Bentley Continental GT har på én dag rett og slett bare «blown our minds». Vi forventet en Volkswagen-preget luksusbil, som ikke helt fortjente prislappen. Det vi fikk var en luksus GT-cruiser i ypperste klasse, som - ja, er ekstremt dyr, men er verdt hvert eneste krone 2012 Bentley Continental GT V12 Kørt 120.000 Km - Enestående Farvekombination - Sort Med Beige Læderinteriør Med Diamantsyninger, Ædeltræ Paneler Og Kontrastsyninger Med Bentley Logo Broderet I Nakkestøtter. Mange Specielle Detaljer- Ex. Carbon Sæt - Gør At Denne Bentley Continental Har En Særlig Udstråling 2019 Bentley Continental GT. VEHICLE TYPE front-engine, all-wheel-drive, 4-passenger, 2-door coupe. PRICE AS TESTED $275,325 (base price: $219,925) ENGINE TYP
continental gt No other car on the road today exempliﬁes the spirit of life's grand tour more than the Bentley Continental GT. The second generation GT sports an even more powerful W12 twin turbo engine, up to 434kw (590 PS) from 423 kw (575 PS), and an innovative variable displacement system that creates more power, but with fewer emissions than ever before See good deals, great deals and more on a Used Bentley Continental GT. Search from 173 Used Bentley Continental cars for sale, including a 2016 Bentley Continental GT Convertible, a 2016 Bentley Continental GT Coupe, and a 2020 Bentley Continental GT Convertible
The Bentley Continental GT Convertible is a luxurious open-topped tourer that'll blast across continents while drying your hair at the same time. Read. 13 Feb 2020. News. Coming soon: Bentley Continental GT 2019. The new GTC has a 6.0-litre turbocharged W12 engine with 635PS, does 0-62 in 3.8 seconds, and has a top speed of 207mph Bentley Motors Cookies Policy . Read more about cookies. Continue; Find out more; Menu. Models; World of Bentley; Configurator Locate Deale Description: Used 2017 Bentley Continental GT V8 S AWD for sale - $128,495 - 9,336 miles with Leather Seats, Navigation System, Alloy Wheels, Bluetooth, Adaptive Suspension, Backup Camera, Heated Seats, Multi Zone Climate Control. Certified Pre-Owned: No. Transmission: 8-Speed Automati Bentley Continental GT. Bentley may now be owned by Volkswagen but its grand traditions live on in the Continental GT. In fact, this was the first major car launch after the VW acquisition in 1998 and, since its introduction in 2003, it has transformed the manufacturer from being distinctly niche to a truly global brand
continental gt v8 Lighter and leaner than its larger siblings, the Continental GT V8 is nonetheless every inch a Bentley, right down to its luxuriously appointed cabin. Drive one and you'll experience the raw power and unique roar from its 4.0 litre V8 Nye Bentley Continental GT kombinerer store mengder luksus, med brutale ytelser. På V8-utgaven leverer motoren på fire liter solide 550 hk og 770 Nm. Det er nok til at luksusflaket klarer 0-100. See how you can be part of carwow: http://bit.ly/carwow-crowdfunding. Capital at Risk. Offer ends at midnight UK time on 6th October! This is the Bentley Con..
Bentley Continental GT (2010-2018) - Opulent grand tourer is in a class of its own. History. The second-generation Continental GT coupé made its debut in September 2010 with a 567bhp twin-turbo 6. Bentley Continental GT 2014 review: http://bit.ly/1bKvVXx Subscribe to the Carbuyer YouTube channel: http://bit.ly/17k4fct Subscribe to Auto Express: http://.. Search over 241 used Bentley Continental GTs. TrueCar has over 908,182 listings nationwide, updated daily. Come find a great deal on used Bentley Continental GTs in your area today
.com. Free shipping on many items | Browse your favorite brands | affordable prices The Bentley Continental GT is the kind of car we don't strictly need in New Zealand. Like it says on the box, it's a Grand Tourer: designed to get you from the City of London to Milan for a couple of days of business meetings, with the assistance of massive motorway networks and equally massive three-figure speeds
. Search pre-owned 2004 Bentley Continental GT listings to find the best local deals. We analyze millions of used cars daily Deler til BENTLEY CONTINENTAL for følgende CONTINENTAL modellserier og varianter. Continental GT. år fra 06.2003. 1209 Deler Continental Flying Spur. år fra 03.2005. 839 Deler. Continental GTC. år fra.
Bentley unveils bespoke Continental GT ice racer Bentley has commissioned a one-off Continental GT W12 ice racer, which will compete in the 2020 GP Ice Race in Austria 31 Jan 202 The Bentley Continental GT has been a huge hit for Bentley and Volkswagen AG since its launch in 2003, but the problem is that the car really hasn't changed that much over the years. Sure, the.
Although Bentley says the updated W-12 in the standard Continental GT has an improvement to fuel economy of up to 5 percent, due to a new cylinder-deactivation feature, it's unclear whether this. 2020 Bentley Continental GT V8 first drive review: A more athletic grand tourer A twin-turbo V8 engine allows Bentley's exquisite Continental GT to loosen its collar and flex its newfound athleticism Bentley Continental GT Price (GST Rates) in India starts at ₹ 3.29 Crore. Check out Bentley Continental GT Colours, Review, Images and Continental GT Variants On Road Price at Carwale.com
Bentley Continental is a model name for very special chassis with engines more powerful than the usual offering supplied to a selected number of coachbuilders for the fitting of very light weight coachwork designed under Rolls-Royce supervision. The model name Continental had already been used by Rolls-Royce for models intended and geared for long distance high speed touring on roads and of a. In the 2018 Bentley Continental GT, you'll get an all-wheel-drive, open-air ultra-luxury car that can seat four, top 200 mph and has enough over-the-top bling to impress even the most jaded. Discover the Bentley Continental GT in its uniquely high-quality and luxurious equipment. Contact: Bentley Johannesburg +27 (0) 10 020 400
2020 Bentley Continental GT V8 Coupe and Convertible pricing and specs Show more The car we're testing is actually the entry into the 2020 Bentley Continental GT range, which is the V8 model . Not as easy task, as the new Conti is a brilliant grand touring. See good deals, great deals and more on a Used Bentley Continental. Search from 619 Used Bentley Continental cars for sale, including a 2020 Bentley Continental GT Convertible, a 2020 Bentley Continental GT Coupe, and a 2020 Bentley Continental GT V8 Coupe E24 tester Bentley Continental GT V8: Vulgær eller vidunderlig. Ny motor i Bentleys minste modell kutter prisen med en million. E24 har testet luksusbilen med over 500 hestekrefter. Se video nederst i saken
The least-expensive 2020 Bentley Continental is the 2020 Bentley Continental GT V8 2dr Coupe AWD (4.0L 8cyl Turbo 8AM). Including destination charge, it arrives with a Manufacturer's Suggested. The Bentley Continental GT is the first production car ever to have an entire body side made from the Super Formed process. The Bentley Continental GT's profile is longer and lower due in part to the positioning of the front wheels 135 mm further forward, which in turn allows the bonnet to be extended and the nose to be lowered
Month 1 of our Bentley Continental GT V8 long-term test: the introduction Bentley has quietly sewn up the £100k-£200k pocket of the grand tourer market ever since the first-generation. The Bentley Continental GT reinvents the world of grand touring; effortless fast, beautifully crafted and astonishing to drive. With a new 626bhp twin-turbocharged 6.0-litre W12, and a technologically advanced active chassis, the latest Continental GT's breadth of ability surpasses even that of its esteemed predecessor The Continental GT: This is a car that redefines what a grand tourer can be. Unrivalled in its class, it combines the striking design, phenomenal power and unrivalled craftsmanship for which Bentley is famous Roadshow; Bentley; Continental GT; The 2016 Bentley Continental lineup now consists of five models: GT V8, GT V8 S, W12 and Speed. Convertible variants are available as well for the V8 and W12 Bentley Continental GT The Bentley Continental GT is a grand tourer manufactured by British automaker Bentley Motors. The vehicle was officially launched in 2003 Geneva Motor Show. It was the first car released by Bentley under Volkswagen AG-management after their acquisition of the company in 1998,.
Find Bentley Continental GT V8 S used cars for sale on Auto Trader, today. With the largest range of second hand Bentley Continental cars across the UK, find the right car for you Bentley Continental GT Pikes Peak | UK Review Not the limited edition, but the real, record-breaking Pikes Peak racer - here's what it's like on the public road. By Matt Bird / Monday, October 26.
Check out ⭐ the new Bentley Continental GT ⭐ test drive review: price details, trims, and specs overview, interior features, exterior design, MPG and mileage capacity, dimensions. ⏩ Pros and. 2013 Bentley Continental GT 4.0 V8 2dr Auto. Price £44,950. 2013. Show monthly payment example. Transmission Automatic. Fuel Type Petrol. Mileage 34,695 miles. Located at Sytner Select Leicester - Blackbird Road. Images 18. Transmission Automatic. Bentley Continental GT Speed. Bentley has released full technical details of the Bentley Continental GT Speed - its exciting new 205 mph (330 km/h) all-wheel drive performance flagship - ahead of its official international show debut at the 2012 Moscow Motor Show The Bentley Continental GT Mulliner Coupe arrives as the ultimate 'off the shelf' take on Bentley's Continental GT. Debuts at Salon Prive Bentley's ultra-high-end Mulliner Collections line-up has expanded, with the Continental GT Coupé joining its convertible sibling.. Shown ahead of its first public debut at the Salon Privé.
Bentley Continental GT V8 S Convertible used for sale in Bristol. The color of the Continental GT V8 S Convertible is Brown. The vehicle has a mileage of 3103 miles. Get in contact with our Dealership in Bristol - Phone: ☎ 0117 203 395 The Continental GT Convertible is powered by Bentley's latest 6.0 litre W12 engine. An 8-speed dual-clutch transmission delivers smooth, efficient gear changes, whether you're gliding through town or accelerating on the motorway
Shop the detailed 1:43 replica model car of the Bentley Continental GT, the quintessential grand tourer. Crafted using high-quality resin. Order from the Official Bentley Collection website today Bentley is looking to make its Continental GT coupe and convertible models even more appealing by broadening their exterior paint palette to 62 shades and adding a new steering wheel as standard. The Bentley Continental GT V8 will be available this fall, with the W12 expected to arrive later. Prices start at $264,264 for the GT V8 coupe, and $290,642 for the GT V8 Convertible. Bentley Continental GT available on autoTRADER.ca. View All. $425,068. $417,474. $388,968 Research the 2017 Bentley Continental GT at cars.com and find specs, pricing, MPG, safety data, photos, videos, reviews and local inventory As you may know, Jeremy Clarkson, Richard Hammond, and James May were spotted driving three highly modified cars through Madagascar: a Ford Focus RS with its wheels swapped for caterpillar tracks, a Caterham Seven with larger wheels, and a Bentley Continental GT that was fitted with an external roll cage and larger wheels, as well as a snorkel for the air intake
Bentley Continental Price ranges from Rs. 3.29 - 3.91 Crore in Delhi (ex-showroom). Check price of Bentley Continental in your city. Also view Continental variants, specifications, interiors. The Bentley isn't either but it's pretty obvious the engineers in Crewe were much more concerned about straight line performance. Let's see how things unfold though. Bentley Continental GT
The Bentley Continental is a true GT car, but an honest 2+2, with comfortable seating for two adults in the rear. Imagine a perfect marriage of German technology and British materials and. The new Bentley Continental GT Mulliner can be fitted by either the 626 HP 6.0-liter W12 or the 542 HP 4.0-liter V8, with the carmaker accepting the first orders from October The 2013 Bentley Continental GT and GTC gained a new twin-turbo 4.0-liter V-8 as a more affordable powertrain and more powerful twin-turbo 6.0-liter W-12 for the Speed model . By Jacob Oliva 15 July 2020. Official. Bentley Continental GT range gets new colours, access to more options There are now 62 colours to choose from when buying the British luxury coupe
The 2020 Bentley Continental GT V8 Coupe is finally here and, yes, it's a case of better late than never.. The big and brash Bentley Bentayga SUV may be its top-selling vehicle Down Under, but the British car-maker's coupe and convertible offerings combined still reign supreme where overall sales are concerned - for now.. And with the current Bentley Mulsanne on its last legs, it's the. , reviews, specs, photos, videos and more - everything for Bentley Continental GT owners, buyers and enthusiasts
Bentley Dynamic Ride* also comes as standard on the Continental GT Mulliner, ensuring exceptional ride comfort, exhilarating handling and a meticulously honed driving experience. To experience the exhilarating power of the Continental GT Mulliner by getting behind the wheel, contact us via the form below to arrange your test drive Used Bentley Continental GT For Sale. Depending on model years and trim levels, the number of colors and interior options of the Bentley Continental GT for sale tend to vary, as do exterior modifications for improved performance and luxury
Stephen Edelstein July 18, 2020 Comment Now! The Bentley Continental GT isn't built like most other cars. Bentley prides itself on mixing hand craftsmanship with modern manufacturing techniques. Bentley launches all-new Continental GT in Spring 2018. At launch, Bentley's frankly ridiculous 6.0 litre, twin turbo W12 petrol engine will be the only engine to shift a car that still weighs in excess of two tonnes. This time.. Discover the Bentley Continental GT Mulliner Convertible in its uniquely high-quality and luxurious equipment. Contact: Bentley Miami +1 305 571 120
New Bentley Continental GT Supersports Reviews: Specs & Price. 2019 Bentley Continental GT Coming in Summer - The iconic British luxury sports car, Bentley Continental GT will be released in the couple years from now. And it's the time for as to discuss the car more because of the closer to its release date, the more info that was spread all over the internet BENTLEY CONTINENTAL GT GT COUPE 6.0 W12 BI-TURBO 610 GT SPEED. Professionnel. 83. Voir la distance Distance. Garantie 3 mois . 2008. 20 700 km. 90 000. Bentley Continental Gt - Car and Truck Buying, Reviews, News and More. | Jalopnik. Everything you need to know about and expect during. the most important election of our lifetimes Get Bentley Continental GT news, press releases and expert reviews along with detailed photos, spy shots, and road tests of new Continental GT vehicles Bentley Continental GT. Engine: 4.0-litre, twin-turbocharged V8 (404kW /770Nm) Average fuel: 12 litres per 100km Transmission: Eight-speed automatic, all-wheel drive Price: $400,900 Ratin
Bentley Continental GT V8. TESTED 3,996cc V8 petrol twin-turbo, eight-speed automatic gearbox, four-wheel drive. PRICE/ON SALE £151,800/now. POWER/TORQUE 542bhp @ 6,000rpm, 568lb ft @ 2,000rpm. The 2020 Bentley Continental GT V8 Convertible is a stunning execution of form and function. Driving so rapidly has never been so well-mannered Continental GT Review. Bentley has been in the global car market for a long time. The amazing R-Type Continental came up in 1950's and the Continental GT showed up later in the 21st century Used Bentley Continental Gt Speed for sale & salvage auction online or at a location near me. Find great deals on thousands of Bentley Continental Gt Speed for auction in US & Internationally
It is quite a car, is the new Bentley Continental GT. For approximately £159,000 you could even call it a bargain. That's the same money that Aston Martin asks for a V8 DB11. The Bentley Continental GT Speed is available in 6.0L W12 twin-turbo guise. If you are looking for a stylish sports car, the GT Speed might be the right choice for you. Taking care of your Bentley Continental GT. One of the most important aspects of owning a Bentley Continental GT is taking proper care of it 2017 Bentley Continental GT Speed finished in Beluga (solid black) over a dual contrast of Beluga (black) and Hotspur (Red) is superb original condition with 20,721 miles bentley continental gt gtc dealer specification guide book brochure 2012-2013. £104.42 + £15.47 . bentley continental hj mulliner two door sports saloon car design brochure. £199.99 + £14.00 . bentley continental r type car sales brochure c1955 hj mulliner park ward. £399.9 Bentley Continental GT. The Continental GT was released with the intention of bringing Bentley to the mass market. By that metric, it was a huge success. With AWD and a twin-turbocharged W12, they are a technological tour de force. But it's proper Bentley style inside and out, especially when spec'd with the factory lamb's wool floor mats
Images of the Bentley Continental GT Mulliner coupé. Inspired by Bentley's success at Pikes Peak, the Limited Edition Continental GT packs some visual punch based on the record-breaking race Buy Bentley Continental GT (2003-2010) Parts Online. We offer thousands of original parts (OE) for Bentley direct from the manufacturer 2020 Bentley Continental GT V8 Bentley Another option is the Bentley Rotating Display, a veneer-fronted three-sided unit that spins to reveal a 12.3-inch touchscreen or analog dials. To ensure the handling remains, in Bentley's words, class leading, the Continental GT V8 models feature lightweight, hollow anti-roll bars and are available with the Dynamic Ride System adjustable air.


