increase. Design and improved efficiency of these FHP V-belts help users achieve high power requirements with low HP drives. Goodyear FHP V-belts run longer and smoother with improved energy efficiency than most other non-cogged V-belts in the market.
Beneficial Features of FHP V-Belts
The V-belts are valued and preferred in many industrial applications due to their following features:
- High tensile Vytacord construction helps improve dimensional stability.
- Ozone, oil, and abrasion resistant backing ensures trouble-free operation.
- Engineered rubber construction helps ensure maximum flexibility.
- Molded cog construction helps improve heat dissipation, which improves air flow during the operation. This helps reduce the internal temperature, and improves the belt life.
- Low cross section vibration in FHP-V belts with cogged construction helps reduce noise generation. This allows users take advantage of Goodyear FHP V-belts longer than other standard belts available in the market.
Types of Fractional FHP V-Belts Provided by Surfrainbow
The following are some of the popular types of FHP V-belts provided by Surfrainbow:
- 2L FHP V-Belts: These V-belts are provided in the range of 12ʺ-240 ʺ.
- 3L FHP V-Belts: The V-belts are manufactured in the range of 12ʺ-240 ʺ.
- 4L FHP V-Belts: These V-belts are manufactured in the range of 15 ʺ-240 ʺ.
- 5L FHP V-Belts: The FHP V-belts are available in the range of 22ʺ-550ʺ.
Applications of FHP V-Belts
The molded cogged FHP-V belts are used for various applications. Some popular ones include the following:
- Light-duty machinery
- Shop equipment
- Fans and blowers
- Home Appliances


One hundred and seventeen (117) patents (US Patent Office) were granted for the week of April 18, 2023. Dallas-Fort Worth ranked No. 8 for patent activity out of 250 metros according to Dallas Invents.
Dallas Invents by Dallas Innovates is a weekly look at U.S. patents granted with a connection to the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington metro area. Listings include patents granted to local assignees and/or those with a North Texas inventor.
Dallas Invents noted the following information during their weekly report:\
Ronald L Perdue (Kennedale, TX) and William K Chapin (Cumby, TX) were granted a patent for a “Hydraulic gooseneck trailer coupler system and method”.
The description of the patent was as follows:
“A system and method of raising and lowering a ball coupler for coupling to a ball hitch is provided. A combination of a hydraulic pump and hydraulic piston is employed to raise and lower the ball coupler of a gooseneck trailer. Both custom and off-the-shelf parts combine to create a user-friendly system to couple and uncouple a gooseneck trailer to the truck. The system described herein replaces the need to raise and lower a gooseneck trailer”s coupling system by a hand crank and gearbox and even the need to climb into the back of the truck bed. Varying trailer frame configurations and ball coupler sizes can be employed with the present invention. Also described and shown in this provisional is a non-rotating free-end hydraulic piston device and method. Also described and shown is a coupling bushing device and method for securing a conventional coupler to a piston rod.”
Perdue, a Kennedale resident, is the owner of C.R.P. MACHINE & WELDING, INC, of Kennedale, Tx.


Phoenix R150 LGR Dehumidifier 50Hz
With water removal of 38 liters per day AHAM, using 3.3 Amps and weighing in at a mere 37 kg, the new Phoenix R150 50Hz LGR dehumidifier packs the performance of a “Large” dehumidifier into the smallest, lightest, and most portable chassis in the restoration market. The R150 50Hz with patented GTR (Graduated Thermal Reduction) Technology combines Phoenix innovation, technical expertise, and proven durability into a unit that will remove more water, produce larger grain depression, and dry structures faster than competitive dehumidifiers. The R150 50Hz’s GTR technology will allow the restoration professional to continue to dry in higher temperatures without any manual adjustments to the unit.
In addition to this unit’s performance benefits, the R150 50Hz offers outlet ducting, pleated media filter, energy efficient operation, and front cord and hose storage. And, finally, its handle design and compact body add to its appeal for stacking, storage and transport. The R150 50Hz is the latest member of the Phoenix line of LGR dehumidifiers; the most effective and versatile drying devices made.


Voltage: DC 12V
Size: Approx 11*15*7.5cm/4.3*5.9*3in
Fixed Mode: Put it on the slip mat, or use double sided adhesive
Optional Color: Red, Grey
Package Weight: Approx 387g
1 * Car Heater Fan Defroster Demister
1. Please confirm the product fit for your vehicle before purchasing!
2. Please allow 1-3cm error due to manual measurement. Thanks for your understanding.
3. Monitors are not calibrated same, item color displayed in photos may be showing slightly
different from the real object. Please take the real one as standard.


Window wells are basically an area wall to keep the dirt away from below grade basement windows. Window wells should be larger than the window itself to allow light into the basement and to allow egress out of the basement in the event of an emergency.
Typical window wells are corrugated metal. The corrugations help to add strength to the well to help limit crushing or bending. Lenbeth deals directly with the best metal window well manufacturers available.
There are other types of window wells available on the market for those looking for something different. Lenbeth offers window wells that are made of fiberglass and plastic. These alternatives to the typical metal window wells allow more light in the basement and are more esthetically appealing when looking from inside the basement out of the basement window. Lenbeth proudly offers Wolfa Window Wells which are a one piece fiberglass window well manufactured in Germany.
Lenbeth has been installing window wells for many years and we understand all the issues that can arise from installations. We have tested many different installation methods and we have the expertise to install the wells correctly. Contact us today to see how we can ensure that your window wells are installed properly!


Support easy breathing and refreshing relief from year-round heating and cooling with this kid friendly, whisper quiet humidifier that features everyone's favorite ocean dweller! One gallon water tank is removable for easy carrying and filling, and filled tank runs up to 11 hours. Systems shuts off automatically when tank is empty, and the illuminated tank also provides night light function. For use in rooms up to 250 square feet. Measures 13" H x 11" W x 8" D. 120 volt. ETL listed. Replacement filter part #HS-1931.


Transport, store, and relocate your heavy machinery and specialized equipment with ease when you rely on the services of Quickway Rigging & Transfer, Inc. For more than 60 years, we have relied on the latest equipment and a quality staff to get your equipment and machinery wherever it needs to be—domestic or overseas.
Moving machinery can be a large undertaking, and Quickway Rigging & Transfer has the tools and experience to get the job done efficiently and safely. Our main objective is complete customer satisfaction, which is why we offer a variety of services to fit your needs.
Some of the services we offer are rigging, machinery and equipment moving, clean room, crane operation, heated storage, turnkey plant relocations, and packaging for overseas moves. With each service we offer, our staff is trained and experienced to ensure that your machinery is handled safely and effectively. Each staff member is trained, licensed and certified to the most current industry standards. We are insured to $5 million for your added piece of mind.
Quickway Rigging & Transfer, Inc. has the resources necessary to accommodate your schedule and needs. With our heated storage, your machinery and equipment is secure and safe until it is needed for delivery. We know that whatever you need moved—from a single piece of machinery to an entire plant relocation—we can handle it.
Know that you can count on Quickway Rigging & Transfer, Inc. for all of your rigging and machinery moving needs. Contact our office at 763-784-4295.