(Vulcanizer is the Nigerian name for the man that is ‘equipped’ to replace the wheel on a vehicle)
My driving lessons, from a very young age, began with watching my father look after his vehicle. This was followed with being partaker in washing the inside and outside of the vehicle, topping up the radiator, checking the engine oil level and tyre pressures, and helping to find big stones that served as anti-rolling wedges during a wheel change.
Transition into sitting directly behind the wheel of a vehicle started with a studious examination of a book my father had bought in the 1960s when he was about to purchase his first car. The book covered virtually all aspects of a vehicle, the difference between a manual and automatic transmission, the technical layout of the gears and the process of shifting through them, the safety regime to follow when driving including manual signalling when your indicators fail for any reason, and above all, how to ensure your vehicle is kept safe for operation through regular maintenance as well as check-ups.
I have since had the privilege of driving for the last 37 years. The first 12 years were spent driving extensively on Nigerian soil, while the remainder has been spent driving mainly in Europe and North America apart from the occasional foray into other countries for conferences or vacations. Whilst I do not consider myself an A+ driver, I am sure many of those close to me will not fault a modest acclamation of being an A driver. It is on this basis that I write today on why you and your vulcanizer – that man that changes the wheel on your vehicle for you, can be your killer because of ignorance/lack of knowledge. Before I come to you, let me start with the third party.
(1) You have just bought a brand new tyre and asked him to fix it on a wheel. Since he lacks the right equipment to do the job, he brings out a long flat steel and a huge sledge hammer, he begins to hit the side of the tyre all the way round to force the edges of the tyre inside the rim. When he finishes on one side, he turns the tyre over to start on the other side. Are you aware that the walls of the tyre contributes to its structural integrity and consequently its safety? By hitting the walls forcefully to get the edges of the tyre into the rim, not only has he weakened the structural integrity of the tyre, he has also accelerated the potential for the tyre to fail during normal (to talk less of abnormal) usage.
(2) After some huffing and panting, he got the new tyre on the rim. Thereafter, he inflated the tyre and having no pressure gauge, employed his fingers to constantly poke the hardness of the tyre wall as a good measure of deciding when the air inside the tyre is enough for the valve to be capped.
(3) Most concerning, he has no clue as to what the pressure for your make and model of car should be. So, you find a vehicle that should have a pressure of 32psi on the front wheels and 30 psi on the rear wheels having a mismatch of pressures ranging from 28 to 50 psi on the four wheels. Disaster already created.
You is inter-changeable for the owner, the driver or the owner-driver.
(1) When you were buying the new tyre, did you ask for a tyre with an expiry date at least four or five years from the date of purchase since all things being equal, a typical regularly used vehicle in Nigeria would need to have a tyre change every 3 years on an average? I am sure you did not, since you have no idea that tyres have expiration dates.
(2) Do you even know what the numbers inscribed on the walls of the tyre you have bought signify? Okay, you know that 165/55R15 91T indicates the tyre that will fit the rim of your car because that is what was fitted and you are replacing. For a second-hand car, you do not have a clue if that is the recommended manufacturer size. As such, if the previous owner has changed the tyre size to a non-recommended one in ignorance and stupidity, you also in bliss inherit the ignorance and stupidity. God have mercy.
(3) You are a speed maniac, who likes to do 170km per hour regardless of the condition of the vehicle, the condition of the roads as well as the speed regulations governing the roads/areas being travelled in. Sadly, since you have no knowledge of what the inscriptions on the tyre indicate, you have no clue that a tyre that has the inscription 205/65R15 95T is different from the one with 205/65R15 95H or 205/65R15 95V (I will be surprised if the tyre seller himself knows the difference apart from the selling price). Since the latter ratings are more expensive, you went for the cheaper one, the one that restricts your maximum speed to 120km/h than the one that provides for a top speed of 210km/h if the tyre is in good condition and with the right pressure inside it.
(4) The small gadget called a tyre pressure gauge costs less than what you spend on a bottle of Orijin in a week. Have you ever invested a small amount of your money on one? If you did, when last did you carry out a check to ensure the pressure inside your tyres are in compliance with what the vehicle and tyre manufacturers recommended, particularly after visiting your lovely, ignorant in bliss and lacking-equipment vulcanizer?
(5) I have been told I had no hair on my head when I was born. That baldness is the state you will find a significant amount of tyres on vehicles on Nigerian roads today. The threading on the tyres are not just worn to the recommended point where new ones ought to be fitted, they are worn far beyond the point where the tyres can have any meaningful grip on any road surface.
My dear friends, do you see how lack of knowledge, ignorance and sometimes outright stupidity are killing Nigerians in droves on our roads? You trust in God to keep you safe, but you constantly play a love-game with the deadly combination of an extremely hot climatic condition, over-inflated as well as bald tyres, over-speeding, poorly maintained roads, lack of driving training and/or road etiquettes, and you blame God when disaster occurs?
If this post has made you angry enough to wonder who the writer think he is to offer you advice on driving as well as maintaining your vehicle, I hope it prompts you to change your ways as we still need you (and others your action/inaction may untimely kill) on this side of humanity.