Cranes are essential for workers in construction, manufacturing, warehousing and other industries, but are highly more hazardous than any other tool. Extensive training and following crane safety standards creates a better working environment for workers and anyone around the worksite. Below is a list of common crane hazards and preventative measures you can take to create a safer work area:
- Being aware of electrical lines is critical when operating a crane. The metal in the crane is an excellent conductor and can cause a fatal electrocution if accidentally hit against electrical lines
- Material lifted with a crane has the potential of falling off even after it has been secured Employees below crane should avoid working in the area and wear hard hats along with other appropriate PPE
- Although cranes can lift an astounding amount of weight, it is important for crane operator to know the weight limit of each crane. Crane operators and loaders should also keep track of how much weight is being added or removed to avoid overloading
- When cranes twist or move to get the load where it needs to go, it create pinch or crush points where someone could be seriously injured. It is important to be cautious of surroundings when moving a load to avoid accidental injury to those around
- Crane operators should make sure area is cleared when dropping a load to avoid crushing objects or injuring someone. Some loads are heavy enough to crush vehicles so it is important to remember to never work under a crane load, even with PPE
- Requiring workers to wear a hard hat at all times ensures they are safe if material falls from a crane load. You can’t predict when this will happen, but you can prepare for it.
- Providing workers with eye protections prevents them from having temporary blindness caused by dust or debris
- Hand protection keeps workers safe from pinches or being crushed
Using a crane is hazardous, but with crane safety implementation and proper training, workers are able to operate them with confidence and reduce the possibility of injury drastically.
At Nova Medical Centers we specialize in occupational health. We understand the importance of informing employers and employees of safety regulations. We take pride in providing exceptional services to our patients and clients. Contact us for more information. Our friendly staff and team of experts are here to meet all your occupational health needs.
Written by Nayda Sanchez


Injectors and Tantalum Markers
RSA Biomedical is the world’s foremost provider of Tantalum Markers / Tantalum Beads, and Tantalum Marker Injectors. Our RSA® Injector™ and RSA® Tantalum Markers™ are well proven, are used in hundreds of RSA® studies, and meet the highest standards of quality in medical research.
The RSA® Injector™ is designed to help surgeons easily insert spherical RSA® Tantalum Markers™ in the skeleton. It is a well-balanced and robust tool, developed in collaboration with medical experts having extensive experience in RadioStereometric Analysis (RSA®).
- Easy to use.
- Robust, modular design.
- Easy to clean and sterilize.
- For percutaneous insertion of Tantalum Markers.
The RSA® Injector™ is ergonomically designed to help surgeons insert markers accurately and efficiently. The RSA® Injector™ is easy to dissemble, sterilize, assemble, and load. It uses a spring-loaded punch to force markers into the skeleton.
The RSA® Injector™ is available in two sizes, for 0.8 mm and 1.0 mm RSA® Tantalum Markers™.
RSA® Tantalum Markers™
Skeletal and prosthetic device markers used in the RSA® system are made of biocompatible spherical tantalum, a material that is well tolerated by the body and readily observed as a distinct point in the radiograph.
RSA Biomedical offers 3 sizes of RSA® Tantalum Markers™, in diameters of 0.5, 0.8, and 1.0 mm.
RSA® Tantalum Markers™ are also known as RSA® Tantalum Beads.