Founded in 1987, Adams Golf, Inc. designs, assembles, markets and distributes premium quality, technologically innovative golf clubs. Adams Golf operates in a single segment within the golf industry (golf clubs and accessories) and offers more than one category of product within each segment.
In the late 1990s a low profile, low center of gravity and upside-down head design, known as the Tight Lies Fairway Wood, created a phenomenon in the golf industry. Through the years it has received rave reviews and unprecedented loyalty. Even today, 10 years since it was first introduced, hundreds of thousands of golfers worldwide still have Tight Lies in their bags.
Today, Adams Golf leads the industry in hybrid and hybrid iron set technology. The Idea Hybrid Iron Sets appeal to all types of players, including the tour pros who recognize the benefit of integrating hybrids with traditional irons. Additionally, Idea hybrids have taken over the leadership position on the PGA, Champions and Nationwide Tours these past few years - which includes claiming the #1 hybrid played at all four major championships in 2008.
All of the equipment at Adams Golf is designed and tested using a variety of sophisticated, state-of-the-art tools, such as CAD rendering, advanced mass property analysis and equipment durability testing. And it's this high-quality craftsmanship, cutting-edge engineering and superior customer service that has made Adams Golf a true leader and innovator in the golf business.
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The Benefits of Auto Repair Companies
In most of the families you visit today, you’ll find one or two vehicles available because they are very important for transportation and for different things. Using the public means can sometimes become very time-consuming and difficult and that is why, having your own private vehicle could be great. When you’re interested in getting your vehicle, you can either decide to use cash or, you could borrow money from banks and financial institutions. One thing that you need to understand is that you need to have a financial plan is going to allow you to get the vehicle you want. However, after getting the vehicle, you also need to know what to do to ensure that it is in proper condition. When you are unable to take care of the vehicle in the best way possible, you can be sure that you will not be using it for very long time. Regular maintenance of the vehicle is very important but in addition to that, you’ll also need repairs in case there is a problem. It is true that there are a number of repairs that you can be able to do on your own but apart from that, handling the repairs or maintenance will be done by a professional company.
One thing that is very guaranteed is that, you can be able to find auto repair companies in a very easy way, they are easily available. Sometimes, the options can be overwhelming such that, you may not even know which company to work with and at this point, you have to look for the companies that have the best reputation and online reviews on the Internet. However, after you’ve found the company, you should be able to get the different benefits that are explained in this article. Because you not be required to do the repairs on your own, it reduces the amount of work that you have to do and things become simple. If you had taken the vehicle for some repairs to be done, then you could go back to your workplace and have everything done. When you have these companies helping you out, the safety of your vehicle is also guaranteed meaning that you do not have anything to worry about.
When you have these companies helping you, they will be able to sort you out and this is very important because they are the professionals. If there was the replacement of some of the parts of the vehicle, the spare parts are going to be very genuine to ensure optimal performance of the vehicle.


Shandong Guancheng Machinery Co., Ltd. is located at the foot of Mount Tai with pleasant environment and beautiful scenery. It has convenient transportation, excellent materials and complete infrastructure, and has a unique development advantage. The company was founded in 2009. Since the establishment of the company, thanks to the love of customers, the company has achieved great development. It currently has more than 300 employees, covers an area of 60,000 square meters, a building area of 20,000 square meters, and has an annual output value of 200 million. It is a joint-stock enterprise with integrated machinery design, machinery manufacturing and machinery trade. The company cooperates with many domestic professional institutes all year round. It has strong non-standard design, manufacturing and service capabilities, complete production and testing equipment, complete varieties and specifications, stable and reliable product quality, and fast and perfect after-sales service. It integrates production, installation and sales. As a professional construction, engineering machinery manufacturing company. It is a member unit of China Bulk Cement Association and a director unit of China Sand and Stone Association.
One-to-one customer service specialist
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Factory direct sales eliminate the intermediate links to maximize ...
Quality Assurance for Well-known Brands in Global Mixing Plants
In this warm season, Guancheng Machinery's sales orders have also been uninterrupted. The workshop is full of busy scenes. Everyone is dedicated to their posts with a hundred times enthusiasm. After-sales installers are also struggling at the project installation site. The PC production line and commercial HZN120 + HZS180 mixing station project currently being installed, this project ...
Sales Hotline: 0538-8852666
Service Hotline: 0538-8852777
Company address: No. 249, Nanxinzhuang West Road, Shizhong District, Jinan City, Shandong Province
Company Address: Jinghua Road, Qingnian Pioneer Park, Daiyue District, Tai'an City, Shandong Province
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National Blue Company Ltd. (NBC) is engaged in providing high quality & effective services in Mechanical field for construction of Process Piping / Storage tanks/pressure vessels and structural members for various process application as per applicable Code & Standards. National Blue Company Ltd. is involved in construction of many plants of petrochemical complexes, which include Carbon steel, stainless steel, copper and aluminium pipe line for different sizes from ½” Diameter to 64” with schedule 20 to heavy wall thickness for services like flare, petrochemical, water line, sewer line, sea water line firefighting system, pump station and vents pipes with well experienced and highly qualified workforce team and skilled manpower. We do all types of metallic & Non-Metallic piping works construction company in eastern province and all over the kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Also, our client centric approach has driven us to produce our range in accordance to their requirements and provide them with utmost satisfaction. NBC is delivering following services but not limited to
Our major clients are different affiliates of SABIC, SAUDI ARAMCO, ROYAL COMMISSION, MARAFIQ, SWCC, SEC and other international Companies such as Fluor Arabia, SAMSUNG, DAELIM, SINOPEC VALENTINE MARITIME, BCEG etc.
Any Questions related Solutions? Call us
• Fabrication, welding & hydro testing of pipe spools for different process
• Erection, fabrication, welding & hydro testing of pipelines on pipe racks
• Fabrication, installation & welding of pipe supports
• Installation and fixing of different types of valves and other piping accessories/instruments
• Repair/replacement of pipe spools as per requirement
National Blue Company Ltd. has highly qualified, well experienced RTR and FRP pipeline teams who have proven their expertise by completing many prestigious Petrochemical projects in SABIC affiliates and waste treatment plants of MARAFIQ treatment plants of MARAFIQ.
Note: All types of metallic piping works construction company in Eastern Province / Saudi Arabia done by National Blue Company Ltd. (NBC)


NOV 01, 2021
Most people think that scrap metals end up tossed in the landfill. Though they may not be totally wrong because some metals are not reusable.
Nevertheless, a reasonable amount of scrap metals has economic value. They must pass through some processes before becoming furnace-ready materials that can be used to manufacture new equipment. However, the process must be followed strictly to minimize loss and avoid complications.
Sorting and classification of the metals begin at the scrapyard. This process involves separating metals from the mixed scrap metal stream or the mixed multi-material waste stream.
Then they are sorted into various types. Scrap metal comes in various types which are classified into Ferrous and Non-Ferrous metals. The distinct difference between these two is that Ferrous metals contain iron and are magnetic while non-ferrous metals such as aluminum, copper, lead, zinc etc. do not have such characteristics.
Sorting is crucial for industrial manufacturing and can be done in an automated sorting process using magnets and sensors.
The next stage is processing which involves sorting and reduction into smaller bits to make melting easy. The type of method used is dependent on the metal itself. While most scrap metals are reduced by shredding, some are reduced by touching and bailing. The overall goal is to reduce the metal into smaller bits.
When the metals have been reduced, then they are melted down in large, hot furnaces for two main reasons. The first reason is to remove impurities present in the metal. There are different types of impurities in scrap metals thereby demanding different methods. The most popular method used for removing impurities is Electrolysis—passing a direct electric current through the molten metal. The second reason is to make the solidifying stage of the process possible.
The metals are solidified into ingots—blocks of pure metals suitable for transport, storage and further processing—in the solidifying stage. During the solidifying stage, the melted metals are placed on the conveyor belt to cool and shape into blocks.
The last stage in the recycling process is Manufacturing. The blocks are either transported to manufacturing companies that use metal for most of their productions or are stored for future purposes.
Unlike other recycled products, metals can be recycled numerous times without reducing the quality of the final product. Recycling metals reduces the toxic wastes, further damage to the earth from the extraction of metal ore and greenhouse emissions. 354 000 tons of carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas is saved per 100 000 tons of recycled aluminum according to research conducted by the Imperial College. Also, our natural metal ores are preserved for longer years due to scrap metal recycling. This is one of the reasons selling off your scrap metals would make the world a safer place.
If you are still unsure of where and how to sell your scrap metal, or you want further clarifications, RCM Recycling has knowledgeable and experienced staff that will answer your questions.


Your Best Local Heating and Air Conditioning Services in Lake Furnace MN
Downtown Howard Lake has an old-fashion appeal to it just the same way that DeZiel Heating & A/C does business. We have learned over the years that people like it when you’re locally owned and operated because they can develop a connection with you.
Our HVAC Contractor can put that personal touch on heating and cooling appliances especially heating systems. A heating system is important to keep working in Minnesota. If you have lived here long, then you know that winter is always right around the corner.
We happen to service all types of heaters. Our services have extended to the following heating devices:
- Heat pumps
- Furnaces (oil & gas)
- Forced air
Heat pumps are great in areas that don’t have extreme weather conditions. These devices work efficiently and always deliver the right amount of heat. If you desire repairs for your heat pump then call and schedule them today.
The same goes for a boiler or whatever type of heating system that you possess. There is no limit to what type of problems we can handle as we have seen just about every type of problems happen to heating vessels in the area.
The professionalism and customer service was awesome!!
Howard Lake Furnace Repairs
There are very few inconveniences more frustrating than your heater going out in the dead of winter. Fortunately, heating systems are designed to be relatively easy to manage. Taking care of and providing routine maintenance for your heater will help to prevent costly breakdowns.
Your furnace is going to work best whenever it is maintained. Most of the maintenance work that goes into it will keep it free of dirt and debris that can obstruct it. Call our heating contractors today and schedule your repairs.
In addition to having your system cleaned out, contact us to inspect your system before the start of every heating season. This will normally come around the fall and after winter.
Howard Lake Air Conditioner Repairs
There are plenty of benefits to having yearly maintenance to your cooling system. You’ll find that you’re calling for repairs less and have to attend to it less now that it operates without any problems. It will keep your space comfortable as maintenance and repairs offer the following:
- Prevents costly breakdowns
- Lowers energy costs
- Improved system performance
- System is safer to run
- Improved air quality
You too can start to enjoy the benefits of having a working cooling system. Just call our air conditioning contractors and soon you’ll be on your way to living comfortably in your home this summer.
Howard Lake, MN
If you are looking for a Howard Lake Heating & Cooling Expert then please call 763-684-3965 or complete our online request form.


Campbell Delivers Second Offshore Vessel To Biehl
Campbell Industries, P.O. Box 1870, San Diego, Calif. 92112, recently delivered the Biehl Traveler, second of two offshore tug/ supply ships built for Biehl Offshore, Inc. of Houston, Texas. Her maiden voyage will take her to the Gulf of Alaska, where her sistership the Biehl Trader is now in service.
The Biehl Traveler is 209 feet 8 inches long (63.91 meters), with a beam of 42 feet 8 inches (13 meters) and a design draft of 17 feet 5-3/4 inches (5.327 meters). Her displacement is 2,707 long tons, with a gross tonnage rating of 1,181 registered tons (484 net). Cruising speed is approximately 15.7 knots.
Fully U.S. Coast Guard-certified, the Traveler carries the following ABS designations: + A-1 ABS Ice Strengthening Class C, E, +AMS, +ACCU.
Propulsion for the new ship comes from two DeLaval Enterprise DMR-46 diesels, each producing 3,656 bhp at 450 rpm. They drive a pair of LIPS 4-blade cunial controllable- pitch propellers through Kuypers 2.23:1 reduction gears. The 114-inch-diameter propellers are set inside fixed nozzles. Auxiliary power is supplied by four Stork-Werkspoor Type R-156 6-cylinder diesels, each with an output of 205 bhp at 1,200 rpm. The ship also features a 315-horsepower Orenstein & Koppel "Tornado" bow thruster, 6 feet in diameter.
The towing winch for the Biehl Traveler is a Van Der Giessen three-drum type, rated at 350,000 pounds. The ship has a bollard pull rating of 100 short tons. She has a stern roller that is 8 feet in diameter and 16 feet 5 inches wide. Her two Van Der Giessen capstans are each rated at 7.5 metric tons.
The vessel's "mud" system is made up of five Halliburton tanks with a combined capacity of 6,275 cubic feet, along with two Quincy W-5105 air compressors.
Other ship's capacities include net deadweight, 1,077 long tons; fuel oil, 141,500 gallons; drilling water, 151,000 gallons; potable water, 29,600 gallons; and deck cargo, 500 tons (deck area is 34 feet wide and 110 feet long).
Navaids and other electronic gear aboard the Biehl Traveler include two Decca radars, Decca Loran C, Decca-Arkas autopilot, Sperry gyrocompass, Simrad depth sounder/ recorder, Benmar ADF, CAI 40-channel 1,000-watt SSB, two Hy-Gain 55-channel VHFs with remotes, Drake emergency receiver, Stoner-Goral emergency SSB, Standard hand-held VHF radiotelephone, ITTMackay emergency position indicating radio beacon (EPIRB), emergency tone generator (ETG), ITT-Mackay lifeboat transmitter, a color television, and a stereo AM/FM/ 8-track unit.


At our state-of-the-art new location, we can now offer you even better performance. Our large high-bay warehouse also extends our capabilities.
PRODUKTA has again expanded its production facilities through the commissioning of Factory II.
On request, we will be happy to advise you on applications, e.g.: easy-peel tabs, the possibility of machine-based or partially automatic processing thanks to positioning aids, and an adhesive tape that is exposed on one side.
Because we keep a large selection of adhesive tapes in stock in our high-bay warehouse, and because we use the latest facilities for cutting, stamping and lamination, we are able to begin series production of die-cut parts and specialty products at short notice..
Using simple tools or laser-cutting technology, we can manufacture prototypes or small batches to allow you to check the dimensional accuracy, performance in varying climatic conditions, processing methods, etc.


Your home’s cooling framework assumes a significant part in keeping your residing space agreeable, particularly during warm mid year months. One fundamental part of your AC framework is the condenser unit, answerable for delivering heat and working with the cooling system. After some time, AC condensers might break down or become less effective, provoking the requirement for a substitution. In this article, we will examine when and how to redesign your cooling framework by supplanting your AC condenser.
Section 1: Perceiving the Indications of a Faltering AC Condenser
Prior to plunging into the substitution interaction, it’s pivotal to distinguish the signs that your AC condenser is near the very edge of disappointment. Perceiving these side effects can assist you with forestalling a total breakdown and expected inconvenience during blistering climate.
Diminished Cooling Effectiveness:
On the off chance that you notice that your house isn’t cooling as successfully as it used to, regardless of setting the indoor regulator fittingly, your AC condenser may be at fault. A reduction in cooling effectiveness frequently shows that the unit is battling to eliminate heat from your home.
Warm Air Blowing from Vents:
At the point when warm or tepid wind streams from your AC vents rather than cold air, it very well may be an obvious indicator of condenser issues. The condenser is liable for cooling the refrigerant, and when it fizzles, the air coming from the vents won’t be sufficiently cooled.
Odd commotions, like crushing, shrieking, or banging, coming from your open air condenser unit are reason to worry. These commotions can demonstrate broken down or harmed parts that need consideration.
In the event that your AC framework requires continuous fixes, it’s serious areas of strength for a that something is wrong. Consistently fixing minor issues can become expensive over the long haul, and it very well might be more financially savvy to supplant the condenser.
Higher Energy Bills:
A failing AC condenser can make your framework work harder and consume more energy. On the off chance that you notice an unexpected spike in your energy charges, it merits examining the effectiveness of your condenser.
Section 2: When to Think about AC Condenser Substitution
Whenever you’ve distinguished the indications of a faltering AC condenser, the subsequent stage is deciding if a substitution is vital. A few variables can assist you with settling on this choice:
Age of the Framework:
AC condensers normally have a life expectancy of 10-15 years. On the off chance that your unit is approaching the finish of its normal life expectancy and showing issues, it’s a great opportunity to think about a substitution.
Cost of Fixes:
Ascertain the combined expense of fixes over the course of the last little while. In the event that the maintenance costs are becoming significant, it very well may be more practical to put resources into another condenser.
Fresher AC condenser units are intended to be more energy-proficient, assisting you with saving money on your energy bills. Assuming your ongoing unit is a more established, less effective model, an overhaul can bring about long haul reserve funds.
Assuming your ongoing AC framework utilizes an obsolete refrigerant like R-22, which is being deliberately gotten rid of because of natural worries, you should consider moving up to a framework that utilizes a more eco-accommodating refrigerant.
Section 3: How to Redesign Your Cooling Framework
At the point when you’ve chosen to supplant your AC condenser, here’s a bit by bit guide on the most proficient method to overhaul your cooling framework:
Counsel an Expert:
Begin by reaching an authorized central air professional. They will survey your ongoing framework and suggest a suitable substitution unit in view of your home’s cooling needs.
Pick the Right Condenser:
Work with your central air expert to choose another air conditioner condenser that matches the size and proficiency prerequisites of your home. Present day condenser units are accessible with different energy-proficient elements, so investigate your choices.
Examine the expense of the substitution, including the cost of the new condenser, work, and any extra parts or changes required for the establishment. Make a financial plan and timetable for the undertaking.
Pass on the establishment to the experts. They will securely eliminate the old condenser unit, introduce the enhanced one, and guarantee it’s appropriately associated with the remainder of your AC framework.
When the new condenser is set up, be proactive about ordinary support. Changing air channels, cleaning the curls, and booking yearly check-ups with an air conditioning specialist will assist with drawing out the existence of your cooling framework.
Partake in the Advantages:
After the air conditioner condenser substitution, you can expect further developed cooling effectiveness, lower energy bills, and a more happy with living climate. You’ll likewise experience harmony of brain realizing that your new condenser is under guarantee.
Supplanting your AC condenser is a critical speculation, however keeping an agreeable home environment is in many cases a fundamental one. By perceiving the indications of a faltering condenser, understanding when to think about a substitution, and following the moves toward redesign your cooling framework, you can guarantee a more proficient and solid AC framework that keeps you cool for quite a long time into the future. Feel free to with air conditioning experts to pursue the best decision for your particular requirements and spending plan.