Enhanced Geothermal Systems
Enhanced or engineered geothermal systems (EGS), frac’ing or fracking programs, hydraulic shearing… call it what you want, but our ability to alter rock reservoirs has the power to change the geothermal energy industry.
Conventional geothermal energy programs need three things to be successful:
- Heat. Without this you don’t have a resource.
- A transfer medium. Required to transfer the heat; this is usually water.
- A rock environment. With enough porosity to move the heat through.
In the simplest terms, if a geothermal energy developer can move enough water through hot, fractures, or porous rock, he or she can use that heat to power a turbine – and, therefore, has a potential power project. Seems simple enough, right? But, what if this incredible heat source is trapped in solid rock? One can’t economically move heat out of a solid rock thousands of meters underground. So, should such a developer simply walk away from the potential project or work to improve the situation?
The oil and gas industry has a similar problem with getting precious oil and gas resources out of tight formations. They knew these energy resources were in certain rock but, at first, couldn’t feasibly or economically recover it. However, there was a solution. Fluid-driven fractures could be formed at depth in the oilfield borehole and extended into targeted aquifer formations. Frac’ing or Fracking technology significantly increased the surface area to recover the petroleum resources, and is now commonly used by the oil and gas industry to access “unconventional” natural gas deposits trapped in shale, coalbed, and tight-sand formations. Add in the ability to drill horizontally within the right formation and the oil and gas industry exponentially improved petroleum recovery in that formation.
Even for the geothermal industry, the cat is already out of the bag. Many geothermal energy developers have already begun to see the potential of similiar technology. Projects in Soultz France, Cooper Basin, Australia, and Newberry, in the US have all used pressured fluids to increase permeability and to increase heat recovery. In hard-rock and volcanic environments, man-made hydraulic fractures use internal fluid pressure to help open pre-existing weakness in the rock structure. The new fracture is then typically maintained by introducing a proppant (such as sand, ceramic, or particulates) into the injected fluid.
Projects that were once left economically wanting now have the potential for increased profitability. And, those in the renewable energy industry understand that slight improvement could take a project into the realm of financial viable.
This technology is not without its’ detractors, however. Environmental and community groups have brought some of the technology’s downfalls into the public spotlight. Fresh water contamination, induced seismicity, and the toxic nature of some fracking fluids are just some of the concerns. To continue to be part of a clean energy solution for our planet, the geothermal energy developers adopting this technology need to closely monitor and responsibly deal with any and all concerns, real or imagined. The industry needs to ensure that any individual fracking program does leave a “black eye” on the geothermal industry as a whole.
At the core, our planet is over 5,000°C and is approximately 6.3km thick and continues to produce vast amounts of heat. To put this in perspective; the heat stored in the only the top 3 km of the continental crust is equivalent to the energy consumed by mankind for some 100,000 years at the present rate. At a depth of 10km, the heat in the of the earth’s crust contains 50,000 times as much energy as found in all the world’s oil and gas reserves combined. In 2007, a US Department of Energy sponsored study, completed by independent experts led by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), concluded that geothermal energy could provide 100,000 MWe or more in 50 years by using advanced EGS (enhanced geothermal energy) technology.
The problem is clearly not a lack of heat (we have billions of years of heat available), it is getting that heat out of the ground cost effectively. The more the industry can research and test this technology in geothermal applications, the more this technology can be implementing to improve the economics and decrease the project risks of geothermal energy development. Love it or hate it, fracking technology has the potential to forever change how the geothermal energy industry extracts its’ heat resource.
This article was written for North America Clean Energy Magazine for November 2010
Author: Craig Dunn is pioneer in geothermal energy exploration and development initiatives in Canada, with expertise in the industry’s efforts on developing high – temperature geothermal energy from untapped resources.


Use Corner Guards to protect the corners of your walls from damage from pallets, carts, forklifts and more. Corner Guards are optimal for reducing scrapes and scratches from everyday wear and tear in frequently used passageways, hallways and doorways. They can be staked vertically for multi-level protection solutions.
Specifically designed to protect wall edges and door frames from day-to-day bumps and scrapes from pallet trucks.
Quick and easy to install, the stackable design allows total flexibility in its reach; enabling installation to a height to suit. The narrow profile keeps intrusion to a minimum whilst protecting infrastructure from scuff damage from hand powered vehicles.
- Maintenance free
Non-corrosive, non-scratch, non-repaint, water resistant, self-coloured and UV stabilised for minimal maintenance.
- Decreased downtime
Impact absorption prevents damage to vulnerable infrastructure such as door frames and overhead conveyors, eliminating downtime and increasing efficiency.
- Highly Visible
Highly visible solution, designed to draw the attention of vehicle drivers.
Designed to be stackable, the Corner Guard can offer protection to the full vertical height.