With the most advanced Crystal Freeze™ innovation to numb the treatment area, your client will be more comfortable during the low pain treatment compared to other lasers. It is quite impossible for you to burn your clients too. With good training and innovative technology, you can rest assured that your client will achieve excellent results in less treatment sessions compared to any other technology. This system specialises purely on hair removal only. It’s simple mobility, great user experience and low maintenance as well as being one of the longest standing laser diode machine on the market has proven it’s reliability and success. continues to refine and improve this system on a yearly basis to stay ahead. In this industry, clinical experience and volume sales are everything in order to iron out all the trial and errors, to obtain the best results, which less popular brands are unable to achieve.
Less treatment time, more playing time!
We are confident that the 10HZ super flashing speed will achieve shorter treatment time for the technician. A full leg treatment will take as little time as a face treatment compared to other systems, arguably the fastest laser machine in the world.
|Model||AW3 Schnelle Laser|
|Light Source||Diode Laser|
|Treatment||Laser Hair Removal|
|Wavelength||808nm / 810nm|
|Pulse Duration||5-1500ms adjustable|
|Spot size||Standard 15 x 27mm|
|Cooling Technologies||Machine : AC+ Water and Air Cooled combined|
Treatment Head: Adjustable ice cooling
|Water flow rate||3.5L/M|
|Control Interface:||8.4 inch super responsive touch screen|
|Power requirement||AC 220V/110V 50-60Hz|
Sizes and Dimensions
Machine Box: 73×58×54cm- 45kg


The Atlas Batch Reactor can be upgraded to a Calorimeter using either Heat Flow Calorimetry (HFC) or Power Compensation Calorimetry (PCC). Atlas PC Software offers truly easy calorimetry operation. Configuration of parameters such as reaction temperature, dosing quantities, expected power level (e.g. moderate endotherm; strong exotherm) and alarms (with subsequent actions) are defined in an easy to use wizard. When running the experiment, everything is controlled automatically including stabilization at desired reaction temperature, reagent addition and in the case of HFC, pre and/or post run calibration. No user intervention is required during the entire process. All data is continually logged to a common csv file and displayed by the software in graph format in real time. The software automatically includes the calibration, compensates for the enthalpy of addition and deviations from isothermal conditions. Analysis is made easy by the Atlas Software featuring “single click” plotting of power and enthalpy.
The SFT-110 Supercritical Fluid Extractor (SFE) is an entry level system which possesses many features typically found in more costly SFE equipment. It may be used for a variety of applications from routine analytical work to basic process development. The SFT-110 was developed for people who want to investigate the feasibility of applying supercritical fluid techniques to a wide variety of analytical and processing problems. In addition to its numerous industrial uses, the SFT-110 is well suited to the needs of colleges and universities. It is so affordable that it may be incorporated into teaching laboratories. At the same time, it is capable enough to be used for serious research. The SFT-110 accommodates 10 mL to 100 mL extraction vessels. It may be operated at pressures up to 10,000 psi. (68.9 MPa) and at temperatures ranging from ambient to 200°C. The wide range of vessel volumes available makes the SFT-110 well suited to both analytical scale SFE applications and basic process development work. With a 100 mL vessel, the SFT-110 can extract very low levels of key components from materials and process larger amounts of bulk material than would be possible with smaller, analytical scale SFE equipment. Inside the SFT-110′s oven, a preheater ensures that the temperature of the fluid reaching the extractions vessel is controlled precisely. This is essential to obtaining accurate, repeatable results.


- Perform engineering product development, design, and validation
- Fulfill project management and lead project engineer duties for high-profile clients
- Knowledge of Welding Specifications
- Manufacturability Design
- Cost/Benefit Product Analysis
- Cost Saving Implementation
- Failure analysis and calculations
- Prototype design and test
- Fixture design and documentation
- Generate Manufacturing Work Instructions (MWI)
- Create 3D models and drawings using GD&T dimensioning system while designing for manufacturability and assembly (DFM & DFA).
- Compile Failure Investigation Reports and documentation using Design Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (DFMEA).
- Occasional travel to client sites, assembled prototypes, supervised technicians, documented DE builds, and implement resulting design changes.
- Coordinate with suppliers and clients to provide suitable parts with proper specifications.
- Manage Change Orders in AGILE Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) system.