The human body is a marvel of engineering, capable of a vast array of movements and postures. A central player in this motion machinery is the joint. Joints connect bones, facilitate movement, and provide mechanical support. Understanding the classification of joints is essential for fields like medicine, sports, physiotherapy, and basic human anatomy.
Let’s delve into the various types of joints present in the human body and their intricate classifications.
What is a Joint?
Before diving into classifications, it’s essential to understand what a joint is. A joint, or articulation, is the location at which two bones connect. Joints not only allow movement but also provide stability. The manner in which joints allow motion, or restrict it, varies according to their type and structure.
Classification of Joints:
The classification of joints can be based on either their functional properties (how much movement they allow) or structural properties (based on the material present in the joint). Let’s explore both:
1. Functional Classification of Joints
Based on the functional viewpoint, joints are categorized into three primary types:
- Synarthroses (Immovable Joints)
- These joints permit minimal or no movement.
- Most common in the skull.
- Examples include sutures in the skull bones.
- Amphiarthroses (Slightly Movable Joints)
- These joints allow a limited degree of movement.
- Typically found between vertebrae and between certain bones in the pelvis.
- Examples include the intervertebral discs between spinal vertebrae and the pubic symphysis.
- Diarthroses (Freely Movable Joints)
- As the name suggests, these joints allow a wide range of movements.
- Found in the appendicular skeleton (limbs).
- Examples include the shoulder, hip, and knee joints.
2. Structural Classification of Joints
Structural classification hinges on the type of connective tissue present and whether or not there is a joint cavity:
- Fibrous Joints
- Held together by fibrous connective tissue.
- No joint cavity.
- Movement is either absent or limited.
- Types of fibrous joints include:
- Sutures: Restricted to skull bones. Edges of bones are interlocked and bound together by dense fibrous connective tissue. Over time, they may ossify, turning into synostoses.
- Syndesmoses: Bones are connected by a ligament. An example is the distal end of the tibia and fibula.
- Gomphoses: A peg-in-socket fibrous joint. The only example in the body is the connection between a tooth and its socket in the jaw.
- Cartilaginous Joints
- Bones are connected by cartilage.
- No joint cavity.
- Two types of cartilaginous joints exist:
- Synchondroses: Joined by hyaline cartilage. An example is the epiphyseal plate in children, where growth occurs.
- Symphyses: Joined by fibrocartilage. The intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis are classic examples.
- Synovial Joints
- These joints have a unique feature: the joint cavity.
- The bones forming the joint are separated by a fluid-containing cavity, allowing free movement.
- Characteristics of synovial joints:
- Articular cartilage: It covers the ends of the bones and provides a smooth surface.
- Joint (synovial) cavity: A small space containing lubricating synovial fluid.
- Articular capsule: Surrounds the joint cavity and is made up of an outer fibrous layer and an inner synovial membrane.
- Synovial fluid: Lubricates and nourishes the joint.
- Reinforcing ligaments: Strengthen and support the joint.
- Types of synovial joints based on shapes and movement:
- Plane Joints: Flat articular surfaces that allow sliding and translational movements. Found between the carpal bones of the wrist.
- Hinge Joints: Cylindrical projections of one bone fit into a trough of another bone. Movement is uniaxial like a door hinge. Examples include the elbow and ankle.
- Pivot Joints: A rounded bone end pivots within a sleeve or ring composed of bone and ligaments. Found in the proximal radioulnar joint.
- Condylar (or ellipsoidal) Joints: The oval articular surface of one bone fits into the complementary depression of another. Allows biaxial movement. Found between metacarpals and phalanges.
- Saddle Joints: Both articular surfaces have concave and convex regions resembling a saddle. Found in the thumb (between the trapezium and the first metacarpal).
- Ball-and-Socket Joints: The spherical head of one bone fits into the cup-like socket of another. These allow multiaxial movement. Examples include the hip and shoulder joints.
Understanding the classification of joints provides invaluable insights into human biomechanics, rehabilitation science, and orthopedics. The diversity of joints, from the immobile sutures of the skull to the dynamic ball-and-socket joints of the hip and shoulder, demonstrates the incredible versatility and complexity of the human body. With advancements in medicine, our comprehension of these joints will only deepen, leading to better treatment modalities and a greater appreciation of human anatomy.