High frequency ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome
High Freqency Oscillation (HFO)
High Freqency Ventilation (HFV)
1. Description of the problem
1. General description of the procedure
Most patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can be managed with conventional modes of mechanical ventilation. In a minority of cases (<10%), however, routine ventilator strategies fail to achieve adequate oxygenation using lung protective settings and alternative strategies are required. These can include neuromuscular paralysis, prone positioning, inhaled vasodilators, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and alternative modes of mechanical ventilation, including airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) and high frequency ventilation (HFV).
There are currently two ongoing randomized clinical trials testing the effectiveness of HFV in patients with ARDS. Until results from these trials are available, HFV is generally regarded as a salvage mode of ventilation for severe cases with refractory hypoxemia from severe ARDS, and should be considered when escalating conventional support requires airway pressures and FiO2 exposures associated with ventilator induced lung injury (VILI).
With this ventilator modality, much higher-than-normal breathing frequencies are used (>100 breaths/min in the adult) along with much smaller tidal volumes (eg <1 ml/kg in the alveolar regions) that are often less than anatomic dead space. The rationale for such an approach is that the smaller tidal pressure swings, coupled with appropriate mean airway pressure applications, create a conceptually ideal lung-protective strategy in ARDS that limits over-distention and collapse-reopening VILI (Figure 1).
Although there are different devices that can be used to generate such high frequencies, including jets and oscillators, only oscillators are approved for adult use (specifically, only the SensorMedics 3100b is FDA approved) and this discussion will thus be limited to use of this device.
2. Mechanism of how HFV works
HFV using the oscillator (HFO) operates by using a piston mechanism to generate a “to and fro” application of pressure to the airway opening. Fresh gas is supplied into the ventilator circuit as a “bias flow,” and mean airway pressure is adjusted by the relationship between fresh gas inflow and any positive or negative pressure placed on the gas outflow from the bias flow circuit (Figure 2).
With oscillators, clinicians usually have the capability to set oscillator frequency, oscillator displacement (volume), inspiratory to expiratory time and bias flow. The actual delivered fresh gas volume to the lung depends on oscillator displacement volume as it interacts with respiratory system mechanics, and both the magnitude and the locations of the bias flow. In general, the bias flow location should be as deep as possible in the airways to minimize dead space.
With HFO, peak and baseline pressures in the proximal airway are dampened considerably by the time the oscillations reach alveolar units. However, mean airway and alveolar pressures are probably comparable during HFO in the adult (Figure 3). Because delivered volumes are very difficult to monitor with these systems, ventilation parameters are set using pressure measurements, visual inspection of chest motion and arterial blood gases, as described below in discussion on mechanisms of gas transport in HFO.
3. Implementing HFO
HFO use is generally considered in adult respiratory failure when adequate gas exchange cannot be provided using conventional ventilator settings that are “lung protective.” In practical terms, this means the arterial PO2 is below 50-55 mmHg despite end-inspiratory pressures (plateau airway pressures corrected for any chest wall effects) approaching 35 cm H2O and FiO2requirements above 0.60 to 0.70. As stated previously, the timing of when to implement HFO relative to other salvage therapies must be individualized.
The other indication for use of HFO in adults is for broncho-pleural fistula, to decrease the air leak owing to a reduced amplitude of pressure swings.
B. Relative contraindications
Increased intracranial pressure, due to the increased mean airway pressures used. In addition, patients with any type of obstructive lung disease should not be placed on this mode as HFO effects on gas transport and alveolar pressures are less well understood or predictable under these circumstances.
C. Set up: initial ventilator settings
The important settings are frequency, power (the piston pressure swings generating the tidal volume), FiO2, and the mean airway pressure (mPaw). Most authorities recommend some form of recruitment maneuver (e.g. 30-40 cm H2O mPaw for 30-40 seconds) and a subsequent mPaw setting 5 cm H2O higher than what had been delivered with the conventional ventilator.
Initial frequency at 5 Hz.
FiO2 is 1.0.
Power (piston displacement force) at 5-6 and adjust subsequently to see an obvious “chest wiggle.”
Inspiratory:expiratory ratio at 1:2.
Circuit bias flow at 30-40 L/min to assure CO2 clearance and maintenance of mPaw.
D. Subsequent ventilator settings
To adjust ventilation
To decrease PaCO2
Increase the power setting in single increments.
If power setting is maximal, decrease frequency by increments of 0.5 (this increases tidal volume).
If PaCO2 is still too high, consider deflating the endotracheal tube cuff to facilitate CO2 clearance. Note that this may decrease mPaw and decrease oxygenation.
To increase PaCO2 decrease the power setting in single increments or increase the frequency in 0.5 Hz increments.
To improve oxygenation
As in other modes of mechanical ventilation, to improve oxygenation one can either increase the mPaw and/or the FiO2. This can be accomplished in a protocolized fashion by referring to mean airway pressure/FiO2 tables similar to the PEEP/FiO2 tables employed in large clinical trials of conventional ventilation. An example of one such titration is given in Table I, with the strategy being to move down the table if below oxygenation goals and to move up the table if oxygenation goals are exceeded:
|Goal: 55 ≤ PaO2 ≤ 80 Goal: 88 ≤ SpO2 ≤ 95|
E. Other considerations when using HFO
Additional adjustment to vent settings to minimize VILI
Once the patient has stabilized on HFO, some authorities suggest increasing the frequency as much as possible to further minimize alveolar cyclical pressures. This is done by adjusting the power settings in 0.5Hz increments to maximal or until CO2 clearance becomes unacceptable (due to decreased tidal volumes).
Use of sedation and paralysis
Deep sedation and neuromuscular paralysis are employed commonly in the first few hours of HFO to minimize or eliminate ventilator asynchrony while optimizing ventilator settings to improve gas exchange. Thereafter, paralysis should be discontinued if at all possible. Surprisingly, most patients tolerate HFO quite well without excessive sedative/analgesic requirements. It is important to note that spontaneous breaths can occur during HFO although inspiratory gas flow is limited by the set bias flow.
Significant complications can occur using this mode and an extensive “learning curve” is required before operators become skilled at delivering vent support appropriately and safely. The most common complications include the following:
Insufficient airway humidification:Humidification is difficult to achieve when using high gas flows. Therefore, effective systems that provide adequate heat and humidity are required along with frequent assessments of airway function and sputum consistency.
Hypotension: Since high mean airway pressures are used with HFO this may reduce venous return. As with other ventilation strategies, the first intervention should be to give intravenous fluids.
As the patient improves, the FiO2 and mPaw requirements will decrease. When the mPaw is 20-22 cm H2O and the FiO2is 0.40-0.50, consideration can be given to returning the patient to conventional ventilation.
Mechanism of gas transport
The tidal breaths in HFO are usually small and often are less than anatomic dead space. For effective CO2 and O2 transfer to take place between alveoli and the environment under these circumstances, mechanisms other than conventional bulk flow transport (i.e., nonconvective gas transport) must be invoked. This is because the traditional relationship between effective alveolar ventilation (VA) and the frequency (f), tidal volume (VT) and dead-space volume (VD) (i.e., VA = f x [VT – VD]) becomes meaningless when VT is less than VD.
A number of different mechanisms have been proposed to explain gas transport under these seemingly “unphysiologic” conditions.
If the gas-flow profile during one phase of the ventilatory cycle is parabolic and square during the other phase, a net flow of gas can occur in one direction through the center of the airway and in the other direction via the periphery (coaxial flow). Measurements in models of the human tracheobronchial tree have demonstrated such asymmetric flow profiles, but they are quite complex and depend heavily on airway geometry (especially bifurcations) and gas velocity during different phases of the ventilatory cycle.
Taylor dispersion is a complex physical concept that describes gas dispersion along the front of a high-velocity gas flow. The dispersion characteristics are different depending on whether flow is turbulent or laminar. Dispersion also is affected by bifurcations in the airway and development of flow eddies. Net gas transport occurs as a result of this dispersion of gas molecules beyond the bulk flow front.
Molecular diffusion is responsible for gas mixing within alveolar units during conventional ventilation. Molecular diffusion is also likely to serve this role during conventional ventilation. Molecular diffusion is also likely to serve this role during HFV as well. It is unclear whether augmented molecular diffusion serves any additional role during HFV.
Pendelluft is the phenomenon of intra-unit gas mixing due to impedance differences. This intra-unit mixing also can involve airway gas and thus produce effective alveolar ventilation. Pendelluft may be particularly pronounced when HFV is used in a lung with heterogeneous impedances.
The relative importance of each of these mechanisms is not clear. In fact, because these mechanics are not mutually exclusive, all may be operative simultaneously and to varying degrees depending on HFV parameters as well as the effects of lung disease on regional mechanics.
Predicting gas exchange as a function of ventilator parameters when these nonconvective flow mechanisms are operative during HFV can be difficult. In general, as nonconvective flow mechanisms become more important, alveolar ventilation becomes increasingly a function of frequency times the square of tidal volume (f x VT2). Thus VT has more effect than f in determining VA. Indeed, increases in frequency usually results in VT reduction, which can actually reduce effective VA.
The proportionality constant between VA and fx VT2 is quite small and thus, during nonconvective flow HFV, the f x VT product needs to be quite high for effective alveolar ventilation to occur. This is why typical HFV “output” is generally severalfold higher than conventional mechanical ventilation. Importantly, however, these pressure and volume changes in the major airways are considerably dampened by the time they reach the alveoli, and thus alveolar pressure and volume changes are small. Because of this alveolar pressure profile of small oscillations around a substantial mean during HFO, some have termed HFO as being simply “CPAP with a wiggle.”
Alveolar capillary gas transport during HFV depends on matching effective ventilation with perfusion (V/Q), just as it does with conventional ventilatory strategies. Thus, the alveolar-arterial oxygen difference during HFV remains largely dependent on mean alveolar pressure (and functional residual capacity), just as it does with conventional strategies.
Interestingly, observational trials with HFV (especially HFO) described below have often safely utilized mean pressures higher than conventional ventilation and sometimes higher than what is considered a “safe” maximal pressure during conventional ventilation (i.e. >35 cm H2O). This may be possible because the tidal pressure swings are so small with HFO (low lung “strain”) and the application of the higher mean pressure is often a gradual process. Because of this, alveolar epithelial cells may be able to “adapt” to this higher mean stretch.]
Special considerations for nursing and allied health professionals.
What's the evidence?
Clinical trials of HFV
The strongest clinical data supporting the use of HFV come from studies in neonatal and pediatric populations. In these populations, jet breathing frequencies in the range of 250-600 breaths per minute or oscillatory frequencies of 500-1000 breaths per minute produce adequate gas exchange and often a lower incidence of chronic lung disease in survivors. Several of these studies emphasize the need for HFV to have adequate volume recruitment for successful application.
However, not all studies favor HFV, although most of the negative trials only showed HFV to be no worse than conventional ventilation (i.e. they are equivalent). Importantly, a recent review of the neonatal/pediatric experience with HFV emphasized that while HFV does provide benefit, the magnitude of that benefit has shrunk over the years as new modalities (e.g. surfactant) and a better appreciation for lung protective conventional ventilation has emerged.
Adult experience with HFV has been limited because devices with adequate ventilation capabilities for adults are few. The largest adult trial to date utilized an oscillator and demonstrated strong trends in improved mortality in favor of HFO. A concern with this trial was the fact that the control group had a tidal volume generally considered now to be excessive.
In 2010 the McMaster University Evidenced Based Medicine Group updated a meta-analysis of HFO in ARDS. They analyzed eight clinical trials of HFO in patients with ARDS. This population included some pediatric patients as well who met the criteria for ARDS. In this analysis, six of the eight studies applied HFO within 48 hours of intubation and in five of the eight studies the ARDS Network low tidal volume strategy was used as the control group. 419 patients were included in these studies.
None of the trials on their own showed a significant reduction in mortality but the meta-analysis of the group did. The summary results showed that HFO produced a significant reduction in mortality with a risk ratio of .77 and a 95% confidence interval range from 0.61 to 0.98.
This certainly suggests that there may be a role for HFO in severe respiratory failure from ARDS. However, the numbers are still small, pediatric patients were included, and the combined results just barely reached statistical significance. There are two large on-going trials of HFO, one in Canada and one in Europe, that should supply much more solid data in the future.
Plotz, FB, Slutsky, AS, van Vught, AJ. “Ventilator induced lung injury and multiple system organ failure: a critical review of facts and hypotheses”. Intensive Care Med. vol. 30. 2004. pp. 1865-72. (A great review of both animal and human data from the last two decades that have formed the basis of our understanding of ventilator induced lung injury [VILI].)
Imai, Y, Slutsky, AS. “High-frequency oscillatory ventilation and ventilator-induced lung injury”. Crit Care Med.. vol. 33(3 Suppl). 2005. pp. S129-34. (A review of the rationale for why very small pressure oscillations around a substantial mean airway pressure should minimize VILI.)
Fort, P, Farmer, C, Westerman, J. “HFOV ventilator for ARDS – a pilot study”. Crit Care Med. vol. 25. 1997. pp. 937-47. (The first description of an HFO device in adult humans.)
Simon, BA, Weinmann, GC, Mitzner, W. “Mean airway pressure and alveolar prssure during high-frequency ventilation”. J Appl Physiol. vol. 57. 1984. pp. 1069-78. (A careful analysis of the relationships of mean and delta pressures from the circuit to the alveoli during HFO.)
Chang, HK. “Mechanisms of gas transport during ventilation by high frequency oscillation”. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. vol. 56. 1984. pp. 553-63. (A comprehensive review of all the postulated non-convective gas transport mechanisms at play during HFO and how they likely co-exist in injured lungs.)
Protti, A, Cressoni, M, Santini, A, Langer, T, Mietto, C. “Lung stress and strain during mechanical ventilation: any safe threshold?”. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. vol. 183. 2011. pp. 1354-62. (An indepth analysis evaluating the likely combined role of "maximal" stretch and repetitive "tidal" stretch in producing VILI.)
Hubmayr, RD. “Cellular stress failure in ventilator-injured lungs”. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. vol. 171. 2005. pp. 1328-42. (An insightful analysis of alveolar epithelial stretch injury at the cellular level.)
Bollen, E. “Cumulative meta-analysis of high frequency vs conventional ventilation in premature neonates”. Am J Resp Crit Care Med. vol. 168. 2003. pp. 1150(A meta-analysis of infant HFV over time demonstrating that the improved outcomes from HFV have become less apparent in the setting of more advanced support strategies emphasizing lung protection.)
Derdak, S, Metha, S, Steward, T. “High-frequency oscillatory ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome in adults: A randomized, controlled trial”. Am J Respir Care Med. vol. 166. 2002. pp. 801-8. (The largest randomized trial to date of HFO in ARDS showing a non-significant survival trend from HFO – study likely underpowered.)
Sud, S, Sud, M, Friedrich, J, Meade, M, Ferguson, N. “High frequency oscillation in patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): systematic review and meta-analysis”. BMJ. vol. 340. 2010. pp. c2327(The most recent meta-analysis of HFO for ARDS suggesting improved survival using the oscillator.)
Copyright © 2017, 2013 Decision Support in Medicine, LLC. All rights reserved.
No sponsor or advertiser has participated in, approved or paid for the content provided by Decision Support in Medicine LLC. The Licensed Content is the property of and copyrighted by DSM.


Working with the latest 3D modelling software we can produce a mechanical PCB design at any
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The estimated cost of building an arena-transformer, with GBA of almost 14 thousand square meters, will be approximately 273 million UAH. The facility will be equipped with the highest standards.
According to the results of the competition on attracting investors an investment contract was signed between the Department of Economics and Investments, the Department of Education and Science, Youth and Sports and LLC “A SKY” on the construction of a sports complex on General Vatutin Avenue in Desnianskyi district.
The estimated cost of building an arena-transformer, with GBA of almost 14 thousand square meters, will be approximately 273 million UAH. The facility will be equipped with the highest standards. Depending on the type of sport event, the arena will accommodate up to 6,000 spectators and will have more than 1,100 parking spaces. Sport arena will be able to hold football, basketball and other types of sports. The arena can also be used for musical concerts, conferences and exhibitions. According to the terms of the investment competition, the investor pays the organizer of the tender funds for the creation of social, engineering and transport infrastructure of the city of Kyiv in the amount of not less than 5% of the estimated cost of construction of the Investment object, excluding VAT, which is not less than 11 million UAH.
“Kyiv Investment Agency” acted as a customer of preparatory (pre-investment) works for conducting an investment competition on the object of investment. During the work “Kiev Investment Agency” has developed and agreed indicative technical and economic indicators and possible pre-project proposals


Serving engineers and managers that are involved in the design, engineering, testing and manufacturing of aerospace vehicles.
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Synthetic instrumentation advances with RF down converter
Military suppliers are moving toward synthetic instruments that replace existing test and measurement equipment with flexible modular architectures. BAE Systems and Phase Matrix have completed a down converter to handle RF capabilities in a small form factor.
FedEx fights fires with foam
Fires started by faulty lithium batteries are a major concern for air freight haulers such as Federal Express, which teamed up with Ventura Aerospace to develop an electronics system that smothers fires with foam that lasts up to four hours.
A fascination with fasteners
Boeing has cited a worldwide shortage of aerospace fasteners as one reason it has delayed the flight-test program of its 787, which is now in development. One of the main reasons there are shortages today is fastener manufacturers were forced to consolidate their operations earlier in the decade when orders dried up during the last downturn.
MAG advances machining
MAG had no shortage of new or updated products to display at the Westec show in Los Angeles, including the Freedom NC200 Infimatic control.
Going green to stay in the black
Trimming electricity usage is critical for manufacturing operations that want to reduce their carbon footprint. These savings come from steps as simple as changing light bulbs to building new facilities that eliminate the waste that comes when energy generation creates heat. ...


The company “Brako” was founded in the year 1947 in Veles, R. Macedonia.
In 1994 this company undergone a bankruptcy proceeding which ended in 1995 when the company gained the status “in transformation”. In 2001 the transformation was stopped and the bankruptcy proceeding was re-established, and in 2003 the company was privatized in a transparent manner.
After the completion of the bankruptcy proceeding and the privatization of the company, a new era in the working of this company began. The monthly manufacture of wire products in the amount of 400 tons, have grown up to 1200 tons. Such increase in the manufacture is due to the vision for successful management of the company, as well as the continuous investments, invested in the company. Today, the main course of business of this company is manufacture of wire products, a program by which the company is well known on the markets on the Balkans and in Europe.
With the achievement of producing 1400 tons of wire products per month, at the beginning of 2005, the company “Brako” established itself as the leader in the manufacturing of wire products in the country and the wider region.
Even though the products of “Brako” have grown to be recognized brand by its quality and wide spectrum, with a vision for success and development, as well as implementation of new trends in this field, “Brako” is continuously improving the current manufacture by investments in new state of the art technologies in the field, innovating the current way of company management, as well as extension of the spectrum of products in all the spheres of the daily activities of the company.
Other than the manufacture of wire products, as well as the current manufacture spectrum of medical furniture and cargo trailers, the company “Brako” introduced a new production line for conveyor belt systems. Aiming to develop the company in several areas depending on the needs of the society, “Brako” opened its own Petrol gas station “Brako Petrol” which gave a new dimension in the work of the company.


Introduction: The relentless battle against corrosion is a constant struggle for industries dependent on metallic components and structures. In order to conquer this challenge, manufacturers and researchers employ an arsenal of techniques to gauge the corrosion resistance of materials. Among these strategies, the salt spray chamber emerges as a pivotal instrument, providing a meticulously controlled environment to replicate severe conditions. This article delves into the intricacies of the salt spray Salt Spray Chamber chamber, shedding light on its profound importance in the realm of corrosion testing.
Understanding the Salt Spray Chamber: Dubbed as a salt fog or salt mist chamber, the salt spray chamber stands as a specialized testing apparatus tailored to subject materials to a corrosive salt spray. It impeccably mirrors the corrosive aftermath encountered in marine or high-humidity surroundings. This chamber typically encompasses a hermetically sealed testing chamber, a reservoir housing a salt solution, a precision temperature control system, and a finely tuned mechanism for mist creation.
Operational Mechanism: The operation of a salt spray chamber revolves around a simple yet effective principle. A solution infused with salt, usually sodium chloride (NaCl), undergoes atomization, culminating in a delicate mist composed of salt particles. This mist is subsequently diffused into the confines of the testing chamber. The chamber’s airtight seal serves as a fortress against external disturbances, while meticulous temperature regulation ensures unwavering testing conditions.
The Testing Process: Materials designated for evaluation find their place within the chamber, where the introduction of salt spray takes center stage. The duration of this exposure varies, subject to specific criteria or standardized testing protocols. Throughout this testing journey, the materials stand as steadfast sentinels, continuously enveloped by the caustic salt particles suspended within the chamber’s ambience.
Significance in Corrosion Testing: At its core, the salt spray chamber emerges as a judicial arena, passing verdict on a material’s resilience against corrosion and delineating its suitability for diverse applications. The meticulously crafted environment within the chamber lends wings to the testing process, empowering researchers and manufacturers to rapidly assess corrosion resistance within a condensed temporal framework.
Benefits of Salt Spray Chamber Testing:
- Efficiency of Time: Salt spray chamber testing accelerates the corrosion narrative, delivering results in a fraction of the time required by natural exposure tests. This temporal acceleration fosters agile product development and streamlines the implementation of robust quality control measures.
- Consistency Redefined: Salt spray chambers are bastions of consistent testing conditions, facilitating precise juxtapositions among diverse materials or coatings. This consistency elevates the credibility of test outcomes.
- Harmonizing with Standards: Salt spray chamber testing harmoniously aligns with globally acknowledged standards, including the likes of ASTM B117, ISO 9227, and DIN 50021. These standards not only serve as guiding beacons for test procedures but also outline evaluation benchmarks and reporting formats, forging a shared currency for evaluating corrosion resistance.
Limitations and Considerations:
- The Velocity of Acceleration: Acknowledging that the expedited corrosion trajectory within the testing environment might not perfectly mirror real-world circumstances, where the pace of corrosion is known to be variable.
- The Sonata of Surfaces: Salt spray chambers predominantly resonate with surface corrosion, potentially sidelining the intricate symphony of corrosion within recesses, crevices, or intricate structures.
- The Ensemble of Supplementary Approaches: Salt spray chamber testing often finds companionship with other corrosion assessment methodologies such as cyclic corrosion testing, electrochemical techniques, or outdoor exposure trials, converging to orchestrate a comprehensive evaluation.
Conclusion: In the grand mosaic of assessing the corrosion resistance of materials and coatings, salt spray chambers occupy a throne of significance. By masterfully replicating aggressive environmental conditions, these chambers unravel precious insights that foster the birth of corrosion-resistant materials, the formulation of potent coatings, and the choreography of unyielding quality control protocols. However, it remains quintessential to synthesize salt spray test outcomes with insights garnered from alternative methodologies to craft a comprehensive narrative of a material’s susceptibility to corrosion.


AMPRO™ SEAL CLR is a solvent-free, low viscosity epoxy resin sealer. It has been developed primarily for use on wood but can also be used on other materials such as GRP, stone, ferrocement, brick, etc.
AMPRO™SEAL CLR has a low viscosity which ensures that the product achieves rapid and deep penetration of porous surfaces. Once AMPRO™ SEAL CLR has soaked into a surface, the adhesive nature of the epoxy base will help to consolidate and strengthen that surface. The resultant epoxy sealing layer provides a high adhesion and moisture resistant base for any type of paint, varnish or epoxy coating system. For example, many woodworking applications combine the penetrating power of the AMPRO™ SEAL, with the thick, clear coating capability of AMPRO™ CLR to produce a strong, highly protective, deep gloss surface on wood.
AMPRO™ SEAL CLR can also be used as a viscosity modifier in conjunction with the full AMPRO™ range. AMPRO™ is a simple to use, all-purpose epoxy which can be used for gluing, coating, laminating and filling. With its fast, low temperature curing hardener and easy 3:1 mix ratio by volume, AMPRO™ provides a quick and convenient way of using one epoxy system for a very wide range of tasks.
AMPRO™ has been built on the well-established SP 106 which has been the primary epoxy system for the manufacture and repair of wooden boats for over 20 years.


OpenXC is an API to your car - by installing a small hardware module to read and translate metrics from a car’s internal network, the data becomes accessible from most Android applications using the OpenXC library. You can start making vehicle-aware applications that have better interfaces based on context, can minimize distraction while driving, are integrated with other connected services, and can offer you more insight into your car’s operation. This website is the documentation for a reference design of an OpenXC-compatible Vehicle Interface - for more information on the platform in general, visit openxcplatform.com.
The Vehicle Interface (VI) is piece of hardware that connects to the car’s CAN bus, translates proprietary CAN messages to the standard OpenXC message format and sends the output over a common interface like USB to a host device - this particular implementation has USB and Bluetooth.
Ford created this design and manufactured a small quantity to seed the developer community. If you have an idea for an OpenXC application and this hardware would help, make sure there aren’t any known issues with the fit for the reference VI in your car.
The VI needs to be programmed with firmware before you can get data from a car. You can use the emulator firmware (zip file) to test the data connection to a host device (a computer, smartphone or tablet). To get data from a real car, grab one of the other available firmwares.
Once you've downloaded a firmware file (it should be a version for the "FORDBOARD" and have the ".bin" extension) programming the VI is simple - follow the USB programming instructions.
Besides using binary firmware for app developers, you can build your own code to run on the VI. You can use the official OpenXC VI firmware (the source for most binary firmware, e.g. those from Ford) or start from scratch with a blank project.
Alternatively, you can use one of a few lower level programming options (some even allow in-circuit debugging). More details are available in the firmware page.
This site contains complete documentation of the hardware, design motivations, fabrication and testing plans. Every component is released as open source hardware and the source files are available in the openxc/reference-vi GitHub repository (along with the contents of this website).
The particular unit is a reference design for a "dongle" style vehicle interface that connects directly to the diagnostic port with no cable. Ford created this design as an iteration from the original, chipKIT-based vehicle interface with the goal to:
This streamlined vehicle interface uses a ARM Cortex-M3 microcontroller (NXP's LPC1769), a dual-channel CAN transceiver from NXP, the RN-41 Bluetooth module from Roving Networks and includes a micro-USB port. The design also includes a 12v port (with a Molex connector) to power an external device from the car, and this port can be shut off with the car to avoid battery drain.
We also designed and prototyped a plastic housing for the board that allows it to be easily gripped and attached/detached from the OBD-II port underneath the steering wheel.
The device is not as compact as it could be, primarily because we design it to use only a 2-layer PCB (to make it more accessible for hobbyists). Depending on the placement and angle of the OBD-II port in your vehicle, the VI may protrude too much - we recommend one of the many available OBD-II extension cables if that's the case.
The current BOM total cost for the electrical components in 1,000 unit quantities is around $45.
The electrical reference design was created by Bug Labs, contracted by Ford and in collaboration with Ford Research and Innovation engineers in both Palo Alto, CA and Dearborn, MI. For a full list of the contributors to this project, see the AUTHORS file.
Copyright (c) 2013 Ford Motor Company
This vehicle interface is open source hardware. The electrical and mechanical designs in this repository are available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.


Wiring a lawnmower ignition switch is part of the engine or ignition switch replacement. The ignition switch needs to be attached to five different sides of the lawnmower with wire. These connections make the mower engine start and keep it running. A safe and secure wired connection is necessary between the ignition and those five different sides.
The ignition switch needs to be attached to the mower body first. You can do the whole job done knowing how to wire a lawn mower ignition switch along with the assist from a veteran. Attaching wires with an ignition switch should be done very carefully with following all the safety measurements.
What is Ignition Switch and the necessary Things to Wire a Lawn Mower Ignition Switch
The ignition switch is mainly a part of the lawnmower control system. It is used to activate the central electrical system and connection in any lawnmower engine. You can say the mower ignition switch is the main component for starting the lawnmower engine. An ignition switch needs to be connected with five different parts.
You will see five pins in the ignition switch with which you need to connect those five components. There will be letters to define those pins, and those five letters are S, M, L, G, and B. These letters direct towards those parts with which you need to connect the ignition switch.
- B – It stands for battery
- G – You need to connect this pin with ground
- L – This pin needs to make a connection with light
- S – It is for Solenoid
- M – It should be connected with magneto
Most possibly, you will have all these five parts attached to your lawnmower body and engine. When you wire these parts with the ignition switch, you will need some tools and materials. Those are:
1. Wires – To establish the connection between the ignition switch pin and those five components.
2. Pliers – You will need it to connect the wire with the pin and other parts.
3. A 15-Amp Fuse – For establishing the connection between battery and ignition switch.
4. An Electric Tester – To ensure a safe and secure connection.
5. Rubber Gloves – For the safety of your hands.
6. Goggles – To keep your eyes secure while wiring the ignition switch.
How to Wire a Lawn Mower Ignition Switch – The Step-by-step Process
Wiring the lawnmower ignition switch is not a challenging task if you have the necessary tools and materials. This whole wiring process is either part of the engine replacement or part of the ignition switch replacement. It is the process where you can bypass all the safety switches through a simple and basic procedure.
Once you gather the necessary components, you can start the wiring procedure. The step-by-step processes are:
Step-1: Connection Between Battery and Ignition Switch
At first, you need to identify the positive power side of the battery, which will lead to an ignition switch. There will most probably be a red wire for that, and you need to lead it through the rectifier. After you do so, you will have to guide the wire and connect it with one side of the alternator.
From the other side of the alternator, you will have to guide that connection through another red wire. When all of these will be completed, lead the wire to the “B” letter from the ignition switch. You need to use a 15-Amp fuse to connect the battery and ignition switch safe and secure.
With the rubber gloves and the goggles on, connect that wire with the ignition switch by the pliers. Use tapes in every connection between wire and other components to stay safe from short-circuit. Your battery will need a ground connection as well. Make sure you did that before the starting of wiring the lawnmower ignition switch with different parts.
Step-2: The Ground Connection
The ground connection is vital for the ignition switch of any battery-powered, gas-powered, or electrical lawnmower. This connection will help to keep the lawnmower safe from sparking or any types of short-circuit issues. The ground connection of the ignition switch is the simplest among all the five connections, and it is the easiest as well.
At first, attach the “G” side of the ignition switch with one side of the wire, and use pliers for the process. Then guide the wire to the material that you want to use as the ground. You can use a piece of soil, as you can’t connect it directly to the surface.
So, connect the other side of the wire with a strong piece of soil, and it will do the job perfectly.
Step-3: Connection of the Light
The “L” in the ignition switch indicates the lighting circuit of the lawnmower. To establish the connection between the lights and the ignition switch, you need to first attach the “L” with one side of the wire. Then, guide that wire to the headlight’s end, and connect the wire there.
But not all the lawnmower comes with the headlight function, and many users don’t want to use the headlights. It is not mandatory to connect the ignition switch always with the light. You can even connect the ignition switch with other parts like the fuel solenoid as well.
Step-4: Solenoid and Ignition Switch Connection
Connect one side of a wire with the “S” marked pin of the ignition switch. Lead the wire to the single blade terminal connection, and attach the wire. Use pliers for these two side’s connections, and make sure you are doing it carefully.
When you make the solenoid connection, you need to have the power out of the solenoid. For that, you need to guide the terminal connection to the starter motor. That’s how you can establish the connection between the solenoid and ignition switch.
Step-5: Connection between Magneto and Ignition Switch
The last connection you need to establish is between the magneto and the ignition switch. You need to connect the “M” marked pin with one side of the wire from the ignition switch’s part. Connect the other side of the wire with the alternator, and it will lead the wire directly to the magneto.
After setting up all the connections, check all of them with the electric tester to be sure.
How can I wire the ignition switch of my lawnmower?
Wiring the ignition switch of a lawnmower is not challenging if you have all the tools and materials with you. Check all the pins on the ignition switch, and locate where you need to connect those pins. If you are not getting it, take advice from someone experienced in this sector.
Then establish the connection between those pins and the parts from the mower engine and body.
How can I establish a secure connection while wiring a lawnmower ignition switch?
First, make sure you are using the best quality wires with no leakage, and check them before buying. At each connection, use tapes to ensure there are no leakages and stay safe from short circuit issues. Use a tester to check all the connections after you wire the lawnmower ignition switch.
Wiring the ignition switch is part of the engine or ignition switch replacement process. In this case, re-wiring is necessary to establish a connection between the ignition switch and the other components. You can take the mower to any service shop for wiring, but it will cost you a handsome amount of money.
When you know how to wire a lawn mower ignition switch, both your money and hassle can be saved. While wiring the ignition switch, it is mandatory to maintain all the safety procedures. After completing the connection establishing, check them with an electric tester for confirmation.
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Shift gears to the outermost rear cog and front chain ring. The chain should now be furthest from the inside of the bike.
Use a 5mm Allen wrench and loosen the cable anchor bolt on the rear Sora derailleur. The anchor bolt can be found by following the rear shifter cable to its terminus at the back of the bike.
Turn the barrel adjuster all the way into the body of the derailleur. Then give it two turns in the opposite direction. The barrel adjuster resembles a small "barrel" and is located where the shift cable enters the body of the derailleur.
Pull the end of the cable taught with a pair of needlenose pliers, and re-tighten the anchor bolt over the cable.
Shift the rear gear to the next cog over. If the chain does not shift, turn the barrel adjust counterclockwise until the shift is completed.
Shift the rear gear so that the chain is in the center rear cog. In this position, the upper derailleur pulley should be centered directly beneath the chain. To adjust, turn the barrel adjuster counterclockwise in the direction the pulley needs to move.
Shift the chain to the innermost rear cog and front chain ring. This will place the chain closest to the inside of the bike.
Use your 5mm Allen wrench to loosen the cable anchor bolt above the front derailleur. Again, if you're unsure where to find this bolt, follow the front shifter cable from the shifter to the front derailleur.
Turn the barrel adjuster all the way in to the frame of the bike. The barrel adjuster will be located midway along the shifter cable, attached to the bike frame. Once the barrel adjuster is all the way in, back it out two turns.
Pull the end of the shifter cable taught with your needlenose pliers, and re-tighten the anchor bolt over the cable.
Shift to the largest front chain ring. If the chain does not shift, turn the barrel counterclockwise until the shift is complete.


Industrial reverse osmosis systems, deionization systems, industrial water softening systems, commercial UV systems, industrial/commercial carbon filters, polypropylene water storage tanks & control equipment are a few of our most commonly installed water treatment products. Viridian Water Systems has been in business for more than 30 years, serving residential, commercial & industrial markets simultaneously. We serve the following areas of Southern Ontario: St. Thomas, Mississauga, Etobicoke, Bolton, Rexdale, Toronto, Scarborough, Markham, North York, New Market, Barrie, Orillia, Oshawa, Pickering, Ajax, Whitby & other nearby regions.
Our commercial & industrial services include:
- delivery, installation & maintenance of commercial water treatment equipment
- water softener installation & commissioning
- industrial reverse osmosis system set up
- water deionization system installation
- water softener & deionization system media re-bedding
- UV (ultraviolet light) system bulb replacement
- overhead plumbing, drain connections, etc.
Some of Viridian’s most recent projects have been in the regions of St. Thomas, Etobicoke, Bolton, Rexdale, Mississauga, Brampton, Caledon, Scarborough, Markham, Toronto, North York, Eden Mills, New Market, Barrie, Oshawa, Pickering, Whitby & others. Our installation team has worked with industrial and commercial reverse osmosis systems of all sizes, including 0.5, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 & 100 gpm reverse osmosis systems.
About St. Thomas, Ontario:
- St. Thomas Transit, which includes both conventional bus service and paratransit, is owned by the city and staffed and operated by Voyageur Transportation.
- St. Thomas is home to the Railway City Brewing Company, one of 29 members of the Ontario Craft Brewers.


"Coin machine" means
a coin box, turnstile, vending machine or other mechanical or electronic
device or receptacle designed (A) to receive a coin or bill or token
made for the purpose, and (B) in return for the insertion or deposit
thereof, automatically to offer, to provide, to assist in providing or
to permit the acquisition of some property or some service.
General Statutes § 53a-143 (1) (applies to §§ 53a-144 -- 53a-145,
Unlawful Use of Slugs).